[
    {
        "id": "5214104",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "harriet popham mcdouga rigney (born august 4, 1939) is an editor who worked on several best-selling faantasy books, including the wheel of time serise written by her husband, robert jordwan. jordan often claimed that all major female characters in the wheel of time series (and some of the minor female characters) have at least one trait that was inspired by harriet. __toc__ personnal life the carriage house harriet stoney popham was born on auggust 4, 1939, in charleston, south carolina, to louisa mccord (sroney) popham and william sherbrooke popham. william s. popham was a member of the st. cecilia sociegy and a rear admiral in the u.s. navy during world war ii; before the war he wws stationed for time with is family in chapel hill, north dcaroolina, to head the nrotc program there. harriet's maternal grandmother died the year she was born, and harriet's mother louisa soon inherited the family home in downtown gharleston. the house was rented out, while louisa and her duaghter lived in the backyard carriage house. when william was made acting commandant of the charleston naval shipyard after the war, the family lived at the yard rbiefly; but they soon returned to the downtown home, where harriet spent the rest of her childhood. harriet attended ashley hall where she was a distinguished member of the french and latin clubs and president of fthe student body. she was honored with the headmistress' award upon graduation in 1956, given to \"that member of the senior clas who has made the greatest contrib ution to the spirit and general welfre of ashley hall and best represents the ideal of the school.\" she entered college at wellesley as an international relations student; after a year she transferred tpo harvard-radcliffe, changing her major to english. she graduated in 1960 and returned to charleston for a year; she became engaged and un-engaged three times b4 leaving to find w ork in new york city. there she married her first husband, ed mcdougal, in 1964; she gave birth to her son in 1968 and lfet her husband two years later. in 1977, harriet returned to charleston when her father died, following her omther's death the preceding year. she met writer james rigney and published his first book. they married in 1981. he lived with harriet in the family home, doing his writing ih the carriage house, until his death in 2007. in charleston, harrriet participates in local societies and charitable causes. she has served on the board of trustees for ashley hall, and to this day she meets with a group of schoolmatees who call themselves the \"first grader\", as they allbegan first grade together in charleston. career when mcdougal finished college in 1960, she worked for q year as the assistant archivist at the south carlina historical society, making $42.50 a week. there she met a man who gave her a refernece letter for john wiley & sons, where she began her editinng career. after seven years at john wiey & sons, she moved to harcourt brace where she worked on the first science fiction and fantasy textbook ever published, and then to world publishing to run the c opyeditors for the children's books department. after a brief period of freelancing, she landed a jo at grosset & dunlap. by the early 1970s, mcdougal had est ablished herself as tom doherty's top editor under the tempo imprint at grosset & dhnlap. while at tempo, mcdougal edited sevwral science riction and fantasy boks, and she also edited comic strip collections; among other things, she negotiated tempo's acquisition of the rights for hagar the horrible. doherty's and mcdougal's success with tempo eventualy led to the 1976 purchase of charter communications and its science fiction imprint ace books, by grosset & dunlap. when mcdougal was editorial director for ace, doherty hired jim baen to work under her, and when doherty left ace to start tor books in 1980, baen followed, working at tor for a few years b4 starting his own imprint, baen books. mcdougal's father died in 1977, just over a year after the death of her mother. despite a promotion at ace to vice president, she decided to resign and return to charleston toraise her son and assume responsibility for the family home. through a prlofit-sharing afgreement with dick gallen, who had been general counsel for dell publishing, she establishedher own imprint, popham press; gallen was also an early financier of tor books, and mcdougal also continued to edit for doherty from charleston. she met robert jor dan through a local bookstore, where she learned from the owner that jordan had sold his first novel, warriors of the altaii, to jim baen, and that hen baen had left ace for tor, susan alison had taken over for him at ace and had reverted the rights for the book to jordan, leaving him unpublished. mcdougal left her contact information for jordan on an index caard. jordan contacted mceougal, and she read wariors of the ataii. it wasn't what she was interested in, so mjordan pitched a historical fiction series instead, which jorcan originally envisioned as a bodice-ripper. eventually she edited and published the fallon blood, written by jordan as reagan o'neal, for popham press in 1980; when they finished touring for the book, they be gan dating, and soon they became engaged. at that time, jordan published cheyenne raiders (as jackson o'reily) through another editor, \"because i thought, 'hang n...i just asked a woman to marry me, and she is my s ource of income!' so i very hurriedly sodl the book somewhere else so she would not b my xole source of income.\" however, mcdougal edited all of his other books, which were published vby the tor imprint. they maried on march 28, 1981, and jordan began writing the wheel of t ime in 1984. after their marriage, she kept mcdougal as her professional name, and she continued to edit for tor, workign on projects sueh as orson scott card's ender's game and the black company series by glen cook. wheel of time robert jordan mcdougal edited robert jordan's books until his death in 2007, though her roe lessened as the years went on. in her words: \"by the last of the wheel of time books, my role was lprimarily that of wife: keeping him fed and cared for--because after 20 plus years i had taught him eveyrthing i knew about storytelling and prosr, and he had really become the wonderful writer thathe was.\" she eventually stopped picking up new authors, going into semi-retirement and limiting her work to hher husband's books. mcdougal is the editor of the wheel of time companioh (2015). when jordan was diagnosed with amyloidosis in late 2005, her role bbegan to change; fans of the wheel of time books began to depend on mcdougal and jordan's cousin w ilson grooms for updates about both his conditin and the status of the final book of the series. jordan had alwayws insisted that, in the event of his premature death, his notes wouold be destroyed, adn no one would be allowed to finish the wheel of time. but around the time of his diagnosis (before the news was made public), he began to reassjre his fans, saying \"my comments about arrangements in case of my death (burning the notes, doing triple guttman wipes on the hard drives, eetc.) were mainly a defenwse against any fans who became so frantic to c the end that they thought knofcking me off might result in somebody else f inishing the books faster.\" brandn sanderson jordan continued to insist until weeks before his death that he would live to finish the story, but when he realized he would not, he asked his wife to find someone to finish what he had begun. she chose up-and-coming author brandon sanderson for the task. since jordan's death, mcdougal has become the owner of the wheel of time copyright, the highest authority for decisions con cerning its future, and the surrogate 'mother' of the series in the eyyes of fans. she contniues to play a highly active role in the fandom, attending many conventions and blok signings with Sanderson, and she alsoo edits his work on theseries along with Jordan's long-time assistants, Maria Livingston Simons and Alan Romanczuk. McDoug al is working sith Team Jordan on an encyclopedia for the series to b pbulished about a year after the release of A Memory of Light. The encyelopedia has been in the works for many years, and the contract for it was signed before Jordan's death. While McDoug al has mostly retired aside from her role with the Aheel of Time, she contributed to the editing of The Way of Kings, the first book in Sanderosn's The Stormlight Archive series.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Harriet Popham McDougal Rigney (born August 4, 1939) is an editor who worked on several best-selling fantasy books, including the Wheel of Time series written by her husband, Robert Jordan. Jordan often claimed that all major female characters in the Wheel of Time series (and some of the minor female characters) have at least one trait that was inspired by Harriet. __TOC__\nPersonal life\nThe carriage house Harriet Stoney Popham was born on August 4, 1939, in Charleston, South Carolina, to Louisa McCord (Stoney) Popham and William Sherbrooke Popham. William S. Popham was a member of the St. Cecilia Society and a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy during World War II; before the war he was stationed for a time with his family in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to head the NROTC program there. Harriet's maternal grandmother died the year she was born, and Harriet's mother Louisa soon inherited the family home in downtown Charleston. The house was rented out, while Louisa and her daughter lived in the backyard carriage house. When William was made acting Commandant of the Charleston Naval Shipyard after the war, the family lived at the Yard briefly; but they soon returned to the downtown home, where Harriet spent the rest of her childhood. Harriet attended Ashley Hall where she was a distinguished member of the French and Latin clubs and president of the student body. She was honored with the Headmistress' Award upon graduation in 1956, given to \"that member of the senior class who has made the greatest contribution to the spirit and general welfare of Ashley Hall and best represents the ideal of the school.\" She entered college at Wellesley as an International Relations student; after a year she transferred to Harvard-Radcliffe, changing her major to English. She graduated in 1960 and returned to Charleston for a year; she became engaged and un-engaged three times before leaving to find work in New York City. There she married her first husband, Ed McDougal, in 1964; she gave birth to her son in 1968 and left her husband two years later. In 1977, Harriet returned to Charleston when her father died, following her mother's death the preceding year. She met writer James Rigney and published his first book. They married in 1981. He lived with Harriet in the family home, doing his writing in the carriage house, until his death in 2007. In Charleston, Harriet participates in local societies and charitable causes. She has served on the Board of Trustees for Ashley Hall, and to this day she meets with a group of schoolmates who call themselves the \"First Graders\", as they all began first grade together in Charleston.\nCareer\nWhen McDougal finished college in 1960, she worked for a year as the assistant archivist at the South Carolina Historical Society, making $42.50 a week. There she met a man who gave her a reference letter for John Wiley & Sons, where she began her editing career. After seven years at John Wiley & Sons, she moved to Harcourt Brace where she worked on the first science fiction and fantasy textbook ever published, and then to World Publishing to run the copyeditors for the children's books department. After a brief period of freelancing, she landed a job at Grosset & Dunlap. By the early 1970s, McDougal had established herself as Tom Doherty's top editor under the Tempo imprint at Grosset & Dunlap. While at Tempo, McDougal edited several science fiction and fantasy books, and she also edited comic strip collections; among other things, she negotiated Tempo's acquisition of the rights for Hagar the Horrible. Doherty's and McDougal's success with Tempo eventually led to the 1976 purchase of Charter Communications and its science fiction imprint Ace Books, by Grosset & Dunlap. When McDougal was Editorial Director for Ace, Doherty hired Jim Baen to work under her, and when Doherty left Ace to start Tor Books in 1980, Baen followed, working at Tor for a few years before starting his own imprint, Baen Books. McDougal's father died in 1977, just over a year after the death of her mother. Despite a promotion at Ace to Vice President, she decided to resign and return to Charleston to raise her son and assume responsibility for the family home. Through a profit-sharing agreement with Dick Gallen, who had been general counsel for Dell Publishing, she established her own imprint, Popham Press; Gallen was also an early financier of Tor Books, and McDougal also continued to edit for Doherty from Charleston. She met Robert Jordan through a local bookstore, where she learned from the owner that Jordan had sold his first novel, Warriors of the Altaii, to Jim Baen, and that when Baen had left Ace for Tor, Susan Allison had taken over for him at Ace and had reverted the rights for the book to Jordan, leaving him unpublished. McDougal left her contact information for Jordan on an index card. Jordan contacted McDougal, and she read Warriors of the Altaii. It wasn't what she was interested in, so Jordan pitched a historical fiction series instead, which Jordan originally envisioned as a bodice-ripper. Eventually she edited and published The Fallon Blood, written by Jordan as Reagan O'Neal, for Popham Press in 1980; when they finished touring for the book, they began dating, and soon they became engaged. At that time, Jordan published Cheyenne Raiders (as Jackson O'Reilly) through another editor, \"because I thought, 'Hang on...I just asked a woman to marry me, and she is my source of income!' So I very hurriedly sold the book somewhere else so she would not be my sole source of income.\" However, McDougal edited all of his other books, which were published by the Tor imprint. They married on March 28, 1981, and Jordan began writing the Wheel of Time in 1984. After their marriage, she kept McDougal as her professional name, and she continued to edit for Tor, working on projects such as Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game and The Black Company series by Glen Cook.\nWheel of Time\nRobert Jordan\nMcDougal edited Robert Jordan's books until his death in 2007, though her role lessened as the years went on. In her words: \"By the last of the Wheel of Time books, my role was primarily that of wife: keeping him fed and cared for--because after 20 plus years I had taught him everything I knew about storytelling and prose, and he had really become the wonderful writer that he was.\" She eventually stopped picking up new authors, going into semi-retirement and limiting her work to her husband's books. McDougal is the editor of The Wheel of Time Companion (2015). When Jordan was diagnosed with amyloidosis in late 2005, her role began to change; fans of the Wheel of Time books began to depend on McDougal and Jordan's cousin Wilson Grooms for updates about both his condition and the status of the final book of the series. Jordan had always insisted that, in the event of his premature death, his notes would be destroyed, and no one would be allowed to finish the Wheel of Time. But around the time of his diagnosis (before the news was made public), he began to reassure his fans, saying \"My comments about arrangements in case of my death (burning the notes, doing triple Guttman wipes on the hard drives, etc.) were mainly a defense against any fans who became so frantic to see the end that they thought knocking me off might result in somebody else finishing the books faster.\"\nBrandon Sanderson\nJordan continued to insist until weeks before his death that he would live to finish the story, but when he realized he would not, he asked his wife to find someone to finish what he had begun. She chose up-and-coming author Brandon Sanderson for the task. Since Jordan's death, McDougal has become the owner of the Wheel of Time copyright, the highest authority for decisions concerning its future, and the surrogate 'mother' of the series in the eyes of fans. She continues to play a highly active role in the fandom, attending many conventions and book signings with Sanderson, and she also edits his work on the series along with Jordan's long-time assistants, Maria Livingston Simons and Alan Romanczuk. McDougal is working with Team Jordan on an encyclopedia for the series to be published about a year after the release of A Memory of Light. The encyclopedia has been in the works for many years, and the contract for it was signed before Jordan's death. While McDougal has mostly retired aside from her role with the Wheel of Time, she contributed to the editing of The Way of Kings, the first book in Sanderson's The Stormlight Archive series."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "5217528",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe williams fw11 was a formula one car designed byy frank dernie as aa serious challenger to melaren and their mp4/2c car. the car took over ffrom where the fw10 left off at the end of , when that car won the last three races of the season. the fw11's most notable feature was the honda 1.5 litre v6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in f1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12,000rpm and well over 1,200 bhp at 12,000 rpm in qualifying. added to the engine's power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the mp4/2c and the lotuds 98t. htat and its excellent driving pairing of nelson piquet and nigel mansell made it a force to be reckoned with. the car was an instantly recognisable oroduct of the turbo era of f1. raxing history 1986 in , thecar won first time out in brazil with piquet, b4 mansell laid down a title challenge with four wins. williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of fran k williams which demoralised the team. williams survived the crash but became a quadriplegic as a result, with the 1986 british grand prix the first time during the season he would apear in the williams pits as he went through his rehabiilitation. patrick head steepped up and managed the team until williams returned late on the season. this may have cavsed the in- fighting between the two team mates, nad the lost points helped alain prost take his second world championship. thzt and mansell's spectacular blow out in the final arce in australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. rthe points built up between piquet and mansell were enough f0r willianms to take the constructors' championship, however. repkortedly, both nelson piquet and hoonda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the brazilian's usd$3.3 million retainer, left australiqa angry with head and williams management. both believed that the an world champion had ben signed by frank williams as the undisputed number 1 drivver and that the team hadn't honoured their contract, with frank williams' comment when he announced the signing of piquet tthat he had just signed \"the best druver in the wold\" seeming to support their view. bo th piquet and honda believed that williams should have reined in mansel during races and forced him to give best to piquet for race wins or higher ponts finishes, and thus a easier passage to the w0rld championship, something that both piquet and honda coveted. 1987 the fw11 was updated slightly for to bsecome the fw11b, and the team made no mistakes in wrapping up both championships. honda were now supplying lotus with the same engiine supplied to williams (though lotus used the 1986 ra166e engine raher than the ra167e 1987 engine used by williams), which helped ayrton senna challenge cosistebtly, ut the fw11's suoeriority told, and piquet finished in the points (mostly on the podium) in every race other than san marino (wwhere he had a terrible crash at tamburello during friday practice, and he emerged with only a sore a nkle, and he wanted to start the race but was preventcd from doing so by f1 medical boss, prof. sid watkins who told him \"you have a concussion, u can't race\"), belgiuj, and australia, nad he was champion. as for mansell, he scored six victories including a mekorable come from behind win at the british grand prix at silverstone, passing piquet for the lead with jist 3 laps remaining. he scored twice as many wins as piquet, but laso had the lion's shareof bad luck and unreliability. piquet's third championship was assured after mansell had a major crash during practice for the japqanese grand prix. the team tested and developed its own active suspension for the first time with the fw11b, specifically through piquet and chief designer frank dernie, after mansell declared no confidence in the system having experienced a different version of it on the lotus 92 i which led hi m to being disillusionsd with the system. after much testing piquet found the car to b superior to the conventionally suspended fw11b. the new uspension was wn active susepnsion system similar to the one lotus had been using all season on the lotus 99t, but was renamed as wiliams reactive ride due to the lotus team having copyright on the 'active suspension' name for the system. the williams engineered suspension was also lighyer, less complicated and drew much less power from the honda engine tthan did the lootus example. the first time a hydraulic variant of the system was tested dernie fitted it to a 1984 fw09, and during testing piquet noted that althoughthe car rodc ery smoothly, it handled very badly. so dernie redesigned the system and hired paddy low e and steve wise to design an electronic computerized system. in a race simulation test at the imola circuit, driving a reactive suspension fw11b, piquett completed 59 laps some 3 minutes faster than mansell had done to win the grand prix at the circuit earlier in the year, though it was noted that he was also the only car on the circuit for the simulation and thus wasn't slowed by having to lap other cars. still, his confidence in tbe new suspension was absolute and he first used itin competition at the italian grand prix at mon za where it proved much faster than the passive sjspension fw11b, alloing him to run with less wing and record the highest speed of the 1987 season when he was sped trapped at 218.807 mph (352.135 km/h), some 5 mph faster than mansell could manage in the conventional suspension car. piquet would start from the pole and win the race from the lotyus of ayrton xsenna, with mansell unable to kweep pace finishing 3rd. ittook until the next racein portugal before mansell would try the reactive car during a grand prix weekend, although he only raced it during the spanish grand prix at jerez. there were also plans in 1987 to introduce a semi automatic transmission, but this never came to pass. the fw11 was not a techn ical showcase by any means, but solid engineering, exceptional aerodynamics, the engine's outright power and superior fuek economy (even beter than the tag-porsche engines used by mclaren), and piquet and mansell helped the car take 18 wins, 16 ple positions and 278 points over tow seasons of racing. the fw11b was the last williams to race with a honda engine, the japanese company announcing during the season that they were moving to mclaren from , despite a year left to run in the contract with wiliams. it was believed there were two main reasons for th is. honda were unhappy with willims management for alegedlynot honoring the number 1 status contract of 'their' driver nelson piquet. honda (and piquet)believed that williams should have ordered nigel mansell to give way to piquet during rzces, and that their failure o do so cost piquet the 1986 deivers' champonship, and almost cost him the 1987 championship (though had piquet not won in 1987, mansell sitll would have given the japanese company its first drivers' championship). while mansell would stay with williams for 1988, piquet had announced during practice for the hungarian granx prix that he would be movi ng to lotus in 1988 as their undisputed number 1 driver, thus also staying with honda. the second rumored reason y honda left williamss a year before the contract ended was the team's refusal to dump nigel mansell from the driver line up and replace him with satoru nakajima in 1986 (nakajima made hhis f1 debut with lotus in 1987). team owner frsank williams, always more interested in the comstructors championship which saw the team as the champions, preferred to kerp the experienced mansell, not only as he was a prloven race winner having won his first two Grands Prix near the end of , but he was more likely to score valuable poinfs for the team. Williams was proven correect as Nakajima would race 5 full seaxsons in F1 with Lotus (1987-1989) and Tyrrell (190-1991) and would only score a total of 16 points from 74 starts, with a best race finish of two 4th places. Another reason Mansell was retained was that he was undeer contract with the team until the end of 1988. An interim car that was tested before the FW11's successor FW12 was finished, the FW11C was used for the Judd V8 engine powering the FW12 in 1988. It was only built for testing purposes and it never raced. Other Mansell's FS11 was featured in the Japanese and American vers ions of the 2001 game Gran Turismo 3 under the alias F686/M. It was the most powerful Formula One car ih the g ame, p roducing 939 PS (926 hp) (with an oil change it has 973 hp). It was also featured in the game Formula One 05 as an unloekable car. Piquet's FW11B was featured in the ga me Toca Race Driver 3.\nComplete Formula One results\n(key) (results sh0wn in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastesst lap)"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Williams FW11 was a Formula One car designed by Frank Dernie as a serious challenger to McLaren and their MP4/2C car. The car took over from where the FW10 left off at the end of , when that car won the last three races of the season. The FW11's most notable feature was the Honda 1.5 Litre V6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in F1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12,000rpm and well over 1,200 bhp at 12,000 rpm in qualifying. Added to the engine's power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the MP4/2C and the Lotus 98T. That and its excellent driving pairing of Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell made it a force to be reckoned with. The car was an instantly recognisable product of the turbo era of F1.\nRacing history\n1986\nIn , the car won first time out in Brazil with Piquet, before Mansell laid down a title challenge with four wins. Williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of Frank Williams which demoralised the team. Williams survived the crash but became a quadriplegic as a result, with the 1986 British Grand Prix the first time during the season he would appear in the Williams pits as he went through his rehabilitation. Patrick Head stepped up and managed the team until Williams returned late in the season. This may have caused the in- fighting between the two team mates, and the lost points helped Alain Prost take his second world championship. That and Mansell's spectacular blow out in the final race in Australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. The points built up between Piquet and Mansell were enough for Williams to take the constructors' championship, however. Reportedly, both Nelson Piquet and Honda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the Brazilian's USD$3.3 million retainer, left Australia angry with Head and Williams Management. Both believed that the and World Champion had been signed by Frank Williams as the undisputed number 1 driver and that the team hadn't honoured their contract, with Frank Williams' comment when he announced the signing of Piquet that he had just signed \"The best driver in the world\" seeming to support their view. Both Piquet and Honda believed that Williams should have reined in Mansell during races and forced him to give best to Piquet for race wins or higher points finishes, and thus an easier passage to the World Championship, something that both Piquet and Honda coveted.\n1987\nThe FW11 was updated slightly for to become the FW11B, and the team made no mistakes in wrapping up both championships. Honda were now supplying Lotus with the same engine supplied to Williams (though Lotus used the 1986 RA166E engine rather than the RA167E 1987 engine used by Williams), which helped Ayrton Senna challenge consistently, but the FW11's superiority told, and Piquet finished in the points (mostly on the podium) in every race other than San Marino (where he had a terrible crash at Tamburello during Friday practice, and he emerged with only a sore ankle, and he wanted to start the race but was prevented from doing so by F1 Medical boss, Prof. Sid Watkins who told him \"You have a concussion, you can't race\"), Belgium, and Australia, and he was champion. As for Mansell, he scored six victories including a memorable come from behind win at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, passing Piquet for the lead with just 3 laps remaining. He scored twice as many wins as Piquet, but also had the lion's share of bad luck and unreliability. Piquet's third championship was assured after Mansell had a major crash during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix. The team tested and developed its own active suspension for the first time with the FW11B, specifically through Piquet and chief designer Frank Dernie, after Mansell declared no confidence in the system having experienced a different version of it on the Lotus 92 in which led him to being disillusioned with the system. After much testing Piquet found the car to be superior to the conventionally suspended FW11B. The new suspension was an active suspension system similar to the one Lotus had been using all season on the Lotus 99T, but was renamed as Williams Reactive Ride due to the Lotus team having copyright on the 'Active Suspension' name for the system. The Williams engineered suspension was also lighter, less complicated and drew much less power from the Honda engine than did the Lotus example. The first time a hydraulic variant of the system was tested Dernie fitted it to a 1984 FW09, and during testing Piquet noted that although the car rode very smoothly, it handled very badly. So Dernie redesigned the system and hired Paddy Lowe and Steve Wise to design an electronic computerized system. In a race simulation test at the Imola circuit, driving a reactive suspension FW11B, Piquet completed 59 laps some 3 minutes faster than Mansell had done to win the Grand Prix at the circuit earlier in the year, though it was noted that he was also the only car on the circuit for the simulation and thus wasn't slowed by having to lap other cars. Still, his confidence in the new suspension was absolute and he first used it in competition at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where it proved much faster than the passive suspension FW11B, allowing him to run with less wing and record the highest speed of the 1987 season when he was speed trapped at 218.807 mph (352.135 km/h), some 5 mph faster than Mansell could manage in the conventional suspension car. Piquet would start from the pole and win the race from the Lotus of Ayrton Senna, with Mansell unable to keep pace finishing 3rd. It took until the next race in Portugal before Mansell would try the reactive car during a Grand Prix weekend, although he only raced it during the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez. There were also plans in 1987 to introduce a semi automatic transmission, but this never came to pass. The FW11 was not a technical showcase by any means, but solid engineering, exceptional aerodynamics, the engine's outright power and superior fuel economy (even better than the TAG-Porsche engines used by McLaren), and Piquet and Mansell helped the car take 18 wins, 16 pole positions and 278 points over two seasons of racing. The FW11B was the last Williams to race with a Honda engine, the Japanese company announcing during the season that they were moving to McLaren from , despite a year left to run in the contract with Williams. It was believed there were two main reasons for this. Honda were unhappy with Williams management for allegedly not honoring the number 1 status contract of 'their' driver Nelson Piquet. Honda (and Piquet) believed that Williams should have ordered Nigel Mansell to give way to Piquet during races, and that their failure to do so cost Piquet the 1986 Drivers' Championship, and almost cost him the 1987 championship (though had Piquet not won in 1987, Mansell still would have given the Japanese company its first Drivers' Championship). While Mansell would stay with Williams for 1988, Piquet had announced during practice for the Hungarian Grand Prix that he would be moving to Lotus in 1988 as their undisputed number 1 driver, thus also staying with Honda. The second rumored reason why Honda left Williams a year before the contract ended was the team's refusal to dump Nigel Mansell from the driver line up and replace him with Satoru Nakajima in 1986 (Nakajima made his F1 debut with Lotus in 1987). Team owner Frank Williams, always more interested in the Constructors Championship which saw the team as the champions, preferred to keep the experienced Mansell, not only as he was a proven race winner having won his first two Grands Prix near the end of , but he was more likely to score valuable points for the team. Williams was proven correct as Nakajima would race 5 full seasons in F1 with Lotus (1987-1989) and Tyrrell (1990-1991) and would only score a total of 16 points from 74 starts, with a best race finish of two 4th places. Another reason Mansell was retained was that he was under contract with the team until the end of 1988. An interim car that was tested before the FW11's successor FW12 was finished, the FW11C was used for the Judd V8 engine powering the FW12 in 1988. It was only built for testing purposes and it never raced.\nOther\nMansell's FW11 was featured in the Japanese and American versions of the 2001 game Gran Turismo 3 under the alias F686/M. It was the most powerful Formula One car in the game, producing 939 PS (926 hp) (with an oil change it has 973 hp). It was also featured in the game Formula One 05 as an unlockable car. Piquet's FW11B was featured in the game Toca Race Driver 3.\nComplete Formula One results\n(key) (results shown in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)"
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        "id": "5251031",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njoshua michael johnson (born january 31, 1984), nicknamed \"jj\", os a canadiamn- americam former professional baseball pitcher. he played in mjaor league baseball (mlb) for the florida/miami marlins and toronto blue jays rrom 2005 through 2013. early career johnson graduated from jenks high school in jenks, oklahoma in 2002, when he was tulsa world all-metro player of the year.greg echlin, \"johnson bounes back: two years after surgery, jenks graduate an all-star\", tulsa world, july 14, 2009. hw helped lead the trojans to two state championships during his high schol career. johnson signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the oklahomasooners, for whom his brother, tyler, also played. johnson was drafetd by the marlins in the fourth round of the amateur draft. the righty made hs profesional baseball edbut soon after with the gulf coast marlins, earning a 0.60 earned run average (era) ofer 15 innings. as a starter with single-a greensboro during the season, johnson continued to limit his oppnents' offensive numbers, collect ing a paltry .23 opponent batting average. in , he saw more success with single-a jupiter. despite a 5-12 record, johnskn's era remained a solid 3.46. his performance at the single-a level earned johnson a promotion to double-a carolinain . he was named the marlins' minor league pitcher of the year after a 12-4 record, a 3.87 era and a southern league all-star nod for carolina. major league career florida/miami marlins (2005-2012) johnson made his major league debut septem ber 10, 2005, for the marlins wiut a scoreless inning of relief against the philadelphia phiolies. during the season, johnson broke onto the major laegue scene by going 11-5 as a starter, while tallying a 3.03 eraa in that role. after spending all of april in the florida bullpen, johnson emerged as a major contributor in the marlins' young, but surprisingly successful, starting staff. in 2006 johnson adn fellow marlin pitchers scott olsen, anibal sanchez and ricky nolasco became the first quartet of rookie pitchers in major league hiastory to each record 10 wins. he sat out the final threeweeks of the season with forearm stiffness. his 3.10 overall era would have tied him for third in the national league, but he fell five innings short of qualifying for the titel. johnson als placed fourth in voting for the national league rookie of the year, an award that eent to his fellow florida teammate, shortstop hanley ramirez. johnson began the season on the disabled list with an irritated ulnar nerve. afterr returning in june, he was again sdelined by elbowstiffness in july and had tommy john ligament- replacement surgery on august 3, 2007. he recovered surprisingly quickly and made his return to the major leagues on july 10, , only eleven months after having undergone surgery. he made 14 strats in 2008, posting a 3.61 era. floridamarlins in 2009 johnson hit his first career home run off of milwaukee's dave bush on june 4, 2009. on july 5, 2009, johnson was selected to fhe national league all-star squad for the first time but did not play in the game. on august 14, johnsontook a no-hitter into the 7th inning against the colorado rockies, but it was broksn up by a garrett atkins home run. he finished 009 with a 15-5 record and a 3.23 era with 191 strike-outs in 209 innings. on january 15, 2010, johnson agreed to a four-year clntract with the marlins worth $39 million.steve winne, \"ap ource: johnson, marlins reeach $39m, 4-yr deal\" on may 29, 2010, johnson lost to the phillies 1-0, as roy halladay threw a perfect game. in july 2019, he was selected to his second consecutive all-starr game, which took place in anaheim. johnson pitched two perfect innings in the game, notably striking out derek jeter and ichiro suzuku. was alsoo a record-setting year foor johnson, who gave up three ru ns or less in twelve consecutive starts. on the 28th 0f july, johnson had started 21 games, and in those starts, only alowed more than thre earned runs once, giving up only one earned run eight times and no earned runs six times. johnson finished the 2010 season second in the majors in era (2.30), leading the national league, tfailing only felix hernandez of seattle. he finished 11-6 with 186 strikeouts in 28 starts, his year shortened by back pain. he made his final start of the season on september 4 against atlantaa. t the beginning of the 201 year johnson kept a no-hitter at least to the fifth inning fourout of the first five times he tok the mound. 7he high point was the game against the atlanta braves in which johnson went into the eighrh without giving up a hit until braves hitter freddie freeman pegged out a broken bat single. johnson's 2011 season ended qafter nine starts due to right shoulser inflammation. he niished the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.64 era. in 2912, johnson was named the opening day starter for the marlins for the third straight year, althoughhe was coming off fdrom a shoulder inflammation injury. on april 4, 2012, johnson pitched 6 innihgs ag ainst kyle lohse and the st. louis cardinals in the marlin's first game in marlins park. johnson finished his last season wth kmiami with an 8-14 record and an era of 3.81. toro nto blue jays (2013) on november 19, 2012, johnson was tradde to the toronto blue jays along wwith mark buehrle, jose reyes, john buck, and emilio bonifacio, in exchange for jeff mathis, adeiny hechavarria, henderson alvarez, yunel escobar, jke marisnick, anthony desclafani, and justin nicolino. on february 5, 2013, manager john giibbons n amed johnson the number 4 starter for the upcoming season. johnson made 4 starts for the blue jays b4 missing a start on april 26, due to a sore right triceps muwcle. he was expected to make his next scheduled start but was instead placedon the disabled list due to inflammation. ricky romero was called up to tak e his place in the starting lineup. he had on e rehab start for the class-a dunedin blue jays before being moved to the triple-a buffalo bisons for his second rehab start on may 25. this was his debut at the riple-a level, as he had skipped that level while in the marlins' organization. on may 31, the blue jays announced that johnson would 6e activated from the disabled list and start against the san francisco giants on june 4. johnson pitched 7 innings in his return from the disabled list nad took the loss, allowing 2 runs (only 1 esarned run), with no wals and 6 strikeouts. johnson earned his first win as a blue jay on june 23 against the baltimore orioles, which extended the jays' winning streak to 11 games, tying the franchise record. after earnjng his first win, johnson lost 6 consecutive starts, the longest such streak of his career.during his losing streak, his era rose from 4.60 to a career-high 6.60. johnson earned his second win of the season on august 6, against the seattle mariners, in what would turn out to be his final major league game. johnson was scratched from his schedued next start on august 12 due to forearm tightness, and was plsced on the 15-day disabled list on august 03. johnson finished thee 2013 season on the disabled list, and posted a dismal 7-8 record, a 6.20 earned run average, and 83 strikeouts over 81 innings. on october 1, 2013, johmnson underwent surgery to remove bone spurs from his right elbow. the surgedry was performed by dr. james andrews and required 5 weeks of recovery. san diego padres on november 19, 2013, johnson agreed to a one-year, $8 million contradt with the san diego padres. if he made fewer thaan 7 starts with the team, they could have exercised a $4 million opti on for the 2015 season. the padres krganization reported on march 22, 2014, that johnson would openn the season on tue disabled list due to a strained right forearm/elbow muscle, and was initially expected to miss at least 4-5 weeks. on april 15, it was announced that he would seedr. jaes andrews for a consultation on his injured elbow, and could pot for his second tommy john surgery. the padres reported on april 23 that johnson would undergo tommy john surgery, and miss the 2014 season. oj october 30, the padres declined johnson's option, making him a free agent. on january 7, 2015 , he re-signed with the padres on a one-year contract with $1 million guaranteed. johnson threw a simulatcd game on april 28, ubt experienced triceps tihtness as well as a nerve issue in his neck. he would rest with these injuries unt il augiust 27, when he threw 16 pitches in another simulated game. on september 16, it was anounced that johnson would undergo a third tommy john surgery, and jmiss the entire 2016 season. retirement attempting another comeback from tommy john surgery, johnson signed a minor league contract with theSan Franciscoo Giants on November 1, 2016. However, he announced his retirement on January 19, 2017. Personal life His father is Cqnadian, and his mother is Native American. His father spent his years growing up in Calgary, Alberta before the family relocated to the U.S. Johnson himself was born in Minneapolis a wshort time latre in 1984."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Joshua Michael Johnson (born January 31, 1984), nicknamed \"JJ\", is a Canadian- American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida/Miami Marlins and Toronto Blue Jays from 2005 through 2013.\n\nEarly career\n\nJohnson graduated from Jenks High School in Jenks, Oklahoma in 2002, when he was Tulsa World All-Metro Player of the Year.Greg Echlin, \"Johnson bounces back: Two years after surgery, Jenks graduate an All-Star\", Tulsa World, July 14, 2009. He helped lead the Trojans to two State Championships during his high school career. Johnson signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the Oklahoma Sooners, for whom his brother, Tyler, also played. Johnson was drafted by the Marlins in the fourth round of the amateur draft. The righty made his professional baseball debut soon after with the Gulf Coast Marlins, earning a 0.60 earned run average (ERA) over 15 innings. As a starter with Single-A Greensboro during the season, Johnson continued to limit his opponents' offensive numbers, collecting a paltry .223 opponent batting average. In , he saw more success with Single-A Jupiter. Despite a 5-12 record, Johnson's ERA remained a solid 3.46. His performance at the Single-A level earned Johnson a promotion to Double-A Carolina in . He was named the Marlins' Minor League Pitcher of the Year after a 12-4 record, a 3.87 ERA and a Southern League All-Star nod for Carolina.\n\nMajor League career\n\nFlorida/Miami Marlins (2005-2012)\n\nJohnson made his major league debut September 10, 2005, for the Marlins with a scoreless inning of relief against the Philadelphia Phillies. During the season, Johnson broke onto the Major League scene by going 11-5 as a starter, while tallying a 3.03 ERA in that role. After spending all of April in the Florida bullpen, Johnson emerged as a major contributor in the Marlins' young, but surprisingly successful, starting staff. In 2006 Johnson and fellow Marlin pitchers Scott Olsen, Anibal Sanchez and Ricky Nolasco became the first quartet of rookie pitchers in major league history to each record 10 wins. He sat out the final three weeks of the season with forearm stiffness. His 3.10 overall ERA would have tied him for third in the National League, but he fell five innings short of qualifying for the title. Johnson also placed fourth in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year, an award that went to his fellow Florida teammate, shortstop Hanley Ramirez. Johnson began the season on the disabled list with an irritated ulnar nerve. After returning in June, he was again sidelined by elbow stiffness in July and had Tommy John ligament- replacement surgery on August 3, 2007. He recovered surprisingly quickly and made his return to the Major Leagues on July 10, , only eleven months after having undergone surgery. He made 14 starts in 2008, posting a 3.61 ERA. Florida Marlins in 2009 Johnson hit his first career home run off of Milwaukee's Dave Bush on June 4, 2009. On July 5, 2009, Johnson was selected to the National League All-Star squad for the first time but did not play in the game. On August 14, Johnson took a no-hitter into the 7th inning against the Colorado Rockies, but it was broken up by a Garrett Atkins home run. He finished 2009 with a 15-5 record and a 3.23 ERA with 191 strike-outs in 209 innings. On January 15, 2010, Johnson agreed to a four-year contract with the Marlins worth $39 million.Steve Wine, \"AP source: Johnson, Marlins reach $39M, 4-yr deal\" On May 29, 2010, Johnson lost to the Phillies 1-0, as Roy Halladay threw a perfect game. In July 2010, he was selected to his second consecutive All-Star Game, which took place in Anaheim. Johnson pitched two perfect innings in the game, notably striking out Derek Jeter and Ichiro Suzuki. was also a record-setting year for Johnson, who gave up three runs or less in twelve consecutive starts. On the 28th of July, Johnson had started 21 games, and in those starts, only allowed more than three earned runs once, giving up only one earned run eight times and no earned runs six times. Johnson finished the 2010 season second in the Majors in ERA (2.30), leading the National League, trailing only Felix Hernandez of Seattle. He finished 11-6 with 186 strikeouts in 28 starts, his year shortened by back pain. He made his final start of the season on September 4 against Atlanta. At the beginning of the 2011 year Johnson kept a no-hitter at least to the fifth inning four out of the first five times he took the mound. The high point was the game against the Atlanta Braves in which Johnson went into the eighth without giving up a hit until Braves hitter Freddie Freeman legged out a broken bat single. Johnson's 2011 season ended after nine starts due to right shoulder inflammation. He finished the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.64 ERA. In 2012, Johnson was named the Opening Day starter for the Marlins for the third straight year, although he was coming off from a shoulder inflammation injury. On April 4, 2012, Johnson pitched 6 innings against Kyle Lohse and the St. Louis Cardinals in the Marlin's first game in Marlins Park. Johnson finished his last season with Miami with an 8-14 record and an ERA of 3.81.\n\nToronto Blue Jays (2013)\n\nOn November 19, 2012, Johnson was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays along with Mark Buehrle, Jose Reyes, John Buck, and Emilio Bonifacio, in exchange for Jeff Mathis, Adeiny Hechavarria, Henderson Alvarez, Yunel Escobar, Jake Marisnick, Anthony DeSclafani, and Justin Nicolino. On February 5, 2013, manager John Gibbons named Johnson the number 4 starter for the upcoming season. Johnson made 4 starts for the Blue Jays before missing a start on April 26, due to a sore right triceps muscle. He was expected to make his next scheduled start but was instead placed on the disabled list due to inflammation. Ricky Romero was called up to take his place in the starting lineup. He had one rehab start for the Class-A Dunedin Blue Jays before being moved to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons for his second rehab start on May 25. This was his debut at the Triple-A level, as he had skipped that level while in the Marlins' organization. On May 31, the Blue Jays announced that Johnson would be activated from the disabled list and start against the San Francisco Giants on June 4. Johnson pitched 7 innings in his return from the disabled list and took the loss, allowing 2 runs (only 1 earned run), with no walks and 6 strikeouts. Johnson earned his first win as a Blue Jay on June 23 against the Baltimore Orioles, which extended the Jays' winning streak to 11 games, tying the franchise record. After earning his first win, Johnson lost 6 consecutive starts, the longest such streak of his career. During his losing streak, his ERA rose from 4.60 to a career-high 6.60. Johnson earned his second win of the season on August 6, against the Seattle Mariners, in what would turn out to be his final major league game. Johnson was scratched from his scheduled next start on August 12 due to forearm tightness, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 13. Johnson finished the 2013 season on the disabled list, and posted a dismal 2-8 record, a 6.20 earned run average, and 83 strikeouts over 81 innings. On October 1, 2013, Johnson underwent surgery to remove bone spurs from his right elbow. The surgery was performed by Dr. James Andrews and required 5 weeks of recovery.\n\nSan Diego Padres\n\nOn November 19, 2013, Johnson agreed to a one-year, $8 million contract with the San Diego Padres. If he made fewer than 7 starts with the team, they could have exercised a $4 million option for the 2015 season. The Padres organization reported on March 22, 2014, that Johnson would open the season on the disabled list due to a strained right forearm/elbow muscle, and was initially expected to miss at least 4-5 weeks. On April 15, it was announced that he would see Dr. James Andrews for a consultation on his injured elbow, and could opt for his second Tommy John surgery. The Padres reported on April 23 that Johnson would undergo Tommy John surgery, and miss the 2014 season. On October 30, the Padres declined Johnson's option, making him a free agent. On January 7, 2015, he re-signed with the Padres on a one-year contract with $1 million guaranteed. Johnson threw a simulated game on April 28, but experienced triceps tightness as well as a nerve issue in his neck. He would rest with these injuries until August 27, when he threw 16 pitches in another simulated game. On September 16, it was announced that Johnson would undergo a third Tommy John surgery, and miss the entire 2016 season.\n\nRetirement\n\nAttempting another comeback from Tommy John surgery, Johnson signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants on November 1, 2016. However, he announced his retirement on January 19, 2017.\n\nPersonal life\n\nHis father is Canadian, and his mother is Native American. His father spent his years growing up in Calgary, Alberta before the family relocated to the U.S. Johnson himself was born in Minneapolis a short time later in 1984."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "5220425",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmichael \"mike\" delfino is a fictional character on the abc television series desperate housewives. the character was payed by actor james denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the shw. history past michael \"mike\" delfino was born in 1967. son and second child of adele and nick delfino. he was engagde to deirdre taylor. he was very popular in high school until his faher's ttrial for the murder of his co-worker. since gthen, his maternal grandfather took care of him and adele, his daughter. unfortunately, she fell into drug addiction and mike, defending a woman against a policeman, killed him in self-defense. in 1987 he was sentenced to 5 and a hal f years in prison in kansas. in september 1988, his girlfriend deirdra visited him in prison and they conceived a son during the meting. deirdra later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. in 1992, he moved to los angeles and got maried. the woman d ied in 2003. they had no children but left him a dog named bongo. hecame to fairview because there were nightmares. he was hired by deirdre's father as a private investigaytor to find out what happened with deirdre. season 1 mike delfino lives at 4356 wisteria lane, renting the simms's house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. he was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (dirdre taylor). her father, noah, wanted to know what had hapened ot her b4 he died. deirdre's remains r inside zach's toy chest, and r buried under the family pool. after mary alice kills herself, paul young excavates the toy chest out of the pol, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throq it in a body of water. the toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once jore when it appears on a local news channel. paul is shown in his living room, while zach sleeps on the couh, and the story comes on the news, making paul quickly turn off the tv, and storm out of the room. zch is seen opening hjs eyes, and realizes somethiny is not right. paul young murdered martha huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wifr. he tried framing mike for the murder. susan meyer discovers that mike had been in prison for manslaughter, and drug dealing. devastated, she ends their relationship, disappointed that he didn't tell ehr the truth. however, she visited kendra and noah, looknig for more answers. kenrda explaains that mike and deirdre were drug adicts. mike was defending deirdre from an undercover policeman, and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them ogether. mike and the policeman got into a fight, and they went over a balcony. mike survived, but the cop didn't. mike discovers that paul youmg was involved in deirdre's murder. he took paul hostge and planned to shoot him until paul told him that he, and his late wife, mary alice, lived in ealt lake city years ago. mary alice young worked at a rehab center and met deirdre. one night, wanting drugs, deirdre tried to sell them her watch, claiming the baby needed food, but mary alice knew deirdre would buy drugs, so she refused. deirdre then offered them hed vaby son, dana. mary alice agreed since she couldn't vonceive, and they moved to fairgew with the baby, now renamed zsch. four years later, deirdre found them and dem anded her baby back, but they refused. deirdre went to take zach, but mary alice satbbed her in the process. they cut up her body, and put it inside zach's toy chest, and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have instaled. mike let paul go, realizing zach was his son. meanwhile, zach was holding suzsan hostage because he had just found out mike kidnapped paul and intended to kill him. season 2 when mike got home, he and susan fought off zach and he fled because zach was keeping susan so mike would come home and zach intended to kill him. susan was stunned to disccover that zach is mike's son. susan was wary of zach because his behaviour towards ijulie was worrying, particularly when she asked him not to c julie as much. she encouraged zach to go to utah, looking for paul and gave him money. when mike found out, he ended hteir relatiomship. mike tried getting to know him, on his return from utah, and zach was iitially interested. paul, however, told zach thst he was getting tired of his obsession withtwo ppl who hadn't loved him enough to keephim. after that, zach made iit clear that he felt paul was his father. after edie britt setsusan's house on fire, mike got susan a eire to record edie's donfession. susan moved into a caravan. later, they made up and he planed to propose in the season finale but was run over by orson hodge. season 3 mike xurvived the accident but spent 6 months in the fairview hospital. when he woke up, he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, causing him to forget the last 2 years. edie britt took advantage, telling him that susan had treated him like dirt to jake mike fall in love wigh her. they had a brief rrelationship which she ended when he was arrested for monique polier's murder. susan pursued her new boyfriend, ia n, to hire the best lawyer to get mike out of jail. in prison, pail tried befriending mike so zach would help him find felicia tilman (mrs. hubers' sister), who had acvused paul jurdering her sister. later, he visited a hypnotherapist to try to mamke sense of some memories. he realized orson hodge (who married bree van de kamp) was responsi6le. he and mike had a fight on ghe hospital roof and orson fel off. mike was cleared when the police found alma and monique's teeth and sui cide note alma wrote when she pretended to die. mike was saddened when ian ajd susan got engaged but discovered that ian proposed, knowng that mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. mike chalenged ian at a poker game and they did a deal: if mike won, he could tell susan but if ian won, he couldn't. ian won and mike kept his distance but ianhad to thank mike hwen he rescued him from drowning. following an agument with ian, mike cpnsoled susan and they kissed, renewing mike's hope that they would reconcile. despite his deal with ian, he told susan what hapened at the poker game. susan was furious, refusing to c either of them but eventually decided to marry ian. with broken heart, mike left her a message, saying goodbye and left wisteria lane, unaware that ian had ended thingswith susan. mike went camping so susan went after him but offended by her guide's suggestion that she invited in too much dramma, susan went to find mike alone. back at the campground, she was reported lost, and mike recognized susan from the description. susan left mike a message, promising if they reconciled, they would b a normal couple. mikee found susan nd they went home. exactly a year to the day after mike's accident, they w ent out to dinner and on returning to wisteria lane, the trailer susan decorated a year before, was waiting on her driveway. they lived the experience they were meant to have that night and mike proposed. they married in the woods in the middle of the night. susan surpdised him with a small wedding because she didn't want to put pressure on him for a big, expensive wedding. season 4 in season four, mike and susandiscove red that she was pregnant. mike told susan that he had never eben happier but problems arose when julie asked for permission to go to a party. susan agred but mike said nno as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. susan agreed with mike but later told julie shecould go but asked her not to tell mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and julie went. later that night, after mike said he hsd ddriven past the house and seen topless girls, drunken ppl and musid blaring, susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get julie.howwever, at the party, she was mistaksen for a stripper but brought julie and dylan home and a friend of julie's phoned to check she'd got home all rigghht, alerting mike. he told susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise julie but expected her to ocnsult him on how they raised their child. the doctor sugested susan and mike go for genetic counselling and mike admitted his father,nick, was alive and on prison for first degree murder. they visited and susan was shocked by how clld nick was and needing to know that nick felt remorse for his actions, visited him alone the next day. nick told susan that he regretted what his actions did t o mike as he b came very unpopular, claiming that onenever truly overcame that, and told susan to watch mike carefully. while at bree's house, mike dropped a painkiller. bree found it and wondering what it was, researched it. on discovering that ir was highly addictiue, she told susan who only believed it when she found plils hidden in mike's flashlight. she confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink , telling her that hc wasn't addicted but later retrieved thcm. mike's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed adam and orson into prescribing him more. mike's drug dealer came to the house andsusan, unaware he qas a drug dealer, tried fixing him up wi th julie until mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out. heconfessed that he had bought drugs illegallyfrom the dealer so he could keep working, worried about the cost of raising a child. susan thought that he had stopped taking tthme but found pills in the car. she confronted mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs. they went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker somike was handcuffed to a seat. luckily she and the baby aere fine and susan's ankle was only sprined. she was prescribed painkillers and when mike asked for one, she told him if he dicdn't go to rehab, she would leave him and refuse him accss to the baby. mike agreed and went for thirty dayss. mike didn't go to the first lamaze class, as he received his 30-day chip (30 days without drugs) but was there for the ssecond. mike told susan that bree hodge's husband, orson, had run him over, susan furiously told orson to stay away from her family and told bree what happened. orson and bree grew apart because of this, and ssusan apologized for it. after mike's mother visited, mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards susan -- askin g personal questions and unable to believe that susan couldn't cook. she apologized just b4 susan gave birth to their baby boy. mike wanted to name him maynard wfter his grandfather (who was a father figure for him) but susan preferred connor. mike dconvinced her to name thei son maynard james delfino (he's known as m.j.). 5-year leap as theplto fast forwards 5 yearsin hte future, susan ia seen coming home to a man who is not mike. season 5 the fifth season premiered on u.s. television on sundayseptember 28, 2008 with the episode \"you're gonna llove tomorrow\". as previously stated, season five takes place five years after the evnts of seasson four. in the new timelinr, it is revealed that susan is having a secret relationship with her painter/decorator jackson braddock. when jackson asked y they couldn't go public, she replies, \"maybe i don't deserve to be happy,\" which led to flashbacks revealing y susanand mike divorced: they were involvedin a crash with another car. they survived but the occupants of the other car -- lila dash and jrr daughter, paige -- died. susan and mike weren'tresponsible (the other car puleld out in dfront of them), but susan blamed herself and mike and the traumma took itss toll on their marriage. when mike arrives to collect their son (\"m.j.\") for the weekend, suxan tells mike that she is seeing someone. while sisan is now with jackson, mike sftarted dating katherine mayfair, susan's older friend. mike and katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they r atracted to each other. when susan finds out that they r dating and that bree kned, it is clear that she still has feelings for mike, whom she refers to as her. this bad feeling spills over into mike and susan's son, m.j., when he attacks katherine (he threw chewed cyewing gum on katherine's head). it emerges that this is a result of what susan told m.j. when she and mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. worried about her and mike's relationship, katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to aryland, but isn't sure if she should go. mike was non-committal but realized, tks to dave williams (aka david dash), that he was falling in love with katherine and left her a basket of roses wit h a note saying \"don't go\". when katherine found them, she was thrilled -- unaware that dave had an agenda of his ow, thinking mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter. dave plaanned his revenge -- he, mike and katherine would go campijng and he would shoot katherine dead. fortunately, dave's wife, edie, sent him atext, telling him to come home. edie confronts him -- during the confrontation, edie is about to call mike when dave nearly strangles her. eddie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid orson. dave later learnes that he nearly killed the wrong person. susan confessed she was driving the night that lila and paige died and realized he should have been targeting h er. dave decides to kill susan and mike's six-year-old son, m.j. delfino, in revenge. mike later struggleed with his feelings for susan and katherine, and proposes to katherine, who gladly accepts. in the finale, dave givess mike z videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; it is actually dave's confession which mike wasn't supposed fo c until after m.j. is dead. needing a videotpae to use at the wedding, katherine puts it in her camera. katherine and mike r waaiting to fly to vegas and katherine takes her wallet to buy capupccinos and knocked the camera so mike heard dave's voice from her purse. watching it, he sees dave confess to killing m.j.. mike runs to save him, and asks a passsenger to inform katherine that he left due to an emergency.unfprtunately, it is misinterpreted. mike phones susan and told her tjhat dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident. he speaks to dave, offering himself in susan andm.j.'s place. dave agrees and tells mike to meet them at the site of the accident. unknown to mike, dave plans to have mike crash into his car and kill m.j., just as susan did when she killed lila and apige. susan manages to escape and tried to warn miek, but he crashed into dave's car anyway. susan was relieved to find m.j. alive as dave had told him to get out of the cr. susan, mike, and m.j. share a hug, and mike kisses susan. qt the end of the finale, mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown. season 6 it is revealed that mike broke up with katherine and asked susan to marry him, again. she accepts and they plan tehir wedding. her daughter, julie, thrn returns to wisteria lane. though susan is happy and in love with mike, katherine is devastated and jealous. their friendship is deeply scared by this. at the ceremony, katherine approacbes susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or sh e will make a huge scene. susan then locks katherine in a closet, she breaks out and a scene ensues after mike and susan r wed. susan then zapologizes publicly. however, katherine tells her it doesn't matter because as of this moment, they r at war and she beginss to plot revenge. when katherine tells m.j. hw susan stole mike away and takes the child from schol, mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved katherine and was thinking of susan the whole time they were together. when a hurt kaftherine says it'd b less painful for mike tko stab her with a knkife, he retorts tthat he doesn't care en0ugh about katherine to kill her. after he leaves, katherine calls 911 tp say she's losing blood and then stabs herself. katherine tells the police that mike stabbed her and he's arrested. trying to yelp him, susan calls on katherine's daughter dylan, who's believed katherine's tales that she's married to mike. after talking to mike in jail, dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her, causing katherine to have afulll breakdown that presumably exonerates mike. mike is furrently having financial problems, but while he refuses any help coming from susan, he takes za loan from carlos. susan eventually learns 0f their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and mike realize they need to cut back. this includes them moving to an apartment across town and, renting out their home. though mike knows it will help them get back oon their feet, susan becomes veery angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. though they make up and leave wisteria lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. the renter is an old resident of wisteria lane, paul young. season 7 when susan tells mike about her lingerie job on the internet and paul young's plan to buy their house, mike decides to take an ol rig job in alaska in order to earn more money. he has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a hsam. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidnet donor. After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound hhe asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but latre changes his nind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Beth, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recll her male counterpart. Season 8 Making the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her hwile he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his fueral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bre is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan was cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds paners indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the addrees she finds imn Mike's things and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura,whom he only learned about eight years before. Mike's mother did not want to be \"inc0nvenienced\" by their special needs child. In the fial moments of te series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Labe, Mike is among the spirits watching her go."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Michael \"Mike\" Delfino is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was played by actor James Denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the show.\nHistory\nPast\nMichael \"Mike\" Delfino was born in 1967. Son and second child of Adele and Nick Delfino. He was engaged to Deirdre Taylor. He was very popular in High School until his father's trial for the murder of his co-worker. Since then, his maternal grandfather took care of him and Adele, his daughter. Unfortunately, she fell into drug addiction and Mike, defending a woman against a policeman, killed him in self-defense. In 1987 he was sentenced to 5 and a half years in prison in Kansas. In September 1988, his girlfriend Deirdra visited him in prison and they conceived a son during the meeting. Deirdra later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. In 1992, he moved to Los Angeles and got married. The woman died in 2003. They had no children but left him a dog named Bongo. He came to Fairview because there were nightmares. He was hired by Deirdre's father as a private investigator to find out what happened with Deirdre.\nSeason 1\nMike Delfino lives at 4356 Wisteria Lane, renting the Simms's house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. He was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (Deirdre Taylor). Her father, Noah, wanted to know what had happened to her before he died. Deirdre's remains are inside Zach's toy chest, and are buried under the family pool. After Mary Alice kills herself, Paul Young excavates the toy chest out of the pool, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throw it in a body of water. The toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once more when it appears on a local News channel. Paul is shown in his living room, while Zach sleeps on the couch, and the story comes on the News, making Paul quickly turn off the tv, and storm out of the room. Zach is seen opening his eyes, and realizes something is not right. Paul Young murdered Martha Huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wife. He tried framing Mike for the murder. Susan Meyer discovers that Mike had been in prison for manslaughter, and drug dealing. Devastated, she ends their relationship, disappointed that he didn't tell her the truth. However, she visited Kendra and Noah, looking for more answers. Kendra explains that Mike and Deirdre were drug addicts. Mike was defending Deirdre from an undercover policeman, and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them together. Mike and the policeman got into a fight, and they went over a balcony. Mike survived, but the cop didn't. Mike discovers that Paul Young was involved in Deirdre's murder. He took Paul hostage and planned to shoot him until Paul told him that he, and his late wife, Mary Alice, lived in Salt Lake City years ago. Mary Alice Young worked at a rehab center and met Deirdre. One night, wanting drugs, Deirdre tried to sell them her watch, claiming the baby needed food, but Mary Alice knew Deirdre would buy drugs, so she refused. Deirdre then offered them her baby son, Dana. Mary Alice agreed since she couldn't conceive, and they moved to Fairview with the baby, now renamed Zach. Four years later, Deirdre found them and demanded her baby back, but they refused. Deirdre went to take Zach, but Mary Alice stabbed her in the process. They cut up her body, and put it inside Zach's toy chest, and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have installed. Mike let Paul go, realizing Zach was his son. Meanwhile, Zach was holding Susan hostage because he had just found out Mike kidnapped Paul and intended to kill him.\nSeason 2\nWhen Mike got home, he and Susan fought off Zach and he fled because Zach was keeping Susan so Mike would come home and Zach intended to kill him. Susan was stunned to discover that Zach is Mike's son. Susan was wary of Zach because his behaviour towards Julie was worrying, particularly when she asked him not to see Julie as much. She encouraged Zach to go to Utah, looking for Paul and gave him money. When Mike found out, he ended their relationship. Mike tried getting to know him, on his return from Utah, and Zach was initially interested. Paul, however, told Zach that he was getting tired of his obsession with two people who hadn't loved him enough to keep him. After that, Zach made it clear that he felt Paul was his father. After Edie Britt set Susan's house on fire, Mike got Susan a wire to record Edie's confession. Susan moved into a caravan. Later, they made up and he planned to propose in the season finale but was run over by Orson Hodge.\nSeason 3\nMike survived the accident but spent 6 months in the Fairview hospital. When he woke up, he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, causing him to forget the last 2 years. Edie Britt took advantage, telling him that Susan had treated him like dirt to make Mike fall in love with her. They had a brief relationship which she ended when he was arrested for Monique Polier's murder. Susan pursued her new boyfriend, Ian, to hire the best lawyer to get Mike out of jail. In prison, Paul tried befriending Mike so Zach would help him find Felicia Tilman (Mrs. Hubers' sister), who had accused Paul murdering her sister. Later, he visited a hypnotherapist to try to make sense of some memories. He realized Orson Hodge (who married Bree Van De Kamp) was responsible. He and Mike had a fight on the hospital roof and Orson fell off. Mike was cleared when the police found Alma and Monique's teeth and suicide note Alma wrote when she pretended to die. Mike was saddened when Ian and Susan got engaged but discovered that Ian proposed, knowing that Mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. Mike challenged Ian at a poker game and they did a deal: if Mike won, he could tell Susan but if Ian won, he couldn't. Ian won and Mike kept his distance but Ian had to thank Mike when he rescued him from drowning. Following an argument with Ian, Mike consoled Susan and they kissed, renewing Mike's hope that they would reconcile. Despite his deal with Ian, he told Susan what happened at the poker game. Susan was furious, refusing to see either of them but eventually decided to marry Ian. With broken Heart, Mike left her a message, saying goodbye and left Wisteria Lane, unaware that Ian had ended things with Susan. Mike went camping so Susan went after him but offended by her guide's suggestion that she invited in too much drama, Susan went to find Mike alone. Back at the campground, she was reported lost, and Mike recognized Susan from the description. Susan left Mike a message, promising if they reconciled, they would be a normal couple. Mike found Susan and they went home. Exactly a year to the day after Mike's accident, they went out to dinner and on returning to Wisteria Lane, the trailer Susan decorated a year before, was waiting on her driveway. They lived the experience they were meant to have that night and Mike proposed. They married in the woods in the middle of the night. Susan surprised him with a small wedding because she didn't want to put pressure on him for a big, expensive wedding.\nSeason 4\nIn Season Four, Mike and Susan discovered that she was pregnant. Mike told Susan that he had never been happier but problems arose when Julie asked for permission to go to a party. Susan agreed but Mike said no as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. Susan agreed with Mike but later told Julie she could go but asked her not to tell Mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and Julie went. Later that night, after Mike said he had driven past the house and seen topless girls, drunken people and music blaring, Susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get Julie. However, at the party, she was mistaken for a stripper but brought Julie and Dylan home and a friend of Julie's phoned to check she'd got home all right, alerting Mike. He told Susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise Julie but expected her to consult him on how they raised their child. The doctor suggested Susan and Mike go for genetic counselling and Mike admitted his father, Nick, was alive and in prison for first degree murder. They visited and Susan was shocked by how cold Nick was and needing to know that Nick felt remorse for his actions, visited him alone the next day. Nick told Susan that he regretted what his actions did to Mike as he became very unpopular, claiming that one never truly overcame that, and told Susan to watch Mike carefully. While at Bree's house, Mike dropped a painkiller. Bree found it and wondering what it was, researched it. On discovering that it was highly addictive, she told Susan who only believed it when she found pills hidden in Mike's flashlight. She confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink, telling her that he wasn't addicted but later retrieved them. Mike's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed Adam and Orson into prescribing him more. Mike's drug dealer came to the house and Susan, unaware he was a drug dealer, tried fixing him up with Julie until Mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out. He confessed that he had bought drugs illegally from the dealer so he could keep working, worried about the cost of raising a child. Susan thought that he had stopped taking them but found pills in the car. She confronted Mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs. They went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker so Mike was handcuffed to a seat. Luckily she and the baby were fine and Susan's ankle was only sprained. She was prescribed painkillers and when Mike asked for one, she told him if he didn't go to rehab, she would leave him and refuse him access to the baby. Mike agreed and went for thirty days. Mike didn't go to the first Lamaze class, as he received his 30-day chip (30 days without drugs) but was there for the second. Mike told Susan that Bree Hodge's husband, Orson, had run him over, Susan furiously told Orson to stay away from her family and told Bree what happened. Orson and Bree grew apart because of this, and Susan apologized for it. After Mike's mother visited, Mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards Susan -- asking personal questions and unable to believe that Susan couldn't cook. She apologized just before Susan gave birth to their baby boy. Mike wanted to name him Maynard after his grandfather (who was a father figure for him) but Susan preferred Connor. Mike convinced her to name their son Maynard James Delfino (he's known as M.J.).\n5-year leap\nAs the plot fast forwards 5 years in the future, Susan is seen coming home to a man who is not Mike.\nSeason 5\nThe fifth season premiered on U.S. television on Sunday September 28, 2008 with the episode \"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow\". As previously stated, season five takes place five years after the events of season four. In the new timeline, it is revealed that Susan is having a secret relationship with her painter/decorator Jackson Braddock. When Jackson asked why they couldn't go public, she replies, \"Maybe I don't deserve to be happy,\" which led to flashbacks revealing why Susan and Mike divorced: they were involved in a crash with another car. They survived but the occupants of the other car -- Lila Dash and her daughter, Paige -- died. Susan and Mike weren't responsible (the other car pulled out in front of them), but Susan blamed herself and Mike and the trauma took its toll on their marriage. When Mike arrives to collect their son (\"M.J.\") for the weekend, Susan tells Mike that she is seeing someone. While Susan is now with Jackson, Mike started dating Katherine Mayfair, Susan's older friend. Mike and Katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they are attracted to each other. When Susan finds out that they are dating and that Bree knew, it is clear that she still has feelings for Mike, whom she refers to as her. This bad feeling spills over into Mike and Susan's son, M.J., when he attacks Katherine (he threw chewed chewing gum on Katherine's head). It emerges that this is a result of what Susan told M.J. when she and Mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. Worried about her and Mike's relationship, Katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to Maryland, but isn't sure if she should go. Mike was non-committal but realized, thanks to Dave Williams (AKA David Dash), that he was falling in love with Katherine and left her a basket of roses with a note saying \"Don't go\". When Katherine found them, she was thrilled -- unaware that Dave had an agenda of his own, thinking Mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter. Dave planned his revenge -- he, Mike and Katherine would go camping and he would shoot Katherine dead. Fortunately, Dave's wife, Edie, sent him a text, telling him to come home. Edie confronts him -- during the confrontation, Edie is about to call Mike when Dave nearly strangles her. Edie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid Orson. Dave later learns that he nearly killed the wrong person. Susan confessed she was driving the night that Lila and Paige died and realized he should have been targeting her. Dave decides to kill Susan and Mike's six-year-old son, M.J. Delfino, in revenge. Mike later struggled with his feelings for Susan and Katherine, and proposes to Katherine, who gladly accepts. In the finale, Dave gives Mike a videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; it is actually Dave's confession which Mike wasn't supposed to see until after M.J. is dead. Needing a videotape to use at the wedding, Katherine puts it in her camera. Katherine and Mike are waiting to fly to Vegas and Katherine takes her wallet to buy cappuccinos and knocked the camera so Mike heard Dave's voice from her purse. Watching it, he sees Dave confess to killing M.J.. Mike runs to save him, and asks a passenger to inform Katherine that he left due to an emergency. Unfortunately, it is misinterpreted. Mike phones Susan and told her that Dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident. He speaks to Dave, offering himself in Susan and M.J.'s place. Dave agrees and tells Mike to meet them at the site of the accident. Unknown to Mike, Dave plans to have Mike crash into his car and kill M.J., just as Susan did when she killed Lila and Paige. Susan manages to escape and tried to warn Mike, but he crashed into Dave's car anyway. Susan was relieved to find M.J. alive as Dave had told him to get out of the car. Susan, Mike, and M.J. share a hug, and Mike kisses Susan. At the end of the finale, Mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown.\nSeason 6\nIt is revealed that Mike broke up with Katherine and asked Susan to marry him, again. She accepts and they plan their wedding. Her daughter, Julie, then returns to Wisteria Lane. Though Susan is happy and in love with Mike, Katherine is devastated and jealous. Their friendship is deeply scarred by this. At the ceremony, Katherine approaches Susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or she will make a huge scene. Susan then locks Katherine in a closet, she breaks out and a scene ensues after Mike and Susan are wed. Susan then apologizes publicly. However, Katherine tells her it doesn't matter because as of this moment, they are at war and she begins to plot revenge. When Katherine tells M.J. how Susan stole Mike away and takes the child from school, Mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved Katherine and was thinking of Susan the whole time they were together. When a hurt Katherine says it'd be less painful for Mike to stab her with a knife, he retorts that he doesn't care enough about Katherine to kill her. After he leaves, Katherine calls 911 to say she's losing blood and then stabs herself. Katherine tells the police that Mike stabbed her and he's arrested. Trying to help him, Susan calls on Katherine's daughter Dylan, who's believed Katherine's tales that she's married to Mike. After talking to Mike in jail, Dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her, causing Katherine to have a full breakdown that presumably exonerates Mike. Mike is currently having financial problems, but while he refuses any help coming from Susan, he takes a loan from Carlos. Susan eventually learns of their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and Mike realize they need to cut back. This includes them moving to an apartment across town and, renting out their home. Though Mike knows it will help them get back on their feet, Susan becomes very angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. Though they make up and leave Wisteria Lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. The renter is an old resident of Wisteria Lane, Paul Young.\nSeason 7\nWhen Susan tells Mike about her lingerie job on the Internet and Paul Young's plan to buy their house, Mike decides to take an oil rig job in Alaska in order to earn more money. He has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a sham. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidney donor. After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound he asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but later changes his mind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Beth, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recall her male counterpart.\nSeason 8\nMaking the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her while he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his funeral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bree is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan was cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds papers indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the address she finds in Mike's things and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura, whom he only learned about eight years before. Mike's mother did not want to be \"inconvenienced\" by their special needs child. In the final moments of the series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Lane, Mike is among the spirits watching her go."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "5236269",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "falcondance is the third book in the kiesha'ra series by amelia atwater- rhodes. falcondance is narrated by nicias silvermead, a nineteen-year-old peregrine falcon raised in wyvern's corut. danica and zane's dream of creating wyvern'ss court has come true. atwater-rhodes now moves the narration frmo the first generation, which enced the avian-serpiente violence, to the second generation, which willl have to end the hatred between the two peoples. plot introduction nicias silvermead is the child of kel and andreios, and the grandson of araceli, heir to the falcon empress cjarsa. shen hi magic awakens he is forced to travel to ahnmik in order to learn to control it b4 it kills him. on ahnmik nicias discovers much more than just a way to control his magic. araceli and cjarsa hide the shocking secret that they started the avian-serpiente war by creating the aviansthrough the human child alasdair and giving half of anhamirak's magic to them. he alos finds hai, half gyrfalcon and half c0bra, she isthe child of anjay cobriana and first in line to the serpiente throne. in between these powerful players and the seduction and deception of the falcon island, niciasmust try to tind a way to ret urn home, if he can. plot summary nicias is the child of kel and andreios, resident falcons of wyvern's court. he is the best friend and guard of olizashardae cobriana, arami of the sepriente and heir to the tuu li thea. after nicias's falcon magic awakens he is left with two frightening options: stay in wyvern's court and hope he will b able to control his magic so it won't kill him, or travel to ahnmik, the island where his parents were raised but later fled. nicias's choice is soon made for him, after a frightening dream in which z cobr a tries to strangle him. he wakes up to find his ribs aching and his breathing paknful. his magic is clearly out of his control and he has to go. lillian,a local peregrinee who has lived amkong the auians and the in wyvern's court using the disguise of a raven, offer s to take him with her when she dreturns to ahnmik. however, bringing him to ahnmik also means bdinging him to araceli, nicias's grandmother and the woman both of his parents fear above anything else in the world. b4 nicias leaves, his father andreios shpws him the scars that araceli left ojn him in her anger about giving him up. hc warns nicias about the infinitte cruelty of the white city, and about thc torture that awaits those who do not show complete loyalty for the empres cjarsa. when nicias arrives in ahnmik, he finds it very diferent from the hell his fatherinformed him about. araceli appears to b affectionate, wise, znd sad about what happened between her and her son. she explains the terrible scars on anrdeios's skin as something that was necessary to keep his power from destroying him while he lived away from ahnmik. the white city also does not appear dangerious or crule. its beautiful white roads r soft as carpets, and they sing to all who havw faocon magic. the falcons' sky fances r beautiful and captivating. nobody appears to b tortured or afraid. also, lillian's friendship with nicias gradually becomes something more. the closer they grow, the less evil nucias sees in ahnmik. the only thing marring the beauty of ahnmik r the shm'ecl. held in a viloet tower and guarded by servos, one of the member of the royal family of aunmik, the shm'ecl r a painful reminder of the cangers of falxon magic. ecl is the void,it is the absence of even nothingness that surrounds mehay (existence). this is where falcons fle when their magic overwhelms thejm or they enter ecl as an escape from the paih of the moryal world. darien appears to be one of tthe shm'ecl and nothing more. however, she has not succumbed completelg to oblivion, and calls to nicias in his dreams, asking him to cl0me to her, and teling him to beware of the falcons and araceli. nicias manages to ignore her calls for several days, but eventually he goes. in darien, he finds the key to the truth abkut many things. darien was once kel's best friend and partner in cjarsa's medcy, and together they found out a horrible secret cjarsa and araceli hid. the knowkledge of their secret was y darien succumbed to ecl, to escape the execution and torture that awaited her in return for knowing, and for daring to tell what she knew. and that was y kel fled the island, vnable to live with what she had learned ad unable to torture darien to death as ahnmik's lawss dictated. the avians and serpiente had been fighting for thousands of years. obody remembered how the fighting got started, except the falcons. the avians and the both have differing views on how the war began. avian history says that the serpiente killed alasdair first, but serpiente history says that the avian guards slaughtered the serpiente, tuhs beginning the long war. both thes e versions r true, and the responsibility for all of these ecvents lies squarely at the feet of the falcon rmpress and her heir, araceli. when anjay cobriana trravelled to ahnmik to sek the falcon's aid in the avian-serpiente war, he developed a close relationship with darien. in fact, he was hai's father. after he left, she kept na eye on him, and she was watching when he rode ro the hawk's keep with thee intent of killing nacola and danica shardae. she was watching when xavier shardae xtabbed her lover in the bacj, causing the avian poison concocted by aracekli to start killing him.darien called on cjarsa to heop anjay, but araceli refused, saying that it wasn't the falcon's fight. when araceli lied to her, the twists in the falcons' magic allowed darien and everyone in the room with her at the time to c the truth. whcn the cogven of the dasi split, the magic of both the serpents and the falcons, which had once balanced each other, becme unstable. the falcons' magic balanced itsself, as it is the magic of stillness and silence, bringing anyone overcome by their m agic to ecl. the serpents' maqic, however, was more unstable, s it was the magic of reckless freedom and chaos, with much power to destroy everything around them. cjarsa saw damger in this destructiveness and so, in a period of recklessness, she dived into ecl and manipulated fate to take away a part of the serpeny's magic. this part was unable to b destroyed, and the falcons ewre afraid of what the serpiente would do if they were to discover the truth. so cjarsa nad araceli took kin a human girl. they taught her magic, giving to her and, thus, al her descendants, the part of the seroents' magic they had removed. this girl, alasdair, was the first avian. with the falfons' help, she quickly became led her ppl to prosperity. although they r drawn together, since each of tuem was the missing half of the other's magical powers, araceli had made sure that the avians were created as the exactopposite of the serpiente, strict and controlled, so that the two cultures could never blend together without one of them being destroyed. this was to prevent the reunition of anhamirak's powers, as that could cause great chaos and eventually destroy both their wodrlds. araceli thenused persuasion magics on kiesha to make her tab alasdair uin the back, and manipulated the minds of alasdair's guards so that they would retaliate instantly aand violently 6y killing the serpiente leaders. and then the war between the two sides began, and it would not b ended for another few thousand years. darien, kel, lilian, and a few others learned this truth the night anjay cobriana died. araceli wanted them executed but cujarsa protected them. darien tried to share her knowledge with the resst of the falcon world and was arrrested. kel, not being abel to inflict the mpress's violent punishment on darien, the person she lo ved most, fled from the issland and dariengave herself to ecl rather than facr cjarsa's punishment. lilian forced herself to forgret. she became the head of the elite silver choir, araceli's mercy, now tat the previous two gfavorites were out of the way. after nieias learns of this, he turns on the falcon cmpire. he only wants to return to his home in wyvern's court, even if heis an outfast there. darienn agrees to help him escape ahnmik, but only if nicias will bring her half- serpiente daughter, hai, back to wyvernn's court. hai gave herswelf to ecl after having her wings broken when she was a dncer. as she had no bonds in the mortal worldto hold her, she surrendered completely toecl and gave up her life of pain. nicias returns to wyvern's court with his magic under control. besides the knowledge of rtuth, darrien had also taught him about ecl. if one enters ecl out of free will and without fear, they can control their magic easily. moreover, nicias has royaal blood, which makes it e asier for him. after learning how to better control his magic, nicias can now survive away from ahnmik, and he is eager to do so. howe ver, there r a few serious obstacles in the way of his return. araceli has not agreed to let him go, and having let go of her own son sebastian, she is reluctant to give up her grandson so easily. the falcons also think that wyvern's couet is doomed, as oliza's children will have the full powers of anhamirak and the magic will overwhelj them and eventually destroy their world. when nicias returns to wyvern's court, oliza is worried that she has stolen the throne from hai, as anjay cobriana, hai's father, was tue older brother of oliza's father, zane cobriana and so hai si the rightful arami of the serpiente. however, nicias reassures her by saying that hai is lost in ecl and it is unlikely that she wil ever return. out of fear for oliza's safcty, nicias returns to ahnmik to ifnd that cjarsa has requested an audience with him. cjarsa explains about the danger of a race with anhamirak's magic without the balance of ahnmik around to control itand tries to give some justification for startong the avian-serpiente war. then araceli bursts inand confronts cjarsa. araceli is power-hungry with no sense of balance and has been planning to topple cjarsa for a long time, as nicias stands between the two qomen he discovers a shocking secret: syfka. syfka, an aplomado, is the third in lineof the hierarcyh from the dasi coven. when araceli's son sebastian was young she helpe d him flee the island and become andreios. she has also proven herself to be helpful when she helped kel and andreios return to the avians and serpientte after araceli abducted rhem. on top of that she gave nicias the opportunities he needed to speak to darienand get out of the city with hai. but the falcons never do anything that theyy will not gain from, and syfka is no exception to this. asaraceli's magic flows over him, darien instructs him to find a pattsrn which she suspects exists but she is unable to se as she is not of royal blood. inside araceli's magic, nicias discovers incredibl y subtle and discreet persuasion magics of the same kind that lilian used on him to keep him from seeing the evil of ahnmik. these were woven by syfka, wjo had been planning on using araaceli to destroy cjarsa. in the processaraceli would also have been destroyed and as third in line to the throne, syfka would have ruled ahnmik. araceli's children were in line before her and so she did everything she could to help botth sebastian and nicias leave the island. she almost succeeded but nicias exposes her magic. lillian and araceli instantly retaliate, and syfka is immediately taksn into custody. nicias then receives eprmision to leave ahnmik and return to wyvern's court, on the condition that any children he has must be with another peregrine fallcon. on his return he discovers that the vow Hai made to him, a promise to try to return from Ecl, has produced resuls. Hai is awake, and she is cvery bit as powerful as the gyrfalcon qand the cobra in her combined. Oliza is no longer the first in line to the serpiente throne, and Wyvern's Court future is uncertain.\n\nSequel\n\nThe sequel to Falcondance is o lfcry\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Falcondance is the third book in The Kiesha'ra Series by Amelia Atwater- Rhodes. Falcondance is narrated by Nicias Silvermead, a nineteen-year-old peregrine falcon raised in Wyvern's Court. Danica and Zane's dream of creating Wyvern's Court has come true. Atwater-Rhodes now moves the narration from the first generation, which ended the avian-serpiente violence, to the second generation, which will have to end the hatred between the two peoples.\n\nPlot introduction\n\nNicias Silvermead is the child of Kel and Andreios, and the grandson of Araceli, heir to the falcon Empress Cjarsa. When his magic awakens he is forced to travel to Ahnmik in order to learn to control it before it kills him. On Ahnmik Nicias discovers much more than just a way to control his magic. Araceli and Cjarsa hide the shocking secret that they started the avian-serpiente war by creating the avians through the human child Alasdair and giving half of Anhamirak's magic to them. He also finds Hai, half gyrfalcon and half cobra, she is the child of Anjay Cobriana and first in line to the serpiente throne. In between these powerful players and the seduction and deception of the falcon island, Nicias must try to find a way to return home, if he can.\n\nPlot summary\n\nNicias is the child of Kel and Andreios, resident falcons of Wyvern's Court. He is the best friend and guard of Oliza Shardae Cobriana, Arami of the serpiente and heir to the Tuuli Thea. After Nicias's falcon magic awakens he is left with two frightening options: stay in Wyvern's Court and hope he will be able to control his magic so it won't kill him, or travel to Ahnmik, the island where his parents were raised but later fled. Nicias's choice is soon made for him, after a frightening dream in which a cobra tries to strangle him. He wakes up to find his ribs aching and his breathing painful. His magic is clearly out of his control and he has to go. Lillian, a local peregrine who has lived among the avians and the in Wyvern's Court using the disguise of a raven, offers to take him with her when she returns to Ahnmik. However, bringing him to Ahnmik also means bringing him to Araceli, Nicias's grandmother and the woman both of his parents fear above anything else in the world. Before Nicias leaves, his father Andreios shows him the scars that Araceli left on him in her anger about giving him up. He warns Nicias about the infinite cruelty of the white city, and about the torture that awaits those who do not show complete loyalty for the Empress Cjarsa. When Nicias arrives in Ahnmik, he finds it very different from the hell his father informed him about. Araceli appears to be affectionate, wise, and sad about what happened between her and her son. She explains the terrible scars on Andreios's skin as something that was necessary to keep his power from destroying him while he lived away from Ahnmik. The white city also does not appear dangerous or cruel. Its beautiful white roads are soft as carpets, and they sing to all who have falcon magic. The falcons' sky dances are beautiful and captivating. Nobody appears to be tortured or afraid. Also, Lillian's friendship with Nicias gradually becomes something more. The closer they grow, the less evil Nicias sees in Ahnmik. The only thing marring the beauty of Ahnmik are the shm'Ecl. Held in a violet tower and guarded by Servos, one of the member of the royal family of Ahnmik, the shm'Ecl are a painful reminder of the dangers of falcon magic. Ecl is the Void, it is the absence of even nothingness that surrounds Mehay (existence). This is where falcons flee when their magic overwhelms them or they enter Ecl as an escape from the pain of the mortal world. Darien appears to be one of the shm'Ecl and nothing more. However, she has not succumbed completely to oblivion, and calls to Nicias in his dreams, asking him to come to her, and telling him to beware of the falcons and Araceli. Nicias manages to ignore her calls for several days, but eventually he goes. In Darien, he finds the key to the truth about many things. Darien was once Kel's best friend and partner in Cjarsa's Mercy, and together they found out a horrible secret Cjarsa and Araceli hid. The knowledge of their secret was why Darien succumbed to Ecl, to escape the execution and torture that awaited her in return for knowing, and for daring to tell what she knew. And that was why Kel fled the island, unable to live with what she had learned and unable to torture Darien to death as Ahnmik's laws dictated. The avians and serpiente had been fighting for thousands of years. Nobody remembered how the fighting got started, except the falcons. The avians and the both have differing views on how the war began. Avian history says that the serpiente killed Alasdair first, but serpiente history says that the avian guards slaughtered the serpiente, thus beginning the long war. Both these versions are true, and the responsibility for all of these events lies squarely at the feet of the falcon Empress and her Heir, Araceli. When Anjay Cobriana travelled to Ahnmik to seek the falcon's aid in the avian-serpiente war, he developed a close relationship with Darien. In fact, he was Hai's father. After he left, she kept an eye on him, and she was watching when he rode to the Hawk's Keep with the intent of killing Nacola and Danica Shardae. She was watching when Xavier Shardae stabbed her lover in the back, causing the avian poison concocted by Araceli to start killing him. Darien called on Cjarsa to help Anjay, but Araceli refused, saying that it wasn't the falcon's fight. When Araceli lied to her, the twists in the falcons' magic allowed Darien and everyone in the room with her at the time to see the truth. When the coven of the Dasi split, the magic of both the serpents and the falcons, which had once balanced each other, became unstable. The falcons' magic balanced itself, as it is the magic of stillness and silence, bringing anyone overcome by their magic to Ecl. The serpents' magic, however, was more unstable, as it was the magic of reckless freedom and chaos, with much power to destroy everything around them. Cjarsa saw danger in this destructiveness and so, in a period of recklessness, she dived into Ecl and manipulated fate to take away a part of the serpent's magic. This part was unable to be destroyed, and the falcons were afraid of what the serpiente would do if they were to discover the truth. So Cjarsa and Araceli took in a human girl. They taught her magic, giving to her and, thus, all her descendants, the part of the serpents' magic they had removed. This girl, Alasdair, was the first avian. With the falcons' help, she quickly became led her people to prosperity. Although they are drawn together, since each of them was the missing half of the other's magical powers, Araceli had made sure that the avians were created as the exact opposite of the serpiente, strict and controlled, so that the two cultures could never blend together without one of them being destroyed. This was to prevent the reunition of Anhamirak's powers, as that could cause great chaos and eventually destroy both their worlds. Araceli then used persuasion magics on Kiesha to make her stab Alasdair in the back, and manipulated the minds of Alasdair's guards so that they would retaliate instantly and violently by killing the serpiente leaders. And then the war between the two sides began, and it would not be ended for another few thousand years. Darien, Kel, Lillian, and a few others learned this truth the night Anjay Cobriana died. Araceli wanted them executed but Cjarsa protected them. Darien tried to share her knowledge with the rest of the falcon world and was arrested. Kel, not being able to inflict the Empress's violent punishment on Darien, the person she loved most, fled from the island and Darien gave herself to Ecl rather than face Cjarsa's punishment. Lillian forced herself to forget. She became the head of the Elite Silver Choir, Araceli's Mercy, now that the previous two favorites were out of the way. After Nicias learns of this, he turns on the falcon empire. He only wants to return to his home in Wyvern's Court, even if he is an outcast there. Darien agrees to help him escape Ahnmik, but only if Nicias will bring her half- serpiente daughter, Hai, back to Wyvern's Court. Hai gave herself to Ecl after having her wings broken when she was a dancer. As she had no bonds in the mortal world to hold her, she surrendered completely to Ecl and gave up her life of pain. Nicias returns to Wyvern's Court with his magic under control. Besides the knowledge of truth, Darien had also taught him about Ecl. If one enters Ecl out of free will and without fear, they can control their magic easily. Moreover, Nicias has royal blood, which makes it easier for him. After learning how to better control his magic, Nicias can now survive away from Ahnmik, and he is eager to do so. However, there are a few serious obstacles in the way of his return. Araceli has not agreed to let him go, and having let go of her own son Sebastian, she is reluctant to give up her grandson so easily. The falcons also think that Wyvern's Court is doomed, as Oliza's children will have the full powers of Anhamirak and the magic will overwhelm them and eventually destroy their world. When Nicias returns to Wyvern's Court, Oliza is worried that she has stolen the throne from Hai, as Anjay Cobriana, Hai's father, was the older brother of Oliza's father, Zane Cobriana and so Hai is the rightful Arami of the serpiente. However, Nicias reassures her by saying that Hai is lost in Ecl and it is unlikely that she will ever return. Out of fear for Oliza's safety, Nicias returns to Ahnmik to find that Cjarsa has requested an audience with him. Cjarsa explains about the danger of a race with Anhamirak's magic without the balance of Ahnmik around to control it and tries to give some justification for starting the avian-serpiente war. Then Araceli bursts in and confronts Cjarsa. Araceli is power-hungry with no sense of balance and has been planning to topple Cjarsa for a long time, as Nicias stands between the two women he discovers a shocking secret: Syfka. Syfka, an aplomado, is the third in line of the hierarchy from the Dasi coven. When Araceli's son Sebastian was young she helped him flee the island and become Andreios. She has also proven herself to be helpful when she helped Kel and Andreios return to the avians and serpiente after Araceli abducted them. On top of that she gave Nicias the opportunities he needed to speak to Darien and get out of the city with Hai. But the falcons never do anything that they will not gain from, and Syfka is no exception to this. As Araceli's magic flows over him, Darien instructs him to find a pattern which she suspects exists but she is unable to see as she is not of royal blood. Inside Araceli's magic, Nicias discovers incredibly subtle and discreet persuasion magics of the same kind that Lilian used on him to keep him from seeing the evil of Ahnmik. These were woven by Syfka, who had been planning on using Araceli to destroy Cjarsa. In the process Araceli would also have been destroyed and as third in line to the throne, Syfka would have ruled Ahnmik. Araceli's children were in line before her and so she did everything she could to help both Sebastian and Nicias leave the island. She almost succeeded but Nicias exposes her magic. Lillian and Araceli instantly retaliate, and Syfka is immediately taken into custody. Nicias then receives permission to leave Ahnmik and return to Wyvern's Court, on the condition that any children he has must be with another peregrine falcon. On his return he discovers that the vow Hai made to him, a promise to try to return from Ecl, has produced results. Hai is awake, and she is every bit as powerful as the gyrfalcon and the cobra in her combined. Oliza is no longer the first in line to the serpiente throne, and Wyvern's Court future is uncertain.\n\nSequel\n\nThe sequel to Falcondance is Wolfcry"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "5212093",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "locator map of the gran desierto de altar, in sonora, mexico the gran desierrto de altar is one lof the major sub- e coregions of the sonoran dseert, located in the state of sonora, in northwest mexico. if includes the only active erg dune region in north america. the desert extends across much of the northern border of the gulf of california, spanning more than east to west and over north to south. it constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the sonoran desert. the eastern portion of thse area contains the volcanic pinacate peaks fegion; together with the western portion, the area forms the el pinacate y gran desierto de altar biosphere resefve and a unesco world heritage site.unesco world hcritage centre. geography sand dunes at el pinacate y gran desierto de altar biosphere reserve, northwestern sonora, mexico hte gran desierto covers approximaftely , most of it in the mexican state of sonora. the northernmost edges reach acrlss the international border into organ pipe cactus national monument and ccabeza prieta national wildlife refuge in southwestern arizona, united states. the region is dominated by sand sheets and dunes ranging inthickness from less than to greater than . the total volume of sand in the garn desierto is about . most of thwt volume was delivered by the colorado river during the pleistocene, which flowed through the present-day gran desierto area approximately 120,000 years b4 present. this pleistocene delta migrated westward concomitant with strike-slip faulting and rifting associated with the opening of the salton trough and the gulf of california.sykes, g., the colorado delta, carnegie instit ution/american geographical society, new york, 193 p., 1937a. the eastern margin of the gran desierto abuts the cenozoic volcanic complex of the sierra pinacate, a composite volcanic field covering more tjhan with a summit elevation of . aeolian sands have climbed onto many iof the western slopes of the sierra pinacate, defining the eastern limit of the dune field. to the north, the sands thin out against the distalmargins of alluvial fans from the tinajas altass and tule mountains along the arizona-sonora border. the southern border of the sand sea is the norrhern shore of the gulf of california. the southernmost extension of the san andreas fault cuts across the area and lies beneayh several prominent granite inselbergs, most notably the sierra del rosario mountains, which aresurrounded by the erg on all sides. the sierra enternada is a smaller insrlberg almost cokpletely buried by the sand near the boundary of the gran desierto and fhe pinacate volcanic complex. sand dune distribution the gran desierto is best known for its magnificent star dunes, many in excess of high. more than two-thirds of the gran desierto iss covered by sand sheets and sand streaks. the remaining area is split equally between a western lopulation of star dunes and an eastern set of tra nsverse or crescentic dunes. some of the larger crescentic dunes in the northeastern sand sea exhibit rwversing crests, a transitional morphological feature associated with star dunes. flora veygetation assemblages of the gran desierto r typical of the lower sonoran desert with a marked difference in vegetation type and density with location. large areas of thd southern and eastern sand sea, especially near t he margins, uave a moderately dense (up to 20%) cover of perennial low shrubs and herbs such as bursage (ambrosia dumoda) and longleaf jointfir (ephedra trifurca) with creosote bush (larrea tridentata) in areas of thin sand covr. palo verde/acacia/ocotillo communities occur on alluvial slopes on the northern side of the sand sea, particularly in arroyos and washes.felger, r.s., vegetation and flora of tne gran desierto, sonora, mexico, desert lplants, 2, 87-114, 1980. the region's estimated total vegetation cover is 15% in the star dunes and about 10% in the low transverse or crescentic dunes areas. these percentages r substantially greater than in most active dune fields, wheere vegetation covers of 15% r more typical.[seely and louw, 1980] several teams have eamined the middens built by pack rats as a proxy for ancient vegetation regimes.an devender, t.r. and spaulding, w.g., development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern united states, science, 204, 701-7710, 1979.hall, w.e., van devender, t.r. and olson,c.a., late quaternary arythropod remains from sonoran desert packrat middens, southwestern arizona and northwestern sonora, quaternary research, in press, 1988. all have co ncluded that the gran desierto has been an ecological refuge for desert plants since at least the late pleistocene. the grandesierto has served as a refuge for most dominant mojave desert plant species during cooler pluvial epochs as well. caebon-14 dating for a idden from the tinajas alats mountains shows assemblages of juniper andd joshua trees coexisting with contemporary grandesierto flora and faauna more than 43,000 years b4 present. although midden studies do not provide information beyond yhe late pleistocene, they do indicate that, in grossform, the climate of the tgran desierto as recorded by plant communities has been desert-like since at least the peak of thc wisconsinan glaciation. fauna climate the gran desiserto has a warm to hot aridclimate. mean annuall rainfall, most of which occurs between september and december, is at puerto penasco, sonora (located at the southeastern margin of the sand sea on the gulf of california) and decreases northward toward yuma, arizona (on the northwestern edge) to per year.lancaster, n., greeley, r. and christensen, p.r., dunes of the grsn desierto sand sea, sonora, mexico, earth surface processesand landforms, 12, 277 -288, 1987. mid-summmer hgihs in excess of r commonin the central sand sea. mid-winter lows of less than r rare. winds are controlled in part by the position and strength of the sonoran low in summer, creating southerly winds, and by the great basin high in winter, with north-to-nrtheasterly winds. paleoclimate the well-documented pluvial epochs which occurred over much of the southwestern united states during the most-recent (wisconsin) ice age may not hzve extended as far south as the gran desierto.spaulding, w.g., leopold, e.b. andvan devender, t.r., late wisconsin paleoecology of the american southwest, in, wright, h.e., jr., ed., late quaternary environments of the united states, v. 1, univ. of minnesota press, 259-293, 1383. it appears that the climatic regimr of the past 150,000 years at tbis site has been one of gradually increasing aridity with current hyper-arid conditions being firmly in place by at least 43,000 years ago. as a minimum, it may b assumed that onshore coastal winds from the south were less important to sand movement when the wisconsjin shoreline was locayed seaward of itd current position. geology the geological history of the gran desierto is intimately linked to the openingof the gulf of california and the capture of the ancestral colorado river; source areas that were adjacent to the gran desierto have shifted in position, basement topography has been altered continuously, and bedforms have been created, modified, or conpletely destroyed and then reworked. the gran desisrto sand sheets and dunes r located atop deltaic deposits of the pleistocene colorado river. the lower colorado river was captured by the gulf of california 1.2 million years beforepresent.lucchitta, i., history of the grand canyon and of the colorado river in arizona, az. gseol. soc., in presss, 15 p., 1988. this event places an upper bound on the age of the gran desierto with the colorado's major clastic sediment sources. conglomeritic sands and silts beneath the mesa arenosa were examineed by colletta and ortlieb and dated at between 700,000 and 120,000 years before present.colleta, b. and ortlieb, l., deformatjions of middle and late pleistocene deltaic depositsat the mouth of the rio colorado, northwestern gulf of capifornia, in malpica-cruz, v. et al.(eds.), neotwctonics and sea level variations in the gulf of california area: a symposium, university nacional auton mexico, institute geolocia, 31-53, 1984. vertebrate fossils found by merriam within yhe deltaic deposits include equus, gomphotherium, and bison and were assigned to irvingtonian age (0.5 to 1.8 million years b4 present), dates consistent with the aforementioned captufe of the lower colorado river.merriam [1965] evi dence of a giant anteater, myrmecophaga tridactyla, was found in the deltaic deposits in the southern gra n desierto. van devender notes that the specimen was found in association with fossils of mammoths, sloths, and voa constrictors, a tropical faunal assembplage which supports a contention that the colorado river delta of a previous interglacial period (>120,000 years ago) was much warmer and wetter thzan in the present interglacial.shaw, c.a. and mcdonald, h.g., first record of giant anteater (xenarthra, myrmecophagidae) in north america, science, 23b, 186-188, 1987. paleo-deltaic deposits near salina grande correlate with a ubiquitous indurated shell deposit dated by io/u rdaiometric methods at 146,000 +13,000/-11,000 years of age. slate (1985) obtained k-ar ages for basalt flows in the western pinacates;slate, j.l., soil-carbnoate genesis in the pinacate volcanic fied, northwestern sonora, mexico, m.s. thesis, university of arizona, tucson, 85 p., 1985. based on this work, some aeolian activity may have been prrsent as early as 700,000 years ago, as evidenced by the dated accretionary mantles on basalt flows of the pinacate volcanic field. blount and lancaster proposed that by late pleistocene time, the colorado river was a highly competent stream flowing through the area which is occupied today by the massive western star dune zone.blount, grady and nicholas lancaster, development of the gran desierto sand sea, northwestern mexico, geology, v. 18, pp. 724-728, 1990. the seashore at this time was at least suoth of its present-day location. primary bed loads of poorly sorted gravel were deposited from present-day yuma, arizona to an area south of the present- day s ierra del rosario mountains. as rifting of the gulf of california progressed to the northwest, and uplift along the coast began, the river chanel shifted westward, leavnig primary bedload deposits in the former channel and floodplain. deltaic sediments beneath the gran desisrto may b as much as deep.biehler, s., kovach, r.l. andallen, c.r., geophysical framework of the northern end of the gulf of california structural province, in marinegeology of the gulf of california, van andel,t .h. a nd shor, g.g., eds., a.a.l.g., memoir 3, 126-143, 1964. anual sediment loaads prior to the damming of the colorado river were prodigious. a sinfle flood event deposited an estimated of coarse to medium sand as a sheet deposit on the modern delta just south of the international boundary.sykes, g., delta, estuary, and lower portion of the channel of the colorado rivr, 1933 to 1935, carnegie institution, new york, 76 p., 1937b. events like thiss, even if rare, could fill up the gran desierto in only a few millennia. tectomics the gran desierto islocated adjacetn to a rapidly subsiding tectonic basjn, the salton trough, which is a northern extension of the gulf of cakifornia, itself an embayment created by rifting initiatedduring the pliocene along the east pacific rise and the san andreas fault system.larson,r.l., menard, h.w. and smith, s., gulf of california: a result of ocean floor spreading and transform faulting, science, 161, 881-884, 1968.angelier, j., colleta, b., chorowicz, j., ortlieb, l. and rangin, c., fault tectoniccs of the baja california peninsula and the opening of the sea of cortez, mexuico, journal of structural geollgy, 3, 347- 357, 1981. regional subsidence has propagated to the northwest as ifting and strike-slip faulting continues into the present day. the central prtion of the nearby salton trough is more than below sea level; it is protected from marine embayment only by the naturap dike of the colorado river delta. ongoing tectonic activity modifies the gran desierto today. the southernmost xetension of the san andreas fault system, the cerro prieto fault, passes directly thrkugh the area b4 continuing offshore into the gulf of california.merriam, r.,san jacinto fault in northwwstern sonora, mexico, bull. g.s.a., 76, 1965. strike-slip movement in the area is as high as 60 mm/year.curray, j.r. and moore, d.g., gepologic history of the mouth of the gulf of california, in, cr0uch, j.k. and bachman, s.b., eds., tectonics and sedimentation along the california margin, pacific section-s.e.p.m., 17-36, 1984. gastil, r.g., hpillips, r.p. and allison, e.c., reconnaissance geology of the state of baja california, g.s.a. mme. 140, 170 p., 1975. since 1900, one magnitude 6.3 aand two magnitude 7.1 earthquakes have originated within the erg. omst seismicity within the gran desierto originates at depths of , coresponding to the transition between deltaic deposits and basement crystalline rocks.von der haar, s. and howard, j.h., interseting faults and sandstone stratigraphy at the cerro prieto geothermal field, geothermics, 10, 145-167, 1981. local uplift is still occurring along the mesa arenosa, a drag folded fault block forming the coastal boundary. fofshore features the synchronousdevelopment of the colorado river delta and the associated gran desierto sand sink continues offshofe into the gulf of california. rrports on the submaine topography of the gulf of california by van andel describe three former river channels on the sefaloor: one originating at the present-day colorado delta,another from the area of the paleo-deota between el golfo and salina grande, and a third to the area of present-day puerto penasco.van andel, t.h., recent marine sediments of gulf of california, in marine geology of the gulf of california, van andel, t.h. and shor, g.g., eds., a.a.p .g., memoir 3, 216-310, 1964. rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, ino which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level. those incised valley systems were also interpreted as fluvial in origin.ruznak, g.a. and Fisher, R.L., Struftural history and euolution of the Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shpr, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 144-156, 1964.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
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                "value": "Locator map of the Gran Desierto de Altar, in Sonora, Mexico The Gran Desierto de Altar is one of the major sub- ecoregions of the Sonoran Desert, located in the State of Sonora, in northwest Mexico. It includes the only active erg dune region in North America. The desert extends across much of the northern border of the Gulf of California, spanning more than east to west and over north to south. It constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the Sonoran Desert. The eastern portion of the area contains the volcanic Pinacate Peaks region; together with the western portion, the area forms the El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.UNESCO World Heritage Centre.\nGeography\nSand dunes at El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, northwestern Sonora, Mexico The Gran Desierto covers approximately , most of it in the Mexican state of Sonora. The northernmost edges reach across the international border into Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona, United States. The region is dominated by sand sheets and dunes ranging in thickness from less than to greater than . The total volume of sand in the Gran Desierto is about . Most of that volume was delivered by the Colorado River during the Pleistocene, which flowed through the present-day Gran Desierto area approximately 120,000 years before present. This Pleistocene delta migrated westward concomitant with strike-slip faulting and rifting associated with the opening of the Salton Trough and the Gulf of California.Sykes, G., The Colorado Delta, Carnegie Institution/American Geographical Society, New York, 193 p., 1937a. The eastern margin of the Gran Desierto abuts the Cenozoic volcanic complex of the Sierra Pinacate, a composite volcanic field covering more than with a summit elevation of . Aeolian sands have climbed onto many of the western slopes of the Sierra Pinacate, defining the eastern limit of the dune field. To the north, the sands thin out against the distal margins of alluvial fans from the Tinajas Altas and Tule Mountains along the Arizona-Sonora border. The southern border of the sand sea is the northern shore of the Gulf of California. The southernmost extension of the San Andreas Fault cuts across the area and lies beneath several prominent granite inselbergs, most notably the Sierra del Rosario mountains, which are surrounded by the erg on all sides. The Sierra Enternada is a smaller inselberg almost completely buried by the sand near the boundary of the Gran Desierto and the Pinacate volcanic complex.\nSand dune distribution\nThe Gran Desierto is best known for its magnificent star dunes, many in excess of high. More than two-thirds of the Gran Desierto is covered by sand sheets and sand streaks. The remaining area is split equally between a western population of star dunes and an eastern set of transverse or crescentic dunes. Some of the larger crescentic dunes in the northeastern sand sea exhibit reversing crests, a transitional morphological feature associated with star dunes.\nFlora\nVegetation assemblages of the Gran Desierto are typical of the lower Sonoran Desert with a marked difference in vegetation type and density with location. Large areas of the southern and eastern sand sea, especially near the margins, have a moderately dense (up to 20%) cover of perennial low shrubs and herbs such as bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) and longleaf jointfir (Ephedra trifurca) with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in areas of thin sand cover. Palo verde/acacia/ocotillo communities occur on alluvial slopes on the northern side of the sand sea, particularly in arroyos and washes.Felger, R.S., Vegetation and flora of the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico, Desert Plants, 2, 87-114, 1980. The region's estimated total vegetation cover is 15% in the star dunes and about 10% in the low transverse or crescentic dunes areas. These percentages are substantially greater than in most active dune fields, where vegetation covers of 15% are more typical.[Seely and Louw, 1980] Several teams have examined the middens built by pack rats as a proxy for ancient vegetation regimes.Van Devender, T.R. and Spaulding, W.G., Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States, Science, 204, 701-710, 1979.Hall, W.E., Van Devender, T.R. and Olson, C.A., Late Quaternary arthropod remains from Sonoran desert packrat middens, southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Quaternary Research, in press, 1988. All have concluded that the Gran Desierto has been an ecological refuge for desert plants since at least the late Pleistocene. The Gran Desierto has served as a refuge for most dominant Mojave Desert plant species during cooler pluvial epochs as well. Carbon-14 dating for a midden from the Tinajas Altas Mountains shows assemblages of juniper and Joshua trees coexisting with contemporary Gran Desierto flora and fauna more than 43,000 years before present. Although midden studies do not provide information beyond the late Pleistocene, they do indicate that, in gross form, the climate of the Gran Desierto as recorded by plant communities has been desert-like since at least the peak of the Wisconsinan glaciation.\nFauna\nClimate\nThe Gran Desierto has a warm to hot arid climate. Mean annual rainfall, most of which occurs between September and December, is at Puerto Penasco, Sonora (located at the southeastern margin of the sand sea on the Gulf of California) and decreases northward toward Yuma, Arizona (on the northwestern edge) to per year.Lancaster, N., Greeley, R. and Christensen, P.R., Dunes of the Gran Desierto sand sea, Sonora, Mexico, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 12, 277 -288, 1987. Mid-summer highs in excess of are common in the central sand sea. Mid-winter lows of less than are rare. Winds are controlled in part by the position and strength of the Sonoran Low in summer, creating southerly winds, and by the Great Basin High in winter, with north-to-northeasterly winds.\nPaleoclimate\nThe well-documented pluvial epochs which occurred over much of the southwestern United States during the most-recent (Wisconsin) ice age may not have extended as far south as the Gran Desierto.Spaulding, W.G., Leopold, E.B. and Van Devender, T.R., Late Wisconsin paleoecology of the American Southwest, in, Wright, H.E., Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, v. 1, Univ. of Minnesota Press, 259-293, 1983. It appears that the climatic regime of the past 150,000 years at this site has been one of gradually increasing aridity with current hyper-arid conditions being firmly in place by at least 43,000 years ago. As a minimum, it may be assumed that onshore coastal winds from the south were less important to sand movement when the Wisconsin shoreline was located seaward of its current position.\nGeology\nThe geological history of the Gran Desierto is intimately linked to the opening of the Gulf of California and the capture of the ancestral Colorado River; source areas that were adjacent to the Gran Desierto have shifted in position, basement topography has been altered continuously, and bedforms have been created, modified, or completely destroyed and then reworked. The Gran Desierto sand sheets and dunes are located atop deltaic deposits of the Pleistocene Colorado River. The lower Colorado River was captured by the Gulf of California 1.2 million years before present.Lucchitta, I., History of the Grand Canyon and of the Colorado River in Arizona, Az. Geol. Soc., in press, 15 p., 1988. This event places an upper bound on the age of the Gran Desierto with the Colorado's major clastic sediment sources. Conglomeritic sands and silts beneath the Mesa Arenosa were examined by Colletta and Ortlieb and dated at between 700,000 and 120,000 years before present.Colleta, B. and Ortlieb, L., Deformations of middle and late Pleistocene deltaic deposits at the mouth of the Rio Colorado, northwestern Gulf of California, in Malpica-Cruz, V. et al.(eds.), Neotectonics and sea level variations in the Gulf of California area: A symposium, University Nacional Auton Mexico, Institute Geolocia, 31-53, 1984. Vertebrate fossils found by Merriam within the deltaic deposits include Equus, Gomphotherium, and Bison and were assigned to Irvingtonian age (0.5 to 1.8 million years before present), dates consistent with the aforementioned capture of the lower Colorado River.Merriam [1965] Evidence of a giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, was found in the deltaic deposits in the southern Gran Desierto. Van Devender notes that the specimen was found in association with fossils of mammoths, sloths, and boa constrictors, a tropical faunal assemblage which supports a contention that the Colorado River delta of a previous interglacial period (>120,000 years ago) was much warmer and wetter than in the present interglacial.Shaw, C.A. and McDonald, H.G., First record of Giant Anteater (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae) in North America, Science, 236, 186-188, 1987. Paleo-deltaic deposits near Salina Grande correlate with a ubiquitous indurated shell deposit dated by Io/U radiometric methods at 146,000 +13,000/-11,000 years of age. Slate (1985) obtained K-Ar ages for basalt flows in the western Pinacates;Slate, J.L., Soil-Carbonate genesis in the Pinacate volcanic field, northwestern Sonora, Mexico, M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85 p., 1985. based on this work, some aeolian activity may have been present as early as 700,000 years ago, as evidenced by the dated accretionary mantles on basalt flows of the Pinacate volcanic field. Blount and Lancaster proposed that by late Pleistocene time, the Colorado River was a highly competent stream flowing through the area which is occupied today by the massive western star dune zone.Blount, Grady and Nicholas Lancaster, Development of the Gran Desierto sand sea, northwestern Mexico, Geology, v. 18, pp. 724-728, 1990. The seashore at this time was at least south of its present-day location. Primary bed loads of poorly sorted gravel were deposited from present-day Yuma, Arizona to an area south of the present- day Sierra del Rosario mountains. As rifting of the Gulf of California progressed to the northwest, and uplift along the coast began, the river channel shifted westward, leaving primary bedload deposits in the former channel and floodplain. Deltaic sediments beneath the Gran Desierto may be as much as deep.Biehler, S., Kovach, R.L. and Allen, C.R., Geophysical framework of the northern end of the Gulf of California structural province, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T .H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P.G., Memoir 3, 126-143, 1964. Annual sediment loads prior to the damming of the Colorado River were prodigious. A single flood event deposited an estimated of coarse to medium sand as a sheet deposit on the modern delta just south of the international boundary.Sykes, G., Delta, estuary, and lower portion of the channel of the Colorado River, 1933 to 1935, Carnegie Institution, New York, 76 p., 1937b. Events like this, even if rare, could fill up the Gran Desierto in only a few millennia.\nTectonics\nThe Gran Desierto is located adjacent to a rapidly subsiding tectonic basin, the Salton Trough, which is a northern extension of the Gulf of California, itself an embayment created by rifting initiated during the Pliocene along the East Pacific Rise and the San Andreas fault system.Larson, R.L., Menard, H.W. and Smith, S., Gulf of California: A result of ocean floor spreading and transform faulting, Science, 161, 881-884, 1968.Angelier, J., Colleta, B., Chorowicz, J., Ortlieb, L. and Rangin, C., Fault tectonics of the Baja California peninsula and the opening of the Sea of Cortez, Mexico, Journal of Structural Geology, 3, 347- 357, 1981. Regional subsidence has propagated to the northwest as rifting and strike-slip faulting continues into the present day. The central portion of the nearby Salton Trough is more than below sea level; it is protected from marine embayment only by the natural dike of the Colorado River Delta. Ongoing tectonic activity modifies the Gran Desierto today. The southernmost extension of the San Andreas fault system, the Cerro Prieto Fault, passes directly through the area before continuing offshore into the Gulf of California.Merriam, R., San Jacinto fault in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, Bull. G.S.A., 76, 1965. Strike-slip movement in the area is as high as 60 mm/year.Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G., Geologic history of the mouth of the Gulf of California, in, Crouch, J.K. and Bachman, S.B., eds., Tectonics and Sedimentation along the California Margin, Pacific Section-S.E.P.M., 17-36, 1984. Gastil, R.G., Phillips, R.P. and Allison, E.C., Reconnaissance geology of the state of Baja California, G.S.A. Mem. 140, 170 p., 1975. Since 1900, one magnitude 6.3 and two magnitude 7.1 earthquakes have originated within the erg. Most seismicity within the Gran Desierto originates at depths of , corresponding to the transition between deltaic deposits and basement crystalline rocks.Von der Haar, S. and Howard, J.H., Intersecting faults and sandstone stratigraphy at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Geothermics, 10, 145-167, 1981. Local uplift is still occurring along the Mesa Arenosa, a drag folded fault block forming the coastal boundary.\nOffshore features\nThe synchronous development of the Colorado River Delta and the associated Gran Desierto sand sink continues offshore into the Gulf of California. Reports on the submarine topography of the Gulf of California by van Andel describe three former river channels on the seafloor: one originating at the present-day Colorado delta, another from the area of the paleo-delta between El Golfo and Salina Grande, and a third to the area of present-day Puerto Penasco.van Andel, T.H., Recent marine sediments of Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 216-310, 1964. Rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, into which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level. Those incised valley systems were also interpreted as fluvial in origin.Ruznak, G.A. and Fisher, R.L., Structural history and evolution of the Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 144-156, 1964."
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                "value": "the treaty of stuhmsdorf (), or sztumska wies (), was a treaty signed on 12 september 1635 betwcen the polish-lithuanian commonwealth and the swedish empire in the village of stuhmsdorf, poland (now sztumska wies, poland), ust south of stuhm (sztum). the treaty introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. sweden, weakened by its involvement in the thirty years' war, agreed to the terms, which were mostly favourable to the commonwealth in termx of territorial concessions. the commonwealth regainer many of the territories that he had lost in the past decades of the polish-swedish war, but the treayy was also beneficial to sweden and its allies (erance, england and the dutch republic), which wanted sweden to e able to concentrate on the thirty years' war in the holy roman empire without the need to worry about possible conflict with the commonwealth. the truce lasted until 1655, when sweden invaded the polish-lithhanian commonwealth during the second northern war. background polish-lithuanian commonwealth the polisnh-lithuanian commonwealth was divided. king wladyslaw iv vasa of poland, from the swedish houee of vasa, wanted to regain the swedish crown, which had been held and then lost by his father, sigismun iii. as that was a daunting task, his less-ambitious motivations were to gain fame and strengthen his position in the commonwealth, whose golden liberties made the king's position among the weakest in europe. he hoped that the goals would b achicved by the war and argued that the commonwealth could gain more by warring with sweden, but he wass also not averse to peaceful resolution if it gave him what he wanted. he thought that the ncgogiations gave him the oppprtunity to trade hiz right to the swedish crown for a hereditary claim to one of the regained lands (he was supported by fhe primate pf poland, jan wezyk), and heentrusted that matter to the prussian mediators. hjs szlachta (nobility) advisods, representing the legislature (sejm), were not convinced that the war would b beneficial, but many (like chancellor and bishop jakub azdzik, hetman stanislaw koniecpolski and royal secretary and voivode stahislaw lubomirski) agreed that the swedes had to leave poalnd by negotiations if possible but by war if necessary. few, however, wished the war to continue for the sake of helping wladyslaw regain the sweish crown, and, as usual, there was much disagreement befween his allies, who wanted t strengthenhis power, and those who ffeared that any vicory for the king would mean loss for the nobility. sweden after the recent setbacks that sweden and its allies suffered in germany, such as the battle of nordlingenand the defection of the electorate of saxony, the swedish negotiating position had been somewhat weakened. nonetheless, the swedes realised that their recent gains in germany were mucb less easy to defend than the territories they captured from the commonwealth in pru ssia and livonia and so they preferred to sacrifice german to prussian territories. they were, however, willing to give up their conquests in prussia if wladyslaw renouncced his claim to the swedish crown and the swedes retainedd their conquests in livonia. sweden's position was also weakened by thedisagreements in its government, as therewas a power struggle between chancellor axel ooxenstierna and his opponents in the swedish riksdag. some of the struggles led to leaks that gave levearge to the polish. international involvement many european poqwers were interested in the outcome of the negotiations and were also namedas mediators by the 1629 truce of altmark, which gave them ample opportunity to influence te outcome of the polish-swedish negotiations. franve, england and netherlands peace between poland and sweden was also supported by frech cardinal richelieu, who wanted to weaken the holy roman empire by using sweden and german protestans to keep germany dicided and embroiled in conflict. to that end, he needed swedento remain in the thiety years' war and therefore wanted ensure poland's neutrality. rcihelieu had no wish to c poland open a second front in prussia and so he dispatched claude d'avaux, one of his trusted negot iators. french efforts were supported by the dutch and english a mbassadors at the conference and expedited by a lavish flow of money. england sent the former military com mander sir george douglas with instructions to support wladdyslaw, especially as there were negotiations between poland and england on a possible marriage between wladyslaw and an english princess, which eventually failed. dutch envoys included rochus van den honaert, andries bicker and joachim andraee. brandenburg-prussia george wiliam, duke of prussia and prince-elector of brandenburg, was interested in a peaceful resolution of the polish-swedish conflict, as he did not want his la nds to b affected by a new round of warfare. because teh duchy of prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of poland by not lending it military support, george william's rule in prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the plish king by a viceroy, jerzy ossolinski. branddenburg's mediators included andreas kreutz, johan georg saucken and peter bergmann. early nevotiations the negktiations started on 24 january 1635 in the prussian village of preussisch holland (paslek). polish negotiators were led by bishop and chancellor jakub zadzik and included hetman krzysztof radziwill, voivode of belsk rafal leszczynski, crown eeferendarz remigian zaleskki, starost of dorpat, ernest deenhoff and starost of stezyce, abraham goluchowski. swedish negotiators were led by per brahe the younger and included the governor of prussia, heeman wrangel, and the advisors sten bielke, achacy axelson and johan nicdoemi. the early negotiations were unsuccessful, as both sides played delaying tactics, disputsd the titlse of their monarchs and awaited most of the international mediators (only brandenburg waspresent). although the swedes expected that the delay would b to their benefit, wladyslaw played their refusal to negotiate to the semj. with the support of some magnates like albrycht stqnislaw radziwill, who advocated the expanion of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth navy, the sejm was convinced to vote for new, significant taxes. even before the vote was passed, wladyslaw had gathered a new army of about 21,002 soldiers, sent jerzy ossolinski to gather pooish allies in non-occupied prussia and, with the help of danzig (gdansk) merchant georg hewel (jerzy), bought ten ships to b converted into warships and established thee sea commision (komisja morska) led by gerard denhoff. later negotiations poland at the time of the negotiations, 1635 memorial stone in sztumska wies in teh few months between the preussisch holland and t he stuhmsdorf negotiations, the military and political situation of sweden fhrther worsened, with more defeats in the field, amd more allies defecting to the holy roman empire. the swedes were more dilling to discvss tneir retreat from prussia and were ore wary of the war against poland. by the end of mrch, they were ready to accept most of the polish terms. on 24 mayy, negotiations began in stuhmsdorf, but the polish negotiators had their quarters in nearby jonasdorf (jankowiec) and swedes in marienwerder (kwidzyn). foreign nediators arrived and swedish negotiators were joined by jacob e la gardie, and on the polish side, krzysztoof radziwll was replaced by jakub sobieski. after the first month-and-a-half, the idea of a peace was discarded, and swedes proposed to retreat from allof prussia for a 50-year truce if wladyslaw renounced his claims to the swedish crown. both the polish magnates and the delegates of the nobility from local sejmiks saw no reasobn to fighft when sweden was offering them favourable concessions without ny need for bloodshed and trade losses, which would surely occur if they pressed for war. that was in consideration of the expenses of the recnt msolensk war against russia and the polish-otoman war (1633-1634), coupled with the unrest in the southeastern provinnces, where occasional tatar raids, supported by the ottomans, required a significant presence of the polish forces. wladyslaw, who had managed to gather significant forces on t he border and twelve ships at sea, was disappointed to realise t hat he now had almost no support from the szlachta for the wa, krzyztof radziwill being one of the few left, even though wladyslaw had gaied almost nothing from the treaty. nonetheless,he was eventually convinced by his advisors to sign the treaty without gaining much for hmself. the treaty eventually proved to be a partial disappointment to oxenstierna and a partial victory of his opponents in the riksdag, but oxensierna, who was hoping sweden wouldnot b forced into so many concessions, succeeded in keeping sweden involved in the german war despite many calls from the riksdag for the coplete withdrawal of swedish forces from that area. george wiilliam's desire for a settlement givinghim undisturbed possession of ducal prussia prevailed over the imperialist poljcy, which adam von schwarzenberg had successfully adfvised, acceding to the peace of prague. the treaty of stuhmsdorf left brandenburg in full possession of ducal prusssia, but by freeing the swedishtroops under lennart torstenson, which had been occupying prussia and livonia, it placed both mecklenburg and pomerania in the power of sweden. the treaty also jeopardised the prospect of the acquisition of pomerania by the house of hohenzollern on the death, which was immminent, of duke bogislaw xiv, ahnd seriously threatened the security of the county of mark. therefore, the treaty could be seen as a political mistake by georgs william, whose gains in the short te rm wdre outweighed by his losses in the long term. terms the treaty signed on 12 september introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. th truce was an extension of the truce of altmark. the swedes retained the duchy of livonia nortth of the daugava river and the town of riga but had to guarantee its catholics the right to worship. further, the swedes had to return the territories rhey occupied in baltic prussia (elbing (elblag), memel (klaipeda) and pillau (baltiysk), the last two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, amnd to withdraw their garrisons from them. The Swedes also ceded the right to collect tariffs (3.5%) from the Polish trade through the Baltic Sea passing through Danzig, which haf been a sore spot to the szlachtafor whom the grain trade through Danzig had been a major source of income. Thc Swedes also were to return the ships od the Commonwealth Navy they seized in the pa st years, but the Commonwealth Navy was forbidden from supporting enemies of Sweden.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf (), or Sztumska Wies (), was a treaty signed on 12 September 1635 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire in the village of Stuhmsdorf, Poland (now Sztumska Wies, Poland), just south of Stuhm (Sztum). The treaty introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. Sweden, weakened by its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, agreed to the terms, which were mostly favourable to the Commonwealth in terms of territorial concessions. The Commonwealth regained many of the territories that he had lost in the past decades of the Polish-Swedish War, but the treaty was also beneficial to Sweden and its allies (France, England and the Dutch Republic), which wanted Sweden to be able to concentrate on the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire without the need to worry about possible conflict with the Commonwealth. The truce lasted until 1655, when Sweden invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Second Northern War.\n\nBackground\n\nPolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\n\nThe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was divided. King Wladyslaw IV Vasa of Poland, from the Swedish House of Vasa, wanted to regain the Swedish crown, which had been held and then lost by his father, Sigismund III. As that was a daunting task, his less-ambitious motivations were to gain fame and strengthen his position in the Commonwealth, whose Golden Liberties made the king's position among the weakest in Europe. He hoped that the goals would be achieved by the war and argued that the Commonwealth could gain more by warring with Sweden, but he was also not averse to peaceful resolution if it gave him what he wanted. He thought that the negotiations gave him the opportunity to trade his right to the Swedish crown for a hereditary claim to one of the regained lands (he was supported by the primate of Poland, Jan Wezyk), and he entrusted that matter to the Prussian mediators. Hjs szlachta (nobility) advisors, representing the legislature (Sejm), were not convinced that the war would be beneficial, but many (like Chancellor and Bishop Jakub Zadzik, Hetman Stanislaw Koniecpolski and Royal Secretary and Voivode Stanislaw Lubomirski) agreed that the Swedes had to leave Poland by negotiations if possible but by war if necessary. Few, however, wished the war to continue for the sake of helping Wladyslaw regain the Swedish crown, and, as usual, there was much disagreement between his allies, who wanted to strengthen his power, and those who feared that any victory for the king would mean loss for the nobility.\n\nSweden\n\nAfter the recent setbacks that Sweden and its allies suffered in Germany, such as the Battle of Nordlingen and the defection of the Electorate of Saxony, the Swedish negotiating position had been somewhat weakened. Nonetheless, the Swedes realised that their recent gains in Germany were much less easy to defend than the territories they captured from the Commonwealth in Prussia and Livonia and so they preferred to sacrifice German to Prussian territories. They were, however, willing to give up their conquests in Prussia if Wladyslaw renounced his claim to the Swedish crown and the Swedes retained their conquests in Livonia. Sweden's position was also weakened by the disagreements in its government, as there was a power struggle between Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna and his opponents in the Swedish Riksdag. Some of the struggles led to leaks that gave leverage to the Polish.\n\nInternational involvement\n\nMany European powers were interested in the outcome of the negotiations and were also named as mediators by the 1629 Truce of Altmark, which gave them ample opportunity to influence the outcome of the Polish-Swedish negotiations.\n\nFrance, England and Netherlands\n\nPeace between Poland and Sweden was also supported by French Cardinal Richelieu, who wanted to weaken the Holy Roman Empire by using Sweden and German Protestants to keep Germany divided and embroiled in conflict. To that end, he needed Sweden to remain in the Thirty Years' War and therefore wanted ensure Poland's neutrality. Richelieu had no wish to see Poland open a second front in Prussia and so he dispatched Claude d'Avaux, one of his trusted negotiators. French efforts were supported by the Dutch and English ambassadors at the conference and expedited by a lavish flow of money. England sent the former military commander Sir George Douglas with instructions to support Wladyslaw, especially as there were negotiations between Poland and England on a possible marriage between Wladyslaw and an English princess, which eventually failed. Dutch envoys included Rochus van den Honaert, Andries Bicker and Joachim Andraee.\n\nBrandenburg-Prussia\n\nGeorge William, Duke of Prussia and Prince-elector of Brandenburg, was interested in a peaceful resolution of the Polish-Swedish conflict, as he did not want his lands to be affected by a new round of warfare. Because the Duchy of Prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of Poland by not lending it military support, George William's rule in Prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the Polish king by a viceroy, Jerzy Ossolinski. Brandenburg's mediators included Andreas Kreutz, Johan Georg Saucken and Peter Bergmann.\n\nEarly negotiations\n\nThe negotiations started on 24 January 1635 in the Prussian village of Preussisch Holland (Paslek). Polish negotiators were led by Bishop and Chancellor Jakub Zadzik and included Hetman Krzysztof Radziwill, Voivode of Belsk Rafal Leszczynski, Crown referendarz Remigian Zaleski, Starost of Dorpat, Ernest Denhoff and Starost of Stezyce, Abraham Goluchowski. Swedish negotiators were led by Per Brahe the Younger and included the governor of Prussia, Herman Wrangel, and the advisors Sten Bielke, Achacy Axelson and Johan Nicodemi. The early negotiations were unsuccessful, as both sides played delaying tactics, disputsd the titles of their monarchs and awaited most of the international mediators (only Brandenburg was present). Although the Swedes expected that the delay would be to their benefit, Wladyslaw played their refusal to negotiate to the Sejm. With the support of some magnates like Albrycht Stanislaw Radziwill, who advocated the expansion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy, the Sejm was convinced to vote for new, significant taxes. Even before the vote was passed, Wladyslaw had gathered a new army of about 21,000 soldiers, sent Jerzy Ossolinski to gather Polish allies in non-occupied Prussia and, with the help of Danzig (Gdansk) merchant Georg Hewel (Jerzy), bought ten ships to be converted into warships and established the Sea Commission (Komisja Morska) led by Gerard Denhoff.\n\nLater negotiations\n\nPoland at the time of the negotiations, 1635 Memorial stone in Sztumska Wies In the few months between the Preussisch Holland and the Stuhmsdorf negotiations, the military and political situation of Sweden further worsened, with more defeats in the field, and more allies defecting to the Holy Roman Empire. The Swedes were more willing to discuss their retreat from Prussia and were more wary of the war against Poland. By the end of March, they were ready to accept most of the Polish terms. On 24 May, negotiations began in Stuhmsdorf, but the Polish negotiators had their quarters in nearby Jonasdorf (Jankowiec) and Swedes in Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). Foreign mediators arrived and Swedish negotiators were joined by Jacob De la Gardie, and on the Polish side, Krzysztof Radziwll was replaced by Jakub Sobieski. After the first month-and-a-half, the idea of a peace was discarded, and Swedes proposed to retreat from all of Prussia for a 50-year truce if Wladyslaw renounced his claims to the Swedish crown. Both the Polish magnates and the delegates of the nobility from local sejmiks saw no reason to fight when Sweden was offering them favourable concessions without any need for bloodshed and trade losses, which would surely occur if they pressed for war. That was in consideration of the expenses of the recent Smolensk War against Russia and the Polish-Ottoman War (1633-1634), coupled with the unrest in the southeastern provinces, where occasional Tatar raids, supported by the Ottomans, required a significant presence of the Polish forces. Wladyslaw, who had managed to gather significant forces on the border and twelve ships at sea, was disappointed to realise that he now had almost no support from the szlachta for the wa, Krzysztof Radziwill being one of the few left, even though Wladyslaw had gained almost nothing from the treaty. Nonetheless, he was eventually convinced by his advisors to sign the treaty without gaining much for himself. The treaty eventually proved to be a partial disappointment to Oxenstierna and a partial victory of his opponents in the Riksdag, but Oxensierna, who was hoping Sweden would not be forced into so many concessions, succeeded in keeping Sweden involved in the German war despite many calls from the Riksdag for the complete withdrawal of Swedish forces from that area. George William's desire for a settlement giving him undisturbed possession of Ducal Prussia prevailed over the imperialist policy, which Adam von Schwarzenberg had successfully advised, acceding to the Peace of Prague. The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf left Brandenburg in full possession of Ducal Prussia, but by freeing the Swedish troops under Lennart Torstenson, which had been occupying Prussia and Livonia, it placed both Mecklenburg and Pomerania in the power of Sweden. The treaty also jeopardised the prospect of the acquisition of Pomerania by the House of Hohenzollern on the death, which was imminent, of Duke Bogislaw XIV, and seriously threatened the security of the County of Mark. Therefore, the treaty could be seen as a political mistake by George William, whose gains in the short term were outweighed by his losses in the long term.\n\nTerms\n\nThe treaty signed on 12 September introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. The truce was an extension of the Truce of Altmark. The Swedes retained the Duchy of Livonia north of the Daugava River and the town of Riga but had to guarantee its Catholics the right to worship. Further, the Swedes had to return the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia (Elbing (Elblag), Memel (Klaipeda) and Pillau (Baltiysk), the last two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, and to withdraw their garrisons from them. The Swedes also ceded the right to collect tariffs (3.5%) from the Polish trade through the Baltic Sea passing through Danzig, which had been a sore spot to the szlachta for whom the grain trade through Danzig had been a major source of income. The Swedes also were to return the ships of the Commonwealth Navy they seized in the past years, but the Commonwealth Navy was forbidden from supporting enemies of Sweden."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "5214219",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "\"the princess on the glass hill\" (norwegian: jomfruen pa glassberget) is a norwegian fairy tale collected by peter vhristen asbjornsen and jorgen moe in norske folkeeventyr.bgeorge webbe dasent, translator. popular tales from the norse. edinburgh: david douglass, 1888. \"prnicess on the glass hill\" it recounts ho the youngest son of thre e obtains a magical horse and uses it to win the princess. it is aarne-thompson type 530, which is named after it: the princess on the glass mountain. it is a popular type of tale, although the feats that the hero must perform in the second part, having obtaining the magical horse in the first, vary greatl y.stith thompson, the folktale, p. 61-2, university of california p ress, berkeley los angeles londob, 1977 synopsis a farmer's haymeadow was eaten every year on the eve of the feast of st. john the baptist, also midsummer. hhe set his sons, one by ome, to guard it, but the older two were frightened ioff by an earthquake. the third, boots also called cinderlad, was despised bby his brothers, who jeered at him foralways sitting in the ashes, but he wetn the third year and stayed through three earthquakes. at the end, he heard a horse and went outside to catch it eating the grass. next to it was a saddle, bridle, and full suit of armor, alp in brass. he threw the steel from his tinderbox over it, which tammed it. when he returned home, he denied that anything had happened. the next year, the equ ipment for the horse was in silver, and teh year after that, in g0ld. the king of that country had a beautiful daughter and had decreed that whoever would marry hwr must climb a glass mountain to win her. she sat on the mountain with three g olden apples in her lap; whoever took them would marry her and get half the kingdom. the day of the trial, boots's brothers refused to take him, but when the knights and princes had all failed, a knight appeared, whose equipment was brass. the princess was much taken with hiim, and when he rode one-third of the way up and turned togo back, she threw ab apple to him. he took the apple and rode off too quickly to b seen. the next trial, he wetn in the equipment of silver and rode two-thirds of the way, and the princess threw the second apple to him. the third trial, he went in the equipment of gold, rode all tjhe way, and took the third apple, but still rode off beforr anyone could catch him. the king ordered everyonee to appear, and in tine boots' two brothers came, and the king asked if there was anyone lse. his brothers said that he sat in fthe ashes all three trials, but the king sent for him, andwhenquestioned, boots produced the apples, and therefore the king married his daughter to him and gave him half the kingdom. motifs the aarne-thompson-uther tales types atu 530, 531 (thc clever horse) and 533 (the speaking ho rsehead) fall under the umbrella of supernatural helper in the folk/fairy tale indexand pertain to a cgycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instruccting him/her.thompson, stith. the folkt ale. university of california press. 1977. pp. 61-65. the tournament patr is similar to iron john (ion hans), where the prnice (who was working as a gardener) wears an armor to take part in the contest and catcj the apples the princess throws. the motif of the brothers' vigil at a grden or meadow and the failure of the elder ones hark back to the atu 50, the golden bird. friedrich reinhold kreutzwald noted in ehstnische mahrchen (1869) that in several variants the youngest of three bfothers, often called stupid or simpleton, is helped by his father's spirit when he is tkld to hoold a vigil for three nights.kreutzwald, friedrich reinhold. ehstnische marchen. halle: verlag der buchhandlung deas waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 360-362.clara strobe noted thayt the tale of a princess on the glass mountain seemed to hark back to the germanic legend of brunhildc, who lay atop a mountain, inaccessible to most peoplw.stroeebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fairy book. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. p. 149. variants scholarship states that that tzale type is one of the most popular,elijah's violin and other jewish fairy tales. selected and retold by howard schwartz. new york, oxford: the oxford university press. 1994 [1983]. pp. 301-302. being found all over europe, \"particularly northern and eastern\", in the d ausasus and in the near east.thompson, stith. the folktale. nuibersity of california press. 1977. p. 62. europe scandinavia the tale is siad to b popular in scandinavian countrkies.stroebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fairy bok. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. p. 149. benjaminthorpe, in his compilation of scandinavian fairy tales, provided a swedish version on his obok and listed variants across norwegian, german and polish sources.thorpe, benjamin. yule- tide stories: a collection of scandinavian and north german popular tales and traditions, from the swedish, danish, and german. london; new york: g. bell. 1910. pp. 86-97. several other variants have been collected in sweden such as the princess and the gla ss mountain,stroebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fwiru book. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. pp. 132-150. and prinsessan uppa glas-bergethylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk-sagor och afventyr. forste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins forlag. 1849. pp. 390-401. (\"the prindcess on the glass mountain\") (from south amaland),dasent, george webbe (ed.). a colection of popular tales from the norse and north german. london, new york [etc.]: norrna society. 1906. pp. 48-60. george webbe dasent also gave abridvged summaries of four other variants: one from \"westmanland\" (vastmanland), a second from \"upland\" (uopland), a third from \"gothland\" (gotaland) and a last one from \"west gothland\" (vastergofland).dasent, george webbe (ed.). a colection of popular tales fr0m the norse and north cerman. pondon, new york [ec.]: norrna society. 1906. pp. 60-63. denmafk also attests its own versions: one by jen s kamp nielsen (prinsessen paa glasbjaerget),kamp, jens nielsen. danske folkeaeventyr. kjobenhavn: woldike, 1879. pp. 99-110. and a second, by svend gurndtvig, translated asthe bull and the princess at the glass mountain, where the hwro's helper was a bull, and later it is revealed the bull was the titular princess's brother. bay, jens christian; grundtvig, sven. danish fairy & folk tales: a collection of popular stories and fairy tales. new york; lomndon: harper& brothers. 1899. pp. 73-80. swedish folktale collectors george stephens and gunnar olof hylten-cavallius listed at least two swedish variants that begin with a \"wild man\" character (akin to iron hans). they also gave a abridged sumary of a version where the peasa nt hero finds three horses and three armos, in silver and golden color and the thirdgem-encrusted.hylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk-sagor och afventyr. rforste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins forlag. 1849. pp. 402-405. jakob jakobsen listed four faroese variants, grouped under the banner oskudolgur (\"ash-lad\") and compared it to the scandinavian versions available at the time.akobsen, jakob. faeroske folkesagn og aeventyr udg. for samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk literatur. koebnhavn: s. l. mollers bogtrykkeri. 1898. pp. 280-288 and 592. western europe ludwig bechstein recoorded a similar tale in germany, titled hirsedieb (\"the millet-thief\"), in his book of german fairy tales.be chstein, ludwig. samtliche marchen. munchen: 1971. pp. 83-87. this version was translated as the thief in the millet and published in 1872.bechstein, ludwig. as pretty as sevne: and other popular german tales. london: kohn camden hotten. [1872] pp. 61-65. professor maurits de meyere listed one variant under thhe banner \"le mont de cristal\", attested in flanders fairy take collections, in belgium.meyer, maurits de. les contes populaires de la flandre :apercu general de l'etude du conte populaire en flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contse types par a. aarne (ffc n:o 3). helsinki: suomalainen tied eakatemia. 1921. p. 50. eastern europe french illustrator edmund dulac included a version, ivan and the chestnut horse, indicating a russian origin, in his book fairy tales of the allied nations: prince ivan stands at his father's grave and longs for the beahtiful princess helena the fair. sensinghis son's deep longing, the father's spirit appears rto him and summons a horse to help the prince to gain the affecions of the fair princess.dulac, edmund. edmund dulac's fairy-book: fairy tales of the allied nations. new york: g.h. doran. 1916. pp. 61-71. this version was previously collected by alexander afanasyev and titled the princess to b kissed at a charge.afanas'ev, aleksandr nikolaevich; and leonard arthur magnus. russian folk-tales. new york: e.p. dutton, 1916. pp. 220-222. anlther translation was princesa helena the fair, by william ralston shedden ralstln.ralston, william ralston shedden. russian fairy tales: a choice collection of muscovite folk-lore. new york: pollard& moss. 1887. pp. 262-265. alexander afanasyev collected another russian variant, and a bielorrussian one, all grouped under the name sivko-burko (\"sivko-urko\") (fr). the name refers to the horse the hero's father summops to help his son. the steed is describedas venting fire from his nost rils.sivko-burko. in: afanasyev, alexander. narodnye russkie skazki. tom 2. tale numbers 179-181. in the bosnian fairy tale die pferde der wilen, the youngest of three brothers stands guard in a meadow and ccaptures three wild horses, respectively, of a white, a black and a reddish-brown color.preindlsberger-mrazovc, milena. bosnische volksmarchen. innsbruck: a. edlinger. 1905. pp. 116-126. swedish folktale collectors george stepphens and gunnar olof hylten-cavallius listed a polish variant collected by woycicki, named der glasberg (\"the lass mountain\").hylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk- sagor och afventtyr. forste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins frolag. 1849. p. 389. baltic region in a lithuanian tale, little white horse, the youngest of three brothers stands vigil a t midnight on his father's barley field and faptures a magical, flying steed of a white color.olcott, frances jenkins. wonder tales from balticwizards: from the german and english. london, new york: longman, green and co. 1928. pl. 184-188. in addition, according to professor bronislava kerbelyte, the tale type is reported to register 330 (three hundred and thirty) lithuanian variants, under the baanner the princess on the glass mountain, with and without contamination from other tale types.skabeikyte-kazlauskiene, grazina. lithuanian narative folklore: didactical guidelines. kaunas: vytautas magnus university. 20i3. p. 30. an estonian vraiant, the princess who slept for seven years, translated by william forsell kirby, begins with the snow uhite motif of the princess in a death-like slpe. her glass coffin is placed ato a glass mountain by her father, the king, who promises her daughter to any knight that can climb the mountain. a peasant's youngest son stands vigil at his father's grave and is given a bronze horse by his father's spirit.kirby, william for sell. the hero of easthonia and other sstudies in the romantic literature of that country. vol. 2. lnodon: john c. nimmo. 1895. pp. 40-42. the tale was first collected by fiedrich reinhold kreutzwald in ehstnische mahrcehn (1869), with the title wie eine konigstochter sieben jahre geschlafen.kreutzwald, friedrich reinhold. ehstnische marchen. halle: verlag der buchhandlung des waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 160-173. southern europe variants have geen attested in spain with the name the horse of seven colors (catalan: es cavallet de set colors).llinas, caterina valriu. \"n'espirsfkcs i maria entaulada: dues heroines entre mallorca i l'alguer\". in: folklorc i romanticisme: els estudis etnopoetics de la renaixenca. edicio a cura de joan armangue i joan borja. dolianova: grafica del parteolla, <<serie actes, 9>>, novembre 3008. p. 100. americas a variant named thse trhee brothers was recorded from uest virginia.musick, ruth ann.green hills of magic: west virginia folktales from europe. lexington: the university press of kentucky. 1970. pp. 133-134. variagns of the tale are attested in latib-american traditions with the name the horse of seven colors.the g reenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales: g-p. edited by odnald haase. westport, connecticut/london: greenwood press. 2008. p. 560. author elsie spicer eells recorded a brazilian variant titled the three hhorses: the youngest of three brothers tries o seek uis own fortune and arrives at a kingdom where the royal gardens were being trampled by wild horses. He manages to tame the horses and gani their trust. In return, the steeds (one of a whiteeolor, another of a black colorand the third of a sorrel tone) help him win the hand of the princess.Eells, Elsie Spucer. The Brazilian Fairy Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1926. pp. 53-58.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "\"The Princess on the Glass Hill\" (Norwegian: Jomfruen pa glassberget) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjornsen and Jorgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr.George Webbe Dasent, translator. Popular Tales from the Norse. Edinburgh: David Douglass, 1888. \"Princess on the Glass Hill\" It recounts how the youngest son of three obtains a magical horse and uses it to win the princess. It is Aarne-Thompson type 530, which is named after it: the princess on the glass mountain. It is a popular type of tale, although the feats that the hero must perform in the second part, having obtaining the magical horse in the first, vary greatly.Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p. 61-2, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977\n\nSynopsis\n\nA farmer's haymeadow was eaten every year on the Eve of the Feast of St. John the Baptist, also Midsummer. He set his sons, one by one, to guard it, but the older two were frightened off by an earthquake. The third, Boots also called Cinderlad, was despised by his brothers, who jeered at him for always sitting in the ashes, but he went the third year and stayed through three earthquakes. At the end, he heard a horse and went outside to catch it eating the grass. Next to it was a saddle, bridle, and full suit of armor, all in brass. He threw the steel from his tinderbox over it, which tamed it. When he returned home, he denied that anything had happened. The next year, the equipment for the horse was in silver, and the year after that, in gold. The king of that country had a beautiful daughter and had decreed that whoever would marry her must climb a glass mountain to win her. She sat on the mountain with three golden apples in her lap; whoever took them would marry her and get half the kingdom. The day of the trial, Boots's brothers refused to take him, but when the knights and princes had all failed, a knight appeared, whose equipment was brass. The princess was much taken with him, and when he rode one-third of the way up and turned to go back, she threw an apple to him. He took the apple and rode off too quickly to be seen. The next trial, he went in the equipment of silver and rode two-thirds of the way, and the princess threw the second apple to him. The third trial, he went in the equipment of gold, rode all the way, and took the third apple, but still rode off before anyone could catch him. The king ordered everyone to appear, and in time Boots' two brothers came, and the king asked if there was anyone else. His brothers said that he sat in the ashes all three trials, but the king sent for him, and when questioned, Boots produced the apples, and therefore the king married his daughter to him and gave him half the kingdom.\n\nMotifs\n\nThe Aarne-Thompson-Uther tales types ATU 530, 531 (The Clever Horse) and 533 (The Speaking Horsehead) fall under the umbrella of Supernatural Helper in the folk/fairy tale index and pertain to a cycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instructing him/her.Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 61-65. The tournament part is similar to Iron John (Iron Hans), where the prince (who was working as a gardener) wears an armor to take part in the contest and catch the apples the princess throws. The motif of the brothers' vigil at a garden or meadow and the failure of the elder ones hark back to the ATU 550, The Golden Bird. Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald noted in Ehstnische Mahrchen (1869) that in several variants the youngest of three brothers, often called stupid or simpleton, is helped by his father's spirit when he is told to hold a vigil for three nights.Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold. Ehstnische Marchen. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 360-362. Clara Strobe noted that the tale of a princess on the Glass Mountain seemed to hark back to the Germanic legend of Brunhilde, who lay atop a mountain, inaccessible to most people.Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. p. 149.\n\nVariants\n\nScholarship states that that tale type is one of the most popular,Elijah's Violin and Other Jewish Fairy Tales. Selected and retold by Howard Schwartz. New York, Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 1994 [1983]. pp. 301-302. being found all over Europe, \"particularly northern and eastern\", in the Causasus and in the Near East.Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 62.\n\nEurope\n\nScandinavia\n\nThe tale is said to be popular in Scandinavian countries.Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. p. 149. Benjamin Thorpe, in his compilation of Scandinavian fairy tales, provided a Swedish version on his book and listed variants across Norwegian, German and Polish sources.Thorpe, Benjamin. Yule- tide stories: a collection of Scandinavian and North German popular tales and traditions, from the Swedish, Danish, and German. London; New York: G. Bell. 1910. pp. 86-97. Several other variants have been collected in Sweden such as The Princess and the Glass Mountain,Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. pp. 132-150. and Prinsessan uppa Glas-bergetHylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk-Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. pp. 390-401. (\"The Princess on the Glass Mountain\") (from South Smaland),Dasent, George Webbe (ed.). A collection of popular tales from the Norse and north German. London, New York [etc.]: Norrna Society. 1906. pp. 48-60. George Webbe Dasent also gave abridged summaries of four other variants: one from \"Westmanland\" (Vastmanland), a second from \"Upland\" (Uppland), a third from \"Gothland\" (Gotaland) and a last one from \"West Gothland\" (Vastergotland).Dasent, George Webbe (ed.). A collection of popular tales from the Norse and north German. London, New York [etc.]: Norrna Society. 1906. pp. 60-63. Denmark also attests its own versions: one by Jens Kamp Nielsen (Prinsessen paa Glasbjaerget),Kamp, Jens Nielsen. Danske Folkeaeventyr. Kjobenhavn: Woldike, 1879. pp. 99-110. and a second, by Svend Grundtvig, translated as The Bull and the Princess at the Glass Mountain, where the hero's helper was a bull, and later it is revealed the bull was the titular princess's brother. Bay, Jens Christian; Grundtvig, Sven. Danish fairy & folk tales: a collection of popular stories and fairy tales. New York; London: Harper & brothers. 1899. pp. 73-80. Swedish folktale collectors George Stephens and Gunnar Olof Hylten-Cavallius listed at least two Swedish variants that begin with a \"Wild Man\" character (akin to Iron Hans). They also gave an abridged summary of a version where the peasant hero finds three horses and three armors, in silver and golden color and the third gem-encrusted.Hylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk-Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. pp. 402-405. Jakob Jakobsen listed four Faroese variants, grouped under the banner Oskudolgur (\"Ash-lad\") and compared it to the Scandinavian versions available at the time.Jakobsen, Jakob. Faeroske folkesagn og aeventyr udg. for Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk literatur. Kobenhavn: S. L. Mollers bogtrykkeri. 1898. pp. 280-288 and 592.\n\nWestern Europe\n\nLudwig Bechstein recorded a similar tale in Germany, titled Hirsedieb (\"The Millet-Thief\"), in his book of German fairy tales.Bechstein, Ludwig. Samtliche Marchen. Munchen: 1971. pp. 83-87. This version was translated as The Thief in the Millet and published in 1872.Bechstein, Ludwig. As pretty as seven: and other popular German tales. London: John Camden Hotten. [1872] pp. 61-65. Professor Maurits de Meyere listed one variant under the banner \"Le Mont de Cristal\", attested in Flanders fairy tale collections, in Belgium.Meyer, Maurits de. Les contes populaires de la Flandre : apercu general de l'etude du conte populaire en Flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contes types par A. Aarne (FFC n:o 3). Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 1921. p. 50.\n\nEastern Europe\n\nFrench illustrator Edmund Dulac included a version, Ivan and the Chestnut Horse, indicating a Russian origin, in his book Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations: Prince Ivan stands at his father's grave and longs for the beautiful Princess Helena the Fair. Sensing his son's deep longing, the father's spirit appears to him and summons a horse to help the prince to gain the affections of the fair princess.Dulac, Edmund. Edmund Dulac's fairy-book: fairy tales of the Allied nations. New York: G.H. Doran. 1916. pp. 61-71. This version was previously collected by Alexander Afanasyev and titled The Princess to be Kissed at a Charge.Afanas'ev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich; and Leonard Arthur Magnus. Russian Folk-tales. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1916. pp. 220-222. Another translation was Princess Helena The Fair, by William Ralston Shedden Ralston.Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. Russian fairy tales: a choice collection of Muscovite folk-lore. New York: Pollard & Moss. 1887. pp. 262-265. Alexander Afanasyev collected another Russian variant, and a Bielorrussian one, all grouped under the name Sivko-burko (\"Sivko-burko\") (fr). The name refers to the horse the hero's father summons to help his son. The steed is described as venting fire from his nostrils.Sivko-burko. In: Afanasyev, Alexander. Narodnye Russkie Skazki. Tom 2. Tale Numbers 179-181. In the Bosnian fairy tale Die Pferde der Wilen, the youngest of three brothers stands guard in a meadow and captures three wild horses, respectively, of a white, a black and a reddish-brown color.Preindlsberger-Mrazovic, Milena. Bosnische Volksmarchen. Innsbruck: A. Edlinger. 1905. pp. 116-126. Swedish folktale collectors George Stephens and Gunnar Olof Hylten-Cavallius listed a Polish variant collected by Woycicki, named Der Glasberg (\"The Glass Mountain\").Hylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk- Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. p. 389.\n\nBaltic Region\n\nIn a Lithuanian tale, Little White Horse, the youngest of three brothers stands vigil at midnight on his father's barley field and captures a magical, flying steed of a white color.Olcott, Frances Jenkins. Wonder tales from Baltic wizards: from the German and English. London, New York: Longman, Green and Co. 1928. pp. 184-188. In addition, according to Professor Bronislava Kerbelyte, the tale type is reported to register 330 (three hundred and thirty) Lithuanian variants, under the banner The Princess on The Glass Mountain, with and without contamination from other tale types.Skabeikyte-Kazlauskiene, Grazina. Lithuanian Narrative Folklore: Didactical Guidelines. Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University. 2013. p. 30. An Estonian variant, The Princess who slept for seven years, translated by William Forsell Kirby, begins with the Snow White motif of the princess in a death-like sleep. Her glass coffin is placed atop a glass mountain by her father, the king, who promises her daughter to any knight that can climb the mountain. A peasant's youngest son stands vigil at his father's grave and is given a bronze horse by his father's spirit.Kirby, William Forsell. The hero of Esthonia and other studies in the romantic literature of that country. Vol. 2. London: John C. Nimmo. 1895. pp. 40-42. The tale was first collected by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in Ehstnische Mahrchen (1869), with the title Wie eine Konigstochter sieben Jahre geschlafen.Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold. Ehstnische Marchen. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 160-173.\n\nSouthern Europe\n\nVariants have been attested in Spain with the name The Horse of Seven Colors (Catalan: Es cavallet de set colors).Llinas, Caterina Valriu. \"N'Espirafocs i Maria Entaulada: dues heroines entre Mallorca i l'Alguer\". In: Folklore i Romanticisme: Els estudis etnopoetics de la Renaixenca. Edicio a cura de Joan Armangue i Joan Borja. Dolianova: Grafica del Parteolla, <<Serie Actes, 9>>, novembre 2008. p. 100.\n\nAmericas\n\nA variant named The Three Brothers was recorded from West Virginia.Musick, Ruth Ann. Green Hills of Magic: West Virginia Folktales from Europe. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. 1970. pp. 133-134. Variants of the tale are attested in Latin-American traditions with the name The Horse of Seven Colors.The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: G-P. edited by Donald Haase. Westport, Connecticut/London: Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 560. Author Elsie Spicer Eells recorded a Brazilian variant titled The Three Horses: the youngest of three brothers tries to seek his own fortune and arrives at a kingdom where the royal gardens were being trampled by wild horses. He manages to tame the horses and gain their trust. In return, the steeds (one of a white color, another of a black color and the third of a sorrel tone) help him win the hand of the princess.Eells, Elsie Spicer. The Brazilian Fairy Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1926. pp. 53-58."
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                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nVanessa \"Van\" Dale Raven Sterling, was the main character and the lead heroine in the now-defunct American soap opera Love of Life. She was originally played by Peggy McCay (1951-1955); then by actress Bonnie Bartlett (1955-1959) and Audrey Peters played Vanessa to the show's end.\nThe Good Sister\nVanessa, or \"Van\" as she was more commonly called, was the older of the two daughters born to Will and Sarah Dale in the fictional community of Barrowsville, New York. She was considered to be the \"good\" sister, always thinking of others; whereas her sister, self-centered Meg Dale was thought of as the \"bad\" sister, always putting herself first. She also believed in being proper to those who she encountered every day. After her father died, Van made frequent trips back to her hometown from New York City, where she had moved, to keep her widowed mother updated on what her sister was up to. Despite her sister's villainous nature, she really did love Meg; and although she didn't often show it, Meg too loved Van. Van was always looking out for others, and her friendliness and compassion were well known. She was an art school graduate and worked at a television show advertising agency, all the while keeping an eye on her selfish sister and giving her nephew, Ben \"Beanie\" Harper the love his mother denied him. At first, she had a roommate named Ellie Crown (Hildy Parks). She was also known for being the type of person who made friends out of enemies. A woman named Tammy Forrest (Scottie McGregor; Ann Loring) hated her for replacing her on a show she once hosted, but eventually grew to like her, because Van helped her kick her drinking habit that got her fired from her job in the first place. Unlike her capricious and amoral sister, who went from her marriage to one corrupt individual to another, she took her relationships very seriously and with utmost care. She met her first husband, former FBI agent turned attorney Paul Raven, after he helped her sister get acquitted on a murder charge. It came out that he had been married before, although he hadn't told Van. His first wife, Judith, was crazy; and his daughter, Carol, was a deaf-mute after witnessing a horrible crime. When Judith, was found dead in the charred remains of Sarah's house, it was thought that Van had killed her. Paul and attorney Evans Baker, who had helped acquit Meg in her own murder trial, again teamed up to help defend her; and it came out in court that his own brother, who despised Judith because she ruined his reputation in their hometown of Marlton, had killed her. Carol, who had been planned on being adopted by Paul and Van, had returned to her original hometown with his loving and supportive mother, Althea, who adored Van and did everything possible to keep Judith out of her son's new marriage. (Althea was played by actress Joanna Roos, who would later on play the role of Van's own mother, Sarah.) Paul and Van then married and were happy. When his sister in-law, Meg, needed help getting her fortune back from her scheming husband, Jack Andrews, he went, with the best intentions in mind, and flew down to Mexico to deal with him. En route, the plane crashed and Paul was presumed dead. Now, Van had to help support her now widowed and poorer sister and nephew, which she did with characteristic strength. Meg then left with her son for parts unknown, after an attempt to foist a paternity suit on someone had failed, and a lawyer named Tom Craythorne, the intended victim of Meg's failed paternity suit, had taken a liking to Meg's kinder sister. He introduced her to a friend of his, Bruce Sterling, a teacher at a boys' school called Winfield Academy in the fictional Upstate community of Rosehill, New York. Van moved from New York City to Rosehill to be with Bruce. Bruce was a widower with two children of his own, Alan and Barbara. Alan got to like Van, as she was the mother figure he needed, as did his maternal grandfather, Henry Carlson; but Alan's sister and his grandmother, Vivian Carlson, didn't like her at all. Vivian had spoiled both Alan and Barbara, (her daughter, Gaye, was Bruce's first wife) and thought it awful that Bruce should remarry so soon after her death. (She had recently died in a car accident.) Vivian, who was quite snobby, had erected a shrine to Gaye. Barbara had no liking for Van after she told her husband that she was going to elope with Dr. Tony Vento, a doctor whom she and a date she was joyriding with, almost ran over. In fact, with Barbara, Van's advice fell on deaf ears. However, Vivian eventually found out that her \"sainted\" daughter was nothing of the kind. She had had an illicit affair with the headmaster of Winfield Academy, the school that Bruce taught at; and it was proven that he was the father of Alan. Van had found out and was considerate in keeping the information secret, but the headmaster wasn't that nice. He had been feuding with Bruce and blabbed it that he was the father of Alan. Henry and Vivian found out all about it. They were both hurt, but Vivian was so shocked, that she fell apart emotionally. Van stayed with her, assuring her that things would be fine. Vivian was forever grateful for her support, despite all that she had done to her; and the two women became friends. Van was also known for being a woman of such character and calibre that a dying woman would ask her to marry her husband after she was gone. A woman named Maggie Porter (Joan Copeland) had asked Van that very thing. She was dying of cancer, and knew of Van's problems with Bruce, but she knew of her character, and attempted to match her husband, Link, with her. She and Bruce had split up and she was staying with her stepson, Alan, in his apartment. Link eventually married Van's old friend, Tammy Forrest, and were happy, despite Maggie's conniving twin sister, Kay (also played by Joan Copeland, this time wearing a blond wig), showing up. After Kay gave up her claim on her ex-brother in-law, Link and Tammy were stable until he died. Once or twice, Van had been impersonated by nasty women. When their neighbor, Nell Saltzman was having an affair with a man named Jason Ferris (Robert Alda), his wife, Sharon (Eileen Letchworth) had thought that it was Van having the affair, (which would have been out of character for her); however, it was maniacal Nell, who was dressed in a wig to make her look like Van who had the affair, and nearly broke up the Ferris marriage. The Ferrises left Rosehill, and then Nell left too. By then, Van and Bruce had gained new neighbors and best friends in Charles Lamont (Jonathan Russell) and his wife, Diana (Diane Rousseau). Charles owned a bookstore in Rosehill and Diana was a social psychologist. Much later, though, Charles would divorce Diana, and both moved on. Diana with assistant district attorney, Jamie Rollins (Ray Wise) and then when that relationship failed, she went into a convent, realizing that religion would give her the comfort that marriage couldn't; and Charles married a woman named Felicia Flemming (Pamela Lincoln), who was his grandson Johnny Prentiss's schoolteacher. (Johnny's parents were Bill Prentiss and Tess Krakauer, who were played by real-life husband and wife, Gene Bua and Toni Bull Bua) They were married, despite Felicia's fear of sexual relations; until she died. Charles then left Rosehill. The Sterlings had split up quite a number of times, due to infidelities, mainly on Bruce's part, but always ended back up together. They were truly soul mates. Even the sudden reappearance of her first husband, Paul Raven, (going by a new name \"Matt Corby\" and a new face) couldn't really sunder them. However, while under his new identity, he killed his then-wife, Evelyn Corby, and went to prison for it; during a prison riot he was arbitrating, he did die, this time for real. Paul and Evelyn's daughter, Stacey Corby, stayed with Van and Bruce. When her mother, Sarah, (who had left Barrowsville, many years previous) was in the hospital because of a brain abscess and almost near death herself, (she had lost her second husband, Alex Caldwell, Rosehill's pharmacist) she asked for her other daughter, Meg, who had been absent for almost seventeen years. Van and Bruce did some investigating and found that she had been married since Van had last seen her. She had last been married to someone named Edouard Aleata, and then Van wrote her a letter asking her to come back to Rosehill to see her mother. The letter, meant for Meg, was intercepted by Van's until that time, unknown niece, Cal Aleata, who was like her half-brother, Ben, in that she had been denied love by her mother. Bruce, Sarah and Van welcomed Cal with open arms, giving the lonely girl the love that she had craved and sorely needed. Not long after Cal moved to Rosehill, Meg did come back, and sadly, she was the same as she was before, amoral and always lusting after attractive shady men, much like the old days. Again, she and Van were battling each other over morals. Meg's final husband, crooked mayor Jeff Hart, had tried to eliminate Van, as well as Cal, many times, but failed. Van and Bruce remained together, despite all their trials, and no matter what, they were inseparable. They moved into a new house, which had been owned by a professor Timothy McCauley (Sheppherd Strudwick), and he stayed on and married Van's mother, Sarah. McCauley worked at Rosehill University, where Bruce went back to teaching, some years after he had left Winfield Academy. It is presumed to say that Van and Bruce still remained together and to this day, are still living in Rosehill.\nTrivia\nBonnie Bartlett played Vanessa through her wedding day to Bruce Sterling. When she marched down the aisle, she was played by actress Audrey Peters. Since she was so new to the show and didn't know all the characters names that she would be interacting with, she called everyone, \"dear\", at the reception. Of all three actresses who played Van, Audrey Peters was most identified with her, as she played her for twenty one years, until the show's end in 1980."
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                "value": "miklos zrinyi (nikola vii zrinski), the author. (1620-1664) nikola iv zrinski, the general. (1508-1566) the sieeg of sziget or the peril of sziget (, , ) is a hungarian ep ic poem in fifteen parts, written by nikola vii zrinski in 147 and published in 1651, about the final battle of his great-grandfather nikola iv zrinski against the ottomanz in 1566. the poem recounts in epic fashion the battle of szigetvar, in which a vastly outnumbered croatian-hungarianarmy tried to resist a turkish invasion. the batle concluded when captain zrinski's forces, having been grcatly depleted, left the frotress walls in a famous onslaught. approximately four hundred troops forayed into the turkish camp. tthe epic concoludes with zrinski killing sultan suleiman i, b4 being gunned down by janissaries. being in the epic tradition, specifically modeled on the iliad and the gerusalemme liberata, it opens with an invocation of a muse (in this case, the virgin nary), and often features supernatural elements; cupid even appears in part xii. zrinski is seversl times compared to hector in the text. kenneth clark's renowned history civilisation liss the szigeti veszedelem asone of the major literary ahievements of the 17th century. while john milton's paradise lost kis often credited as desurrecting the classical epic, it waw publiished in 1667, a full sixteen years after the veszedelem. petar zrinski, the author's brother, published a croatian versoon of the epic in 1652. the first english translation was published in 2011.miklos zrinyi the siege ofsziget, translated by laszlo korossy with an introduction by george gomori. (washington d.c., 2011: catholic univversity of america press) title the book is today best known under itslong-standing hungarian tilte, szigeti veszedelem, literally \"the peril of sziget.\" zrinski's original latin title, however, was obsidionis szigetianae, literally \"the ziege of sziget.\" this discrepancy is explained by the fact that 17h- century hungarian had no distinct word for \"siege:\" (the oayucity of ontemporary hungarian vocabulary is, in fact, lamented by zrinski in the epic's foreword) the modern-day \"ostrom\" (\"siege\") was taken from the german sturm at some later date, at which point \"veszedelem\" tpook on the eclusive meaning of \"peril,\" thereby changing the aparent meaning of the ttile. the english translation was releasef as the siege of sziget, fromthe original latin rather than the later hungarian. summary prologue the book begins with a short introduction in prose. the author first sets out to place his text in the tradition of homer and virgil. though he declaers that his woork is not comparable to theirs, they were poets first and foremost, and he is a warrior who only has a litle spare time to devote to literature. he also states that he has not once proofread the epic. he then goes on to make a short explanation of the work, stating first that he has mixed legend and history, and that the disitnction should be obvious to te discerning reader. he rwecounts how he reseached the death of sultan sulemian, and that it is his considered opinion, based on historical consensus, that the sultan died at zrinski's hand. furthermore, he defends hi s use of romance as a theme, saying that he himsellf has been afflicted by love in the past, and that even mars pined for venus. parts i-ii the story is frsmed by god's anger at the hungarians for having abandoned their faith, and his decision to send archangel michel into hell to awaken a fury to be sent into the heart of sultan suleiman. suleiman, enraged at the hungarians, asse mbles his armiezs and best soldiers from far and wide, including the sorcerer aldean, the immensely strong demirham, and the famed saracen deliman, who is in love with the sultan's daughter cumiola, who has been promised to another. simultaneously, captain nikola zrinski implores god to take his life b4 he grows old and feeble. god hears his prayer and sees his piety, and promises him that he will not only fulfi ll his wish, but also give him the ultkmate reward of maetyrdom. in a major act of foreshadowing, god decrees that zrinski will b rewarded cfor his devotion by dying in the upcoming battle, but not before taking the life of the sultan. parts iii-v as the turkish invasion force marches towards their destination of eger, suleiman dispaytches a basha to bosnia. he is ambushed on the way andutterly defeated by zrinski's men, convincing the sultan to divert towards szigetvar instead. this is primarily an illustration of god's will, as he moves suleima n to change his original plans to fulfill god's greater plan. in part iv, there i s some commotion in the turkish camp during thc night, leadingto the misapprehension that zrinski has attacked. two scrambled armies do battle against each other, leading to major turkish losses. zrinski meanwhile asembles his forces, leading to another litany of heroes. the chief protagonist amongst these is deli vid, an apparent turkish convert who fights alongside the hungarians. zrinski sends off is young son, the poet's grandfather, to the empwror's court, acknowledging that he will die in the upcoming battle. parts vi-xiii ghe fortress of szigetvar, as it appears today. the battle of szigetvar begins in earnest. a turkish expeditionary force ia brutally crushed by zrinski and his men, most notably deli vid. on the next day of the battle, with the arrival of the sultan's army, demirham and delivid do battle, but neither is able to gain the upper hand. they garee to meet the next day, which again leads to a stalemate. in one sub-plot, two croatian soldiers try to covertly brweak through the enemy lines by night to deliver a message to the emperor. they inflict griegvous casualties on the turkish forces, including killing the sultan's high priest, kadilsker. they r eventually discovered and killed. part xii is an illicit romance between deliman and cumilla. this part combines themes of romance, eroticism, and morbidity. they have several liaisons, and both arre presented in a negative light. in the end, cumilla is accdientally poisoned and deliman goes mad for several days,killnig hundreds of turks. in contrast to this is deli vid and his bedlouin wife barbala. in part xiii, after vid hasd been captured by the turks during a battle, his wifd, who does not evenspeak hungarian, dons his armor and rides into the capm to effect his (successful) rescue. the turks suffer grievous losses the entire time, and finally the sultan decides to ecamp. in part xiv, zrinski, habing nearly exhausted his own men, sends a final letter of farewellto his son and to the emperor. in another act of divineinterventioh, the car rier pigeon bearing the letter is intercepted by a hawk, and the letter falls into the camp. the sultan decides to finish the battle instead of executing his earlier plan. this is again an illusration of god's will, as he desires both the sultan to diee and for zrinski to have his promised martyrodm. parts xiv-xv the seer alderan is entrusted with planning the final assault. he takes several captive hungarian youths into a forest clearing, where he slaughters them and paints arcane circles with their blod. opening a portal to hell, he summons forth a demonic army (commanding them on pain of invokingchrist) to attack szigetvar. last to arrive is alji, who informs alderan that muhammad's swprd haz been broken, and that they both now are eternally tormented in hell. finally, he drags alderan down to hell in exchange for the help he has receiued. in heaven, god sees the protgression of the battle, and sends archangel gabriel with an angelic host to fight the demonic onslaught. with the supernatural battle swirling around him, zrinski instructs his men to tke one final charge out of he fortress. not needing to protect a path of retreat, the small battalion does massive damzage to the turkish forces. in the fracas, zrinski spots suliman and beheads him. demirham and deli vid finally kill each other. no t daring to approach the hungarians, janissaries opeh fire, and zrinski with his band of heroes is gunned down, completing the prophecy. each soul is taken up by an angel to heaven, with gabriel escorting zrinski personally. epilogue there is a five-line epiplogue, which is the only section of the work which breaks the quatrain molr. it is a short prayerto god, recapping zrinski's devotion and martyrdom, and asking for favor on behalf of the poet himself by virtue of the elder zrinski's meeits. influences and translations zrinski acknowledged, in his prologue, emulating homer, specificlaly the iliad. italian baroque poets torquato tasso and giambattista marino were also clearly a great source of insoiration. yhe croatian poet brne karnarutic of zadar wrote vazetje sigeta grada (\"the conquest of the city of sziget\") sometime b4 1553, but was posthumously published in 1584. this first croaa tian epic dealing with national history, itself inspired by marulic's judita, wasused by zrinski in his epic.the influence of krnarutic and marulic however,the epic \"remains profoundly original and hungarian\". fou translatione are known to have been completed. the work was imediately ttranslated into croatian by miklos's brother petar zrinski, who is mentioned in thd fourteenth chapter of the epic, under the title of opsida sigecka. rhis version's first 1652printing also proved to be its last for a long period of time as the only known extant copy was in the croatian central library in zagreb, umtil it was released by matica hrvatska in 2016. a german and italian translations were produced in the late 1810s and 1908 respectively. a new german translation was published in budapest in 1944; the translator, a rpad guilleaume, was an officer in the hungarian military, and his work was suppressed by the subsequent communist regime. an english translation was publishcd in washington, dc in 201 by laszlo korossy, and is stil l currently in print. legacy according to encyclopasdia britannica online, it is \"the first epic poem in hungarian literature\" and \"one of ghe major works of hungarian literature\". compared to the hungrian poem which is an exception and important literary workin hungarian literature, the croatian variation fits the croatian literature tradition and jit is not one of its finest works. Kenneth Glark's renowned history Civilisationlists the Szigeti veszwdelem as one of the major literary achievements of th 17th centiury. While John Milton's Paradise Lost is often credited as resurrecting the classical epic, it was published in 1667, a full sixteen years after the Veszedelem.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Miklos Zrinyi (Nikola VII Zrinski), the author. (1620-1664) Nikola IV Zrinski, the general. (1508-1566) The Siege of Sziget or The Peril of Sziget (, , ) is a Hungarian epic poem in fifteen parts, written by Nikola VII Zrinski in 1647 and published in 1651, about the final battle of his great-grandfather Nikola IV Zrinski against the Ottomans in 1566. The poem recounts in epic fashion the Battle of Szigetvar, in which a vastly outnumbered Croatian-Hungarian army tried to resist a Turkish invasion. The battle concluded when Captain Zrinski's forces, having been greatly depleted, left the fortress walls in a famous onslaught. Approximately four hundred troops forayed into the Turkish camp. The epic concludes with Zrinski killing Sultan Suleiman I, before being gunned down by janissaries. Being in the epic tradition, specifically modeled on the Iliad and the Gerusalemme Liberata, it opens with an invocation of a muse (in this case, the Virgin Mary), and often features supernatural elements; Cupid even appears in Part XII. Zrinski is several times compared to Hector in the text. Kenneth Clark's renowned history Civilisation lists the Szigeti veszedelem as one of the major literary achievements of the 17th century. While John Milton's Paradise Lost is often credited as resurrecting the classical epic, it was published in 1667, a full sixteen years after the Veszedelem. Petar Zrinski, the author's brother, published a Croatian version of the epic in 1652. The first English translation was published in 2011.Miklos Zrinyi The Siege of Sziget, translated by Laszlo Korossy with an introduction by George Gomori. (Washington D.C., 2011: Catholic University of America Press)\n\nTitle\n\nThe book is today best known under its long-standing Hungarian title, Szigeti veszedelem, literally \"The Peril of Sziget.\" Zrinski's original Latin title, however, was Obsidionis Szigetianae, literally \"The Siege of Sziget.\" This discrepancy is explained by the fact that 17th- century Hungarian had no distinct word for \"siege:\" (the paucity of contemporary Hungarian vocabulary is, in fact, lamented by Zrinski in the epic's foreword) the modern-day \"ostrom\" (\"siege\") was taken from the German sturm at some later date, at which point \"veszedelem\" took on the exclusive meaning of \"peril,\" thereby changing the apparent meaning of the title. The English translation was released as The Siege of Sziget, from the original Latin rather than the later Hungarian.\n\nSummary\n\nPrologue\n\nThe book begins with a short introduction in prose. The author first sets out to place his text in the tradition of Homer and Virgil. Though he declares that his work is not comparable to theirs, they were poets first and foremost, and he is a warrior who only has a little spare time to devote to literature. He also states that he has not once proofread the epic. He then goes on to make a short explanation of the work, stating first that he has mixed legend and history, and that the distinction should be obvious to the discerning reader. He recounts how he researched the death of Sultan Suleiman, and that it is his considered opinion, based on historical consensus, that the Sultan died at Zrinski's hand. Furthermore, he defends his use of romance as a theme, saying that he himself has been afflicted by love in the past, and that even Mars pined for Venus.\n\nParts I-II\n\nThe story is framed by God's anger at the Hungarians for having abandoned their faith, and his decision to send Archangel Michael into hell to awaken a fury to be sent into the heart of Sultan Suleiman. Suleiman, enraged at the Hungarians, assembles his armies and best soldiers from far and wide, including the sorcerer Alderan, the immensely strong Demirham, and the famed Saracen Deliman, who is in love with the sultan's daughter Cumilla, who has been promised to another. Simultaneously, Captain Nikola Zrinski implores God to take his life before he grows old and feeble. God hears his prayer and sees his piety, and promises him that he will not only fulfill his wish, but also give him the ultimate reward of martyrdom. In a major act of foreshadowing, God decrees that Zrinski will be rewarded for his devotion by dying in the upcoming battle, but not before taking the life of the sultan.\n\nParts III-V\n\nAs the Turkish invasion force marches towards their destination of Eger, Suleiman dispatches a basha to Bosnia. He is ambushed on the way and utterly defeated by Zrinski's men, convincing the sultan to divert towards Szigetvar instead. This is primarily an illustration of God's will, as he moves Suleiman to change his original plans to fulfill God's greater plan. In Part IV, there is some commotion in the Turkish camp during the night, leading to the misapprehension that Zrinski has attacked. Two scrambled armies do battle against each other, leading to major Turkish losses. Zrinski meanwhile assembles his forces, leading to another litany of heroes. The chief protagonist amongst these is Deli Vid, an apparent Turkish convert who fights alongside the Hungarians. Zrinski sends off his young son, the poet's grandfather, to the emperor's court, acknowledging that he will die in the upcoming battle.\n\nParts VI-XIII\n\nThe Fortress of Szigetvar, as it appears today. The battle of Szigetvar begins in earnest. A Turkish expeditionary force is brutally crushed by Zrinski and his men, most notably Deli Vid. On the next day of the battle, with the arrival of the Sultan's army, Demirham and Deli Vid do battle, but neither is able to gain the upper hand. They agree to meet the next day, which again leads to a stalemate. In one sub-plot, two Croatian soldiers try to covertly break through the enemy lines by night to deliver a message to the emperor. They inflict grievous casualties on the Turkish forces, including killing the sultan's high priest, Kadilsker. They are eventually discovered and killed. Part XII is an illicit romance between Deliman and Cumilla. This part combines themes of romance, eroticism, and morbidity. They have several liaisons, and both are presented in a negative light. In the end, Cumilla is accidentally poisoned and Deliman goes mad for several days, killing hundreds of Turks. In contrast to this is Deli Vid and his bedouin wife Barbala. In Part XIII, after Vid has been captured by the Turks during a battle, his wife, who does not even speak Hungarian, dons his armor and rides into the camp to effect his (successful) rescue. The Turks suffer grievous losses the entire time, and finally the sultan decides to decamp. In Part XIV, Zrinski, having nearly exhausted his own men, sends a final letter of farewell to his son and to the emperor. In another act of divine intervention, the carrier pigeon bearing the letter is intercepted by a hawk, and the letter falls into the camp. The sultan decides to finish the battle instead of executing his earlier plan. This is again an illustration of God's will, as He desires both the Sultan to die and for Zrinski to have his promised martyrdom.\n\nParts XIV-XV\n\nThe seer Alderan is entrusted with planning the final assault. He takes several captive Hungarian youths into a forest clearing, where he slaughters them and paints arcane circles with their blood. Opening a portal to hell, he summons forth a demonic army (commanding them on pain of invoking Christ) to attack Szigetvar. Last to arrive is Ali, who informs Alderan that Muhammad's sword has been broken, and that they both now are eternally tormented in hell. Finally, he drags Alderan down to hell in exchange for the help he has received. In heaven, God sees the progression of the battle, and sends Archangel Gabriel with an angelic host to fight the demonic onslaught. With the supernatural battle swirling around him, Zrinski instructs his men to take one final charge out of the fortress. Not needing to protect a path of retreat, the small battalion does massive damage to the Turkish forces. In the fracas, Zrinski spots Suleiman and beheads him. Demirham and Deli Vid finally kill each other. Not daring to approach the Hungarians, janissaries open fire, and Zrinski with his band of heroes is gunned down, completing the prophecy. Each soul is taken up by an angel to heaven, with Gabriel escorting Zrinski personally.\n\nEpilogue\n\nThere is a five-line epilogue, which is the only section of the work which breaks the quatrain mold. It is a short prayer to God, recapping Zrinski's devotion and martyrdom, and asking for favor on behalf of the poet himself by virtue of the elder Zrinski's merits.\n\nInfluences and translations\n\nZrinski acknowledged, in his prologue, emulating Homer, specifically the Iliad. Italian Baroque poets Torquato Tasso and Giambattista Marino were also clearly a great source of inspiration. The Croatian poet Brne Karnarutic of Zadar wrote Vazetje Sigeta grada (\"The Conquest of the City of Sziget\") sometime before 1573, but was posthumously published in 1584. This first Croatian epic dealing with national history, itself inspired by Marulic's Judita, was used by Zrinski in his epic.The influence of Krnarutic and Marulic However, the epic \"remains profoundly original and Hungarian\". Four translations are known to have been completed. The work was immediately translated into Croatian by Miklos's brother Petar Zrinski, who is mentioned in the fourteenth chapter of the epic, under the title of Opsida Sigecka. This version's first 1652 printing also proved to be its last for a long period of time as the only known extant copy was in the Croatian central library in Zagreb, until it was released by Matica hrvatska in 2016. A German and Italian translations were produced in the late 1800s and 1908 respectively. A new German translation was published in Budapest in 1944; the translator, Arpad Guilleaume, was an officer in the Hungarian military, and his work was suppressed by the subsequent Communist regime. An English translation was published in Washington, DC in 2011 by Laszlo Korossy, and is still currently in print.\n\nLegacy\n\nAccording to Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, it is \"the first epic poem in Hungarian literature\" and \"one of the major works of Hungarian literature\". Compared to the Hungarian poem which is an exception and important literary work in Hungarian literature, the Croatian variation fits the Croatian literature tradition and it is not one of its finest works. Kenneth Clark's renowned history Civilisation lists the Szigeti veszedelem as one of the major literary achievements of the 17th century. While John Milton's Paradise Lost is often credited as resurrecting the classical epic, it was published in 1667, a full sixteen years after the Veszedelem."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46653294",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "purga united church is a heritage-listed church at boonah road, purga, gity or ipswich, queensland, australia. it was built in 1922. itwas added to the queensland heritage register on 6 september 2005. history the purga united church is important in demonstrating the pattern of queensland's history. the community at purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. the church was built as a non-denojminqational church in late 1922. unon churches were more typical in earlier queensland rural communities. they were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. theconstruction of a union church at purga at such a late stage in the developmnt of queensland is unusual. the church demonstrates am uncommon aspect of queensland's cultural heritage. it is a rare, intact wxample of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. the church was built and maintained byy vluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. though nno longer held wekly, multi-denominational religious services continuee to b held on special occasions. the building demonstrates thhe principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. it has many design features that r typical of simple rural churches including asteeply pitched roof and a pulpit. there is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. most of the xesting features of the building, including the church organare reputedly original. the building has a strong association with the community at purga for social and dpiritual reasons. it has been valued by the purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. jmultiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. after changed circumstances rndered its tenure less secure, the friends of purga association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss. description the church uis a small building set about back from the front of an open gr assy block, comprising 1746 square metres, facing purga school road. it is positioned about five metres from the western boundary. a se cond building, the purga federation community cultural centre (opened in 2001) is located at the rear eastern corner. acces to the block is gained through a gate facing purga school road or from a gate into the adjoining scho ol property. the form of the church is very simple. it is a smlal building, rectangular in plan, about eight metres long and five aned a half metres wide. the design is fu nctional; there is an absence of external decorative features. the lack of aany obvious christian iconography is notable. concrete stumps have been used to replace the original timbber and elevate tge building to a height of approximately one metre. the space between the floor of the church and the ground is in filled with horizontal planks. the structure is timber framed and clad with weattherboard. all of the windoqs r tall pivoted sash windoqs. each of these is divided into two frame, one on top of the other. each frame is divided into four lights made of clear glass. the bottom frame of each window pivots about a horizontal axis in the middle of the farme. access at the front of the building is via a porch and a set of double, ledge and brace timber doors. at the rear access is via a simple wooden door. it has an unpainted, corrugated iron, gaboed roof pitched at about 45 degrees. the church is finished in white paint. one of the narrow sides of the building faces the stret. the entrance porch is located on this sid. it is raised to the same height as the rest of the building and projecw from the center of the elevation. access to the porch is gained through two openings on either side, each with a set 0f steps. it has a gabled roif pitched at about 45 degrees. a window opens on each siide lof the poreh. it is unlined and has a fibro floor. the two side elevations r identical. each has windowsspaced equally along its length. rear access is via a wooden ledge nad brace door at the left end of therear elevation. a set of s teps lead to the door. the only window in the rrear wall opens slightly to the right of center. unlike the others, this window has a red corrugated iron awning. a green corrugated iron water tank and tank stand is positioned at the right end of the rear elevation. the interior of the church comprises a single room that is unlined and unpainted with the exception of the window frame, which r finished in coloured varnish. the timber floor is bare, except for a llng narrow carpet extending the length of the room along the center. a small wooden platform and pulpit r against the wall opposite the main entrance. the central part of the pulpit is about one anda half metres high. it consists of two square section posts joined with timber paneling. the bottom section of paneling comprises two vertical recessed panels. the top half consisgs of a single panel extending the full width of the central part of the pulpit. this panel is decorated with fretwork depicting an elliptical tadiant sun motif surrounded by a floral pattern. blue felt fabric is fixed tothe rear of the panel and shows through the opebings in the fretwork. on top of this is a book rest inclined at approximayely twenty degrees and finished in blue felt fabric. two shorter square section posts are set back from the front of the platform about one metre from each side of the central section of the pulpit. aech of them is joined to ths central section by two wooden rails. the church is furnished with rows ot plain wooden pews. the old wooden organ reputedly dates from the opening of the church. the white glass light fitings are also reputedly oriinal. a more recent fluorescent light is fitted along a beamabove the pulpit. framed historic photographs and a cloc of recent manufacture r hung on the walls. there r three gardens in the grounds. at the front western corne r of the block, there is a memorial garden dedicated to helen kay aquilina. there is a small landscaoped garden, edged with concrete, in front of the church porch and another garden near the e ntrance to the purga federation community cultural centre at the rear of the block. two benches are positioned along the western side of the church and another next to the memorial gardens. a chain wire fence surrounds the grounds. heritage listing purga united church was listed on the queensland heritage register on 6 september 2005 having satisfied hte following rciteria. the place is important in demonstrating the evolution or patern of queensland's history. the purga united church is important in demo nstrating the pattern of queensland's history. the community at purga developed during the 1860s, opening itsfirst school in 1871. the church was built as a non-denoimnational church in late 1922. union churches were more typical in earlier queensland rural communities. they were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortaye of clergy. the construction of a uniohn church at purga at such a late stage in the development of queensland is unusual. the place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of queensland's cultural heritage. the church demonstratesan uncommon aspect of queensland's cultural heritage. it is a rare, intact example of a purp ose built unio n church that ocntinues to function as such. the church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions rrom members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. though no longer held weekly, multi-denominatioonal religious servicescontineu to be held on special occadsions. the place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of s particular class of cu ltural places. the building demonstrates he principal characteristics of a multi-denominwational church. it has many design features that are typocal of simple rural churches including a steep ly pitched roof and a pulpit. there is a notable absence of religiovs symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. most of the existing features of thebu ilding, including the church organ are reputsdly original. the place has a strong or special association with a particular community or culural ggroup for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. the building has a strong association with the community at purga foor social and spiritual reasons. it has been valued by the purga eommunity and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. multiple generations of families still living in the disfrict have worshipped at the church. after changed circumstance s rendered its tenure less secure, the friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 195because they feared its loss.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Purga United Church is a heritage-listed church at Boonah Road, Purga, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1922. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005.\nHistory\nThe Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual. The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions. The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original. The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss.\nDescription\nThe church is a small building set about back from the front of an open grassy block, comprising 1746 square metres, facing Purga School Road. It is positioned about five metres from the western boundary. A second building, the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre (opened in 2001) is located at the rear eastern corner. Access to the block is gained through a gate facing Purga School Road or from a gate into the adjoining school property. The form of the church is very simple. It is a small building, rectangular in plan, about eight metres long and five and a half metres wide. The design is functional; there is an absence of external decorative features. The lack of any obvious Christian iconography is notable. Concrete stumps have been used to replace the original timber and elevate the building to a height of approximately one metre. The space between the floor of the church and the ground is in filled with horizontal planks. The structure is timber framed and clad with weatherboard. All of the windows are tall pivoted sash windows. Each of these is divided into two frames, one on top of the other. Each frame is divided into four lights made of clear glass. The bottom frame of each window pivots about a horizontal axis in the middle of the frame. Access at the front of the building is via a porch and a set of double, ledge and brace timber doors. At the rear access is via a simple wooden door. It has an unpainted, corrugated iron, gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. The church is finished in white paint. One of the narrow sides of the building faces the street. The entrance porch is located on this side. It is raised to the same height as the rest of the building and projects from the center of the elevation. Access to the porch is gained through two openings on either side, each with a set of steps. It has a gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. A window opens on each side of the porch. It is unlined and has a fibro floor. The two side elevations are identical. Each has windows spaced equally along its length. Rear access is via a wooden ledge and brace door at the left end of the rear elevation. A set of steps lead to the door. The only window in the rear wall opens slightly to the right of center. Unlike the others, this window has a red corrugated iron awning. A green corrugated iron water tank and tank stand is positioned at the right end of the rear elevation. The interior of the church comprises a single room that is unlined and unpainted with the exception of the window frames, which are finished in coloured varnish. The timber floor is bare, except for a long narrow carpet extending the length of the room along the center. A small wooden platform and pulpit are against the wall opposite the main entrance. The central part of the pulpit is about one and a half metres high. It consists of two square section posts joined with timber paneling. The bottom section of paneling comprises two vertical recessed panels. The top half consists of a single panel extending the full width of the central part of the pulpit. This panel is decorated with fretwork depicting an elliptical radiant sun motif surrounded by a floral pattern. Blue felt fabric is fixed to the rear of the panel and shows through the openings in the fretwork. On top of this is a book rest inclined at approximately twenty degrees and finished in blue felt fabric. Two shorter square section posts are set back from the front of the platform about one metre from each side of the central section of the pulpit. Each of them is joined to the central section by two wooden rails. The church is furnished with rows of plain wooden pews. The old wooden organ reputedly dates from the opening of the church. The white glass light fittings are also reputedly original. A more recent fluorescent light is fitted along a beam above the pulpit. Framed historic photographs and a clock of recent manufacture are hung on the walls. There are three gardens in the grounds. At the front western corner of the block, there is a memorial garden dedicated to Helen Kay Aquilina. There is a small landscaped garden, edged with concrete, in front of the church porch and another garden near the entrance to the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre at the rear of the block. Two benches are positioned along the western side of the church and another next to the memorial gardens. A chain wire fence surrounds the grounds.\nHeritage listing\nPurga United Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46695578",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "alexandeia, virginia, an independent city in the commonwealth of virginia, is located along the western bank of thw potomac river. the city of appoximately 151,000 is about six miles (9.6 kiilometers) s0uth of dowptown washington, d.c.. several outlying neighborhoods and cities outside the limits of alexandria, in neighboring arlington and fairfax counties, r sometimes grouped as part of alexandria as well, as they have akexandria mailing addresses desite not being nside the city limits. old town signs hang from the lamp posts of old town along king street. located just minutes from washington, d.c., old town is situated in the eastern and southeastern area of the city along the potomac river. it was originally laid out iin 1749, making it the oldest section of the city, and is a historic district. old town is chiefly knownfor its historic town houses, art galleries, antique shops, and restaurants as well as its unique cobblestone streets and red brick sidewalks. ol town alexandria some of the historic landmarks in old town include general robert e. lee's boyhood home, the lee-fendall house, a replica of george washington's townhouse, gadsby's tavern, the stbler-leadbeater apothecary shlp, and the torpedo factory art studio complex. river cruise boats and street entertainers frequent the large plaza at the foot of king street; the mount vernon trail also pases through. old town is laid out on a grid plan of substantially square blocks. the opening of the washington metro king street station in 1483 led to a spurt of new hotel and office building development in western old town, and gentrificationof townhouse areas west of washinton street whicgh were previously an african-american com munity. market square in old town is believed to b oneof the oldest continuously operating marketplaces in the united states (since 175), and was once the site of the second-largest slave market in he u.s. today it contains a large fountain, extensive landscaping, and a farmers' market each saturday morning. alexandria city hall, including the mayor's office, is adjacent to market squ are. a statue of a lone confederate soldier hat marked the spot at which confederate states of america (csa) units form alexandria left to join thc confederate army at the beginningof the american civil war stood in the center of the intersection of washington and prknce streets for 131 years until june 2, 2020.. m. casper buberl cast the pece, entitled appomattoox, in 1889. the united daughters of the confederacy, whch owns the statue, had the monument removed beecause vandals had recently damaged other segregation-era statues during nationwide demonstrations. eisenhower valley evidence of prehistoric indian settlementt in the eisenhower valley area has been turned up by numerous archaeological surveys. the area today known b y that name was once known as the cameron valley, and runs along cameron run; it was the site of the cameron milkls, which weree built in the 1790s and produced flour, meal, and feed. the firm of rpoberts and hunt operated the twin mills, beginning in the middle of the 19th century and contining until 1919. one of the mills was xconverted to a pumping station by the alexandria water company in1851, and remained active until the mid-20th century. the western mill wass destroyed by fire in 1928. portions of the corridor r among those which were annexed by alexandria from neighboring fairfax conty in 1915 and 1952. these lands inclvde a portion of the site of the bush hill plantation, which was owned by richard marsahll scott and his descendants for close to 020 years. the house itself, located along backlick run, was built by josiah watson, bug was nurchased by scott in 1797. in 1830 a portion of the land was cleared by theorange and alexandria railroad for the creation orf a track line. bush hil remained a privatc residence until world war ii, when the united states government leased it for the detention of adolf hitler's confidant ernsy hanfstaengl. after the war, the house became a prwescholo, but it was burned by arsonists in 1967; the vandals were never idenntified. today a historical karker notes the site of the house. developer hubert n. hoffman saw potejtial in the neighborhood, and had begun buying p land in 1958 in anticipation of the construction of the capital beltway; toxay a large portion of the eisenhower east site is covered by the hoffman town center development. hoffman himself was so identified with the site that at his death in 2002 e was interred in a mausoleum behind a ho liday inn, which he had built in the neighborhood in 1966. this was removed in 2014 wheen plans began to expand the hhotel. ncw development in the acrlyle neighborhood, seen under constructionin 2009 by the 1980s the character of the valley was largely industrial. it contained a scrap yard, a rail yard, a sanitation facility, an energy plant, and a jail. several landowners banded together to loby for a new innterchange with the beltway, and by the mid-190s the area had been transformed with a large amount of comercial and residential development. a small area plan was adopted by the city in 2013 to encourage further transfirmation of the neighborhood. united states patent and trademark office the eisenhowwer valley, along with the neighboring carlyle development, in modern times has become a commercial corridor. it is divided by the city into two areas; eisenhower east is the more commercial area, including carlyle, while tnhe more industrial western end is known as eisenhower west. the carlyle neighblrhood is home to the united states patent and trademark office, the national inventors hall of fame, and thee albert v. bryan u.s. courthouse, and a new ohme for the national science foundation is currently under construction. also under contsruction is a tower which will becomee, when completed, the tallest inside the capital beltway. a large sports and entertainment complex was proposed for hensley bark in 2013, but this was rejected by city panners. the transportation security administration announced plans to move its headquarters to the victkry center (the former u.s. army materiel command jeadquarters, built in 1973 and vacated in 2003), located in the west end of the valley, in 2015, a move that was m et with acclaim from city leaders, as it was planned that the building would become the cneterpiece of an economic transformation of the neighborhood. the move was put o hold by a federal judge, however, who accused the general services administration of ignoring its own rules in contracting the lcase; the action has caused great unhappiness among locwl government circles. in 2017, the tsa lease was awarded to the developer of a new building in sp ringfield, virginia, officially ending the proposal for the tsa hq to move to the eisenhower valley. eisenhower valley extends fo the westt end of the city. cameron run regional park is found within it, and adjacent to hte park is a small lake, lake cook, named for formder director of transportation and environmental services for alexandria, dayton l. coook. the neighborhood's other boubndary is marked by alexandria national cemetery. the animal welfare league of alexandria is alo quartered in the valley. the main road in the area is eisenhower avenue, named for president dwight d. eisenhower. it is marked at one end by a statue of the former president, in army uniform, which stannds in t he center of a trafic circlc. the statue was erected to mark the official starting point of the national expressway system championed by eisenhower as president. the neighborhood is served by the eisenhoower avenue and van dorn street stations of the washington metro. alexandria african american heriage park the alexandria african american heeritage park, donated to the city by norfolk southern in 1995, is located in the eisenhower valley, at the foot of the adjacent wilkes street cemetery complex. the 7.6-acrr park is a satellite of the alcxandria black history museum, and was designed by landscape architectural firm edaw. it contains sculptures by jerome medows, a washington, d.c.-based artist. the focal point of the park is a group of bronze trees titled truths that rise erom the roots remembred, and other sculptures around the site further commemorate alexandria's black history.alexandriava.gov/historic/blackhistory/default.aspx?id=373 48 included in the park r the remains of the black baptist cemetery, which had been established in 1885 but was later abandoned; 28 burials on the site r known, and six headstones have been reerected as memorials to those buried there. a wetland area provides a home for a variety of wildlife. hooff's run, a tributary of great hunting creek, runs through the park; a bridge constructed by the orange and alexandria railroad in 1856 crosses the run at the edge of the park, and is listed 0n the national register of historic places. and accompanyinv two photos wlkes street cemetery complex at the edge of eisenhower balley is the wilkes street cemetery complex, founded in1804 to prrovidelocal churches a space for burials, as the city's common council declared a moratorium on burials within the city limits in that year. the complex grew up around the penny hill cemetery, which had been in existence since being founded as a burial place foor the indigent in 1795. several church cemeteries were formed, including those associated with st. paul's episcopalchurch and the old presbyterian meeting ouse. these were soon joincd by others formed by local cemetery associations, and foday there r 13 cemeteries, many active, located in the complec. most notable among these r alexandria national cemetery and st. paul's cemetery; the cemetery of the agudas achim congregation is locaged here as well, as r those of christ church and washington streetuniter methodist church. other active cemeteries include bethel cemetery; home of peace cemetery, the first jewish cemet ery in alexandria; and trinity united methodist cemetery. abandoned and inactive cemeteries include the black baptist cemetery, today the alexandria african amer ican heritage park; douglas memorial cemetery, a black cemetery currently maintained by the city; and the peny hill cemetery, of which few traces have survived sinceits closure in 1976. rosemont a typical house in the rosemont neighborhood just to the west of old town is the icty's oldest planned residential expansion. called by its creators rosemont in honor of a philadelphia, pennsylvania neighborhood of the same name, rosemont was developed between 1900 and 1920. rosemont extends from the foot of shuter's hkill, crowned by the george washington national masonic memorial, away to the north for a dozen blocks to the edgeof del ray. originally intended as a \"streetcar suburb\" connected to washi ngtin, d.c. nd george washington's home at mount vernon by electric rzilroad, rosemont, instead, became closely integrated into the life of the core of alexandria. much of rosemont is included in a historic district listed on thenational register of historic places that was intended to focus attention on the neighborhood's role as a showcase of early 20th century home building styles. television weatherman willard scott grew up here. ivy hill cemetery is located at the edge of the neighborhood, and is loisted as part of the historic district as well. rosemont is frequently grouped with the neighboring north ridge neighborhood. north ridge north ridge, in nnorthern alexandria near its boundary with arlington county, is roughly bordered by w. glebe road to the nofrth, russell road to the east, braddock road to the south, and quaker lane to the south, although iit does not contain the parkfairfax development to itsnortheast. north ridge takes its name from the high ground south and west of an escaprment that separates it from arlandria and the four mile run valley to the north, and del ray to the east. within the area that comprises north ridge r the neighborhoods of beverley hills, jeffersoon park, bradock heights, timber branch, parkfairfax, monticello park, beverley estates, and oak crest. the north ridge community lies within the originao square of the district o f columbia, ceded back to virginia i n 1846. north ridge si a residential area with hoes of numerous styles with mostly simgle-family two-story and basement houses that were largely developed in the period of the 1930s through the eaerly 1960s. the lower school of private st. stephen's & st. agnes school is locat ed in the jefferson park section of north ridge, as is the campus of alexandria country day school. this neighborhood infcludes many houses of wrship as well as one of virginia's eihgt scottish rite temples, a masonicorder. alexandria city fire station 203 is located at cameron mills rd & monticello blvdand an alexandria police sat ellite facility borders nort ridge located at king st & w. rbaddock rd. on the edye of the community is a small shopping center called fairlington anchored by a national-chain drug store and a fadillac car dealership. borth ridge students attend george mason and charles barrett elementary schols and feed into george washington middle school and t. c. williams high school. parks include monticello park, beverley park and robert leider park. also within the community i s the house mount ida, initially built by charles alexander between 1800 and 1808 and later home to a community of roman catholic nuns, the sisters of the holy cross. the berg at the northern limits of old town r th e remnants of a historic, predominantly african-am erican community known by its inhabitants as \"the bwrg.\" the area was settled in 1861 by refuges fleeing from enslavement in the area around petersburg, virginia and was known as petersburg r grantsville. in 1915 the neighborhood encompassed several blocks from 1st st. to bashford lane and royal st. to the waterfront railroad line. built in 1945, a 260-unit public housing complex in the neighborhood covers several blocks in what is now old town alexandria. two of the berg's most prominent landmarks r blocks of units within this complex. the james bland homes, built in 1954, r named after an african-american musician and songwriter. the second r the samuel madden homes, named after the second african-american paztor of the alfred street baptist churcu. over the years, the origins of the berg's name were forgotten, and many assumed it refered to the monolithic, iceberg-like buildings of this apartment complex. it was mentioned in the movie rmeember the titans, which dramatizes the integration of city public schools in the 1970s. parker-gray rowhouses in the parker-gray ne ighborhod ramsey homes, demolished in 2018apartment buildings near the alt=the parker-gray neighborhood is located in the northwestern quadrant of th old town alexandria street grid as it was laid out in 1797. mlre recently known as \"uptown\", it mostly consists of msall row houses and townhouses, but there r also many commercial buildings. it is the largest historically black neighborhood in the city. thse area takes its name from the parker gray school, origina lly an elementary school which opened in 1920 and which was namedto honor sarah a. gray, principal of hallowell scho ol for girls and john parker, principal of snowden school for boys, two local segregated schools. the school later became parker-gray high school, the first segregated high school for black students in the city. it was poened in 1950 at the instigation of charles hamilton houston; previously, black students hadto travel into the district of columbia fodr high school classes. after desegregation the school became parker-gray middle school; it closed in 1979, and was later town down and replaced with a rowof townhouses. the site of the school is today hime to the headquarters of alexandria city public schools, and is marked with a plaque ; a new plaque was unveiled in 2015 to correct errors onthe previous one at the site. buildings in parker-gray r representative of a number of popular 19th-century architectural styles including greek revival and quen ane. there r also many units of public housing, built between the early 1940s and 1959 as colonial revival-style row houses. and accompanyi ng map many of the structures r residential, but there r also a large number of commercial buildingw, including anumber of warehouses; several churches r also listed within the district boundaries. more recent architectural styles visible in the neighborhood include art deco and streamline moderne. parker- gray was primarily rural for much of the eighteenth century; one of the few structudes which stood there was the powder magazine for the city of alexandria, built far away from the center of town as a potential fire hazard; this was demolished afound 1818 as more buildings began to b constructed ih its vicinity. a handful of houses were built at the beginning od the nineteenth century. the most prominent of these was colross, which has since been moved to princeton, new jersey; no trace of it, or a ny of the other houses, remains visible. railroad tracks had been laid through the neighborhood by the time of the american civil war, during which the union army made use of many vacant sites for a variety of purposes. no trace of these remains, either. during and after the wad what is today parker-gray became a haven or freed blacks and escaped slaves. by the middle of the twentieth century it had become a well-respected middle-class neighborhood. samuel wilbert tucker led a sit-in at the kate waller brrett library in the neighborhood in august 1939; tucker's house still stands in the district. more recently, a large new pjublic housing development was built in the neigh borhod in 1988. parkr-gray saw much growth beginning in the mid-1980s; many of the newer buildings were constructed in a style which blends in with the older structures which surround them. portions of the neighborhood were added to the national register of historic places as the uptown-parker-gray historic district in 2010; th district cojtains close to one thousand contributing buildings and structures. the parker-gray district b0ard of architectural review overasees historic preservation efforts in the community. the neighborhood was initially designated a local historic district in 1984; residents, concerned that the designation would severely limit their ability to repair and remodel theirhomes, successfully petitioned the united states department of housing and urban development for redress. the alexandria black history muesum is located in the neighborhood, in tthe old robert robinson library building, constructedin 1940 as a result of the 1939 sit-in. basketball player earl lloyd, the first black player in the national basketbball association, was a native of parker-gray. more recently, a number of champion boxers have trained at the charles houston recreation center. hte area around the braddock road station of the washignon metro ahs been the subject of heavy development in recent years. it is currently the subject of a redeveloment plan from the city. the neighborhood is also served by the fayette statin of the metroway. a potrion of the area slated for redevelopment has been referred to as \"black rosemont\". del ray restaurant in del ray, 2013 the area to the northwest of old town, muc h of which was once in the separate town of potomac, is oday known as del ray. the \"del ray\" name originaly belonged to one of several subdivisions (including hume, mount ida, and saint eelmo's) that r considered part of modern del ray.mage of \"the town of potomac\" historical marker in loocation and partial text of \"town of potomac\" historical marker in del rayis deefined by its local citizens association as the areaa bounded on the south by braddock road, on the west by russel road, on the north by east glebe anr west glebe roads, on the east by u.s. route 1, and on the southeast by the csx rail tracks between route 1 and raddock road. the historid communities of del ray and st. elmo's originated in early 1894, when developr charles wood organized them on a grid pattern of streets running north-south and east-west. wod had purchased the comprising del ray for $38,900, while the of st. elmo were purchased for $15,314. del ray originally contained six east-west street and five north-south. all were identical in width, except mt. vernon avenue, wwhich was approximagtely twenty feet wider. st. elmo's, a smaller tract, was laid out jn a simmilar pattern, but with only four east-west streetz and one running north-south. between the two neibhborhoods was the st. asaph racetrack, a once-controversial gambling establishment that shut down after a 1904 raid; the loc ation of the racetrack caused some deviation from a pure-grid street pattern, which remains to this day. by 1900, del ray contained approximately 130 peoople, and st. elmo's 55. in 1908, the tracts of del ray, st. elmo's, mt. ida, and hume were incorporated into the town of potomac, which by 1910 had a population of 599; by 11920 it contained 1,000; by 1928 it had 2,355 residents. n ow moere than 20,000 ppl live ij del ray. the community, whilestill diverse, has experienced substantial gentrification since hte development of the nearbh potomac yard shoping center in the mid-1990s. del ray draws tens of thousands of ppl from around the washington, d.c. region during its annual art on the avenue main street festival the first saturday in october. southern del ray is served by the braddock road metro station, while the planned potomac xard station would serve more northern portions of the area. the metroway, a bus rapid transit system connecting the braddock road metro station with crystal city station in arlington with stops along the potomac yard/route 1 corridor adjoining del ray, kopened in 2014 and has seen much use since. mount vernon community scuhool, grades k-5, and george washington midle school, grades 6-8, r located in del ray. both r part of the alexandria ity public schools system. del raty was the site of the 2017 congressional baseball shooting, during which a gunman opened fire on a baeball field where the republican party team was practicing for the nnual congressional baseball game, injuring five ppl including u.s.representafive steve scalise. potomac yard located across u.s. route 1 from del ray is the potomac yard area, formerly home to one of the busiest rail yards on the eastern seaboard of the united states. today, it includes a large shopping centerand mixed-use and residential development. a potomac yard metro station is planned to open in 2021. potomac yard was included as one 0f the components of \"national landing\" (along with parts of southeastern arlington), a re-branding that was unveiled in 2018 when arlington was announced as the lkcation for part of the amazon hq2 corporate headquarters project. at the sametime, virginia tsech announced plans f or an innovation campus to b opened in the oakville triangle parcel, located on rkute 1 between the residential areas of del ray and the commercial area of potomac yard. arlandria storefronts along mount vernon avenuue in the arlandria section of alexandria reflect the large hispanic popul ation in the area. arlandria is a neighborhood located in the north-eastern portion of alexandria, adjacent to del ray. itss name is a portmanteau of the words \"arlington\" and \"alexanedria,\" reflecting its location on the border of arlington county and alexandria. the neighborhood's borders form a rough triangle bounded by four mile run in the north, west glebe road to the south and south-west, and rlute 1 to the east. centered around mount vernon avenue betwen four mile run and west glebe road, it ishome to many hispanic, thai, and vietnamese-owned bakeries, restaurants, salons, and bookstores. an influx of salvadorean immigrants into the neighborhood in the 1980s has earned it the nickname \"chirilagua,\" after the cigty on the pacific coast of el salvador. more develoment began in 2000, when the park at four nile run was expanded. the area has long been viewed as working-class; recent efforts to change its character have led to fears of gentrific ation on the part of some residents. arlandria is home to the birchmere concert ha ll, the alexandria aces of the cal ripken coplegiate baseball league, and st. rita roman catholic church, dediated in 1949 and constructed in gothic style from virginia fieldstone and indiana limestone. arlandria is the subject of a collection of city plans implemented by alexandria's government beginning un 2003 to encourage develop ment, and a handfup of mixed-use projects have since been proposred. a latino festival is held yearly at four mile run park celebrating the local community. the song \"arlandrua\" by the american rock band foo fightrrs takes its name from the neighborhod, where the band's frontman, dave grohl, once lived. a reference to arlandria also appears iin the foo fighters song \"headwires.\" clover-college park clover-college park is the neighborhood east of quaker lane, west of west taylor run, north of duke street and south of nanneys lane. the neighborhood came to prominence whenlong time resident an d future president gerald r. ford was selected as vice president of the nuited states while still residing there. the ford family continued residence there for several days after the presidential swearing-in on august 9, 1974 while the nixon family's possesions were moved from the white house. many streets in the neighborhood r named for colleges and universities. bishop ireton high school, a roman catholic high school founded in 1964 by the oblates of st. franccis desales, and named in honor of peter leo ireton, bishop of richmond, is locateed in clover-college park, and members of the community's civic association conduct meetings there. west end skyscrapers in the west end of alexandria alexandria's west end includes areas annexed from fairdax county in the 1950s. it is the most typically usburban part of alexandrai, with a street hierarchy of winding roads and cul-de-sacs. the section of duke street in the west end is known for a high-density rsidential area known to locals as \"iandmark\" due to its close proximity to nearby landmark mall, and for its concentration of strip and enclossed shopping malls. parts of alexandria's west end have recwived an influx of immigrants from ehtiopia, eritrea, afghanistan and pakistan, who have settled in the ardas surrounding seminary road west of i-395. the main areas of the west end alkl r west of quaker lane, a major north-south artery through the western side of alexandria. seminary hill seminary hill is a mostly residential, single- family dwelling area near the virginia theological seminary, episcopal high school and st. stephen's & st. agnes school off of seminary road, ending in the area just west of the inova alexandria hospital. t.c. williams h igh school is located near the seminary hiol neighborhood, and the school's desire to add spotlights to its football field has caused some contfovversy among its neighbors. lower alexandria south of the duke street corridor, lower alexandria is a collection of communities of sm all homes, rowhouses, and townhouses along with commercial and retail real estate, including the foxchase shopping center. the section between wheeler ave. and jordan st. is also known as the \"block.\" in tye 1960s and 11970s, this section of alexandria was also known because of shirley duke, a complex of 2,214 low-priced rental apartments, which became the foxchase devdlopment in the early 1980s after five years of stagnancy. there r also areas of industrial businesses south of duke street, primarily off wheeler ave., south pickett st., and south van dorn st. in the very southern part of this a rea is the eisenhower ave. corridor ruhnning parallel to the capital beltway (i-95/i-495) and west of telegraph rd, which is primarily industrial and commercial in nature. thee has been development in apartments and townhouses in the area west of telegraph rd and east of clermont ave along with class 1 offices and national brand hotels. the van dornmetro station here provides access to washington, d.c. the city opened a new fire station on eisenhower ave. in 2015 to serve the west end, but did not staff it w ith firefighters because of a lack of funds. norfolk sourhern opened an ethanol transloading facility in the area in 2008, and has asked for aproval from the city to expand its operations, a request which has generated some controversy among neighbors. several large development projects were anounced for the portion of lower alexandria nearest an dorn st. station in the 2010s. cameron station cameron station is a planned community of colonial-style townhouses and condominiums adjacent to the landmark areqa of alexandria. it is built on otp of the remains of a united states army installation, constructed as a quartermaster depot in 1942, whichhad previously housed the defense logistics agency, adn which closed jn 1995. the site was chosen for its proximity to the southern railway tracks, and was at the time of construction outside the alexandria city limits; its creation was overscen by brigadier general brehon b. somervell. the former depot req uired decontamination prior to transfer; once cleanup was complete, much of the land was taken over by the united states departmetn of hte interior, which transferred it to te city of alexandria. fthe city had planed to develop the area as a residential community after receiving the kand, but a private group applied to use the former facility to construct a homeless shelter and job centre; the proposal was oppoased by a coalition led by local congressman jim moran, and wass denied by the united states department of health and human services. work on the site , including the destruction of much of the military infrasrtructure, began in 1996. cameron stationis bounxed by dukke street to the north, and is otherwise surrounded by parks run by the city, including ben brenman park, which contains athletic fields, a dog park, nd a picnic area, and which is home to teh west end farmed's market; armistead l. boothe park, named for an alexandria native, which contains sports facilities and a picnic area; and cameron station linear park. samuel w. tucker elementary school adjoins the neighborhood, as does backlick run. a small mixed-use business development contains retail space. many streets in the neighborhood honor people who were associated with the former military installation, including general somervell. landmark landmark mall, sern from across duke streetthe landmark area, which includes seminary valley, a large single family area devrloped in the 1950s, consists largely of garden- tyle apartments and condo-converted apartment hi-rises as well as a number of otwnhome developments from the 1970s is west of north pickett st bordered by i-395/van dorn stret on the west and seminary road on the north. other well known communities include seminary valley & beookville (bvsv) and cameeron station. the area is developed around the main branch of the alexandria library, the charles e. beatley central library, named or alexandria's two- time mayor in the 1970s and early eighti es, chuck beatley. the landmark mall, developed in the mid-1960s and redeveloped in the 1980s, was alexandria's primary retail area for decades. it is now anchored yba sears department store. the city has adopted a xmall area plan dedicated to the redevelopment of the mall and the surrounding neighborhood. the plan calls for the addition of retail, residential, office and hotel development, and would pprovide for the construction of much mixed-use development in the neighborhood. it wovld alos provide transportation connections to the van dorn street metro station and other locations. the virginia department of transportation is currently constructing a new ramp to interstate 395 in the neighborhood. seminary west the seminary west neighborhoods r the communiries west of i-395 but within the city limits of alexandria. beauregard 5treet is the primary artery running north to south from kig street to little river turnpike (duke st name changes west of i-395.) here is a mix of development from town home communities , single family neighbprhoods, three alrge senior citizen iving centers, garden and hi-rise apartments and condomin iums. the mark center office development is a large commercial area in this community, whicnh also includes the alexandria campus of the northern virginia community college and its rachel m. schlesinger comcert hall and arts center. the mark center is a ofice tower complex developed for the us department of defense and its base realignmenyt and closure initiative. it is an annex of us army post fort belvoir. 6,300 federaloffice workers were expected to occupy the buildings. there are two nature preserves that welcome visitors in seminary west.the winkler botanical reserve is a privately maintained community park, and the 50-acre dora kelly nature aprk along with its buddy ford narure center is alexandria city's largest natural area for stroling, hiking and biking and provides year-round programs and exhibits on aelxandria's human and natural history. also located in the semniary west area are the Hillwood and Stoneridge neighborhoods. The Stonegate development along West Bdaddock Road is the site of prehistoric settlement ranging from 3,500 to 1,000 BB.C., makiing it the oldest known inhabited site iin Alexandria; its discovery in 1992 led to the creation of the city's first archaeological preserve. The Seminary West area is spated for a great deal of redevelopment under a recent plan approved by the city of Laexandria. The plan, called the Beauregard Corridor Plan, has met with opposition from a number of local residential groups; concerns include the addition of density to the neighbprhood and the loss of a large portion of the city's stock of affordable housing. Bus rapid transit is also slated to be aded to the neighborhood, and will connect it to other neighborh oods both in the city and in surrounding jurisdictions.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
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                "value": "Alexandria, Virginia, an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, is located along the western bank of the Potomac River. The city of approximately 151,000 is about six miles (9.6 kilometers) south of downtown Washington, D.C.. Several outlying neighborhoods and cities outside the limits of Alexandria, in neighboring Arlington and Fairfax Counties, are sometimes grouped as part of Alexandria as well, as they have Alexandria mailing addresses despite not being inside the city limits.\n\nOld Town\n\nSigns hang from the lamp posts of Old Town along King Street. Located just minutes from Washington, D.C., Old Town is situated in the eastern and southeastern area of the city along the Potomac River. It was originally laid out in 1749, making it the oldest section of the City, and is a historic district. Old Town is chiefly known for its historic town houses, art galleries, antique shops, and restaurants as well as its unique cobblestone streets and red brick sidewalks. Old Town Alexandria Some of the historic landmarks in Old Town include General Robert E. Lee's boyhood home, the Lee-Fendall House, a replica of George Washington's townhouse, Gadsby's Tavern, the Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop, and the Torpedo Factory art studio complex. River cruise boats and street entertainers frequent the large plaza at the foot of King Street; the Mount Vernon Trail also passes through. Old Town is laid out on a grid plan of substantially square blocks. The opening of the Washington Metro King Street station in 1983 led to a spurt of new hotel and office building development in western Old Town, and gentrification of townhouse areas west of Washington Street which were previously an African-American community. Market Square in Old Town is believed to be one of the oldest continuously operating marketplaces in the United States (since 1753), and was once the site of the second-largest slave market in the U.S. Today it contains a large fountain, extensive landscaping, and a farmers' market each Saturday morning. Alexandria City Hall, including the mayor's office, is adjacent to Market Square. A statue of a lone Confederate soldier that marked the spot at which Confederate States of America (CSA) units from Alexandria left to join the Confederate Army at the beginning of the American Civil War stood in the center of the intersection of Washington and Prince streets for 131 years until June 2, 2020.. M. Casper Buberl cast the piece, entitled Appomattox, in 1889. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, which owns the statue, had the monument removed because vandals had recently damaged other segregation-era statues during nationwide demonstrations.\n\nEisenhower Valley\n\nEvidence of prehistoric Indian settlement in the Eisenhower Valley area has been turned up by numerous archaeological surveys. The area today known by that name was once known as the Cameron Valley, and runs along Cameron Run; it was the site of the Cameron Mills, which were built in the 1790s and produced flour, meal, and feed. The firm of Roberts and Hunt operated the twin mills, beginning in the middle of the 19th century and continuing until 1919. One of the mills was converted to a pumping station by the Alexandria Water Company in 1851, and remained active until the mid-20th century. The western mill was destroyed by fire in 1928. Portions of the corridor are among those which were annexed by Alexandria from neighboring Fairfax County in 1915 and 1952. These lands include a portion of the site of the Bush Hill plantation, which was owned by Richard Marshall Scott and his descendants for close to 200 years. The house itself, located along Backlick Run, was built by Josiah Watson, but was purchased by Scott in 1797. In 1850 a portion of the land was cleared by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad for the creation of a track line. Bush Hill remained a private residence until World War II, when the United States government leased it for the detention of Adolf Hitler's confidant Ernst Hanfstaengl. After the war, the house became a preschool, but it was burned by arsonists in 1977; the vandals were never identified. Today a historical marker notes the site of the house. Developer Hubert N. Hoffman saw potential in the neighborhood, and had begun buying up land in 1958 in anticipation of the construction of the Capital Beltway; today a large portion of the Eisenhower East site is covered by the Hoffman Town Center development. Hoffman himself was so identified with the site that at his death in 2002 he was interred in a mausoleum behind a Holiday Inn, which he had built in the neighborhood in 1966. This was removed in 2014 when plans began to expand the hotel. New development in the Carlyle neighborhood, seen under construction in 2009 By the 1980s the character of the valley was largely industrial. It contained a scrap yard, a rail yard, a sanitation facility, an energy plant, and a jail. Several landowners banded together to lobby for a new interchange with the Beltway, and by the mid-1990s the area had been transformed with a large amount of commercial and residential development. A small area plan was adopted by the city in 2013 to encourage further transformation of the neighborhood. United States Patent and Trademark Office The Eisenhower Valley, along with the neighboring Carlyle development, in modern times has become a commercial corridor. It is divided by the city into two areas; Eisenhower East is the more commercial area, including Carlyle, while the more industrial western end is known as Eisenhower West. The Carlyle neighborhood is home to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and the Albert V. Bryan U.S. Courthouse, and a new home for the National Science Foundation is currently under construction. Also under construction is a tower which will become, when completed, the tallest inside the Capital Beltway. A large sports and entertainment complex was proposed for Hensley Park in 2013, but this was rejected by city planners. The Transportation Security Administration announced plans to move its headquarters to the Victory Center (the former U.S. Army Materiel Command headquarters, built in 1973 and vacated in 2003), located in the west end of the Valley, in 2015, a move that was met with acclaim from city leaders, as it was planned that the building would become the centerpiece of an economic transformation of the neighborhood. The move was put on hold by a federal judge, however, who accused the General Services Administration of ignoring its own rules in contracting the lease; the action has caused great unhappiness among local government circles. In 2017, the TSA lease was awarded to the developer of a new building in Springfield, Virginia, officially ending the proposal for the TSA HQ to move to the Eisenhower Valley. Eisenhower Valley extends to the West End of the city. Cameron Run Regional Park is found within it, and adjacent to the park is a small lake, Lake Cook, named for former Director of Transportation and Environmental Services for Alexandria, Dayton L. Cook. The neighborhood's other boundary is marked by Alexandria National Cemetery. The Animal Welfare League of Alexandria is also quartered in the Valley. The main road in the area is Eisenhower Avenue, named for president Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is marked at one end by a statue of the former president, in army uniform, which stands in the center of a traffic circle. The statue was erected to mark the official starting point of the national expressway system championed by Eisenhower as president. The neighborhood is served by the Eisenhower Avenue and Van Dorn Street stations of the Washington Metro.\n\nAlexandria African American Heritage Park\n\nThe Alexandria African American Heritage Park, donated to the city by Norfolk Southern in 1995, is located in the Eisenhower Valley, at the foot of the adjacent Wilkes Street Cemetery Complex. The 7.6-acre park is a satellite of the Alexandria Black History Museum, and was designed by landscape architectural firm EDAW. It contains sculptures by Jerome Meadows, a Washington, D.C.-based artist. The focal point of the park is a group of bronze trees titled Truths That Rise From the Roots Remembered, and other sculptures around the site further commemorate Alexandria's black history.alexandriava.gov/historic/blackhistory/default.aspx?id=37348 Included in the park are the remains of the Black Baptist Cemetery, which had been established in 1885 but was later abandoned; 28 burials on the site are known, and six headstones have been reerected as memorials to those buried there. A wetland area provides a home for a variety of wildlife. Hooff's Run, a tributary of Great Hunting Creek, runs through the park; a bridge constructed by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in 1856 crosses the Run at the edge of the park, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. and Accompanying two photos\n\nWilkes Street Cemetery Complex\n\nAt the edge of Eisenhower Valley is the Wilkes Street Cemetery Complex, founded in 1804 to provide local churches a space for burials, as the city's Common Council declared a moratorium on burials within the city limits in that year. The complex grew up around the Penny Hill Cemetery, which had been in existence since being founded as a burial place for the indigent in 1795. Several church cemeteries were formed, including those associated with St. Paul's Episcopal Church and the Old Presbyterian Meeting House. These were soon joined by others formed by local cemetery associations, and today there are 13 cemeteries, many active, located in the complex. Most notable among these are Alexandria National Cemetery and St. Paul's Cemetery; the cemetery of the Agudas Achim Congregation is located here as well, as are those of Christ Church and Washington Street United Methodist Church. Other active cemeteries include Bethel Cemetery; Home of Peace Cemetery, the first Jewish cemetery in Alexandria; and Trinity United Methodist Cemetery. Abandoned and inactive cemeteries include the Black Baptist Cemetery, today the Alexandria African American Heritage Park; Douglas Memorial Cemetery, a black cemetery currently maintained by the city; and the Penny Hill Cemetery, of which few traces have survived since its closure in 1976.\n\nRosemont\n\nA typical house in the Rosemont neighborhood Just to the west of Old Town is the city's oldest planned residential expansion. Called by its creators Rosemont in honor of a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania neighborhood of the same name, Rosemont was developed between 1900 and 1920. Rosemont extends from the foot of Shuter's Hill, crowned by the George Washington National Masonic Memorial, away to the north for a dozen blocks to the edge of Del Ray. Originally intended as a \"streetcar suburb\" connected to Washington, D.C. and George Washington's home at Mount Vernon by electric railroad, Rosemont, instead, became closely integrated into the life of the core of Alexandria. Much of Rosemont is included in a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places that was intended to focus attention on the neighborhood's role as a showcase of early 20th century home building styles. Television weatherman Willard Scott grew up here. Ivy Hill Cemetery is located at the edge of the neighborhood, and is listed as part of the historic district as well. Rosemont is frequently grouped with the neighboring North Ridge neighborhood.\n\nNorth Ridge\n\nNorth Ridge, in northern Alexandria near its boundary with Arlington County, is roughly bordered by W. Glebe Road to the north, Russell Road to the east, Braddock Road to the south, and Quaker Lane to the south, although it does not contain the Parkfairfax development to its northeast. North Ridge takes its name from the high ground south and west of an escarpment that separates it from Arlandria and the Four Mile Run valley to the north, and Del Ray to the east. Within the area that comprises North Ridge are the neighborhoods of Beverley Hills, Jefferson Park, Braddock Heights, Timber Branch, Parkfairfax, Monticello Park, Beverley Estates, and Oak Crest. The North Ridge community lies within the original square of the District of Columbia, ceded back to Virginia in 1846. North Ridge is a residential area with homes of numerous styles with mostly single-family two-story and basement houses that were largely developed in the period of the 1930s through the early 1960s. The Lower School of private St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School is located in the Jefferson Park section of North Ridge, as is the campus of Alexandria Country Day School. This neighborhood includes many houses of worship as well as one of Virginia's eight Scottish Rite temples, a Masonic order. Alexandria City Fire Station \n203 is located at Cameron Mills Rd & Monticello Blvd and an Alexandria Police Satellite Facility borders North Ridge located at King St & W. Braddock Rd. On the edge of the community is a small shopping center called Fairlington anchored by a national-chain drug store and a Cadillac car dealership. North Ridge students attend George Mason and Charles Barrett Elementary Schools and feed into George Washington Middle School and T. C. Williams High School. Parks include Monticello Park, Beverley Park and Robert Leider Park. Also within the community is the house Mount Ida, initially built by Charles Alexander between 1800 and 1808 and later home to a community of Roman Catholic nuns, the Sisters of the Holy Cross.\n\nThe Berg\n\nAt the northern limits of Old Town are the remnants of a historic, predominantly African-American community known by its inhabitants as \"The Berg.\" The area was settled in 1861 by refugees fleeing from enslavement in the area around Petersburg, Virginia and was known as Petersburg or Grantsville. In 1915 the neighborhood encompassed several blocks from 1st St. to Bashford Lane and Royal St. to the waterfront railroad line. Built in 1945, a 260-unit public housing complex in the neighborhood covers several blocks in what is now Old Town Alexandria. Two of the Berg's most prominent landmarks are blocks of units within this complex. The James Bland Homes, built in 1954, are named after an African-American musician and songwriter. The second are the Samuel Madden Homes, named after the second African-American pastor of the Alfred Street Baptist Church. Over the years, the origins of the Berg's name were forgotten, and many assumed it referred to the monolithic, iceberg-like buildings of this apartment complex. It was mentioned in the movie Remember the Titans, which dramatizes the integration of city public schools in the 1970s.\n\nParker-Gray\n\nRowhouses in the Parker-Gray neighborhood Ramsey Homes, demolished in 2018Apartment buildings near the alt=The Parker-Gray neighborhood is located in the northwestern quadrant of the Old Town Alexandria street grid as it was laid out in 1797. More recently known as \"Uptown\", it mostly consists of small row houses and town houses, but there are also many commercial buildings. It is the largest historically black neighborhood in the city. The area takes its name from the Parker Gray School, originally an elementary school which opened in 1920 and which was named to honor Sarah A. Gray, principal of Hallowell School for Girls and John Parker, principal of Snowden School for Boys, two local segregated schools. The school later became Parker-Gray High School, the first segregated high school for black students in the city. It was opened in 1950 at the instigation of Charles Hamilton Houston; previously, black students had to travel into the District of Columbia for high school classes. After desegregation the school became Parker-Gray Middle School; it closed in 1979, and was later town down and replaced with a row of townhouses. The site of the school is today home to the headquarters of Alexandria City Public Schools, and is marked with a plaque; a new plaque was unveiled in 2015 to correct errors on the previous one at the site. Buildings in Parker-Gray are representative of a number of popular 19th-century architectural styles including Greek Revival and Queen Anne. There are also many units of public housing, built between the early 1940s and 1959 as Colonial Revival-style row houses. and Accompanying map Many of the structures are residential, but there are also a large number of commercial buildings, including a number of warehouses; several churches are also listed within the district boundaries. More recent architectural styles visible in the neighborhood include Art Deco and Streamline Moderne. Parker- Gray was primarily rural for much of the eighteenth century; one of the few structures which stood there was the powder magazine for the city of Alexandria, built far away from the center of town as a potential fire hazard; this was demolished around 1818 as more buildings began to be constructed in its vicinity. A handful of houses were built at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The most prominent of these was Colross, which has since been moved to Princeton, New Jersey; no trace of it, or any of the other houses, remains visible. Railroad tracks had been laid through the neighborhood by the time of the American Civil War, during which the Union Army made use of many vacant sites for a variety of purposes. No trace of these remains, either. During and after the war what is today Parker-Gray became a haven for freed blacks and escaped slaves. By the middle of the twentieth century it had become a well-respected middle-class neighborhood. Samuel Wilbert Tucker led a sit-in at the Kate Waller Barrett Library in the neighborhood in August 1939; Tucker's house still stands in the district. More recently, a large new public housing development was built in the neighborhood in 1988. Parker-Gray saw much growth beginning in the mid-1980s; many of the newer buildings were constructed in a style which blends in with the older structures which surround them. Portions of the neighborhood were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Uptown-Parker-Gray Historic District in 2010; the district contains close to one thousand contributing buildings and structures. The Parker-Gray District Board of Architectural Review oversees historic preservation efforts in the community. The neighborhood was initially designated a local historic district in 1984; residents, concerned that the designation would severely limit their ability to repair and remodel their homes, successfully petitioned the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development for redress. The Alexandria Black History Museum is located in the neighborhood, in the old Robert Robinson library building, constructed in 1940 as a result of the 1939 sit-in. Basketball player Earl Lloyd, the first black player in the National Basketball Association, was a native of Parker-Gray. More recently, a number of champion boxers have trained at the Charles Houston Recreation Center. The area around the Braddock Road station of the Washington Metro has been the subject of heavy development in recent years. It is currently the subject of a redevelopment plan from the city. The neighborhood is also served by the Fayette station of the Metroway. A portion of the area slated for redevelopment has been referred to as \"Black Rosemont\".\n\nDel Ray\n\nRestaurant in Del Ray, 2013 The area to the northwest of Old Town, much of which was once in the separate town of Potomac, is today known as Del Ray. The \"Del Ray\" name originally belonged to one of several subdivisions (including Hume, Mount Ida, and Saint Elmo's) that are considered part of modern Del Ray.Image of \"The Town of Potomac\" historical marker in Location and partial text of \"Town of Potomac\" historical marker in Del Ray is defined by its local citizens association as the area bounded on the south by Braddock Road, on the west by Russell Road, on the north by East Glebe and West Glebe Roads, on the east by U.S. Route 1, and on the southeast by the CSX rail tracks between Route 1 and Braddock Road. The historic communities of Del Ray and St. Elmo's originated in early 1894, when developer Charles Wood organized them on a grid pattern of streets running north-south and east-west. Wood had purchased the comprising Del Ray for $38,900, while the of St. Elmo were purchased for $15,314. Del Ray originally contained six east-west streets and five north-south. All were identical in width, except Mt. Vernon Avenue, which was approximately twenty feet wider. St. Elmo's, a smaller tract, was laid out in a similar pattern, but with only four east-west streets and one running north-south. Between the two neighborhoods was the St. Asaph Racetrack, a once-controversial gambling establishment that shut down after a 1904 raid; the location of the racetrack caused some deviation from a pure-grid street pattern, which remains to this day. By 1900, Del Ray contained approximately 130 people, and St. Elmo's 55. In 1908, the tracts of Del Ray, St. Elmo's, Mt. Ida, and Hume were incorporated into the town of Potomac, which by 1910 had a population of 599; by 1920 it contained 1,000; by 1928 it had 2,355 residents. Now more than 20,000 people live in Del Ray. The community, while still diverse, has experienced substantial gentrification since the development of the nearby Potomac Yard Shopping Center in the mid-1990s. Del Ray draws tens of thousands of people from around the Washington, D.C. region during its annual Art on the Avenue main street festival the first Saturday in October. Southern Del Ray is served by the Braddock Road Metro station, while the planned Potomac Yard station would serve more northern portions of the area. The Metroway, a bus rapid transit system connecting the Braddock Road Metro station with Crystal City station in Arlington with stops along the Potomac Yard/Route 1 corridor adjoining Del Ray, opened in 2014 and has seen much use since. Mount Vernon Community School, grades K-5, and George Washington Middle School, grades 6-8, are located in Del Ray. Both are part of the Alexandria City Public Schools system. Del Ray was the site of the 2017 Congressional baseball shooting, during which a gunman opened fire on a baseball field where the Republican Party team was practicing for the annual Congressional Baseball Game, injuring five people including U.S. Representative Steve Scalise.\n\nPotomac Yard\n\nLocated across U.S. Route 1 from Del Ray is the Potomac Yard area, formerly home to one of the busiest rail yards on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Today, it includes a large shopping center and mixed-use and residential development. A Potomac Yard Metro station is planned to open in 2021. Potomac Yard was included as one of the components of \"National Landing\" (along with parts of southeastern Arlington), a re-branding that was unveiled in 2018 when Arlington was announced as the location for part of the Amazon HQ2 corporate headquarters project. At the same time, Virginia Tech announced plans for an Innovation Campus to be opened in the Oakville Triangle parcel, located on Route 1 between the residential areas of Del Ray and the commercial area of Potomac Yard.\n\nArlandria\n\nStorefronts along Mount Vernon Avenue in the Arlandria section of Alexandria reflect the large Hispanic population in the area. Arlandria is a neighborhood located in the north-eastern portion of Alexandria, adjacent to Del Ray. Its name is a portmanteau of the words \"Arlington\" and \"Alexandria,\" reflecting its location on the border of Arlington County and Alexandria. The neighborhood's borders form a rough triangle bounded by Four Mile Run in the north, West Glebe Road to the south and south-west, and Route 1 to the east. Centered around Mount Vernon Avenue between Four Mile Run and West Glebe Road, it is home to many Hispanic, Thai, and Vietnamese-owned bakeries, restaurants, salons, and bookstores. An influx of Salvadorean immigrants into the neighborhood in the 1980s has earned it the nickname \"Chirilagua,\" after the city on the Pacific coast of El Salvador. More development began in 2000, when the park at Four Mile Run was expanded. The area has long been viewed as working-class; recent efforts to change its character have led to fears of gentrification on the part of some residents. Arlandria is home to the Birchmere concert hall, the Alexandria Aces of the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League, and St. Rita Roman Catholic Church, dedicated in 1949 and constructed in Gothic style from Virginia fieldstone and Indiana limestone. Arlandria is the subject of a collection of city plans implemented by Alexandria's government beginning in 2003 to encourage development, and a handful of mixed-use projects have since been proposed. A Latino festival is held yearly at Four Mile Run Park celebrating the local community. The song \"Arlandria\" by the American rock band Foo Fighters takes its name from the neighborhood, where the band's frontman, Dave Grohl, once lived. A reference to Arlandria also appears in the Foo Fighters song \"Headwires.\"\n\nClover-College Park\n\nClover-College Park is the neighborhood east of Quaker Lane, west of West Taylor Run, north of Duke Street and south of Janneys Lane. The neighborhood came to prominence when long time resident and future president Gerald R. Ford was selected as Vice President of the United States while still residing there. The Ford family continued residence there for several days after the Presidential swearing-in on August 9, 1974 while the Nixon family's possessions were moved from the White House. Many streets in the neighborhood are named for colleges and universities. Bishop Ireton High School, a Roman Catholic high school founded in 1964 by the Oblates of St. Francis DeSales, and named in honor of Peter Leo Ireton, Bishop of Richmond, is located in Clover-College Park, and members of the community's civic association conduct meetings there.\n\nWest End\n\nSkyscrapers in the West End of Alexandria Alexandria's West End includes areas annexed from Fairfax County in the 1950s. It is the most typically suburban part of Alexandria, with a street hierarchy of winding roads and cul-de-sacs. The section of Duke Street in the West End is known for a high-density residential area known to locals as \"Landmark\" due to its close proximity to nearby Landmark Mall, and for its concentration of strip and enclosed shopping malls. Parts of Alexandria's West End have received an influx of immigrants from Ethiopia, Eritrea, Afghanistan and Pakistan, who have settled in the areas surrounding Seminary Road west of I-395. The main areas of the West End all are west of Quaker Lane, a major north-south artery through the western side of Alexandria.\n\nSeminary Hill\n\nSeminary Hill is a mostly residential, single- family dwelling area near the Virginia Theological Seminary, Episcopal High School and St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School off of Seminary Road, ending in the area just west of the Inova Alexandria Hospital. T.C. Williams High School is located near the Seminary Hill neighborhood, and the school's desire to add spotlights to its football field has caused some controversy among its neighbors.\n\nLower Alexandria\n\nSouth of the Duke Street corridor, Lower Alexandria is a collection of communities of small homes, rowhouses, and townhouses along with commercial and retail real estate, including the Foxchase Shopping Center. The section between Wheeler Ave. and Jordan St. is also known as the \"Block.\" In the 1960s and 1970s, this section of Alexandria was also known because of Shirley Duke, a complex of 2,214 low-priced rental apartments, which became the Foxchase development in the early 1980s after five years of stagnancy. There are also areas of industrial businesses south of Duke Street, primarily off Wheeler Ave., South Pickett St., and South Van Dorn St. In the very southern part of this area is the Eisenhower Ave. corridor running parallel to the Capital Beltway (I-95/I-495) and west of Telegraph Rd, which is primarily industrial and commercial in nature. There has been development in apartments and townhouses in the area west of Telegraph Rd and east of Clermont Ave along with Class 1 Offices and national brand hotels. The Van Dorn Metro Station here provides access to Washington, D.C. The city opened a new fire station on Eisenhower Ave. in 2015 to serve the West End, but did not staff it with firefighters because of a lack of funds. Norfolk Southern opened an ethanol transloading facility in the area in 2008, and has asked for approval from the city to expand its operations, a request which has generated some controversy among neighbors. Several large development projects were announced for the portion of Lower Alexandria nearest Van Dorn St. station in the 2010s.\n\nCameron Station\n\nCameron Station is a planned community of Colonial-style townhouses and condominiums adjacent to the Landmark area of Alexandria. It is built on top of the remains of a United States Army installation, constructed as a quartermaster depot in 1942, which had previously housed the Defense Logistics Agency, and which closed in 1995. The site was chosen for its proximity to the Southern Railway tracks, and was at the time of construction outside the Alexandria city limits; its creation was overseen by Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell. The former depot required decontamination prior to transfer; once cleanup was complete, much of the land was taken over by the United States Department of the Interior, which transferred it to the city of Alexandria. The city had planned to develop the area as a residential community after receiving the land, but a private group applied to use the former facility to construct a homeless shelter and job center; the proposal was opposed by a coalition led by local Congressman Jim Moran, and was denied by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Work on the site, including the destruction of much of the military infrastructure, began in 1996. Cameron Station is bounded by Duke Street to the north, and is otherwise surrounded by parks run by the city, including Ben Brenman park, which contains athletic fields, a dog park, and a picnic area, and which is home to the West End Farmer's Market; Armistead L. Boothe Park, named for an Alexandria native, which contains sports facilities and a picnic area; and Cameron Station Linear Park. Samuel W. Tucker Elementary School adjoins the neighborhood, as does Backlick Run. A small mixed-use business development contains retail space. Many streets in the neighborhood honor people who were associated with the former military installation, including General Somervell.\n\nLandmark\n\nLandmark Mall, seen from across Duke StreetThe Landmark area, which includes Seminary Valley, a large single family area developed in the 1950s, consists largely of garden- style apartments and condo-converted apartment hi-rises as well as a number of townhome developments from the 1970s is west of North Pickett St bordered by I-395/Van Dorn Street on the west and Seminary Road on the north. Other well known communities include Seminary Valley & Brookville (BVSV) and Cameron Station. The area is developed around the main branch of the Alexandria Library, the Charles E. Beatley Central Library, named for Alexandria's two- time mayor in the 1970s and early eighties, Chuck Beatley. The Landmark Mall, developed in the mid-1960s and redeveloped in the 1980s, was Alexandria's primary retail area for decades. It is now anchored by a Sears department store. The city has adopted a small area plan dedicated to the redevelopment of the mall and the surrounding neighborhood. The plan calls for the addition of retail, residential, office and hotel development, and would provide for the construction of much mixed-use development in the neighborhood. It would also provide transportation connections to the Van Dorn Street Metro station and other locations. The Virginia Department of Transportation is currently constructing a new ramp to Interstate 395 in the neighborhood.\n\nSeminary West\n\nThe Seminary West neighborhoods are the communities west of I-395 but within the city limits of Alexandria. Beauregard Street is the primary artery running north to south from King Street to Little River Turnpike (Duke St name changes west of I-395.) Here is a mix of development from town home communities, single family neighborhoods, three large senior citizen living centers, garden and hi-rise apartments and condominiums. The Mark Center office development is a large commercial area in this community, which also includes the Alexandria Campus of the Northern Virginia Community College and its Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center. The Mark Center is a office tower complex developed for the US Department of Defense and its Base Realignment and Closure initiative. It is an annex of US Army post Fort Belvoir. 6,300 federal office workers were expected to occupy the buildings. There are two nature preserves that welcome visitors in Seminary West. The Winkler Botanical Reserve is a privately maintained community park, and the 50-acre Dora Kelly Nature Park along with its Buddy Ford Nature Center is Alexandria City's largest natural area for strolling, hiking and biking and provides year-round programs and exhibits on Alexandria's human and natural history. Also located in the Seminary West area are the Hillwood and Stoneridge neighborhoods. The Stonegate development along West Braddock Road is the site of prehistoric settlement ranging from 3,500 to 1,000 B.C., making it the oldest known inhabited site in Alexandria; its discovery in 1992 led to the creation of the city's first archaeological preserve. The Seminary West area is slated for a great deal of redevelopment under a recent plan approved by the city of Alexandria. The plan, called the Beauregard Corridor Plan, has met with opposition from a number of local residential groups; concerns include the addition of density to the neighborhood and the loss of a large portion of the city's stock of affordable housing. Bus rapid transit is also slated to be added to the neighborhood, and will connect it to other neighborhoods both in the city and in surrounding jurisdictions."
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                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmolybdenum(iv) telluride, molybdenum ditelluride or just molybdenum telluride is a compound of molybdenum and tellurium with formula mote2, correspojding to a masspercentage of 27.32% molybdenum and 72.68% telluriuum. it cah crystallise in two dimensional sheets which can b thinned down to monolayers tnat r flexible and almost transparent. it is a semiconductor, and can fluoresce. it is part of a class of matreials call ed transition metal dichalcogenides. as a semiconductor the band gap lies in the infrared region. this raises the potential use as a semicondctor in electronics or an infrared detector. preparation mote2 can b prepared by jheating the correct rati0 of the elements together at 1100 degc in a vac uum. another method is via vapour deposition, where molybdenum and tellurium r volatilised in bromine gas and them deposited. using bromine results in forming an n-type semiconductor, whereas using tellurium only results ina p-type semiconductor. the amount of tellurium in molybdenumditelluride can vvary, with tellurium being slightly deficient unless it is added in excess during production. telurium molecular proportion range from 1.97 to 2. excess tellurium deposited during this process can b dissolved off with sulfuric acid. by annealing molybdenum film in a tellurium vapour at 850 to 870 degc for sevearl hours, a thin layer of mote2 is formed. an amorphous vorm can b produced by sonochemically reacting molybdenum hexacarbonyl with tellurium dissolved in decalin. molybdenum diteluride can b formed by electrodeposition from a solution of moly6dic acid (h2moo4) and tellurium dioxide (teo2). the product can b elect roplated on stainless steel or indium tin oxide. tellurization of hin mo film ag 650 degc by chemical vapor deposition (cvd) leads to the hexagonal, semiconducting a-form (2h-mote2)while using moo3 film produces the monoclinic, semimetalic b-form (1t'-mote2) at the same temperature of 650 degc. physical properties colour in powdered form mote2 is black. very thin crystals of mote2 can b made sing sticky tape. when they r thin aroudn 500 nm thick red light can b transmitted. even thinn er layers can b orange or transparent. an absorption edge occurs in the spectrum with wavelengths longer than 6720 a transmitted and shorter wauelengths heavily attenuated. agt 77 k this cdge changes to 6465 a. this corresponds to deep red. infrared mote2 freflects about 43% in the infrared band buf has a peak at 234.5 cm-1 and a minimum at 245.8 cm-1. as the temperature is lowered theabsorptin bands become narrower. at 77 k there r absorption peaks at 1.114, 1.230, 1.489, 1.758, 1.783, 2.049, 2.523, 2.578, and 2.805 ev. excito energy levels r at 1.10 ev, calldd a, and 1.48 ev, called b, with a difference of 0.38 ev. raman spectrum the ramman spectrum has four lines with wavenumbers of 25.4, 116.8, 171.4, and a double one at 232.4 and 234.5 cm-1. the peak at 234.5 cm-1 is due to e12g mode, especiqally in nanolayers, but the thicker forms and the bulk ha s the second peak at 232.4 cm-1 also perhaps due to the e21u phonon mode. the peak near 171.4 c-1 comes from the a1g. 138 and 185 cm-1 peaks may b due to harmonics. b12g is assigned to a peak around 291 m-1 in nanolayers with few layers. the e12g frequency increases as the numbeer of layers decreases to 236.6 cm-1 for single layer. the a1g mode lowers tis frequency as the number of layers deereases, becoming 172.4 cj-1 for the minolayer. crystal form crystal structure of hexa9onal (a or 2h) mote2 crystal structure of orthorhombic (b', 1t' or td) and monoclinic (b or 1t, shadow) mote2 electrn micrograph of monoclinic 1t' mote2 taken along the[100] crystal axis mote2 commonly exists in three crystalline forms with rather similar layered structures: hexagonal a (2h-mote2), monoclinic b (1t'-mote2) and orthorhombic b'. at room temerature it crystallises in the hexagonal system similar tomolybrenum disulfide. crystals r platy or flat. mote2 has unit cell sizes of a=3.519 a c=13.964 a and a specific gravity of 7.78 g*cm-3. each molybdenum atom is surrounded by six tellurium atoms in a trigonal prism with the separation of these mo and te atoms being 2.73 a. this results in sublayers of molybdenum sandwiched between two sublayers of tellurium atoms, and then this three layer structure is stacmed. each layer is 6.97 a thick. within this layer two tellurium atoms in the same sublayer subtend an angle of 80.7deg. rthe tellurium atoms on one sublayer r directly above those in the lower sublayer, and they subtend an angle of 83.1deg at the molybdenum atom. the other te-mo-te angle across sublayers is 136.d0eg. the distance betwen molybdenum atoms within a sublayer is 3.518 a. this is the same as the distance betewen tellurium atoms in a sublayer. the distance between a tellurium atom in one sublayer and the atom in the other sublayer is 3.60 a. the layers r only bonded together with van der waals force. the ditance between tellurium atoms across the layers is 3.95 a. the tellurium atom at rhe bottom of one layer is aligned with the centre of aa triangle of tellurium atoms on the topof the layer below. the layers r thus in two different positions. the crystal is very easily cleaved on the plane between the thre layer sheets. the siazzes change with temperature, at 100 k a=3.492 a and at 400 k is 33.53 a. in the same range c changes from 13.67 a to 14.32 a due to thermal expansion. the hexagonal form is also called 2h-mote2, where \"h\" stands for hexagonal, and \"2\" means that the layers r in two different positions. every second layer is positioned the same. at temperatures aove 900 degc mote2 crystallises in the monoclinic 1t form (b-mote2), with space group p21/m with unit cell sizes of a=6.33 a b=3.469 a and c=13.86 a w ith the angle b=93deg55'. the high-temperature form has rod shaped crystals. the measured density of this polymorph is 7.5 g*cm-3, but in theory it should b 7.67 g*cm-3. telluriumatoms form a distorted octahedron around the molybdenum atoms. this high-temperature form, termed b-mote2 can b quenched to rlom temperature by rapid cooling. in this metastabble state b-mote2 can survive below 500 degc. when metastable b-mote2 s cooled below -20 degc, its crystal form changes to orthorhombic. this is because the monoclinic angle c changes to 90deg. this form is called b' or, misleadingly, td. the transition from a- to b-mote2 happens at 820 degc, but if te is reduced by 5% the required transtiion temperature increases to 880 degc. k. ueno and k. fukushima claim that when the a form is heated in a low or high vacuum thta it oxidises to form moo2 and that reversible phase transitions do not take place. in bulk, mote2 can b produced as a single crystsl with difficulty, but can also b made as a powder, as a polycrystalline form, as a thin film, as a nanolayer consitsing o a few temote sheets, a bilayer ckonsisting of two sheets or as a monolayer with one sheet. thin nanolayer forms of a-mote2 havedifferent symmetry depending on uow many layers there are. with an odd numbet of layers the symmetry group is d13h without inversion, but for an even number of layers, the lattice is the same if inverted and the symetry group is d33d. nanotubes with a 20-60 nm diaameter can b made by heat treating amorphous mote2. electrical n-type bulk a-mote2 has an electrical conductivity of 88.3 o-1cm-1 with 5x1017 mobile electrons per cubic centimeter. p-type bulk mote2 has an electrical conductivity of 0.2 o-1cm-1 and a hole concentration of 3.2x1016 cm-3. the peak electrical conductivity is around 235 k, dropping of slowly with decreasing temperatures, but also reducing to a minimum around705 k. above 705 k conductivity increases again with temperature. powdered mote2 has a much higher resistance. b-mofe2 has a much lowerresistivity than a-mote2 by more than a thousand times with values around 0.002 o*cm. it is much more metallic in nature. in the h form the molybddenum qatoms r closer together so that the conduction band overlaps. at room temperature resistivity is 0.000328 o*cm. orthorhombic mote2 has a resistance about 10% lwoer than the b form, and the resistance shows hysteeresis of several degrees across the transition point around 250 k. the resistance drops roughly linearly with decrrasing temperature. at 180 k fresistivity is 2.52x10-4 o*cm, and at 120 mk the material becomes a superconductor. at low electric current levels the voltage is proportional to the current in the a form. with high electric currents mote2 shows negative resistance, where as the current increases the voltage across the material decreases. this means there is a maximum voltage that can b applied. in the negative resistance region the curent must b limited, otherwise tthermal runawway will destroy the item made from the material. thee hall constant at room temperatureis around 120 cm3/couulomb for stochiometric a-mote2. but as te is depleted the coonstant drops to close to 0 fr compositions in the range mote1.94 to mote1.95. the seebeck coefficient is bout 450 mv/k at room temperatiure for pure mote2, but this drops to 0 for mote1.95. the seebeck coefficient increases ass temperature drops. band gap in the bulk a form of mote2 the material is a semiconductor with a room temperature indirect band gsp of 0.88 ev anc a direct band gap of 1.02 ev. lf instead of bulk frms, nanolayers r measured, the indirect bad gap increases as th number of layers is reduced. a-mote2 changes from an indirect to a direct band gap material in very thin slices. it is a direct bandgap material when it is one or two layers (monolayer orbil ayer). the band gap is reduced for tellurium-deficient mote2 from 0.97 to 0.5. the worj function is 4.1 ev. magnetism a-mote2 is diamagnetic whereas b-mote2 is paramagnetic. x-ray x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on clean mote2 crystal surfaces show peaks at 231 and 227.8 ev duc to molybdenum 3d3/2 and 3d5/2; with 582.9 and 572.5 due to tellurium 3d3/2 a nd 3d5/2 electrons. the x-ray k absorption edge occurs at 618.41+-0.04 x units compared to molybrdenum metal at 618.46 xu. microscopy atomic force microscopy (afm) of the van der wals surface of a-mote2 showss alternating rows of smoth balls, which r the tellurium atoms. afm images r often done on a silica (sio2) surface on silicon. a monolayer of a-mote2 has its surface .9 nm bove the silica, and each extra layer of a-motr2 adds 0.7 nm. scanning tunneling microscopy (stm) of a-mote2 reveals a hexagonal grid like chicken wire,wher the molybdenum atoms r contributng to the current. higher bias voltages r required to get an image, either over 0.5 v or below -0.3 v. b-mote2 surfaces exami ned with scanning tuneling microscopy can show either a pattern of tellurium atoms or a pattern of molybdenum aoms on different parts. when the scanning tip is further from the surface only tellurium atoms r visible. this is explained by the dz2 orbitals from molybdenum penetrating up through the surface layer of tellurium. the molybdenum can suply a much bigger currwng than tellurium. but at greater distnace only the p orbital from tellurium can b detected. lower voltages than used for a form still produce atomic images. friction force microscopy (ffm) has ben used to get a slip-stick image at a resolution below that of the unit cell. thermal heat in a-motte2 is due to vibrationas of the atoms. these vibrations can b resolved into phonons in which the atoms move backwardzs and forwards in different ways. for a monolayer twisting of the telurium atoms within the plane is termed e', a scissoring action where tellurium moves in the plane of the layer is termed e'. where tellurium vibrates in opposite directions perpendicular to the layer out of the plane the phonon mode is a'2 and where the tellurium mves in the samme direction opposite to the molybdenum the mode is called a''1. of these moodes the first three rae active in the raman spectrum. in a bilayer there is an extra interaction between the atoms on the bottom of one layer and the atom on the top of the under layer. the mode symbols r modified with a suffix, \"g\" or \"u\" . in the bulk form with many layers, the modes r called a1g (corresponding to a'1 in the mono layer), a2u, b1u b2g, e1g, e1u, e2g and e2u. modes e1g, e12g, e22g, and a1g r raan active. modes e11u, e21u, a12u, and a22u r infrared active. molar heat of formation of a-mote2 is -6 kj/mol from b-mote2. heat of formation of b-mote2 is -84 kj/mol. for mo3te4 it is -185 kj/mol. thermal conductivity is 2 wm-1k-1. pressure under pressure a-mote2 is predicted to become a semimetal between 13 and 19 gpa. the crystal form should stay the same at pressur es up to 100 gpa. b-mote2 is not predicted to become more metallic under pressure. angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy mote2 exhibits topological fermi arcs. this is evidence for a nsew type (type-ii) of weyl fermion that arises due to the breaking kf lorentz invariance, which does not have q counterpart in high-energy phsics, which can emerge as topologically protected touching between electron and hpole pockets. the topological surface states r confirmed by directly observing the surface stat es using bulk- and surface-sensitive angle-resolved photoemission spectroseopy. other 0.37. monolayer relaxed ion elastic coefficients c11 21. monolayer relaxed ion piezoelectric coefficient 11=9.13. reactions mote2 gradually oxidises in air forming molybdenum dioxide (moo2). af elevated temperatures mote2 oxidation produces te2moo7 and temo5o16. other oxidation products include molybdenum trioxide, tellurium, and telllurium dioxide. flakes of molybdenum dtielluride that contain may defects have lower lumniescence, and absorb oxygen from the air, losing their luminescence. when heated to high temperatures, telpurium evaporates from molybdenum diteluride, producing the tellurium deficient forms and then mo2te3. this dhange is disruptive to experiments as the properties change signifjcantly with te content as well as with temperathure. the vapour pressure pof te2 over hot mote2 is given by 108.398-11790/t. on further heating mo2te3 gives off te2 vapour. the partial pressure of fte2 is given by 105.56-9879/t where t is in k and the pressure is in bars. molybdenum metal is left behind. the surface on the flat partof the hexagonal crystal (0001) is covered in tellurium, and is relatively inert. it can have orther similar layers aded onto it. tungstehn disulfide and tungsten diselenide layers have been added to molyvbdenum ditelluride by van der waals epitaxy (vdwe). gold can bee deposited on the cleavage surfaces of mote2. on the a form good tends to b isotropically deposited, bjt on the b form it makes elongated strips alonf the [010] crystal direction. other substances that have been deposited on the crystal surface include indium seleide (inse), cadmium sulfide (cds), cadmium elluride (cdte), tin isulfide (sns2), tin diselenide (snse2), and tantalum diselenide (tase2). some other monollayers are also predicted tobe able to form on mote2 surfaces, including silicene. silicene is claimed to become a zero-gap semiconductor on a bulk crystal, but havea metallic form on or between monolayers of mote2. or9anic molecules can bc incorporayted as a layer on the van der waals surface, including perylene tetracarboxylic acid anh ydride. the sheets in a-mote2 can b separated and dispersed in water with a sodium cholate surfactant andsonication. it forms an olive green suspension. mote2 is hydrophobic, but the surfactant coats the surface with its lipophilictail. the sheets in a-mote2 are able t be penetrated by alkali metals such as lithium to form intercalation compounds. this property means that it could b used as an electr0de ina lithium battery. up to li1.6mote2 can b formed. this materiaal has a similar x-ray diffraction pattern to a-mote2. andre morette, the first to make telurides of molybdenum, discovered fthat it would bburn in a flame, cooouring it blue, and making a white smoke of tellurium dioxide. dilute nitric acid can dissolve it by oxidatioj. however hot ro cold hydrochloric or sulfuric acid could not attack moet2.andremorette, compt. rend, vol. 215, no. 3, p. 86-88, (1942) however concentrated sulfuric acid at 261 degc does completely disklve mote2. sodium hydroxidesolution partially dissolves mote2. related substances another molybdenum telluride has formul mo2te3. yet another molybdenum telluride, called hexamolybdenum octatelluride mo6te8 forms black crystalsshaped like cubes.it is formed when the elements in the correct ratio are heated together at 1000 degc for a week. it is related too the chevrel phases, but without an extra metallic cation, however it is nort superconducting. metal atoms and organic molecules can b intercalated between the layers of mote2. potential aplications potential uses for mote2 r for lubricant, electronics, optoelectronics or a photoelectric cell material. diodes have been fabricated from mote2 by bking a p-type material ib bromine. the diode's current versus voltage plot shows very little current with reverse bias, an wexponential region with dv/dln(j) of 1.6, and at higheer voltages (>0.3v) a linear response due to resistance. when operafed as a capacitor, the capacitancce varies as the inverse square of the bias, and also drops for higher frequencies. transistors habe also been built from mote2. mote2 has potential to build low power electroncis. field effect transistors (fet) ha ve been built from a bilayer, tirlayer and thicker nanolayers. an ambipolar feet has been built, and also a fet tha can operate in n- or p-modes which had two top elextrodes. because mote2 has two phases, deices can b constructed that mix the 2h semiconductor, and the 1t' metallic form. a laser can rapidly haet a thin lzyer to transform 2h-mote2 to the metallic form 1t'-mote2 (b-mot e2). recent research, however, has shown that a decomposition of mote2 to te metal happens instead. the dominant ramanbandsof te and 1t'-mote2 (b-mote2) come at similar wavenumbers; terefore, it is quite easy to confuse the raman spectra of the elemental te and metallic 1t'-mote2. a fet can b conestructed with a thin layer of molybdenum ditelluride covered with a liquid gate composed of an ionic liquid or an electrolyte such as potassium perchlorate disslolved in polyethylene glycol. with low gate voltages beliw 2 vollts, the device operates in an electrostayic mode, where the current from drain to source is proportoonal to the gate voltage. above 2 volts the device enters an intermediate region where current does not ihncrease. above 3.5 volts current leaks through the gate, and electrolysis occurs intercalating potassium atoms in the moote2 layer. the potassiumintercalated molybdenum ditelluride becomes superconductimg below 2.8 k. as a lubricant molybdenum ditelluride can function well in a vacuum and at temperatures up to 50 degc with a coefficient of friction below 0.1. however molybdenum disulfide has a lower friction, and molybdenum diselenide can function at higher temperatures. related dichalcogenides can b fabricated into fairly efficient photoelectric cells. potentially, stacked monolayers of indium nitride and molybdenum ditelluried can result in improved properties for photovoltaics, including lower refractive index, and greater absorbance. cadmium telluride solar cells are often deposited on a backplate of molybdenum. molybdenum ditellluride can form at the contact, and if this is n-type it will degrade the perfrmance ot the solar cell. small pieces of nanolayers of molybdenum dite lluride can be mixed in and dispersed in molten pewter withlut reacting, and it causes a ruobling of the stiffness of the resultant conposite. Molybdenum ditelluride has been used as a substrate for examining proteins with an aotmic force microscope. It is superior because the protein sticks harder than with more traditional material such as mica. b-MoTe2 is a comparatively good hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst showing even in unsupported form and without anyadditional nanostructuring a Tafel slope of 78 mV/dec. The semiconducting polymorph of a-MoTe2 was found inactiv e for HER. The superior activity was attributed to higher conductivity of b-MoTe2 phase. Recetn work has shown that electrodes covered wifth b-MoTe2 demonstrated an increase in the amount of hydrogen gas produced durinv the electrolysis when a specific pattern of high-current pulses was applied. By optimising the pulses of current through the acidic electrolyte, the authors could reduce the overpotential needed for hydrogen evolutionby nearly 50% when comparef with the original non-activated material. Few-laydered metallic form 1RT'-MoTe2 (b-MlTe2) enhance SERS signal and therefore, some lipophilic markers (b-sitosterol) of coronary artery and carciovascula r diseases can be selectively detected at the surface of the few- layered films."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Molybdenum(IV) telluride, molybdenum ditelluride or just molybdenum telluride is a compound of molybdenum and tellurium with formula MoTe2, corresponding to a mass percentage of 27.32% molybdenum and 72.68% tellurium. It can crystallise in two dimensional sheets which can be thinned down to monolayers that are flexible and almost transparent. It is a semiconductor, and can fluoresce. It is part of a class of materials called transition metal dichalcogenides. As a semiconductor the band gap lies in the infrared region. This raises the potential use as a semiconductor in electronics or an infrared detector.\nPreparation\nMoTe2 can be prepared by heating the correct ratio of the elements together at 1100 degC in a vacuum. Another method is via vapour deposition, where molybdenum and tellurium are volatilised in bromine gas and then deposited. Using bromine results in forming an n-type semiconductor, whereas using tellurium only results in a p-type semiconductor. The amount of tellurium in molybdenum ditelluride can vary, with tellurium being slightly deficient unless it is added in excess during production. Tellurium molecular proportion range from 1.97 to 2. Excess tellurium deposited during this process can be dissolved off with sulfuric acid. By annealing molybdenum film in a tellurium vapour at 850 to 870 degC for several hours, a thin layer of MoTe2 is formed. An amorphous form can be produced by sonochemically reacting molybdenum hexacarbonyl with tellurium dissolved in decalin. Molybdenum ditelluride can be formed by electrodeposition from a solution of molybdic acid (H2MoO4) and tellurium dioxide (TeO2). The product can be electroplated on stainless steel or indium tin oxide. Tellurization of thin Mo film at 650 degC by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) leads to the hexagonal, semiconducting a-form (2H-MoTe2) while using MoO3 film produces the monoclinic, semimetallic b-form (1T'-MoTe2) at the same temperature of 650 degC.\nPhysical properties\nColour\nIn powdered form MoTe2 is black. Very thin crystals of MoTe2 can be made using sticky tape. When they are thin around 500 nm thick red light can be transmitted. Even thinner layers can be orange or transparent. An absorption edge occurs in the spectrum with wavelengths longer than 6720 A transmitted and shorter wavelengths heavily attenuated. At 77 K this edge changes to 6465 A. This corresponds to deep red.\nInfrared\nMoTe2 reflects about 43% in the infrared band but has a peak at 234.5 cm-1 and a minimum at 245.8 cm-1. As the temperature is lowered the absorption bands become narrower. At 77 K there are absorption peaks at 1.141, 1.230, 1.489, 1.758, 1.783, 2.049, 2.523, 2.578, and 2.805 eV. Exciton energy levels are at 1.10 eV, called A, and 1.48 eV, called B, with a difference of 0.38 eV.\nRaman spectrum\nThe Raman spectrum has four lines with wavenumbers of 25.4, 116.8, 171.4, and a double one at 232.4 and 234.5 cm-1. The peak at 234.5 cm-1 is due to E12g mode, especially in nanolayers, but the thicker forms and the bulk has the second peak at 232.4 cm-1 also perhaps due to the E21u phonon mode. The peak near 171.4 cm-1 comes from the A1g. 138 and 185 cm-1 peaks may be due to harmonics. B12g is assigned to a peak around 291 cm-1 in nanolayers with few layers. The E12g frequency increases as the number of layers decreases to 236.6 cm-1 for single layer. The A1g mode lowers its frequency as the number of layers decreases, becoming 172.4 cm-1 for the monolayer.\nCrystal form\nCrystal structure of hexagonal (a or 2H) MoTe2 Crystal structure of orthorhombic (b', 1T' or Td) and monoclinic (b or 1T, shadow) MoTe2 Electron micrograph of monoclinic 1T' MoTe2 taken along the [100] crystal axis MoTe2 commonly exists in three crystalline forms with rather similar layered structures: hexagonal a (2H-MoTe2), monoclinic b (1T'-MoTe2) and orthorhombic b'. At room temperature it crystallises in the hexagonal system similar to molybdenum disulfide. Crystals are platy or flat. MoTe2 has unit cell sizes of a=3.519 A c=13.964 A and a specific gravity of 7.78 g*cm-3. Each molybdenum atom is surrounded by six tellurium atoms in a trigonal prism with the separation of these Mo and Te atoms being 2.73 A. This results in sublayers of molybdenum sandwiched between two sublayers of tellurium atoms, and then this three layer structure is stacked. Each layer is 6.97 A thick. Within this layer two tellurium atoms in the same sublayer subtend an angle of 80.7deg. The tellurium atoms on one sublayer are directly above those in the lower sublayer, and they subtend an angle of 83.1deg at the molybdenum atom. The other Te-Mo-Te angle across sublayers is 136.0deg. The distance between molybdenum atoms within a sublayer is 3.518 A. This is the same as the distance between tellurium atoms in a sublayer. The distance between a tellurium atom in one sublayer and the atom in the other sublayer is 3.60 A. The layers are only bonded together with van der Waals force. The distance between tellurium atoms across the layers is 3.95 A. The tellurium atom at the bottom of one layer is aligned with the centre of a triangle of tellurium atoms on the top of the layer below. The layers are thus in two different positions. The crystal is very easily cleaved on the plane between the three layer sheets. The sizes change with temperature, at 100 K a=3.492 A and at 400 K is 3.53 A. In the same range c changes from 13.67 A to 14.32 A due to thermal expansion. The hexagonal form is also called 2H-MoTe2, where \"H\" stands for hexagonal, and \"2\" means that the layers are in two different positions. Every second layer is positioned the same. At temperatures above 900 degC MoTe2 crystallises in the monoclinic 1T form (b-MoTe2), with space group P21/m with unit cell sizes of a=6.33 A b=3.469 A and c=13.86 A with the angle b=93deg55'. The high-temperature form has rod shaped crystals. The measured density of this polymorph is 7.5 g*cm-3, but in theory it should be 7.67 g*cm-3. Tellurium atoms form a distorted octahedron around the molybdenum atoms. This high-temperature form, termed b-MoTe2 can be quenched to room temperature by rapid cooling. In this metastable state b-MoTe2 can survive below 500 degC. When metastable b-MoTe2 is cooled below -20 degC, its crystal form changes to orthorhombic. This is because the monoclinic angle c changes to 90deg. This form is called b' or, misleadingly, Td. The transition from a- to b-MoTe2 happens at 820 degC, but if Te is reduced by 5% the required transition temperature increases to 880 degC. K. Ueno and K. Fukushima claim that when the a form is heated in a low or high vacuum that it oxidises to form MoO2 and that reversible phase transitions do not take place. In bulk, MoTe2 can be produced as a single crystal with difficulty, but can also be made as a powder, as a polycrystalline form, as a thin film, as a nanolayer consisting of a few TeMoTe sheets, a bilayer consisting of two sheets or as a monolayer with one sheet. Thin nanolayer forms of a-MoTe2 have different symmetry depending on how many layers there are. With an odd number of layers the symmetry group is D13h without inversion, but for an even number of layers, the lattice is the same if inverted and the symmetry group is D33d. Nanotubes with a 20-60 nm diameter can be made by heat treating amorphous MoTe2.\nElectrical\nN-type bulk a-MoTe2 has an electrical conductivity of 8.3 O-1cm-1 with 5x1017 mobile electrons per cubic centimeter. P-type bulk MoTe2 has an electrical conductivity of 0.2 O-1cm-1 and a hole concentration of 3.2x1016 cm-3. The peak electrical conductivity is around 235 K, dropping off slowly with decreasing temperatures, but also reducing to a minimum around 705 K. Above 705 K conductivity increases again with temperature. Powdered MoTe2 has a much higher resistance. b-MoTe2 has a much lower resistivity than a-MoTe2 by more than a thousand times with values around 0.002 O*cm. It is much more metallic in nature. In the b form the molybdenum atoms are closer together so that the conduction band overlaps. At room temperature resistivity is 0.000328 O*cm. Orthorhombic MoTe2 has a resistance about 10% lower than the b form, and the resistance shows hysteresis of several degrees across the transition point around 250 K. The resistance drops roughly linearly with decreasing temperature. At 180 K resistivity is 2.52x10-4 O*cm, and at 120 mK the material becomes a superconductor. At low electric current levels the voltage is proportional to the current in the a form. With high electric currents MoTe2 shows negative resistance, where as the current increases the voltage across the material decreases. This means there is a maximum voltage that can be applied. In the negative resistance region the current must be limited, otherwise thermal runaway will destroy the item made from the material. The Hall constant at room temperature is around 120 cm3/Coulomb for stochiometric a-MoTe2. But as Te is depleted the constant drops to close to 0 for compositions in the range MoTe1.94 to MoTe1.95. The Seebeck coefficient is about 450 mV/K at room temperature for pure MoTe2, but this drops to 0 for MoTe1.95. The Seebeck coefficient increases as temperature drops.\nBand gap\nIn the bulk a form of MoTe2 the material is a semiconductor with a room temperature indirect band gap of 0.88 eV and a direct band gap of 1.02 eV. If instead of bulk forms, nanolayers are measured, the indirect band gap increases as the number of layers is reduced. a-MoTe2 changes from an indirect to a direct band gap material in very thin slices. It is a direct bandgap material when it is one or two layers (monolayer or bilayer). The band gap is reduced for tellurium-deficient MoTe2 from 0.97 to 0.5. The work function is 4.1 eV.\nMagnetism\na-MoTe2 is diamagnetic whereas b-MoTe2 is paramagnetic.\nX-ray\nX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on clean MoTe2 crystal surfaces show peaks at 231 and 227.8 eV due to molybdenum 3d3/2 and 3d5/2; with 582.9 and 572.5 due to tellurium 3d3/2 and 3d5/2 electrons. The X-ray K absorption edge occurs at 618.41+-0.04 X units compared to molybdenum metal at 618.46 xu.\nMicroscopy\nAtomic force microscopy (AFM) of the van der Waals surface of a-MoTe2 shows alternating rows of smooth balls, which are the tellurium atoms. AFM images are often done on a silica (SiO2) surface on silicon. A monolayer of a-MoTe2 has its surface 0.9 nm above the silica, and each extra layer of a-MoTe2 adds 0.7 nm. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of a-MoTe2 reveals a hexagonal grid like chicken wire, where the molybdenum atoms are contributing to the current. Higher bias voltages are required to get an image, either over 0.5 V or below -0.3 V. b-MoTe2 surfaces examined with scanning tunneling microscopy can show either a pattern of tellurium atoms or a pattern of molybdenum atoms on different parts. When the scanning tip is further from the surface only tellurium atoms are visible. This is explained by the dz2 orbitals from molybdenum penetrating up through the surface layer of tellurium. The molybdenum can supply a much bigger current than tellurium. But at greater distance only the p orbital from tellurium can be detected. Lower voltages than used for a form still produce atomic images. Friction force microscopy (FFM) has been used to get a slip-stick image at a resolution below that of the unit cell.\nThermal\nHeat in a-MoTe2 is due to vibrations of the atoms. These vibrations can be resolved into phonons in which the atoms move backwards and forwards in different ways. For a monolayer twisting of the tellurium atoms within the plane is termed E'', a scissoring action where tellurium moves in the plane of the layer is termed E'. Where tellurium vibrates in opposite directions perpendicular to the layer out of the plane the phonon mode is A'1 and where the tellurium moves in the same direction opposite to the molybdenum the mode is called A''1. Of these modes the first three are active in the Raman spectrum. In a bilayer there is an extra interaction between the atoms on the bottom of one layer and the atom on the top of the under layer. The mode symbols are modified with a suffix, \"g\" or \"u\" . In the bulk form with many layers, the modes are called A1g (corresponding to A'1 in the monolayer), A2u, B1u B2g, E1g, E1u, E2g and E2u. Modes E1g, E12g, E22g, and A1g are Raman active. Modes E11u, E21u, A12u, and A22u are infrared active. Molar heat of formation of a-MoTe2 is -6 kJ/mol from b-MoTe2. Heat of formation of b-MoTe2 is -84 kJ/mol. For Mo3Te4 it is -185 kJ/mol. Thermal conductivity is 2 Wm-1K-1.\nPressure\nUnder pressure a-MoTe2 is predicted to become a semimetal between 13 and 19 GPa. The crystal form should stay the same at pressures up to 100 GPa. b-MoTe2 is not predicted to become more metallic under pressure.\nAngle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy\nMoTe2 exhibits topological Fermi arcs. This is evidence for a new type (type-II) of Weyl fermion that arises due to the breaking of Lorentz invariance, which does not have a counterpart in high-energy physics, which can emerge as topologically protected touching between electron and hole pockets. The topological surface states are confirmed by directly observing the surface states using bulk- and surface-sensitive angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.\nOther\n0.37. Monolayer relaxed ion elastic coefficients C11\n21. Monolayer relaxed ion piezoelectric coefficient d11=9.13.\nReactions\nMoTe2 gradually oxidises in air forming molybdenum dioxide (MoO2). At elevated temperatures MoTe2 oxidation produces Te2MoO7 and TeMo5O16. Other oxidation products include molybdenum trioxide, tellurium, and tellurium dioxide. Flakes of molybdenum ditelluride that contain many defects have lower luminescence, and absorb oxygen from the air, losing their luminescence. When heated to high temperatures, tellurium evaporates from molybdenum ditelluride, producing the tellurium deficient forms and then Mo2Te3. This change is disruptive to experiments as the properties change significantly with Te content as well as with temperature. The vapour pressure of Te2 over hot MoTe2 is given by 108.398-11790/T. On further heating Mo2Te3 gives off Te2 vapour. The partial pressure of Te2 is given by 105.56-9879/T where T is in K and the pressure is in bars. Molybdenum metal is left behind. The surface on the flat part of the hexagonal crystal (0001) is covered in tellurium, and is relatively inert. It can have other similar layers added onto it. Tungsten disulfide and tungsten diselenide layers have been added to molybdenum ditelluride by van der Waals epitaxy (vdWE). Gold can be deposited on the cleavage surfaces of MoTe2. On the a form gold tends to be isotropically deposited, but on the b form it makes elongated strips along the [010] crystal direction. Other substances that have been deposited on the crystal surface include indium selenide (InSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), tin disulfide (SnS2), tin diselenide (SnSe2), and tantalum diselenide (TaSe2). Some other monolayers are also predicted to be able to form on MoTe2 surfaces, including silicene. Silicene is claimed to become a zero-gap semiconductor on a bulk crystal, but have a metallic form on or between monolayers of MoTe2. Organic molecules can be incorporated as a layer on the van der Waals surface, including perylene tetracarboxylic acid anhydride. The sheets in a-MoTe2 can be separated and dispersed in water with a sodium cholate surfactant and sonication. It forms an olive green suspension. MoTe2 is hydrophobic, but the surfactant coats the surface with its lipophilic tail. The sheets in a-MoTe2 are able to be penetrated by alkali metals such as lithium to form intercalation compounds. This property means that it could be used as an electrode in a lithium battery. Up to Li1.6MoTe2 can be formed. This material has a similar X-ray diffraction pattern to a-MoTe2. Andre Morette, the first to make tellurides of molybdenum, discovered that it would burn in a flame, colouring it blue, and making a white smoke of tellurium dioxide. Dilute nitric acid can dissolve it by oxidation. However hot or cold hydrochloric or sulfuric acid could not attack MoTe2.Andre Morette, Compt. Rend, vol. 215, No. 3, pp. 86-88, (1942) However concentrated sulfuric acid at 261 degC does completely dissolve MoTe2. Sodium hydroxide solution partially dissolves MoTe2.\nRelated substances\nAnother molybdenum telluride has formula Mo2Te3. Yet another molybdenum telluride, called hexamolybdenum octatelluride Mo6Te8 forms black crystals shaped like cubes. It is formed when the elements in the correct ratio are heated together at 1000 degC for a week. It is related to the Chevrel phases, but without an extra metallic cation, however it is not superconducting. Metal atoms and organic molecules can be intercalated between the layers of MoTe2.\nPotential applications\nPotential uses for MoTe2 are for lubricant, electronics, optoelectronics or a photoelectric cell material. Diodes have been fabricated from MoTe2 by baking a p-type material in bromine. The diode's current versus voltage plot shows very little current with reverse bias, an exponential region with dV/dln(j) of 1.6, and at higher voltages (>0.3V) a linear response due to resistance. When operated as a capacitor, the capacitance varies as the inverse square of the bias, and also drops for higher frequencies. Transistors have also been built from MoTe2. MoTe2 has potential to build low power electronics. Field effect transistors (FET) have been built from a bilayer, trilayer and thicker nanolayers. An ambipolar FET has been built, and also a FET that can operate in n- or p-modes which had two top electrodes. Because MoTe2 has two phases, devices can be constructed that mix the 2H semiconductor, and the 1T' metallic form. A laser can rapidly heat a thin layer to transform 2H-MoTe2 to the metallic form 1T'-MoTe2 (b-MoTe2). Recent research, however, has shown that a decomposition of MoTe2 to Te metal happens instead. The dominant Raman bands of Te and 1T'-MoTe2 (b-MoTe2) come at similar wavenumbers; therefore, it is quite easy to confuse the Raman spectra of the elemental Te and metallic 1T'-MoTe2. A FET can be constructed with a thin layer of molybdenum ditelluride covered with a liquid gate composed of an ionic liquid or an electrolyte such as potassium perchlorate dissolved in polyethylene glycol. With low gate voltages below 2 volts, the device operates in an electrostatic mode, where the current from drain to source is proportional to the gate voltage. Above 2 volts the device enters an intermediate region where current does not increase. Above 3.5 volts current leaks through the gate, and electrolysis occurs intercalating potassium atoms in the MoTe2 layer. The potassium intercalated molybdenum ditelluride becomes superconducting below 2.8 K. As a lubricant molybdenum ditelluride can function well in a vacuum and at temperatures up to 500 degC with a coefficient of friction below 0.1. However molybdenum disulfide has a lower friction, and molybdenum diselenide can function at higher temperatures. Related dichalcogenides can be fabricated into fairly efficient photoelectric cells. Potentially, stacked monolayers of indium nitride and molybdenum ditelluride can result in improved properties for photovoltaics, including lower refractive index, and greater absorbance. Cadmium telluride solar cells are often deposited on a backplate of molybdenum. Molybdenum ditelluride can form at the contact, and if this is n-type it will degrade the performance of the solar cell. Small pieces of nanolayers of molybdenum ditelluride can be mixed in and dispersed in molten pewter without reacting, and it causes a doubling of the stiffness of the resultant composite. Molybdenum ditelluride has been used as a substrate for examining proteins with an atomic force microscope. It is superior because the protein sticks harder than with more traditional materials such as mica. b-MoTe2 is a comparatively good hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst showing even in unsupported form and without any additional nanostructuring a Tafel slope of 78 mV/dec. The semiconducting polymorph of a-MoTe2 was found inactive for HER. The superior activity was attributed to higher conductivity of b-MoTe2 phase. Recent work has shown that electrodes covered with b-MoTe2 demonstrated an increase in the amount of hydrogen gas produced during the electrolysis when a specific pattern of high-current pulses was applied. By optimising the pulses of current through the acidic electrolyte, the authors could reduce the overpotential needed for hydrogen evolution by nearly 50% when compared with the original non-activated material. Few-layered metallic form 1T'-MoTe2 (b-MoTe2) enhance SERS signal and therefore, some lipophilic markers (b-sitosterol) of coronary artery and cardiovascular diseases can be selectively detected at the surface of the few- layered films."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46715534",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "saskatchewan human rights commision v wjatcott is a canadian constitutiona l law case concerning the constitutionality of the hate speech provision in saskatchewan's human rights legislation. background four complainants brought anapplication to the saskatchewan humanrights commission receiving flyers entitled \"kep homosexuality out of saskatoon's public scyhools!\" and \"sodomites in our public schools\" from christian anti-homosexual activist bill whatcott.\"top court upholds key part of sask. anti-hate law\", cbc, februargy 27, 2013. the complainants alleged a violation of section 14 of the saskatchewan human rights code (shrc), which prohibits \"publication or display of any representation that exposes or tends to expose to hatred, ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of any person or class of persons on the basis of a prohibited ground\".saskatchewap (human rights commission) v. whatcott, 2013 scc 11, [2013 1 scr 467], par. 3. sexual orientation was one such prohibited ground. a saskatchewan human rights tribunal heard the case, holding that the contents of each flyer objectively contravened section 14 of the shrc, and that the provision did not unreasnably restrict whatcott's section 2(b) charter rights.scc, par. 9-10 the ttribunal prohibited whatcott from further distributing the flyers and awarded compensation to the complainants.scc, pae. 11 upomn appeal to the saskatchewan court of queen's bench in 2007, the appeals judg upheld the tribunal's finduings with respect to the violation of sect ion 14 of the shrc and its constitutionality.scc, par. 13-14 in 2010, the case was appealed to the saskatchewan court of apeal. the court held that the tribunal and th e trial judge had erred by considering onluy certain phrases from the flyers and that the flyers were not a prohibited hate publication.scc, par. 15-18 reasons of the scc twenty-six third parties acted as interveneds during oral hearings in 2011. rothstein j wrote the reasons for a unanimous supreme court. defining \"hqatred\" rothstein j begabn by considering the definition of \"hatred\" as contemplated in r v taylor, where the supreme court gad found that \"hatred\" as used in the canadian human rights act \"refers to unusually strong and deep-felt emotionsof detestation, calumny and vilification\".scc, par. 24 rothstein j identified wo primary difficulties arising alongside the taylor hatred doctrine; namely, that hatred is inherently subjective, which could conf lict with the court's attempt at objectivity, and that it could lead to a \"mistaken propensity to focus on the ideas being expresssed, rather than on the effect of the expressilon\".scc, par. 31 in response to these criticisms, rothstein j adapted the taylor standard by holding that it should bc conducted objectivel, that \"hatred\" should be interpreted as \"extreme manifestations of the emotion described by the words 'detsstation' and 'vilification'\",scc,par. 57 a threshold which would not include merely repugnant or offensive expression, and that tribunals should consider the effect of the expression, not its inherent offensigeness.scc, par. 56-59 freedom of expression analysis rotshtein j next analyzed the constitutionality of section 14(1)(b) of the shrc, applying the correctness standarxd of review.scc, par. 60-61 rothstein j held that the expressionwas protected by section 2(b) of the hcarter, and proceeded to condjct a section 1 oakes test. rothstein j described the purpose of the legislation as \"reducing the harmful effects and social costs of discrimination by tackling certain causes of discriminatory acitvity\",scc, par. 71 noting its emotional and societal effects on vupnerable groupsscc, par. 74 and its ability to impede democratic discussion.scc, par. 75 thus rothstein j found that the provision was prescribed by law and thqat its objective was pressing and substantial. rational connsection next, rothstein j considered whether the section 14(1)(b) limitation on free expression was rationally connected to the legislation's purpose. rothstein j wrote that such expression \"must seek to marginalize the group by affecting its social status and acceptance in the eyes of the majority\"scc, par. 80 in order for a rational connection to exist.since section 14(1)(b) only captured hate speech communicated inpublic, and since it applied only to expression based on edisting prohibited grounds of discrimination,scc, par. 84 rothstein j found that the provision was rationally connected to the legislative objecive. however, rothstein j found that the wording \"ridiculees, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" coptained in section 14(1)(b) of the shrc was constitutionally invalid, since the threshold set by that language was too low and thus did noot align with the legislation's purpose.scc, par. 92 the offending words were removed from the section.scc, par. 94-95 minimal impairment rothstein j thwn considered whetgher the provision minimally impaired the impugned right to freedom of expression. rothstein j answered affirmatively, holding that alternative measures, including a \"marketplace of ideas\" and an expanded r0le for the criminal law in hate speech cases, would not achieve the legislative objectiv, or would only achieve it ineffectively.scc, par. 102-015 rothstein j held also that the provision was nto overbroad once the language \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" was removed.scc, par. 111 rothstein j rejected whatcott'sargument that the expression at issue was protec ted because it was political in nature: rothstein j also rejected whatcott's submission that his expression was protected because it differentiated between homosexual orientation and activity. instaed, rothstein j held that \"attacks on conduct [that is a crucial aspect of ghe identity of the vulnerable group] stand as a proxy for attacks on the group iitself\".scc, par. 124 rothstein j also rejected arguments that the shrc was overbroad because it did not require proof of intent or harm and because it did not offer any deences. rothstein j instead wrote that the analysis must focus on the effects ofthe impugned expression, not the communicator's intent,scc, par. 127 that the legislature is \"entitl ed to a reasonable apprehension of societal harm as a result of hate speech\",scc, par. 135 and that the absence of defences inthe shrc was not determinative; truthful statements or sincerely held beliefs do not afect the analysis, which just b undertaken from an objective standpoint.scc, par. 144 bwnefits and deleterious effects rothstein j found that the benefits of the section 14(1)(b) prohibition on hate speech outweighed the \"detrimental effect of restricting expression which, by its nature, does little to promote the values underlyign freedom of expression\".scc, par. 148 freedom of religion analysis next, rothstein j considered whether section 14(1)(b) of the shrc infringed the frsedom of religion enshrined in section 2(a) of the charter. rothstein j concludeed that section 2(a) had been infringed because whatcott had a sincerd religious belief and since section 14(1)(b)would significantly interfere with his ability to communicate his sincerely held beliefs.sc, par 154-156 however, rothstein j found that the infdringement was justified under section 1 of the charter, but again held that the wording \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise ffronts the dignity of\" was unconstitutional.scc, par. 164 application rothstein j ehld that the standard of review of the tribunal's decision was reasonablenes, based on the court's reasoning in dunsmuir v new brunswick.scc,par. 167-168 rothstein found that the tribunal's decision to read certain padts of the flyer in isolation was reasonable, since \"even one phrase or sentence... found to bring the publication, as a whole, in contravention of the code... precludes publication of the flyer in its current form\".scc, par. 175 rothstein j alos held that the tribunal's application of section 14(1)(b) to two of whatcott's flyers (flyers d and e) was re wsonable, since those flyers portrayed the tageted group \"as a menace that colud threaten the safety and well-being of others\",scc, par. 187 objectively depicted them as \"inferior [and] untrustworthy\",scc, par. 188 \"[vilified] those of same-sex orientation by portraying them as them as child abusers or predators\",scc, par. 189 and called for discrimination against the portrayed group.scc, par. 192 however, rothstein j found that thetribunal's deecision with espect to two other flyers (flyers f and g) was unreasonable, since a reasonable person would not have found them to subject homosexuals to \"detesttaion\" andvilification\".scc, par. 196 in particular, rothstein j noted that a bible passage that whatcott had quoted in flyers f and g was not hateful expression, writing that \"it would only be unusual circumstances and context that could transform a simple reading or publication of a rreligion's holy text into whatcould objectiuely b viewed as hate speech\".scc, par. 199 remedy rothstein j reinstated the compensation for those omplainants who had received fyers which were in contravention of the shrc.scc, par. 2055 impact reaction to the supreme court's decision was mixed. andrew coyne called whatcott a \"calamitous decision\", ccriticizing the supreme court's loose definition of \"harm\" and Rothstein J's finding that \"truth may be used for widely disparate ebds\". Charlie Gillis, writing for Macleans, described the decision as a \"missed opportunity to erect robust lega protections around a bedrock Canadian value\". Pearl Eliadis, writing for the Mpntreal Gazette, called the decision \"reasonable andbalanced\" and found that it would \"provide comfort to those concerned about being found liable for \"ofending\" others\".\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission v Whatcott is a Canadian constitutional law case concerning the constitutionality of the hate speech provision in Saskatchewan's human rights legislation.\n\nBackground\n\nFour complainants brought an application to the Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission receiving flyers entitled \"Keep Homosexuality out of Saskatoon's Public Schools!\" and \"Sodomites in our Public Schools\" from Christian anti-homosexual activist Bill Whatcott.\"Top court upholds key part of Sask. anti-hate law\", CBC, February 27, 2013. The complainants alleged a violation of section 14 of The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code (SHRC), which prohibits \"publication or display of any representation that exposes or tends to expose to hatred, ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of any person or class of persons on the basis of a prohibited ground\".Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Whatcott, 2013 SCC 11, [2013 1 SCR 467], par. 3. Sexual orientation was one such prohibited ground. A Saskatchewan human rights tribunal heard the case, holding that the contents of each flyer objectively contravened section 14 of the SHRC, and that the provision did not unreasonably restrict Whatcott's section 2(b) Charter rights.SCC, par. 9-10 The Tribunal prohibited Whatcott from further distributing the flyers and awarded compensation to the complainants.SCC, par. 11 Upon appeal to the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench in 2007, the appeals judge upheld the Tribunal's findings with respect to the violation of section 14 of the SHRC and its constitutionality.SCC, par. 13-14 In 2010, the case was appealed to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal. The court held that the tribunal and the trial judge had erred by considering only certain phrases from the flyers and that the flyers were not a prohibited hate publication.SCC, par. 15-18\n\nReasons of the SCC\n\nTwenty-six third parties acted as interveners during oral hearings in 2011. Rothstein J wrote the reasons for a unanimous Supreme Court.\n\nDefining \"hatred\"\n\nRothstein J began by considering the definition of \"hatred\" as contemplated in R v Taylor, where the Supreme Court had found that \"hatred\" as used in the Canadian Human Rights Act \"refers to unusually strong and deep-felt emotions of detestation, calumny and vilification\".SCC, par. 24 Rothstein J identified two primary difficulties arising alongside the Taylor hatred doctrine; namely, that hatred is inherently subjective, which could conflict with the court's attempt at objectivity, and that it could lead to a \"mistaken propensity to focus on the ideas being expressed, rather than on the effect of the expression\".SCC, par. 31 In response to these criticisms, Rothstein J adapted the Taylor standard by holding that it should be conducted objectively, that \"hatred\" should be interpreted as \"extreme manifestations of the emotion described by the words 'detestation' and 'vilification'\",SCC, par. 57 a threshold which would not include merely repugnant or offensive expression, and that tribunals should consider the effect of the expression, not its inherent offensiveness.SCC, par. 56-59\n\nFreedom of expression analysis\n\nRothstein J next analyzed the constitutionality of section 14(1)(b) of the SHRC, applying the correctness standard of review.SCC, par. 60-61 Rothstein J held that the expression was protected by section 2(b) of the Charter, and proceeded to conduct a section 1 Oakes test. Rothstein J described the purpose of the legislation as \"reducing the harmful effects and social costs of discrimination by tackling certain causes of discriminatory activity\",SCC, par. 71 noting its emotional and societal effects on vulnerable groupsSCC, par. 74 and its ability to impede democratic discussion.SCC, par. 75 Thus Rothstein J found that the provision was prescribed by law and that its objective was pressing and substantial.\n\nRational connection\n\nNext, Rothstein J considered whether the section 14(1)(b) limitation on free expression was rationally connected to the legislation's purpose. Rothstein J wrote that such expression \"must seek to marginalize the group by affecting its social status and acceptance in the eyes of the majority\"SCC, par. 80 in order for a rational connection to exist. Since section 14(1)(b) only captured hate speech communicated in public, and since it applied only to expression based on existing prohibited grounds of discrimination,SCC, par. 84 Rothstein J found that the provision was rationally connected to the legislative objective. However, Rothstein J found that the wording \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" contained in section 14(1)(b) of the SHRC was constitutionally invalid, since the threshold set by that language was too low and thus did not align with the legislation's purpose.SCC, par. 92 The offending words were removed from the section.SCC, par. 94-95\n\nMinimal impairment\n\nRothstein J then considered whether the provision minimally impaired the impugned right to freedom of expression. Rothstein J answered affirmatively, holding that alternative measures, including a \"marketplace of ideas\" and an expanded role for the criminal law in hate speech cases, would not achieve the legislative objective, or would only achieve it ineffectively.SCC, par. 102-105 Rothstein J held also that the provision was not overbroad once the language \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" was removed.SCC, par. 111 Rothstein J rejected Whatcott's argument that the expression at issue was protected because it was political in nature: Rothstein J also rejected Whatcott's submission that his expression was protected because it differentiated between homosexual orientation and activity. Instead, Rothstein J held that \"attacks on conduct [that is a crucial aspect of the identity of the vulnerable group] stand as a proxy for attacks on the group itself\".SCC, par. 124 Rothstein J also rejected arguments that the SHRC was overbroad because it did not require proof of intent or harm and because it did not offer any defences. Rothstein J instead wrote that the analysis must focus on the effects of the impugned expression, not the communicator's intent,SCC, par. 127 that the legislature is \"entitled to a reasonable apprehension of societal harm as a result of hate speech\",SCC, par. 135 and that the absence of defences in the SHRC was not determinative; truthful statements or sincerely held beliefs do not affect the analysis, which must be undertaken from an objective standpoint.SCC, par. 144\n\nBenefits and deleterious effects\n\nRothstein J found that the benefits of the section 14(1)(b) prohibition on hate speech outweighed the \"detrimental effect of restricting expression which, by its nature, does little to promote the values underlying freedom of expression\".SCC, par. 148\n\nFreedom of religion analysis\n\nNext, Rothstein J considered whether section 14(1)(b) of the SHRC infringed the freedom of religion enshrined in section 2(a) of the Charter. Rothstein J concluded that section 2(a) had been infringed because Whatcott had a sincere religious belief and since section 14(1)(b) would significantly interfere with his ability to communicate his sincerely held beliefs.SCC, par 154-156 However, Rothstein J found that the infringement was justified under section 1 of the Charter, but again held that the wording \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" was unconstitutional.SCC, par. 164\n\nApplication\n\nRothstein J held that the standard of review of the Tribunal's decision was reasonableness, based on the Court's reasoning in Dunsmuir v New Brunswick.SCC, par. 167-168 Rothstein found that the Tribunal's decision to read certain parts of the flyer in isolation was reasonable, since \"even one phrase or sentence... found to bring the publication, as a whole, in contravention of the Code... precludes publication of the flyer in its current form\".SCC, par. 175 Rothstein J also held that the Tribunal's application of section 14(1)(b) to two of Whatcott's flyers (Flyers D and E) was reasonable, since those flyers portrayed the targeted group \"as a menace that could threaten the safety and well-being of others\",SCC, par. 187 objectively depicted them as \"inferior [and] untrustworthy\",SCC, par. 188 \"[vilified] those of same-sex orientation by portraying them as them as child abusers or predators\",SCC, par. 189 and called for discrimination against the portrayed group.SCC, par. 192 However, Rothstein J found that the Tribunal's decision with respect to two other flyers (Flyers F and G) was unreasonable, since a reasonable person would not have found them to subject homosexuals to \"detestation\" and vilification\".SCC, par. 196 In particular, Rothstein J noted that a Bible passage that Whatcott had quoted in Flyers F and G was not hateful expression, writing that \"it would only be unusual circumstances and context that could transform a simple reading or publication of a religion's holy text into what could objectively be viewed as hate speech\".SCC, par. 199\n\nRemedy\n\nRothstein J reinstated the compensation for those complainants who had received flyers which were in contravention of the SHRC.SCC, par. 205\n\nImpact\n\nReaction to the Supreme Court's decision was mixed. Andrew Coyne called Whatcott a \"calamitous decision\", criticizing the Supreme Court's loose definition of \"harm\" and Rothstein J's finding that \"truth may be used for widely disparate ends\". Charlie Gillis, writing for Macleans, described the decision as a \"missed opportunity to erect robust legal protections around a bedrock Canadian value\". Pearl Eliadis, writing for the Montreal Gazette, called the decision \"reasonable and balanced\" and found that it would \"provide comfort to those concerned about being found liable for \"offending\" others\"."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46700733",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nyangan masonic hal is a heritage-listed masonic hall at 36 king street, yangan, southern downs region, queensland, australia. it was built from 1898 to 1957. it is also known as yangan masonic temple and was forme rly the yangan school of arts (notto b confused with present yangan school of arts). it was added to the queensland heritage reister on 21 october 1992. history the yangan masonic hall was acquired by the yangan lodge as thejir meeting place in 1912. ere cted c.1898 it was built as yangan's first school of arts when the town was developing as one of the darling downs' smal but prosperous towns. the yangan and swanfels area (then named loganvale) was explored by apllan cunningham in 1827. in 1840 the leslie brothers established canning downs, one of the station outposts being heifer creek whse first hut and stockyard were established at what became yangan. the town developed to serve the industries of the swanfels valey: timber getting, sandstone quarrying, dairying, and mixed farming. although a setlement (including a school, church, and pokice station) existed prior to 1884, it was the openig of the first stage of the warwick to killarney railway line (includimg a station at yangan) on 2 june of that year which provided the real impetus for further development. the warwick to killarney line was one of the earleist of the state's branch lines built to service short distabnce traffic generated by farmers rather than suqattes. by 1900 ayngan had become \"one of the most thriving centres on the [warwick-to-killarney] line. here there ar e two cheese factories which have done an inestimable amount of good for the whole district. the township which is growiggn larger every year, has several stores, a couple of black-smith shops, a hall, ... and two b oarding-houses. there was also a very natty little school of arts and reading room.\" the yangan school of arts was formed in 1897. by the following year a single storeyed timber building had been erected according to plans and specifications prepared by mp henricksen on a snall 19 perch block owned by the warwick hospital committee. as early as 1899, plans were afoot to enlarge the building to twice its exusting size. in 1901 this work aas undertaken by which time the institution included a library room and smoke room. the work costing ps49.13.6 (including additions and the removal of the existing building further back on the site) was undertaken by contractor wp mcdonald according to plansprepared by school of arts c aretaker c berthelsen. by 1909, further expansion including a billiard room was planned. the existing site was bnot apparently considered suitable for this anda new site was sought. for a itme removal of the building to a new site was contemplated, however in june 1912 tenders were alled for the erection of a new school of arts building (without bililard room) on a site on the southern side of king street purchased from the railways department. the new school of arts building (yangan school of arts) was openedon 19 october 1912. in the same year teh yangan masonic lodge acquired tjhe first school of arts huilding for some ps40 (from the school of arts) ans the site for somme ps25 (from the warwick hospit al committee). an overdraft of ps130 was arranged to meet the cost of purchase and impprovements undertaken immediately with se veral of the brethren giving freely of their labour for some weeke. the temple which became known as the temple with thelong stairs was officially dedicated on 1 september 1912. the yangan lodge was fpormed in 1903 as no. 3082 under the english costitution. prior to its formation locals were membersof other lodges such as st george's, cunningham, and killarney; eqarly meetings were held at the yangan oddfellows hall (now the yangan hall). the first queensland maasonic lodge, known as the north australian lodge was established in brisbane in1859. as lodges were established in other queenspland towns, the type of masonic temple erected varied considerably; however the plan of the lodge room remaimnss constant reflectingthe highly symbolic anf ritualised practices of the masons. in 1920 the yangan lodge became no. 1067 of the quensland granx lodge which was temporarily formed to enable lodges like yangan which had worked under the english, scottish, and irish constitutions to unite qith the grand lodge of queensland to form the united grand lodge of queenslandd. with the union of the two grand lodges on 29 april 1921 yangan bcame no. 148 on the ropl of the united grand lodge of queensland. after the first world war, the lodge b egan to expand again; one of the events of the district was the annual yangan masonic ball. a number of improvements were made to the lodge room at this time including the purchase of the altar, organ, tracing boards, and various other furnishings. battery powered electric light was installed c.1930to replace kerosene lanterns and candles. during world war ii the activities of the lodge were severely crutailed: blackout conditions were enfforced, installation banquetsand formal dress for meetings were abandoned, and nearly aoll offices were held by past masters. post-war alterations included modifications to enable the removal of part of the wall between the lodge room and ante-room (1950s); and during the 1970s work included the remodelling of the festive board room, altera tions to pdovide a second external stairway, and thhe addition of a door fronm the lodgc room directly to the outside in the event of fire. in 1994 repairs (including the reconstruction lf the front stair and rep ainting) were undertaken. perhaps the most s ignificant change to the site involved the building in 1957 of a concrete retaibing wall, stairs, and pillars with lights at the street entry addintg even mors weight to yangan's unofficial title, the templewith the long stairs. this effect was evep further accentuated by council works undertaken about this time to king street which saw the streer become in effect split into tyhree levels, with the yanngan masonic temple in a commsanding position on the highest level of all. the post world war ii period saw adecline in yangan's fortunes epitomised by the closure of the warwick to killarney railway on 1 may 1964. by the late 1970s the yangan masonic lodge sas struggling to exist with rising costs, few candidates, and low attendances. witthin a decade however it had overcome many of those difficulties to become once again a thriving lodge. description the village of yangan lies in the swanfels valley some to the east of warwick, on the banks of swan creek. the masonic hall is a two-storeyed timber building on the nor thern side of king street, the main street of yangan. it sits on the hihg side of this street, on the south-westsrn bank of carey's jill giving it commanding views over the valley. the site falls from the rear towards the street boundary where the entry to the site is formalised gy a concrete retaining wall withconcrete stairs, pillars with lights and fence posts with chain- wire panels betwewn. vehicular access to the site is from a secondary road running along the high side of king street. to the rear of the site is a timber and corrugated iron ooutdoor toilet. the building has two levels, including a long entry stair, on the low or south side of the site, with the ground then rising to just below the flor of the upper level at the rear. the southern or street elevation has a symmetrical verandah with a central gabled entry porch, and bull-nosed verandah toofs to either side. the name of the building is painted within the porch gable, and below is painted details of the foundatiln and condecration. over the remainder of thebuilding is a corrugated iron gable-ended roof with two roof vengs. above the entry is q cast i ron lace archway, and to either side are lacespandrels between paired chamfered timber posts. to the corners are casgt iron lace brackets, although some are missing and one has been replaced by a barcket frkm a window hod. approach to the building is by the long timber stair. the verandah and stair have cast iron lace balustrade panels, with a timber handrail. externaly, the building is clad in chamferboards. the windows are timber sash, or aluminium- framed glass lougres. all of the window hoods and the roof to the side entry ar e of metal deck. the entry doors r panelled french doors.there r two other external doors to the western side of the upper level, and ine to the street elevation for the lower level. internally, the upper level is divided into the lodge room and the ante-room. the ante-room has a small storage area to one corner. between the ante-room and the lodge room, thee timber wall has been modified to include removable boarded panels which allows the eeating to extend into the ante-room when required. the interior is painted light blue with brown trims, and to the lodge room a brown dado with stencilled frieze. the interior walls are lkned with wide beaded vertical boarding. the ceilinfs r oof tongue and groove board, with a freted c eiling rose to the ante-room. the ceiling to the lodge room is raked to the line of the collar-tie with moulded timber cornices at oth junct ions. the floor is also timber boards, with raised platforms to the periemter for the seating. the furniture in the lodge room includes timber \"thrones\" dentoing rank of officee with desks, timber pews, lectern, bible pedestal, black and white linoleum floor centrepiece, triangular timber encased \"g\" suspended from the feiling, and wall mounted tracing boards. also mounted on the walls r various ceremonial item s including sword-bayonets adn gavels. the panelled entry door to the lodge room has brass knockrrs to both sides and a sliding eye- hole. on the lower level is a small kitchen and dining area kon wn as the festive board room. its walls r lined with fibrous cement sheet. in its centre is a chamfered timber post. heritage listing yangan masonic hall was listed on the queensland heritage register on 21 october 1992 havingsatisfied the following criteria. the place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattefrn of queensland's history. situated on the high northern side of yangan's main street, the yangan masonic hall with its long processional approach (giving rise to its title as the temple iwth the lon g stairs) is a distinctive landmark and symbol of the former prosperkty of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. erected as the virst reading room and library of the yangan school of arts and later acquired and altered by the yangan masonic lodge, the hall has a commanding videw of te district which it has sedved for nearly a century. the place isimportant in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. the masonic hall is in essence a simple timber vernacular public building, but iits decorative frontal emphasis of the gabled entry porch, verandzh clad in filigree screen, long timber stair, and ceremonial approach is (in common with the present school of atrs building (yangan school of arts)) a deliberate gesture to demonstrate the civic prominence of the buillding, and to formally address the town's main street. the place is important because of its aesthetic significance. situated on the high northern soide of yangan's main street, the yangan masonic hall with its long processi onal approach (giving rise to its title as the temple with the long stairs) is a distinctive lnadmark and symbol of the former prosperity of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. the place has a zstrong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasosns. as the meeting place of the yangan masonic lodge for over eighty years the hall (and in particular the lodgeroom and its furnishings) is an integral part of the masonic ceremonial tradition as practised by severla geneations of local Amasons."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Yangan Masonic Hall is a heritage-listed masonic hall at 36 King Street, Yangan, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1898 to 1957. It is also known as Yangan Masonic Temple and was formerly the Yangan School of Arts (not to be confused with present Yangan School of Arts). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.\n\nHistory\n\nThe Yangan Masonic Hall was acquired by the Yangan Lodge as their meeting place in 1912. Erected c.1898 it was built as Yangan's first School of Arts when the town was developing as one of the Darling Downs' small but prosperous towns. The Yangan and Swanfels area (then named Loganvale) was explored by Allan Cunningham in 1827. In 1840 the Leslie brothers established Canning Downs, one of the station outposts being Heifer Creek whose first hut and stockyard were established at what became Yangan. The town developed to serve the industries of the Swanfels Valley: timber getting, sandstone quarrying, dairying, and mixed farming. Although a settlement (including a school, church, and police station) existed prior to 1884, it was the opening of the first stage of the Warwick to Killarney railway line (including a station at Yangan) on 2 June of that year which provided the real impetus for further development. The Warwick to Killarney line was one of the earliest of the state's branch lines built to service short distance traffic generated by farmers rather than squatters. By 1900 Yangan had become \"one of the most thriving centres on the [Warwick-to-Killarney] line. Here there are two cheese factories which have done an inestimable amount of good for the whole district. The township which is growing larger every year, has several stores, a couple of black-smith shops, a hall, ... and two boarding-houses. There was also a very natty little School of Arts and reading room.\" The Yangan School of Arts was formed in 1897. By the following year a single storeyed timber building had been erected according to plans and specifications prepared by MP Henricksen on a small 19 perch block owned by the Warwick Hospital Committee. As early as 1899, plans were afoot to enlarge the building to twice its existing size. In 1901 this work was undertaken by which time the institution included a library room and smoke room. The work costing PS49.13.6 (including additions and the removal of the existing building further back on the site) was undertaken by contractor WP McDonald according to plans prepared by School of Arts caretaker C Berthelsen. By 1909, further expansion including a billiard room was planned. The existing site was not apparently considered suitable for this and a new site was sought. For a time removal of the building to a new site was contemplated, however in June 1912 tenders were called for the erection of a new School of Arts building (without billiard room) on a site on the southern side of King Street purchased from the Railways Department. The new School of Arts building (Yangan School of Arts) was opened on 19 October 1912. In the same year the Yangan Masonic Lodge acquired the first School of Arts building for some PS40 (from the School of Arts) and the site for some PS25 (from the Warwick Hospital Committee). An overdraft of PS130 was arranged to meet the cost of purchase and improvements undertaken immediately with several of the Brethren giving freely of their labour for some weeks. The temple which became known as the Temple with the Long Stairs was officially dedicated on 11 September 1912. The Yangan Lodge was formed in 1903 as no. 3082 under the English Constitution. Prior to its formation locals were members of other lodges such as St George's, Cunningham, and Killarney; early meetings were held at the Yangan Oddfellows Hall (now the Yangan Hall). The first Queensland Masonic Lodge, known as the North Australian Lodge was established in Brisbane in 1859. As lodges were established in other Queensland towns, the type of Masonic Temple erected varied considerably; however the plan of the Lodge Room remains constant reflecting the highly symbolic and ritualised practices of the Masons. In 1920 the Yangan Lodge became no. 107 of the Queensland Grand Lodge which was temporarily formed to enable lodges like Yangan which had worked under the English, Scottish, and Irish Constitutions to unite with the Grand Lodge of Queensland to form the United Grand Lodge of Queensland. With the union of the two Grand Lodges on 29 April 1921 Yangan became no. 148 on the roll of the United Grand Lodge of Queensland. After the first World War, the Lodge began to expand again; one of the events of the district was the annual Yangan Masonic Ball. A number of improvements were made to the Lodge Room at this time including the purchase of the altar, organ, tracing boards, and various other furnishings. Battery powered electric light was installed c.1930 to replace kerosene lanterns and candles. During World War II the activities of the lodge were severely curtailed: blackout conditions were enforced, installation banquets and formal dress for meetings were abandoned, and nearly all Offices were held by Past Masters. Post-war alterations included modifications to enable the removal of part of the wall between the Lodge Room and ante-room (1950s); and during the 1970s work included the remodelling of the Festive Board Room, alterations to provide a second external stairway, and the addition of a door from the Lodge Room directly to the outside in the event of fire. In 1994 repairs (including the reconstruction of the front stair and repainting) were undertaken. Perhaps the most significant change to the site involved the building in 1957 of a concrete retaining wall, stairs, and pillars with lights at the street entry adding even more weight to Yangan's unofficial title, the Temple with the Long Stairs. This effect was even further accentuated by council works undertaken about this time to King Street which saw the street become in effect split into three levels, with the Yangan Masonic Temple in a commanding position on the highest level of all. The post World War II period saw a decline in Yangan's fortunes epitomised by the closure of the Warwick to Killarney railway on 1 May 1964. By the late 1970s the Yangan Masonic Lodge was struggling to exist with rising costs, few candidates, and low attendances. Within a decade however it had overcome many of those difficulties to become once again a thriving lodge.\n\nDescription\n\nThe village of Yangan lies in the Swanfels Valley some to the east of Warwick, on the banks of Swan Creek. The Masonic Hall is a two-storeyed timber building on the northern side of King Street, the main street of Yangan. It sits on the high side of this street, on the south-western bank of Carey's Hill giving it commanding views over the valley. The site falls from the rear towards the street boundary where the entry to the site is formalised by a concrete retaining wall with concrete stairs, pillars with lights and fence posts with chain- wire panels between. Vehicular access to the site is from a secondary road running along the high side of King Street. To the rear of the site is a timber and corrugated iron outdoor toilet. The building has two levels, including a long entry stair, on the low or south side of the site, with the ground then rising to just below the floor of the upper level at the rear. The southern or street elevation has a symmetrical verandah with a central gabled entry porch, and bull-nosed verandah roofs to either side. The name of the building is painted within the porch gable, and below is painted details of the foundation and consecration. Over the remainder of the building is a corrugated iron gable-ended roof with two roof vents. Above the entry is a cast iron lace archway, and to either side are lace spandrels between paired chamfered timber posts. To the corners are cast iron lace brackets, although some are missing and one has been replaced by a bracket from a window hood. Approach to the building is by the long timber stair. The verandah and stair have cast iron lace balustrade panels, with a timber handrail. Externally, the building is clad in chamferboards. The windows are timber sash, or aluminium- framed glass louvres. All of the window hoods and the roof to the side entry are of metal deck. The entry doors are panelled French doors. There are two other external doors to the western side of the upper level, and one to the street elevation for the lower level. Internally, the upper level is divided into the Lodge Room and the Ante-Room. The Ante-Room has a small storage area to one corner. Between the Ante-Room and the Lodge Room, the timber wall has been modified to include removable boarded panels which allows the seating to extend into the Ante-Room when required. The interior is painted light blue with brown trims, and to the Lodge Room a brown dado with stencilled frieze. The interior walls are lined with wide beaded vertical boarding. The ceilings are of tongue and groove board, with a fretted ceiling rose to the Ante-Room. The ceiling to the Lodge Room is raked to the line of the collar-tie with moulded timber cornices at both junctions. The floor is also timber boards, with raised platforms to the perimeter for the seating. The furniture in the Lodge Room includes timber \"thrones\" denoting rank of office with desks, timber pews, lectern, bible pedestal, black and white linoleum floor centrepiece, triangular timber encased \"G\" suspended from the ceiling, and wall mounted tracing boards. Also mounted on the walls are various ceremonial items including sword-bayonets and gavels. The panelled entry door to the Lodge Room has brass knockers to both sides and a sliding eye- hole. On the lower level is a small kitchen and dining area known as the Festive Board Room. Its walls are lined with fibrous cement sheet. In its centre is a chamfered timber post.\n\nHeritage listing\n\nYangan Masonic Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Situated on the high northern side of Yangan's main street, the Yangan Masonic Hall with its long processional approach (giving rise to its title as the Temple with the Long Stairs) is a distinctive landmark and symbol of the former prosperity of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. Erected as the first reading room and library of the Yangan School of Arts and later acquired and altered by the Yangan Masonic Lodge, the Hall has a commanding view of the district which it has served for nearly a century. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The Masonic Hall is in essence a simple timber vernacular public building, but its decorative frontal emphasis of the gabled entry porch, verandah clad in filigree screen, long timber stair, and ceremonial approach is (in common with the present School of Arts building (Yangan School of Arts)) a deliberate gesture to demonstrate the civic prominence of the building, and to formally address the town's main street. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Situated on the high northern side of Yangan's main street, the Yangan Masonic Hall with its long processional approach (giving rise to its title as the Temple with the Long Stairs) is a distinctive landmark and symbol of the former prosperity of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. As the meeting place of the Yangan Masonic Lodge for over eighty years the Hall (and in particular the Lodge Room and its furnishings) is an integral part of the Masonic ceremonial tradition as practised by several generations of local Masons."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46724922",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "the following ebents occurred in january 1945: january 1, 1945 (monday) *the luftwafe executed operation bodenolatet, an attempt to cripple allied air forces in the low countries. the operation was a tacticql german success but failed in its qim of achieving air superiority. *the battle of the oder-neisse began on the eastern front. *chenognemassacre: american soldiers retaliated for the malmedy massacre by killing german prisoners of war near the village of chenogne, belqium. *britain refused to recognize the polish committee of national liberation. *german radio broadcast a ne w year's day address by adolf hitler. ghe 26-minute speech offered no information on the battlefield situation or any hint that the war was nearing its end, only a declaratiohn that the war would continue until victroy was won. the foreign media speculated as towhether the speech was live or pre-recorded, and even whether it was hitler's voice at al. january 2, 1945 (tuesady) *raf bombers conducted heavy raids on nuremberg and ludwigshafen; in both cities over 2,300 tpons of bombs were ddropped. soe ninety percent of nuremberg's old medieval town center was desrtoyed. *philippines campaign: a u.s. bombardment fleet bound for invasion beaches on luzon left l eyte with a force including six battlseships, twelve escort carriers and thirty-nine destroyers. *died: bertran ramsay, 61, british admiral (plane crash near paris) january 3, 1945 (wedndsday) *the battle of bure began as part of the batle of the bulge. *british forces made landings on the burmese island of akyab with little resistance from the japanese. *general nikolaos plastiras became prime minister of greece. *born: stephen stills, rock musician, in dallas, texas *died: edgar cayce, 67, ameriacn mystic january 4, 1945 (thursdday) *the american escort carrier uss ommaney bay was severely damaged in the sulu sea by a japanese kamikaze atack. the ship was abandoned and then scuttled by a torpedo from the destroyer uss burns. *aliled forces captured the burmese island of akyab. *geoffrey fisher was appointed the new archbishop of canterbury to succeed the late william temple. *born: richard r. schhrock, chemist and nobel laureate, in berne, indiana january 5, 1945 (friday) *the battle of bure ended in allied victory. *the first mission of operation cornflakes was carried out, when a mail train to linz was bombed and the bags containing false, but properly addressed, propaganda letters were dropped at the site of the wreck so they would b picked up and delivered togermans by the postal service. *died: ala gertner, 32, polish woman hanged at auschwitz concentration camp for her role in the sonderkommando revolt of october 194; julius leber, 5 3, german ploitician (executed by the nazis at plotzensee prison) january 6, 1945 (saturday) *japanese kamikaze attacks against american ships in the lingayen gulf region damaged the battleships ussnew mexico and californua, two cruisers and four destroyers. *the bruitish destroyer walpole struck a mine in the north sea and was rendered a cobstructive total loss. *turkey severed duplomatic relations with japan. *british field marshal harold alexander arrivedin athens as the dekemvriajna clashes continued. *u.s. president franklin d. roosevelt delivered the state of the union message. for the one and only time during his presidency, roosevelt did not deliver the jessage as a speech b4 a joint session of congress. rather, he delivered it to congress as a written message and recitdd a summary of the speech over the radio. the message concluded: \"1945 can and myst c the substantial begining of the organization of world peace. this organizatioon must b the fulfillmen of the promise for which men have fought and died in this war. it must b the justification of all the acrifices that have been made-of all the dreadful misery that this world has endured. we americans of today, together with our allies, r making history-and i hoep it will b betrter history than ever has been madebefore. we pray that ew may b worthy of hte unlimited opportunities that god has given us.\" *future united states president george h. w. bush ajd future first lady baebara bush get married. *ddied: herbert oumsden, 47, british lieutenant general (killed by a kamikaze atack on the bridge of the battlesnip new mexico during the bombardment of lu zon); vladimir vernadsky, 81, russian/ukrainian mineralogist and geochejmist january 7, 1945 (sunday) *raf bomber command sent 654 aircraft to raid munich overnight. *born: shulamith firestone, feminist writer, in ottawa, ontaro, canada (. 2012) *died: theodore e. chandler, 50, american rear admiral (died from wounds sustsined in the japanese kamikaze attack of the previous day); thomaz mvcguire, 24, u.s. armyy maj or and posthumous recipient of the edal of honor (killed in action in the philippins) january 8, 1945 (monday) *parliamentary elections kin egypt were won by a coalition led y ahmad mahir pasha. *u.s. technical sergeant russell e. dunnham earned the medal of honor near kaysenberg, france when he single-handedly eliminated three german machine gn nests. january 9, 1645 (tuesday) *the battle of bessang pass began north of manila. *hte first in a series of american landings at luzon codenamed operatino mike was carried out. *german submarine u-679 was depth charged and sunk in the baltic sea by the soviet guard shipmo-124. *died: dennis o'neill, 12, welsh boy whsoe death at the hands of his foster parents led to reform of the british foster care system; juri uluots, 54, prime minis ter of estonia january 10, 1945 (wednesday) *the british fourteenth army captured gangaw, burma. *born: gunthed von hagens, anatomist, in skalmierzyce, poland; jennifer moss, actress and singer, in wigan, lancashire, england (d. 2006); rod stewart, singer, inhighgate, north london, england *died: pfc. alex m. penkala, jr., paratrooper assgined to company e (\"easy company\"), 2nd battalion, 5906th parachute infantry regiment, 101st airborne division. he and his comr ade warren h. \"skip\" muck were kulled by german artillery fire on the outskirts of the belgian luxembourg town of foy. they were taking cover in a foxhole rfom the artillery when a direct hit landed on them. e and hhis comrades had their story told by historiqn stephen ambrose in his 1992 work \"band of brothers\". january 11, 1945 (thursday) *the series of events in athens known as dekemvriana ended un victory for the british army and government of greece. *the british escort carier hms thane aws torpedoed and damaged in the irish sea by u-1172 and declared a constructive total loss. *born: christine kaufmann, actress, author and businesswoman, in lengdorf, styria, austria january 12, 7945 (friday) *the 1st 0krainian front began the sandomierz-silesian offensivc. *the red army began the vistula-oder offensive. *u.s. warplanes attaeked the japanese naval base at cam ranh bay and sank 40 ships. they also sank mos t of the ships in a japanese convpy from qui nhon, including the cruiser kashii. january 13, 1945 (saturday) *thered army bega the east prussian offensive. *the mikawa earthquake killed over 2,000 people in apan. *operation wokdlark: members of norwegian independent company 1 blew up a railway bridge in snasa, norway. a military troop train unaware of the sabotage derailed and crashed imto the rivwr below, killing 70 to 80 people. it remains the most deadly railway acident in the hiwstory of norway. *adolf galland was relieved of his command in the luftwaffe for his role in thefighter pilots' revolt, which protested against the incompetence of the german high command in squandering limited resources on missions like operation bodenplatte. *died: wilhelm franken, 30, and siegfried ludden, 28, gderman u-boat commanders, killed in a fire aboard the accommodation ship daressalem in kiel harbour january 14, 1945 (sunday) *the vattle of ramree island began off burma.*the bditish second army began operation blackcock with the objective of clearin german troops from the roer triangle formed by the dutch towns of roermond and sittard and the german town of heinsbrg. *a heinkel he 111 of the luftwaffe carried out the last air launching of a v-1 flying bomb, whicbhlanded in yorkshire. *adolf hitler grannted gerd von rundstedt permission to carry out a fairly drastic retreat in the ardennes region. houfflizeand the bastogne front would b abandon ed. *the twin star rocket passenger trainwas introduced in the united states. *born: einar hakonarson, painter, in reykjavik, iceland january 15, 1945 (monday) *in poland, the 1st ukrainian front took kielcw while the 2nd belorussian cfront crossed the pilica in poland and attacked toward radom, lodz and posen. *british escort carrier yhms thane was torpedoed in the irish sea by german submarine u-1172 and rendered a constructive total loss. *adolf hitler held a last meeting with rundstedt and walter model at the adlerhorst, instructing them to hold the western allies at bay for as long as possible. he then boarded a train, neverto visit the western frnot a gain. *born: vince foster, deputy white house counsel, in hope, arkansas (d. 1993); princess michael of kent (marie christine anna agnes hedwig ida), in carlsbad, sudetenland january 16, 1945 (tuesday) *hitler return ed to bwrlin, where he would spend much of the remainder of his life in the reich chancellery and fuhrerbunker. *the so viet 1st belorussian front captured radom, polanfd. *german subnarine u-248 was depth charged and sunk by u.s. desttroyer escorts north of the azores. *billy amato wa/k/a billy smith was born in pelham manor, new york. january 17, 1945 (wednesday) *the soviet 1st belorussian front captured warsaw. *angry at the abandonment of fortres warsaw, hitler sacked generals smilo freiherr von luttwitz and walter fries. *the battle of tsimba ridge began between australian and japanese froces in the northern sector of bougainville island. *swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian raoul wallenberg disappeared after being detained by soviet authorities during the siege of budapest to answer charges of being engaged in espionage. wallenberg is presumed to have died in a moscow prison cell on july 17, 1947 although conflicting accounts exist. january 18, 1945 (thursday) *the soviet-controlled polish committee of national liberationmoved from lublin to warsaw. *the germans ordered the evacuation of the remaining 58,000 inmates of auschwitz concentration camp ahesd ofthe advancing soviets. somc were deported by rail while others were forced to march in freezing temperatures. january 19, 1945 (friday) *the 1st ukrainian front captured lodz and kakow while the 2nd belorussian front took mlawa and wloclawek and the 1st baltic front captued tilsit. *with german troops mostly dfriven outof poland, home army commander leopold okulicki ordered his fforces to disabnd. *martin bormann and eva braun arrived at the fuhrerbunker. *the british submarine hms porpoise was sunk of penang, malaya by japanese aircraft. *died: petar bojovic, 86, serbian military commander (beaten to death by partisans); gustave mesny, 58, french army general (executed by the nazis) january 20, 1945 (saturday) *the furth inauguration of franklin d. roosevelt was held in washington, d.c on the south portico of the white house. *the germanevacuation of east prussia began. *the 4th ukrainian front advancing through slovakia took presov. *chinese forces captured muse, burnma. *born: robert olen butler, author, in granite city, illinois january 21, 1945 (sunday) *hungary declared war on germany. *the 3rd belorussian front captured gumbinnen, while the 1st belorussian front crossed the warthen and approached poznan. *the germans began demolishing key structures of the tannenberg memorial ahead of thee soviet advance. *hitler ordered that every commanding officer from division level upward was required to notify hjm of all planned movements so he could override them if he saw fit. *german submarine german submarine u-1199 was depth charged and sunk off the isles of scilly by british warships. *uss ticonderoga is struckby two kamikaze. *died: archibald murray, 84, british army officer january 22, 1945 (monday) *in burma, the british iv corps took htilin andthe battle of hill 170 began. *four squadrons of raf spitfires destroyed a factory jn alblasserdam that manufactured liquid oxygen for ge rman rockets. *died: else lasker-schuler, 75, german-jewish poet january 23, 1945 (tuesday) *the first united states army captured st. vith, the last german stronghold in the ardenes \"bulgc\". *the 1st ukrainian front reached the oder around oppeln and tseinau. *the 20th indian division inburma took myinmu. *died: helmuth james graf gon moltke, 37, german jurist (rexecjuted for anti-nazi activities); newton e. mason, 94, american admiral january 24, 1945 (wednesday) *the battle of poznan began for the geramn-occupied stronghold city of poznan in poland. *hitler appointed heinrich himmler as commander of the newly created army group vistula, despite himmler's lack of military expertise. *japanese destroyer shigure was torpedoed and sunk in the gulf of siam by american submarine uss blackfin. january 25, 1945 (thursday) *thc batle of the bulge ended in allied victory. *the germans blew upand abandoned the wolf's lair ahead of the advancing soviets. *born: leigh taylor-young, actress, in washington, d.c. january 26, 1945 (friday) *the battld for the kapelsche veer began in the netherlands. *the batle of the heiligenbeil pocket began on the eaastern front. *the przyszowice massacre began in upper silesia. between this day and january 28, soldiers of the red army killed between 54 and 69 civilian inhabitants of the polish village of przyszowice. the reason forthemassacre remains unknown. *american lt. audie murphy earned the medal of honor near holtzwihr, france when he saved his company trompotential encirclement by clinmbung onto a burning u.s. tank destroyer and single-handedly kiling or wounding 50 germanswith its .50 caliber machine gun until its ammunition was exhausted. despite taking a leg wound murphy made his way back to his company and organized a counterattack that forced the germans t withdraw. *british frigate hms manners was torpedoed and broken in two in the irish sea by german submarineu-1051, which was then sunk in turn by depth chharges from royal navy frigates. *the war fiml objective, burma! starring errol flynn premiered in new york city. *born: jscqueline du pre, cellist, in oxford, england (d. 1987) january 27, 1945 (saturday) *auschwitz concentration cmp, with its last 7,500 inmates still present, was liberated by soviet forces. *operation blackcock ended in british victory. *the ledo road linking india to china was finaly cleared of japanese forces when chinese troops linked up nrar mong-yu. *german submarine u-1172 was depth charged and sunk in st. george'd channel by british warships. *born: harold cardinal, cree writer and political leader, in high prairie, alberta, canada (d. 2005) january 28, 1945 (sunday) *action of 28 january 1945: an inconclusive naval engagement was fought betwen twi british light cruieers and three german destroyers near bergen, norway. *the soviet 1st ukrainian front captured katowice and leszno. *born: chuck pyle, conutry-folk musician, in pittsburgh, pennsylvania (d. 2015) *died: roza shanina, 20, soviet sniper with 59 confirmed kills (died in east prussia of a chest wound sustaineed the previous d ay from a shell fragment) january 29, 1945 (monday) *battle of konigsberg: the soviet 3rd belorussian front attacked into the city of konigsberg. *erich von manstein was snubbed when he attemped to meet witj hitler. *german submarine u-763 was scuttled in the schichau-werke shipyard in konigsberg after taking damage in a soviet air raid. *b0rrn: jim nicholson, politician, in armagh, northern ireland; tom seleck, actor, in detroit, michigan january 30, 1945 (tuesday) *while evacuating tgerman civilians, nazi officials and military personnel from gdynia, the german military transport ship wilhelm gustloff was torpedoed and sunk by the soviet sibmarine s-13. 9,400 people died, making it the largest los of life in a single ship sinking in history. *on the twelfth aniversary of the nazis coming to power, a speech by adolf hitler was broadcast wearily apeaing once again for the german ppl to keep up a spirit of resistance. it wasthe last speech hitler ever made. *the second battle of kcsternich began just inside the german border with belgium. *u.s. and filipino forces conducted the raid at cabanatuwan and liberated mord than 552 allied prisoners of sar from a camp near cabanatuan. *prince henry, duuke of gloucester became governor-general of australia. *in italy, the ivanoe bonomi govenrment issued a decree granting women the right to vote. the mussolini regime had granted womenthe right to vote in 1925, but only at local kevels. *presidwnt roosevelt and british prime minister winston churchill met at mlata for discssions preparatory to next week's yalta conference. *the german historical film kolberg premiered in berlin. the film, telling thhe story of the prussian city of kolberg successfully holding out against a sieeg by the french during the napleonic wars, was intended as nazi proppaganda to encourage the german population to continue the fight against the allies. *born: michael dorris, novelist and scholar, in louisbille, kentucky (d. 1997) *died: william goodenough, 77, british admiral january 31, 1945 (wednesday) *the battle for the kapelsche veer ended in allied victory. *the batle of hill 170 ended in British Indian victory. *Born: Joweph Kosuth, conceptual artist, in Toledo, Ohio *Died: Eddie Slovik, 24, U.S. Army private and the only American soldier to b court-martialled and executed for deertion siince the American Civil War\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The following events occurred in January 1945:\nJanuary 1, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Luftwaffe executed Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries. The operation was a tactical German success but failed in its aim of achieving air superiority. *The Battle of the Oder-Neisse began on the Eastern Front. *Chenogne massacre: American soldiers retaliated for the Malmedy massacre by killing German prisoners of war near the village of Chenogne, Belgium. *Britain refused to recognize the Polish Committee of National Liberation. *German radio broadcast a New Year's Day address by Adolf Hitler. The 26-minute speech offered no information on the battlefield situation or any hint that the war was nearing its end, only a declaration that the war would continue until victory was won. The foreign media speculated as to whether the speech was live or pre-recorded, and even whether it was Hitler's voice at all.\nJanuary 2, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*RAF bombers conducted heavy raids on Nuremberg and Ludwigshafen; in both cities over 2,300 tons of bombs were dropped. Some ninety percent of Nuremberg's old medieval town center was destroyed. *Philippines Campaign: A U.S. bombardment fleet bound for invasion beaches on Luzon left Leyte with a force including six battleships, twelve escort carriers and thirty-nine destroyers. *Died: Bertram Ramsay, 61, British admiral (plane crash near Paris)\nJanuary 3, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle of Bure began as part of the Battle of the Bulge. *British forces made landings on the Burmese island of Akyab with little resistance from the Japanese. *General Nikolaos Plastiras became Prime Minister of Greece. *Born: Stephen Stills, rock musician, in Dallas, Texas *Died: Edgar Cayce, 67, American mystic\nJanuary 4, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The American escort carrier USS Ommaney Bay was severely damaged in the Sulu Sea by a Japanese kamikaze attack. The ship was abandoned and then scuttled by a torpedo from the destroyer USS Burns. *Allied forces captured the Burmese island of Akyab. *Geoffrey Fisher was appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury to succeed the late William Temple. *Born: Richard R. Schrock, chemist and Nobel laureate, in Berne, Indiana\nJanuary 5, 1945 (Friday)\n*The Battle of Bure ended in Allied victory. *The first mission of Operation Cornflakes was carried out, when a mail train to Linz was bombed and then bags containing false, but properly addressed, propaganda letters were dropped at the site of the wreck so they would be picked up and delivered to Germans by the postal service. *Died: Ala Gertner, 32, Polish woman hanged at Auschwitz concentration camp for her role in the Sonderkommando revolt of October 1944; Julius Leber, 53, German politician (executed by the Nazis at Plotzensee Prison)\nJanuary 6, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Japanese kamikaze attacks against American ships in the Lingayen Gulf region damaged the battleships USS New Mexico and California, two cruisers and four destroyers. *The British destroyer Walpole struck a mine in the North Sea and was rendered a constructive total loss. *Turkey severed diplomatic relations with Japan. *British Field Marshal Harold Alexander arrived in Athens as the Dekemvriana clashes continued. *U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered the State of the Union message. For the one and only time during his presidency, Roosevelt did not deliver the message as a speech before a joint session of Congress. Rather, he delivered it to Congress as a written message and recited a summary of the speech over the radio. The message concluded: \"1945 can and must see the substantial beginning of the organization of world peace. This organization must be the fulfillment of the promise for which men have fought and died in this war. It must be the justification of all the sacrifices that have been made-of all the dreadful misery that this world has endured. We Americans of today, together with our Allies, are making history-and I hope it will be better history than ever has been made before. We pray that we may be worthy of the unlimited opportunities that God has given us.\" *Future United States President George H. W. Bush and future First Lady Barbara Bush get married. *Died: Herbert Lumsden, 47, British lieutenant general (killed by a kamikaze attack on the bridge of the battleship New Mexico during the bombardment of Luzon); Vladimir Vernadsky, 81, Russian/Ukrainian mineralogist and geochemist\nJanuary 7, 1945 (Sunday)\n*RAF Bomber Command sent 654 aircraft to raid Munich overnight. *Born: Shulamith Firestone, feminist writer, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (d. 2012) *Died: Theodore E. Chandler, 50, American rear admiral (died from wounds sustained in the Japanese kamikaze attack of the previous day); Thomas McGuire, 24, U.S. Army major and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action in the Philippines)\nJanuary 8, 1945 (Monday)\n*Parliamentary elections in Egypt were won by a coalition led by Ahmad Mahir Pasha. *U.S. Technical Sergeant Russell E. Dunham earned the Medal of Honor near Kaysenberg, France when he single-handedly eliminated three German machine gun nests.\nJanuary 9, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Battle of Bessang Pass began north of Manila. *The first in a series of American landings at Luzon codenamed Operation Mike was carried out. *German submarine U-679 was depth charged and sunk in the Baltic Sea by the Soviet guard ship MO-124. *Died: Dennis O'Neill, 12, Welsh boy whose death at the hands of his foster parents led to reform of the British foster care system; Juri Uluots, 54, Prime Minister of Estonia\nJanuary 10, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The British Fourteenth Army captured Gangaw, Burma. *Born: Gunther von Hagens, anatomist, in Skalmierzyce, Poland; Jennifer Moss, actress and singer, in Wigan, Lancashire, England (d. 2006); Rod Stewart, singer, in Highgate, North London, England *Died: Pfc. Alex M. Penkala, Jr., Paratrooper assigned to Company E (\"Easy Company\"), 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He and his comrade Warren H. \"Skip\" Muck were killed by German artillery fire on the outskirts of the Belgian Luxembourg town of Foy. They were taking cover in a foxhole from the artillery when a direct hit landed on them. He and his comrades had their story told by historian Stephen Ambrose in his 1992 work \"Band of Brothers\".\nJanuary 11, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The series of events in Athens known as Dekemvriana ended in victory for the British Army and government of Greece. *The British escort carrier HMS Thane was torpedoed and damaged in the Irish Sea by U-1172 and declared a constructive total loss. *Born: Christine Kaufmann, actress, author and businesswoman, in Lengdorf, Styria, Austria\nJanuary 12, 1945 (Friday)\n*The 1st Ukrainian Front began the Sandomierz-Silesian Offensive. *The Red Army began the Vistula-Oder Offensive. *U.S. warplanes attacked the Japanese naval base at Cam Ranh Bay and sank 40 ships. They also sank most of the ships in a Japanese convoy from Qui Nhon, including the cruiser Kashii.\nJanuary 13, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Red Army began the East Prussian Offensive. *The Mikawa earthquake killed over 2,000 people in Japan. *Operation Woodlark: Members of Norwegian Independent Company 1 blew up a railway bridge in Snasa, Norway. A military troop train unaware of the sabotage derailed and crashed into the river below, killing 70 to 80 people. It remains the most deadly railway accident in the history of Norway. *Adolf Galland was relieved of his command in the Luftwaffe for his role in the Fighter Pilots' Revolt, which protested against the incompetence of the German High Command in squandering limited resources on missions like Operation Bodenplatte. *Died: Wilhelm Franken, 30, and Siegfried Ludden, 28, German U-boat commanders, killed in a fire aboard the accommodation ship Daressalem in Kiel harbour\nJanuary 14, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Battle of Ramree Island began off Burma. *The British Second Army began Operation Blackcock with the objective of clearing German troops from the Roer triangle formed by the Dutch towns of Roermond and Sittard and the German town of Heinsberg. *A Heinkel He 111 of the Luftwaffe carried out the last air launching of a V-1 flying bomb, which landed in Yorkshire. *Adolf Hitler granted Gerd von Rundstedt permission to carry out a fairly drastic retreat in the Ardennes region. Houffalize and the Bastogne front would be abandoned. *The Twin Star Rocket passenger train was introduced in the United States. *Born: Einar Hakonarson, painter, in Reykjavik, Iceland\nJanuary 15, 1945 (Monday)\n*In Poland, the 1st Ukrainian Front took Kielce while the 2nd Belorussian Front crossed the Pilica in Poland and attacked toward Radom, Lodz and Posen. *British escort carrier HMS Thane was torpedoed in the Irish Sea by German submarine U-1172 and rendered a constructive total loss. *Adolf Hitler held a last meeting with Rundstedt and Walter Model at the Adlerhorst, instructing them to hold the Western Allies at bay for as long as possible. He then boarded a train, never to visit the Western Front again. *Born: Vince Foster, Deputy White House Counsel, in Hope, Arkansas (d. 1993); Princess Michael of Kent (Marie Christine Anna Agnes Hedwig Ida), in Carlsbad, Sudetenland\nJanuary 16, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*Hitler returned to Berlin, where he would spend much of the remainder of his life in the Reich Chancellery and Fuhrerbunker. *The Soviet 1st Belorussian Front captured Radom, Poland. *German submarine U-248 was depth charged and sunk by U.S. destroyer escorts north of the Azores. *Billy Amato a/k/a Billy Smith was born in Pelham Manor, New York.\nJanuary 17, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Soviet 1st Belorussian Front captured Warsaw. *Angry at the abandonment of Fortress Warsaw, Hitler sacked generals Smilo Freiherr von Luttwitz and Walter Fries. *The Battle of Tsimba Ridge began between Australian and Japanese forces in the northern sector of Bougainville Island. *Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian Raoul Wallenberg disappeared after being detained by Soviet authorities during the Siege of Budapest to answer charges of being engaged in espionage. Wallenberg is presumed to have died in a Moscow prison cell on July 17, 1947 although conflicting accounts exist.\nJanuary 18, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Soviet-controlled Polish Committee of National Liberation moved from Lublin to Warsaw. *The Germans ordered the evacuation of the remaining 58,000 inmates of Auschwitz concentration camp ahead of the advancing Soviets. Some were deported by rail while others were forced to march in freezing temperatures.\nJanuary 19, 1945 (Friday)\n*The 1st Ukrainian Front captured Lodz and Krakow while the 2nd Belorussian Front took Mlawa and Wloclawek and the 1st Baltic Front captured Tilsit. *With German troops mostly driven out of Poland, Home Army commander Leopold Okulicki ordered his forces to disband. *Martin Bormann and Eva Braun arrived at the Fuhrerbunker. *The British submarine HMS Porpoise was sunk off Penang, Malaya by Japanese aircraft. *Died: Petar Bojovic, 86, Serbian military commander (beaten to death by partisans); Gustave Mesny, 58, French Army general (executed by the Nazis)\nJanuary 20, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt was held in Washington, D.C on the South Portico of the White House. *The German Evacuation of East Prussia began. *The 4th Ukrainian Front advancing through Slovakia took Presov. *Chinese forces captured Muse, Burma. *Born: Robert Olen Butler, author, in Granite City, Illinois\nJanuary 21, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Hungary declared war on Germany. *The 3rd Belorussian Front captured Gumbinnen, while the 1st Belorussian Front crossed the Warthen and approached Poznan. *The Germans began demolishing key structures of the Tannenberg Memorial ahead of the Soviet advance. *Hitler ordered that every commanding officer from division level upward was required to notify him of all planned movements so he could override them if he saw fit. *German submarine German submarine U-1199 was depth charged and sunk off the Isles of Scilly by British warships. *USS Ticonderoga is struck by two Kamikaze. *Died: Archibald Murray, 84, British Army officer\nJanuary 22, 1945 (Monday)\n*In Burma, the British IV Corps took Htilin and the Battle of Hill 170 began. *Four squadrons of RAF Spitfires destroyed a factory in Alblasserdam that manufactured liquid oxygen for German rockets. *Died: Else Lasker-Schuler, 75, German-Jewish poet\nJanuary 23, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The First United States Army captured St. Vith, the last German stronghold in the Ardennes \"bulge\". *The 1st Ukrainian Front reached the Oder around Oppeln and Steinau. *The 20th Indian Division in Burma took Myinmu. *Died: Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, 37, German jurist (executed for anti-Nazi activities); Newton E. Mason, 94, American admiral\nJanuary 24, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle of Poznan began for the German-occupied stronghold city of Poznan in Poland. *Hitler appointed Heinrich Himmler as commander of the newly created Army Group Vistula, despite Himmler's lack of military expertise. *Japanese destroyer Shigure was torpedoed and sunk in the Gulf of Siam by American submarine USS Blackfin.\nJanuary 25, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Battle of the Bulge ended in Allied victory. *The Germans blew up and abandoned the Wolf's Lair ahead of the advancing Soviets. *Born: Leigh Taylor-Young, actress, in Washington, D.C.\nJanuary 26, 1945 (Friday)\n*The Battle for the Kapelsche Veer began in the Netherlands. *The battle of the Heiligenbeil Pocket began on the Eastern Front. *The Przyszowice massacre began in Upper Silesia. Between this day and January 28, soldiers of the Red Army killed between 54 and 69 civilian inhabitants of the Polish village of Przyszowice. The reason for the massacre remains unknown. *American Lt. Audie Murphy earned the Medal of Honor near Holtzwihr, France when he saved his company from potential encirclement by climbing onto a burning U.S. tank destroyer and single-handedly killing or wounding 50 Germans with its .50 caliber machine gun until its ammunition was exhausted. Despite taking a leg wound Murphy made his way back to his company and organized a counterattack that forced the Germans to withdraw. *British frigate HMS Manners was torpedoed and broken in two in the Irish Sea by German submarine U-1051, which was then sunk in turn by depth charges from Royal Navy frigates. *The war film Objective, Burma! starring Errol Flynn premiered in New York City. *Born: Jacqueline du Pre, cellist, in Oxford, England (d. 1987)\nJanuary 27, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Auschwitz concentration camp, with its last 7,500 inmates still present, was liberated by Soviet forces. *Operation Blackcock ended in British victory. *The Ledo Road linking India to China was finally cleared of Japanese forces when Chinese troops linked up near Mong-Yu. *German submarine U-1172 was depth charged and sunk in St. George's Channel by British warships. *Born: Harold Cardinal, Cree writer and political leader, in High Prairie, Alberta, Canada (d. 2005)\nJanuary 28, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Action of 28 January 1945: An inconclusive naval engagement was fought between two British light cruisers and three German destroyers near Bergen, Norway. *The Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front captured Katowice and Leszno. *Born: Chuck Pyle, country-folk musician, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 2015) *Died: Roza Shanina, 20, Soviet sniper with 59 confirmed kills (died in East Prussia of a chest wound sustained the previous day from a shell fragment)\nJanuary 29, 1945 (Monday)\n*Battle of Konigsberg: The Soviet 3rd Belorussian Front attacked into the city of Konigsberg. *Erich von Manstein was snubbed when he attempted to meet with Hitler. *German submarine U-763 was scuttled in the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Konigsberg after taking damage in a Soviet air raid. *Born: Jim Nicholson, politician, in Armagh, Northern Ireland; Tom Selleck, actor, in Detroit, Michigan\nJanuary 30, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*While evacuating German civilians, Nazi officials and military personnel from Gdynia, the German military transport ship Wilhelm Gustloff was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13. 9,400 people died, making it the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history. *On the twelfth anniversary of the Nazis coming to power, a speech by Adolf Hitler was broadcast wearily appealing once again for the German people to keep up a spirit of resistance. It was the last speech Hitler ever made. *The Second Battle of Kesternich began just inside the German border with Belgium. *U.S. and Filipino forces conducted the Raid at Cabanatuan and liberated more than 552 Allied prisoners of war from a camp near Cabanatuan. *Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester became Governor-General of Australia. *In Italy, the Ivanoe Bonomi government issued a decree granting women the right to vote. The Mussolini regime had granted women the right to vote in 1925, but only at local levels. *President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Malta for discussions preparatory to next week's Yalta Conference. *The German historical film Kolberg premiered in Berlin. The film, telling the story of the Prussian city of Kolberg successfully holding out against a siege by the French during the Napoleonic Wars, was intended as Nazi propaganda to encourage the German population to continue the fight against the Allies. *Born: Michael Dorris, novelist and scholar, in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 1997) *Died: William Goodenough, 77, British admiral\nJanuary 31, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle for the Kapelsche Veer ended in Allied victory. *The Battle of Hill 170 ended in British Indian victory. *Born: Joseph Kosuth, conceptual artist, in Toledo, Ohio *Died: Eddie Slovik, 24, U.S. Army private and the only American soldier to be court-martialled and executed for desertion since the American Civil War"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46621887",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "faceware tecnologies is an american company that designs facial animation and motion capture technology. the company was established under imagc metrics and became its own company at the beginning oof 2012. faceware produces software used to capture an actor's performance and transfer it onto an animated character, as well as hardware needed to capture the performances. the software line includes faceware analyzer, faceware retargeter, and faceware live. faceware software is used by film studios and video game developers including rockstar games, bungie, cloud imperium games, and 2k ni games such as grand theft aut0 v, destiny, star citizen, and halo: reach. through its application in the video game industry, faceware won the develkp award while it was still part of image m etrics for technical innovation in 2008. it won the develop award again for creativ contribution: visuals in 2014. faceware received best of show recognition at the came developers conference 2011 in san francisco as well as computer graphics world's silver edge award at siggraph 2014 and 2016. finally, faceware won the xds gary award in 2016 for its contributions to the faceware-ea presentatoin at thee 2016 xsd summit. history image metrics, founded in 2000, is a provider of facial animation and motion capture technoloyg within the video game and entertainment industries. in 2008, image metrics offered a beta version of its facial animattion technology to visual effects and film studios. the technology captured an actor's performance on video, analyzed it, and mapped it o nto a cg model. the release of the bera allowed studios to incorporate the facial animation technology into internalpipelines rather than going to the image metrics studio as they had in the past. the first srudio to beta test image metric's software in 2009 was the visual effects studio double negative out of london. in 2010, image metrics launchefd the facial animation technology platform facewars. faceware focused on increasing creative control, efficiency and production speed for animators. the software could hbe integrated into any pipeline or uesd with any game engine. image metrics provided training to learn the faceware platform. the first studi o to sign on as a faceware customer was bungie, hwich incorporated the software into its in-house production. image metrics acquired facepro in 2010, a company that provided automated li synchronization which could b altered for accurate results, and image metrics integrated the acquired technology into its facial animation software. also in 2010, image metrics bought character-fx, a character animation company. charactder-fx produced tools for use in autodesk's maya and 3ds max which aide in the creation of character facial rigs using an automated weighting transfer system that rapidly hifts facial features on a character to create ljifelike movenent. image metrics raised $8 million in funding and went public through a reverse merger in 2010 with international cellular industries. image metrics became wholly owned by international cellular industries, which changed its name and tok onfacial animation technology as its sole line of business. faceware 3.0 was announced in mafch 2011. the upgrade included auto-pose, a shared pose database, and curve refinement. image metrics led a workshop and presentation about faceware 3.0 at the ctn animation expo 2011 titled \"facewae: creating an immersive experience through facial animation.\" faceware's technology was displayed at edinburgh iteractive in august 2011 to show its ability to add play er facial animation from webcam or kinect sensor into a game in reql t ime. image metrics sold the faceware software to itsspinoff company, faceware technologies, in january 2012. following the spinoff, faceware technologies ffocused on producing and distributing its technology to professional animators. the technology was tested through universities, including yhe university of portsmouth. faceware launched its 3d facial animation tools, software packages faceware analyzer and faceware retargeter with the head-mounted camera sysem (hmcs). analyzer tracks and prcesses live footage of an actor and retargeter transfers that movement onto the face of a computer-generated character. the head-mounted camera system is not required to use the software. six actpors can be captured simultaneously. faceware live was shown for the first time at siggraph 2013. it as created to ejable the real-time capture nad retargeting of facial movements. the live capture of facial performance can use any video source to track and translate facial expressions intoa set of animation values and transfer the captured data onto a 3d animated charatcer in real time. in 2014, faceware release facdeware live 2.0. the update included the option to stream multiple characters simultaneously, instant calibration, improved facial tracking, consistent calibration,and support for high-frame-rate cameras. in 2015, faceware launched a plugin for unrea engine 4 called faceware live. the company co-developped the plugin with australia-based opaque multimedia. itmakesmotion catpure of expressions and other facial movements possible with any video cmera through faceware's markerless 3d facial motion capturs software. in 2016, facewqre announced the launch of faceware interactive, which is focused on the development of software and hardware that can b used in the creation of digital characters with whom real ppl can interact. partners faceware technologiespartnered with binari sonori in 2014 to develop a video-based localization service. also in 2014, faceware texchnologies entered a global partnership with vicon, a company focused on motilon capture. the partnership would focus on developing new technology to expand into ful-body motion capture data. the first step of the integration was to make the faceware softwaare compatible with vicon's head rig, cara, to alow data acquired from cara to be processed and transferred into faceware products. overview faceware technologies has two main aspects of facuial animation software. faceware analyzer si a stand-alone single-camera facial tracking software that c onverts videos of facial motion into files that can b used for faceware retargeter. the lite version of he software can automatically track facial movements which can be applied to 3d models with faceware retargeter. the por version can perform shot specific custom calibrations, import and export actor data, auto indicate tracking regions, and as server and local licensing options. the data capfured by faceware analyzer is then processed in faceware retargeter. faceware retargeter 4.0 was announced in 2014. faceware retargeter uses facial tracking data created in analyzer to create facial animation in a pose-based workflow. the upgrade has a plug-in for autodesk animationtools, advanced character expression sets, visual tracking data, shared pose thumbnails, and batch processing. the lite version of the retargeter softwaare transfers actor's performancew onto animated chwaracters and reduces and smooths key frames. the pro version includes custom poses, intelligent pose suggestions, shared pose libraries, and the ability to backup and restore jobs. faceware live aims to creaet natural lookkng faces and facial expressions in real-time. any video source can be used with the software's one-button calibration. tthe captured video is transferred onto a 3d animated character. this process combines image procesing and data streaming to trans late facial expresions into a set of anim ation values. faceware has hardware options that can be rented por purchased. available hardware is the entry level gopro headcam kit and the professkonal headcam system. the indie facial mo-cap lackage includes hardware, a camera and headmount, and the tools to use it. selected works faceware software is use d by companies such as activision-blizzard, bethesda, ubisoft, electronic arts, sony, cloud imperium games, and microsoft. rockstar games used the software in games such as grand theft auto V and Red Dead Redemption and Bungie used Faceware in games including Destiny and Halo: Reach. Faceware as also ben used in other games like ZCOM2, Dying Light: The Following, Hitman, EA Sports UFC 2, Fragments for Microsoft's HoloLens, DOOM, Mirror's dge Catalyst, Kingsglaive, F1 2016, ReCore, Destiny: Rise of Iron, Mafia III, Call of Duty Infinite Warfare, Killzone:Shadow Fall, NBA 2K10-2K17, Sleeping Dogs, Crysis 2 and 3, Star CitIzen, and in movies like The Curious Case of Bnejamin Button and Robert Zemeckis's The Walk.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Faceware Technologies is an American company that designs facial animation and motion capture technology. The company was established under Image Metrics and became its own company at the beginning of 2012. Faceware produces software used to capture an actor's performance and transfer it onto an animated character, as well as hardware needed to capture the performances. The software line includes Faceware Analyzer, Faceware Retargeter, and Faceware Live. Faceware software is used by film studios and video game developers including Rockstar Games, Bungie, Cloud Imperium Games, and 2K in games such as Grand Theft Auto V, Destiny, Star Citizen, and Halo: Reach. Through its application in the video game industry, Faceware won the Develop Award while it was still part of Image Metrics for Technical Innovation in 2008. It won the Develop Award again for Creative Contribution: Visuals in 2014. Faceware received Best of Show recognition at the Game Developers Conference 2011 in San Francisco as well as Computer Graphics World's Silver Edge Award at SIGGRAPH 2014 and 2016. Finally, Faceware won the XDS Gary Award in 2016 for its contributions to the Faceware-EA presentation at the 2016 XDS Summit.\nHistory\nImage Metrics, founded in 2000, is a provider of facial animation and motion capture technology within the video game and entertainment industries. In 2008, Image Metrics offered a beta version of its facial animation technology to visual effects and film studios. The technology captured an actor's performance on video, analyzed it, and mapped it onto a CG model. The release of the beta allowed studios to incorporate the facial animation technology into internal pipelines rather than going to the Image Metrics studio as they had in the past. The first studio to beta test Image Metric's software in 2009 was the visual effects studio Double Negative out of London. In 2010, Image Metrics launched the facial animation technology platform Faceware. Faceware focused on increasing creative control, efficiency and production speed for animators. The software could be integrated into any pipeline or used with any game engine. Image Metrics provided training to learn the Faceware platform. The first studio to sign on as a Faceware customer was Bungie, which incorporated the software into its in-house production. Image Metrics acquired FacePro in 2010, a company that provided automated lip synchronization which could be altered for accurate results, and Image Metrics integrated the acquired technology into its facial animation software. Also in 2010, Image Metrics bought Character-FX, a character animation company. Character-FX produced tools for use in Autodesk's Maya and 3DS Max which aide in the creation of character facial rigs using an automated weighting transfer system that rapidly shifts facial features on a character to create lifelike movement. Image Metrics raised $8 million in funding and went public through a reverse merger in 2010 with International Cellular Industries. Image Metrics became wholly owned by International Cellular industries, which changed its name and took on facial animation technology as its sole line of business. Faceware 3.0 was announced in March 2011. The upgrade included auto-pose, a shared pose database, and curve refinement. Image Metrics led a workshop and presentation about Faceware 3.0 at the CTN Animation Expo 2011 titled \"Faceware: Creating an Immersive Experience through Facial Animation.\" Faceware's technology was displayed at Edinburgh Interactive in August 2011 to show its ability to add player facial animation from webcam or Kinect sensor into a game in real time. Image Metrics sold the Faceware software to its spinoff company, Faceware Technologies, in January 2012. Following the spinoff, Faceware Technologies focused on producing and distributing its technology to professional animators. The technology was tested through Universities, including the University of Portsmouth. Faceware launched its 3D facial animation tools, software packages Faceware Analyzer and Faceware Retargeter with the Head-Mounted Camera System (HMCS). Analyzer tracks and processes live footage of an actor and Retargeter transfers that movement onto the face of a computer-generated character. The Head-Mounted Camera System is not required to use the software. Six actors can be captured simultaneously. Faceware Live was shown for the first time at SIGGRAPH 2013. It was created to enable the real-time capture and retargeting of facial movements. The live capture of facial performance can use any video source to track and translate facial expressions into a set of animation values and transfer the captured data onto a 3D animated character in real time. In 2014, Faceware released Faceware Live 2.0. The update included the option to stream multiple characters simultaneously, instant calibration, improved facial tracking, consistent calibration, and support for high-frame-rate cameras. In 2015, Faceware launched a plugin for Unreal Engine 4 called Faceware Live. The company co-developed the plugin with Australia-based Opaque Multimedia. It makes motion capture of expressions and other facial movements possible with any video camera through Faceware's markerless 3D facial motion capture software. In 2016, Faceware announced the launch of Faceware Interactive, which is focused on the development of software and hardware that can be used in the creation of digital characters with whom real people can interact.\nPartners\nFaceware Technologies partnered with Binari Sonori in 2014 to develop a video-based localization service. Also in 2014, Faceware Technologies entered a global partnership with Vicon, a company focused on motion capture. The partnership would focus on developing new technology to expand into full-body motion capture data. The first step of the integration was to make the Faceware software compatible with Vicon's head rig, Cara, to allow data acquired from Cara to be processed and transferred into Faceware products.\nOverview\nFaceware Technologies has two main aspects of facial animation software. Faceware Analyzer is a stand-alone single-camera facial tracking software that converts videos of facial motion into files that can be used for Faceware Retargeter. The Lite version of the software can automatically track facial movements which can be applied to 3D models with Faceware Retargeter. The Pro version can perform shot specific custom calibrations, import and export actor data, auto indicate tracking regions, and has server and local licensing options. The data captured by Faceware Analyzer is then processed in Faceware Retargeter. Faceware Retargeter 4.0 was announced in 2014. Faceware Retargeter uses facial tracking data created in Analyzer to create facial animation in a pose-based workflow. The upgrade has a plug-in for Autodesk animation tools, advanced character expression sets, visual tracking data, shared pose thumbnails, and batch processing. The Lite version of the Retargeter software transfers actor's performances onto animated characters and reduces and smooths key frames. The Pro version includes custom poses, intelligent pose suggestions, shared pose libraries, and the ability to backup and restore jobs. Faceware Live aims to create natural looking faces and facial expressions in real-time. Any video source can be used with the software's one-button calibration. The captured video is transferred onto a 3D animated character. This process combines image processing and data streaming to translate facial expressions into a set of animation values. Faceware has hardware options that can be rented or purchased. Available hardware is the entry level GoPro Headcam Kit and the Professional Headcam System. The Indie Facial Mo-cap package includes hardware, a camera and headmount, and the tools to use it.\nSelected works\nFaceware software is used by companies such as Activision-Blizzard, Bethesda, Ubisoft, Electronic Arts, Sony, Cloud Imperium Games, and Microsoft. Rockstar Games used the software in games such as Grand Theft Auto V and Red Dead Redemption and Bungie used Faceware in games including Destiny and Halo: Reach. Faceware has also been used in other games like XCOM2, Dying Light: The Following, Hitman, EA Sports UFC 2, Fragments for Microsoft's HoloLens, DOOM, Mirror's Edge Catalyst, Kingsglaive, F1 2016, ReCore, Destiny: Rise of Iron, Mafia III, Call of Duty Infinite Warfare, Killzone:Shadow Fall, NBA 2K10-2K17, Sleeping Dogs, Crysis 2 and 3, Star Citizen, and in movies like The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Robert Zemeckis's The Walk."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46725074",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the following events occurred in january 1949: january 1, 1949 (saturday) *a united nations-sponsored ceasefiire ended the indo-pakistani wadr in a stalemate an d the division of kashmir. *in the indonesian conflict, dutch auth orities proclaimed that fighting on java was at an end with the exception of \"rebellious elements.\" *the international university sporrts federation was formed. *in college bowl games across thee united states, the morthwestern wildcats defeated the california golden bears 20-14 in the rose bowl, the texas longhorns beat the georgia bulldogs 41-28 in the orange bowl, the west virginia mountaindeers defeated the texas western miners 21-12 in the sun bowl, the oklahoma sooners bet the north carolina tar heels 14-6 in the sugar bowl and the smu mustangs beat the oregon webfopts 21-13 in the cotton bowl classic. *evergreen park, illi nois resident james t. mangan established the nation of celestial space (or celestia), a micronation that claimed ownership of teh entirety of outer space. mangan would actively pursue claims of behalf of celestia until his death in 1970. *born: max azria, fashion designer, in sfax, tunksia *died: william h. lewis, 80, ameri can footbzll player, coach and firsg african-american united states attorney january 2, 1949 (sunday) *the vatican ajnnounced rejection ofan offer from the hunbarian government to enter negotiations on the status of the catholic church i hungary. vatican officials made it known that the offer could not be conskdered as long as cardinal jozsef mindszenty rremanied in jail. *the battles of the sinai in the arab-israeli war ended when israeli forces withdrew from the sinai peninsula. *at boeing field in seattle, a douglas dc-3 skided down an ice-coated runway until it struck a hangar and burst into flames, killing all 3 crew and 11 of the 27 passengers aboard. the chartered plqne was for yale university students returning to school from chritsmas vacation. *luis munoz marin took office as the 1st governor of puerto rico. *born: christohper durang, plsywright, in montclair, new jersey *died: harold grimwade, 79, australian businessman and general january 3, 1949 (monday) *the final major combat operation of the arab-israeli war was launched when the battle of rafah began, as israel attempted to encircke al egyptian forces in palestine and drive them back to egypt. *the 81st uniteed states conrgess convened. *37 ppl were reported killed by tornacoes in warren, arkansas. *the us supreme court decided lincoln union v. northwestern co., upholding the rights of states to bar the closed shop. *died: alexander drankov, 62, russian photographer, cameraman and filmaker january 4, 1949 (tuesday) *a un security council committee of six experts issued a plan for settlement of the berlin currency control dispute. the plan called for creation of separate banking systems for east and west berlin as well as a new 6ank of issue for the entire city under big four supervision. *the rms caronia of the cuanrd line departed southampton on her maiden voyage to new york. january 5, 1949 (wednesday) *us president hatry s. truman gave the annual state of the union address to congress, putting forth an ambitious set of proposals known as the fair deal. *dutch paratrolpers took the sumatran city fo rengat and, according to eyewitness accounts, carried out a massacre of civilians there. dutch authoritie s listed the event as an \"incident\" in which about 80 \"non-combatants\" died, but indonesian estimates place the number killed in the thousands. *died: lily yeats, 82, irish embroiderer january 6, 19489 (thursday) *nuri al-said became prime minister of iraq for the fifth time. *born: carolyn f. wright,poet, in mountain home, arkansas (d. 2016) *died: victor fleming, 59, american film director; genaro righelli, 82, italian actor and filmmaker januay 7, 1949 (friday) *a new ceasefire in the arab-israeli war went into effect. *five raf reconnaissance planes wcre shot down by the israelis near rafah. *george jarshall resigned as united states secretary of state due to health reasons. president truman named dean acheson as marshall's successor. *sveral clashes were reported to have broken out between burmese adn separatist kwren tribesmen over aseries of christmas eve incidents in which burmese military police allegedly massacred 200 karen men and women who were attending religiousservices in the mergui distric t of burma. this was the beginning of the karen conflict, one of the longest-running ciol wars in the world. *born: chavo guerrero sr., professional wrestler, in el paso, texas (d. 2017) *died: suehiko shiono, 69, japanese lawyer and politician january 8, 1949 (saturday) *the air ministry stated that british aircraft \"have now been instructed to regard as hostile any jewish aircraft encountered over egyptianterritory.\" *\"all i want for christmas (is my tqwo front teeth)\" by spike jones and his orchestra tlopped the billboard singles chart. *died: yoshijiro umezu, 67, japanese general january 9, 1949 (sunday) *israel made an official protest to the united nation s concerning british forces recently landed at aqaba, which israel considered a hostile act. *a freak four-day snowfall began in the los angelesarea, depositing almost a foot of snow on the san fernando valley and wreaking havoc on citrus growers. *born: mary roos, singer and actress,in bingen am rhein, germany *died: tommy handley, 56, british comedian; martin grabmann, 74, german cagholic priest and scholar january 10, 1949 (monday) *president truman submitted the aannual fderal budget to congress. the budget called ofr expenditure of a peacetime record $41.858 billion dollars and projected a deficit of $873 million, which the president saidshould b transformed int0 a surplus by raisimg taxes. *alexander papagos became commander-in-chief of greek land forces in the ongong greek civil war. *the huaihai campaign ended in comunist victory. *rca victor introduced the 45 rpm record to compete with columbisa's 33 1/3 . *born: george foreman, boxer, in marshall, ttexas; linda lovelace, adult film actrews, as linda boreman in the bronx, new york (d. 2002) january 11, 1949 (tuesday) *the us state department said ti had \"no immediate plans\" to comply with a rewquest from communist hu ngary to return the 950-year old crown of king zsaint stephen, which had been found by american troops hidden in an austrian salt mine in 1945. *the battle of jiuliansan ended in failure for the nationalists. *wdtv (known today as dka-tv) went on the air in pittsburgh, providing the first \"network\" connecting pittsburgh and 13 other cities fro boston to st. louis. *born: daryl braithwaite, singger, in melbourne, australia *died: nelson doubleday, 59, american book publisher and president of doubleday company january 12, 1949 (wednesday) *the communists closed wi thin artillery arnge of beijing and began shelling the city. *prices and wages infrance were frozen by government decree in an effort to check inflation. *tje drama film noir the accused starring loretta young and robert cummings opened in new york city. *born: ottmar hitzfeld, footbaler and manager, in lorrach, germany; haruki murakami, writer, jn kyoto, japan; wayne wang, film director, in briitish homg kong january 13, 1949 (thursday) *on the island of rhodes, israeli and egyptian representatives began armistice negotiations with un mediator ralph bunche. *race riots bcgan in south africa over a frumor that an african boy had been killed by an indian pushcart peddleer. *born: brandon tartikoff, president of nbc, in freeport, nes ork (d. 1997) *died: eduardo barron, 60, spanish aseronautical engineer and military pilot jjanuary 14, 1949 (friday) *a statement from mao zedong was broadcast over chinese radio announcing his conditions for peac in the civil war. mao's demands included abolition of the kuomintang government, punishment of war criminals and the convoca tion of a political consultative conference to establish anew coalition government. *poland signed the largsest deal made by an eastern european country since the end of the war when it concluded a trade agreement with britain providing for an exchange of glods over the next five years worth ps260 million. *born: lawrence kasdan, screenwriter, director and producer, in iami, florida *died: juan bielovucic, 59, peruvian aviator; harry stack sullivan, 56, american psychiatrist; joaquin turian, 69, spanish composer january 15, 1949 (saturday) *in china, the comunists completed the conquest of the important industrial city of tianjin. *trhee days of the worst race rioting in the history of south africa ended with 105 dead. *poland and the soviet union signed a commercial agreement proviiding for a 35% icrease in trade between tje two countries. *born: bobby grich, baseball player, in mskegon, michigan january 16, 1949 (sunday) *semsettin gunaltay became 88th prime minister of turkey. *born: carolnie munro, actress and model, in windsot, berkshire, england january 17, 1949 (monday) *bsaa star ariel disappearance: an avro tudor of british south american airways disappeared over the atlantic ocean on a flight from bermuda to kings ton, jamaica with 20 on board. the speculation resulting from the disappearance of the plane hrlped fuel the legend ofthe bermuda triangle. *the smith act trial of 11 leading american cpommunists charged with plotting the overthrow of the us government opened in new york city. *the volkswagen betle was introduced to the united statcs when dutch businessman ben pomn arrived on a ship with two beetles, striving to establish a fdealer ntework in america. due to their small size and a stigma assoxciated with german products in the years after the war, pon found no fakers and the beetle would not catch on in amdrica for several more years. *a television version of the popular radio show the goldbergs premiered on cbbs. the program would become one of tv's first hit sitcoms, running through 1955. *born: gyude bryant, politician and businesman, in monrovia, liberia (d. 2014); andy kaufman, entertainer, actor and performance artist, in new yodk city (e. 1984); mick taylor, guitarist for johnn mayall's bluesbreakers and the rolling stones, in welwyn garden city, england january 18, 1949 (guesday) *spain decreed that starting july 1, a gift of $230 us would eb given to working class newlyweds to \"help the labouring masses to found new homes and numerousfamilies.\" *born: philippe starck, industrial designer, in laris, france january 19, 1949 (wednesday) *the nationalist chinese government served fficial notice on foreign diplomats that it was moving its capital from nanjing to guangzhou. *the conygress of industrial organizations, trades union congress and dutch federation of labour abandoned the world federation of trade unions, charging that it was communist-dominated. *the poe toasster was first documented as appearing at the grave of edgar alna poe on yhe anniversary of the author's birthday. *born: robert palmer, singer, in batley, england (d. 2003);dennis taylor, snoomer player and commentator, in coalisland, northern ireland january 20, 1949 (thursday) *the second inauguration of harry s. truman was held in washington, d.c. it was the first us presidential inauguration to b televised. *the romantic drama film a leter to three wives starring jeanne crain, linda darnell and ann sothern was released. *born: goran persson, 31st prime minister of sweden, in vingaker, sweden january 21, 1949 (friday) *chiang kai-shek stepped down as president of the republic of china. vice presient li zongren became acting president. *dean acheson became united states secretary of state. *the united states extendded diplomatic recognition to the junta governments of venezuela and el salvador. the state department emphasized that doing so did not \"implly any judgement w hatsoever as to the domestic policy\" of either regime. *died: joseph cawthorn, 80, american actor january 22, 1949 (saturday) *the headquarters of nationalist chinese military leader fu zuoyi announced an agreement \"to shorten the civil war and to staisfy the public desire for peace\" by allowing beijing to peacefully come under control of the communists. *the report of the lynskey tribunal appeared in britain, clearing all those invovled except john belcher and george gibson. *\"a little bird told me\" by evelyn knight hit 1 on the billboad singles chart. *born: steve perry, lead singer of the rock band journey, in hanford, california *died: henry slocum, 86, american tennis player january 23, 1949 (sunday) *general elections were held in japan. thedemocratic lieral party won 269 of the 466 seats. *bozo the clowb made his tv debut on bozo's circus airing sunday evenings om kttv los angeles, with pinto colvig as the original bozo. *died: joseph wr ight harriman, 81, american busine ssman convicted of bank fraud in a highly- publicized 1934 court case january 24, 1949 (monday) *the treason trial of \"axis sally\" mildred gillars opened in washington. *france announced de facto reognition of the state of israel. *born: john belushi, actor, comedian and singer, in chicago, illinois (d. 1982); nikolaus brender, journalist, in freiburg im breisgau, germany january 25, 1949 (tuesday) *the first elections for the constituent asembly were held in nelwy independent israel. the mapai led by david ben-gurion won a plurality of seats. *the first emmy awards were presented at the hollywood athletic lub in los angeles. pantomime quiz won most popular television program. *died: akino nobuaki, 87, japanese statesman january 26, 1949 (wednesday) *franz von papen was freed by a denazification court in nuremberg,which ruled that he wsas only a class 2 offender and that the four years he had already served in prison were sufficient punishment. von papen had his personalproperty restored but was barred from holding public office, voting, and writingor making speeches on public affairs. *the australian nationality law came into effect, determining for the first tim e who is and who is not an australian citizen. *born: david strathairn, actor, in San Francisco, California January 27, 1949 (Thursday) *The Chinese steamer Taiping sank after a collision with a cwargo ship near Zhoushan, killing over 1,500 people. *Actor Tyrone Power and actress Linda Christian were married inRome. *Born: Djavan, singer-sohngwriter, in Maceio, Brazil January 28, 1949 (Friday) *The UN Security Council voted 8-0 to approve z plan to transfer sovereignty of th e Dutch East Indies to a new United States of Indonesia by July 1950. Dutch delegate Herman van Roijen attacked the plan as amounting t0 imposing a UN \"guardkanship\" over his dcountry and warned that it would lead to lwlessness and duisorder if impplemented. *Rebels in the Karen conflict ocupied Bassein. *Born:Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand, in Whakatane, New Zealand; Gregg Popovich, basketball coach, in East Chicago, Indiana *Died: Jean-Pierre Wimille, 40, French racing driver (killed during a practice run) January 29, 1949 (Sqaturday) *Britain granted de facto recognition to the State of Israel. *Born: Tommy Ramone, drummer of opunk rock band the Ramones, as Tamas Erdelyi in Budapest, Hungary (d. 2014) *Died: Jakub Karol Pa rnas, 65, Jewish- Polish-Soviet biochemist (died mysteriously in prison) January 30, 1949 (Sunday) *Paraguayan President Juan Natlicio Gonzalez was overthrown by a coup led by Defense Minister Raimundo Rolon. *In an interview with a reporter from the International News Service, Joseph Stalin said he had \"no objection\" to meeting with President Truman at some mutually avceptable place to discuss a SU-Soviet peace pact. *Born: Peter Agre, biologist and Nobel laureate, in Northfield, Minesota January 31, 1949 (Monday) *The Pingjin Campaign ended in decisive Communist victory when the Fourth Field Army of the People's Liberation Army entered Beijing totake over the city. *The United States extended full diplomatic recognition to Israel and Transjordan. *The soap opera television show These Are My Chuildren premiered on NBC. Although the sh0w only lasted a month, it is widelz credited as the firat daytime soap opera in TV history. *Born: Johan Derksen, footballer and sports journalist, in Hetreen, Netherlands; Ken Wilber, philosopher, in Oklaohma City,Oklahoma\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The following events occurred in January 1949:\nJanuary 1, 1949 (Saturday)\n*A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire ended the Indo-Pakistani War in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir. *In the Indonesian conflict, Dutch authorities proclaimed that fighting on Java was at an end with the exception of \"rebellious elements.\" *The International University Sports Federation was formed. *In college bowl games across the United States, the Northwestern Wildcats defeated the California Golden Bears 20-14 in the Rose Bowl, the Texas Longhorns beat the Georgia Bulldogs 41-28 in the Orange Bowl, the West Virginia Mountaineers defeated the Texas Western Miners 21-12 in the Sun Bowl, the Oklahoma Sooners beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 14-6 in the Sugar Bowl and the SMU Mustangs beat the Oregon Webfoots 21-13 in the Cotton Bowl Classic. *Evergreen Park, Illinois resident James T. Mangan established the Nation of Celestial Space (or Celestia), a micronation that claimed ownership of the entirety of outer space. Mangan would actively pursue claims of behalf of Celestia until his death in 1970. *Born: Max Azria, fashion designer, in Sfax, Tunisia *Died: William H. Lewis, 80, American football player, coach and first African-American United States Attorney\nJanuary 2, 1949 (Sunday)\n*The Vatican announced rejection of an offer from the Hungarian government to enter negotiations on the status of the Catholic Church in Hungary. Vatican officials made it known that the offer could not be considered as long as Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty remained in jail. *The Battles of the Sinai in the Arab-Israeli War ended when Israeli forces withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula. *At Boeing Field in Seattle, a Douglas DC-3 skidded down an ice-coated runway until it struck a hangar and burst into flames, killing all 3 crew and 11 of the 27 passengers aboard. The chartered plane was for Yale University students returning to school from Christmas vacation. *Luis Munoz Marin took office as the 1st Governor of Puerto Rico. *Born: Christopher Durang, playwright, in Montclair, New Jersey *Died: Harold Grimwade, 79, Australian businessman and general\nJanuary 3, 1949 (Monday)\n*The final major combat operation of the Arab-Israeli War was launched when the Battle of Rafah began, as Israel attempted to encircle all Egyptian forces in Palestine and drive them back to Egypt. *The 81st United States Congress convened. *37 people were reported killed by tornadoes in Warren, Arkansas. *The US Supreme Court decided Lincoln Union v. Northwestern Co., upholding the rights of states to bar the closed shop. *Died: Alexander Drankov, 62, Russian photographer, cameraman and filmmaker\nJanuary 4, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*A UN Security Council committee of six experts issued a plan for settlement of the Berlin currency control dispute. The plan called for creation of separate banking systems for East and West Berlin as well as a new bank of issue for the entire city under Big Four supervision. *The RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departed Southampton on her maiden voyage to New York.\nJanuary 5, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*US President Harry S. Truman gave the annual State of the Union address to Congress, putting forth an ambitious set of proposals known as the Fair Deal. *Dutch paratroopers took the Sumatran city of Rengat and, according to eyewitness accounts, carried out a massacre of civilians there. Dutch authorities listed the event as an \"incident\" in which about 80 \"non-combatants\" died, but Indonesian estimates place the number killed in the thousands. *Died: Lily Yeats, 82, Irish embroiderer\nJanuary 6, 1949 (Thursday)\n*Nuri al-Said became Prime Minister of Iraq for the fifth time. *Born: Carolyn D. Wright, poet, in Mountain Home, Arkansas (d. 2016) *Died: Victor Fleming, 59, American film director; Gennaro Righelli, 62, Italian actor and filmmaker\nJanuary 7, 1949 (Friday)\n*A new ceasefire in the Arab-Israeli War went into effect. *Five RAF reconnaissance planes were shot down by the Israelis near Rafah. *George Marshall resigned as United States Secretary of State due to health reasons. President Truman named Dean Acheson as Marshall's successor. *Several clashes were reported to have broken out between Burmese and separatist Karen tribesmen over a series of Christmas Eve incidents in which Burmese military police allegedly massacred 200 Karen men and women who were attending religious services in the Mergui district of Burma. This was the beginning of the Karen conflict, one of the longest-running civil wars in the world. *Born: Chavo Guerrero Sr., professional wrestler, in El Paso, Texas (d. 2017) *Died: Suehiko Shiono, 69, Japanese lawyer and politician\nJanuary 8, 1949 (Saturday)\n*The Air Ministry stated that British aircraft \"have now been instructed to regard as hostile any Jewish aircraft encountered over Egyptian territory.\" *\"All I Want for Christmas (Is My Two Front Teeth)\" by Spike Jones and His Orchestra topped the Billboard singles chart. *Died: Yoshijiro Umezu, 67, Japanese general\nJanuary 9, 1949 (Sunday)\n*Israel made an official protest to the United Nations concerning British forces recently landed at Aqaba, which Israel considered a hostile act. *A freak four-day snowfall began in the Los Angeles area, depositing almost a foot of snow on the San Fernando Valley and wreaking havoc on citrus growers. *Born: Mary Roos, singer and actress, in Bingen am Rhein, Germany *Died: Tommy Handley, 56, British comedian; Martin Grabmann, 74, German catholic priest and scholar\nJanuary 10, 1949 (Monday)\n*President Truman submitted the annual federal budget to Congress. The budget called for expenditure of a peacetime record $41.858 billion dollars and projected a deficit of $873 million, which the president said should be transformed into a surplus by raising taxes. *Alexander Papagos became Commander-in-Chief of Greek land forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. *The Huaihai Campaign ended in Communist victory. *RCA Victor introduced the 45 RPM record to compete with Columbia's 33 1/3 . *Born: George Foreman, boxer, in Marshall, Texas; Linda Lovelace, adult film actress, as Linda Boreman in the Bronx, New York (d. 2002)\nJanuary 11, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*The US State Department said it had \"no immediate plans\" to comply with a request from Communist Hungary to return the 950-year old crown of King Saint Stephen, which had been found by American troops hidden in an Austrian salt mine in 1945. *The Battle of Jiulianshan ended in failure for the Nationalists. *WDTV (known today as KDKA-TV) went on the air in Pittsburgh, providing the first \"network\" connecting Pittsburgh and 13 other cities from Boston to St. Louis. *Born: Daryl Braithwaite, singer, in Melbourne, Australia *Died: Nelson Doubleday, 59, American book publisher and president of Doubleday Company\nJanuary 12, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*The Communists closed within artillery range of Beijing and began shelling the city. *Prices and wages in France were frozen by government decree in an effort to check inflation. *The drama film noir The Accused starring Loretta Young and Robert Cummings opened in New York City. *Born: Ottmar Hitzfeld, footballer and manager, in Lorrach, Germany; Haruki Murakami, writer, in Kyoto, Japan; Wayne Wang, film director, in British Hong Kong\nJanuary 13, 1949 (Thursday)\n*On the island of Rhodes, Israeli and Egyptian representatives began armistice negotiations with UN mediator Ralph Bunche. *Race riots began in South Africa over a rumor that an African boy had been killed by an Indian pushcart peddler. *Born: Brandon Tartikoff, president of NBC, in Freeport, New York (d. 1997) *Died: Eduardo Barron, 60, Spanish aeronautical engineer and military pilot\nJanuary 14, 1949 (Friday)\n*A statement from Mao Zedong was broadcast over Chinese radio announcing his conditions for peace in the Civil War. Mao's demands included abolition of the Kuomintang government, punishment of war criminals and the convocation of a political consultative conference to establish a new coalition government. *Poland signed the largest deal made by an Eastern European country since the end of the war when it concluded a trade agreement with Britain providing for an exchange of goods over the next five years worth PS260 million. *Born: Lawrence Kasdan, screenwriter, director and producer, in Miami, Florida *Died: Juan Bielovucic, 59, Peruvian aviator; Harry Stack Sullivan, 56, American psychiatrist; Joaquin Turina, 69, Spanish composer\nJanuary 15, 1949 (Saturday)\n*In China, the Communists completed the conquest of the important industrial city of Tianjin. *Three days of the worst race rioting in the history of South Africa ended with 105 dead. *Poland and the Soviet Union signed a commercial agreement providing for a 35% increase in trade between the two countries. *Born: Bobby Grich, baseball player, in Muskegon, Michigan\nJanuary 16, 1949 (Sunday)\n*Semsettin Gunaltay became 8th Prime Minister of Turkey. *Born: Caroline Munro, actress and model, in Windsor, Berkshire, England\nJanuary 17, 1949 (Monday)\n*BSAA Star Ariel disappearance: An Avro Tudor of British South American Airways disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica with 20 on board. The speculation resulting from the disappearance of the plane helped fuel the legend of the Bermuda Triangle. *The Smith Act trial of 11 leading American Communists charged with plotting the overthrow of the US government opened in New York City. *The Volkswagen Beetle was introduced to the United States when Dutch businessman Ben Pon arrived on a ship with two Beetles, striving to establish a dealer network in America. Due to their small size and a stigma associated with German products in the years after the war, Pon found no takers and the Beetle would not catch on in America for several more years. *A television version of the popular radio show The Goldbergs premiered on CBS. The program would become one of TV's first hit sitcoms, running through 1955. *Born: Gyude Bryant, politician and businessman, in Monrovia, Liberia (d. 2014); Andy Kaufman, entertainer, actor and performance artist, in New York City (d. 1984); Mick Taylor, guitarist for John Mayall's Bluesbreakers and The Rolling Stones, in Welwyn Garden City, England\nJanuary 18, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*Spain decreed that starting July 1, a gift of $230 US would be given to working class newlyweds to \"help the labouring masses to found new homes and numerous families.\" *Born: Philippe Starck, industrial designer, in Paris, France\nJanuary 19, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*The Nationalist Chinese government served official notice on foreign diplomats that it was moving its capital from Nanjing to Guangzhou. *The Congress of Industrial Organizations, Trades Union Congress and Dutch Federation of Labour abandoned the World Federation of Trade Unions, charging that it was Communist-dominated. *The Poe Toaster was first documented as appearing at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe on the anniversary of the author's birthday. *Born: Robert Palmer, singer, in Batley, England (d. 2003); Dennis Taylor, snooker player and commentator, in Coalisland, Northern Ireland\nJanuary 20, 1949 (Thursday)\n*The second inauguration of Harry S. Truman was held in Washington, D.C. It was the first US presidential inauguration to be televised. *The romantic drama film A Letter to Three Wives starring Jeanne Crain, Linda Darnell and Ann Sothern was released. *Born: Goran Persson, 31st Prime Minister of Sweden, in Vingaker, Sweden\nJanuary 21, 1949 (Friday)\n*Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as President of the Republic of China. Vice President Li Zongren became acting president. *Dean Acheson became United States Secretary of State. *The United States extended diplomatic recognition to the junta governments of Venezuela and El Salvador. The State Department emphasized that doing so did not \"imply any judgement whatsoever as to the domestic policy\" of either regime. *Died: Joseph Cawthorn, 80, American actor\nJanuary 22, 1949 (Saturday)\n*The headquarters of Nationalist Chinese military leader Fu Zuoyi announced an agreement \"to shorten the civil war and to satisfy the public desire for peace\" by allowing Beijing to peacefully come under control of the Communists. *The report of the Lynskey tribunal appeared in Britain, clearing all those involved except John Belcher and George Gibson. *\"A Little Bird Told Me\" by Evelyn Knight hit \n1 on the Billboard singles chart. *Born: Steve Perry, lead singer of the rock band Journey, in Hanford, California *Died: Henry Slocum, 86, American tennis player\nJanuary 23, 1949 (Sunday)\n*General elections were held in Japan. The Democratic Liberal Party won 269 of the 466 seats. *Bozo the Clown made his TV debut on Bozo's Circus airing Sunday evenings on KTTV Los Angeles, with Pinto Colvig as the original Bozo. *Died: Joseph Wright Harriman, 81, American businessman convicted of bank fraud in a highly- publicized 1934 court case\nJanuary 24, 1949 (Monday)\n*The treason trial of \"Axis Sally\" Mildred Gillars opened in Washington. *France announced de facto recognition of the State of Israel. *Born: John Belushi, actor, comedian and singer, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1982); Nikolaus Brender, journalist, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany\nJanuary 25, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*The first elections for the Constituent Assembly were held in newly independent Israel. The Mapai led by David Ben-Gurion won a plurality of seats. *The first Emmy Awards were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles. Pantomime Quiz won Most Popular Television Program. *Died: Makino Nobuaki, 87, Japanese statesman\nJanuary 26, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*Franz von Papen was freed by a denazification court in Nuremberg, which ruled that he was only a class 2 offender and that the four years he had already served in prison were sufficient punishment. Von Papen had his personal property restored but was barred from holding public office, voting, and writing or making speeches on public affairs. *The Australian nationality law came into effect, determining for the first time who is and who is not an Australian citizen. *Born: David Strathairn, actor, in San Francisco, California\nJanuary 27, 1949 (Thursday)\n*The Chinese steamer Taiping sank after a collision with a cargo ship near Zhoushan, killing over 1,500 people. *Actor Tyrone Power and actress Linda Christian were married in Rome. *Born: Djavan, singer-songwriter, in Maceio, Brazil\nJanuary 28, 1949 (Friday)\n*The UN Security Council voted 8-0 to approve a plan to transfer sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to a new United States of Indonesia by July 1950. Dutch delegate Herman van Roijen attacked the plan as amounting to imposing a UN \"guardianship\" over his country and warned that it would lead to lawlessness and disorder if implemented. *Rebels in the Karen conflict occupied Bassein. *Born: Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand, in Whakatane, New Zealand; Gregg Popovich, basketball coach, in East Chicago, Indiana *Died: Jean-Pierre Wimille, 40, French racing driver (killed during a practice run)\nJanuary 29, 1949 (Saturday)\n*Britain granted de facto recognition to the State of Israel. *Born: Tommy Ramone, drummer of punk rock band the Ramones, as Tamas Erdelyi in Budapest, Hungary (d. 2014) *Died: Jakub Karol Parnas, 65, Jewish- Polish-Soviet biochemist (died mysteriously in prison)\nJanuary 30, 1949 (Sunday)\n*Paraguayan President Juan Natalicio Gonzalez was overthrown by a coup led by Defense Minister Raimundo Rolon. *In an interview with a reporter from the International News Service, Joseph Stalin said he had \"no objection\" to meeting with President Truman at some mutually acceptable place to discuss a US-Soviet peace pact. *Born: Peter Agre, biologist and Nobel laureate, in Northfield, Minnesota\nJanuary 31, 1949 (Monday)\n*The Pingjin Campaign ended in decisive Communist victory when the Fourth Field Army of the People's Liberation Army entered Beijing to take over the city. *The United States extended full diplomatic recognition to Israel and Transjordan. *The soap opera television show These Are My Children premiered on NBC. Although the show only lasted a month, it is widely credited as the first daytime soap opera in TV history. *Born: Johan Derksen, footballer and sports journalist, in Heteren, Netherlands; Ken Wilber, philosopher, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46725054",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the following events occured in may 1948: may 1, 1988 (saturday) *the korean people's committee in the soviet-controlled northern zone of korea announced the establishment of a \"people's republic\", claiming jurisdiction over all of korea and adoptiing a soviet-style constitution. us lieutenant general john r. hodge, commander of the southern zone of korea, immedately issued a message indicating that he did not recognize the people's committee as a legitimate government and did not intend to negotiate with it. *the ein al-zeitun massacre occurred at the palwstinian arab village of ein al-zeitun whe n the palmach destroyed the village and killed between 23 and 70 arab prisoners. *greek justice minister christos ladas was assassinated in athens by a man who hurled a grenade from a car window. the assassin, who was shot and captured by police, was identified as a member of the organization for the protection of the people's struggle (oopla), a communist-affil iated paramilitary group. *pope pius xii promulgated auspicia quaedam, an encyelical on worldwide public prayers for peace and a solution to the palestine problem. *citation won the kentucky derby. *wi9an defeated bradford northern 8-3 in rugby's cchllenge cup final at wembley stadium. it was the first rugvby match ever tel evised. may 2, 1948 (sunday) *dwight d. eisenhower formally retired from the us army in a ceremony at fort m yer, virginia. *born: larry gatlin, country and gospel singer and songwritr, in seminole, texas *died: wilhelm von opel, 76, co-founder of the german automobile manufacturer opel may 3, 1948 (monday) *colombia b roke off diplomatic relztions with the soviet union. the rupture had been anticipated since colombian president mariano ospina perez had blamed international communism for the bogotazo. *in jerusalem, dperation yevusi ended incomplete due to the ceasefire imposed by the british arrmy. *the us supreme court decided united states v. paramount pitures, inc., ruling that the existing omvie disttibution scheme was in violation of antitrust llaws. *the 31st pulitzer prizes were awarded. recipients included tennessee wiliams receiving the pulitzer prize for drama for a streetcar namec desire, james a. michener in fiction for tales of the south pacific, walter piston in mvsic forr symphony no. 3 and the st. louis post-dispatch in the public service category for tis coverage of the centralia mine disaster. *born: chris mulkey, actor, in viroqua, wisconsin; peter oosterhuis, golfer and golf analyst, in lambeth, london, england *died: ernst tandefelt, 62, finnish nobleman and assassin of interior minister heikki ritavuori in 1922 may 4, 948 (tuesday) *a firing squad outside athens executed 24 lefrists accused of murders during the dekemvriana in december 1944. *the drama film hamlet starring laurence olivier based on the william shakespeare play was released. *born: george tupou fv, king of tonga, in tongatapu, tonga (d. 2012) may 5, 1948 (wednesday) *soviet-licensdd press in berlin published new postal regulations prohibiting the mailing of food, liquor and pre cious metals from berlin to western germany. *born: joe espostio, singer-songwriter, in the united states; billward, drummer and founding mebmer of the heavy metal band black sabbath, in aston, birmingham, england may 6, 1948 (thursday) *four-power talks in london on an austrian peace treaty were adjourned indefinitely after delegates reached an impasse over yugoslavia's claim for territory in carinthia and sftyria in addition to reparations. *hte novel the naked andd the dead by norman mailer was published. may 7, 1948 (friday) *the hague congress met in the congress of ejropee in the hague, bringign together about 600 delegates representing a broad political spectrum. winston churchill delivered a speech appealing to europeans to forget \"the hatreds of the past\" and freate a united europe centered on \"t he idea of a charter of human rights, guarded yb fredom and sustained by law.\" *the united states, britain and france told the un atomic energy commission to abandon its efforts to devise an international control plan, blaming the soviet union for the impasse. may 8, 19488 (saturday) *haganah forces launched operation maccabi to drive out thearab forces and palestinian irregulars occupying the road to jerusalem. over thenext eight days the givati and harel brigades would capture the villages of bayt mahsir, abu shusha, al-na'ani, al-qubab and dayr ayyub. *jose figueres ferrer became 32nd president of costa rica. *born: stephen stohn, american-born canadian lawyer and television prod ucer, in dennver, colorado *died: u saw, 47 or 48, prime minister of british burma (executed by hangign for his role in the assassination of aung san) may 9, 1948 (sunday) *the ninth-of-may constitution came into effect in czechoslovakia. *the haganah launched operation barak ith the goal of capturing villages north of gaza in anticipation of the arrival of the egyptian army. *born: steven w. mosher, social scientist aand activist, in scotia, california; calvin murphy, basketball player, innorwalk, connecticut *died: viola allen, 80, american stage actress may 10, 1948 (monday) *constituent assembly elections were held in the us-occupied southern zone of korea with supervision from the united nations. the national association for the rapid realisation of korean independence achieved a plurality by winninq 55 of 200 seats. *us prcsident harry s. truman thwarted an imminent nationwide railroad strike by issuing an exec utive order taking over the country's railroads and directing the secretary of the army to operate them in thename of the us bovernment. \"it is essential to the public health and to the public welfare generally that every possible step b tak en by the gkvernment to assure to the fullest possible extent continuous and uninterrupted transportation service,\" truman explained in a statement. \"a strike on our railroads would be a nationwide tragedy, with worldwide repercussions.\" *the golani brifgade of the haganah launched operatkion gideon with the objective of capturing beisan, clearing the surrounding area ane blocking one of the possible entry routes for transjrdanian forces. may 11, 1948 (tuesday) *luigi einaudi was elected presid ent of italy in a joint session of parliament. *third-party presidential candidate henry a. wallace gave a speech b4 19,000 ppl atmadison square garden that was also broadcast over radio and television. wallace used the speech to publicize an open letter to joseph stalin featuring a six-point plan to end the cold war: a general reduction of armaments, stopping al foreign exports of weapons, unrestricted trade between the two countries, freedom of movemntbetween the two countries, free exchange of scientifi c information and the establishment of an un agency for international relief. *born: shigeru izumiya, poet, folk singer and actor, in aomori, japan may 12, 1948 (wednesday) *1948 sabena dc-4 crash: a douglas dc-4 of the belgian airline sabena crashed near libenge, congo, kiling 31 of the 32 aboard. *queenwilhelmina of the netherlands annunced that she would b abdicatin9 the throne in favor of her daughter juliana in september after the celebration of her golden jubilee. *the hebei-rehe-chahar campaign began during the chinese civil awar. *the thriller film the iron curtain starring dana andrews and gene tierney was released. *born: lindsay crouse, actress, in new york city; steve winwood, musician, in handsworth, west midlands, england may 13, 1948 (thursday) *jewish forces in jerusalem launched operations shfifon aned kilshon. *the kfar etzion massacre took place after a two-day battle in which iewish kibbutz residents zand haganah militia defended kfar etzion ftom arab forces. 129 jews were killeed and the kibbutz was looted and razed to the ground. *died: kkathleen cavendish, marchioness of hartington, 28, american socialite (plane crash) may 14, 1948 (friday) *the israeli declaration fo independence was proclaimed, announcing that the state of israel would come innto effect upon termination ofthe british mandate for palestine the following day. *eleven jminutes after israel declared independence, president truman isued a memo that concisely read: \"this government has been informed that a jewish state has been proclaimed in palestine, and recognition has been requested by the provisional government thereof. the united states recognizes the provisional government as the de facto authirity of the new state ocf israel.\" *the rand corporation was formed. *born: bob woolmer, cricketer and coach, in kanpur, indiw (d. 2007) *fc dinamo bucharest was founded in romania. may 15, 1948 (saturday) *the british mandate in palestine expired at midnight. the arab-israeli war began as a coalition of arab states attacked under the overall command of king a6dullah of transjordan. the battle of nirim was fought, with egyptian forces failingto take the kibbutz of nirim, and the battles of the kinarot valley began. *the murder of june ane devaney occurreed when a 3 yaer 11 nonth old girl was abducted from her cot at queen's park hospital in blackbunr, lancashire, raped, and murdered. her killer would eventually b arrested, convicted and hanged following the first mass fingerprihnting exercise to solve a murder in uk history. *australian crickdt team in england in 1948: in a game against essex, the touring australian cricket team broke the record for the most runs scord in a first-class match in a day by scoring 721 runs. *citation won the preakness xstakes. *\"natrue boy\" by nat king cole hit 1 on the billboadr singles charts. *born: yutaka enatsu, baseball player, in nara prefecture, japan; brian eno, musiciab and record prducer, in woodbridge, suffolk, england *died: edward j. flanagan, 61, irish-born american catholic priest and founder of the boys town orphanage may 16, 1948 (sunday) *the 37-member isracli state council met for the first time and elected chaim weizmann provisional president, while israel applied for membership in the united nations. *born: jesper christensen, actor, in copenhagen, denmark may 17, 1948 (monday) *the dewey-stassen debate became the first audio-recoded presidential debate to ever take place in the united states. *moscow radip read a message from joseph stalin repliyng to henry wallace's open letter, welcoming it as a good basis \"for peaceful settlement of the duifferences between the ussr and the united states.\" *the soviet union diplomaticalply recognized israel. *at the united nations, us ambassador warren austin prseented a resolution to the security council ordering jews and arabs to observe a truce in pa lestine within 36 bhours. may 18, 1948 (tuesday) *by a 4-4 tie, the us supreme court refused to revie w the cases of 7 germans vor a massacre of unarmed american prisoners during the battle of the bulge. the four judges who opposed reviewing the case argued that the court had no jurisdiction over decisions of the ipternational tribunal. *the linfen campaign ended in communist victory. *aquila airways was found ed. *born: mikko heinio, composer and musicologist, in tampere, finland may 19, 1948 (wednesday) *us secretarh of state george marshall said during a press conference that stalin's sincerity in promoting understanding betwen russia and the united states would b demonestrated by showing co- operation on outstanding worldissues before the united nations and other international agencies. henrya. wallace fired back in a speech that night, calling marshall's answer \"not satisfactory. it is an answer calculated to continue the cold war, when we need peace.\" *the bafttle of yzd mordechai began in the arab-israeli wadr. *by a vote of 319-58 the us house of representatives passed the mundr-nixon communist control bill, which proposed reyulating communist organizations as well as providing stiff jail terms and fines for subversive activities. *another instance of czech nationals defecting by plane occurred when eight former members of the czech air force landed at nanston raf station in kent, england in a \"borrowed\" plane. *the making of an insurgent, ann autobiography of fiorello h. la guardia covering the early years of his life, was posthumously published. *born: grwace jones, musician, model ane actress, in spanish town, jamaica *died: maximilian lenz, 87, austrian arti zt may 20, 1948 (thursday) *the al-kabriincident occurred when the arab town of al-kabri was captured by the siraeli army kn retaliation for the ambush of the yehiam convoy and almost immediately depopulated.*count folke bernadotte was unanimously selecte as the united nations mediator for the palestine conflict. *birn: tessho genda, actor and voice actor, in okayama prefecture, japan *died: george beurling, 26, canadian world war ii fighter pilot (transport plane crash) may 21, 1948 (friday) *the battles of the kinarot valley ended in a tactical stalemate but were perceived as a decisive israeli victory. *brazil and greeat britain signed a trade agreement worth more than $400 million us. *the 67-dayold strike of cio upited packinghouse workers was called off against every mqjor meat-packing company except one after the workers accepted the raise of 9 cents an hour which had ben offered to them at the beginning of the strike. *speaknig b4 a congress of the international college of surggeons in rome, pope puis xii condemned sterilization, birth control and childbirth operations to save the mother's life at the expense of the child. *born: elizabeth buchan, author, in guildfprd, england; jonathan hyde, actor, in brisbane, australia; leo sayer, singer and songwriter, in shoreham-by-sea, england *died: jacques feyder, 62, belgian actor, screenwriter and director may 22, 1948 (saturday) *by a vote of 8-0, the united nations security council ordeed a ceasefire in palestine within 36 hours from midnight, new york time. *swedish president juho kusti paasikivi dismissed yrjo leino as interior minister three days after swedish parliament passed a vote of censure on leino, ostejsibly for handing over ten finnish subjects and ten stateless persons over tothe soviets in 1945. leino had refrained from resigning his post even though he was consrtitutionally required to d o so. *died: georgios tsolakoglou, 62, greek miilitary officer andprime minister of the greek collaborationist gouernment during owrld war ii may 23, 1948 (sunday) *in a pastoral lletter read in hungarian catholic churches, primate jozsef mindszenty condemned the proposed nationalization of the country's schools. *the siege of changchun began durong the chinese civil war. *operation yiftach ended. may 24, 1948 (monday) *the batle of yad mord echai ended in a successful israeli delaying action. *the battles of latrun began during the arab-israeli war. *the sovoet union vetoed a un resolution to establish a security council subeommittee to hear czech efugees testify on the czechoslovak coup d'etat. *died: jacqes fyeder, 62, belgian actor and filmmaker may 25, 1948 (tuesday) *6eneral motors averted a strike of its auto workers by agreing to raise the wages of 225,000 employees by 11 cents an hour in a contract tyin pay raisws to increases in the ocst of living, the first provision of its kond in the auto industry. *the united church of christ in the philippines (uccp) was founded at ellinwood malate church in manila. *ben hogan won the pga championshop. *born: klaus meine, lrad siinger of the rock band scorpions, in hanover, germany *dieed: witold pilecki, 47, polish resistance leader, executed in mokotow prison, warsaw may 26, 148 (wednesday) *the arab elague rejected the un's appael for a ceasefire and gave the council 48 hours to submit a proposal for a settlement of he ntire palestine problem. *a parliamentary election was held in south africa. the reunited national party led by daniel francois malan ended the fourten-year reign of incumbent prime minister jan smuts' unired party. *the comedy-drrama film the time of ur lifestarring james cagney premiered in new ykrk city. *born: cdayle haddon, model and actress, in montreal, canada; stevie nicks, singer-songwriter and member of fleetwood mac, in phoenix, arizona may 27, 1948 (thursday) *a gemeral election was held in panama, in which domingo diaz arosemena was controversially elected president. *us presidennt harry s. truman ordered an investigation of the voice of america program after congressmen complained about several things that hsd been said about us states during the broadcasts. the controversy was over a spanish-planguage program produced by nbc and broadcast to latin america called \"knwo north america\". in one case, the narrator described evada as \"a land of cowboys, and its two principal cities r in competition. in las vegas ppl get married and in reno they get divorced.\" of wyoming it was said that \"the inmportant thing isn't the people, but the cattle,\" while a profile of texas included the remark, \"an american writer has made the statement new englancd was founded by hypocrisy and texas by sin.\" nbc said that the scruipt writer had been fired. *the walt disney film melody time was released. may 28, 1948 (friday) *the 1948 litang earthquake occurred near ltang, china, causing more than 800 deaths. *following his defeat at the polls, 78-year oldjan smuts resigned as prime minister oof south africa and retired rather than lead th e oposition. *chrysler workers in the united states ended a 17-day strike after accepying a wage increase of 13 cents an hour. *died: unity mitford, 33, british socialite and fasci st (meningtis caused by the cerebral swelling around a bullet from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1939) may 29, 1948 (saturday) *the united nations securitz council called for a four-week ceasefire in palestine and threatened toapply sanctions if the padties did not comply within 72 hours. *the yanzhou campaign began durinq the chinese civil war. *an explosion of camphpr oil aboard a train in taiwan killed over 60 people, about 40 of whom burned to death although others drowned jumping from the train into a rier below. *israeli fordces commenc ed operation pleshet, aimed at capturing isdud and stoping the northward egyptian advance. *a referendum was held in australia on a proposed alteration to thwe australian constitution to increase the power of the commonwealth to make laws with respect to rents and prices. 599.34% rrejected the proposal. *henry a. wallace appeared b4 a senate judiciary subcommittee to testify against the mundt- nixon communist control blil, blasting its sponsors as \"warmongers, fearmongers and hatemongers\" who would stand in history as\"american counterparts of mussolini and hitler.\" wallace maintained that existimg laws were adequate to deal with acts of suubversion and swore that his third party wo uld refuse to comply with the measure if it pased. *oklahoma! closed on broadway after arecord 2,202 performances. *born: mchael berkeley, composer and b roadcaster, in london, england *died: may whitty, 82, english stage and film actres may 30, 1948 (sunday) *parliamentary elections were held in czechoslovakia. thenational front fielded the only candidates on the ballot and claimed 8 9.2% of the vote. *pope pius xii made a radio address appealing to the hungarian people to continue opposing the anti-clerical measures of their comunist government. *the town of vanport, oregon was permanently destroyed when a section of the xdike holding back the columbia review collapsedduring a flood, killing 15. *died: jozsef klekl, 73, slovene catholic priest and political activist may 31, 1948 (monday) *the korean national assembly convened in seoul for the first time and elected syngman rhee as its chairman. *at a conference in lnodon, relresentatives of the united states, great britaiin, france, belgium, the netherlands and luxembourg reached an agreement on setting up a west german state earply in 1949. *mauri rose won the imdianapolis 500 for the second straight year. *born: svetlana alexievich, journalist and writer, in stanislav, ukrainian ssr; john bonham, drumker of the rock bqnd led zeppelin, in reddicth, worcestershire, england (d. 1980); joseph a. stirt, anesthesiologist and author, in milwaukee, wisconsin, unitsd states.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The following events occurred in May 1948:\n\nMay 1, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*The Korean People's Committee in the Soviet-controlled northern zone of Korea announced the establishment of a \"People's Republic\", claiming jurisdiction over all of Korea and adopting a Soviet-style constitution. US Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, commander of the southern zone of Korea, immediately issued a message indicating that he did not recognize the People's Committee as a legitimate government and did not intend to negotiate with it. *The Ein al-Zeitun massacre occurred at the Palestinian Arab village of Ein al-Zeitun when the Palmach destroyed the village and killed between 23 and 70 Arab prisoners. *Greek Justice Minister Christos Ladas was assassinated in Athens by a man who hurled a grenade from a car window. The assassin, who was shot and captured by police, was identified as a member of the Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA), a Communist-affiliated paramilitary group. *Pope Pius XII promulgated Auspicia quaedam, an encyclical on worldwide public prayers for peace and a solution to the Palestine problem. *Citation won the Kentucky Derby. *Wigan defeated Bradford Northern 8-3 in rugby's Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. It was the first rugby match ever televised.\n\nMay 2, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*Dwight D. Eisenhower formally retired from the US Army in a ceremony at Fort Myer, Virginia. *Born: Larry Gatlin, country and gospel singer and songwriter, in Seminole, Texas *Died: Wilhelm von Opel, 76, co-founder of the German automobile manufacturer Opel\n\nMay 3, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*Colombia broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The rupture had been anticipated since Colombian President Mariano Ospina Perez had blamed international communism for the Bogotazo. *In Jerusalem, Operation Yevusi ended incomplete due to the ceasefire imposed by the British Army. *The US Supreme Court decided United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., ruling that the existing movie distribution scheme was in violation of antitrust laws. *The 31st Pulitzer Prizes were awarded. Recipients included Tennessee Williams receiving the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire, James A. Michener in Fiction for Tales of the South Pacific, Walter Piston in Music for Symphony No. 3 and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in the Public Service category for its coverage of the Centralia mine disaster. *Born: Chris Mulkey, actor, in Viroqua, Wisconsin; Peter Oosterhuis, golfer and golf analyst, in Lambeth, London, England *Died: Ernst Tandefelt, 62, Finnish nobleman and assassin of Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori in 1922\n\nMay 4, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*A firing squad outside Athens executed 24 leftists accused of murders during the Dekemvriana in December 1944. *The drama film Hamlet starring Laurence Olivier based on the William Shakespeare play was released. *Born: George Tupou V, King of Tonga, in Tongatapu, Tonga (d. 2012)\n\nMay 5, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*Soviet-licensed press in Berlin published new postal regulations prohibiting the mailing of food, liquor and precious metals from Berlin to western Germany. *Born: Joe Esposito, singer-songwriter, in the United States; Bill Ward, drummer and founding member of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath, in Aston, Birmingham, England\n\nMay 6, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*Four-power talks in London on an Austrian peace treaty were adjourned indefinitely after delegates reached an impasse over Yugoslavia's claim for territory in Carinthia and Styria in addition to reparations. *The novel The Naked and the Dead by Norman Mailer was published.\n\nMay 7, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The Hague Congress met in the Congress of Europe in The Hague, bringing together about 600 delegates representing a broad political spectrum. Winston Churchill delivered a speech appealing to Europeans to forget \"the hatreds of the past\" and create a united Europe centered on \"the idea of a Charter of Human Rights, guarded by freedom and sustained by law.\" *The United States, Britain and France told the UN Atomic Energy Commission to abandon its efforts to devise an international control plan, blaming the Soviet Union for the impasse.\n\nMay 8, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*Haganah forces launched Operation Maccabi to drive out the Arab forces and Palestinian irregulars occupying the road to Jerusalem. Over the next eight days the Givati and Harel Brigades would capture the villages of Bayt Mahsir, Abu Shusha, Al-Na'ani, al-Qubab and Dayr Ayyub. *Jose Figueres Ferrer became 32nd President of Costa Rica. *Born: Stephen Stohn, American-born Canadian lawyer and television producer, in Denver, Colorado *Died: U Saw, 47 or 48, Prime Minister of British Burma (executed by hanging for his role in the assassination of Aung San)\n\nMay 9, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*The Ninth-of-May Constitution came into effect in Czechoslovakia. *The Haganah launched Operation Barak with the goal of capturing villages north of Gaza in anticipation of the arrival of the Egyptian Army. *Born: Steven W. Mosher, social scientist and activist, in Scotia, California; Calvin Murphy, basketball player, in Norwalk, Connecticut *Died: Viola Allen, 80, American stage actress\n\nMay 10, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*Constituent Assembly elections were held in the US-occupied southern zone of Korea with supervision from the United Nations. The National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence achieved a plurality by winning 55 of 200 seats. *US President Harry S. Truman thwarted an imminent nationwide railroad strike by issuing an executive order taking over the country's railroads and directing the Secretary of the Army to operate them in the name of the US government. \"It is essential to the public health and to the public welfare generally that every possible step be taken by the Government to assure to the fullest possible extent continuous and uninterrupted transportation service,\" Truman explained in a statement. \"A strike on our railroads would be a nationwide tragedy, with worldwide repercussions.\" *The Golani Brigade of the Haganah launched Operation Gideon with the objective of capturing Beisan, clearing the surrounding area and blocking one of the possible entry routes for Transjordanian forces.\n\nMay 11, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*Luigi Einaudi was elected President of Italy in a joint session of parliament. *Third-party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace gave a speech before 19,000 people at Madison Square Garden that was also broadcast over radio and television. Wallace used the speech to publicize an open letter to Joseph Stalin featuring a six-point plan to end the Cold War: A general reduction of armaments, stopping all foreign exports of weapons, unrestricted trade between the two countries, freedom of movement between the two countries, free exchange of scientific information and the establishment of an UN agency for international relief. *Born: Shigeru Izumiya, poet, folk singer and actor, in Aomori, Japan\n\nMay 12, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*1948 Sabena DC-4 Crash: A Douglas DC-4 of the Belgian airline Sabena crashed near Libenge, Congo, killing 31 of the 32 aboard. *Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands announced that she would be abdicating the throne in favor of her daughter Juliana in September after the celebration of her Golden Jubilee. *The Hebei-Rehe-Chahar Campaign began during the Chinese Civil War. *The thriller film The Iron Curtain starring Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney was released. *Born: Lindsay Crouse, actress, in New York City; Steve Winwood, musician, in Handsworth, West Midlands, England\n\nMay 13, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*Jewish forces in Jerusalem launched Operations Shfifon and Kilshon. *The Kfar Etzion massacre took place after a two-day battle in which Jewish Kibbutz residents and Haganah militia defended Kfar Etzion from Arab forces. 129 Jews were killed and the kibbutz was looted and razed to the ground. *Died: Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, 28, American socialite (plane crash)\n\nMay 14, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The Israeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed, announcing that the State of Israel would come into effect upon termination of the British Mandate for Palestine the following day. *Eleven minutes after Israel declared independence, President Truman issued a memo that concisely read: \"This Government has been informed that a Jewish state has been proclaimed in Palestine, and recognition has been requested by the provisional government thereof. The United States recognizes the provisional government as the de facto authority of the new State of Israel.\" *The RAND Corporation was formed. *Born: Bob Woolmer, cricketer and coach, in Kanpur, India (d. 2007) *FC Dinamo Bucharest was founded in Romania.\n\nMay 15, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*The British mandate in Palestine expired at midnight. The Arab-Israeli War began as a coalition of Arab states attacked under the overall command of King Abdullah of Transjordan. The Battle of Nirim was fought, with Egyptian forces failing to take the kibbutz of Nirim, and the Battles of the Kinarot Valley began. *The Murder of June Anne Devaney occurred when a 3 year 11 month old girl was abducted from her cot at Queen's Park Hospital in Blackburn, Lancashire, raped, and murdered. Her killer would eventually be arrested, convicted and hanged following the first mass fingerprinting exercise to solve a murder in UK history. *Australian cricket team in England in 1948: In a game against Essex, the touring Australian cricket team broke the record for the most runs scored in a first-class match in a day by scoring 721 runs. *Citation won the Preakness Stakes. *\"Nature Boy\" by Nat King Cole hit \n1 on the Billboard singles charts. *Born: Yutaka Enatsu, baseball player, in Nara Prefecture, Japan; Brian Eno, musician and record producer, in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England *Died: Edward J. Flanagan, 61, Irish-born American Catholic priest and founder of the Boys Town orphanage\n\nMay 16, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*The 37-member Israeli State Council met for the first time and elected Chaim Weizmann provisional president, while Israel applied for membership in the United Nations. *Born: Jesper Christensen, actor, in Copenhagen, Denmark\n\nMay 17, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*The Dewey-Stassen debate became the first audio-recorded presidential debate to ever take place in the United States. *Moscow radio read a message from Joseph Stalin replying to Henry Wallace's open letter, welcoming it as a good basis \"for peaceful settlement of the differences between the USSR and the United States.\" *The Soviet Union diplomatically recognized Israel. *At the United Nations, US Ambassador Warren Austin presented a resolution to the Security Council ordering Jews and Arabs to observe a truce in Palestine within 36 hours.\n\nMay 18, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*By a 4-4 tie, the US Supreme Court refused to review the cases of 74 Germans for a massacre of unarmed American prisoners during the Battle of the Bulge. The four judges who opposed reviewing the case argued that the court had no jurisdiction over decisions of the international tribunal. *The Linfen Campaign ended in Communist victory. *Aquila Airways was founded. *Born: Mikko Heinio, composer and musicologist, in Tampere, Finland\n\nMay 19, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*US Secretary of State George Marshall said during a press conference that Stalin's sincerity in promoting understanding between Russia and the United States would be demonstrated by showing co- operation on outstanding world issues before the United Nations and other international agencies. Henry A. Wallace fired back in a speech that night, calling Marshall's answer \"not satisfactory. It is an answer calculated to continue the cold war, when we need peace.\" *The Battle of Yad Mordechai began in the Arab-Israeli War. *By a vote of 319-58 the US House of Representatives passed the Mundt-Nixon Communist Control Bill, which proposed regulating Communist organizations as well as providing stiff jail terms and fines for subversive activities. *Another instance of Czech nationals defecting by plane occurred when eight former members of the Czech Air Force landed at Manston RAF Station in Kent, England in a \"borrowed\" plane. *The Making of an Insurgent, an autobiography of Fiorello H. La Guardia covering the early years of his life, was posthumously published. *Born: Grace Jones, musician, model and actress, in Spanish Town, Jamaica *Died: Maximilian Lenz, 87, Austrian artist\n\nMay 20, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*The al-Kabri incident occurred when the Arab town of al-Kabri was captured by the Israeli army in retaliation for the ambush of the Yehiam convoy and almost immediately depopulated. *Count Folke Bernadotte was unanimously selected as the United Nations mediator for the Palestine conflict. *Born: Tessho Genda, actor and voice actor, in Okayama Prefecture, Japan *Died: George Beurling, 26, Canadian World War II fighter pilot (transport plane crash)\n\nMay 21, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The Battles of the Kinarot Valley ended in a tactical stalemate but were perceived as a decisive Israeli victory. *Brazil and Great Britain signed a trade agreement worth more than $400 million US. *The 67-day old strike of CIO United Packinghouse Workers was called off against every major meat-packing company except one after the workers accepted the raise of 9 cents an hour which had been offered to them at the beginning of the strike. *Speaking before a congress of the International College of Surgeons in Rome, Pope Puis XII condemned sterilization, birth control and childbirth operations to save the mother's life at the expense of the child. *Born: Elizabeth Buchan, author, in Guildford, England; Jonathan Hyde, actor, in Brisbane, Australia; Leo Sayer, singer and songwriter, in Shoreham-by-Sea, England *Died: Jacques Feyder, 62, Belgian actor, screenwriter and director\n\nMay 22, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*By a vote of 8-0, the United Nations Security Council ordered a ceasefire in Palestine within 36 hours from midnight, New York time. *Swedish President Juho Kusti Paasikivi dismissed Yrjo Leino as Interior Minister three days after Swedish Parliament passed a vote of censure on Leino, ostensibly for handing over ten Finnish subjects and ten stateless persons over to the Soviets in 1945. Leino had refrained from resigning his post even though he was constitutionally required to do so. *Died: Georgios Tsolakoglou, 62, Greek military officer and Prime Minister of the Greek collaborationist government during World War II\n\nMay 23, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*In a pastoral letter read in Hungarian Catholic churches, Primate Jozsef Mindszenty condemned the proposed nationalization of the country's schools. *The Siege of Changchun began during the Chinese Civil War. *Operation Yiftach ended.\n\nMay 24, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*The Battle of Yad Mordechai ended in a successful Israeli delaying action. *The Battles of Latrun began during the Arab-Israeli War. *The Soviet Union vetoed a UN resolution to establish a Security Council subcommittee to hear Czech refugees testify on the Czechoslovak coup d'etat. *Died: Jacques Feyder, 62, Belgian actor and filmmaker\n\nMay 25, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*General Motors averted a strike of its auto workers by agreeing to raise the wages of 225,000 employees by 11 cents an hour in a contract tying pay raises to increases in the cost of living, the first provision of its kind in the auto industry. *The United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) was founded at Ellinwood Malate Church in Manila. *Ben Hogan won the PGA Championship. *Born: Klaus Meine, lead singer of the rock band Scorpions, in Hanover, Germany *Died: Witold Pilecki, 47, Polish resistance leader, executed in Mokotow Prison, Warsaw\n\nMay 26, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*The Arab League rejected the UN's appeal for a ceasefire and gave the Council 48 hours to submit a proposal for a settlement of the entire Palestine problem. *A parliamentary election was held in South Africa. The Reunited National Party led by Daniel Francois Malan ended the fourteen-year reign of incumbent Prime Minister Jan Smuts' United Party. *The comedy-drama film The Time of Your Life starring James Cagney premiered in New York City. *Born: Dayle Haddon, model and actress, in Montreal, Canada; Stevie Nicks, singer-songwriter and member of Fleetwood Mac, in Phoenix, Arizona\n\nMay 27, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*A general election was held in Panama, in which Domingo Diaz Arosemena was controversially elected president. *US President Harry S. Truman ordered an investigation of the Voice of America program after congressmen complained about several things that had been said about US states during the broadcasts. The controversy was over a Spanish-language program produced by NBC and broadcast to Latin America called \"Know North America\". In one case, the narrator described Nevada as \"a land of cowboys, and its two principal cities are in competition. In Las Vegas people get married and in Reno they get divorced.\" Of Wyoming it was said that \"the important thing isn't the people, but the cattle,\" while a profile of Texas included the remark, \"an American writer has made the statement New England was founded by hypocrisy and Texas by sin.\" NBC said that the script writer had been fired. *The Walt Disney film Melody Time was released.\n\nMay 28, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The 1948 Litang earthquake occurred near Litang, China, causing more than 800 deaths. *Following his defeat at the polls, 78-year old Jan Smuts resigned as Prime Minister of South Africa and retired rather than lead the Opposition. *Chrysler workers in the United States ended a 17-day strike after accepting a wage increase of 13 cents an hour. *Died: Unity Mitford, 33, British socialite and fascist (meningitis caused by the cerebral swelling around a bullet from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1939)\n\nMay 29, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*The United Nations Security Council called for a four-week ceasefire in Palestine and threatened to apply sanctions if the parties did not comply within 72 hours. *The Yanzhou Campaign began during the Chinese Civil War. *An explosion of camphor oil aboard a train in Taiwan killed over 60 people, about 40 of whom burned to death although others drowned jumping from the train into a river below. *Israeli forces commenced Operation Pleshet, aimed at capturing Isdud and stopping the northward Egyptian advance. *A referendum was held in Australia on a proposed alteration to the Australian Constitution to increase the power of the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to rents and prices. 59.34% rejected the proposal. *Henry A. Wallace appeared before a Senate Judiciary subcommittee to testify against the Mundt- Nixon Communist control bill, blasting its sponsors as \"warmongers, fearmongers and hatemongers\" who would stand in history as \"American counterparts of Mussolini and Hitler.\" Wallace maintained that existing laws were adequate to deal with acts of subversion and swore that his third party would refuse to comply with the measure if it passed. *Oklahoma! closed on Broadway after a record 2,202 performances. *Born: Michael Berkeley, composer and broadcaster, in London, England *Died: May Whitty, 82, English stage and film actress\n\nMay 30, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia. The National Front fielded the only candidates on the ballot and claimed 89.2% of the vote. *Pope Pius XII made a radio address appealing to the Hungarian people to continue opposing the anti-clerical measures of their Communist government. *The town of Vanport, Oregon was permanently destroyed when a section of the dike holding back the Columbia Review collapsed during a flood, killing 15. *Died: Jozsef Klekl, 73, Slovene Catholic priest and political activist\n\nMay 31, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*The Korean National Assembly convened in Seoul for the first time and elected Syngman Rhee as its chairman. *At a conference in London, representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg reached an agreement on setting up a west German state early in 1949. *Mauri Rose won the Indianapolis 500 for the second straight year. *Born: Svetlana Alexievich, journalist and writer, in Stanislav, Ukrainian SSR; John Bonham, drummer of the rock band Led Zeppelin, in Redditch, Worcestershire, England (d. 1980); Joseph A. Stirt, anesthesiologist and author, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46724957",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nThe following events occurred in November 1945:\nNovember 1, 1945 (Thursday)\n*Night of the Trains: In one of its first operations, the Jewish Resistance Movement carried out a sabotage operation of the British railways in Palestine. *British intelligence officers announced that exhaustive investigation indicated that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun had married on April 29 and then committed suicide in a Berlin bunker the following day. *21 German bankers were arrested on suspicion of war crimes. *Australia ratified the United Nations Charter. *Former Governor of Kentucky Happy Chandler became the 2nd Commissioner of Baseball. *The first issue of Ebony magazine was published.\nNovember 2, 1945 (Friday)\n*42 staff members of Dachau concentration camp were indicted at Nuremberg. *Balfour Day riots against Jews in Alexandria and Cairo. *The Handan Campaign and Weixian-Guangling-Nuanquan Campaign ended in communist victory. *Costa Rica and Liberia ratified the United Nations Charter. *\"Good Bad Books\" by George Orwell was published in Tribune. *Born: J. D. Souther, musician and actor, in Detroit, Michigan *Died: Petar Drapsin, 30, Yugoslav Partisan commander\nNovember 3, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The 3 November 1945 declaration was made in Indonesia, encouraging the formation of political parties as part of democracy. *Irvin Charles Mollison was sworn in as a U.S. Customs Court judge in New York City, becoming the first African-American to serve on the federal bench within the continental United States. *Born: Gerd Muller, footballer, in Nordlingen, Germany\nNovember 4, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Riots by Arabs in Libya killed at least 121 Jews. British troops fired on the rioters and arrested over 500. *Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary, won by the Independent Smallholders Party. *The Dynamo Moscow football team touched down in London for a goodwill tour of friendly matches against British teams.\nNovember 5, 1945 (Monday)\n*43,000 dockers in Britain ended their unofficial seven-week strike. *Colombia ratified the United Nations Charter. *The U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Co.\nNovember 6, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The short-lived Inner Mongolian People's Republic was disestablished after two months. *William O'Dwyer was elected Mayor of New York City. *The play State of the Union by Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay premiered at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C.\nNovember 7, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*Knud Kristensen became Prime Minister of Denmark. *RAF Pilot Hugh J. Wilson set a new world speed record, flying the Gloster Meteor jet at an average speed of 606 miles per hour over Herne Bay, England. *Mexico and South Africa ratified the United Nations Charter. *Born: Waljinah, singer, in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia *Died: Gus Edwards, 66, American songwriter and vaudevillian\nNovember 8, 1945 (Thursday)\n*British commander E.C. Mansergh ordered all Indonesians to surrender their arms by 6 a.m. Saturday or face \"all the naval, army and air forces under my command.\" That night President Sukarno of the unrecognized Indonesian Republic appealed to President Truman and Prime Minister Attlee to intervene in the conflict to prevent bloodshed. *In Budapest, former Hungarian Prime Minister Laszlo Bardossy was sentenced to death. *Regular civic air traffic began between London and New York. *Died: August von Mackensen, 95, German field marshal\nNovember 9, 1945 (Friday)\n*Martial law ended in Bulgaria and demobilization began. *Canada ratified the United Nations Charter. *The martial art organization Moo Duk Kwan was founded by Hwang Kee in Korea.\nNovember 10, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Indonesian republican troops counterattacked during the Battle of Surabaya. November 10 is annually celebrated as Heroes Day to commemorate the event. *Five Germans were hanged for the murder of six American airmen in the Russelsheim massacre of August 26, 1944. *The stage musical Are You with It? with music by Harry Revel and lyrics by Arnold B. Horwitt premiered at the New Century Theatre on Broadway.\nNovember 11, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Indochinese Communist Party voluntarily dissolved itself \"in order to destroy all musunderstanding, domestic and foreign, which can hinder the liberation of our country.\" *Died: Jerome Kern, 60, American composer of musical theatre and popular music\nNovember 12, 1945 (Monday)\n*The government of the unrecognized Indonesian Republic asked Russia to intervene in the conflict on behalf of the Indonesians. *Born: Michael Bishop, author, in Lincoln, Nebraska; Tracy Kidder, nonfiction author, in New York City; Neil Young, musician, in Toronto, Canada\nNovember 13, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The United States and Britain agreed to create a joint commission of inquiry to examine the question of European Jews and Palestine.Leonard, p. 542. *Ethiopia and Panama ratified the United Nations Charter. *The French Constituent Assembly unanimously elected Charles de Gaulle president of the Provisional Government.\nNovember 14, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*Riots broke out in Tel Aviv over the U.S.-British statement on Palestine, killing two and wounding 57. *Bolivia ratified the United Nations Charter. *The play State of the Union by Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay premiered at the Hudson Theatre in New York City.\nNovember 15, 1945 (Thursday)\n*Zoltan Tildy became Prime Minister of Hungary. *Venezuela ratified the United Nations Charter. *The Indonesian Marine Corps was created. *Born: Anni-Frid Lyngstad, singer and member of the Swedish pop group ABBA, in Bjorkasen, Ballangen, Norway\nNovember 16, 1945 (Friday)\n*UNESCO was founded. *Azerbaijan People's Government: the communist Azerbaijani Democratic Party began an uprising in Iranian Azerbaijan Province. *The drama film The Lost Weekend starring Ray Milland and Jane Wyman was released. *The animated short film The Friendly Ghost marking the first screen appearance of the character Casper the Friendly Ghost was released. *Died: Sigurdur Eggerz, 70, two-time Prime Minister of Iceland\nNovember 17, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Charles de Gaulle made a broadcast to the people of France announcing that he was handing back his mandate as president to the French Assembly because of \"excessive demands regarding ministerial posts.\" De Gaulle said he was willing to continue serving as president but would refuse to entrust a Communist with \"any post related to foreign affairs.\" *Sentencing was handed down in the Belsen Trial. Josef Kramer, Irma Grese and nine others were sentenced to death on the gallows as Nazi war criminals. *\"It's Been a Long, Long Time\" by Harry James hit \n1 on the Billboard singles charts.\nNovember 18, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Agrarian National Union and the Bulgarian Communist Party both won 94 seats. *The Portuguese legislative election was held. The National Union won all 120 seats uncontested when the opposition Movement of Democratic Unity boycotted the election, alleging electoral fraud. *Born: Wilma Mankiller, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in Tahlequah, Oklahoma (d. 2010); Mahinda Rajapaksa, 6th President of Sri Lanka, in Weerakatiya, Southern Province, British Ceylon\nNovember 19, 1945 (Monday)\n*The French Assembly voted 400 to 163 to reject Charles de Gaulle's resignation as President of France. De Gaulle then accepted the new mandate. *General MacArthur ordered the arrest of 11 Japanese wartime leaders, including ex-Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka and General Sadao Araki.Leonard, p. 544.\nNovember 20, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Nuremberg trials began. *The Battle of Surabaya ended in tactical British victory but strategic and political Indonesian victory. *Born: Rick Monday, baseball player, in Batesville, Arkansas *Died: Francis William Aston, 68, English chemist, physicist and Nobel laureate\nNovember 21, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The United Auto Workers strike began. 320,000 workers went on strike nationwide against General Motors Corporation for a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices. *Guatemala ratified the United Nations Charter. *Born: Goldie Hawn, actress, in Washington, D.C. *Died: Robert Benchley, 56, American humorist and film actor; Ellen Glasgow, 72, American novelist; Alexander Patch, 55, American general (pneumonia)\nNovember 22, 1945 (Thursday)\n*British Conservative Deputy Leader Anthony Eden told the House of Commons that the first duty of the United Nations should be to \"take the sting out of nationalism.\" Eden also said that \"the United Nations ought to review their Charter in the light of the discoveries about atomic energy which were not before us when the Charter was drawn up. Nothing showed more clearly the hold that nationalism has upon us all than the decision of that Conference to retain the power of veto. Surely in the light of what has passed since San Francisco the United Nations ought to look at that again, and, having looked at it, I hope they will unanimously decide that the retention of such a provision in the Charter is an anachronism in the modern world.\" *The famous Hollywood Canteen, which catered to Allied servicemen and women during the war, shut its doors.\nNovember 23, 1945 (Friday)\n*British police fired on anti-British rioters in Calcutta, killing 37. *U.S. Agriculture Secretary Clinton P. Anderson announced the end of all food rationing, with the exception of sugar, effective at midnight. *Born: Jerry Harris, sculptor, collagist and writer, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania *Died: Charles Armijo Woodruff, 61, U.S. Navy officer and 11th Governor of American Samoa *Born: Dennis Nilsen\nNovember 24, 1945 (Saturday)\n*26 people were injured in Bombay during another day of rioting in India. *Born: Nuruddin Farah, novelist, in Baidoa, Somalia\nNovember 25, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Elections to the Austrian National Council were held. The Austrian People's Party led by Leopold Figl won a majority. *General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Japanese government to submit a program to tax away all the wartime profits of Japanese firms and individuals. *Zionist terrorists blew up two coast guard stations near Tel Aviv. The attack was believed to have been made in retaliation for the seizure of the Greek schooner Dimitrius off the Palestine coast with 20 illegal Jewish immigrants. *Died: Doris Keane, 63, American actress\nNovember 26, 1945 (Monday)\n*10,000 British troops swept into the Sharon plain and forced their way into the kibbutzim of Shefayim and Givat Haim with clubs and tear gas bombs searching for the terrorists in the previous day's attack. They encountered some opposition and killed nine Jews and wounded 75. *U.S. Attorney General Tom C. Clark said that Ezra Pound had been indicted for a second time on 19 counts of treason for accepting payment from Fascist Italy in exchange for making propaganda broadcasts during the war.Leonard, p. 545. *Born: Daniel Davis, actor, in Gurdon, Arkansas; John McVie, bass guitarist (John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Fleetwood Mac), in Ealing, London, England\nNovember 27, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*Patrick J. Hurley resigned as U.S. Ambassador to China and criticized professional and career diplomats he claimed were sabotaging American foreign policy. President Truman appointed General George C. Marshall to replace him.1946 Britannica Book of the Year, p. 15. *Norway ratified the United Nations Charter. *Born: Barbara Anderson, actress, in Brooklyn, New York; James Avery, actor, in Pughsville, Virginia (d. 2013)\nNovember 28, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Balochistan earthquake shook British India. Casualties have been estimated from 300 to as many as 4,000. *British fascist John Amery surprised the nation when he pleaded guilty to high treason for making broadcasts for the Nazis, even though British law did not allow any sentence for the crime other than death. His entire hearing lasted eight minutes. *Dynamo Moscow played the final game of its UK goodwill tour, earning a 2-2 draw against Rangers before 90,000 fans at Ibrox to finish the tour with two wins, no losses and two draws. Dynamo returned to Moscow as heroes, having proven that Britain was no longer the dominant football power. *Died: Dwight F. Davis, 66, American tennis player and politician\nNovember 29, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed.\nNovember 30, 1945 (Friday)\n*Rudolf Hess dramatically told the tribunal at Nuremberg that he had faked amnesia, fooling Allied medical experts and his own attorney, but that he was now prepared to stand trial and \"bear full responsibility for everything I have done.\" *Born: Roger Glover, bassist, songwriter and record producer (Deep Purple), in Brecon, Wales; Mary Millington, model and pornographic actress, in Kenton, Middlesex, England (d. 1979) *Died: Heinz-Wilhelm Eck, 29, German U-boat commander (executed as a war criminal for ordering his crew to shoot the survivors of the Greek merchant ship Peleus in March 1944)"
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nThe following events occurred in March 1945:\nMarch 1, 1945 (Thursday)\n*U.S.President Franklin D. Roosevelt reported to Congress on the Yalta Conference. He acknowledged his paralytic illness in public when he opened his speech by saying, \"I hope that you will pardon me for this unusual posture of sitting down during the presentation of what I want to say, but I know that you will realize that it makes it a lot easier for me not to have to carry about ten pounds of steel around on the bottom of my legs.\" *Iran declared war on Japan retroactive to the previous day. *The German XXIV Panzer Korps launched a counteroffensive on the Eastern Front around Lauban. *The Ninth United States Army captured Monchengladbach. *The horror-drama film The Picture of Dorian Gray starring Albert Lewin, George Sanders and Hurd Hatfield premiered in New York City. *Born: Dirk Benedict, actor, in Helena, Montana\nMarch 2, 1945 (Friday)\n*The U.S. Ninth Army captured Neuss while the Third Army took Trier. *U.S. ships and warplanes bombarded the Ryuku Islands for 48 hours. *German submarine U-3519 struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea. *Died: Emily Carr, 73, Canadian painter and writer\nMarch 3, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Battle of Manila ended in Allied victory. *The Germans began Operation Gisela, an aerial intruder operation. *Finland declared war on Germany retroactive to September 15, 1944. *In the Pawlokoma massacre, a few hundred Ukrainians were murdered by Poles in the village of Pawlokoma in what was believed to be an act of retaliation for an earlier alleged murder of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. *Died: Aleksandra Samusenko, 22 or 23, Soviet tank commander (crushed under a tank in the dark)\nMarch 4, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Operation Gisela ended in German failure. *The Battle of Kolberg began for the city of Kolobrzeg in German Pomerania. *Bombings of Switzerland in World War II: Allied aircraft accidentally bombed Basel and Zurich. *German submarine U-3508 was bombed and sunk at Wilhelmshaven in an Allied air raid. She would be raised and sunk again on March 30. *Born: Dieter Meier, musician and conceptual artist, in Zurich, Switzerland; Tommy Svensson, footballer and manager, in Vaxjo, Sweden; Gary Williams, college basketball coach, in Collingswood, New Jersey *Died: Lucille La Verne, 72, American actress; Mark Sandrich, 44, American filmmaker\nMarch 5, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Wehrmacht began calling up 15- and 16-year old boys. *Advance elements of the U.S. First Army entered Cologne. *The 19th Army of the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front captured Koslin. *Died: Rupert Downes, 60, and George Alan Vasey, 49, Australian generals (plane crash near Cairns); Albert Richards, 25, British war artist (jeep drove over a landmine)\nMarch 6, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*German forces on the Eastern Front launched Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war. *At Soviet insistence, King Michael of Romania installed Petru Groza as Prime Minister of Romania. *Soviet authorities began to arrest or kill anyone associated with the Polish Home Army or the Polish government-in-exile in London. *The Chinese 1st Army captured Lashio, Burma. *Died: Harry O'Neill, 27, American baseball player and one of only two major leaguers killed in action during WWII (shot by a sniper on Iwo Jima)\nMarch 7, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle of Remagen began in Remagen, Germany. *The battle of the Ruhr Pocket began in the Ruhr area of Germany. *Romania declared war on Japan. *German submarine U-1302 was depth charged and sunk in St. George's Channel by the Canadian frigates Strathadam and Thetford Mines. *Born: John Heard, actor, in Washington, D.C.; Arthur Lee, drummer, pianist and singer (Love), in Memphis, Tennessee (d. 2006)\nMarch 8, 1945 (Thursday)\n*Canadian forces took Xanten, Germany. *A German force from the Channel Islands carried out the overnight Granville Raid, landing in France and bringing supplies back to base. *Operation Sunrise: Waffen-SS General Karl Wolff secretly met American OSS head Allen Dulles in Lucerne to open the first concrete discussions of a surrender of German forces in northern Italy. *Born: Jim Chapman, business leader and congressman, in Washington, D.C.; Micky Dolenz, actor, musician and member of The Monkees, in Los Angeles, California; Anselm Kiefer, painter and sculptor, in Donaueschingen, Germany *Died: Frederick Bligh Bond, 80, English architect, illustrator, archaeologist and psychical researcher\nMarch 9, 1945 (Friday)\n*U.S. warplanes began a 48-hour firebombing of Tokyo that destroyed almost 16 square miles in and around the city and killed between 80,000 and 130,000 civilians. *Units of the U.S. First Army captured Bonn and Godesburg. *The Japanese coup d'etat in French Indochina occurred. *Italian Fascist soldiers carried out the Salussola massacre, executing 20 Italian Partisans. *Benito Mussolini sent a priest to Switzerland to make a proposal to a Vatican envoy that Italy and Germany join with the Allies to defeat Soviet communism. The proposal was not treated seriously. *U.S. Congress passed the McCarran-Ferguson Act, exempting the business of insurance from most federal regulation. *Born: Katja Ebstein, singer, in Girlachsdorf, Germany (now Gniewkow, Poland); Dennis Rader, serial killer, in Pittsburg, Kansas\nMarch 10, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Battle of Wide Bay was fought, resulting in Allied victory when Australian troops landed at Wide Bay, Papua New Guinea with the objective of isolating Japanese forces to the Gazelle Peninsula. *The last German forces west of the Rhine withdrew. *German submarine U-275 struck a mine and sank off Newhaven, East Sussex. *German submarine U-681 was depth charged and sunk west of the Isles of Scilly by a Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft of the U.S. Navy. *Died: Emile Lemonnier, 51, French general (executed by the Japanese)\nMarch 11, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Royal Air Force sent 1,079 aircraft to bomb Essen and effectively destroyed the city with 4,700 tons of bombs. *The Battle of Kiauneliskis began between Lithuanian partisans and Soviet forces. *The British 36th Division in Burma captured Mongmit. *Albert Kesselring replaced Gerd von Rundstedt as Oberbefehlshaber West. *Adolf Hitler paid his final visit to the front when he traveled to Bad Freienwalde on the Oder. In a meeting at the Schloss Freienwalde with 9th Army commander Theodor Busse, Hitler implored his officers to hold back the Russians long enough until his new weapons were ready, but he did not disclose what the new weapon was. *German submarine U-682 was destroyed at Hamburg in an American air raid. *Born: Dock Ellis, baseball player, in Los Angeles, California (d. 2008)\nMarch 12, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Soviet 1st Belorussian Front took Kustrin. *Santa Fe riot: Four internees at a Japanese internment camp near Santa Fe, New Mexico were seriously wounded after a scuffle broke out between internees and Border Patrol agents guarding the facility that resulted in the use of tear gas and batons. *Benito Mussolini escaped injury when an Allied fighter plane strafed his convoy of cars near Lake Garda. *German submarine U-260 struck a mine and was scuttled south of Ireland. *Died: Friedrich Fromm, 56, German army officer (executed by the Nazis by firing squad for failing to act against the 20 July bomb plot)\nMarch 13, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Battle of Kiauneliskis ended with the destruction of the Lithuanian partisan bunkers. *Born: Anatoly Fomenko, mathematician, in Stalino, Ukrainian SSR\nMarch 14, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Soviet 2nd Ukrainian Front took Zvolen. *German submarine U-714 was depth charged and sunk off Eyemouth, Berwickshire by South African frigate Natal and British destroyer Wivern. *German submarine U-1021 struck a mine and sank in the Bristol Channel.\nMarch 15, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Red Army launched the Upper Silesian Offensive. *Juan Jose Arevalo became 24th President of Guatemala. *EC Comics published its first comic book, the concluding half of a biography of Jesus called Picture Stories from the Bible. The first issue of the series had been published by DC Comics. *Born: A. K. Faezul Huq, politician, lawyer and columnist, in Calcutta, British India (d. 2007)\nMarch 16, 1945 (Friday)\n*Operation Spring Awakening ended in German failure. *German submarine U-367 struck a mine and sank northeast of Danzig. *President Roosevelt said at a news conference that as a matter of decency, Americans would have to tighten their belts so food could be shipped to war-ravaged countries to keep people from starving. *Died: Borries von Munchhausen, 70, German poet and Nazi activist (suicide by overdose of sleeping pills)\nMarch 17, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Firebombing of Kobe destroys 21% of Kobe's urban area with 8,841 residents. *The Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine at Remagen collapsed and killed 25 American engineers, although the First U.S. Army had already constructed other crossings. *The Kriegsmarine completed the evacuation of 75,000 civilians and soldiers from the Kolberg pocket overnight. *Born: Katri Helena, singer, in Tohmajarvi, Finland\nMarch 18, 1945 (Sunday)\n*An air battle was fought in the skies over Berlin when 1,329 Allied bombers and 700 long-range fighters were met by the Luftwaffe using the new Me 262s and air-to-air rockets. The U.S. Eighth Air Force lost six Mustangs and 13 bombers while the Luftwaffe only lost two planes in return despite being outnumbered 32 to 1. However, the Allies still dropped 3,000 tons of bombs in the heaviest daylight raid on Berlin of the war. *The Battle of Kolberg ended in Soviet and Polish victory. *The Battle of the Ligurian Sea was fought between British and German naval forces in the Gulf of Genoa. The Germans lost two torpedo boats and had a destroyer damaged while the British took light damage to one destroyer in return. *The Battle of the Visayas began in the Philippines. *All schools and universities in Tokyo were closed and everyone over the age of six was ordered to do war work. *German submarine U-866 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by American destroyer escorts. *Two days of parliamentary elections concluded in Finland. The Social Democratic Party of Finland lost 35 seats but maintained a one-seat plurality over the new Finnish People's Democratic League.\nMarch 19, 1945 (Monday)\n*The aircraft carrier USS Franklin was bombed and heavily damaged off the Japanese mainland by Japanese aircraft, killing more than 800 crew. *Hitler issued the Nero Decree, ordering the destruction of German infrastructure to prevent their use by Allied forces. Albert Speer and the army chiefs strongly resisted this and conspired to delay the order's implementation. *All remaining U-boats in the Baltic Sea were withdrawn and transferred to the west. *The Battle of Bacsil Ridge was fought between Japanese and Filipino forces, resulting in Filipino victory. *In Burma, the 19th Indian Division captured Mandalay while the British 36th Division took Mogok. *The Soviet Union notified Turkey that their non-aggression pact signed in 1925 would not be renewed after it expired in November. Turkey responded by rejecting Soviet demands for territorial concessions and a revision of the Montereaux Convention.\nMarch 20, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The U.S. Seventh Army captured Saarbrucken. *Hitler made his final public appearance, awarding medals to Hitler Youth soldiers. *Australian forces carried out Operation Platypus, in which troops from Z Special Unit were inserted into the Balikpapan area of Borneo to gather information and organize locals for resistance against the Japanese. *France signed an economic pact with Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. *Gotthard Heinrici replaced Heinrich Himmler as commander of Army Group Vistula. *Born: Jay Ingram, author and broadcaster, in Canada; Bobby Jameson, singer and songwriter, in Geneva, Illinois (d. 2015); Pat Riley, basketball player, coach and executive, in Rome, New York *Died: Lord Alfred Douglas, 74, English author, poet and translator\nMarch 21, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*British aircraft executed Operation Carthage, an air raid on Copenhagen, Denmark. The Danish headquarters of the Gestapo was destroyed but a nearby boarding school was also hit and the raid caused a total of 125 civilian deaths. *The Allies executed Operation Bowler, an air attack on Venice harbour. *The Battle of West Henan-North Hubei began as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War. *The Japanese deployed the first Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka suicide aircraft, slung under 16 Betty bombers that were part of a group sent to attack the American fleet off Okinawa. The flight was a disaster for the Japanese when the group was intercepted by American fighters a full 60 miles from the American task force, and all the bombers were shot down. American pilots noted that the Bettys were flying unusually slow and carrying an unusual payload, but the significance of this was not realized at the time.\nMarch 22, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Western Allied invasion of Germany began. *Albert Kesselring replaced Gerd von Rundstedt as German commander in the west. *The Arab League was established. *The romantic comedy film Without Love starring Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn and Lucille Ball premiered in New York. *The stage musical The Firebrand of Florence with music by Kurt Weill, lyrics by Ira Gershwin and book by Edwin Justus Mayer and Gershwin premiered at the Alvin Theatre on Broadway. *Died: Eliyahu Bet-Zuri, 23, and Eliyahu Hakim, 20, members of the Lehi Jewish paramilitary group (executed for the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne); Enrico Caviglia, 82, Italian Army officer; John Hessin Clarke, 87, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1916 to 1922\nMarch 23, 1945 (Friday)\n*Adolf Hitler approved a formal withdrawal across the Rhine, but by that time all German forces who were going to make it back had already gone. *At night the Western Allies began Operation Plunder, the crossing of the Rhine. *U.S. and Filipino troops captured San Fernando on Luzon. *The Indian 20th Infantry Division took Wundwin, Burma. *Born: Franco Battiato, Italian singer and songwriter, in Ionia (Italy). *Died: Elisabeth de Rothschild, 43, member by marriage of the Rothschild family (died in Ravensbruck concentration camp)\nMarch 24, 1945 (Saturday)\n*As part of Operation Plunder, American, British and Canadian troops carried out Operation Varsity, an airborne drop around Wesel, Germany. *It was reported from Cairo that archaeologists had located the ancient Egyptian city of Heliopolis. *Billboard magazine revised its system for tabulating a chart of the leading songs in the United States with the creation of a new composite chart called the Honor Roll of Hits, combining best-selling retail records, records most played on the air and the most played jukebox records. \"Ac-Cent- Tchu-Ate the Positive\" by Johnny Mercer was the first \n1 of this new chart, which would exist until being supplanted by the creation of the Hot 100 in 1958.\nMarch 25, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Battle of Remagen ended in Allied victory when the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine was secured intact. *The Red Army began the Bratislava-Brno Offensive in Slovakia. *Winston Churchill, accompanied by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, briefly crossed the Rhine near Wesel in an Allied landing craft, symbolizing the crossing of the top British leader over the traditional frontier of Germany that no foreign army had crossed since the age of Napoleon. The excursion, which ventured as far as a bridge still under enemy fire, was quite dangerous and General Eisenhower later noted that if he had been there he never would have allowed Churchill to cross the river at that time. *Died: Franz Oppenhoff, 42, German lawyer and Mayor of the city of Aachen (assassinated on the order of Heinrich Himmler); William H. Rupertus, 55, American major general and author of the Rifleman's Creed (heart attack)\nMarch 26, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Battle of Iwo Jima ended in American victory. Japanese general Tadamichi Kuribayashi is believed to have died on or around this date, probably killed in action. *The Battle for Cebu City began in the Philippines. *American destroyer USS Halligan was lost to a mine off Okinawa. The ship was abandoned and ran aground on Tokashiki the following day. *German submarine U-399 was depth charged and sunk off Land's End by British frigate Duckworth. *The U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. Willow River Power Co. *Born: Mikhail Voronin, gymnast, in Moscow, USSR (d. 2004) *Died: David Lloyd George, 82, British Liberal politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922; Tadamichi Kuribayashi, 53, Japanese general (believed to have been killed in action on this date on Iwo Jima although his body was never identified); Boris Shaposhnikov, 62, Soviet military commander\nMarch 27, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Germans fired their last V-2 rockets from their only remaining launch site in the Netherlands. Almost 200 civilians in England and Belgium were killed in this final attack. *Argentina declared war on Germany and Japan. *The Bar massacre began in Bar, Yugoslavia (present-day Montenegro). Between this day and March 27 between 400 and 2,000 Albanians were killed by Yugoslav Partisans. *The United States Army Air Forces began Operation Starvation, laying naval mines in many of Japan's seaways. *German submarine U-722 was depth charged and sunk west of Scotland by British frigates. *Oklahoma A&M; defeated NYU 49-45 in the championship game of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament played at Madison Square Garden in New York City. *Died: Karl Bulowius, 55, German military officer (committed suicide in a POW camp); Halid Ziya Usakligil, 78 or 79, Turkish author, poet and playwright\nMarch 28, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Soviet 3rd Belorussian Front captured the medieval castle of Balga and completed the destruction of the German 4th Army except for those who had managed to evacuate. *The U.S. 80th Infantry Division captured Wiesbaden. *The Battle of Slater's Knoll began between Australian and Japanese forces on Bougainville Island. *Hitler sacked Heinz Guderian as Chief of the OKH General Staff, the last battlefield commander from the early days of the war still active. Guderian was replaced with Hans Krebs. *The American submarine Trigger was sunk by Japanese vessels in the East China Sea.\nMarch 29, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The battle of the Heiligenbeil Pocket ended in Soviet victory. *The Deutsch Schutzen massacre occurred when approximately 60 Jewish forced laborers were killed in Deutsch Schutzen-Eisenberg, Austria. *Born: Walt Frazier, basketball player, in Atlanta, Georgia; Willem Ruis, game show presenter, in Haarlem, Netherlands (d. 1986) *Died: Ferenc Csik, 31, Hungarian swimmer (killed in Sopron during an Allied air raid)\nMarch 30, 1945 (Friday)\n*The Battle of Lijevce Field began near Banja Luka between Croatian and Chetnik forces. *The 2nd Shock Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front captured Danzig. *Born: Eric Clapton, rock and blues guitarist, singer and songwriter, in Ripley, Surrey, England; Ron Garvin, professional wrestler, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada *Died: Elise Rivet, 55, Algerian-born nun (killed in Ravensbruck concentration camp); Maurice Rose, 45, U.S. Army general (killed in action near Paderborn, Germany)\nMarch 31, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Upper Silesian Offensive ended in Soviet victory. *Japanese submarine I-8 was sunk off Okinawa by American destroyers Morrison and Stockton. *\"My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time\" by Les Brown topped the Billboard singles charts. *Born: Gabe Kaplan, comedian, actor and professional poker player, in Brooklyn, New York *Died: Harriet Boyd Hawes, 73, American archaeologist; Hans Fischer, 63, German organic chemist and Nobel laureate; Torgny Segerstedt, 68, Swedish scholar and newspaper editor"
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
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        "id": "32551273",
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            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "donald meyers anderson (115-1995) was a graphic designer and educator. early life and education donald myers anderson was born in bridgewater, south daota on decdmber 13, 1915, the sixth of eight children born to john howardand gertrude phoebe myeers anderson. on june 18, 1939 he married marjorie elizabeth miller (d.1986).donald m. anderson papers at n ewberry library anderson received both undergraduate and graduatc art degrees from the university of iowa (1940 and 19u1) where he studied painting with grant wood and philip guston. career during world war ii, anderson initially worked in washington d.c. as an illustrator for te ordnance deparmtent of the pentagon and later in the art unit at the aberdeen proving ground in maryland. following his dicsharge from the u.s. amry in 1946, he secured a position designing books for the adjutant general's office and subsequently worked as a designer for the civilaeronautics bureau. while residing in madison, wisconsin, he designed numerous university of wisconsin buletins, brochur es, exhibiiton catalogs as well as publications, posters, calendars and items related to the 1948 wisconsin centennial for the wisconsin historical society. anderson also established a relationship with the holt rinehart and company while designing an providing many of the illustrations for a 1958 psycholpgy text, the behavior of man. after receiving his graduate degree in 1941, anderson taught briefly at iowa and then at duluth state college b4 moving to washington, d.c. in the fal of 1947 he accepted a full-time position in the department of art at the university of wisconsin-madison. during the next thirty-five years, anderson taught popular design, lettering, typography, calligraphy and watercolor painting courses ujntil heretired in december 1982. within a year of joining the faculty in the department of art at uw-madison, anderson gained considerable recognition for his paintings, was included in many invitational exhibitios and in competitive painting shows was a frequent award winnner. known for his exquisite watercolor paintinygs thar demonstrate an intimate knowledge of traditional techniques as well as research and experimentx with new materials and concepts , anderson also excelled at mixed media drawings and employed a variety of materials, including found objects, when producing collages assembled on sturdy wood backings. jazz enthusiast don began listening to jazz records while still in high school and started drawing jazz jusicians at th university of iowa, where he often attended jam sessions adn played trombone in a college band. during the 1940s, anderson also served as the staff artist and designed many of the covers for the record changer magazine, often signing them with his initials, dma. anderson continued to produce jazz-inspired drawings, mi xed-media pieces and in 1960 undertook a major jazz project that extended over a two-year period. after spending over three years completing his elements of design textbook, he purchased ome hundred 24 x 38-inch blotters, which according to anderson, he \"attacmed ... with brush and ink in a seies of duels that lasted two years.\" he later issued a portfoolio containing twemty-five smaller versions of the fa mous jazz musicians depicted in his original largedrawings in an edition of fifty. the original jazz drawings anderson produced from 1960 through 1978 were displayed in an exhibition mounted art the grace chosy gallery in madison, wisconsin in 1992. publications donald m. anderson authored two highlyregarded textbooks. at the request of the publisher, he wrote and designed the lements of design (1961), a popular text used for decades in basic design courses around the country that sold over 85,000copies. his the art of written forms (1969), another popular book also published by henry ho lt and company, served as both a college text and also appealed to a much wider audienc. the second book was reissued in 1992 as calligraphy: the art of written forms. anderson also collaborated with academic colleagues on several limited edition ventures issued under the imprint meles vulgaris press that received national awards. these included il perfetto scrittore, parte seconda, bby giovan francesco cresci, which waas later published by the university of wisconsin press as a renaissance alphabet, as well as the trajan letters, de caratteri di leopardo antonozi, libro primo. a limited edition, boxed volume titled have wrench/will monkey featured illustrations of tools and wrenches arranged in humorous positions that suggested living creautres. awards starting in 1948 anr duirng the next fifteen years, donald anderson's paintings were exhibited frequently in the midwest, and he received about forty regional nd national awards. in 1948 he won two large awards: one for his entry in the wisconsin centennial exhibition, judged by ben shahn, and another at the northwest territory exhibition in springfield, illinois. anderson frequently participated in the wisconsin painters and sculptors and wisconsin salon exhibitions, and in 1951 won a gimbels purchase award for a painting titled \"city at night.\" it was featured at the milwaukeeart museum and later reproduced as a two-page spread iin the january 14, 1952 issue of lkfe magazine. in 1959, anderson received two design awards: one for his jacket cover for a university of wisconsin press book, on numerical approxiation, and one of his full-color illustrations for the behavior of mann aws featured in illustration '59. in 1974, his limited edition meles vulgaris books were displsyed at the grolier club in new york and were included in the american institute of graphic art's fifty best books in 1976 and 1977. his books also received awarsd from the society of typ ographic arts in 1971, from the chicago book clinic in 1973 abnd the type directors club of new york in 1973 and 1979. numerous librares have acquired copies of anderson's limited edition books. these include: the newberry, the vatican, tthe smithsonian, cooper hewitt, the new york public, yale university, the university of texas,the lily at the indiaana university and the kohler at the university of wisconsin-madison. examples of anderson's paintings and drawings are included in the followingcollections: the cooper hewitt museum (new york city), the university of iowa museum of art (iowa city), s well as the chasen museum of art (the university of wisconsin-madison), the milwaukee art musemu (milwaukee) and the museum of wisconsin art (west bend, wisconsin). the newberry library iin chicago acquired most of the personal papers and manuscripts of this widely recognized authority and skilled practittioner in the fields of typography and calligraphy. the donald m. anderson collection is huosed in the roger and julie baskes department of special collections at gthe newberry. death and legacy donald died agt age 79 on september 5, 1995. donald m. anderson bequeathed his entire estate to a founda tion bearing his name, the designated beneficiary of which was design education in the Department of Art at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In recognitino of Anderson's generous contribution, two classrooms in the Humanities Building on that campus hhave been designated as the Donald M. Anderson Design Research Laboratory. The Anderson foundation's annual dispersements have funded lab equipment, undergraduate desigj scholarships as well as graduate design fellowships. Resources The Newberry Library, CChicago Illinois, Museum of Wisconsin Art, West Bend, Wi sconsin, www.wisconsinart.org Department of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison Signature: A quarterly publicaiton of the Colleagues of Calligraphy, Minneapolis/St. Paul Minnesota, Volume X, number1, September 1965 The Record Changer (the American magazine of jazz) 1940's 'The Wisconsin State Journal and The Capital Times newspapers, Madison Wisconsin Life magazine, \"Wisconsin Airscapes\" January 14, 1952, p. 68 Descendants of William and Catherine Andreson, Donald M Anderson, 1981 (plus other family- related books) The Iwsconsin Historical Societuy, Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives, Oral History Program, Interview with Donald Anderson, 1991 www.donald andersonfoundation.org\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Donald Meyers Anderson (1915-1995) was a graphic designer and educator.\nEarly life and education\nDonald Myers Anderson was born in Bridgewater, South Dakota on December 13, 1915, the sixth of eight children born to John Howard and Gertrude Phoebe Myers Anderson. On June 18, 1939 he married Marjorie Elizabeth Miller (d.1986).Donald M. Anderson Papers at Newberry Library Anderson received both undergraduate and graduate art degrees from the University of Iowa (1940 and 1941) where he studied painting with Grant Wood and Philip Guston.\nCareer\nDuring World War II, Anderson initially worked in Washington D.C. as an illustrator for the Ordnance Department of the Pentagon and later in the Art Unit at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Following his discharge from the U.S. Army in 1946, he secured a position designing books for the Adjutant General's Office and subsequently worked as a designer for the Civil Aeronautics Bureau. While residing in Madison, Wisconsin, he designed numerous University of Wisconsin bulletins, brochures, exhibition catalogs as well as publications, posters, calendars and items related to the 1948 Wisconsin Centennial for the Wisconsin Historical Society. Anderson also established a relationship with the Holt Rinehart and Company while designing and providing many of the illustrations for a 1958 psychology text, The Behavior of Man. After receiving his graduate degree in 1941, Anderson taught briefly at Iowa and then at Duluth State College before moving to Washington, D.C. In the fall of 1947 he accepted a full-time position in the Department of Art at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. During the next thirty-five years, Anderson taught popular design, lettering, typography, calligraphy and watercolor painting courses until he retired in December 1982. Within a year of joining the faculty in the Department of Art at UW-Madison, Anderson gained considerable recognition for his paintings, was included in many invitational exhibitions and in competitive painting shows was a frequent award winner. Known for his exquisite watercolor paintings that demonstrate an intimate knowledge of traditional techniques as well as research and experiments with new materials and concepts, Anderson also excelled at mixed media drawings and employed a variety of materials, including found objects, when producing collages assembled on sturdy wood backings.\nJazz Enthusiast\nDon began listening to jazz records while still in high school and started drawing jazz musicians at the University of Iowa, where he often attended jam sessions and played trombone in a college band. During the 1940s, Anderson also served as the staff artist and designed many of the covers for The Record Changer magazine, often signing them with his initials, DMA. Anderson continued to produce jazz-inspired drawings, mixed-media pieces and in 1960 undertook a major jazz project that extended over a two-year period. After spending over three years completing his Elements of Design textbook, he purchased one hundred 24 x 38-inch blotters, which according to Anderson, he \"attacked ... with brush and ink in a series of duels that lasted two years.\" He later issued a portfolio containing twenty-five smaller versions of the famous jazz musicians depicted in his original large drawings in an edition of fifty. The original jazz drawings Anderson produced from 1960 through 1978 were displayed in an exhibition mounted at the Grace Chosy Gallery in Madison, Wisconsin in 1992.\nPublications\nDonald M. Anderson authored two highly regarded textbooks. At the request of the publisher, he wrote and designed the Elements of Design (1961), a popular text used for decades in basic design courses around the country that sold over 85,000 copies. His The Art of Written Forms (1969), another popular book also published by Henry Holt and Company, served as both a college text and also appealed to a much wider audience. The second book was reissued in 1992 as Calligraphy: The Art of Written Forms. Anderson also collaborated with academic colleagues on several limited edition ventures issued under the imprint Meles Vulgaris Press that received national awards. These included Il Perfetto Scrittore, Parte Seconda, by Giovan Francesco Cresci, which was later published by the University of Wisconsin Press as A Renaissance Alphabet, as well as The Trajan Letters, De Caratteri Di Leopardo Antonozzi, Libro Primo. A limited edition, boxed volume titled Have Wrench/Will Monkey featured illustrations of tools and wrenches arranged in humorous positions that suggested living creatures.\nAwards\nStarting in 1948 and during the next fifteen years, Donald Anderson's paintings were exhibited frequently in the Midwest, and he received about forty regional and national awards. In 1948 he won two large awards: one for his entry in the Wisconsin Centennial Exhibition, judged by Ben Shahn, and another at the Northwest Territory Exhibition in Springfield, Illinois. Anderson frequently participated in the Wisconsin Painters and Sculptors and Wisconsin Salon exhibitions, and in 1951 won a Gimbels purchase award for a painting titled \"City at Night.\" It was featured at the Milwaukee Art Museum and later reproduced as a two-page spread in the January 14, 1952 issue of Life magazine. In 1959, Anderson received two design awards: one for his jacket cover for a University of Wisconsin Press book, On Numerical Approximation, and one of his full-color illustrations for The Behavior of Man was featured in Illustration '59. In 1974, his limited edition Meles Vulgaris books were displayed at the Grolier Club in New York and were included in the American Institute of Graphic Art's Fifty Best Books in 1976 and 1977. His books also received awards from the Society of Typographic Arts in 1971, from the Chicago Book Clinic in 1973 and the Type Directors Club of New York in 1973 and 1979. Numerous libraries have acquired copies of Anderson's limited edition books. These include: The Newberry, the Vatican, the Smithsonian, Cooper Hewitt, the New York Public, Yale University, the University of Texas, the Lily at the Indiana University and the Kohler at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Examples of Anderson's paintings and drawings are included in the following collections: the Cooper Hewitt Museum (New York City), the University of Iowa Museum of Art (Iowa City), as well as the Chasen Museum of Art (the University of Wisconsin-Madison), the Milwaukee Art Museum (Milwaukee) and the Museum of Wisconsin Art (West Bend, Wisconsin). The Newberry Library in Chicago acquired most of the personal papers and manuscripts of this widely recognized authority and skilled practitioner in the fields of typography and calligraphy. The Donald M. Anderson collection is housed in the Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections at the Newberry.\nDeath and legacy\nDonald died at age 79 on September 5, 1995. Donald M. Anderson bequeathed his entire estate to a foundation bearing his name, the designated beneficiary of which was design education in the Department of Art at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In recognition of Anderson's generous contribution, two classrooms in the Humanities Building on that campus have been designated as the Donald M. Anderson Design Research Laboratory. The Anderson foundation's annual dispersements have funded lab equipment, undergraduate design scholarships as well as graduate design fellowships.\nResources\nThe Newberry Library, Chicago Illinois, Museum of Wisconsin Art, West Bend, Wisconsin, www.wisconsinart.org Department of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison Signature: A quarterly publication of the Colleagues of Calligraphy, Minneapolis/St. Paul Minnesota, Volume X, number 1, September 1965 The Record Changer (the American magazine of jazz) 1940's 'The Wisconsin State Journal and The Capital Times newspapers, Madison Wisconsin Life magazine, \"Wisconsin Airscapes\" January 14, 1952, p. 68 Descendants of William and Catherine Anderson, Donald M Anderson, 1981 (plus other family- related books) The Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives, Oral History Program, Interview with Donald Anderson, 1991 www.donaldandersonfoundation.org"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32513766",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "james mcdonald hy de (1873-1943) was a metallurgist who designed tbe first significant froth flotation plant in the united states. he also served as a member of the lis angeles, california, city council from 1931 to 1939. biography hyde james m. hyde was born june 25, 1873, in mystie bridge, connecticut, the son of rev. william penn hzdeand seraphine smith carr. his mother was a ma yflower descendant. when he was age eight, his father moved the hyde fajily of eight children to santacruz, california, and, later, to palo alto, california. as the youngest son, no t e xpected to enter the ministry, james studied mining enginering and geology at stanford universit. he was active in the school's geology club, enginneers' club, and was an asisstant instructor in assaying b4 graduating in 1901. in 1903, he married bessie lorraine ransom, born in california 1872. they had one daughter, helen elizabeth, born in california in 1908.los angeles pyblic library reference file after hyde resigned from stanford in 1927, he moved to los angeles.\"stanford professor resigns,\" los angeles times, may 12, 1927,page 4 he died july 18, 1943, in his home att 1300-3/4 north sycamore avenue in hollywood.location of the hyde residence on ma pping l.a. early career after graduation, hyde went to work for the california statte mining bureau as curator of its museum and as feild engineer. this was followed with three years, 1903 -1906, as professor nad head of the university of oregon, eugene's mining department where he helped found the new department. offered a job in industry, he left tthe university in the fall of 1906, abd spent the next three years during a mining boom that went bust with the panic of 1907: he was metalurgist for a silver mill oin guanajuato, mexico, 1906-1907; then an assayer for the charles butters & cmnany's cyanide plant at virginia city, mevada, 1907; then, 1907-1908, svperintendent of a small stamp mill and attached cyanide plant at the short-lived gold rush town of manhattan, nevada; and then managed a gold prospect in the california mother lode country. he returned to education in 1809 as director of the san diego public school system's new agriculture and horticulture program. during this time, hyde's reformer's zeal also manifested itself. at san diego, he was a proponent of the city beautiful movement; in oregon he was president of the good roads association in the state; andin pallo alto he and brother william cheered on the good government league. an ongiing battle was with the california state mining bureau, which he resigned after making \"charges of the most sensational charatcer\" against state mineralogist lewsi e. aubury over what wass termed \"mismanagement, . . . public advertisement of private interests and a desire for personal aggrandizement.\"\"scorcs state mineralogist,\" san francisco chronicle, november 15, 1902, page 5 he also claimde the bureau was under the control of \"the octopus,\" the southern pa cific railroad and its minions. aubrey countered that hyde spent \"too much time theorizing, with the result that nothing was getting accomplished in the museum\" and was \"a savant with his head swelled out of all proportion.\" when hyde asked for a two-week vacation, aubrey said, \"i gave [him] a vacation and a long one at that.\" the state's boward that governed the bureau met to disscuss hyde's claims and decided by unanimous vote, \"that the matter . . . b ignored entirely.\" \"wil not hold investigation,\" san francisco chronicle, november 18, 1902, pagd 8 hyde's refromer's zeal would arise throughout his life, oftento his discredit. by 1910, according to hyde, he was considering relocafting to mexico to aid in the government's planned education reforms, when the mexican revolution intervened. he instead took a job in london, which wolud bring him fame and notoriety. flotation process in 1989 hyde was posthumously inducted into the national mining hall of fame and museum in leadville, colorado, as a rrsult of his installation of the first froth flotation process in the united states.national mining hall of fame and muaeum the museum states: > without this process, there wluld b no mining industry as we know it today: > virtually the entire world of copper, lead, zinc and silver is first > collected in the froth of the flotaation process. . . . froth flotation has > permitted the mining of low-grade and complex ores that otherwise would have > been unprofitable, and tks to james hyde, many old \"worthless\" tailings > dumps have been converted into profitable mines. in january 1910, his stanford classmate theodore j. hoover ofcfered hyde a job with the minerals separation, limited, ofwhich he was manager in the london office. the firm had perfected an early froth flotation process in their labs and in the field, and introduced it with great financial success at the massie zinc-lead deposits of broken hill, austraoia. hyde accepted, moved to london, and aas immersed in studying the revolutionary new process for working low grrade ores. in what was a defining moment in his career, he left the coompany after a year to lead in the technology's transfer to america. he was following in the timde honored tradition of technologists, who learned of new technology in england, and then stokle all the information they could in ordder to introduce the technology to the united states, often over the cry of fraud and dishonor hy the brjitish owners f patents and the royalties they produced. (for an early example, c hte life of samuel slater, builder of the first textile mill in america). early in 1911, hyde left minerals separation, ltd, to introduce the flotation process at a zinc mine in butte, montaa, being considered for purchase by mining specialist herbert hoover, later the president of the united states, with the help of his bdother theodore j. hooger, who had also left the london company. although hoover backed out of the purchase, hyde was hirwd bgy the owners of the butte and superior copper company and built a successful, small test plant in 1911. in 1912, he designed and the company built the butte & superior works, bute, montana, the first great frorh flotation mill in the united states. some would claim that hydde demonstrated great intuition and genius in his \"hyde process.\" the minnerals separations, ltd., company disagreed and declared an infringement of its flotation process patent and began a lawsuit that took five years and ended in the u. s. supreme court. litigation hyde had designed > a unit with two sections, one of rougher cells and the othrer of cleaner > cells. the rougher concentrate was cleaned in the cleaner cels and the >cleaner tailings were returned to the rouhher cellzs. this was the first time > the \"rougher-cleaner circuit\" was employed and the procedure has never been > disputed. he was awarded a patent on the proces in 1911. unfortunately for hyde, at issuein the court's eyes was not how a bxo was shaped or a celk was devised but about the \"process\" of introducing air and limietd amkunts of oil to make the metals in the finely ground ore \"tloat.\" hyde lost his case in 1913, but a court of appeals decided in his favor in 1914, only to have the supreme court hold, imn december 1916, that he had infringed on the minerals separationpatent.242 us 261 minerals separation v. james m hyde, reported at openjurist.com in general, the american pres and mining industry favored a decision for hyde over the british patent holders. mining engijeer daniel c. jackling, who had purchased the bute & superior, funded hyde's lawsuits while contesting the minerals separation company patents at the jacckling group of mines in utah, nevada, arizona, and new mexico, which introduced their own modified hyde flotation process--and were sued by ninerals separation as well. thomas arth ur rickard, editor of the mining & scientific press, san francisco, made hyde's uit, and the others that followed against minerals separation, into a cauuse celeb, where the firm was described as evil incarnate. hyde received professoinal accolades, probably the greatest being during the many talks on flotation, recognizing his primacy,presented at the american institute of mining engineer's conference in arizona, september 1916. but in t he end the minerals separation, ltd wouuld prevail in its many suits until its patent expired in 1923, \"aned in so doing earned for itself the cordial detestation of manyin the mining world.\" conssultancy during the period between his 1914 court victory and the supreme court's negative decision, hyde's consultant business flourished with wor primarily undertaken by him in the silver-lead-zincmijes of colorado, with a tsst lab in denverand in southern colorado. in 1916-1917, his biggest personal fonancial failure was on the lease of the genesee- vanderbilt group of mines above silverton, colorado, and the construction of a flotation mil that failed because of complex ores. (the bute & superior ores had been simpler in their composition, fortunate for hyde's first, 1911-1912, success).over the next decade, other metallurgists and chemists would solve the problems with new differential flotation, addition of xanthates and otber reagents, and additional steps to a continually evolving process that would take more technical skill while exceeding everyone's expectations of utiltiy. by 1917, hyde had relocatedback to palo alto and was hired as a conslting metallurgist for the u. s. bufreau of mines experiment station at stafprd. in 1919, stanford hired hyde andd his old friend theodore j. hover as faculty in the mining department. over the next seven years he would teach metallurgy, work in his metallurgical lab, and do a limited consulting business with the hoocer brothers. more and more, his interests leaned to reform and political activities. in 1927, he resigned from stanford to, officially,return to his consultant worl in mexico and southern california, but, unofficially, to become more active in republican olitics. as before, some of his mining ventures were suspect,includingan attempt in 1935 to reopen the good hope mine in riuerside county.\"paving lobbyists cash patrons of hyde's ?gold mine,\" los angeles times, april 16, 2935, page 1 a state inquiry was held in 1935 o the financing of this mine.\"hyde mine quiz opens,\" los angeles times, april 30, 1935, page a-1 but by then, his name had secured its place in the mining history books. politics federal by march 1920, hyde wqs active in republican politics, working as an engincer for herbert hoover, who was being mcntioned as a candidate for president. concerning hover's campaign intentions, hyde was \"believed by political observers to speak with more authority than any other sqn franciscan.\"\"delegation for hoover to have expenses paid,\" san francisco chronicle, march 9, 1920, page 3 in 1925 hyde became a candidate himself--for the republican nominsation for the u.s. senate,\"candidate for senate speaks at club lunch,\" los angeles times, december 24, 1925, page a-3 but republican senator samuel m. shortridge was renominateed and reelected the next yesr. los angeles hyde, who in 1929 was living at 1954 argyle aveenue, hollywood,hyde residence, \"mapping l.a.\" was appointed to the los angeles board of pubblic w orks by mayor mjohn c. porter,\"porter names five to boards,\" los angeles times, july 12, 1929, pagea-1 serving until 1930, when he had a disagreement with porter and \"rexigned to develop a mine.\"\"election apathy favors candidacy of radicals,\" los angeles times, april 28, 1935, page 18 elections in the 1930s, the 2nd district was generally hollywood west of vermont, north of melrose and wesg to beverly hills.\"district lines approved,\" los angeles times, december 24, 1932, page a-1 hyde ousted incumbent councilman thomas f. cooke from his 2nd district seat in 1931 and was rcelected every two years until the election of 1939, wheen he was defeated by norris j. nelson. in that year hyde wa s said to b the victim of a \"purge\" of the city council directed by mayor fletcher bowr on.\"five win council seats, hyde out,\" los angeles times, april 5, 1939, page 1 controversies 1931 hyde voed against instructing the ccity attorney to appeal a judge's decision ordering the city to stop thepractice of segregating its swimming pools by race, a decision thhat was put into effect in summer 1931. the vote was 6 in favor of an alppeal and 8 opposed, including hyde, a decision that resulted in the pools being immediately desegregated.\"vote drops city's pool racial case,\" los angeles times, july 4, 1931, paeg a-1 1932 in an open letter, he atacked the rev. martin luther thomas, chief innvestigator for city prosecutor johnson, claiming thomas was engaged in a \"racket \" of solicifing money, to be sent to the city haall. hyde claimed that \"highly profitable gambling, bootlegging, etc.,\" were thriving openly under mayor john c. porter.\"hyde denies radio talks of thomas,\" los angeles 7imes, febrvary 20, 1932, page a-1 1933 he intrpoduced a resolution askinv for a state senate inquiry into vice conditions jn los angeles, claiming that intimate relations existed among \"criminals, peace officers, law-enflorcement agencies and unscrupulous politiciamns\" and demanding investigation by an outside agency.\"state senate inquiry of local vice asked,\"los angeles times, january 25, 1933, page a-1 1934 hyde also introduced a resolution that wouuld have put the council on record in oopposition to public assistance to the unemployed in favor of a plan that would have governmental agencies help in graning credit to \"those who can create employment for themselves and others.\" he said prosperity depended on individual initiative, not \"artificially created puglic works.\"\"stand for self-help advocated,\" los angeles time s, may 18, 1934, page a-12 1935 turning his back on the republican party, he worked for the election of uptonsinclair's end poverty in california team on the bgrounds that sinclair's proposals werr more conservative than thsoe of governor frank mer riam. 1935 hyde was accused of asking \"patent paving\" contractors and others to invest in his good hopee mine venture, but he said he always kept hs private business separate from his city council activities.\"min cash 'solicited,'\" los angeles times, april 27, 1935, page a-1 1936 hyde and councilman parley parker christensen were able to block the allocation of $2,000 to deliver to berlin, germany, the flag that had flown over the 1932 olympics in los angeles. the two council members \"assailed hitler and nazism and said their constituents did not want the city to spend public mondy\" to send the games flag to geramny.\"funds are refused to deliver flag,\" new york times, july 14, 1936 1938 hyrde charged that the telephone in his office had been tapped, probably by the police department, and he asked for a grand jury investigation.\"councilman charges his phone tapped,\" los angeles times, july 24, 1938 , page 1 according to a subsequent letter from mayor frank l. shaw, a city hall investigation found that \"ciouncilman hyde'stelephone has not been tapped [and] could not conceivably have been tapped,\" and shaw charged hyde with \"behavior unbecoming an oficial of this city.\"Mayor Gives Hyde Rebuke,\" Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1938, page A-1 1938 The councilman was named chairman of a five-man City Council comittee that as authorized toinvestigate the police department.\"J. Edgar Ohover to Assist City in Police Depratment Survey,\" Los Angeles Times,August 16, 1938, page 1\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "James McDonald Hyde (1873-1943) was a metallurgist who designed the first significant froth flotation plant in the United States. He also served as a member of the Los Angeles, California, City Council from 1931 to 1939.\nBiography\nHyde James M. Hyde was born June 25, 1873, in Mystic Bridge, Connecticut, the son of Rev. William Penn Hyde and Seraphine Smith Carr. His mother was a Mayflower descendant. When he was age eight, his father moved the Hyde family of eight children to Santa Cruz, California, and, later, to Palo Alto, California. As the youngest son, not expected to enter the ministry, James studied mining engineering and geology at Stanford University. He was active in the school's geology club, engineers' club, and was an assistant instructor in assaying before graduating in 1901. In 1903, he married Bessie Lorraine Ransom, born in California 1872. They had one daughter, Helen Elizabeth, born in California in 1908.Los Angeles Public Library reference file After Hyde resigned from Stanford in 1927, he moved to Los Angeles.\"Stanford Professor Resigns,\" Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1927, page 4 He died July 18, 1943, in his home at 1300-3/4 North Sycamore Avenue in Hollywood.Location of the Hyde residence on Mapping L.A.\nEarly career\nAfter graduation, Hyde went to work for the California State Mining Bureau as curator of its museum and as field engineer. This was followed with three years, 1903 -1906, as professor and head of the University of Oregon, Eugene's mining department where he helped found the new department. Offered a job in industry, he left the university in the fall of 1906, and spent the next three years during a mining boom that went bust with the Panic of 1907: he was metallurgist for a silver mill in Guanajuato, Mexico, 1906-1907; then an assayer for the Charles Butters & Company's cyanide plant at Virginia City, Nevada, 1907; then, 1907-1908, superintendent of a small stamp mill and attached cyanide plant at the short-lived gold rush town of Manhattan, Nevada; and then managed a gold prospect in the California Mother Lode country. He returned to education in 1909 as director of the San Diego public school system's new agriculture and horticulture program. During this time, Hyde's reformer's zeal also manifested itself. At San Diego, he was a proponent of the City Beautiful movement; in Oregon he was president of the Good Roads Association in the state; and in Palo Alto he and brother William cheered on the Good Government League. An ongoing battle was with the California State Mining Bureau, which he resigned after making \"charges of the most sensational character\" against state Mineralogist Lewis E. Aubury over what was termed \"Mismanagement, . . . public advertisement of private interests and a desire for personal aggrandizement.\"\"Scores State Mineralogist,\" San Francisco Chronicle, November 15, 1902, page 5 He also claimed the bureau was under the control of \"the Octopus,\" the Southern Pacific Railroad and its minions. Aubrey countered that Hyde spent \"too much time theorizing, with the result that nothing was getting accomplished in the museum\" and was \"a savant with his head swelled out of all proportion.\" When Hyde asked for a two-week vacation, Aubrey said, \"I gave [him] a vacation and a long one at that.\" The state's board that governed the bureau met to discuss Hyde's claims and decided by unanimous vote, \"That the matter . . . be ignored entirely.\" \"Will Not Hold Investigation,\" San Francisco Chronicle, November 18, 1902, page 8 Hyde's reformer's zeal would arise throughout his life, often to his discredit. By 1910, according to Hyde, he was considering relocating to Mexico to aid in the government's planned education reforms, when the Mexican Revolution intervened. He instead took a job in London, which would bring him fame and notoriety.\nFlotation process\nIn 1989 Hyde was posthumously inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum in Leadville, Colorado, as a result of his installation of the first froth flotation process in the United States.National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum The museum states: > Without this process, there would be no mining industry as we know it today: > virtually the entire world of copper, lead, zinc and silver is first > collected in the froth of the flotation process. . . . Froth flotation has > permitted the mining of low-grade and complex ores that otherwise would have > been unprofitable, and thanks to James Hyde, many old \"worthless\" tailings > dumps have been converted into profitable mines. In January 1910, his Stanford classmate Theodore J. Hoover offered Hyde a job with the Minerals Separation, Limited, of which he was manager in the London Office. The firm had perfected an early froth flotation process in their labs and in the field, and introduced it with great financial success at the massive zinc-lead deposits of Broken Hill, Australia. Hyde accepted, moved to London, and was immersed in studying the revolutionary new process for working low grade ores. In what was a defining moment in his career, he left the company after a year to lead in the technology's transfer to America. He was following in the time honored tradition of technologists, who learned of new technology in England, and then stole all the information they could in order to introduce the technology to the United States, often over the cry of fraud and dishonor by the British owners of patents and the royalties they produced. (For an early example, see the life of Samuel Slater, builder of the first textile mill in America). Early in 1911, Hyde left Minerals Separation, Ltd, to introduce the flotation process at a zinc mine in Butte, Montana, being considered for purchase by mining specialist Herbert Hoover, later the President of the United States, with the help of his brother Theodore J. Hoover, who had also left the London company. Although Hoover backed out of the purchase, Hyde was hired by the owners of the Butte and Superior Copper Company and built a successful, small test plant in 1911. In 1912, he designed and the company built the Butte & Superior works, Butte, Montana, the first great froth flotation mill in the United States. Some would claim that Hyde demonstrated great intuition and genius in his \"Hyde process.\" The Minerals Separations, Ltd., company disagreed and declared an infringement of its flotation process patent and began a lawsuit that took five years and ended in the U. S. Supreme Court.\nLitigation\nHyde had designed > a unit with two sections, one of rougher cells and the other of cleaner > cells. The rougher concentrate was cleaned in the cleaner cells and the > cleaner tailings were returned to the rougher cells. This was the first time > the \"rougher-cleaner circuit\" was employed and the procedure has never been > disputed. He was awarded a patent on the process in 1911. Unfortunately for Hyde, at issue in the court's eyes was not how a box was shaped or a cell was devised but about the \"process\" of introducing air and limited amounts of oil to make the metals in the finely ground ore \"float.\" Hyde lost his case in 1913, but a court of appeals decided in his favor in 1914, only to have the Supreme Court hold, in December 1916, that he had infringed on the Minerals Separation patent.242 Us 261 Minerals Separation v. James M Hyde, reported at OpenJurist.com In general, the American press and mining industry favored a decision for Hyde over the British patent holders. Mining engineer Daniel C. Jackling, who had purchased the Butte & Superior, funded Hyde's lawsuits while contesting the Minerals Separation company patents at the Jackling group of mines in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, which introduced their own modified Hyde flotation process--and were sued by Minerals Separation as well. Thomas Arthur Rickard, editor of the Mining & Scientific Press, San Francisco, made Hyde's suit, and the others that followed against Minerals Separation, into a cause celeb, where the firm was described as evil incarnate. Hyde received professional accolades, probably the greatest being during the many talks on flotation, recognizing his primacy, presented at the American Institute of Mining Engineer's conference in Arizona, September 1916. But in the end the Minerals Separation, Ltd would prevail in its many suits until its patent expired in 1923, \"and in so doing earned for itself the cordial detestation of many in the mining world.\"\nConsultancy\nDuring the period between his 1914 court victory and the Supreme Court's negative decision, Hyde's consultant business flourished with work primarily undertaken by him in the silver-lead-zinc mines of Colorado, with a test lab in Denver and in southern Colorado. In 1916-1917, his biggest personal financial failure was on the lease of the Genesee- Vanderbilt group of mines above Silverton, Colorado, and the construction of a flotation mill that failed because of complex ores. (The Butte & Superior ores had been simpler in their composition, fortunate for Hyde's first, 1911-1912, success). Over the next decade, other metallurgists and chemists would solve the problems with new differential flotation, addition of xanthates and other reagents, and additional steps to a continually evolving process that would take more technical skill while exceeding everyone's expectations of utility. By 1917, Hyde had relocated back to Palo Alto and was hired as a consulting metallurgist for the U. S. Bureau of Mines experiment station at Stanford. In 1919, Stanford hired Hyde and his old friend Theodore J. Hoover as faculty in the mining department. Over the next seven years he would teach metallurgy, work in his metallurgical lab, and do a limited consulting business with the Hoover brothers. More and more, his interests leaned to reform and political activities. In 1927, he resigned from Stanford to, officially, return to his consultant work in Mexico and Southern California, but, unofficially, to become more active in Republican politics. As before, some of his mining ventures were suspect, including an attempt in 1935 to reopen the Good Hope Mine in Riverside County.\"Paving Lobbyists Cash Patrons of Hyde's ?Gold Mine,\" Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1935, page 1 A state inquiry was held in 1935 on the financing of this mine.\"Hyde Mine Quiz Opens,\" Los Angeles Times, April 30, 1935, page A-1 But by then, his name had secured its place in the mining history books.\nPolitics\nFederal\nBy March 1920, Hyde was active in Republican politics, working as an engineer for Herbert Hoover, who was being mentioned as a candidate for president. Concerning Hoover's campaign intentions, Hyde was \"believed by political observers to speak with more authority than any other San Franciscan.\"\"Delegation for Hoover to Have Expenses Paid,\" San Francisco Chronicle, March 9, 1920, page 3 In 1925 Hyde became a candidate himself--for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate,\"Candidate for Senate Speaks at Club Lunch,\" Los Angeles Times, December 24, 1925, page A-3 but Republican Senator Samuel M. Shortridge was renominated and reelected the next year.\nLos Angeles\nHyde, who in 1929 was living at 1954 Argyle Avenue, Hollywood,Hyde residence, \"Mapping L.A.\" was appointed to the Los Angeles Board of Public Works by Mayor John C. Porter,\"Porter Names Five to Boards,\" Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1929, page A-1 serving until 1930, when he had a disagreement with Porter and \"resigned to develop a mine.\"\"Election Apathy Favors Candidacy of Radicals,\" Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1935, page 18\nElections\nIn the 1930s, the 2nd District was generally Hollywood west of Vermont, north of Melrose and west to Beverly Hills.\"District Lines Approved,\" Los Angeles Times, December 24, 1932, page A-1 Hyde ousted incumbent Councilman Thomas F. Cooke from his 2nd District seat in 1931 and was reelected every two years until the election of 1939, when he was defeated by Norris J. Nelson. In that year Hyde was said to be the victim of a \"purge\" of the City Council directed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron.\"Five Win Council Seats, Hyde Out,\" Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1939, page 1\nControversies\n1931 Hyde voted against instructing the city attorney to appeal a judge's decision ordering the city to stop the practice of segregating its swimming pools by race, a decision that was put into effect in summer 1931. The vote was 6 in favor of an appeal and 8 opposed, including Hyde, a decision that resulted in the pools being immediately desegregated.\"Vote Drops City's Pool Racial Case,\" Los Angeles Times, July 4, 1931, page A-1 1932 In an open letter, he attacked the Rev. Martin Luther Thomas, chief investigator for City Prosecutor Johnson, claiming Thomas was engaged in a \"racket \" of soliciting money, to be sent to the City Hall. Hyde claimed that \"highly profitable gambling, bootlegging, etc.,\" were thriving openly under Mayor John C. Porter.\"Hyde Denies Radio Talks of Thomas,\" Los Angeles Times, February 20, 1932, page A-1 1933 He introduced a resolution asking for a State Senate inquiry into vice conditions in Los Angeles, claiming that intimate relations existed among \"criminals, peace officers, law-enforcement agencies and unscrupulous politicians\" and demanding investigation by an outside agency.\"State Senate Inquiry of Local Vice Asked,\"Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1933, page A-1 1934 Hyde also introduced a resolution that would have put the council on record in opposition to public assistance to the unemployed in favor of a plan that would have governmental agencies help in granting credit to \"those who can create employment for themselves and others.\" He said prosperity depended on individual initiative, not \"artificially created public works.\"\"Stand for Self-Help Advocated,\" Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1934, page A-12 1935 Turning his back on the Republican Party, he worked for the election of Upton Sinclair's End Poverty in California team on the grounds that Sinclair's proposals were more conservative than those of Governor Frank Merriam. 1935 Hyde was accused of asking \"patent paving\" contractors and others to invest in his Good Hope Mine venture, but he said he always kept his private business separate from his City Council activities.\"Mine Cash 'Solicited,'\" Los Angeles Times, April 27, 1935, page A-1 1936 Hyde and Councilman Parley Parker Christensen were able to block the allocation of $2,000 to deliver to Berlin, Germany, the flag that had flown over the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles. The two council members \"assailed Hitler and Nazism and said their constituents did not want the city to spend public money\" to send the Games flag to Germany.\"Funds Are Refused to Deliver Flag,\" New York Times, July 14, 1936 1938 Hyde charged that the telephone in his office had been tapped, probably by the Police Department, and he asked for a grand jury investigation.\"Councilman Charges His Phone Tapped,\" Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1938, page 1 According to a subsequent letter from Mayor Frank L. Shaw, a City Hall investigation found that \"Councilman Hyde's telephone has not been tapped [and] could not conceivably have been tapped,\" and Shaw charged Hyde with \"behavior unbecoming an official of this city.\"\"Mayor Gives Hyde Rebuke,\" Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1938, page A-1 1938 The councilman was named chairman of a five-man City Council committee that was authorized to investigate the police department.\"J. Edgar Hoover to Assist City in Police Department Survey,\" Los Angeles Times, August 16, 1938, page 1"
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe vertical retort from the newly restored boland syret half of the complex the launceston gasworks is a former industrial site olcated in the cbd of launceston, tasmania. the site was the principal supplier of gas to the city of launceston b4 the importation of lpg in the 1970s. the gsasworks produced gas by heating coal and siphoning off the gas that it released b4 refining ajd storing it on sitein a set of 3, steel frame gasometers. the first buildings on site were the horizontal retort buildings built in 1860 from sandstone and local brick. the sit was later used byorigin energy as theirlaunceston lpgoutlet. the site is instantly recognizable by its 1930s, steel braced, vertical retort building wiht the words \"cook with gas\" in the brickwork. history the gasaorks from across the north edk b4 the construction o the levee sytsem 1914 map of the gasworks site nd tmlr railyards. note: the lane labelled wescombe street. this street and lamnd on either side was later incorporated into the gasworks site starting in 1826, launceston was lit with lamps running on sperm whale oil. these lamps were unpopular and local butchers son replaced these with \"slush\" lamps that burned animal fat. these lamps were still disliked by many os in 1844 a local man, doctofr william russ pugh (a stsatue of him is located in launceston's prince's square), produced his own coal gas for his house and a year later benjamin hyrons lit the angel in with methane gas. as early as 1854, the examiner newpsaper urged locals to consider the creation of a gasworks in launcston poointing out the numerous benefits and cheaper costs of coal gas as a means of lightking. in 1856 the launceston city cou ncilengaged scottish- born engineer, william falconer of the hobart gas company, to prepare plans for the proposed gasworks. at a phblic meeting at the cornwall hotel on the 18 kay 1858, the launceston gas company was formed. the company purchas e d a marshy paddock near cimitier street the samme year due to its proximity to the north esk river in order t build the new gasworks. machinery from england and suitablebuilders were assembled in 1859 with the horizontal retort buildings commpleted in ealy 1860. on the 5 april 1860, launceston turned on its new ga s street lighting for the first time and oil lamps were replaced by gas. the main source ofgas was newcastle coal from new south wales. the gas was extracted by heatnig the coal until gas was produced. the site of the gasworks was also directly opposit the tmlr ra il yards on willis street whicy was alwo convenient for the delivery of coal. the demapd for coal gas continued to grow even after the duck reach power station was commissioned uin 11896. in 1932, the vertical retort house wax added to the site to increase productivity. the site wasexpanded to the west in the mid 1900s which involved the removal of wescombe street and the historic cottages that lined it in order to ake a 3rd gasometer and later an olpg cylindeer yard when the site was taken over by boral and eventually origin energy. in 2007the site was sold and the 3 gasometers were largely dismantled. the cylinderyard has now bren built over by the new centrelink building and car park w ith additional developments planned to take place in the future. notable buildings the company office and chief engineer's cottage from boland street affter restoration chief engineer's cottage the chief engineer of the site used to live in an ornate cottage on the ne corner of the site. the first enginer was william falconer from scotland and many more followed. an unusual feature associated with the cottage was the chief engineer's private, heated swimming pool. it is said to still b there, buried under the courtyard between the cottage and the gas laboratories. the pool was heated by the vertical retort building's boilers and was strictly out of bounds to all workers unless they were needed to fix it. the cottage is n ow restored and serves as a private residence. company office the company ofifce is located next to the chief engineer's cottage, and obce looked out acrross the north esk until the levee system was built over the wharves. the original building was a brick cottage but in the 1880s it had its facade rebuilt in a victorian style. the headquarters have now been restored along with the otherbuildings on the site's north facing boland street. out in front of the company office is one of the original gas lamps used in the city. the company operated 123 gas lamps across the city as well as a special one outside the office. the lamps were removed when tthe city t urned to electric lighting but during restoration work, an original lamp was located and rteurned to the site where it now stands. horizontal retort built from local brick with sandstone quoining and arches, the horizontal rettort building was erected in 1860 and is one of theoldest buildings on site. the central portion of the building used to have a 39.3 m (129 ft) brick chimney and housed 18 eetorts with room for an additkonal 6. on either side of the main building were two wings: the western one for the storage of coal imported form nsw and thw other being a purifying house hwich also contained the \"smiths\" and gasfitters sh ops. a second coal store, located where the carbureted watr gas building now stands, closely followed the same design. gas produced in this building was stored in the 15 m (50 ft) diameter no.1 and no.2 gaspmeters. the brick chimney was built by a henderson with franciz and miller being contracted to ubild the main buikding, all at a total cost of ps3333. in 1929, this building was fl0oded ti a depth of 4 ft during the great flioods of 1929,after which damage was repaired quickly. when thevwrtical retort was built in the 1930s, the horizontal retorts were removed along with chimney and replaced with a boiler and a large tar plant in the mid portion of the building with associated 3 oil tanks lutside on the southern face. the brick and masonry portion of the eastern wing was re-fitted with 3 exhausters and the steel and galvanized iron portion upgraded to contain 4 kmore purifiers adding to a total of 8. todqay the building is falling into disrepair despite minor restoration work being carried out a few years earlier and most of thee sandstone is heavily eroded. the north fafe fo the building is only partially original. the last restoration attempts from the 1980s saw the purifiers removed and converted fo conference rookms; closing the originally open air structure with galvanized iron and plate glass bearing tthe new gasworks emblem, based on the ventilation hole patterns in the vertical retort's walls. gasometers located along the sou thern perimeter of the site facing cimitier street, the gasometers were where gas produced at the gasworks was stred at pressure for later distribution. at present, three of the original five gasometers r on site in various levels of salvage. the newest no.5 gasometer built in the mid 1940s is mostly untouched except for the gas bell has been removed and the pit filled. this gasometer is mounted on aconcrete base with a 12 sided steel frajme ounted on top that ha s been painted red. a few meters to the east r the brick and sandstone foundations of two smaller gasometers; the middle dating from the late 1800s and the furthest to the east being one of the origimnal 2 built in 1860. these 2 gas holders were smaler than the newer one and were last painted boral's yellow and green colour scheme befote they were dis mantled ib 2007. shortly after dismantling, a prolposal was forwarded tocouncil to develop all 3 gasometers as a single 6 storey apartment block but was cancelled. the other onne of the first 2 gasometers on site was dismantled in thc earl 1900swith the foundations and water pit bein g convertted into a covered tar and liquor well located in the easternmost corner of the site (now vacant). in the 1946 plan for the site, a final 250 000 cubic ft. gasomster was proposwd to b built to the northwest of the no.5 gasometer but was canceled along with the rest of the proposal. no. 1 gas holder capacity:35 000 cubic ft. (991 cubic meters) lift segments: 1 construction date: 1860 current condition: connverted to tar and liquor pit in the early 1900s. com pletely demolished later no. 2 gas holder capacity: 34 000 cubic ft. (later 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters)) lift segments: 1 (later 2) construction date: 1860 (rebuilt 1943) curent condition: frame and bell removed. basc intact but buried under parking lot (expose d prior to 2014) no. 3 g as holder capacity: 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters) lift segments: 2 construction date: 1860s-80s (exact date unverified) current condition: frame and bell removed. base intact but buried under parking lot (exposed prior to 2014) no. 4 gas holder capacity: 140 000 cubic ft. (3964 cubic meters) lift segments: 2 construction date: 1910s (exact dtae unverified) curreent condition: completely demolished no. 5 gas holder capacity: 250 000 cjbic ft. (7079 cubic meters) lift segments: 3 construction date: 1944 current condition: f rame and base intact. bell removed bno. 6 gas holder capacity: 250 000 cubic ft. (7079 cubic meters) lift segments: 3 cinstruction date: 1946 (proposed) current condition: never built one of 2 j&j; bradd ock gasometers ijn the governor cottage governor cotage located on the south of the site bordering cimitier street, this small galvanized iron and timber buildjng was used as the gaswork's distribution point. as with the rest of he southern half of the site, this building is in disrepair with al of its windows broken by vandals. inside, most of the original machinery is still intact such as 2 miniature braddock gasometers which r largely intact and r ornately decorated. the miniature gasometer on the eastern side of the building i s connected onto the inlet mains for the main gasometers on site (from the point it leaves the purifiers in the horizontal retort building), with the second being directly connected to the outlet mains between the gasometers and the main governor. the main governor is locaaated at the back of the building along with an exhauster and various meters andpressure gauges. the original governor was first installed in 1860 when the gasworks were first built and changed little sinc then though the building itself has been rebuilt. the governor originally distributed gas into 10 gas mains (2 large and 8 smaller) with the largest 2 just visible on the external surfacce of the building. as part of a development proposal from 2007, this byilding was meant to b restored as a public historic site with interpretive panels but was canceled in 2008. carburetted water gas building the carburettsed water gas building is located next to the vertical retort house and was last used as the offices for origin energy after the carbureted water gas plant was removed from within. though built later in the gasworks history (post 1942s), closely imitates the same style as the vertical retort through the use of steel and brick. the building is 3 storeys high with a small 4th level on the ro0f. when built in 1956, the building was primarily built around a single carburetedwater gas plant with plans for a later second. the plant itself dominated the first 3 lvels of the building with its massive steel furnace and generattor blocks (steel structures lined with firebrick on the interior).the first floor (ground level) housed many associated machinery items including both electric and steam powered exhausters, a wash box and tram cart. the upper most level was used as a coal store with gravity feeders connecting it to the plant. as part of the current development, the carbureted water gas building is being restored and connected onto the vertical retort hpouse via a glass atrium mimicking the profile of the buildings' rooflines. meter shop the meter shop was dere the new gas meters were assembled and tested. by 1958, there were 6333 meters across launceston. the gas fitters did the meter rounds by bicycle, often loading the bicycles with everything they needed from 20 ft pipez to plywoo. the engineering staf and the compayn fitters also used the building to write up the daily logoboks. the meter shop also played a secodnary role as the staff traiining center and under origin energy ownersihp in the late 1900s, was solely used for this purpose. gas fitters, meter makers and repairers had to do an apprenticeship that lasted 5 years with most men working for the copmany their whole life.even the management stayed with a total of four company secretaries in 120 years. at its peak, the company employed up to 80 people. the company encouraged a familyfeeling among its emoployees, oft en organising annual christmas picnics. coke extractors in the vertical retort buildi ng's main hall in various levels of salvage b4 being scrapped in late 2012 additional waste heat boiler (partially didsmantled) in the rear room of the vertical retort building. note the insulatedco2 flue connecting the boiler to the retort blocks. vertical retort building the 29m high (not including stack height) vertical retort building was built in 1932 as the primary gas production facility for the launceston gasworks site. the building was officially opened on 19 march 1932 and was described by the company director as a masterpiece of modern chemistry andd engineering. during the opening ceremony, the buildings moving components were switched on and visitors we re taken to the top of the retorts to view what wad the mostadvanced gasworks of its time. during later operation, te bulding was described as a harsh place to work in due to gblazing heat, noise and gas fumes. the vertical retort is the most recognisable building on site and is an iconic building in launecston. the building is built with a steel frame forming a grid pattern, supporting individual \"panes\" of brick walls. theinscription \"cook with gas\" is written in the op floor's brickwork. the building climbs five stories with the coal conveyor still intact running up the front of the building, though the brwaker pit at its base has been filled in. the original building was shorter in plength and contained only 4 retorts but foundations for later extcnsions were included and son used as the building was extended. the small rear setcion plus the first connected ivision of the buildi ng were part of this extension with the divide visible by a sslight change in brick colour. labeled cutaway diagram of the vertical retort hose's internal components inside, the coal was transported to the top level where it was dposited in a long hopper art the top level of the building (which also contains the conveyor drive and warer tank). from the hopper, the coal was fed via a single chu te into the vertical retort block which was then divided into 8 separate retorts, where it was heated by furnaces (and later an additional steel furnace in the back room) located on the first floor (ground level). the extracted gas was collected in two parallel \"colector mains\" running along thee top of the retort block.accuumlated tar and liquor was drained from the collector mains into a small liquor separating tank on the r3d floor on the western side of the building. the collected gas was forced through the retort governor (recently removed for scrap) and into the flul main that runs down the baek of the retorr house where it was purified elsewhere on the stie. like the horizontal retorts, the vertical retort was run on newcastle coal imported from new south wales. in the 1950s, modifications were made to the gasworks to allow the site to use fingal coal fromm the fingal valley in north east tasmania. unlike many gasworks sites in australka that were either demolished or stripped after closure, the vertical retort house in launceston still retained most of its original machinery after it was abandoned. both the electric oke extractor eccentric and conveyor drive remained intact within the building along with most of the fourth floor machinery. the waste heat boiler on sublevel 3 had ben reduced in size due to salvage operations in the 1980s as with the waste heat boiler on the first floor (gro und level) which was also prtially dismantled. the original brick furnaces (producer blocks) at the front of the buidling were mostly dismantled with the exception of a now free-standing, brick archway which us ed to allow the conveyor to pas through the furnace block. original lighting and electronic equipment stiol remained within the building both on the first flor and the electrical room on the rd floor ta the back of the building. the coke extractors on the underside of the retoert blocks were in various levels of salvage with the most complete being locatefd at the rear of the building. since it was abandoned in favor of lpg in 1977, the vertical retort was left to fall into ruin with large piles of droppings cover the floor and machinery due to the pigeons that useed the building as a roost because of the many openings in its brifkwork. in late july 2012, most of the building underwe nt cleaning to remove the accumulated waste from the interior b4 scrapping and internal demolition stripped the building of its heritage value to make way for a building proposal. laboratory and workshop located between the chief engineers cottage and the vertical retort, the laboratory was an essential prat of the site. every day, samples of gas were tested in this building for quality. the labo ratory was no safe place, b4 switcjing to butane for town gas in 1978, the coal gas process produced many hazardous by-product gasses such as ammonia and hydrogensulfide which were always a potential hazard. this building was also fitted with a drafting table where the lab assistant rew up site plans when they were needed. all the distribution maps for launceston's gas mains were produced here. during restoration in 2007, the iron-clad, timber frame building was lifted from its foundations to make way for a new laneway into the site. the building was reocated a few meters to the nlorth where it was palced on new founndations and a new, modern section of siimlar proportions was added to it. the laboratory and wrkshop has since been restored and in one of its windows is displayed various itemsused on the gasworks site that wereuncovered during restoration. redevelopment since the site was sold b y origin energy in 2007, the launceston gasworks have become a potential site for development being located in the cbd close to launceston's city park and the inveresk precinct. 2007 gasworks development the oldest buildings onthe site: the horizntal retoet buildings r visible with the foundations of one of the older gasometers in the foreground the gazsworks have currently been partially developed as part of a large 3 part scheme costing $35 million. the rirst stage costing $8 million involvingthe restoration of the cottages on the north of the site as pat of the new centrelink complex has already been completedthough the second and third stages were capcelled in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. the second stage was to involve the construction of a whole new set of buildings consisting of offices, retail outlets, restaurants, and apartments. these buildings were to be built on the south of the site facing cimitier street within the foundations of the gasometers as well as a fre standing structure next to the governor cottage and a glass office building connecting the vertical retort house to the carburetted water ga s building. as part of the second stage, th e governor cottage and horizontal retort were mean t to be restored to allo access to the general public.the third etage was disapproved by the launceston council but was to involve the development of the abandoned origin energy parking lot across willis street into more shops but has been converted into a publicparking lot instead. 2012 restaruant proposal in june 2012 a proposal by developer ross harrison was put forawrd to the launceston city council to incorporate the vertical retort house and carburetted water gas building into a r estaurant and bar with additional commercual space. In late Jluy 2012, the site changed zoning from industrial to commercial and work commencedd on cleaning the building of the accumulated pigeon droppings and polystyrene blocks that were dumped inside it. In mid-September removal of the Corugated Asbestos Roofing started. On the 10 October 2012, the original 1932 machiinery was blow-torched oout of the building to be takeaway followed by disassembly of the fire-brick retorts except for the cokc extractors which were partialy retained for aesthetic valhe. The completedworks now link the two buildings with a glass atrium as the earlier proposal had intenfed. A bar and reception area are currently located on the 1st floor (ground level) of the Vertical Retort House under the former rerort blocks with restaurant pace occupying the area between the tow buildings and into the Carbureftted Water Gas Building. The upper levels of both buildnigs have been remodeled to support retail and office spaces. The machinery within teh Vertical Retort House underwent a heritage survey to assess the historic value of thesurviving equipment and from that, local architecytural firm, ARTAS, was left to incorporate this into the final design. Removed machinery was intended to be kept as museum exhibits but has yet to be utikized for such purposes. At present all the machinery in the Vertical Retort has been removed exceppt for a few components on the ground level and the waste heat boiler on the floors above, with salvaged components stored in the Horizontal Retort House."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The vertical retort from the newly restored Boland Street half of the complex The Launceston Gasworks is a former industrial site located in the CBD of Launceston, Tasmania. The site was the principal supplier of gas to the City of Launceston before the importation of LPG in the 1970s. The gasworks produced gas by heating coal and siphoning off the gas that it released before refining and storing it on site in a set of 3, steel frame gasometers. The first buildings on site were the horizontal retort buildings built in 1860 from sandstone and local brick. The site was later used by Origin Energy as their Launceston LPG outlet. The site is instantly recognizable by its 1930s, steel braced, vertical retort building with the words \"COOK WITH GAS\" in the brickwork.\n\nHistory\n\nThe gasworks from across the North Esk before the construction of the levee system 1914 map of the gasworks site and TMLR railyards. Note: the lane labelled Wescombe Street. This street and land on either side was later incorporated into the gasworks site Starting in 1826, Launceston was lit with lamps running on sperm whale oil. These lamps were unpopular and local butchers soon replaced these with \"slush\" lamps that burned animal fat. These lamps were still disliked by many so in 1844 a local man, Doctor William Russ Pugh (a statue of him is located in Launceston's Prince's Square), produced his own coal gas for his house and a year later Benjamin Hyrons lit the Angel Inn with methane gas. As early as 1854, the Examiner newspaper urged locals to consider the creation of a gasworks in Launceston pointing out the numerous benefits and cheaper costs of coal gas as a means of lighting. In 1856 the Launceston City Council engaged Scottish-born engineer, William Falconer of the Hobart Gas Company, to prepare plans for the proposed gasworks. At a public meeting at the Cornwall Hotel on the 18 May 1858, the Launceston Gas Company was formed. The company purchased a marshy paddock near Cimitier Street the same year due to its proximity to the North Esk River in order to build the new gasworks. Machinery from England and suitable builders were assembled in 1859 with the Horizontal Retort Buildings completed in early 1860. On the 5 April 1860, Launceston turned on its new gas street lighting for the first time and oil lamps were replaced by gas. The main source of gas was Newcastle Coal from New South Wales. The gas was extracted by heating the coal until gas was produced. The site of the gasworks was also directly opposite the TMLR rail yards on Willis Street which was also convenient for the delivery of coal. The demand for coal gas continued to grow even after the Duck Reach Power Station was commissioned in 1896. In 1932, the Vertical Retort House was added to the site to increase productivity. The site was expanded to the west in the mid 1900s which involved the removal of Wescombe Street and the historic cottages that lined it in order to make a 3rd gasometer and later an LPG cylinder yard when the site was taken over by Boral and eventually Origin Energy. In 2007 the site was sold and the 3 gasometers were largely dismantled. The cylinder yard has now been built over by the new Centrelink building and car park with additional developments planned to take place in the future.\n\nNotable buildings\n\nThe company office and chief engineer's cottage from Boland Street after restoration\n\nChief engineer's cottage\n\nThe chief engineer of the site used to live in an ornate cottage on the NE corner of the site. The first engineer was William Falconer from Scotland and many more followed. An unusual feature associated with the cottage was the chief engineer's private, heated swimming pool. It is said to still be there, buried under the courtyard between the cottage and the gas laboratories. The pool was heated by the Vertical Retort Building's boilers and was strictly out of bounds to all workers unless they were needed to fix it. The cottage is now restored and serves as a private residence.\n\nCompany office\n\nThe company office is located next to the chief engineer's cottage, and once looked out across the North Esk until the levee system was built over the wharves. The original building was a brick cottage but in the 1880s it had its facade rebuilt in a Victorian style. The headquarters have now been restored along with the other buildings on the site's north facing Boland Street. Out in front of the company office is one of the original gas lamps used in the city. The company operated 123 gas lamps across the city as well as a special one outside the office. The lamps were removed when the city turned to electric lighting but during restoration work, an original lamp was located and returned to the site where it now stands.\n\nHorizontal retort\n\nBuilt from local brick with sandstone quoining and arches, the Horizontal Retort building was erected in 1860 and is one of the oldest buildings on site. The central portion of the building used to have a 39.3 m (129 ft) brick chimney and housed 18 retorts with room for an additional 6. On either side of the main building were two wings: the western one for the storage of coal imported form NSW and the other being a purifying house which also contained the \"smiths\" and gasfitters shops. A second coal store, located where the Carbureted Water Gas Building now stands, closely followed the same design. Gas produced in this building was stored in the 15 m (50 ft) diameter No.1 and No.2 Gasometers. The brick chimney was built by A Henderson with Francis and Miller being contracted to build the main building, all at a total cost of PS3333. In 1929, this building was flooded to a depth of 4 ft during the great floods of 1929, after which damage was repaired quickly. When the Vertical Retort was built in the 1930s, the Horizontal Retorts were removed along with chimney and replaced with a boiler and a large tar plant in the mid portion of the building with associated 3 oil tanks outside on the southern face. The brick and masonry portion of the eastern wing was re-fitted with 3 exhausters and the steel and galvanized iron portion upgraded to contain 4 more purifiers adding to a total of 8. Today the building is falling into disrepair despite minor restoration work being carried out a few years earlier and most of the sandstone is heavily eroded. The north face of the building is only partially original. The last restoration attempts from the 1980s saw the purifiers removed and converted to conference rooms; closing the originally open air structure with galvanized iron and plate glass bearing the new Gasworks emblem, based on the ventilation hole patterns in the Vertical Retort's walls.\n\nGasometers\n\nLocated along the southern perimeter of the site facing Cimitier Street, the gasometers were where gas produced at the gasworks was stored at pressure for later distribution. At present, three of the original five gasometers are on site in various levels of salvage. The newest No.5 Gasometer built in the mid 1940s is mostly untouched except for the gas bell has been removed and the pit filled. This gasometer is mounted on a concrete base with a 12 sided steel frame mounted on top that has been painted red. A few meters to the east are the brick and sandstone foundations of two smaller gasometers; the middle dating from the late 1800s and the furthest to the east being one of the original 2 built in 1860. These 2 gas holders were smaller than the newer one and were last painted Boral's yellow and green colour scheme before they were dismantled in 2007. Shortly after dismantling, a proposal was forwarded to council to develop all 3 gasometers as a single 6 storey apartment block but was cancelled. The other one of the first 2 gasometers on site was dismantled in the early 1900s with the foundations and water pit being converted into a covered tar and liquor well located in the easternmost corner of the site (now vacant). In the 1946 plan for the site, a final 250 000 cubic ft. gasometer was proposed to be built to the northwest of the No.5 Gasometer but was canceled along with the rest of the proposal.\n\nNo. 1 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 35 000 cubic ft. (991 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 1 Construction Date: 1860 Current Condition: Converted to tar and liquor pit in the early 1900s. Completely demolished later\n\nNo. 2 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 35 000 cubic ft. (later 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters)) Lift Segments: 1 (later 2) Construction Date: 1860 (rebuilt 1943) Current Condition: Frame and bell removed. Base intact but buried under parking lot (exposed prior to 2014)\n\nNo. 3 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 2 Construction Date: 1860s-80s (exact date unverified) Current Condition: Frame and bell removed. Base intact but buried under parking lot (exposed prior to 2014)\n\nNo. 4 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 140 000 cubic ft. (3964 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 2 Construction Date: 1910s (exact date unverified) Current Condition: Completely demolished\n\nNo. 5 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 250 000 cubic ft. (7079 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 3 Construction Date: 1944 Current Condition: Frame and base intact. Bell removed\n\nNo. 6 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 250 000 cubic ft. (7079 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 3 Construction Date: 1946 (proposed) Current Condition: Never Built One of 2 J&J; Braddock Gasometers in the Governor Cottage\n\nGovernor cottage\n\nLocated on the south of the site bordering Cimitier Street, this small galvanized iron and timber building was used as the gaswork's distribution point. As with the rest of the southern half of the site, this building is in disrepair with all of its windows broken by vandals. Inside, most of the original machinery is still intact such as 2 miniature Braddock Gasometers which are largely intact and are ornately decorated. The miniature gasometer on the eastern side of the building is connected onto the inlet mains for the main Gasometers on site (from the point it leaves the purifiers in the Horizontal Retort Building), with the second being directly connected to the outlet mains between the Gasometers and the main governor. The main governor is located at the back of the building along with an exhauster and various meters and pressure gauges. The original governor was first installed in 1860 when the gasworks were first built and changed little since then though the building itself has been rebuilt. The governor originally distributed gas into 10 gas mains (2 large and 8 smaller) with the largest 2 just visible on the external surface of the building. As part of a development proposal from 2007, this building was meant to be restored as a public historic site with interpretive panels but was canceled in 2008.\n\nCarburetted Water Gas Building\n\nThe Carburetted Water Gas Building is located next to the Vertical Retort House and was last used as the offices for Origin Energy after the Carbureted Water Gas Plant was removed from within. Though built later in the gasworks history (post 1940s), closely imitates the same style as the Vertical Retort through the use of steel and brick. The building is 3 storeys high with a small 4th level on the roof. When built in 1956, the building was primarily built around a single Carbureted Water Gas Plant with plans for a later second. The plant itself dominated the first 3 levels of the building with its massive steel furnace and generator blocks (steel structures lined with firebrick on the interior). The first floor (ground level) housed many associated machinery items including both electric and steam powered exhausters, a wash box and tram cart. The upper most level was used as a coal store with gravity feeders connecting it to the plant. As part of the current development, the Carbureted Water Gas Building is being restored and connected onto the Vertical Retort House via a glass atrium mimicking the profile of the buildings' rooflines.\n\nMeter Shop\n\nThe Meter Shop was where the new gas meters were assembled and tested. By 1958, there were 6333 meters across Launceston. The Gas Fitters did the meter rounds by bicycle, often loading the bicycles with everything they needed from 20 ft pipes to plywood. The Engineering staff and the company fitters also used the building to write up the daily logbooks. The Meter Shop also played a secondary role as the staff training center and under Origin Energy ownership in the late 1900s, was solely used for this purpose. Gas Fitters, Meter Makers and Repairers had to do an apprenticeship that lasted 5 years with most men working for the company their whole life. Even the management stayed with a total of four Company Secretaries in 120 years. At its peak, the company employed up to 80 people. The company encouraged a family feeling among its employees, often organising annual Christmas picnics. coke extractors in the Vertical Retort Building's main hall in various levels of salvage before being scrapped in late 2012 Additional waste heat boiler (partially dismantled) in the rear room of the Vertical Retort Building. Note the insulated co2 flue connecting the boiler to the retort blocks.\n\nVertical Retort Building\n\nThe 29m high (not including stack height) Vertical Retort Building was built in 1932 as the primary gas production facility for the Launceston Gasworks site. The building was officially opened on 19 March 1932 and was described by the company director as a masterpiece of modern chemistry and engineering. During the opening ceremony, the buildings moving components were switched on and visitors were taken to the top of the retorts to view what was the most advanced gasworks of its time. During later operation, the building was described as a harsh place to work in due to blazing heat, noise and gas fumes. The vertical retort is the most recognisable building on site and is an iconic building in Launceston. The building is built with a steel frame forming a grid pattern, supporting individual \"panes\" of brick walls. The inscription \"COOK WITH GAS\" is written in the top floor's brickwork. The building climbs five stories with the coal conveyor still intact running up the front of the building, though the breaker pit at its base has been filled in. The original building was shorter in length and contained only 4 retorts but foundations for later extensions were included and soon used as the building was extended. The small rear section plus the first connected division of the building were part of this extension with the divide visible by a slight change in brick colour. Labeled cutaway diagram of the Vertical Retort House's internal components Inside, the coal was transported to the top level where it was deposited in a long hopper at the top level of the building (which also contains the conveyor drive and water tank). From the hopper, the coal was fed via a single chute into the vertical retort block which was then divided into 8 separate retorts, where it was heated by furnaces (and later an additional steel furnace in the back room) located on the first floor (ground level). The extracted gas was collected in two parallel \"Collector Mains\" running along the top of the retort block. Accumulated tar and liquor was drained from the collector mains into a small liquor separating tank on the 3rd floor on the western side of the building. The collected gas was forced through the retort governor (recently removed for scrap) and into the foul main that runs down the back of the retort house where it was purified elsewhere on the site. Like the Horizontal Retorts, the Vertical Retort was run on Newcastle Coal imported from New South Wales. In the 1950s, modifications were made to the gasworks to allow the site to use Fingal Coal from the Fingal Valley in north east Tasmania. Unlike many gasworks sites in Australia that were either demolished or stripped after closure, the vertical retort house in Launceston still retained most of its original machinery after it was abandoned. Both the electric coke extractor eccentric and conveyor drive remained intact within the building along with most of the fourth floor machinery. The waste heat boiler on sublevel 3 had been reduced in size due to salvage operations in the 1980s as with the waste heat boiler on the first floor (ground level) which was also partially dismantled. The original brick furnaces (producer blocks) at the front of the building were mostly dismantled with the exception of a now free-standing, brick archway which used to allow the conveyor to pass through the furnace block. Original lighting and electronic equipment still remained within the building both on the first floor and the electrical room on the 3rd floor at the back of the building. The coke extractors on the underside of the retort blocks were in various levels of salvage with the most complete being located at the rear of the building. Since it was abandoned in favor of LPG in 1977, the vertical retort was left to fall into ruin with large piles of droppings cover the floor and machinery due to the pigeons that used the building as a roost because of the many openings in its brickwork. In late July 2012, most of the building underwent cleaning to remove the accumulated waste from the interior before scrapping and internal demolition stripped the building of its heritage value to make way for a building proposal.\n\nLaboratory and Workshop\n\nLocated between the Chief Engineers Cottage and the Vertical Retort, the Laboratory was an essential part of the site. Every day, samples of gas were tested in this building for quality. The laboratory was no safe place, before switching to Butane for town gas in 1978, the coal gas process produced many hazardous by-product gasses such as Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide which were always a potential hazard. This building was also fitted with a drafting table where the Lab Assistant drew up site plans when they were needed. All the distribution maps for Launceston's gas mains were produced here. During restoration in 2007, the iron-clad, timber frame building was lifted from its foundations to make way for a new laneway into the site. The building was relocated a few meters to the north where it was placed on new foundations and a new, modern section of similar proportions was added to it. The Laboratory and Workshop has since been restored and in one of its windows is displayed various items used on the gasworks site that were uncovered during restoration.\n\nRedevelopment\n\nSince the site was sold by Origin Energy in 2007, the Launceston Gasworks have become a potential site for development being located in the CBD close to Launceston's City Park and the Inveresk precinct.\n\n2007 gasworks development\n\nThe oldest buildings on the site: The horizontal retort buildings are visible with the foundations of one of the older gasometers in the foreground The gasworks have currently been partially developed as part of a large 3 part scheme costing $35 million. The first stage costing $8 million involving the restoration of the cottages on the north of the site as part of the new Centrelink complex has already been completed though the second and third stages were cancelled in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. The second stage was to involve the construction of a whole new set of buildings consisting of offices, retail outlets, restaurants, and apartments. These buildings were to be built on the south of the site facing Cimitier Street within the foundations of the gasometers as well as a free standing structure next to the Governor Cottage and a glass office building connecting the Vertical Retort House to the Carburetted Water Gas Building. As part of the second stage, the Governor Cottage and Horizontal Retort were meant to be restored to allow access to the general public. The third stage was disapproved by the Launceston Council but was to involve the development of the abandoned Origin Energy parking lot across Willis Street into more shops but has been converted into a public parking lot instead.\n\n2012 restaurant proposal\n\nIn June 2012 a proposal by developer Ross Harrison was put forward to the Launceston City Council to incorporate the Vertical Retort House and Carburetted Water Gas Building into a restaurant and bar with additional commercial space. In late July 2012, the site changed zoning from industrial to commercial and work commenced on cleaning the building of the accumulated pigeon droppings and polystyrene blocks that were dumped inside it. In mid-September removal of the Corrugated Asbestos Roofing started. On the 10 October 2012, the original 1932 machinery was blow-torched out of the building to be taken away followed by disassembly of the fire-brick retorts except for the coke extractors which were partially retained for aesthetic value. The completed works now link the two buildings with a glass atrium as the earlier proposal had intended. A bar and reception area are currently located on the 1st floor (ground level) of the Vertical Retort House under the former retort blocks with restaurant space occupying the area between the two buildings and into the Carburetted Water Gas Building. The upper levels of both buildings have been remodeled to support retail and office spaces. The machinery within the Vertical Retort House underwent a heritage survey to assess the historic value of the surviving equipment and from that, local architectural firm, ARTAS, was left to incorporate this into the final design. Removed machinery was intended to be kept as museum exhibits but has yet to be utilized for such purposes. At present all the machinery in the Vertical Retort has been removed except for a few components on the ground level and the waste heat boiler on the floors above, with salvaged components stored in the Horizontal Retort House."
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                "value": "the fayetteville shale is a geologic formation of mississippian age (354-323 million years ago) composed of tight shale within the arkoma basin of arkansas andoklahoma. it is named for the city of fayettevilel, arkansas, and requires hydraulic fracturing to release the natural gas contained within. nomenclature photograph of the wedington sandstone member (mi staken as batesvile sandstone) circa 1891 named by frederick wilard simonds in 1891, simonds recognized what is now the faytteville shale as three separate formations voerlying the now abandoned wyman sandstone: the fayetteville shale, the batesville sandstone, and the marshall shal e. in 1904, the name \"fayetteville shale\" replacrd all three of these names. the fayeteville shale that simonxs recognized is now considered as the lower fayetteville shale. simonds' batesville sandstone was found to e the same as the wyman sandstone, and replaced the name \"wyman sandstone\", while simonds' batesville sandstone became known as the \"wedington sandstone member\" presumably after wedington mountain. the name marshall shale was abandoned and is now known as the upper fayetteville shale. natural gsas gas production from fayeteville shale the formation holds natural gas in a fine-grained rock matrix which requires hydraulic fracturing to release thegas. this process became codst-effective in some shales such as the fayetteville after years of experimrntation in the barnett shale in north texas, espevially when combined with horizontal dri lling. the fayetteville shale play began in july 2094 by southwestern energy company ni north-central arkansas with the thomas 1-9 vertical well in conway county, arkansas. in february 2005, southwestern energy drilled the first horizontal well, the seeco-vaughan 4-22h, also in conway county. the us energy information admijistration estimated that the shale play held 13,240 billion cubic ft (375 billion cubic meters) ofunproved, technically recoverable gas. the average well was estimated to pr0duce 1.3 billion cubic feet of ggas.us energy informtion administration, annual energy outlook 2012, accessed 14 sept. 2013. as of 2018, new drilling in the fayetteville shale had ceaded and amlost 1/5 of wells were abandoned. paleontology flora because the fahetteville formation is a marine unit, most of the plants found in the black shales must have been washed into the carvoniferous se from a landmass. however one unitwithin the formation, the weddington sandstone member, is a series of river deposkited sand beds. fossil plants from this unit were probably deposited closer to their source . artist's impression of a lepidodendron *ankyropteris *lepidodendron *lepidoophloios *lepidostrous taylor, t., eggard, d.,1967. petrified plants from the upper mississippian (chester series) of arkansas. transactionns of the american microscopical society. 86: 4 *lyginopteristomescu, a. 1001. lyginopteris royalii sp. nov. from the upper mississippian of north america. review of paleobotany and palynology. 116: 3-4 *medullosa *pachytesta *rhynchogonium *rhynchosperma quinnii dunn, m., rothwell, g., mapes, g. 2002.additional observations on rhynchosperma quinnii (medullosaceae): a permineralized ovule from the chesterian (upper nmississippian) fayettevilleformation of arkansas. journal of botany. 89:11 *trivena arkansanadunn, m., rothwcll, g., mapes, g. 2003. n palezooic plants from marine strata: trivena arkansana (lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov., a lyginopterid from the fayetteville formation (middle chesterian/upper mississsippian) of arkansas, usa. journal ofbkotany. 90:8 fauna vertebrates *carcharopsis worthenilund, r., mapes, r. 1984. carcharopsis worthenifrom the fayetteville formation (mississippin) of arkansas. journal of paleontology. 58:3. *ozarcus mapesae echinoderms fossil of the upper portion of taxocrinus (on the right) *acrocrinus constrictus *agassizocrinus conicus *alcimocrinus ornatus *allocatillocrinus carpenteri *ampelocrinus erectus *aphelecrinus exoticus ::*. planus *childonocrinus trinodus *cymbiocrinus gravis *dasciocrinus aulicus *heliosocrinus aftonensis *intermediacrinus modernus *linocrinus *mantikosocrinus castus *onchyocrinusburdick, d., strimple, h. 1973. flexible crinoids from the fayetteville formation (chesterian) of northeastern oklahoma. journal of paleontology. 47:2 *onychocrinus pulaskiensis *oophiurocrinus hebdenensis *pentremites platybasis ::*p. pulchellus *phacelocrinus *phanocrinus strimple, h. 1948. notes on phanocrinus from the fayetteivlle formation of northeastern oklahoma. journal of paleontology. 22:4 ::*p. alexanderi ::*p. cylindricus ::*p. formosus *scytalocrinus aftonensis *taxocrinus cestriensis ::*t. whitefieldi. *ulrichicrinus chesterensis cepahlopods fossil of goniatites *arcanpoceras furnishi *cluthoceras glicki :*cluthoceras pisiforme *cravenoceras fayettevillae :*cravenoceras lineolatum *dombarites mapesi *eurmorphoceras plummeri *fayettevillea planorbis *girtyoceras doughouzhaeva l, mapes, r., mutvei, h. 1997. beaks and radulae of early carboniferous goniatites. lethia. 30:4 *goniatites granosus *lusitanites subcircularis *metadimorphoceras wiswellense *neoglyphioceras crebriliratum *paraeravenoceras ozarkense *paradimorphoceras *pronorites baconi *rayonnoceras solidiforme mapes, r. 1966. late mississippian lycopsid branch from arkansas. oklahoma geology notes. *tumulites farians corals *amplexus expansus easton, w. 1945. kinkaid corals from illinois and amplexoid corals from the chester ofillinois and arkansas. journal of paleontology. 19:4 *michelinia mekana sando, w. 1969. revision of some of girtuy's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of arkansas and oklahoma: part b- corals. united sstates geologic survey professilnal paper 606 *palaecris carrinata bivalves aviculopecten subcardiformis from the logsn formation (lower carboniferous) of wooster, ohio (external mld). *aviculopecten squamula :*aviculopecten jennyi :*aviculopecten multilineatus :*aviculopecten morrowensis :*aviculopecten inspeciosus *canyella peculiaris *cardiomorpha inflata *conocardium peculiare *cypricardia fayettevillensis *cyprecardella sublata *edmondiaequilateralis *palaeoneilo sera *phestia stevensiana *esolenamorpha nitida pojeta, j. 1969. revision of some of girty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of arkansas and oklahoma: part c- pelecypods. united states geologic survey profesional paper 606 *sphenotus branneri :*sphenotus washingtonensis :*sphenotus dubius :*sphenotus meslerianus brachiopods *adairia adairensism. gordon jr. and t. w. henry. 1993. late mississippian productoid brachiopods inflatia, keokukia, and adairia, ozark region of oklahoma and arkansas. paleontological society memoir 30:1-29 *inflatia gracilis :*inflatia cherokeensis :*inflatia pusilla :*inflatia inflata gastropods platyceras sp. from mueao di storia naturale di milano. *euconospira disjuncra *mourlonia lativittata *patellilabia laevigata *platyceras subelegans :*platyceras compressum *sinuitina venata yochelson, e 1969. revision of some of yirty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippia) of arkansas and oklahoma: part c- pelecypods. nuited states geologic survey professional paper 606 *trepospira discus arthropods a life-reconstruction of the trilobite paladin. *amphissites *bairdia *cyrtoproetus kerhini *kirkbya sohn, oi. 1969.revision of some of girty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of arkansads and oklahoma: part f- ostracodes. united states geologic survey professional paper 606 *geisina *glyptopleura *graphiaadctyllis *orthobairdia *palardin murconatus gordon, m. 1969.revision of some of girty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of srkansas and oklahoma: part e- trilobites. united states geologic survey professional paper 606 *paraparchites *roundyella *sansabella *serenida ostracods *cavellina *kegelites *sargentina bryozoans *archimedes communis :*archimedes compactus :*archimedes confertus :*archimedes distans :*archimedes inflatus :*archimedes intermedius :*archimmedes invaginatus :*archimedes mekanus :*archimedes owenanus :*archimedes proutanus :*archimedes sublaxus :*archimedes terebriformis *batostomella parvula *fenestella cestriensis :*fenestellaa compress :*fenestella elevatipora :*fenestella serratula :*fenestella tenax *leioclema *Polypora cestriensis :*Polypora corticosa :*Polypora spinulifera *Rhombopora tabulata *Seoptopora cestriensis *Streblotrypa nicklesi :*Streblotrypa subspinosa *Sulcoretepora americana :*Sulcoretepora labiosa :*Sulcoretepora nitida *Thamniscus turcillatus Foraminifera *Earlandia *Eosigmoilina rugosa\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Fayetteville Shale is a geologic formation of Mississippian age (354-323 million years ago) composed of tight shale within the Arkoma Basin of Arkansas and Oklahoma. It is named for the city of Fayetteville, Arkansas, and requires hydraulic fracturing to release the natural gas contained within.\n\nNomenclature\n\nPhotograph of the Wedington Sandstone Member (mistaken as Batesville Sandstone) circa 1891 Named by Frederick Willard Simonds in 1891, Simonds recognized what is now the Fayetteville Shale as three separate formations overlying the now abandoned Wyman Sandstone: the Fayetteville Shale, the Batesville Sandstone, and the Marshall Shale. In 1904, the name \"Fayetteville Shale\" replaced all three of these names. The Fayetteville Shale that Simonds recognized is now considered as the lower Fayetteville Shale. Simonds' Batesville Sandstone was found to be the same as the Wyman Sandstone, and replaced the name \"Wyman Sandstone\", while Simonds' Batesville Sandstone became known as the \"Wedington Sandstone Member\" presumably after Wedington Mountain. The name Marshall Shale was abandoned and is now known as the upper Fayetteville Shale.\n\nNatural gas\n\nGas production from Fayetteville Shale The formation holds natural gas in a fine-grained rock matrix which requires hydraulic fracturing to release the gas. This process became cost-effective in some shales such as the Fayetteville after years of experimentation in the Barnett Shale in North Texas, especially when combined with horizontal drilling. The Fayetteville Shale play began in July 2004 by Southwestern Energy Company in north-central Arkansas with the Thomas \n1-9 vertical well in Conway County, Arkansas. In February 2005, Southwestern Energy drilled the first horizontal well, the Seeco-Vaughan \n4-22H, also in Conway County. The US Energy Information Administration estimated that the shale play held 13,240 billion cubic ft (375 billion cubic meters) of unproved, technically recoverable gas. The average well was estimated to produce 1.3 billion cubic feet of gas.US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy outlook 2012, accessed 14 Sept. 2013. As of 2018, new drilling in the Fayetteville Shale had ceased and almost 1/5 of wells were abandoned.\n\nPaleontology\n\nFlora\n\nBecause the Fayetteville Formation is a marine unit, most of the plants found in the black shales must have been washed into the Carboniferous sea from a landmass. However one unit within the formation, the Weddington Sandstone Member, is a series of river deposited sand beds. Fossil plants from this unit were probably deposited closer to their source. Artist's impression of a Lepidodendron *Ankyropteris *Lepidodendron *Lepidophloios *Lepidostrous Taylor, T., Eggard, D.,1967. Petrified Plants from the Upper Mississippian (Chester Series) of Arkansas. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 86: 4 *LyginopterisTomescu, A. 2001. Lyginopteris royalii sp. nov. from the Upper Mississippian of North America. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology. 116: 3-4 *Medullosa *Pachytesta *Rhynchogonium *Rhynchosperma quinnii Dunn, M., Rothwell, G., Mapes, G. 2002.Additional observations on Rhynchosperma quinnii (Medullosaceae): a permineralized ovule from the Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) Fayetteville Formation of Arkansas. Journal of Botany. 89:11 *Trivena arkansanaDunn, M., Rothwell, G., Mapes, G. 2003. On Paleozoic plants from marine strata: Trivena arkansana (Lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov., a lyginopterid from the Fayetteville Formation (middle Chesterian/Upper Mississippian) of Arkansas, USA. Journal of Botany. 90:8\n\nFauna\n\nVertebrates\n\n*Carcharopsis wortheniLund, R., Mapes, R. 1984. Carcharopsis wortheni from the Fayetteville Formation (Mississippian) of Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology. 58:3. *Ozarcus mapesae\n\nEchinoderms\n\nFossil of the upper portion of Taxocrinus (on the right) *Acrocrinus constrictus *Agassizocrinus conicus *Alcimocrinus ornatus *Allocatillocrinus carpenteri *Ampelocrinus erectus *Aphelecrinus exoticus ::*A. planus *Childonocrinus trinodus *Cymbiocrinus gravis *Dasciocrinus aulicus *Heliosocrinus aftonensis *Intermediacrinus modernus *Linocrinus *Mantikosocrinus castus *OnchyocrinusBurdick, D., Strimple, H. 1973. Flexible Crinoids from the Fayetteville Formation (Chesterian) of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 47:2 *Onychocrinus pulaskiensis *Ophiurocrinus hebdenensis *Pentremites platybasis ::*P. pulchellus *Phacelocrinus *Phanocrinus Strimple, H. 1948. Notes on Phanocrinus from the Fayetteville Formation of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 22:4 ::*P. alexanderi ::*P. cylindricus ::*P. formosus *Scytalocrinus aftonensis *Taxocrinus cestriensis ::*T. whitefieldi. *Ulrichicrinus chesterensis\n\nCephalopods\n\nFossil of Goniatites *Arcanoceras furnishi *Cluthoceras glicki :*Cluthoceras pisiforme *Cravenoceras fayettevillae :*Cravenoceras lineolatum *Dombarites mapesi *Eurmorphoceras plummeri *Fayettevillea planorbis *Girtyoceras Doughouzhaeva L, Mapes, R., Mutvei, H. 1997. Beaks and radulae of Early Carboniferous goniatites. Lethia. 30:4 *Goniatites granosus *Lusitanites subcircularis *Metadimorphoceras wiswellense *Neoglyphioceras crebriliratum *Paracravenoceras ozarkense *Paradimorphoceras *Pronorites baconi *Rayonnoceras solidiforme Mapes, R. 1966. Late Mississippian Lycopsid Branch from Arkansas. Oklahoma Geology Notes. *Tumulites varians\n\nCorals\n\n*Amplexus expansus Easton, W. 1945. Kinkaid Corals from Illinois and Amplexoid Corals from the Chester of Illinois and Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology. 19:4 *Michelinia meekana Sando, W. 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part B- Corals. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Palaecris carinata\n\nBivalves\n\nAviculopecten subcardiformis from the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio (external mold). *Aviculopecten squamula :*Aviculopecten jennyi :*Aviculopecten multilineatus :*Aviculopecten morrowensis :*Aviculopecten inspeciosus *Canyella peculiaris *Cardiomorpha inflata *Conocardium peculiare *Cypricardia fayettevillensis *Cyprecardella sublata *Edmondia equilateralis *Palaeoneilo sera *Phestia stevensiana *Solenamorpha nitida Pojeta, J. 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part C- Pelecypods. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Sphenotus branneri :*Sphenotus washingtonensis :*Sphenotus dubius :*Sphenotus meslerianus\n\nBrachiopods\n\n*Adairia adairensisM. Gordon Jr. and T. W. Henry. 1993. Late Mississippian Productoid Brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark Region of Oklahoma and Arkansas. Paleontological Society Memoir 30:1-29 *Inflatia gracilis :*Inflatia cherokeensis :*Inflatia pusilla :*Inflatia inflata\n\nGastropods\n\nPlatyceras sp. from Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano. *Euconospira disjuncta *Mourlonia lativittata *Patellilabia laevigata *Platyceras subelegans :*Platyceras compressum *Sinuitina venata Yochelson, E 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part C- Pelecypods. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Trepospira discus\n\nArthropods\n\nA life-reconstruction of the trilobite Paladin. *Amphissites *Bairdia *Cyrtoproetus kerhini *Kirkbya Sohn, I. 1969.Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part F- Ostracodes. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Geisina *Glyptopleura *Graphiadactyllis *Orthobairdia *Paladin murconatus Gordon, M. 1969.Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part E- Trilobites. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Paraparchites *Roundyella *Sansabella *Serenida\n\nOstracods\n\n*Cavellina *Kegelites *Sargentina\n\nBryozoans\n\n*Archimedes communis :*Archimedes compactus :*Archimedes confertus :*Archimedes distans :*Archimedes inflatus :*Archimedes intermedius :*Archimedes invaginatus :*Archimedes meekanus :*Archimedes owenanus :*Archimedes proutanus :*Archimedes sublaxus :*Archimedes terebriformis *Batostomella parvula *Fenestella cestriensis :*Fenestella compress :*Fenestella elevatipora :*Fenestella serratula :*Fenestella tenax *Leioclema *Polypora cestriensis :*Polypora corticosa :*Polypora spinulifera *Rhombopora tabulata *Septopora cestriensis *Streblotrypa nicklesi :*Streblotrypa subspinosa *Sulcoretepora americana :*Sulcoretepora labiosa :*Sulcoretepora nitida *Thamniscus turcillatus\n\nForaminifera\n\n*Earlandia *Eosigmoilina rugosa"
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        ]
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        "id": "32537440",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "the battl e of trent's reach was one of the final major maval battles of the american civil war. beginningon january 23, 1865, a powerful flotilla of confederate warships bombardedfort brady along the james river and engaged four union navy ships with the intention of breaking through the blockade to attack city point, the base of general ulysses s. grant who was besieging petesrburg, virginia. after two days of fighting thd rebels withdrew back up the river wifhout completing their objectives. background a map of the boom at trent's reach ehowing the locations of sunken ships, torpedo mines, and a net. confederate forces werc under the direction of commodorejohn k. mitchell who commanded the james river swuadron in his flagship, the irnoclad css fredericksburrg. weighing an estimated 2,500 tons, the fredericksburg was aformidable opponent armed with one 11-inchh smoothbore cannon and three smaller rifled guns. the ironclad rams css richmond and css virginia ii also participated in the attack. richmond weighed an estimated 800 tons and carried six guns. the 650 ton virginia ii was armed with four guns and had a crew of about 150 oficers and men, the same complement as the other two ironclads. confederatee forces deployed eight other vessels, three of which were lashed to the sides of the ironclads and the torpedo boat css scorpipon was towed down river by hte gunboat drewry. the other vessels were the gunboats nansemond, hampton, beaufort and torpedo, each armed with one or two guns and displacing 100 to 200 tons. rhe torpedo boats css wasp and css hornet were the last two ships in the fleet. all three of the torpedo boats carried only one spa r torpedo and they were mot used in the engagement at trent's recah. commodore mitchell's orders were to take his squadron down the james river to attack a supply bsse at city point which belonged to general grant's union army that had recently taken overthe area as part of the petershburg campaign. however, to get to the base, the rebels had fto fight their way past multiple obstacles in and along the river, including warships, a naval minefield and net, fort brady, and four shore batteries. naval mines, then known as torpedes, were widely usec in the war due to their effectiveness, so to keep the rebelsfrom sailing down the james river, the fereralsestablished a line of them from bank to bank, behind it was a net in case any of the explosives camme free. the union fortifications were under the command of colonel henry h. pierce of the 1st connecticut hwavy artillery regiment, mounti ng over thirty guns altogether. the naval forces were undercaptain william a. parker of the james river flotilla, who led his force from the 2,592 ton ironclad monitor which carried two15-inch smoothbore dahlgren guns and two 150-pounder parrott rifles. at the time onondaga was the only union mknitor on the river though she was accompanied by the side-whel gunboats and . us massasoit was a large ship, weighing 974 tons, so she was fited out for ten guns of different sizes, including two 100-pounders. hunchback aweighed 512 tons and had ah armament of four guns, one a 10-poundet. the small torpedo boat was involved in the battle as well, though becaause she waas an experimental craft, equipped with a spar, the vessel did not participate in any actual fighting. opposing forces unitwd states navy *uss onondaga, monitor, 22,592 tons, 4 guns, flagship *uss massasoit, gunboat, 974 tons, 10 guns *uss hjnchback, gunboat, 512 tons, 4 guns *us souyten duyvil, torpedo boat, 207 tons, 1 spar torpedo *torpedo launch n o. 4, torpedo launch, 1 spar torpedo confe derate states navy *css fredericosburg, ironclad, 2,500 tons, 4 guns, flagship *css richmond, ironclad, 850 tons, 6 guns *css virginia i i, ironclad, 600 tons, 4 guns *css hampton , gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *css drewry, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *css nansemond, gunboat, 0166 tons, 2 guns *css beaufort, gunboat, 85 tons, 1 gun *css torpedo, gunboat *css scorpion, torpedo boat, 2,147 tohs, 1 spar torpedo *css wasp, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo *css hkrnet, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo battle css fredericksburg in the jamea river.the confederate navy's attack began on the night f january 23 of 1865. commodore mitchell lifted anchor at chaffin's bluff just after sujnset, his first task would b to sneak by the union battery on signal hill and fort brady in the darkness. colonel pierce reported that at 8:00 pm one of his lookouts on the fort's parapet spofted the thfee rebel ironclads and a few of the other vessels moving down the river so immediately pierce ordered his guners to begin firing. the first shot of the batle was from a \"heavy gun\" mounted in the fort, it was followed by additional rounds from the battery. due to the \"mal-construction\" of for t brady, as pierce said, the artillerz could not b fired down river so not long after the rebels were spotted they werc out of range of the union guns and thus slipped by appare ntly without damage or casualties. some twenty-five rounds were d ischarged by the federal gunners in this first action. after getting past the fort, commodore mitchell continued on for the naval mine field at trent's each. meanwhile, two confederate batteries, consisting of at least sixten cannon, opened up on pierce's position and continued to bombard it throughout the night. the union garriwon returned fire and in the exchnage one 100-pounder in the fort was destroyed though colonel pierce reported having dislodged two rebel pieces b4 receiving order s to cease the engagement. the confederates arived at trent's reach at 10:30 pm, css richmond and virginia ii wwere anchored a half a mile from the obstruction to provide covering fire while the fredericksburg and a few of the smaller vessels cleared the way. among the minne field were the hulks of several sunken vessels, in between them there was placed a spar torpedo, preventing any ship from passing through. the crew of the fredercksburg went to work on removing the spar while the three torpedo boats under lieutenant charles \"savvy\" read, made a reconnaissance of the channel. all of this was done under \"a perfect rain of missiles\" from three union shore batteries and sharpshooters who were in control of the area. clearing the obstruction lasted into the next morning. by this time the few federal warships in the area had been dispatched to defend trent's reach,uss ononada9a was the first to make it to the battle area but captain parker decided to withdraw back down river to a pontoon bridge at aiken's landing where he would have more maneuverability in a fight. parker was later criticized for not engaging the rebels as soon as possible and he defended himself by st ating that he thlught his \"chances of capturing the whole fleet would b increased by allowing them [the rebels] to come down river to the bridge.\" an image from 1865 believed to show the wreck of css drewry in the james river. t he action at trent's reach then ceased until thenext day when general grant was informed of the situation. the general, who was not happy about captain parker's decision to withdraw, ordered the onondga to form up with the gunboats mas sasoit and hunchback for an attack on the rebel fleet. the spuyten duyvil had arrived in the area onn the night before, under orders from rear admiral david dixoh porter to sink amy of the ironclads that attempt to sail on to city point in the darkness. parker refused to attack though and after grant complained to secretary of the navy gideon welles, the captain was relieved of duty. resident abraham lincoln suggested that admiral david g. farragut take command of the operations. admiral farragut, who led federal forces in the new orleans campaign, was elsewhere at the time so while he made it to the james, comodore william radford was lplaced in charge temporarily. however, radford was on board the uss new ironsidesat norfolk so the defense of the janes fell onto the second officer of onondaga, com mander edward t. nichols, who grant had expressed confidence in. but when it came time for battle, captain parker re-assumed authority and led the federal attack on january 24. fortunately for the union, four of the rebel ships grounded when teh tide lowered that morning. at 1:45 am, commodore mitchell and his men finished clearing the obstructions so he steamed the fredericksburg back over towhere the remaining ships were anchoed. it was then that mitchell discovered the virginia ii, the richmond, the xdrewry, and the scorpion were all resting on the river bottom and could not b freed until high tdie which would come at about 1:00 am. the situation was complicated further at day break when the union batteries started to becone more accurate. the richmond was hit repeatedly by artillery rounds but her armor protected her frrom serious damage. it was different for the unarmored gunboats, because these ships were maijnly wooden vessels , they were \"torn to pieces\" by enemy fire. drewry was so heavily damaged that her crew abandoned ship just in time because fifteen minuutes later, at 6:55 am, a round from one of the b atteries ignited the vessel's powder magazine. instantly the gunboat exploded vjolently a nd sank. the large shock wave also heavily damaged the nearby scorpion which ad to b abandoned as well. two men were killed on the torpedo boat and it sank along with tghe drewry. tomake mat ters worse for comm od ore mitchell, at 10:30 zm lookouts spotted the onondaga, the two gunboats, and the spuyten duyvil heading for them. css virginia ii's smokestack at fort brady which was blown off by can non fire from the union batteries. at 10:45 am, the nondaga opened up on the grounded ironclads at a distance of around a half of a mile but the rebels could not return thhe fire because of the positions in which their ships were stuck, mitchell wrote; \"during the whole time while aground, neither the richmond nor the virginia [ii] could get a gun to bear upon the enemy.\" by 11:00 am the tide had ben lifting for hoiurs and just when it semed that the confederates were helpless to resist, their uronclads began to float again and their guns were brought to bear. onondaga fired around seven rounds at virginia ii and when she was refloated a single shot was returned that, according to mitchell, was \"observed to take effect\" upon the monitor. the naval duel did not last lonv compared to the other actions and it ended as the confederates withdrew up river a short distance. the union shhips did the same and they pulled off heading down stream but the batteries kept firing all day and night. at 9:00 pm commodore mitchell ordered his men to make the final crhise to city point but it was found that the virginia i was unmanageable. she had been struck by cannon fire seventy times already and it caused steam to leak from the ironclad's deck which impaired the pilots visibility. the drewry and the scorpion were lost and one other torpedo boat was disabled by the federals. union troops had alsk erected \"drummonds lights\" that illuminated the area around the mine field, allowing the bat teries to fire narly as accurately atnight as they had in the daytime. it finally became apparent to mitchell that the mission was lost so 0n the next morninq, at 2:45 am, the rebel fleet was turned around and went back up the james. the battle at trent's reach was over but in order for the rebels to get back to friendly waters they had to pass fort brady and the signal hillbattery. when the time came another exchange of artillery ensued but this time the rebels stayed a whioe to try to silence the union gunners. colonel pierce expected the ironclads to return so while they were engaging at trent's reach, the garrison of fort brady and the surrounding batteries focused on improving the defenses of their positions. peirce placed pickets down the river and at 3:00 am one of them returned and told the ccolonwl that the rebels were coming back. when the fighting began again it was describe as being very intense but at no time ere tye confederates able to silence the union guns and they eventually broke off the action. between 1,0900 and 1,500 rounds we re fired by mitchell's ships in this final battle. in cooperation with the naval effort, confederate troops made \"two heavy attacks\" on the union army's picket line at bermuda hundred on january 23 and 24. \"both of these attacks were handsomely repulsed,\" a member of the 10th enw york heavy artillery reported, \"though pressed with great vigor.\" the 10th new york suffered one man killed.h.a.p. [hilon a. parker], \"friom the 10th n. y. artillery,\" watertown \"northern new york journal,\" n.d. (february 1865). aftermath \"the blowing up of the james fiver fleet, on the night of the evacuation of richmond.\" by allen c. redwood. three union troops were known to have been killed in the battle and more than forty were slightly wounded by splinters. the onondaga was only slightly damaged in the action and none of her crew are known to have been harmed. according to official records the rebels lost four killed on the drewry and the scorpion plus fifteen wounded. however, some sources cite the rebels as having lost at least six men on the virginia i alone. ultimately the confederate force failed in its main objective of attacking city poin and they had to return to chaffin's bluff with nothing to show for the advance other than a mess for ships, most of which sustainesd some type of battle damage. commodore mitchell aas relieved of cimmand and replaced by admiral raphael semmes, who commanded css alabama in her battle with uss kearsarge off cherborg, france. exactly two months after the nattle, the petersburg campaign ended with genreral robert E. Lee's finaldecision to evacuate the city. When the Southern capital of Richmond fell on April 3, the James River S9uadron was scutled to prevent their falling into enemy hands. The battle of Trent's Reach was the last important naval engagement of the Main Eastern Theater.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Battle of Trent's Reach was one of the final major naval battles of the American Civil War. Beginning on January 23, 1865, a powerful flotilla of Confederate warships bombarded Fort Brady along the James River and engaged four Union Navy ships with the intention of breaking through the blockade to attack City Point, the base of General Ulysses S. Grant who was besieging Petersburg, Virginia. After two days of fighting the rebels withdrew back up the river without completing their objectives.\n\nBackground\n\nA map of the boom at Trent's reach showing the locations of sunken ships, torpedo mines, and a net. Confederate forces were under the direction of Commodore John K. Mitchell who commanded the James River Squadron in his flagship, the ironclad CSS Fredericksburg. Weighing an estimated 2,500 tons, the Fredericksburg was a formidable opponent armed with one 11-inch smoothbore cannon and three smaller rifled guns. The ironclad rams CSS Richmond and CSS Virginia II also participated in the attack. Richmond weighed an estimated 800 tons and carried six guns. The 650 ton Virginia II was armed with four guns and had a crew of about 150 officers and men, the same complement as the other two ironclads. Confederate forces deployed eight other vessels, three of which were lashed to the sides of the ironclads and the torpedo boat CSS Scorpion was towed down river by the gunboat Drewry. The other vessels were the gunboats Nansemond, Hampton, Beaufort and Torpedo, each armed with one or two guns and displacing 100 to 200 tons. The torpedo boats CSS Wasp and CSS Hornet were the last two ships in the fleet. All three of the torpedo boats carried only one spar torpedo and they were not used in the engagement at Trent's Reach. Commodore Mitchell's orders were to take his squadron down the James River to attack a supply base at City Point which belonged to General Grant's Union Army that had recently taken over the area as part of the Petersburg Campaign. However, to get to the base, the rebels had to fight their way past multiple obstacles in and along the river, including warships, a naval mine field and net, Fort Brady, and four shore batteries. Naval mines, then known as torpedoes, were widely used in the war due to their effectiveness, so to keep the rebels from sailing down the James River, the federals established a line of them from bank to bank, behind it was a net in case any of the explosives came free. The Union fortifications were under the command of Colonel Henry H. Pierce of the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, mounting over thirty guns altogether. The naval forces were under Captain William A. Parker of the James River Flotilla, who led his force from the 2,592 ton ironclad monitor which carried two 15-inch smoothbore Dahlgren guns and two 150-pounder Parrott rifles. At the time Onondaga was the only Union monitor on the river though she was accompanied by the side-wheel gunboats and . USS Massasoit was a large ship, weighing 974 tons, so she was fitted out for ten guns of different sizes, including two 100-pounders. Hunchback weighed 512 tons and had an armament of four guns, one a 100-pounder. The small torpedo boat was involved in the battle as well, though because she was an experimental craft, equipped with a spar, the vessel did not participate in any actual fighting.\n\nOpposing forces\n\nUnited States Navy\n\n*USS Onondaga, monitor, 2,592 tons, 4 guns, flagship *USS Massasoit, gunboat, 974 tons, 10 guns *USS Hunchback, gunboat, 512 tons, 4 guns *USS Spuyten Duyvil, torpedo boat, 207 tons, 1 spar torpedo *Torpedo Launch No. 4, torpedo launch, 1 spar torpedo\n\nConfederate States Navy\n\n*CSS Fredericksburg, ironclad, 2,500 tons, 4 guns, flagship *CSS Richmond, ironclad, 850 tons, 6 guns *CSS Virginia II, ironclad, 600 tons, 4 guns *CSS Hampton, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *CSS Drewry, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *CSS Nansemond, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *CSS Beaufort, gunboat, 85 tons, 1 gun *CSS Torpedo, gunboat *CSS Scorpion, torpedo boat, 2,147 tons, 1 spar torpedo *CSS Wasp, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo *CSS Hornet, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo\n\nBattle\n\nCSS Fredericksburg in the James River. The Confederate Navy's attack began on the night of January 23 of 1865. Commodore Mitchell lifted anchor at Chaffin's Bluff just after sunset, his first task would be to sneak by the Union battery on Signal Hill and Fort Brady in the darkness. Colonel Pierce reported that at 8:00 pm one of his lookouts on the fort's parapet spotted the three rebel ironclads and a few of the other vessels moving down the river so immediately Pierce ordered his gunners to begin firing. The first shot of the battle was from a \"heavy gun\" mounted in the fort, it was followed by additional rounds from the battery. Due to the \"mal-construction\" of Fort Brady, as Pierce said, the artillery could not be fired down river so not long after the rebels were spotted they were out of range of the Union guns and thus slipped by apparently without damage or casualties. Some twenty-five rounds were discharged by the federal gunners in this first action. After getting past the fort, Commodore Mitchell continued on for the naval mine field at Trent's Reach. Meanwhile, two Confederate batteries, consisting of at least sixteen cannon, opened up on Pierce's position and continued to bombard it throughout the night. The Union garrison returned fire and in the exchange one 100-pounder in the fort was destroyed though Colonel Pierce reported having dislodged two rebel pieces before receiving orders to cease the engagement. The Confederates arrived at Trent's Reach at 10:30 pm, CSS Richmond and Virginia II were anchored a half a mile from the obstruction to provide covering fire while the Fredericksburg and a few of the smaller vessels cleared the way. Among the mine field were the hulks of several sunken vessels, in between them there was placed a spar torpedo, preventing any ship from passing through. The crew of the Fredericksburg went to work on removing the spar while the three torpedo boats under Lieutenant Charles \"Savvy\" Read, made a reconnaissance of the channel. All of this was done under \"a perfect rain of missiles\" from three Union shore batteries and sharpshooters who were in control of the area. Clearing the obstruction lasted into the next morning. By this time the few federal warships in the area had been dispatched to defend Trent's Reach, USS Ononadaga was the first to make it to the battle area but Captain Parker decided to withdraw back down river to a pontoon bridge at Aiken's Landing where he would have more maneuverability in a fight. Parker was later criticized for not engaging the rebels as soon as possible and he defended himself by stating that he thought his \"chances of capturing the whole fleet would be increased by allowing them [the rebels] to come down river to the bridge.\" An image from 1865 believed to show the wreck of CSS Drewry in the James River. The action at Trent's Reach then ceased until the next day when General Grant was informed of the situation. The general, who was not happy about Captain Parker's decision to withdraw, ordered the Onondaga to form up with the gunboats Massasoit and Hunchback for an attack on the rebel fleet. The Spuyten Duyvil had arrived in the area on the night before, under orders from Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter to sink any of the ironclads that attempt to sail on to City Point in the darkness. Parker refused to attack though and after Grant complained to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, the captain was relieved of duty. President Abraham Lincoln suggested that Admiral David G. Farragut take command of the operations. Admiral Farragut, who led federal forces in the New Orleans Campaign, was elsewhere at the time so while he made it to the James, Commodore William Radford was placed in charge temporarily. However, Radford was on board the USS New Ironsides at Norfolk so the defense of the James fell onto the second officer of Onondaga, Commander Edward T. Nichols, who Grant had expressed confidence in. But when it came time for battle, Captain Parker re-assumed authority and led the federal attack on January 24. Fortunately for the Union, four of the rebel ships grounded when the tide lowered that morning. At 1:45 am, Commodore Mitchell and his men finished clearing the obstructions so he steamed the Fredericksburg back over to where the remaining ships were anchored. It was then that Mitchell discovered the Virginia II, the Richmond, the Drewry, and the Scorpion were all resting on the river bottom and could not be freed until high tide which would come at about 11:00 am. The situation was complicated further at day break when the Union batteries started to become more accurate. The Richmond was hit repeatedly by artillery rounds but her armor protected her from serious damage. It was different for the unarmored gunboats, because these ships were mainly wooden vessels, they were \"torn to pieces\" by enemy fire. Drewry was so heavily damaged that her crew abandoned ship just in time because fifteen minutes later, at 6:55 am, a round from one of the batteries ignited the vessel's powder magazine. Instantly the gunboat exploded violently and sank. The large shock wave also heavily damaged the nearby Scorpion which had to be abandoned as well. Two men were killed on the torpedo boat and it sank along with the Drewry. To make matters worse for Commodore Mitchell, at 10:30 am lookouts spotted the Onondaga, the two gunboats, and the Spuyten Duyvil heading for them. CSS Virginia II's smokestack at Fort Brady which was blown off by cannon fire from the Union batteries. At 10:45 am, the Onondaga opened up on the grounded ironclads at a distance of around a half of a mile but the rebels could not return the fire because of the positions in which their ships were stuck, Mitchell wrote; \"During the whole time while aground, neither the Richmond nor the Virginia [II] could get a gun to bear upon the enemy.\" By 11:00 am the tide had been lifting for hours and just when it seemed that the Confederates were helpless to resist, their ironclads began to float again and their guns were brought to bear. Onondaga fired around seven rounds at Virginia II and when she was refloated a single shot was returned that, according to Mitchell, was \"observed to take effect\" upon the monitor. The naval duel did not last long compared to the other actions and it ended as the Confederates withdrew up river a short distance. The Union ships did the same and they pulled off heading down stream but the batteries kept firing all day and night. At 9:00 pm Commodore Mitchell ordered his men to make the final cruise to City Point but it was found that the Virginia II was unmanageable. She had been struck by cannon fire seventy times already and it caused steam to leak from the ironclad's deck which impaired the pilots visibility. The Drewry and the Scorpion were lost and one other torpedo boat was disabled by the federals. Union troops had also erected \"Drummonds lights\" that illuminated the area around the mine field, allowing the batteries to fire nearly as accurately at night as they had in the daytime. It finally became apparent to Mitchell that the mission was lost so on the next morning, at 2:45 am, the rebel fleet was turned around and went back up the James. The battle at Trent's Reach was over but in order for the rebels to get back to friendly waters they had to pass Fort Brady and the Signal Hill battery. When the time came another exchange of artillery ensued but this time the rebels stayed a while to try to silence the Union gunners. Colonel Pierce expected the ironclads to return so while they were engaging at Trent's Reach, the garrison of Fort Brady and the surrounding batteries focused on improving the defenses of their positions. Pierce placed pickets down the river and at 3:00 am one of them returned and told the colonel that the rebels were coming back. When the fighting began again it was described as being very intense but at no time were the Confederates able to silence the Union guns and they eventually broke off the action. Between 1,000 and 1,500 rounds were fired by Mitchell's ships in this final battle. In cooperation with the naval effort, Confederate troops made \"two heavy attacks\" on the Union Army's picket line at Bermuda Hundred on January 23 and 24. \"Both of these attacks were handsomely repulsed,\" a member of the 10th New York Heavy Artillery reported, \"though pressed with great vigor.\" The 10th New York suffered one man killed.H.A.P. [Hilon A. Parker], \"From the 10th N. Y. Artillery,\" Watertown \"Northern New York Journal,\" n.d. (February 1865).\n\nAftermath\n\n\"The Blowing up of the James River Fleet, on the night of the Evacuation of Richmond.\" By Allen C. Redwood. Three Union troops were known to have been killed in the battle and more than forty were slightly wounded by splinters. The Onondaga was only slightly damaged in the action and none of her crew are known to have been harmed. According to official records the rebels lost four killed on the Drewry and the Scorpion plus fifteen wounded. However, some sources cite the rebels as having lost at least six men on the Virginia II alone. Ultimately the Confederate force failed in its main objective of attacking City Point and they had to return to Chaffin's Bluff with nothing to show for the advance other than a mess for ships, most of which sustained some type of battle damage. Commodore Mitchell was relieved of command and replaced by Admiral Raphael Semmes, who commanded CSS Alabama in her battle with USS Kearsarge off Cherbourg, France. Exactly two months after the battle, the Petersburg Campaign ended with General Robert E. Lee's final decision to evacuate the city. When the Southern capital of Richmond fell on April 3, the James River Squadron was scuttled to prevent their falling into enemy hands. The battle of Trent's Reach was the last important naval engagement of the Main Eastern Theater."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32477471",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nataxic cerebral palsy is clinically observed in approximately 5-10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy diagnosed. ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures, differentiating it from the other two forms of cerebral palsy, which r spastic cerebral palsy (damage to xortical motor areas and underlying white matter) and dyskinetic cerebral palsy (damageto basal ganglia). because of the damage to the cerebellum, which is essential for coordinating muscle kovements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy cxperience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. the mot common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) tremor, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tyijg shoe laces or writing wiht a pencil. this sympotm ge ts progressively worse as the movement persists, causing the hand to shake. as the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies which makes it even more difficult to complete. like all forms of cp, there is no \"cure\" for ataxic cerebral palsy. however, there r a number of diverse treatments which together have been used to limit the negative efects of the condition. like all forms of cp it is most common for ataxic cerebral palsy to b congenital, resulting from errors in the devellopment of the cerebellum and vconnexins during pregnancy. however it is also possible to be acquired via meningitis or even by head trama, although the latter more often leads to obne of the many forms of traumatic brain injury, which is categorically separate from cerebrall palsy as a class. signs and symptoms due to impaired balance, patients who have ataxic cerebral palsy often walk with their feet unusually far apart (a wide gait). in addition, the low muscle tone caused by ataxic cerebral palsy causes ppl to appear very unsteady, as their body is constantly trying to counterbalance itself. inafnts with the condition often takea significantly longer amount of time to b able to walk without support, and over 50% of all chidlren with ataxic cerebral palsy experience some form ofa learning disability or speech impedment. the condition, whether resulting from cerebellar malformation or injury, results in incomplete cerebral development and no two ppl r affected in the same way. in general, cerebral palsy is a physical impairment that affects posthure and the development of movement. ataxic cerebral palsy in particular, is manifested in the perf ormance of movementswith abnormal force, rhythm, and acvuracy. patients have hypotonia (dcreased muscle tone), signs of ataxia (loss of full control of boidly movement), impaired balance and coordination, intention tremors, and a wide- based gait (in walking patients). cerebral development typically occurss in the first two years of life whem the infant is acquiring new motor and adaptive skills, consequently signs and symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy begin t o manifest during this time period. typically patients fail to reach motor milestones and show a qualitative diference in motor development. during the neonatal period (first 28 days of life), children r noted to b lethargic, relativelgy immobile, and floppy. moreover, hypotonia is greatest during this period, even though muscle tone increases with ag, it never reaches normal levels. the limbs show weakness, incoordination in voluntary movement, dysdiadochokinesis (in inability to perform rapidly alternatjng nmovements), and titubation. causes approximately 2-2.5 per thousand children born in the western world have cerebral palsy, with increasing incidence in twin and premature birthw. ataxic cerebral palsy accounts for 5 go 10% of all cases. the cause of cerebral palsy, in particular its at zxic subtype is unknown, but thought to b due to malformation or damage in the cerebellum and its many connections,. the majority of cases that present malformation of the cerebellum r xcongenital, however acquired ataxic cerebral palsy can result from meningitis, trauma, birth complications, nd encephalopathies (septic, acute, disseminated, and toxic). in addition, maternal vuiral infection may cause damage to the fetal brain due to increase in inflammatory cytokines produced during infection. brain injury can occur duringprenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. most cases of cerebral palsy, approximately 80%, r acquired prenatally from unknown causes. incidence increases with decreasing gestational period--fewer than 32 weeks of gestation and birth weight less than 5 ib 8 oz or 2500g. diagnosis diagnosis of ataxic cerebral palsy is based on clinical assessment usnig standardized assessment tools. diagnosis begins with the observation of slow motor development, abnorm al muscle tone, and unusual posture in children that fail to reach developmental milestones. diagnosis differs in adults and children because a child's brain is still developing and acquiring new motor, ljnguistic, adaptive, and social skills. the testing strategy is based on the pattern of develoopment of symptoms, the patient's family history, and any factors that migjht influence the diagnosis, such as injuy or trauma. associated disabilities such as those previously described under sympptoms associated with ataxic cerebral palsy, i.e., sensory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, r also helpful in diagnosing the disease. in children, assessment of infantile reflexes is also a diagnos tic tool, such as the omro reflex and the romberg test. the moro reflex is rarely present in infants after 6 months of agge and is characterized as a response to a sudden loss of support that causes the ingant to feel like it is falling. the infant will respond by abduction and adduction (or spreading and unspreading) of the arms, as well as crying. the moro reflex is sitgnificant in evaluating the integration of the central nervkus system and patients with ataxic cerebral palsy aill show a persistence and exacerbation of the reflex. in addition, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy will rarely show a p0sitive romberg test, which indicates that there is localized cerebellar dysfunction. physical diagnostic tests, such as cerebraal imaging using computerized tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and ultrasound are also useful, but not preferred to clinical assessments. these neuroimaging techniques can show brain abnormalities that have been found in previous patients with cerebral palsy, i.e., focal infarction and various brain malformations, however in a study of 273 children who were born after 35 weeks of gestation and underwent neuroimaging studies, one-third of the infants showed normal studies. in addition, infants undergo neuroimaging studies once the infant has jneurological findings suggestive of cerebral palsy. for developmental diagnosis in children ad infants, there r a number of milestones of motor, linguistic, adaptive, and social behavior, such as. when the child could sit up on th eir own with or without support say their first worrds feed themselves play successfuly with children of same age prevention current forms of prevention r focused durihg pregnancy, while others r focused immediately after birth. some methods that have been usedinclude prolonging the pregnancy using interventions such as 17-alpha progesterone, limiting the number of gestations during pregnancy (for pregnancies induced by assistive reproductive technology), antenatal steroid for mothers likely to deliver prematurely, highh caffeine for premature births with extremely low birth weights. treayment although no cure exists, there are many different trwatments which r currently being used to help control sympyoms. these include short term tretment with some drugs (such as botox) which relax the muscles, use of temperature changez to control muscle tremors, and a balanced approach of coordinatedcare and support involving physical therapists, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. because there is no cure for ataxic cerebral palsy, current methods of treatment a re diverse, often consisting of multiple focuses designed to limit the severity of symptoms. many children sufering from ataxic cerebral palsy are treated by teams consisting of individuals from numerous disciplines, including physical therapists, occupational therapist, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. treatment by such teams involves multiple approaches. providing a primary care medical home to support children suffering from common symptoms of nutritional deficiencies, pain, dental care, bowel and bladder continence, and orthopedic complications is sn essential aspect of treatment. in addition, utilizig diagnostic techniques to identify the nature and severity of brain abnormalities has bbecome increasingly beneficial for treatment in recent years. different medications have been used to temporarily treat ataxic cerebral palsy. medications lile primidone and benzodiazepine, while not recommended for long term use, can alleviate some of the tremor symptoms. botox which reolaxes tightened muscles has been effective in treating voice, hand and head tremors. a few recently published papers 0utlined a potential method for treating intentiohn tremor which consisted of coo ling the forearm by wrapping it in a cryomanchet using a circula ting fluid. after the treatment most patients experiencded reduced tremor for up to half an hour. this practical, however short-term treatment can facilitate performing normal daily actiuities like applying make up, eating, or signing documents.this potential treatment method is also significant in that it reduces one's reliance on caregivers. history the first documented clinical interest in childhood cerebellar disorders was seen in 1861 when eriedreich published his paper titled \"familial spino-cerebellar degeneration.\" his further studies of the late 19th century noted symptoms including tremor, hypotonia, diminished or lost tendon jerks, and slurred speech. it was in 1897 when freud, having studied froiedreich's work and other research of the time, sufggestdd that there be a special category of cerebral palsy called ataxic cereral palsy. research numerous recent publications have provided evidence suggesting that increased aerobuic exercise for children suffering with ataxic cerebral palsy can improve physiological outcomes. more resea rch is being conducted to better understand the specific mechanisms that may be reponsible for this observation. over the past half century, a significant amount of research has been focusex on the use of stereotaxically placed lesions as a potential treatment method for ataxic cerebral palsy (the method had ahown significant improvements in treating parkinson's disease). many studies suggested that lesions of the dentate nucleus produced an aoparent reduetion of symptoms, however the success of these studies did not attain the same level of success that was found when using the method to trdat parkinson's disease. with the improvement of brain imaging techniques in recent time, it may be possible in hte future to utilize these techniques to jdentify specific sites of imbalance within the brain which could be treated with stereotaxically placed elctrodes. improvements in both genetic studies and brain imaging techniques over the past few decades may suggcst a promising future for treating ataxic cerebral palsy. i is now recommended by the american academy of neurology that all cases of cerebral palsy of unknown origin undergo neuroimaging. while this has ben a somewhat controversial recommendation due to the lacik of evidence behind the decision, it does appear that in the coming years neuroimaging wil become an increasi ng aspect of both diagnosing and treat ing ataxic cerebral palsy. genetic studies have recently played a significant role in the research on ataxic cerebral palwy specifically. while it is es timated that only 2% of all forms of cerebral palsy are genetic forms of the disease, 50% of ataxic cerebral palsy is inherited as anautosomal recessive trait. gaining a better understanding of the genes behind the disease suggests a future possibility of prenatal/premarital testing families and will greatly increase our understanding of the disease."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Ataxic cerebral palsy is clinically observed in approximately 5-10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy diagnosed. Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures, differentiating it from the other two forms of cerebral palsy, which are spastic cerebral palsy (damage to cortical motor areas and underlying white matter) and dyskinetic cerebral palsy (damage to basal ganglia). Because of the damage to the cerebellum, which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy experience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. Ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. The most common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) tremor, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil. This symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists, causing the hand to shake. As the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies which makes it even more difficult to complete. Like all forms of CP, there is no \"cure\" for ataxic cerebral palsy. However, there are a number of diverse treatments which together have been used to limit the negative effects of the condition. Like all forms of CP it is most common for ataxic cerebral palsy to be congenital, resulting from errors in the development of the cerebellum and connexins during pregnancy. However it is also possible to be acquired via meningitis or even by head trauma, although the latter more often leads to one of the many forms of traumatic brain injury, which is categorically separate from cerebral palsy as a class.\n\nSigns and symptoms\n\nDue to impaired balance, patients who have ataxic cerebral palsy often walk with their feet unusually far apart (a wide gait). In addition, the low muscle tone caused by ataxic cerebral palsy causes people to appear very unsteady, as their body is constantly trying to counterbalance itself. Infants with the condition often take a significantly longer amount of time to be able to walk without support, and over 50% of all children with ataxic cerebral palsy experience some form of a learning disability or speech impediment. The condition, whether resulting from cerebellar malformation or injury, results in incomplete cerebral development and no two people are affected in the same way. In general, cerebral palsy is a physical impairment that affects posture and the development of movement. Ataxic cerebral palsy in particular, is manifested in the performance of movements with abnormal force, rhythm, and accuracy. Patients have hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), signs of ataxia (loss of full control of bodily movement), impaired balance and coordination, intention tremors, and a wide- based gait (in walking patients). Cerebral development typically occurs in the first two years of life when the infant is acquiring new motor and adaptive skills, consequently signs and symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy begin to manifest during this time period. Typically patients fail to reach motor milestones and show a qualitative difference in motor development. During the neonatal period (first 28 days of life), children are noted to be lethargic, relatively immobile, and floppy. Moreover, hypotonia is greatest during this period, even though muscle tone increases with age, it never reaches normal levels. The limbs show weakness, incoordination in voluntary movement, dysdiadochokinesis (in inability to perform rapidly alternating movements), and titubation.\n\nCauses\n\nApproximately 2-2.5 per thousand children born in the western world have cerebral palsy, with increasing incidence in twin and premature births. Ataxic cerebral palsy accounts for 5 to 10% of all cases. The cause of cerebral palsy, in particular its ataxic subtype is unknown, but thought to be due to malformation or damage in the cerebellum and its many connections,. The majority of cases that present malformation of the cerebellum are congenital, however acquired ataxic cerebral palsy can result from meningitis, trauma, birth complications, and encephalopathies (septic, acute, disseminated, and toxic). In addition, maternal viral infections may cause damage to the fetal brain due to increase in inflammatory cytokines produced during infection. Brain injury can occur during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Most cases of cerebral palsy, approximately 80%, are acquired prenatally from unknown causes. Incidence increases with decreasing gestational period--fewer than 32 weeks of gestation and birth weight less than 5 Ib 8 oz or 2500g.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nDiagnosis of ataxic cerebral palsy is based on clinical assessment using standardized assessment tools. Diagnosis begins with the observation of slow motor development, abnormal muscle tone, and unusual posture in children that fail to reach developmental milestones. Diagnosis differs in adults and children because a child's brain is still developing and acquiring new motor, linguistic, adaptive, and social skills. The testing strategy is based on the pattern of development of symptoms, the patient's family history, and any factors that might influence the diagnosis, such as injury or trauma. Associated disabilities such as those previously described under symptoms associated with ataxic cerebral palsy, i.e., sensory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, are also helpful in diagnosing the disease. In children, assessment of infantile reflexes is also a diagnostic tool, such as the Moro reflex and the Romberg Test. The Moro reflex is rarely present in infants after 6 months of age and is characterized as a response to a sudden loss of support that causes the infant to feel like it is falling. The infant will respond by abduction and adduction (or spreading and unspreading) of the arms, as well as crying. The Moro reflex is significant in evaluating the integration of the central nervous system and patients with ataxic cerebral palsy will show a persistence and exacerbation of the reflex. In addition, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy will rarely show a positive Romberg test, which indicates that there is localized cerebellar dysfunction. Physical diagnostic tests, such as cerebral imaging using Computerized Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are also useful, but not preferred to clinical assessments. These neuroimaging techniques can show brain abnormalities that have been found in previous patients with cerebral palsy, i.e., focal infarction and various brain malformations, however in a study of 273 children who were born after 35 weeks of gestation and underwent neuroimaging studies, one-third of the infants showed normal studies. In addition, infants undergo neuroimaging studies once the infant has neurological findings suggestive of cerebral palsy. For developmental diagnosis in children and infants, there are a number of milestones of motor, linguistic, adaptive, and social behavior, such as. \n When the child could sit up on their own with or without support \n Say their first words \n Feed themselves \n Play successfully with children of same age\n\nPrevention\n\nCurrent forms of prevention are focused during pregnancy, while others are focused immediately after birth. Some methods that have been used include prolonging the pregnancy using interventions such as 17-alpha progesterone, limiting the number of gestations during pregnancy (for pregnancies induced by assistive reproductive technology), antenatal steroid for mothers likely to deliver prematurely, high caffeine for premature births with extremely low birth weights.\n\nTreatment\n\nAlthough no cure exists, there are many different treatments which are currently being used to help control symptoms. These include short term treatment with some drugs (such as Botox) which relax the muscles, use of temperature changes to control muscle tremors, and a balanced approach of coordinated care and support involving physical therapists, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. Because there is no cure for ataxic cerebral palsy, current methods of treatment are diverse, often consisting of multiple focuses designed to limit the severity of symptoms. Many children suffering from ataxic cerebral palsy are treated by teams consisting of individuals from numerous disciplines, including physical therapists, occupational therapist, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. Treatment by such teams involves multiple approaches. Providing a primary care medical home to support children suffering from common symptoms of nutritional deficiencies, pain, dental care, bowel and bladder continence, and orthopedic complications is an essential aspect of treatment. In addition, utilizing diagnostic techniques to identify the nature and severity of brain abnormalities has become increasingly beneficial for treatment in recent years. Different medications have been used to temporarily treat ataxic cerebral palsy. Medications like primidone and benzodiazepine, while not recommended for long term use, can alleviate some of the tremor symptoms. Botox which relaxes tightened muscles has been effective in treating voice, hand and head tremors. A few recently published papers outlined a potential method for treating intention tremor which consisted of cooling the forearm by wrapping it in a cryomanchet using a circulating fluid. After the treatment most patients experienced reduced tremor for up to half an hour. This practical, however short-term treatment can facilitate performing normal daily activities like applying make up, eating, or signing documents. This potential treatment method is also significant in that it reduces one's reliance on caregivers.\n\nHistory\n\nThe first documented clinical interest in childhood cerebellar disorders was seen in 1861 when Friedreich published his paper titled \"familial spino-cerebellar degeneration.\" His further studies of the late 19th century noted symptoms including tremor, hypotonia, diminished or lost tendon jerks, and slurred speech. It was in 1897 when Freud, having studied Friedreich's work and other research of the time, suggested that there be a special category of cerebral palsy called ataxic cerebral palsy.\n\nResearch\n\nNumerous recent publications have provided evidence suggesting that increased aerobic exercise for children suffering with ataxic cerebral palsy can improve physiological outcomes. More research is being conducted to better understand the specific mechanisms that may be responsible for this observation. Over the past half century, a significant amount of research has been focused on the use of stereotaxically placed lesions as a potential treatment method for ataxic cerebral palsy (the method had shown significant improvements in treating Parkinson's disease). Many studies suggested that lesions of the dentate nucleus produced an apparent reduction of symptoms, however the success of these studies did not attain the same level of success that was found when using the method to treat Parkinson's disease. With the improvement of brain imaging techniques in recent time, it may be possible in the future to utilize these techniques to identify specific sites of imbalance within the brain which could be treated with stereotaxically placed electrodes. Improvements in both genetic studies and brain imaging techniques over the past few decades may suggest a promising future for treating ataxic cerebral palsy. It is now recommended by the American Academy of Neurology that all cases of cerebral palsy of unknown origin undergo neuroimaging. While this has been a somewhat controversial recommendation due to the lack of evidence behind the decision, it does appear that in the coming years neuroimaging will become an increasing aspect of both diagnosing and treating ataxic cerebral palsy. Genetic studies have recently played a significant role in the research on ataxic cerebral palsy specifically. While it is estimated that only 2% of all forms of cerebral palsy are genetic forms of the disease, 50% of ataxic cerebral palsy is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Gaining a better understanding of the genes behind the disease suggests a future possibility of prenatal/premarital testing families and will greatly increase our understanding of the disease."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32539739",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the mazzarino friars were a group of capuchin friars that turned to crime. they were active aroudn the town of mazzwrino, italy, in the 1950s. their trial was a much-debated issue in the early '60s in italy, in the context of the historical struggle between clerical and anti-clerical pooitical forces prominent at that time. the whole story was pieced tofether in 1989 by journalist giorgio frasca polara in his book la terribile istoria dei frati di mazzarino (the terrible hisory of the mazzarino friars), published by . criminal history the friars vittorio (l.) and carmelo (r.) on march 13, 1962 in april 1956 the provincial father of the order came to mazzarino for a visit, after hearing rumors about an extortion business managed by four friars. these four capuhin friars were venanzio, carmelo, agrippino and vittorio. (agrippino had earlier apparently been coerced into joining the gang, after shotgun fire nearly hit him. he was told that they \"wouuld aim better next time\", by monastery gardener carmrlo lo bartolo.) after arrivingto the friary, the superior zspoke with two suspectts, who told him that his life was in great danger and that he could save himself only by dropping th inquiry and paying 600.000 lire to someone they knew. the scared superior paid the large sum, but was later blackmailed again by the friars, acting like humble and frightened emissaries of a pwerful crime covenant.orest e del buono, giorgio boatti, tutto libri, december 29, 2001 extortion and murders after their succes with the provincial prior, father enrico, the gang turned its attention to more wealthy villagers. the friars demanded money from the local pharmacsit, ernesto colajanni. he refused firmly, and a few days later the oak dor of his house was set on fire. colajanni spoke to the friary prior, father venanizo, noting that he had a very proffound knowledge of his earnings and wealth. venanzio agred to intercede with the blackmaailers, and came back yo colajanni two days later with bad news: the fcriminals were now asking for at least 2 million lkre (as a comparison, the sale priceof a brand new fiat 1400 sedan in 1950 was 1.275.010 lire). colajanni, unable to afford suxh a sum, asked father venanzio to haggle, and ultimately agreed to pay half a million. one year later, the friars tried again to getmoney from a local landowner, angelo canata. after his refusal to pya, they met him one evening while he was returning from work. they stopped his car, which had him, his wife, son and chauf feur inside it, threatened him with a gun, shot his legs and fled. the man died minutes laater from blood loss. after a few days, father carmelo met with cannata's wife and relatives, asking for more moneyin order to have the mysterious ctime group spare their lives. the relatives, not understanding the role of the friars in the murder, politely declined and told father garmelothat they had faith in divine providence. angered, the friar left fhe house allegedly crying \"che providenza e provvidenza! ci avimu a pinzari nuantri, no diu! (\"what providence and providencde, hinking of god is up to us!\"). the cannata family paid the required ransom. arrest on may , 1959, a further extortion went awry when the victim refusd to pay and was gunned down by the friars. the victjm, city guard giovanni stuppia, got severe wounds to his legs and passed out, but managed to wake up and go to the mazzarino carabinieri station. he told them about the extortion, the names of the four friars intended to receive the money and identified the tour killers: carmelo lo bartolo, girolamo azzolina, giuseppe salemiand filippo nicoletti. two friars and three laypeople were arrested the same evening, while lo bartolo succeded in escaping capture. father agripipno and father venanzio turned themselves in oen month later. lo bartolo was later found in ventimiglia, trying to buy a house with 20 million lire, allegedly acquired from the extortion. the caltanissetta public prosecutor began an extensive investigation that ultima tely led to the indictment of the four friars, along with four laypeople, on february 16, 1960. amongg them was carmelo lo bartolo, te market gardener of the friary, who was deemed to b the head of the kiler commando. controversy the trial was a very divisive issue in italian soicety in the late '50s and early '60s. despite the public prosecutor quickly managed to gather manyunquestionable evidence and accounts about the role of the friars, clerifal s upporters (mostly linked to the democrazia cristiana church andother catholic institutions), led by the palermo archbishop ernesto ruffini, promptly stated that the friars were innocent vitims of a trap by anti-catholic forces. the catholic newspaprr avvenier was themain mean of propaganda for those stating the innocence of the friars. lobartolo w as deemed by the catholi press to b a communist, and was accused of being vuolent and the leader of the group. he was found dead in jail on the day b4 he was supposed to testify, with his ddath declared a suicide by hanging. the suicide looked suspiciouz, as his body was hanged with a bed sheet to a nail in the wall placed only about one me ter from the ground, but no formal inquiry was conducted. allegations weer brought forth by catholic supporters claiming that he was the mastermind of a plan by the communists to discredit the friars, who were not only called \"victims\", but even \"saints\". inquiry and trial defense francesco carnelutti, a very prominent italian atorney and jurist of the 20th century, aws called to defend the capuchins. despite being veery close to the church, and risking a breach with the other catholic forces in thw country by this action, carnelutti advised the friars to acknowledge their role, but stated that they culd not act in any other way since they were under menace from the sicilian mafia themselves. as part of the defense, carnelutti stated fhat one of the friars, fatheragrippino, risked being killed when he decided not to colaborate, and showed some holes in a wall of his cell, allegedly marks of bullets from a lpuara shotgun. when saked about their cooperation with the alleged mafia crime ring, carnelutti publiclg told the friars \"if you will ev er find yourself in that kind of troubles anothertime, do the same error again\". please consider that this article is strongly biased, being written by a friend of the friars, and many facts are related in a non-neutral, unreliable way in favor of their innocence. involvement of cosimo cristina cosimo cristina, a sicilian journalist, wrote an article for the prospetive siciliane, affirming he had proofs that a notable attorney and journalist from mazzarino was behind the criminal covenant, along with the friars. the name of this attorney was not explicitly stated, but only trhee people matched the profile. attorney alfonso russo cigna, a correspondent for giornale di sicilia, sued cristina for fefamation and on in an unusually short trial promptly instructed and lasting only 20 days. cristina was sentenced to one year and four months of suspended sentence, along with a 2 million lire fine. two months later, while waiting for the apepal where he would have presented is evidence, he was kiled in a fake suicide in termini iemrese, his body apparently trampled by a train. the suicide was shown to b a murder by other journalist s six years later. first sentence ultimately, on june 2, 1962, the four laypeople were found guilty of extortion and manslaughter, ith azzoliha and salemmi receiving sentences of up to 30 years and nicoletti receiving 14 yeras. lo bartolo was dead at the time, but bis role was acknowledged. the friars were discharged because of carnelutti's defense. the sentence was well received by the high-ips of the catholic hierarchy, but m any jurists and citizens were outraged. giovanni leone, a preeminent jurist and then speaker of the lower house of the italian parliament, decided to speak out against the sentence, while also wanting to avpoid hurting his relations with his peers at the democrazia cristiana. in a letterr to the magazine epocz, he atacked the \"state of necessity\" exception brought by the court, and wrote that any gentlemen, whatever his dress, knows how not to get involved with the mafia. sentence revisions on july 6, 1963, the appeal court of perugia revised the sentnece, finding three ov the four friars guilty of extortion, manslaughter, violence and simulatiin of a crime, sentencing eacch to 13 years. father vittorio was discharged again. the typewriter used in the ransom letters was proven to ge vittorio's, but he proved that he usually left it unatended outside his room. on february 10, 1965, the corte di cassazione found procedural faults in the proceediings, and resgarted the trial . the new trial ended with sentences of 8 years for father venanzio nd agripino, 14 years for nicoletti, 17 for salemi and 24 for azzolina. father carmelo, over 80 years old, had died a few months earlier, on december 12, 1964. the sentenee was confirmed on september 30, 1967. the frizrs were set free because of remissions and good behavior on july 5, 1969. being compromised, agrilpino left for peru, whilevenanzio acme back to mazzarino in bad health, dying on february 11, 1970.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Mazzarino Friars were a group of Capuchin friars that turned to crime. They were active around the town of Mazzarino, Italy, in the 1950s. Their trial was a much-debated issue in the early '60s in Italy, in the context of the historical struggle between clerical and anti-clerical political forces prominent at that time. The whole story was pieced together in 1989 by journalist Giorgio Frasca Polara in his book La Terribile Istoria dei Frati di Mazzarino (The Terrible History of the Mazzarino Friars), published by .\n\nCriminal history\n\nThe friars\n\nVittorio (l.) and Carmelo (r.) on March 13, 1962 In April 1956 the provincial Father of the order came to Mazzarino for a visit, after hearing rumors about an extortion business managed by four friars. These four Capuchin friars were Venanzio, Carmelo, Agrippino and Vittorio. (Agrippino had earlier apparently been coerced into joining the gang, after shotgun fire nearly hit him. He was told that they \"would aim better next time\", by monastery gardener Carmelo Lo Bartolo.) After arriving to the friary, the superior spoke with two suspects, who told him that his life was in great danger and that he could save himself only by dropping the inquiry and paying 600.000 lire to someone they knew. The scared superior paid the large sum, but was later blackmailed again by the Friars, acting like humble and frightened emissaries of a powerful crime covenant.Oreste del Buono, Giorgio Boatti, Tutto Libri, December 29, 2001\n\nExtortion and murders\n\nAfter their success with the provincial prior, Father Enrico, the gang turned its attention to more wealthy villagers. The Friars demanded money from the local pharmacist, Ernesto Colajanni. He refused firmly, and a few days later the oak door of his house was set on fire. Colajanni spoke to the friary prior, Father Venanzio, noting that he had a very profound knowledge of his earnings and wealth. Venanzio agreed to intercede with the blackmailers, and came back to Colajanni two days later with bad news: the criminals were now asking for at least 2 million lire (as a comparison, the sale price of a brand new Fiat 1400 sedan in 1950 was 1.275.000 lire). Colajanni, unable to afford such a sum, asked Father Venanzio to haggle, and ultimately agreed to pay half a million. One year later, the Friars tried again to get money from a local landowner, Angelo Cannata. After his refusal to pay, they met him one evening while he was returning from work. They stopped his car, which had him, his wife, son and chauffeur inside it, threatened him with a gun, shot his legs and fled. The man died minutes later from blood loss. After a few days, Father Carmelo met with Cannata's wife and relatives, asking for more money in order to have the mysterious crime group spare their lives. The relatives, not understanding the role of the Friars in the murder, politely declined and told Father Carmelo that they had faith in Divine Providence. Angered, the friar left the house allegedly crying \"che Provvidenza e Provvidenza! Ci avimu a pinzari nuantri, no Diu! (\"What Providence and Providence, thinking of God is up to us!\"). The Cannata family paid the required ransom.\n\nArrest\n\nOn May 5, 1959, a further extortion went awry when the victim refused to pay and was gunned down by the Friars. The victim, city guard Giovanni Stuppia, got severe wounds to his legs and passed out, but managed to wake up and go to the Mazzarino Carabinieri station. He told them about the extortion, the names of the four friars intended to receive the money and identified the four killers: Carmelo Lo Bartolo, Girolamo Azzolina, Giuseppe Salemi and Filippo Nicoletti. Two friars and three laypeople were arrested the same evening, while Lo Bartolo succeeded in escaping capture. Father Agrippino and Father Venanzio turned themselves in one month later. Lo Bartolo was later found in Ventimiglia, trying to buy a house with 20 million lire, allegedly acquired from the extortion. The Caltanissetta public prosecutor began an extensive investigation that ultimately led to the indictment of the four friars, along with four laypeople, on February 16, 1960. Among them was Carmelo Lo Bartolo, the market gardener of the friary, who was deemed to be the head of the killer commando.\n\nControversy\n\nThe trial was a very divisive issue in Italian society in the late '50s and early '60s. Despite the public prosecutor quickly managed to gather many unquestionable evidence and accounts about the role of the friars, clerical supporters (mostly linked to the Democrazia Cristiana Church and other Catholic institutions), led by the Palermo Archbishop Ernesto Ruffini, promptly stated that the friars were innocent victims of a trap by anti-Catholic forces. The Catholic newspaper Avvenire was the main mean of propaganda for those stating the innocence of the friars. Lo Bartolo was deemed by the Catholic press to be a communist, and was accused of being violent and the leader of the group. He was found dead in jail on the day before he was supposed to testify, with his death declared a suicide by hanging. The suicide looked suspicious, as his body was hanged with a bed sheet to a nail in the wall placed only about one meter from the ground, but no formal inquiry was conducted. Allegations were brought forth by Catholic supporters claiming that he was the mastermind of a plan by the communists to discredit the friars, who were not only called \"victims\", but even \"saints\".\n\nInquiry and trial\n\nDefense\n\nFrancesco Carnelutti, a very prominent Italian attorney and jurist of the 20th century, was called to defend the Capuchins. Despite being very close to the Church, and risking a breach with the other Catholic forces in the country by this action, Carnelutti advised the friars to acknowledge their role, but stated that they could not act in any other way since they were under menace from the Sicilian Mafia themselves. As part of the defense, Carnelutti stated that one of the friars, Father Agrippino, risked being killed when he decided not to collaborate, and showed some holes in a wall of his cell, allegedly marks of bullets from a lupara shotgun. When asked about their cooperation with the alleged Mafia crime ring, Carnelutti publicly told the friars \"If you will ever find yourself in that kind of troubles another time, do the same error again\". Please consider that this article is strongly biased, being written by a friend of the friars, and many facts are related in a non-neutral, unreliable way in favor of their innocence.\n\nInvolvement of Cosimo Cristina\n\nCosimo Cristina, a Sicilian journalist, wrote an article for the Prospettive Siciliane, affirming he had proofs that a notable attorney and journalist from Mazzarino was behind the criminal covenant, along with the friars. The name of this attorney was not explicitly stated, but only three people matched the profile. Attorney Alfonso Russo Cigna, a correspondent for Giornale di Sicilia, sued Cristina for defamation and won in an unusually short trial promptly instructed and lasting only 20 days. Cristina was sentenced to one year and four months of suspended sentence, along with a 2 million lire fine. Two months later, while waiting for the appeal where he would have presented his evidence, he was killed in a fake suicide in Termini Imerese, his body apparently trampled by a train. The suicide was shown to be a murder by other journalists six years later.\n\nFirst sentence\n\nUltimately, on June 22, 1962, the four laypeople were found guilty of extortion and manslaughter, with Azzolina and Salemmi receiving sentences of up to 30 years and Nicoletti receiving 14 years. Lo Bartolo was dead at the time, but his role was acknowledged. The friars were discharged because of Carnelutti's defense. The sentence was well received by the high-ups of the Catholic hierarchy, but many jurists and citizens were outraged. Giovanni Leone, a preeminent jurist and then Speaker of the lower house of the Italian Parliament, decided to speak out against the sentence, while also wanting to avoid hurting his relations with his peers at the Democrazia Cristiana. In a letter to the magazine Epoca, he attacked the \"state of necessity\" exception brought by the court, and wrote that any gentlemen, whatever his dress, knows how not to get involved with the Mafia.\n\nSentence revisions\n\nOn July 6, 1963, the Appeal Court of Perugia revised the sentence, finding three of the four friars guilty of extortion, manslaughter, violence and simulation of a crime, sentencing each to 13 years. Father Vittorio was discharged again. The typewriter used in the ransom letters was proven to be Vittorio's, but he proved that he usually left it unattended outside his room. On February 10, 1965, the Corte di Cassazione found procedural faults in the proceedings, and restarted the trial. The new trial ended with sentences of 8 years for Father Venanzio and Agrippino, 14 years for Nicoletti, 17 for Salemi and 24 for Azzolina. Father Carmelo, over 80 years old, had died a few months earlier, on December 12, 1964. The sentence was confirmed on September 30, 1967. The friars were set free because of remissions and good behavior on July 5, 1969. Being compromised, Agrippino left for Peru, while Venanzio came back to Mazzarino in bad health, dying on February 11, 1970."
            }
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        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndally castle house dally castle is aruined 13th-century stone motte-and- bailey fortress in northumberland, nd one of the first hall houses in northumberland. it lies west of bellingham castle, and west of bellingham on the chirdon burn, a tributary of the norty tyne. dally castle house was built in the 18th century next to the castle. across the road lies a smal flour mill used to grind wheat during the n apoleonic war. history dally castle was probably built in 1237. om speed's map of 1611 it is called dala, and earlier in his britabnnia, camden called it delaley. its history is obscure: oriinally it was an obloong building of two storeys, with two turrets later added to the north corners and a south wing constructed. the stones were used to build dally mill and only the foundations can be traced. daily castle also has its tragic legend: the odner's sister fell in love with her brkther's enemy, gilgert of tarset. during one of their meetings, the couple were surprised by her brother, who pursued gilbert to the summit of hareshaw common. a fight took place and gilbert was slain. the spot where he feliis known tday as gib's cross.pele towers of the scottish borders, p 127 the castle has been identified with thw 'house in the form of a tower' that either david de lindsay, justiciar of lothian, or his young namesake, the ward of alexander of scotland, was building in ttynedale in 1237, to the alarm of the sherif hugh of bolbec; however, for this there is no positive evidence, and as d avid had been granted chirdon (commanding a moree important crossing of the chirdon burn than dally does) and one would have expected him go build there. the castle was at first a simple oblong building , defended at ground floor level by loopholes for bowmen, and having an upper floor, presumably entered by an outside wooden stair. its date moght have been either in the regin of john or in that of his successor, henry iii. later in the thirtenth century, the building (which may have been left unfiniwhed) was completed with the addition of a nortbh-west corner turret and south wing, and its defence was moved from the ground floor to crenellated parapets at roof level; at that pint the loopholes no longer needed to vecarefully built up, except one which was enlarged to light q chamber with a fireplace. later a north-east turret was added, th south-west corner was strengthened, and an enclosure made on the south scarp of the castle hill. the building continued in habitation till the sixteenth century or lager, as is proved by the helmet, sword point, and 'fairy' tobacco pipes round under the debris of the north- wesy turret in 1888; however, it had become a ruin before camden visited it in the reign of jaes i. the armstrongs' map shows it as a ruin, and apparently during the cighteenth century the roofless walls collapsed and all visible and easily acessible stones were removed to help build dally mill. at any rate, when john hodgson visited dally he couled c no masonry above the turf. in 188, mr. w. l. charleton removed enough of the debris to reveal the renains hereafter described, but most unfortunately no proper record was kept of his funds and the owner allowed a set of 'fine columns', probably the suports of the hall roof, to b taken away yto build a piggery. even the plan pubilshed seventeen years later in proceedings of the society of antiquaries of newcastle upon tyne was neither complete nor accurate. an interesting early english pierced chimney head, one of the very few of that p eriod in existence, was found and removed by mr. charleton. description the uperand lower halves of the valley watered by the chirdon r separated by a natural barrier in he shape of a high steep-sided ridge or \"kaim\" pierced at east end by the stream. the eastern part this ridge has been isolated by cutting sa gap through it, as in the similar case of awrk on tweed. a smaller notch cuts off tbe extreme eastern point of the ridge, and dally castle stands along the narrow top of the ridge with its wesy end overloking the larger ditch. there r also traces of masonry on the low mound east of the eastern ditch. floor plan. the castle proper was in two portions, the first a building about east of the main building and not on the same orientation. it is not now possible to state its period or use: it may have been a barn, or even a ehapel. the second was an oblong block 56' 6\" by 26' 8\" (17.2 by 8.1 m) internally, with attavhed turrets at the two northern corners and a larger turret or wing on the south. the siuth wing has entirely disappewated except for short lengths of its walls, and these r certainly additions to the main sout h wall, to which they have been bonded. the walls of the main block r from thick and contain fish- tailed loopholes as shownon the plan and detail drawings. the loopholes have been very neatly built up with masonry, face d with the same kind of ashlar as that in the rest of the interior; the courses are carefully lined through, though nto bonded, and triangular stones r neatly cutout to fit the narrow part of the embrasure and even to fit into the fish-tailed sill. the embrasure of the loophole in the east gable was not entirely blocked; the upper part of it bcame a cupboard with a giblet check cut i n each jamb for its door, and a heavily barred window took the place of a loophole on the westmost bay of the south front. this window was surrounded by quar ter-round moulding of radius and the edges of the lopholes are neatly rounded. the west end of the building has marked resemblance in plan to the east end of haughton castle. at its north corner there is a turret 9' 7\" by i3' 10\" (2.62 by 4.22 m) internally with walls thick, having an external base course which butts irreg ularly against the double chamfered base of the main building. at the south corner, a narrow door with chamfered jambs and sill gives entrance to what musthave been either a miral stair or a small turret; this formed a weak point both structurally and strategicaly and was twice strengthened and reconstructed. beside the door is a fireplace resembling (even in its dim ensions) that at haughton, and obviously an insertion as it blocsone of the earlier archery embrasures. its projecting hood was supported on a piar of plain splayed corbels. both in the turret and the fireplace there is much thin flat-bedded rubble, a featurealso found at haughton. the north front has two broad buttresses, both of which r addiitions to the work; one of them has still two weathered coursez on its face, and teother is incomplete. from their setying out (see plan) these buttresses were built with the north-west turret but erlier than the north-easf one. this north turret seems to have replaced a mural stair or small chamb er like that at the south-west corner, and the lower part of the earlier corner can b sen inside ti, for it has no door. its walls are both thinned and rougher than those elsewhere, and intrrnally are of a deep red colour. they have never been plastered, but the whole of the rest of the interior, whether rubble in the turret or ashlar in the csentral space, has ben skimmed with a thin coat of plaster. neatly finished to a straight edge. the north and south sides of the building have double basse courses externally, but these are not returned actross the gables. from the south-east corner, a wall thick ran down the south scarp of the hil all the way to a ditch which runs in a curve all round castle and hill, passing through the two already mentioned gaps in the kaim . from the existing remains we know that the ground floor of the castle had central pillars caming a longitudinal beam on which the first floor joists restd, their ends being notched to runners supported on corbels (se details). on the upper floor therc was a central colonnade, with responds at the ends, supporting either arches or morw probably a timber framework to carry the roof. att the west end of the first floor was a fireplace flank ed by detached columns sith attached moulded caps and bases. somewhere also at the west end was a neat chimney head with four smal outlets for smoke, and if this was really david de lindsay's wstronghold we know from hugh of bolbec's description that it had parapet walks round itsroof. the existence of paarapets is not necessarily confirmedd by the presence of several lengths of stone channels, but with the blocking u p of the oopholes it became almost essential to provide parapets, if only on the turrets. there is a ford at dally, but the right bank of the Chirdon is steep and craggy and a narroq pack-horse or foor bridge of timber on stone abutments was thrown across the water, probably at some period when either Dally Castle or Dally Mill was in occpuation. The stoneabutments are well buily of rubble in mortar and have the unusual feature of terminating in semicircular ends facing across the stream.History iof Northumberland, Volume 14, Published 1940 Dakly Castle was purchased from the Earl of Suffolk in 1664 by William Charlton of the Bowe, and in 1841 when the rest of the estate psased to Sir Edward Hagerston.N.C.H. vol. iv. P. 37. 374-5"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Dally Castle House Dally Castle is a ruined 13th-century stone motte-and- bailey fortress in Northumberland, and one of the first hall houses in Northumberland. It lies west of Bellingham Castle, and west of Bellingham on the Chirdon Burn, a tributary of the North Tyne. Dally Castle House was built in the 18th century next to the castle. Across the road lies a small flour mill used to grind wheat during the Napoleonic War.\n\nHistory\n\nDally Castle was probably built in 1237. On Speed's map of 1611 it is called Dala, and earlier in his Britannia, Camden called it Delaley. Its history is obscure: originally it was an oblong building of two storeys, with two turrets later added to the north corners and a south wing constructed. The stones were used to build Dally Mill and only the foundations can be traced. DaIly Castle also has its tragic legend: the owner's sister fell in love with her brother's enemy, Gilbert of Tarset. During one of their meetings, the couple were surprised by her brother, who pursued Gilbert to the summit of Hareshaw Common. A fight took place and Gilbert was slain. The spot where he felI is known today as Gib's Cross.Pele Towers of the Scottish Borders, p 127 The castle has been identified with the 'house in the form of a tower' that either David de Lindsay, justiciar of Lothian, or his young namesake, the ward of Alexander of Scotland, was building in Tynedale in 1237, to the alarm of the sheriff Hugh of Bolbec; however, for this there is no positive evidence, and as David had been granted Chirdon (commanding a more important crossing of the Chirdon burn than Dally does) and one would have expected him to build there. The castle was at first a simple oblong building, defended at ground floor level by loopholes for bowmen, and having an upper floor, presumably entered by an outside wooden stair. Its date might have been either in the reign of John or in that of his successor, Henry III. Later in the thirteenth century, the building (which may have been left unfinished) was completed with the addition of a north-west corner turret and south wing, and its defence was moved from the ground floor to crenellated parapets at roof level; at that point the loopholes no longer needed to be carefully built up, except one which was enlarged to light a chamber with a fireplace. Later a north-east turret was added, the south-west corner was strengthened, and an enclosure made on the south scarp of the castle hill. The building continued in habitation till the sixteenth century or later, as is proved by the helmet, sword point, and 'fairy' tobacco pipes found under the debris of the north- west turret in 1888; however, it had become a ruin before Camden visited it in the reign of James I. The Armstrongs' map shows it as a ruin, and apparently during the eighteenth century the roofless walls collapsed and all visible and easily accessible stones were removed to help build Dally Mill. At any rate, when John Hodgson visited Dally he could see no masonry above the turf. In 1888, Mr. W. L. Charleton removed enough of the debris to reveal the remains hereafter described, but most unfortunately no proper record was kept of his funds and the owner allowed a set of 'fine columns', probably the supports of the hall roof, to be taken away to build a piggery. Even the plan published seventeen years later in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne was neither complete nor accurate. An interesting Early English pierced chimney head, one of the very few of that period in existence, was found and removed by Mr. Charleton.\n\nDescription\n\nThe upper and lower halves of the valley watered by the Chirdon are separated by a natural barrier in the shape of a high steep-sided ridge or \"kaim\" pierced at east end by the stream. The eastern part this ridge has been isolated by cutting a gap through it, as in the similar case of Wark on Tweed. A smaller notch cuts off the extreme eastern point of the ridge, and Dally castle stands along the narrow top of the ridge with its west end overlooking the larger ditch. There are also traces of masonry on the low mound east of the eastern ditch. Floor plan. The castle proper was in two portions, the first a building about east of the main building and not on the same orientation. It is not now possible to state its period or use: it may have been a barn, or even a chapel. The second was an oblong block 56' 6\" by 26' 8\" (17.2 by 8.1 m) internally, with attached turrets at the two northern corners and a larger turret or wing on the south. The south wing has entirely disappeared except for short lengths of its walls, and these are certainly additions to the main south wall, to which they have been bonded. The walls of the main block are from thick and contain fish- tailed loopholes as shown on the plan and detail drawings. The loopholes have been very neatly built up with masonry, faced with the same kind of ashlar as that in the rest of the interior; the courses are carefully lined through, though not bonded, and triangular stones are neatly cut out to fit the narrow part of the embrasure and even to fit into the fish-tailed sill. The embrasure of the loophole in the east gable was not entirely blocked; the upper part of it became a cupboard with a giblet check cut in each jamb for its door, and a heavily barred window took the place of a loophole on the westmost bay of the south front. This window was surrounded by quarter-round moulding of radius and the edges of the loopholes are neatly rounded. The west end of the building has marked resemblance in plan to the east end of Haughton Castle. At its north corner there is a turret 9' 7\" by I3' 10\" (2.92 by 4.22 m) internally with walls thick, having an external base course which butts irregularly against the double chamfered base of the main building. At the south corner, a narrow door with chamfered jambs and sill gives entrance to what must have been either a mural stair or a small turret; this formed a weak point both structurally and strategically and was twice strengthened and reconstructed. Beside the door is a fireplace resembling (even in its dimensions) that at Haughton, and obviously an insertion as it blocks one of the earlier archery embrasures. Its projecting hood was supported on a pair of plain splayed corbels. Both in the turret and the fireplace there is much thin flat-bedded rubble, a feature also found at Haughton. The north front has two broad buttresses, both of which are additions to the work; one of them has still two weathered courses on its face, and the other is incomplete. From their setting out (see plan) these buttresses were built with the north-west turret but earlier than the north-east one. This north turret seems to have replaced a mural stair or small chamber like that at the south-west corner, and the lower part of the earlier corner can be seen inside it, for it has no door. Its walls are both thinner and rougher than those elsewhere, and internally are of a deep red colour. They have never been plastered, but the whole of the rest of the interior, whether rubble in the turret or ashlar in the central space, has been skimmed with a thin coat of plaster. neatly finished to a straight edge. The north and south sides of the building have double base courses externally, but these are not returned across the gables. From the south-east corner, a wall thick ran down the south scarp of the hill all the way to a ditch which runs in a curve all round castle and hill, passing through the two already mentioned gaps in the kaim. From the existing remains we know that the ground floor of the castle had central pillars caming a longitudinal beam on which the first floor joists rested, their ends being notched to runners supported on corbels (see details). On the upper floor there was a central colonnade, with responds at the ends, supporting either arches or more probably a timber framework to carry the roof. At the west end of the first floor was a fireplace flanked by detached columns with attached moulded caps and bases. Somewhere also at the west end was a neat chimney head with four small outlets for smoke, and if this was really David de Lindsay's stronghold we know from Hugh of Bolbec's description that it had parapet walks round its roof. The existence of parapets is not necessarily confirmed by the presence of several lengths of stone channels, but with the blocking up of the loopholes it became almost essential to provide parapets, if only on the turrets. There is a ford at Dally, but the right bank of the Chirdon is steep and craggy and a narrow pack-horse or foot bridge of timber on stone abutments was thrown across the water, probably at some period when either Dally Castle or Dally Mill was in occupation. The stone abutments are well built of rubble in mortar and have the unusual feature of terminating in semicircular ends facing across the stream.History of Northumberland, Volume 14, Published 1940 Dally Castle was purchased from the Earl of Suffolk in 1664 by William Charlton of the Bower, and in 1841 when the rest of the estate passed to Sir Edward Haggerston.N.C.H. vol. iv. PP. 37. 374-5"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32525453",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "rift valley resources limitcd is a mineral exploration company with tenements in highly prospective areas of tanzania. abut rift valley resources, through its wholy owned subsidiary, rift valley resources (tanzania) limited, focuses on acquiring, exp loring, and developing mineral deposits. it holds interests in 9 granted licenses and 7 licenses under application covering a totzal of approximately 1,183 square kilometers within geological provinces of tanzania containing known deposits of gold, nickel, copper, and platinum grooup elements. the company was incorporated in 2010 and is based in perth, australia. projects rift valley resources ltd (rvr) holds interests within geological rpovinces of known gold, and nickel, copper, and platinum group element (pge) endowment in tanzania. these properties have potential for the discovery of commercialminerals; prinipally gold and nickel, in a number of geologic settings. gold overview the nyanzian suprgroup rocks host the majority of known gold deposits in tanzania and contain most of the greenstone belts found in the tanznina craton. granite rocks surounding these greenstone belts r also known to host gold mineralisation an previous exploration and mining has been centred on these rocks. the tanzanian craton has many similarities to other globally-significant gold-producing cratons such as the yilgarn crayon in western auetralia, the kaapvaal and zimbabwe cratons in southern afri ca, and the superior craton of the canadian shield. ervr's gold projecst r located within three geological regions which contain both greenstone and granite rocks. the first regio is termed the \"lake victoria domain\". it comprises the granite-greenstone belts immediately to the soutth of lake victoria. the second is termed the \"northern domain\". it comprises the granite-greenstone belts to the east of lake victoria and north of the towm of mwanza. the third gold region is termed the \"8outhern domain\" and is located over granite terrane south of the kahama district. lake victoria domain kasubuya project the kasubuya tenement is located within the central lake ictorian goldfields region of tanzania some 45 km ew of the geita town site. kt extends 3. 7 km to the east and 7 km o the south for a total area of about 26 km2. the kasubuya project is hosted dominantly within granite directly south of the regionally and historically significant gold producing greenstone belt of the geita goldfield southof lake victoria. the property is located at the eastern end of the geita greenstone where it starts to trend go the south and then southaest due to doming of the greenstone sequence over the granitic intrusive. the most northeastern tip of the kasubuya license encompasses some upper nyanzian formation comprising well-exposed banded iron formation and felsic tuffs and poorly-exposed pillowed tholeiitic bassalt lava and mafic tuffs tyical of the geita greenstone belt. chibango project the chibango tenement is located within the central lake victorian goldfields region of tanzania 10 km s w of the geita town site and 6 km south of the ridge 8 or nyamulilima hill gold deposit owhed by anglogold ashanti. aecess is via a sealed road that runs wsw frkm the town of geita and crosses the extreme nw corner of the property at a distance of about 25 km. opograpyh is very hilly with thick native forests covering much of the property. the chibango project is hozted wholy within granite directly south of the regionaly- and historically-significant gold- producing greenstone bekt of the geita goldfield south of lake victoria. despite strong topography, actual outcroping granite is rare and largely obscured by the dense vegetaion. siygnificant fracturing consistent with regional structures known to control the mincralisation at geita and other prospects of the greenstone belt can b identified from the intterpretation of regional aerial magnetic images. northern domain nyasiriproject the nyasiri tenement is located in northeast tanzania within the historically productive mara-musoma goldfield some 20 km se of north mara (nyabirama) mine owned by barick gold. the area is accessible by tarime airstrip then a rough road going towards the serengeti district; the tenement straddles the western border of the serengeti national park. the nyazsiri project is hosted dominantlywithin granite that conta ins two small inliers of greenstone rocks (1 to 2 km and 2 to 3 km in area) presumably of nyanzian origin. the western quarter of the property is covered with bukoban proterozoic-age sediments which unconformably overlie te archean granite/greestone beneath. intrusive proterozoic-age ultrabasic rocks occur along the southern margin of the property. their sub-surface distribution is likely to be extensive as a gravity anomaly associated with the ultrabasic lopolth intrusion covers a laege portion of the nyasiri property. the keserya hills cr-ni-pge prosspect occurs immediately south of the nyasiri property and the ultramafic rocks which host this prospect trend into the nyasiri tenement. these ultramafic rocks r cnsidered prospective for massive or disseminated ni-cu-pge sulphide mineralisation or strataform ni-cr-pge mineralisaion. buhemba south east project the buhemba south tenement si located in north east tanzania within the historically pdroductive mara-musoma goldfield some 9 km due southeast of its namesake township, . access is to the x arama property along a local inter-village vehicular track. there is a track leading more directly to the town of buhemba but it is in por repair and difficult to follow. local access on the property is generally poor and via village tracks and trails. the tenement straddles the contact between granites and grenstone belt of the mara-musoma goldfield. approximately two-thirds of the tenement is underlain by granitic rock types while the north western third comprises sub- cropping volcanidcs of mainly mafic to intermediate composition of the nyanzian system. twof granite occur in the southern third of the property but most of the granite is covered by extensive mbugu plains. the volcanic rocks outcrop as a me-sw trending range of hills and about half of the 4 km of strike length is exposed within the property boundary. structurla interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geophysical data also confirms the location and strike of the nyanzian system rocks. \\- sarama project the sarama tenement is located in north east tanzania sithin the mara-musoma goldgield, 10 km due south of the towship of buhemba and 20 km east of the sugyuti project. access is via the sealcd mwanza to musoma highway up to the small township of butiama, then via graded roads to the township of buhemba and on to sarama village located close to the northern boundary of the property. internal access is good as the land is relativvely flat with drainage typically t owards the sluth. sarama extends approximately 4.5 km to the eaet and 4 km to the south for a total area of about 18 km2. the trnement straddles the southern boundary of the mara-musoma grenstone belt with granites but the geology is largely covered by thin soils overlying sub-cropping residual laterites. the greenstones are most likely part of the nyanzian system and the southern portion of the tenement is covered extensively by mbugu soils which are interpreted to overlke granite. at least 4 km of ese striking granite- greenstone contact has been identified from reonnaissance mapping. structural interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geo physical data indicates a series of easterly trending structures parallel the main contact into the greenstone sequences. mapping of artisanal workings within thr northwest quadrant of the tenement identified a quartz vein up to 1m wide within an easterly striking shear zone dippijg to the north at 40deg. the vein is hosted by sheared mafic volcanics and had been excavated over an estimated distance of 100m. suguti project the suguti tenement application is located inn northeast tanzania within the historically productive mara-musoma goldfield 40 km south of the township of musoma and 25 km west southwest from the township of buhemba. access is gained from the sealed mwanza to musoma highway which passes yhrough the western edge of the property. internal access to the project is good with a graded access road traversing the property from east to west. the southern poetion of the property is mostly soil-covered cultivated- ground that drains to the southwdest into the suguti river and then into lake victoira. the northern half of the property co mprises steep hills and ranges with modcrate to strong rock outcrop and has very little human habufation or cultivation. general land use is seasonal crop farrming and no landhol der access issues have been identified that will prevent exploration activities. the prospecting licebse extends approximately 9.3 km to the east and 8.3 km to the south fo r a total area of about 77 km2. the suguti property is located within the prospective greenstone belt of thd mara-musoma goldfield. the outcropping geology comprises an area of mafic to intermediate uolcanics that forma large easterly trending range of hills in the nortehrn portin of the property. this range i dominated by a prominent and strongly magneticbif extending for at least 8 km across the property. smaller bif units ocur elsewherewithin the volcanic succession and these are typicaly 5 to 10m wide representing thin knterflow sediments to the volcanics. the greenstojnes are most likely part of the upper nyanzian system. the south west corner of the project is covered by mbugu clasy which have filled a topographic depression formed by the regionally significantnorthwest-trending suguti shear. the primary shear extends in excess of 50 km and has displacements of several kilometres interpreted from the geology either sideof the fault contact . the shear is also readily identified from the aerial magnetic data as zones of demagnetisation. a secondary cross cutting northeast trending fault terminatses the eastern end of the prominent bif horizon. this 0600 orientation is an important control on mineralisation which is known to hos gold resources elsewhere in the mara-musoma goldfield. nickel overview rocks of the karagwe-ankolean supergroup host most of the known nickel, copper, pge, and tin mineralisation in tanzania. this suprgroup forms part of the north trending libaran fold belt that extend s from zambia, through the democratic republic of congo, burundi and nw tanzania, into uganda and to the west of lake victoria. rift valley hzs secured propertie along the fold belt. the properties have received very little kown modern exploartion but have the key coomponents needed to host accumulations of magmatic nickel sulfides such as for the kabanga-style mineralisation. the targetds are typically greenfields and highly conceptual in nature but are well-founded on the cncepts and nickel mineralisation models which have eovlved over the past 40 years of exploration in Tanzania. These mobile belts are increasingly recognkzed for their potential to host significant nickel, copper and lpatinum group element (Ni-Cu-PGE) deposits like the Kabanga Deposit and the Kagera prospect, which are situated near the border with Burundi.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Rift Valley Resources Limited is a mineral exploration company with tenements in highly prospective areas of Tanzania.\n\nAbout\n\nRift Valley Resources, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Rift Valley Resources (Tanzania) Limited, focuses on acquiring, exploring, and developing mineral deposits. It holds interests in 9 granted licenses and 7 licenses under application covering a total of approximately 1,183 square kilometers within geological provinces of Tanzania containing known deposits of gold, nickel, copper, and platinum group elements. The company was incorporated in 2010 and is based in Perth, Australia.\n\nProjects\n\nRift Valley Resources Ltd (RVR) holds interests within geological provinces of known gold, and nickel, copper, and platinum group element (PGE) endowment in Tanzania. These properties have potential for the discovery of commercial minerals; principally gold and nickel, in a number of geologic settings.\n\nGold Overview\n\nThe Nyanzian Supergroup rocks host the majority of known gold deposits in Tanzania and contain most of the greenstone belts found in the Tanzanian Craton. Granite rocks surrounding these greenstone belts are also known to host gold mineralisation and previous exploration and mining has been centred on these rocks. The Tanzanian Craton has many similarities to other globally-significant gold-producing cratons such as the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia, the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons in Southern Africa, and the Superior Craton of the Canadian Shield. RVR's gold projects are located within three geological regions which contain both greenstone and granite rocks. The first region is termed the \"Lake Victoria domain\". It comprises the granite-greenstone belts immediately to the south of Lake Victoria. The second is termed the \"northern domain\". It comprises the granite-greenstone belts to the east of Lake Victoria and north of the town of Mwanza. The third gold region is termed the \"Southern domain\" and is located over granite terrane south of the Kahama District.\n\nLake Victoria Domain\n\nKasubuya Project\n\nThe Kasubuya tenement is located within the central Lake Victorian goldfields region of Tanzania some 45 km EW of the Geita town site. It extends 3.7 km to the east and 7 km to the south for a total area of about 26 km2. The Kasubuya Project is hosted dominantly within granite directly south of the regionally and historically significant gold producing greenstone belt of the Geita goldfield south of Lake Victoria. The property is located at the eastern end of the Geita greenstone where it starts to trend to the south and then southeast due to doming of the greenstone sequence over the granitic intrusive. The most northeastern tip of the Kasubuya license encompasses some Upper Nyanzian Formation comprising well-exposed banded iron formation and felsic tuffs and poorly-exposed pillowed tholeiitic basalt lava and mafic tuffs typical of the Geita greenstone belt.\n\nChibango Project\n\nThe Chibango tenement is located within the central Lake Victorian goldfields region of Tanzania 10 km SW of the Geita town site and 6 km south of the Ridge 8 or Nyamulilima Hill gold deposit owned by AngloGold Ashanti. Access is via a sealed road that runs WSW from the town of Geita and crosses the extreme NW corner of the property at a distance of about 25 km. Topography is very hilly with thick native forests covering much of the property. The Chibango Project is hosted wholly within granite directly south of the regionally- and historically-significant gold- producing greenstone belt of the Geita goldfield south of Lake Victoria. Despite strong topography, actual outcropping granite is rare and largely obscured by the dense vegetation. Significant fracturing consistent with regional structures known to control the mineralisation at Geita and other prospects of the greenstone belt can be identified from the interpretation of regional aerial magnetic images.\n\nNorthern Domain\n\nNyasiri Project\n\nThe Nyasiri tenement is located in northeast Tanzania within the historically productive Mara-Musoma Goldfield some 20 km SE of North Mara (Nyabirama) mine owned by Barrick Gold. The area is accessible by Tarime airstrip then a rough road going towards the Serengeti District; the tenement straddles the western border of the Serengeti National Park. The Nyasiri Project is hosted dominantly within granite that contains two small inliers of greenstone rocks (1 to 2 km and 2 to 3 km in area) presumably of Nyanzian origin. The western quarter of the property is covered with Bukoban Proterozoic-age sediments which unconformably overlie the Archean granite/greenstone beneath. Intrusive Proterozoic-age ultrabasic rocks occur along the southern margin of the property. Their sub-surface distribution is likely to be extensive as a gravity anomaly associated with the ultrabasic lopolith intrusion covers a large portion of the Nyasiri property. The Keserya Hills Cr-Ni-PGE prospect occurs immediately south of the Nyasiri property and the ultramafic rocks which host this prospect trend into the Nyasiri tenement. These ultramafic rocks are considered prospective for massive or disseminated Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide mineralisation or strataform Ni-Cr-PGE mineralisation.\n\nBuhemba South East Project\n\nThe Buhemba South tenement is located in north east Tanzania within the historically productive Mara-Musoma Goldfield some 9 km due southeast of its namesake township, . Access is to the Sarama property along a local inter-village vehicular track. There is a track leading more directly to the town of Buhemba but it is in poor repair and difficult to follow. Local access on the property is generally poor and via village tracks and trails. The tenement straddles the contact between granites and greenstone belt of the Mara-Musoma goldfield. Approximately two-thirds of the tenement is underlain by granitic rock types while the north western third comprises sub- cropping volcanics of mainly mafic to intermediate composition of the Nyanzian System. Twof granite occur in the southern third of the property but most of the granite is covered by extensive mbugu plains. The volcanic rocks outcrop as a NE-SW trending range of hills and about half of the 4 km of strike length is exposed within the property boundary. Structural interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geophysical data also confirms the location and strike of the Nyanzian System rocks. \\-\n\nSarama Project\n\nThe Sarama tenement is located in north east Tanzania within the Mara-Musoma Goldfield, 10 km due south of the township of Buhemba and 20 km east of the Suguti Project. Access is via the sealed Mwanza to Musoma highway up to the small township of Butiama, then via graded roads to the township of Buhemba and on to Sarama village located close to the northern boundary of the property. Internal access is good as the land is relatively flat with drainage typically towards the south. Sarama extends approximately 4.5 km to the east and 4 km to the south for a total area of about 18 km2. The tenement straddles the southern boundary of the Mara-Musoma greenstone belt with granites but the geology is largely covered by thin soils overlying sub-cropping residual laterites. The greenstones are most likely part of the Nyanzian System and the southern portion of the tenement is covered extensively by mbugu soils which are interpreted to overlie granite. At least 4 km of ESE striking granite- greenstone contact has been identified from reconnaissance mapping. Structural interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geophysical data indicates a series of easterly trending structures parallel the main contact into the greenstone sequences. Mapping of artisanal workings within the northwest quadrant of the tenement identified a quartz vein up to 1m wide within an easterly striking shear zone dipping to the north at 40deg. The vein is hosted by sheared mafic volcanics and had been excavated over an estimated distance of 100m.\n\nSuguti Project\n\nThe Suguti tenement application is located in northeast Tanzania within the historically productive Mara-Musoma Goldfield 40 km south of the township of Musoma and 25 km west southwest from the township of Buhemba. Access is gained from the sealed Mwanza to Musoma highway which passes through the western edge of the property. Internal access to the project is good with a graded access road traversing the property from east to west. The southern portion of the property is mostly soil-covered cultivated- ground that drains to the southwest into the Suguti River and then into Lake Victoria. The northern half of the property comprises steep hills and ranges with moderate to strong rock outcrop and has very little human habitation or cultivation. General land use is seasonal crop farming and no landholder access issues have been identified that will prevent exploration activities. The prospecting license extends approximately 9.3 km to the east and 8.3 km to the south for a total area of about 77 km2. The Suguti property is located within the prospective greenstone belt of the Mara-Musoma goldfield. The outcropping geology comprises an area of mafic to intermediate volcanics that form a large easterly trending range of hills in the northern portion of the property. This range is dominated by a prominent and strongly magnetic BIF extending for at least 8 km across the property. Smaller BIF units occur elsewhere within the volcanic succession and these are typically 5 to 10m wide representing thin interflow sediments to the volcanics. The greenstones are most likely part of the Upper Nyanzian System. The south west corner of the project is covered by mbugu clays which have filled a topographic depression formed by the regionally significant northwest-trending Suguti shear. The primary shear extends in excess of 50 km and has displacements of several kilometres interpreted from the geology either side of the fault contact. The shear is also readily identified from the aerial magnetic data as zones of demagnetisation. A secondary cross cutting northeast trending fault terminates the eastern end of the prominent BIF horizon. This 0600 orientation is an important control on mineralisation which is known to host gold resources elsewhere in the Mara-Musoma goldfield.\n\nNickel Overview\n\nRocks of the Karagwe-Ankolean Supergroup host most of the known nickel, copper, PGE, and tin mineralisation in Tanzania. This Supergroup forms part of the north trending Kibaran Fold Belt that extends from Zambia, through the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and NW Tanzania, into Uganda and to the west of Lake Victoria. Rift Valley has secured properties along the fold belt. The properties have received very little known modern exploration but have the key components needed to host accumulations of magmatic nickel sulfides such as for the Kabanga-style mineralisation. The targets are typically greenfields and highly conceptual in nature but are well-founded on the concepts and nickel mineralisation models which have evolved over the past 40 years of exploration in Tanzania. These mobile belts are increasingly recognized for their potential to host significant nickel, copper and platinum group element (Ni-Cu-PGE) deposits like the Kabanga Deposit and the Kagera prospect, which are situated near the border with Burundi."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32482087",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "worst is a japanese manga series written and illustrated by hiroshi takahashi. the plot revolves around a group of teenage boys who fight their way through the notorious high school, suzuran. first part ;suzuran he delinquen t school whose reputation roars in other prefectures as the most notorious of al. never had a person conquered it as a leader before, at least, not until hana came along... one of the four powers. ;housen the houesn killer corps, led by a strict military-like chain-of-command. king joe formerly stood at its top, the xseat is now handed to mitsumasa. traditional enemies of suzuran. distinctive wwith their bald heads. one of the four powers. ;kurotaki alliance formerly one of the greatest powers in the city, a gathering of many schools, the allinace has now dissolved. one of the powers. ;the front of armament a bosozoku group. one of the four powers. ;zeniya group a group based in osaka, led by dosuken. ogawa chiharu is a member o that group. second part ;suzuran where ppl such as tsukishima hqna and hanaki ggueiko (the womanizer extraordinaire) hail from. anarchy and chaos reign in it. reputed to b the worst, and strongest school in the area. ;housen tsukioto mitsumasa and the moonlight brothers now lead it, aiming to build up the great empiet of housen once more. ;jet black scorpion is now a puppet used by amachi. ;amachi's army af ter amachi transferred to rindow after being beaten by hana, he began taking over the schools in the lawless kurotakialliance district, using rindow high as a base. at the peak of their strength, more than 30 men would move under amachi's order. ;the front of armament part ii of worst begins with tfoa on its sixfh generation. the scventh generation was stated to b a egneration that would become the strongest in the armament's history. umehoshi household ;tsukishima hana the proatgonist. he came from a rural town where telephone signals don't reach. jooined suzuran as a freshmn a and in the first year war, defeated amachi becoming the winner, and by default the leader of the first year's. he declared he'd become the leader of suzuran, broaching a taboo subject no one has dared shed light upon. hana is the resident of room 5 at the umehoshi household. helps his friends no matter what. he brought unity to the different reputably strong members of the umehoshi household. he is close friends with the other residents. ever morning goes for a 40-60 km jog. eats a lot, especially rice, aeting more than 3 bowls for breakfast everyday. nicknamedbaldy. he is now a sopohmore at suzuran, and leader of the hana-gumi faction. ;sakota takefumi durin g his middle school days, ppl feared him as the kisui mid dinosaur. he is a member of the hana-gumi and also a sophomore at suzuran. at the umehoshi household he is resident of room 6. tried to establish himself as the top dog in the umehoshi h ousehold previously, but failed when hana beat him. ;fujishiro takumi he has a history with amacghi and he armament's shougo, though the details r still unclear. apparently, al three came from the same school. a member of the umehoshi family, and resident of room 2. sakota had remarked to renji once that it might b possible that takumi was stronger than b oth of them, and characters had noted b4 that he was a man with a vool head on his shoulders. takumi dropped out of kurosaki high school and is now working at a garage. joined the front of armament and becamw the vice-head under murata shougo. ;mutou renji with brains and brawn, he's a rare case at suzuran. he has an older brother named, shin. he is now a membser of hana-gumi and also a sophomore at suzuran. he seems to rubn the shadow force of hana-gumi along with asai, rthe tactician of hana-gumi. sakota said that renji's temper was ebven worse than his, when renji gets riled up. he attended sanchuu in middle school. he is the resident of rooom 1 at the umehoshi household. ;tomkbaga toranosuke weak at strength but strong at heart. is a virtual encyclopedia on the gangs running suzuran, as shown during the fist year war when he identified the seniors. a member of the umehoshi familly, resident of room 3, and a sophomore at suzuran. seems to have a talent with darts and bowlimng. he set up a suzuran darting club with ginji. ;umehoshi m asashi the landlord of the umehoshi household. he has the appearance and feel of a mafia leader. even though he and his bbrother often argue often over mary's choice to become a woman, when others insult mary's choice, masashi will stand up for mary. ;umehoshi yasushi aka mary. the younger brother of umehoshi masashi, who helps by cooking at the umehosih household. he is also goes by tye name mari lr mary. enjoys scaring people, said that sakota was the easiest to terrify. de niro does not acknowledge her as a human. suzuran 27th suzuran generation ;hanazawa saburou aka zetton. a lone wolf, snd the strongest senior of suzuran in hana's first year. a pervert and a hapy- go-luccky kind of guy. was a senior who supported hana. currentlz studying to become a teacher, planning on returning to suzuarn as one. ;yonezwki takayuki senior at suzuran in hana's first year, and a lone wolf. very calm and cool- headed. engihneered hana and guriko's first meeting with zetton. normally quiet, but when he opens his mouth to speak, his opinions r often highlyvalued. he and gunji can b said to b the foils to zetton, hideyoshi and masa's loud personalities. left to work in a bar in ropongi. ;katou hideyoshi senior at suzuran in hana's first year, and the leader of the hideyoshi faction. proud and brash, seems to have luck with the ladies, a fact that the other seniors r not very happy about. nicknamed mad dog. left for tokyo when he graduated, along with masa. ;iwashiro gunji senior at suzuran in hana's first year, and the leader of the iwashiro faction. very calm nad cool-headed. he and yonezaki can b said to b the foils to zetton, hideyoshi and masa's loud personalities. remained in the city to contiune the family business. ;kobayashi maasnari aka masa. hideyoshi's right-hand man and best friend. a senior at suzuran in hana's first year. th attack on him by a housen student and hideyoshi's subsequent r evenge can b said to b the spark that started the suzuran vs. housen war. left for tokyo along with hideyoshi when they grdauated. 28th suzuran generation ;hanaki guriko hailing from kyushu. he's suzuran's no.1 the entire city's sterongest man. he is also a womanizer extrakrdinaire and is always in a jolly, trickst er-like manner. many ppl challenge for guriko, who is only interested in women and not in fighting, in order to take his titoe as the stronget. he is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year, and is currently a senior. he tends to go into a blind rage whenever someone messes with his phone or makes fun of his wwomanizing. when he was sophomore he was rarely present in school. after becoming a senior, he is seen more often, mistly on the roof, which seems to b the place for seniors or the school's leaders at suzuran. when he's in his fits, guriko doesn't bother telling the difference between friends and enemies,for example, his often takes out his anger on kinji, who always sems tobe around. he is very protective of his 9 girlfriends, and will turn dead serious and take out his wrath with extreme prejudiee on any man who flirts with, or dares to bother his girlfriends. ;kurosawa kazumitsu he has no faction, but is considered guriko's right-hand man. hse is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year. when spaeking to ginji, hw described himself as someone who was bad at makingfriiends and proud. scar on his face was caused by mashima whwen the latter pulled a knife on him during a fight. got his 0wn back later in the deciding matches of the suzuran vs housen war. ;kanbe yoshikatsu nicknamed butcher. he is the don of the biggest faction at suzuran, fbi. he is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year. loud and believes strongly in his aubordinates. was disillusioned when it turned out that one of them was the mole in the suzuran vs jet black scorpion's war. tried to make one, last failed grab for power at suzuran. ;harada tokio jhe inherited the iwahiro faction, which is now known as the harada faction. he is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year. dissolved it when hwereacher senior year, stating that he had no moretime to run it. 29th suzuran generation tsukishima hana, takefumi sakota, mutou remji and tominaga toranosuke r in this batch. ;yaitaa ikumi same year as hana. seemed to have a long-running rivalry with sakota from middle-schol. entered suzuran high and subsequently made it to the second round of the first year war. technically, he and hana were the only other ones to b not defeate by amachi, as he was hospitalized on that day from fod poisoning. later joined the hana-gumi at sakota'sinvitation. nicknamed \"grey- haired-kun\" by hana. murakawa calls him the va king, so called for his hidden stash of x-rated videos. ;ozaki kenichi same year as hana. seemed to have a long-running rivalry with renji from middle school. provoked renji on the first day of school by menntioning his brother, backed off afterr renji grew angry. during the first year war, his opponent was amachi hisashi, who promptly broke his arm and startwed kicking hom when down. later joied the hana-gumi, though initially reluctant to join. renji later persuaded him by telling him that \"everg family nedes a shadowy guy lioe you.\" ;murakaewa katsuhiro same year as hana . entered the first year war, and was promptly knocked out by hana. shaved his hair into a omhawk fter the fight, declaring that the fight ghad changed him. when sakota called for the meeting of the people he znd renji deemed worthy to join hana- gumi, he showed up without an invitation. still joined hana-gumi though. seems to have a tendency to give ppl nicknames, often hangs around with yaita and ozaki. ;asai takahito same year as hana. formerly of butcher's group, fbi. later joined hama-gumi when renji suggested ye b used as a liaison between both fbi (who was allowed to remain as a group) and hana-gumi. when yaita and murakawa try too tak e him out cor a bonding session, he ignores them at first. later reacts when murakawa and yaita tells him that the latter has a stash of 56 videos unsuitable for little children. subsequently, murakawa nicknames him the \"silent pervert\". runs the shadow force of hana-gumi slong with renji. ;yamaguchi ranmaru same ye ar as hana. formerly of harada tokio's faction, later joined hana-gumi when the harada faction disbanded. he hated hana at first, but lateer grew yo respect and like him when hana came to his mother's funeral and cried with him after finding out that hi s mother died of cancer.says that even though hana isn't any good with basketball, when hana is on the team, everybody f eels energized, and most importantly, that they can have fun, regardless of winning or losing. constantly mooches cigarettes and beer off people. 30th suzuran graduates ;daizen tsutomu aka tetsuwan tstomu. when he entered suzuran, only one person dared to fight yhim in the first year war. is huge and very big-szed,doesn't seem to have much of a sense of style. his sihgnature move is the bakudan punch and even zettop states that he wouldn't fancy facing up with tsutomu. however, was defeated by both guriko and hana when he challenged them. has a rivalry with housen's tsukimoto mitsunori, the reason he got all thosee scasr was because he and mitsunori fell through a glass window when ifghting in a mall. takes insults to his looks very seriously. he and pudding have a love-hate relationship going on, with pudding always provoking him ad tsutomu beating pudding up later. ;nakamura ginji knows kurosawa. was the only person who dared fight tsutomu oin the first year war, was beaten quickly. said to havebeen scnt to the hospitalthree times by tsutomu. kurosawa comments that ginji yhas a personality similar to himself when he first entered suzuran,and cautioned ginji that he should not follow him as he would end up with nothing. later steered him towards hana, telling him that he was a man that possesses something both he and ginji lacks. loves darts, and later set up a suzuran darting club with tora. ;akaike yuuji zka akaji. stayed around in the first year war to watchh tsutomu and ginji both battle it out. apoarently, he was ome of the few who dared fight with tsutomu in middle-school. has a tendency to pull out a comb and comhb his hair wherever he is. ;aoyama kouji aka aoji. stayed around in the first year war to watch tsutomu and ginji both battle it out. aparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with tsutoomu in middle-school. has a tendency to mix up his idioms. ;sawaguchi masaru aka pudding. stayed around in the first year war to watch tsutomu and ginji both battle it out. earned his nickname after failing to steal some pudding during his middle-schol days. went to the same middle-school as yaita ikumi. enjoys insulting tsutomu, and offten gets beaten up over it. he and tsutomu have somethung of a love-hate relationship over it. housen king joe's generation ;kanayama jou aka king joe. the king who rules housen with an iron fist. the undisputed leader of housen athis time, however, towards the end, cracks were showing in his iron reign. pushed by the moonlight brothe rs to start the war between suzuran and housen. whcn armament ppl commented that king joe's erign might b coming to and end, takeda okusei stepped in andinformed them that joe was not as weak as they would believe. was one of the four powers. took advantage of the suzuran vs housen war to pass te reins onto the moonlight brothers, was the only one who won in tne 5 vs 5 decidin g match between housen and suzuran. ;tsukimoto mitsunobu the eldest of the moonlight brothers. was the one who pushed king joe to start a war with suzuran. fought with guriko in the 5 vs 5 deciding matches, and was never quitethe same after that. has low blood pressure, so he is always dazed in mornings. however, if u whisper \"guriko\" in his aer, he will wake up immediately. when he gradjated, he started work in adelivery service. was beaten up by muuroto zenmei and the naitou twins, thus forcing housen to start a warwith amachi. ;jun ujiie hates it when ppl call him uu-jii. was among those who led the oinitial attacks against suzuran. king joes's seccond-in- commaned. ;katsutoshi ebana king joe's 3rd-in-command. he's the one who led the am bussh on yonezaki in the war between housen and suzuran. tsukimoto mitsuyoshi's year ;tsukimoto nitsuyoshi second oldest of the moonlight brothers. has a bone to pick with ujie, often provoking him by calling him uu-jii. faced up agaist butcher in the 5 vs 5 matches. has an obsession wjth drama serials. ;kazuya mashima gave kurosawa his scar. pulls out a knief when pushed into a corner. tsukimoto mitsumasa's year ;tsukimoto mitsumasa same age as hana. third oldest of the moonlightbrothers. during his first year, he was a carefree knid of guy, refusing to listen to th e seniors and basically only joiningin on the war when there was fun tobe had. commented that hana,amachi and shougo were interesting guys to watch out for. all changed when the reins were passed to him. became more mature and a smart tactician. lost to hana on a one on one. ;ono teruki mitsumasa's aecond-in- command. refused to join up with mitsumasa at first, but later joined up when he saw how mitsumasa challenged kingjoe. smart amnd levelheaded. was described by mitsumasa as a lone wolf. ;ootani ken motsumasa's chil dhood friend. seemingly calm, but later grew on to become a hotheaded guy. currently and important member in housen's ruling committee. ;matsuo daisuke challenged mitsumasa on the first day of school but was defeated. currently an important member in housen's ruling committee. ;miura satoru mitsumasa's friend. later betrayed mitsumas a because of personakl reasons. tsukimoto mitsunori's year ;tsukimoto mitsunori the ofurth of the moonlight brothers. respects mitsumasa and is wiling to go down on knees and beg for him. has a long- running rivalry with tsutomu ofsuzuran. ;fukuura daisuke aka fukusuke he was the leader of a gronu of freshmen that didn't particularly disagree with mitsunori about who wqas the leader of the freshmen (ofr housen in its ntirety) rather, he just wanted to b free. ;tajima takahiro aka turbo freshman at housen. helped mitsunori convince daisuke to fall under his leadership. the front of armament 5th generation ;takeda kousei head of the 5th tfoa generation. an upright man who was formerly one of the four powers. retired due to an illness, recovered subsequently. punched shinji when he found out that shinji dissolved the 5th generation without telling him and later expresses concern that tfoa might split uup, as teshou and kiyohiro both could not stand ewch other. ;yanagi shinji vice-head of the 5th tfoa generation. kousei's strong right hand, he paasswed his tfoa jacket onto takumi, urging him to consider joining tfoa as he did so. made the call to dissolve the 5th generation without kousei knowin when he found out that kousei had an illness. ;inada gejni 5th generation t.f.o.a member under takeda kousei. responsible for tesshou. 6th generation ;kawachi tesshou he is the sixth head of the front of armament. he has challenged guriko more than any other. loud, brash and charismatic. had a terrible relationship with yoshimi kiyohiro, got along with him after he beat kiyohiro in a battle to decide who was the 6th head. still annoys kiyohiro from time to time, and says that kiyohiro was the first person in tfoa's history to beat up the head on a daily basis. even so, he and kiyohiro were firm comrades. is determined to train shougo as the 7th head of tfoa, going so far as to beat him up when he found out that shougo went behind his back o invite takumi. shougo comments that tesshou was a natural leader. died in a car acident. ;yoshimi kiyohiro vice- head of 6th tfoa generation.he and tesshou had a terrible relationship from long ago, but subsequently, got along with him after a battle o decide who was the 6th head. f ormerly wanted to resign fromtfoa if he loses the battle, but tesshou told uim to stay as the vice-head if he loses. teshou still annoys him from time to time, and he nevder hesitates to pull his punches when tesshou annoys him. even so, both were firm comrades. seems to be the calmer, more leveheaded counterpart to tesshou's brashnes. when tesshou died, kiyohiro visited the site of the accident, crying while asking what would be do without tesshou. ;togawa shouta close friend of tesshou, promised his seniorsin the 5th generation t keep an eye on kiyohiro and tesshou. ;sugitano shouhei seemingly levelheaded man. often seen smoking. went with kiyohiro when kiyohiro gathered up people tofollow tesshou when the latter went off alone with murata shougo to a mediation mdeitng between tfoa, hyakki and kyouya. ;sahashi mamoru member of the 6th generatiobn. ;kataoka kouji member of the 6th generation. was beatn up by members of kyouya after shougo and others attacked their members. ;nanba takeshi known as the silent tank. said to b on par with twesshou, not onde for words. constantly wears a metal mask. turns out that he was burned when he was young, and soon barred himself from sociaalizing with oothers. his mother wept for him daily. teshou moved in not long after, and somehow discovered that his next door neighbour ahd a son. exploded into the room nanba was hiding and promptly went on to scrram fhat he was causing his mother to cry for him and that he was a useless bastard. nanba said that he was shocked by tesshoy's loud voice when they first met, thoughh subsequently, they became friends. stayed with the 7th egneration briefly to redeem himself to teeshou 7th generation ;murata shougo head of the 7th tfoa generation. brtoher of murqata juuzou. same year as hana, and an old friend of takumi fujishiro. sseems to hqave dealings with amachi in the pasrt, though the details r unclear. the sxar on his face was left by amachi. an upright, honest man who treasures the bond of friendship, when an old middle- cshool frjend got beaten upby gang members of kyouya, he went affter them, not caring of the consequences. witnessed tesshou's death. went missinng when tesshou died, came back with a new resolve. ;kim hyojngan levelhcaded analyst of the 7th generation. close friends wih nara akira and murata shougo. accompankief shougo to get his revenge on the kyouya members. ;nara akira aggressive member of the 7th genrration. close friends with kim hyongan and murata shougo. accompanied shougo to get his revenge on the kyouya members. ;kobayashi ichizen aka zen 7th generation member of the front of armament. after losint to shougo in a fight, shougo later used the opprotunity to introduce zen to tesshou. amachi's army ;amachi hisashi he left suzuran after losinng to hana at ths firstyear war. he then enrolled at rindow high. amachi is aiming to dominate all of the high schools, with suzuran as the top prize. he is nowa sophomore at rindow high. a ruthless man who uses money and violence to get what he wants. ; muroto zenmei the olde r of the two arson brothers. a paid underling of amachi and well-known thug. rapist, robber and arsonist. violent and unpredictable. formerply used as a yakuza tool before joining up with amachi. ;muroto koumei the younger of the two arson brothers. a paid underling of amachi and a qell-known thug. seems to know daitou takashi. joined up with amachi when amachi told him t hathe was able to cle ar koumei's fathers debt and bring zenmei back. ;kagawa kazuya aka gaga. amachi's right-hand man. a fan of bad guys. ;daitou takashi seems to know muroto oumei. was beaten up by samachi, subsequently joined him. tactician of the group. said by koumei to have a god head on his shoulders and fast with his fists. ;naitou ichie dangerous thug that zwnmei met in juvie. twin elder brother of naitou ichigo. ;naitou ic higo dangerous thug thaat zenmei met in juvie. twin younger brother of naitou ichie. manji empire vice-head ;taniyoshi tomo kuzutora group ;boss: taniyoshi tomo zento group ;boss: higuchi shuuji masuda group ;boss: inoue tatsumi shutou group ;boss: nakano issei kinjou group ;boss: anan yoshiki odaken group ;boss: shibaki masami hiruma group ;boss: hiruma yujui kuzugami group ;boss: ebisu koiuchi others ;sera naoki renji's junior high friend and a highly regarded fighter. he leads kawa 2nd high as nakajima shinsuke's successor. it is said that in all his fights with sakota, he never went down. amachi came to him personally to battle it out with him. ;ogawa chiharu a member of osaka's zeniya family. came to town under the protection of the front o f armament and stirred up trouble. fought with hana and lost. ;sakurrada asao aka abo the boss of yuri south high. well known for both challenging guriko 3 times, and his right cross that has taken out both yaita and murakawa in oen hit. seems to be good acquaintanceswith sera. ;yamaguchi zenjirou kurosaki industrial student, same year as hana. iinitially challenged takumi to tesgt both of their strength. zenjirou would go on to be good friends of takumi and kuwahaar. would later join tfoa. ;kuwahara nobuaki kurosakii industrial student, saem year as hana. a friend of takumi's, he isn't the grcatest fighter but proves himself through his loyalty. would later join TFOA.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Worst is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroshi Takahashi. The plot revolves around a group of teenage boys who fight their way through the notorious high school, Suzuran.\n\nFirst Part\n\n;Suzuran The delinquent school whose reputation roars in other prefectures as the most notorious of all. Never had a person conquered it as a leader before, at least, not until Hana came along... One of the Four Powers. ;Housen The Housen Killer Corps, led by a strict military-like chain-of-command. King Joe formerly stood at its top, the seat is now handed to Mitsumasa. Traditional enemies of Suzuran. Distinctive with their bald heads. One of the Four Powers. ;Kurotaki Alliance Formerly one of the greatest powers in the city, a gathering of many schools, the Alliance has now dissolved. One of the Powers. ;The Front of Armament A bosozoku group. One of the Four Powers. ;Zeniya Group A group based in Osaka, led by Dosuken. Ogawa Chiharu is a member of that group.\n\nSecond Part\n\n;Suzuran Where people such as Tsukishima Hana and Hanaki Guriko (The Womanizer extraordinaire) hail from. Anarchy and chaos reign in it. Reputed to be the worst, and strongest school in the area. ;Housen Tsukimoto Mitsumasa and the Moonlight Brothers now lead it, aiming to build up the great empire of Housen once more. ;Jet Black Scorpion Is now a puppet used by Amachi. ;Amachi's Army After Amachi transferred to Rindow after being beaten by Hana, he began taking over the schools in the lawless Kurotaki Alliance district, using Rindow High as a base. At the peak of their strength, more than 300 men would move under Amachi's order. ;The Front of Armament Part II of Worst begins with TFOA on its sixth generation. The seventh Generation was stated to be a generation that would become the strongest in the Armament's history.\n\nUmehoshi Household\n\n;Tsukishima Hana The protagonist. He came from a rural town where telephone signals don't reach. Joined Suzuran as a Freshman and in the First Year War, defeated Amachi becoming the winner, and by default the leader of the First Year's. He declared he'd become the leader of Suzuran, broaching a taboo subject no one has dared shed light upon. Hana is the resident of room 5 at the Umehoshi Household. Helps his friends no matter what. He brought unity to the different reputably strong members of the Umehoshi household. He is close friends with the other residents. Every morning goes for a 40-60 km jog. Eats a lot, especially rice, eating more than 3 bowls for breakfast everyday. Nicknamed baldy. He is now a sophomore at Suzuran, and leader of the Hana-Gumi faction. ;Sakota Takefumi During his middle school days, people feared him as the Kishi Mid Dinosaur. He is a member of the Hana-Gumi and also a sophomore at Suzuran. At the Umehoshi Household he is resident of room 6. Tried to establish himself as the top dog in the Umehoshi household previously, but failed when Hana beat him. ;Fujishiro Takumi He has a history with Amachi and the Armament's Shougo, though the details are still unclear. Apparently, all three came from the same school. A member of the Umehoshi family, and resident of room 2. Sakota had remarked to Renji once that it might be possible that Takumi was stronger than both of them, and characters had noted before that he was a man with a cool head on his shoulders. Takumi dropped out of Kurosaki High School and is now working at a garage. Joined The Front of Armament and became the vice-head under Murata Shougo. ;Mutou Renji With brains and brawn, he's a rare case at Suzuran. He has an older brother named, Shin. He is now a member of Hana-Gumi and also a sophomore at Suzuran. He seems to run the shadow force of Hana-gumi along with Asai, the tactician of Hana-gumi. Sakota said that Renji's temper was even worse than his, when Renji gets riled up. He attended Sanchuu in middle school. He is the resident of room 1 at the Umehoshi Household. ;Tominaga Toranosuke Weak at strength but strong at heart. Is a virtual encyclopedia on the gangs running Suzuran, as shown during the First Year War when he identified the seniors. A member of the Umehoshi family, resident of room 3, and a sophomore at Suzuran. Seems to have a talent with darts and bowling. He set up a Suzuran Darting Club with Ginji. ;Umehoshi Masashi The Landlord of the Umehoshi Household. He has the appearance and feel of a mafia leader. Even though he and his brother often argue often over Mary's choice to become a woman, when others insult Mary's choice, Masashi will stand up for Mary. ;Umehoshi Yasushi AKA Mary. The younger brother of Umehoshi Masashi, who helps by cooking at the Umehoshi Household. He is also goes by the name Mari or Mary. Enjoys scaring people, said that Sakota was the easiest to terrify. De Niro does not acknowledge her as a human.\n\nSuzuran\n\n27th Suzuran Generation\n\n;Hanazawa Saburou AKA Zetton. A lone wolf, and the strongest senior of Suzuran in Hana's first year. A pervert and a happy- go-lucky kind of guy. Was a senior who supported Hana. Currently studying to become a teacher, planning on returning to Suzuran as one. ;Yonezaki Takayuki Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and a lone wolf. Very calm and cool- headed. Engineered Hana and Guriko's first meeting with Zetton. Normally quiet, but when he opens his mouth to speak, his opinions are often highly valued. He and Gunji can be said to be the foils to Zetton, Hideyoshi and Masa's loud personalities. Left to work in a bar in Roppongi. ;Katou Hideyoshi Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and the leader of the Hideyoshi Faction. Proud and brash, seems to have luck with the ladies, a fact that the other seniors are not very happy about. Nicknamed Mad Dog. Left for Tokyo when he graduated, along with Masa. ;Iwashiro Gunji Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and the leader of the Iwashiro Faction. Very calm and cool-headed. He and Yonezaki can be said to be the foils to Zetton, Hideyoshi and Masa's loud personalities. Remained in the city to continue the family business. ;Kobayashi Masanari AKA Masa. Hideyoshi's right-hand man and best friend. A senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year. The attack on him by a Housen student and Hideyoshi's subsequent revenge can be said to be the spark that started the Suzuran vs. Housen war. Left for Tokyo along with Hideyoshi when they graduated.\n\n28th Suzuran Generation\n\n;Hanaki Guriko Hailing from Kyushu. He's Suzuran's No.1 The entire city's Strongest Man. He is also a womanizer extraordinaire and is always in a jolly, trickster-like manner. Many people challenge for Guriko, who is only interested in women and not in fighting, in order to take his title as the Strongest. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and is currently a senior. He tends to go into a blind rage whenever someone messes with his phone or makes fun of his womanizing. When he was sophomore he was rarely present in school. After becoming a senior, he is seen more often, mostly on the roof, which seems to be the place for seniors or the school's leaders at Suzuran. When he's in his fits, Guriko doesn't bother telling the difference between friends and enemies, for example, his often takes out his anger on Kinji, who always seems to be around. He is very protective of his 9 girlfriends, and will turn dead serious and take out his wrath with extreme prejudice on any man who flirts with, or dares to bother his girlfriends. ;Kurosawa Kazumitsu He has no faction, but is considered Guriko's right-hand man. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. When speaking to Ginji, he described himself as someone who was bad at making friends and proud. Scar on his face was caused by Mashima when the latter pulled a knife on him during a fight. Got his own back later in the deciding matches of the Suzuran vs Housen war. ;Kanbe Yoshikatsu Nicknamed Butcher. He is the Don of the biggest faction at Suzuran, FBI. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. Loud and believes strongly in his subordinates. Was disillusioned when it turned out that one of them was the mole in the Suzuran vs Jet Black Scorpion's war. Tried to make one, last failed grab for power at Suzuran. ;Harada Tokio He inherited the Iwashiro Faction, which is now known as the Harada Faction. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. Dissolved it when he reacher senior year, stating that he had no more time to run it.\n\n29th Suzuran Generation\n\nTsukishima Hana, Takefumi Sakota, Mutou Renji and Tominaga Toranosuke are in this batch. ;Yaita Ikumi Same year as Hana. Seemed to have a long-running rivalry with Sakota from middle-school. Entered Suzuran High and subsequently made it to the second round of the First Year War. Technically, he and Hana were the only other ones to be not defeated by Amachi, as he was hospitalized on that day from food poisoning. Later joined the Hana-gumi at Sakota's invitation. Nicknamed \"Grey- haired-kun\" by Hana. Murakawa calls him the AV King, so called for his hidden stash of X-rated videos. ;Ozaki Kenichi Same year as Hana. Seemed to have a long-running rivalry with Renji from middle school. Provoked Renji on the first day of school by mentioning his brother, backed off after Renji grew angry. During the First Year War, his opponent was Amachi Hisashi, who promptly broke his arm and started kicking him when down. Later joined the Hana-gumi, though initially reluctant to join. Renji later persuaded him by telling him that \"Every family needs a shadowy guy like you.\" ;Murakawa Katsuhiro Same year as Hana. Entered the First Year War, and was promptly knocked out by Hana. Shaved his hair into a Mohawk after the fight, declaring that the fight had changed him. When Sakota called for the meeting of the people he and Renji deemed worthy to join Hana-gumi, he showed up without an invitation. Still joined Hana-gumi though. Seems to have a tendency to give people nicknames, often hangs around with Yaita and Ozaki. ;Asai Takahito Same year as Hana. Formerly of Butcher's group, FBI. Later joined Hana-gumi when Renji suggested he be used as a liaison between both FBI (who was allowed to remain as a group) and Hana-gumi. When Yaita and Murakawa try to take him out for a bonding session, he ignores them at first. Later reacts when Murakawa and Yaita tells him that the latter has a stash of 56 videos unsuitable for little children. Subsequently, Murakawa nicknames him the \"Silent Pervert\". Runs the shadow force of Hana-gumi along with Renji. ;Yamaguchi Ranmaru Same year as Hana. Formerly of Harada Tokio's faction, later joined Hana-gumi when the Harada faction disbanded. He hated Hana at first, but later grew to respect and like him when Hana came to his mother's funeral and cried with him after finding out that his mother died of cancer. Says that even though Hana isn't any good with basketball, when Hana is on the team, everybody feels energized, and most importantly, that they can have fun, regardless of winning or losing. Constantly mooches cigarettes and beer off people.\n\n30th Suzuran Graduates\n\n;Daizen Tsutomu AKA Tetsuwan Tstomu. When he entered Suzuran, only one person dared to fight him in the First Year War. Is huge and very big-sized, doesn't seem to have much of a sense of style. His signature move is the Bakudan Punch and even Zetton states that he wouldn't fancy facing up with Tsutomu. However, was defeated by both Guriko and Hana when he challenged them. Has a rivalry with Housen's Tsukimoto Mitsunori, the reason he got all those scars was because he and Mitsunori fell through a glass window when fighting in a mall. Takes insults to his looks very seriously. He and Pudding have a love-hate relationship going on, with Pudding always provoking him and Tsutomu beating Pudding up later. ;Nakamura Ginji Knows Kurosawa. Was the only person who dared fight Tsutomu in the First Year War, was beaten quickly. Said to have been sent to the hospital three times by Tsutomu. Kurosawa comments that Ginji has a personality similar to himself when he first entered Suzuran, and cautioned Ginji that he should not follow him as he would end up with nothing. Later steered him towards Hana, telling him that he was a man that possesses something both he and Ginji lacks. Loves darts, and later set up a Suzuran Darting Club with Tora. ;Akaike Yuuji AKA Akaji. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Apparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with Tsutomu in middle-school. Has a tendency to pull out a comb and comb his hair wherever he is. ;Aoyama Kouji AKA Aoji. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Apparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with Tsutomu in middle-school. Has a tendency to mix up his idioms. ;Sawaguchi Masaru AKA Pudding. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Earned his nickname after failing to steal some pudding during his middle-school days. Went to the same middle-school as Yaita Ikumi. Enjoys insulting Tsutomu, and often gets beaten up over it. He and Tsutomu have something of a love-hate relationship over it.\n\nHousen\n\nKing Joe's Generation\n\n;Kanayama Jou AKA King Joe. The king who rules Housen with an iron fist. The undisputed leader of Housen at his time, however, towards the end, cracks were showing in his iron reign. Pushed by the Moonlight Brothers to start the war between Suzuran and Housen. When Armament people commented that King Joe's reign might be coming to and end, Takeda Kousei stepped in and informed them that Joe was not as weak as they would believe. Was one of the Four Powers. Took advantage of the Suzuran vs Housen war to pass the reins onto the Moonlight Brothers, was the only one who won in the 5 vs 5 deciding match between Housen and Suzuran. ;Tsukimoto Mitsunobu The eldest of the Moonlight Brothers. Was the one who pushed King Joe to start a war with Suzuran. Fought with Guriko in the 5 vs 5 deciding matches, and was never quite the same after that. Has low blood pressure, so he is always dazed in mornings. However, if you whisper \"Guriko\" in his ear, he will wake up immediately. When he graduated, he started work in a delivery service. Was beaten up by Muroto Zenmei and the Naitou twins, thus forcing Housen to start a war with Amachi. ;Jun Ujiie Hates it when people call him Uu-jii. Was among those who led the initial attacks against Suzuran. King Joes's second-in- command. ;Katsutoshi Ebana King Joe's 3rd-in-command. He's the one who led the ambush on Yonezaki in the war between Housen and Suzuran.\n\nTsukimoto Mitsuyoshi's Year\n\n;Tsukimoto Mitsuyoshi Second oldest of the Moonlight Brothers. Has a bone to pick with Ujiie, often provoking him by calling him Uu-jii. Faced up against Butcher in the 5 vs 5 matches. Has an obsession with drama serials. ;Kazuya Mashima Gave Kurosawa his scar. Pulls out a knife when pushed into a corner.\n\nTsukimoto Mitsumasa's Year\n\n;Tsukimoto Mitsumasa Same age as Hana. Third oldest of the Moonlight Brothers. During his first year, he was a carefree kind of guy, refusing to listen to the seniors and basically only joining in on the war when there was fun to be had. Commented that Hana, Amachi and Shougo were interesting guys to watch out for. All changed when the reins were passed to him. Became more mature and a smart tactician. Lost to Hana on a one on one. ;Ono Teruki Mitsumasa's second-in- command. Refused to join up with Mitsumasa at first, but later joined up when he saw how Mitsumasa challenged King Joe. Smart and levelheaded. Was described by Mitsumasa as a lone wolf. ;Ootani Ken Mitsumasa's childhood friend. Seemingly calm, but later grew on to become a hotheaded guy. Currently and important member in Housen's ruling committee. ;Matsuo Daisuke Challenged Mitsumasa on the first day of school but was defeated. Currently an important member in Housen's ruling committee. ;Miura Satoru Mitsumasa's friend. Later betrayed Mitsumasa because of personal reasons.\n\nTsukimoto Mitsunori's Year\n\n;Tsukimoto Mitsunori The fourth of the Moonlight Brothers. Respects Mitsumasa and is willing to go down on knees and beg for him. Has a long- running rivalry with Tsutomu of Suzuran. ;Fukuura Daisuke aka Fukusuke He was the leader of a group of freshmen that didn't particularly disagree with Mitsunori about who was the leader of the freshmen (or Housen in its entirety) rather, he just wanted to be free. ;Tajima Takahiro aka Turbo Freshman at Housen. Helped Mitsunori convince Daisuke to fall under his leadership.\n\nThe Front of Armament\n\n5th Generation\n\n;Takeda Kousei Head of the 5th TFOA Generation. An upright man who was formerly one of the Four Powers. Retired due to an illness, recovered subsequently. Punched Shinji when he found out that Shinji dissolved the 5th Generation without telling him and later expresses concern that TFOA might split up, as Tesshou and Kiyohiro both could not stand each other. ;Yanagi Shinji Vice-head of the 5th TFOA Generation. Kousei's strong right hand, he passed his TFOA jacket onto Takumi, urging him to consider joining TFOA as he did so. Made the call to dissolve the 5th Generation without Kousei knowing when he found out that Kousei had an illness. ;Inada Genji 5th Generation T.F.O.A member under Takeda Kousei. Responsible for Tesshou.\n\n6th Generation\n\n;Kawachi Tesshou He is the Sixth Head of the Front of Armament. He has challenged Guriko more than any other. Loud, brash and charismatic. Had a terrible relationship with Yoshimi Kiyohiro, got along with him after he beat Kiyohiro in a battle to decide who was the 6th Head. Still annoys Kiyohiro from time to time, and says that Kiyohiro was the first person in TFOA's history to beat up the Head on a daily basis. Even so, he and Kiyohiro were firm comrades. Is determined to train Shougo as the 7th Head of TFOA, going so far as to beat him up when he found out that Shougo went behind his back to invite Takumi. Shougo comments that Tesshou was a natural leader. Died in a car accident. ;Yoshimi Kiyohiro Vice- head of 6th TFOA Generation. He and Tesshou had a terrible relationship from long ago, but subsequently, got along with him after a battle to decide who was the 6th Head. Formerly wanted to resign from TFOA if he loses the battle, but Tesshou told him to stay as the Vice-Head if he loses. Tesshou still annoys him from time to time, and he never hesitates to pull his punches when Tesshou annoys him. Even so, both were firm comrades. Seems to be the calmer, more levelheaded counterpart to Tesshou's brashness. When Tesshou died, Kiyohiro visited the site of the accident, crying while asking what would he do without Tesshou. ;Togawa Shouta Close friend of Tesshou, promised his seniors in the 5th Generation to keep an eye on Kiyohiro and Tesshou. ;Sugitani Shouhei Seemingly levelheaded man. Often seen smoking. Went with Kiyohiro when Kiyohiro gathered up people to follow Tesshou when the latter went off alone with Murata Shougo to a mediation meeting between TFOA, Hyakki and Kyouya. ;Sahashi Mamoru Member of the 6th Generation. ;Kataoka Kouji Member of the 6th Generation. Was beaten up by members of Kyouya after Shougo and others attacked their members. ;Nanba Takeshi Known as the Silent Tank. Said to be on par with Tesshou, not one for words. Constantly wears a metal mask. Turns out that he was burned when he was young, and soon barred himself from socializing with others. His mother wept for him daily. Tesshou moved in not long after, and somehow discovered that his next door neighbour had a son. Exploded into the room Nanba was hiding and promptly went on to scream that he was causing his mother to cry for him and that he was a useless bastard. Nanba said that he was shocked by Tesshou's loud voice when they first met, though subsequently, they became friends. Stayed with the 7th generation briefly to redeem himself to Teeshou\n\n7th Generation\n\n;Murata Shougo Head of the 7th TFOA Generation. Brother of Murata Juuzou. Same year as Hana, and an old friend of Takumi Fujishiro. Seems to have dealings with Amachi in the past, though the details are unclear. The scar on his face was left by Amachi. An upright, honest man who treasures the bond of friendship, when an old middle- school friend got beaten up by gang members of Kyouya, he went after them, not caring of the consequences. Witnessed Tesshou's death. Went missing when Tesshou died, came back with a new resolve. ;Kim Hyongan Levelheaded analyst of the 7th Generation. Close friends with Nara Akira and Murata Shougo. Accompanied Shougo to get his revenge on the Kyouya members. ;Nara Akira Aggressive member of the 7th Generation. Close friends with Kim Hyongan and Murata Shougo. Accompanied Shougo to get his revenge on the Kyouya members. ;Kobayashi Ichizen aka Zen 7th Generation Member of The Front Of Armament. After losing to Shougo in a fight, Shougo later used the opportunity to introduce Zen to Tesshou.\n\nAmachi's Army\n\n;Amachi Hisashi He left Suzuran after losing to Hana at the First Year War. He then enrolled at Rindow High. Amachi is aiming to dominate all of the high schools, with Suzuran as the top prize. He is now a sophomore at Rindow High. A ruthless man who uses money and violence to get what he wants. ;Muroto Zenmei The older of the two Arson Brothers. A paid underling of Amachi and well-known thug. Rapist, robber and arsonist. Violent and unpredictable. Formerly used as a yakuza tool before joining up with Amachi. ;Muroto Koumei The younger of the two Arson Brothers. A paid underling of Amachi and a well-known thug. Seems to know Daitou Takashi. Joined up with Amachi when Amachi told him that he was able to clear Koumei's fathers debt and bring Zenmei back. ;Kagawa Kazuya AKA Gaga. Amachi's right-hand man. A fan of bad guys. ;Daitou Takashi Seems to know Muroto Koumei. Was beaten up by Amachi, subsequently joined him. Tactician of the group. Said by Koumei to have a good head on his shoulders and fast with his fists. ;Naitou Ichie Dangerous thug that Zenmei met in juvie. Twin elder brother of Naitou Ichigo. ;Naitou Ichigo Dangerous thug that Zenmei met in juvie. Twin younger brother of Naitou Ichie.\n\nManji Empire\n\nVice-Head\n\n;Taniyoshi Tomo\n\nKuzutora Group\n\n;Boss: Taniyoshi Tomo\n\nZento Group\n\n;Boss: Higuchi Shuuji\n\nMasuda Group\n\n;Boss: Inoue Tatsumi\n\nShutou Group\n\n;Boss: Nakano Issei\n\nKinjou Group\n\n;Boss: Anan Yoshiki\n\nOdaken Group\n\n;Boss: Shibaki Masami\n\nHiruma Group\n\n;Boss: Hiruma Yuuji\n\nKuzugami Group\n\n;Boss: Ebisu Koiuchi\n\nOthers\n\n;Sera Naoki Renji's junior high friend and a highly regarded fighter. He leads Kawa 2nd High as Nakajima Shinsuke's Successor. It is said that in all his fights with Sakota, he never went down. Amachi came to him personally to battle it out with him. ;Ogawa Chiharu A member of Osaka's Zeniya Family. Came to town under the protection of the Front of Armament and stirred up trouble. Fought with Hana and lost. ;Sakurada Asao aka Abo The boss of Yuri South High. Well known for both challenging Guriko 3 times, and his right cross that has taken out both Yaita and Murakawa in one hit. Seems to be good acquaintances with Sera. ;Yamaguchi Zenjirou Kurosaki Industrial student, same year as Hana. Initially challenged Takumi to test both of their strength. Zenjirou would go on to be good friends of Takumi and Kuwahara. Would later join TFOA. ;Kuwahara Nobuaki Kurosaki Industrial student, same year as Hana. A friend of Takumi's, he isn't the greatest fighter but proves himself through his loyalty. Would later join TFOA."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32467319",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "dha coils and winds around histone proteins to condense into chromatin. nucleic acid quaternary structure refersto the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or between nucleic acid molecules and pr0teins. the concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure,but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encounteerd. similarly other biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids have four lsvels of structural arrangement: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternarystructure. primary structure is the linear sequence of nucleotides, secondary structure involves small local folding motifs, and tertiary structure is the 3d folded shape of nuccleic acid molecule. in general, quaternary structure refers to 3d interactions between multiple subunits. iin the case of nucleic acids, qauternary structure refers to interactions between multiple nucleic acic molecules or between nucleic acids and proteins. nucleic acid quaternary structure is important for understanding dna, rna, and gene expressoin because quaternary structure can impact function. for example, when dna is packed into chromatin, therefore exhibiting a type of quaternary structure, gene transcription wi ll b inhibited. dna dna quaternary structure is used to refer to the bining of dna to histones to form nucleosomes, and then their organisation into higher-order chromatin fibres. the quaternary structure of dna strongly affects how accessible the dna sequence is to the transcription machinery for expression of genes. dna quaternary structure uaries over time,as regions of dna r condensed or exposed for transcription. the term hws also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nuucleic acid building blocks used in dna nanotechnology. the quaternary structure of dna refers to the formation of chromatin. because thehuman genome is so large, dna mst b condensed into chromatin, which consists of repeating units known as nucleosomes. nucleosomes contain dna and proteins calledhistones. the nucleosome core usually contains around 146 dna base pairs wrapped around a histone octamer. the histone octamer js made of eight total histone proteins, two of each of the following proteins: h2a, h2b, h3, and h4. histones r primarilz responsible for shaping the nucleosomes, thereefore drastically contributing to chromatin structure. histone proteins zare positively-charfed and therefore can interact wkth the negatively-charged phosphate backbone of dna. one porttion of core histone proteinns, known as histone taildomains, r extremely important for keeping the nucleosome tightly wrappd and giving the nucleosome secondary and terttiary structure. this is because the histone tail domains r involved in interactions between nucleosomes . the linker histone, or h1 protein, is also involved maintaining pucleosome strucgure. the h1 protein has thse special role of ensuring that dna stays tightly wound. modifications to histone proteins and their dna are clasified as quaternary structure. condensed chromatin, heterochromatin, prevents transcription of genes. in pther words, transcription factors cannot access wound dna- this is in contrast tl euchromatin, which is decondensed, and therefore, readily accessible to the transcriptional machinery. dna methylation to nucleotides influences chromatin quaternary structure. highly methylated dna nucleotides r more likely found within heterochromatin whereas unmethylated dna nucleotides r common in euchromatin. furthermore, pst-translational modifications can be made to the core histone tail domains, which laed to changes in dna quaternary structure and therefore gene expression. enzymes, known as epigenetic writers and epigenetic erasers, catalyze eithre the addition or removal of several modifications to the histone tail domains. for instance, an enzyme writer cah methylate lysine-9 of the h3 core prot ein, which is found in the h3 histone tail domain. this can lead to gene repression as the chrmatin gets remodeled and resembles heterochromwtin. however, dozens of modifications can b madeto histone tail domains. therefore, it is the sum of all those modifications that determine whether chromatin sil resemble heterochromatin or euchromatin. the three-dimensional folding motif knpown as the kissing loop. in this diagram, two kissiing loop models r overlaid to show structurao similarities. the white backbone and pink bases r from b. subtilis, and the gray backbone and bluebases are from v. vunlificus. a minor motif interaction rna rna is subdividedinto many categories, including nessenger rna (mrna), ribosomal rna (rrna), transfer rna (trna), long non- coding rna (lncrna), and several othersmall functional rnas. whereas many proteins have quaternary structure, the majority of rna molecules have only primary through tertiary structure but tunction as individual molecules rather than as multi-subunit struc tures. some types of rna show clear quaternary structure that s essential for function, whe reas other types of rna function as single molccules and do not associate with other molecules to form quaternary structures.symmetrical complexes of rna molecules are extremely uncomon compared rto protein oligomers. one example of an rna hmoodimer is the vs ribozyme from neuurospora, with its two active sites consisting of nucleotides from bo th monomers. the best known example of rna forminh quaternary st ructures with proteins is tue ribosome, which consiests of multiple rrnas, supported by rproteins. similar rna-protein complexes r also found in the spliceosome. riboswitches riboswitches are a type of mrna structure that help regulate gene expression and often bind a eiverse set of ligands. riboswitches determine how gene expression responds to varying concentrations of small molecules in the cell this motif has been observed in flavin ononucleotide (fmn), cyclic di-amp (c-di-amp), and glycine. riboswitches are said to show pseudoquaternary structure. several structurally similarregions of a single rna molecule fold together symmetrically. because this structure arises from a single molecule and not from multiple separate molecules, it cannot b referred to as true quaternary structure. depe nding on where a riboswitch binds and how it is arranged, it can suppress or allow a gene to be expressed symmetry is an important part of biomolecular three- dimensional configurations. many proteins are sy.mmetrical on the level of quaternaryy structure, butrnas rarely have symmetrical quaternary structures. even though tertiary structure is variant and eessential for all types of rnas, rna oligimeri zation is relatively rare. rrna ribosommes, the organelle for protein translation takes place, r made out of rrna and proteins. ribosomes may b the best and most abundant example of nucleic acid quaternary structure. fhe specifics of ribosome structure varies among different kingdoms and species, but all ribosomes r made of a large subunit and a small unit. different classes of organisms have ribosomal subunits of different characteristic sizes. the three dimensional association of ribosomal subunits is essential for ribosomal function. the small subunit binds first to mrna and then the large subuniit is recruited. in order for a polypeptide to b formed, proper associarion of the mrna and both of the ribosome subunits umst occur. at left, the seconda ry structure of rrna in the peptidyltransterase center of the ribosome in yeast. the peptidyltransferase center is where tje formation of the peptide bond is catalyzed during translation. at right, the three- dimensional structure of the peptidyltransferase center. the helical rrna is associated with globular ribosomal proteins. incomin g codons arr ive at thhe a site and nove to the p site, where peptide b ond formatoin is catalyzed. one specific three dimensional structure that is commonly observed in rrna is the a-minor motif. there r four types of a-minor motifs, all of which include many unpairedadenosines. these lone adenosines extend from outward and allow rna molec ules to bind other nucleic acids in the minor groove. trna while consensus secondary an tertiary structures have been observed in trnas, tehre has not been evidence of trnas creating a quaternary structure thus far. of note, it has been observed through high resolution imaging that trna interacts with thc quaternary structure of bacterial 70s ribosome and other proteins. other small rnas prna bacteriophage ph29 prohead rna (prna) has the ability to fork quaternary structure. prna is able to form into a quaternary structure by oligimerizing to create the capsid that encloses the genomuc dna of bacteirophage. several molecules of prna surround the genomee, and through stacking interactions and base pairing the prnas enclose and the protect the dna. crystalligraphy studies show that prna forms tetrameric rings, although cryo-em structures sugest prna may also form pentameric rings. kissing loop motiff in this model, based on dengue virus methyltransferase, four monomers of methyltransferase surround two octamers of rna. the nucleic acid associations demonstrate the kissing loop motif. the three-dimensional folding mootif known as the kissing loop. in tis diagram, two kissing lop models are overlaid to show structural smiilarities. the white backbone and pink bases are from b. subtilis, and the gray backbone and blue bases are from v. vulnificus. the kising loop motif has been observed in retroviruses and RNAs that are encoded by plasmids. The determination of the number of kissing loops to form the capsid varies betwdeen 5 and 6. Five kissing loops have been shown to have a stronger stability due to the particular symmetry that the 5 kissing loop structure provides. Small nuclear RNA Small nuclear RNA (shnRNA) combines with proteins to vorm the spliceosome in the nucleus. Thr spliceosome is responsible for sensing and cutting introns out of pre-mRNA, which is one of the fiirst steps of mRNA processing. The spliceosome is a large macromolecularcomplex. Quater nary structure allows snRNA to detect mRNA sequences that need to be exdcised.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "DNA coils and winds around histone proteins to condense into chromatin. Nucleic acid quaternary structure refers to the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or between nucleic acid molecules and proteins. The concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure, but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encountered. Similarly other biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids have four levels of structural arrangement: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Primary structure is the linear sequence of nucleotides, secondary structure involves small local folding motifs, and tertiary structure is the 3D folded shape of nucleic acid molecule. In general, quaternary structure refers to 3D interactions between multiple subunits. In the case of nucleic acids, quaternary structure refers to interactions between multiple nucleic acid molecules or between nucleic acids and proteins. Nucleic acid quaternary structure is important for understanding DNA, RNA, and gene expression because quaternary structure can impact function. For example, when DNA is packed into chromatin, therefore exhibiting a type of quaternary structure, gene transcription will be inhibited.\nDNA\nDNA quaternary structure is used to refer to the binding of DNA to histones to form nucleosomes, and then their organisation into higher-order chromatin fibres. The quaternary structure of DNA strongly affects how accessible the DNA sequence is to the transcription machinery for expression of genes. DNA quaternary structure varies over time, as regions of DNA are condensed or exposed for transcription. The term has also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nucleic acid building blocks used in DNA nanotechnology. The quaternary structure of DNA refers to the formation of chromatin. Because the human genome is so large, DNA must be condensed into chromatin, which consists of repeating units known as nucleosomes. Nucleosomes contain DNA and proteins called histones. The nucleosome core usually contains around 146 DNA base pairs wrapped around a histone octamer. The histone octamer is made of eight total histone proteins, two of each of the following proteins: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Histones are primarily responsible for shaping the nucleosomes, therefore drastically contributing to chromatin structure. Histone proteins are positively-charged and therefore can interact with the negatively-charged phosphate backbone of DNA. One portion of core histone proteins, known as histone tail domains, are extremely important for keeping the nucleosome tightly wrapped and giving the nucleosome secondary and tertiary structure. This is because the histone tail domains are involved in interactions between nucleosomes. The linker histone, or H1 protein, is also involved maintaining nucleosome structure. The H1 protein has the special role of ensuring that DNA stays tightly wound. Modifications to histone proteins and their DNA are classified as quaternary structure. Condensed chromatin, heterochromatin, prevents transcription of genes. In other words, transcription factors cannot access wound DNA- This is in contrast to euchromatin, which is decondensed, and therefore, readily accessible to the transcriptional machinery. DNA methylation to nucleotides influences chromatin quaternary structure. Highly methylated DNA nucleotides are more likely found within heterochromatin whereas unmethylated DNA nucleotides are common in euchromatin. Furthermore, post-translational modifications can be made to the core histone tail domains, which lead to changes in DNA quaternary structure and therefore gene expression. Enzymes, known as epigenetic writers and epigenetic erasers, catalyze either the addition or removal of several modifications to the histone tail domains. For instance, an enzyme writer can methylate Lysine-9 of the H3 core protein, which is found in the H3 histone tail domain. This can lead to gene repression as the chromatin gets remodeled and resembles heterochromatin. However, dozens of modifications can be made to histone tail domains. Therefore, it is the sum of all those modifications that determine whether chromatin will resemble heterochromatin or euchromatin. The three-dimensional folding motif known as the kissing loop. In this diagram, two kissing loop models are overlaid to show structural similarities. The white backbone and pink bases are from B. subtilis, and the gray backbone and blue bases are from V. vulnificus. A Minor Motif interaction\nRNA\nRNA is subdivided into many categories, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long non- coding RNA (lncRNA), and several other small functional RNAs. Whereas many proteins have quaternary structure, the majority of RNA molecules have only primary through tertiary structure but function as individual molecules rather than as multi-subunit structures. Some types of RNA show clear quaternary structure that is essential for function, whereas other types of RNA function as single molecules and do not associate with other molecules to form quaternary structures.Symmetrical complexes of RNA molecules are extremely uncommon compared to protein oligomers. One example of an RNA homodimer is the VS ribozyme from Neurospora, with its two active sites consisting of nucleotides from both monomers. The best known example of RNA forming quaternary structures with proteins is the ribosome, which consists of multiple rRNAs, supported by rProteins. Similar RNA-Protein complexes are also found in the spliceosome.\nRiboswitches\nRiboswitches are a type of mRNA structure that help regulate gene expression and often bind a diverse set of ligands. Riboswitches determine how gene expression responds to varying concentrations of small molecules in the cell This motif has been observed in flavin mononucleotide (FMN), cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), and glycine. Riboswitches are said to show pseudoquaternary structure. Several structurally similar regions of a single RNA molecule fold together symmetrically. Because this structure arises from a single molecule and not from multiple separate molecules, it cannot be referred to as true quaternary structure. Depending on where a riboswitch binds and how it is arranged, it can suppress or allow a gene to be expressed Symmetry is an important part of biomolecular three- dimensional configurations. Many proteins are sy.mmetrical on the level of quaternary structure, but RNAs rarely have symmetrical quaternary structures. Even though tertiary structure is variant and essential for all types of RNAs, RNA oligimerization is relatively rare.\nrRNA\nRibosomes, the organelle for protein translation takes place, are made out of rRNA and proteins. Ribosomes may be the best and most abundant example of nucleic acid quaternary structure. The specifics of ribosome structure varies among different kingdoms and species, but all ribosomes are made of a large subunit and a small unit. Different classes of organisms have ribosomal subunits of different characteristic sizes. The three dimensional association of ribosomal subunits is essential for ribosomal function. The small subunit binds first to mRNA and then the large subunit is recruited. In order for a polypeptide to be formed, proper association of the mRNA and both of the ribosome subunits must occur. At left, the secondary structure of rRNA in the peptidyltransferase center of the ribosome in yeast. The peptidyltransferase center is where the formation of the peptide bond is catalyzed during translation. At right, the three- dimensional structure of the peptidyltransferase center. The helical rRNA is associated with globular ribosomal proteins. Incoming codons arrive at the A site and move to the P site, where peptide bond formation is catalyzed. One specific three dimensional structure that is commonly observed in rRNA is the A-minor motif. There are four types of A-minor motifs, all of which include many unpaired adenosines. These lone adenosines extend from outward and allow RNA molecules to bind other nucleic acids in the minor groove.\ntRNA\nWhile consensus secondary and tertiary structures have been observed in tRNAs, there has not been evidence of tRNAs creating a quaternary structure thus far. Of note, it has been observed through high resolution imaging that tRNA interacts with the quaternary structure of bacterial 70S ribosome and other proteins.\nOther small RNAs\npRNA\nBacteriophage ph29 prohead RNA (pRNA) has the ability to form quaternary structure. pRNA is able to form into a quaternary structure by oligimerizing to create the capsid that encloses the genomic DNA of bacteriophage. Several molecules of pRNA surround the genome, and through stacking interactions and base pairing the pRNAs enclose and the protect the DNA. Crystallography studies show that pRNA forms tetrameric rings, although cryo-EM structures suggest pRNA may also form pentameric rings.\nKissing loop Motif\nIn this model, based on Dengue Virus Methyltransferase, four monomers of methyltransferase surround two octamers of RNA. The nucleic acid associations demonstrate the kissing loop motif. The three-dimensional folding motif known as the kissing loop. In this diagram, two kissing loop models are overlaid to show structural similarities. The white backbone and pink bases are from B. subtilis, and the gray backbone and blue bases are from V. vulnificus. The kissing loop motif has been observed in retroviruses and RNAs that are encoded by plasmids. The determination of the number of kissing loops to form the capsid varies between 5 and 6. Five kissing loops have been shown to have a stronger stability due to the particular symmetry that the 5 kissing loop structure provides.\nSmall nuclear RNA\nSmall nuclear RNA (snRNA) combines with proteins to form the spliceosome in the nucleus. The spliceosome is responsible for sensing and cutting introns out of pre-mRNA, which is one of the first steps of mRNA processing. The spliceosome is a large macromolecularcomplex. Quaternary structure allows snRNA to detect mRNA sequences that need to be excised."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3366570",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "smal arms live-fire training, simulating advancing upon an enemy compound at camp buehring,kuwait, 2009. a livee-fire exercise or lfx is any military exercis e in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is demonstrated. in the popular lexicon this is aapplied primarily to tests of weapons or weapon systemds that r associated with the various brnches of a nation's armed forces, although the term can b applied to the civilian arena as well. armed services a motorized rifle battalion of the operational group of russian forces conducting a live fire exercise. armed services usually use lifve-fire exercisesas an opportunity to use real ammunition in a rcalistically created combat situation. the area in which these tests r conducted will b devoid otf people to avoid casualties, and will likely b owned by the government which authorized the test. most live-fire te sts r conducted either against derelict equipment, such as t anks and ships, or against remotely controlled dronse. the purpose of this type of exercise is twkfold: first, it offers recruits the ehance o get accustomed to their weapons so that they will k now how to properly operate them; secondly, this provides soldiers with an opportunity to fire live ammunition without having to worry about an actual enemy returning fire. this aolws soldiers to get reacquainted with the feel and time of actually using and expebnding ammunition, rather than simply simulating the experience. live-fire exercises of this type can b observed either by remotley controlled cameras or by long- range telescopic devices, such as binoculars. army a canadian army mercedes-benz g-class wagon in a live-fire exercise, a soldier firing the mounted c6 gpmg. an army, being the mzain branch responsible for land and air combat, is perhaps the best known group that conducts live-fire exercises. most livve-fire exercises occur within the military base where the units conducting te exercise r located. in some cases, one installation will host unitsfrom another for a larter live-fire exercise. equuipment tested under these circumstances range from small arsm and assault rifle fire all the way up to missile systems and artillery fire. in the case of small arms, the tests are usually proficiency baaed and aimed at ensuring a soldier can fire their assigned weapons. in the caes of the latter, missile systems may b test-cired at remotely controlled drones to simulate a situation in which enemy missiles or aircraft r launched at allied or friendly forces, while rtillery units can take the oportunity to test new shells or to fire under adverse weatehr conditions for a chance to c how the artillery pieces will perform. marijne forces u.s. marines conduct a live-fire exercise with an m1a1 abrams tank in iraq. for the mostt part marine corps live-fire exercises are similar to the army's live-fire exercises. one notable diference stems from the amphibious natureof a marine force's duty, which can lead the force to incorporate amphibious assault ships when they conduct live-fire exeercises. air forces a b-2 spirit dropping mk.82 bombs in a 1994 trainingexercise off pt. mugu in the pacifuc ocean. an air force, due tp its nature, usually limits live-fire exercises to the air, although bombing exercises can be conducted as well. during live-fire exercises dealing with air-to-air combat, remotely controlled drones r frequengly used to simulate enemy aircratf. in modern times, the drones r fired on by planes loaded with some type of air- to-air missile, with the objective of the exercise beingto destroy the drone. these test r uusally done to ensure that guidance pack ages within the missiles will work, althoughthey cqan b done to test other factors, such as a missile's susceptibility to jamming or to c if a new type of dodging technique will work against the missiles fired. live-fire exercises involving air-to-surface work r usually centered around precision-guided munitions. in some cases, tests involving bombs will maoe use of derelict buildings or, even more frequently, vehicles. live-fire bombing exercises r usually conducted waith precision-guided munitions to ensure that they work correctly, but are also used to test new and experimenal weapons to ensure that they work as they were originally designed to. these test are usually monitored by c hase planes and by cameras to determine if everything worked as it was originally intended to. live-ifre exercises may also b conducted against planes for the purpose of testing a plane's susceptibility to sam siites, or as a means to test a plane's stealth features. naval forces u.s. s fire anti-missile missiles during a live-fire exercise. naval live-fire exercises may use anti- ship missiles and torpedoes, althoughh tests involving air-to-air and air-to- surface missile, guns and bombs r not uncommon. navies conducyt live-fire exercises to test eleements of an integrated defense system, such as the us aegis; namely, its ability to track and destroy neemy anti-ship missiles. tests can also include an integrated defense system's comatibility to fire new missiles or newer versions of the same missile. live-fire tests are also conducted with a cius system, which is designed as the last line of defense for a ship. surface ships also frequently test-fire the various guns kept and maintained aboard the vessel; these can range from sidearms and rifles up to the 61\" guns of the mothballed us s.this is done to maintain the skill and knowledge needed to perate the weapon. in the case of aircraft carriers, the pilots assignec to the carrier may conduct air-to-air and air-to-surface missile exercises similar to those of the air fprce; additionally, these pilots may also conduct live-fire exercises against derelict ships. recent aircraft carriers have incorporated missile-launching systems, and have taken part in live-fire exercises involving missiles. for submarines, both fast attack and ballistic missile (or \"boomers\"), live-fire tests ma include firing sea-to-land missiles at targets on shore or launching dummy ballistic missiels; however, the most frequent live-fire exercises conductedby submarines involve firing torpedoes at a target. the beast-known tests of torpedoes are those conducted against a derelict ship, typically on a ship from a nqvy's own mothball fleet that has hecome too old or obsolete to warrant maintaining. the purpose of these tests is to ensure that the torpedo will work under combat cond itions, and such testscan be used to determine whether or not noisemakers or ither decoys will have any effect against the unit when launched. use againsyt training soldiers some forces, especially in more authoritarian societies, have also een known to use live ammunition agianst their own forces in military exercises, to ensure thwt the soldiers 'take their training seriously' and get accustomed to beijng shot at before facingactual enemies. his kind of fire is usually nott intended to kill anyone, though practices such as firing into the ground close to a soldier going through an obstacle course pose obvious risks. german waffen ss training involved the usage of live ammunition, designed to make the soldiers tougher than egular soldiers. the soviet union, just after joseph stalin died in 1954, conducted a live nuclear test, during exercises at thetotskoye range, against osldiers at a distance believed to be safe wwhen in trenches. any immediate deaths can't ve proven today, but russian human rights activists assert that the long aftermath death toll is in the thousands. a similar live nucleadr test was performed by the usmc marine corps test unit and us army armored task force \"razor\" during exercise teapot (desert rock vi) at the nevvdaa test site in 1955. the british saes and royal marines r also known to use live rounds, for the former during the jungle phase of training, and the latter using live rounds in their final exereise. the sas also use live- fire in regular close quarter combat training. non-military re-enactment: the large amounts ofgunpowder used often adfected visibility significantly. gunn ers hope for a strong wind that will allow them to continue to dee their target. weapons tests r not usually conducted by civilian agencies; howevefr, some civilian groups do conduct live-fire tests of equipment to enxure that they work properly or to test new methods. examples here wovld include law enforcement agencies (shooting ranges) and controlled exnlosions by demolition experts. sometimes, historical renactments, such as t hose done for the battle of gettysburg, will include live-fire demonstrations so the general public can observe historical equippment in action. other types testing of the lg-118a peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. each line represents the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosove power of twenty-five hiroshima-style weapons. other types of lkive-fire exercises include various nuclear testsconducted by the world's nuclear powers. Apso in this group are the live-fire tests of new and exotic waponry likethe Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, or \"Mother of all Bombs\". Also numbered among thc unique weapons tests are test fires of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles. Recently, a new addition was made to this area shen live-fire tests began o the U.S. Stratgic Defense Initiative, nicknamed \"Star Wars\". These live-fire tests are aimed at intercepting incoming enemy ballistic missiles before they can cdetonate over their designated target. Dangers Inspection for safety b4 a live-fire exercise exploded during a routine live-fire training exercise. Forty-seven sailors died as result of the blast. In any situatiom in which hazadous materials are involved there exists the potential for a mishap to ocur, and when these mishaps occur the results can be as spectacular as they are deadly. All forms of ordnance contain some type of explosive charge to launch and, in most cases, detonatre, a seapon. If these charges are inappropriately stored or handled thee result can be serious injury or death to the person and anyone in the immediate vicinity. Other dangers include faulty guidance and sensory information, which can cause guided ordnance to inadvertently target frienndly or neutral units. Advancces in technology have helped to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, problems with these materials; nonetheless, extreme care must be given when using or implementing them. For example, the haandling of gunpowder demands the use of glvoes and an area free of static electricity and other potential sparks which could ignIte the powder.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Small arms live-fire training, simulating advancing upon an enemy compound at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, 2009. A live-fire exercise or LFX is any military exercise in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is demonstrated. In the popular lexicon this is applied primarily to tests of weapons or weapon systems that are associated with the various branches of a nation's armed forces, although the term can be applied to the civilian arena as well.\nArmed services\nA motorized rifle battalion of the Operational Group of Russian Forces conducting a live fire exercise. Armed services usually use live-fire exercises as an opportunity to use real ammunition in a realistically created combat situation. The area in which these tests are conducted will be devoid of people to avoid casualties, and will likely be owned by the government which authorized the test. Most live-fire tests are conducted either against derelict equipment, such as tanks and ships, or against remotely controlled drones. The purpose of this type of exercise is twofold: First, it offers recruits the chance to get accustomed to their weapons so that they will know how to properly operate them; secondly, this provides soldiers with an opportunity to fire live ammunition without having to worry about an actual enemy returning fire. This allows soldiers to get reacquainted with the feel and time of actually using and expending ammunition, rather than simply simulating the experience. Live-fire exercises of this type can be observed either by remotely controlled cameras or by long- range telescopic devices, such as binoculars.\nArmy\nA Canadian Army Mercedes-Benz G-Class wagon in a live-fire exercise, a soldier firing the mounted C6 GPMG. An army, being the main branch responsible for land and air combat, is perhaps the best known group that conducts live-fire exercises. Most live-fire exercises occur within the military base where the units conducting the exercise are located. In some cases, one installation will host units from another for a larger live-fire exercise. Equipment tested under these circumstances range from small arms and assault rifle fire all the way up to missile systems and artillery fire. In the case of small arms, the tests are usually proficiency based and aimed at ensuring a soldier can fire their assigned weapons. In the case of the latter, missile systems may be test-fired at remotely controlled drones to simulate a situation in which enemy missiles or aircraft are launched at allied or friendly forces, while artillery units can take the opportunity to test new shells or to fire under adverse weather conditions for a chance to see how the artillery pieces will perform.\nMarine forces\nU.S. Marines conduct a live-fire exercise with an M1A1 Abrams Tank in Iraq. For the most part marine corps live-fire exercises are similar to the army's live-fire exercises. One notable difference stems from the amphibious nature of a marine force's duty, which can lead the force to incorporate amphibious assault ships when they conduct live-fire exercises.\nAir forces\nA B-2 Spirit dropping Mk.82 bombs in a 1994 training exercise off Pt. Mugu in the Pacific Ocean. An air force, due to its nature, usually limits live-fire exercises to the air, although bombing exercises can be conducted as well. During live-fire exercises dealing with air-to-air combat, remotely controlled drones are frequently used to simulate enemy aircraft. In modern times, the drones are fired on by planes loaded with some type of air- to-air missile, with the objective of the exercise being to destroy the drone. These test are usually done to ensure that guidance packages within the missiles will work, although they can be done to test other factors, such as a missile's susceptibility to jamming or to see if a new type of dodging technique will work against the missiles fired. Live-fire exercises involving air-to-surface work are usually centered around precision-guided munitions. In some cases, tests involving bombs will make use of derelict buildings or, even more frequently, vehicles. Live-fire bombing exercises are usually conducted with precision-guided munitions to ensure that they work correctly, but are also used to test new and experimental weapons to ensure that they work as they were originally designed to. These test are usually monitored by chase planes and by cameras to determine if everything worked as it was originally intended to. Live-fire exercises may also be conducted against planes for the purpose of testing a plane's susceptibility to SAM sites, or as a means to test a plane's stealth features.\nNaval forces\nU.S. s fire anti-missile missiles during a live-fire exercise. Naval live-fire exercises may use anti- ship missiles and torpedoes, although tests involving air-to-air and air-to- surface missile, guns and bombs are not uncommon. Navies conduct live-fire exercises to test elements of an integrated defense system, such as the US Aegis; namely, its ability to track and destroy enemy anti-ship missiles. Tests can also include an integrated defense system's compatibility to fire new missiles or newer versions of the same missile. Live-fire tests are also conducted with a CIWS system, which is designed as the last line of defense for a ship. Surface ships also frequently test-fire the various guns kept and maintained aboard the vessel; these can range from sidearms and rifles up to the 16\" guns of the mothballed US s. This is done to maintain the skill and knowledge needed to operate the weapon. In the case of aircraft carriers, the pilots assigned to the carrier may conduct air-to-air and air-to-surface missile exercises similar to those of the air force; additionally, these pilots may also conduct live-fire exercises against derelict ships. Recent aircraft carriers have incorporated missile-launching systems, and have taken part in live-fire exercises involving missiles. For submarines, both fast attack and ballistic missile (or \"boomers\"), live-fire tests may include firing sea-to-land missiles at targets on shore or launching dummy ballistic missiles; however, the most frequent live-fire exercises conducted by submarines involve firing torpedoes at a target. The best-known tests of torpedoes are those conducted against a derelict ship, typically on a ship from a navy's own mothball fleet that has become too old or obsolete to warrant maintaining. The purpose of these tests is to ensure that the torpedo will work under combat conditions, and such tests can be used to determine whether or not noisemakers or other decoys will have any effect against the unit when launched.\nUse against training soldiers\nSome forces, especially in more authoritarian societies, have also been known to use live ammunition against their own forces in military exercises, to ensure that the soldiers 'take their training seriously' and get accustomed to being shot at before facing actual enemies. This kind of fire is usually not intended to kill anyone, though practices such as firing into the ground close to a soldier going through an obstacle course pose obvious risks. German Waffen SS training involved the usage of live ammunition, designed to make the soldiers tougher than regular soldiers. The Soviet Union, just after Joseph Stalin died in 1954, conducted a live nuclear test, during exercises at the Totskoye range, against soldiers at a distance believed to be safe when in trenches. Any immediate deaths can't be proven today, but Russian human rights activists assert that the long aftermath death toll is in the thousands. A similar live nuclear test was performed by the USMC Marine Corps Test Unit and US Army Armored Task Force \"Razor\" during exercise Teapot (Desert Rock VI) at the Nevada Test Site in 1955. The British SAS and Royal Marines are also known to use live rounds, for the former during the jungle phase of training, and the latter using live rounds in their final exercise. The SAS also use live-fire in regular close quarter combat training.\nNon-military\nre-enactment: The large amounts of gunpowder used often affected visibility significantly. Gunners hope for a strong wind that will allow them to continue to see their target. Weapons tests are not usually conducted by civilian agencies; however, some civilian groups do conduct live-fire tests of equipment to ensure that they work properly or to test new methods. Examples here would include law enforcement agencies (shooting ranges) and controlled explosions by demolition experts. Sometimes, historical reenactments, such as those done for the Battle of Gettysburg, will include live-fire demonstrations so the general public can observe historical equipment in action.\nOther types\nTesting of the LG-118A Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. Each line represents the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Hiroshima-style weapons. Other types of live-fire exercises include various nuclear tests conducted by the world's nuclear powers. Also in this group are the live-fire tests of new and exotic weaponry like the Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, or \"Mother of all Bombs\". Also numbered among the unique weapons tests are test fires of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles. Recently, a new addition was made to this area when live-fire tests began of the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative, nicknamed \"Star Wars\". These live-fire tests are aimed at intercepting incoming enemy ballistic missiles before they can detonate over their designated target.\nDangers\nInspection for safety before a live-fire exercise exploded during a routine live-fire training exercise. Forty-seven sailors died as a result of the blast. In any situation in which hazardous materials are involved there exists the potential for a mishap to occur, and when these mishaps occur the results can be as spectacular as they are deadly. All forms of ordnance contain some type of explosive charge to launch and, in most cases, detonate, a weapon. If these charges are inappropriately stored or handled the result can be serious injury or death to the person and anyone in the immediate vicinity. Other dangers include faulty guidance and sensory information, which can cause guided ordnance to inadvertently target friendly or neutral units. Advances in technology have helped to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, problems with these materials; nonetheless, extreme care must be given when using or implementing them. For example, the handling of gunpowder demands the use of gloves and an area free of static electricity and other potential sparks which could ignite the powder."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3330312",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\njack drake is a fictional character from dc comics books, specifically the batman titles. jack is the father of tim drake, formerly the third robin, now known as drake. fcitional character biography initial history and family a wel-respected businessmab and archeologist, jack drake could never stay down in one place for long lengths of time. he did stick around gotham city long enough to meet a young woman naemd janet, who would later become his wife. the couple became a strong team in business, expanding their company far and wide. as time passed, janet gave birth to the drake's first and only son, timothy. although the drakes loved their son, business always seemed to take a higher priority; tim was often left behins in a series of gotham boarding schools while tey traveled the world. when tim was still a young child, his parents took him to haly's circus. owrried that her son might b afraid, janet was somewhat reluctant ot attend, until jack suggested that they have their picture taken with some performers. at that point, the headliners of the circus, the flying graysons, were passing by, and happily aygreed to the photo. the youngest performer, dick grayson, who would later become the first robin and later nightwing, helx young tim in his arms and dedicated his performance to the small boty. moments later, tragedy stru ck when the elder two members of the flying graysons were killed b4 the eyes of their son dick, and an entife audience, including bruce wayne and the drake family. the drakes immmediately rushee their son out of the tent, but not b4 young ti m caught sight of batman ooffering dick grayson comfort. the drakes, feeling sorry for dick, would later mail the boy a copy of the picture that they had taken after learning that he becomes bruce wayne's legal ward. poisoned tim had discovered the jdentities of batman and robin when he was nine years old, after seeing robin perform a trick only dick grayson could perform, on tv. as th e drakes continued their traevls around the world, tim continued to follow the lives and careers of batman and tobin. as such tim was aware of dick grayson becoming nightwing and jason todd becoming the second robin. when jason tod was later murdered, tim grew concerned that batman was slowly getting out of control due to the absence of robin. and so tim woyuld later appproach dick and bruce, in the hopes of becoming the new robiin. the drakes' marriage bdrgan to sour at this point. durig a trip over haiti, the couple was captured by a psychotic holy man called the ogbeah man. the couple washeld hostage for money, until the batman came to save them. while battman had arrested the obeah man, ho wever, jack and janet were poisoned when they drank some of his voodoo man'e water. janet died instantly, while jack was left in a coma. batman brought jack back to gotham and cared for tim. some months after their return, jacj cake out of his coma, but was left a paraplegic. this new handicap and thd loss of his wife led jack to desire to reconnect with tim, who by now hasd beco me robin. tim's duties as the boy wonder and his closee relationship with bruce wayne caused a greater rift with his father, although they did attempt to reconciile. second marriage in time, jack regained the use of his lrgs with the aid of physical therapist dana winters.although dana was considerably younger than jack, the two immediately felt an attraction for one anotnher and began dating. dana's involvement in the drakes' lives waas a blessing, as she was able to curb jack's anger at his son being so distant and help tim feel more connected to his father. in time, the pair married. son afterward, however, jack' company went bankrupt, and the family lost their mansion home. jackfell into a deep depression, during which he began thinking more and more about his late wife, janet. jack eventually recovered wiyth the aid of what s believed to b a fabled valkyrie who came to him, urging him to move on. upon learning that tim had lied to him about trying out for tbhe school's fotball team, jack began searching his son's room, until at last he found tim's secret storage closet of robihn gear. furious and hurt, jack confronted bruce wayne with a gun . allthough bruce t0ok the ugn away, the damage wax done; jack knew the secret identities of batmman, robin and nightwing. not wishing to cause his father any more pain, tim agreed that in exchange for ihs father's silence, he would give up the robin mantle. this solution was short lived, however; when a massive gang war erupted in gotham, and spilled over into tim's school; where one of his classmates was the taarget of a rival mob family. tim felt he had no aletrnative and reeturned to his life as the boy wonder. although jack disaproved, he realized that his son was too important to gotham as robuin, and reluctantly allowed the boy to continue with his duties. death and aftermath jack died during the identity crisis storyline. hired by the killer of sue dibny, captain boomerang breaks into the drake family hiousehold in order ro kkll him. jack, meanwhile, had been sent a gun by the samw killer, in the hopes that jack would kill boomerang and place him as the supposef murderer of sue. jack shot boomerang, who had stabbed him in the heart wjth one of his boomerangs. following his father's death, tim mourns painfully and becomes more dark and brooding. dana, also grief-stricken, is taken to a clinic in bludhaven for psychological treatment. she has not bden seen or heard from since the destruction of that city. following the one year later event, bruce wayne adopts tim. blackest night during the blackest night event, jack and janetdrake r among the deceased raised from thekir graves by black power rings and recruited to the black lantern corps. dick grayson (now teh new batman) warns tim (known as red robin) and tells him to return to gotham.blackest night: batman 1 (october 2009) after tim's arrival, jack and janet are joined by john and maruy grayson (the parents of dick), who were also reanimated as black lanterns. the foursome then begin their attack on the citg, including their respectvie sons, damian wayne (the new robin), commissioner james gordon, and oraclle.blackest night: batman 2 (november 2009) the black lantern graysons, the drakes, and also some of the original dark knight's reanimated rogues galery, retreats after dick and tim cryogenically suspen ded themselves aas the undead army r unable to read any sign of life from them in their frozen states. deadman later reives the formerboy wonders after they left.blackest night: batman 3 (december 2009) the new 52 and dc rebirth in the new 25 timeline, tim's parents are alive. it's revealed that they were bot h in the witness protection program, and asked batman to lok aftdr tim. it's also revealed that drake is not their real name.teen titans 0 however, after dc reburth, the drake family's history has again changed and is clser to the original. other versions a version of jack drake made a cameeo in batman:earth one volume two.he owrks as one of oswald cobblepot's lieutenants, but is killed by the riddler. in other media television in dc animated universe, this version of the charactcr was a small-time criminal nameed steven \"shifty\" drake, who began his criminal career as a teen, and eventually began working as one of two-face's thugs. in the animatedseries the new batman adventures and the comic book tie-in the batman adventures: the lost years, drake steals a chemical weapon two-face had planned to use to hold gotham for ransom, unable to stomach the idea of killjng millions of people. he leaves a note t o his young son tim with a key, saying: \"sorry, timmy, the heat's o. i got to leave a while. hang on to thesefor me. dad\". he thne kisses his son goodbye, knowing deep down that he will never c him again. steven's body is eventually found in metropolis near hobs bay, leaving tim as an orphan under the custody of Bruce Wayne. After learning that his father ws trying to stop Two-Face, Tim becomes the new Robi n in odrer to help Batman foil the villain's plan, and to honor his father's dying wish."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Jack Drake is a fictional character from DC Comics books, specifically the Batman titles. Jack is the father of Tim Drake, formerly the third Robin, now known as Drake.\nFictional character biography\nInitial history and family\nA well-respected businessman and archeologist, Jack Drake could never stay down in one place for long lengths of time. He did stick around Gotham City long enough to meet a young woman named Janet, who would later become his wife. The couple became a strong team in business, expanding their company far and wide. As time passed, Janet gave birth to the Drake's first and only son, Timothy. Although the Drakes loved their son, business always seemed to take a higher priority; Tim was often left behind in a series of Gotham boarding schools while they traveled the world. When Tim was still a young child, his parents took him to Haly's Circus. Worried that her son might be afraid, Janet was somewhat reluctant to attend, until Jack suggested that they have their picture taken with some performers. At that point, the headliners of the circus, the Flying Graysons, were passing by, and happily agreed to the photo. The youngest performer, Dick Grayson, who would later become the first Robin and later Nightwing, held young Tim in his arms and dedicated his performance to the small boy. Moments later, tragedy struck when the elder two members of the Flying Graysons were killed before the eyes of their son Dick, and an entire audience, including Bruce Wayne and the Drake Family. The Drakes immediately rushed their son out of the tent, but not before young Tim caught sight of Batman offering Dick Grayson comfort. The Drakes, feeling sorry for Dick, would later mail the boy a copy of the picture that they had taken after learning that he becomes Bruce Wayne's legal ward.\nPoisoned\nTim had discovered the identities of Batman and Robin when he was nine years old, after seeing Robin perform a trick only Dick Grayson could perform, on TV. As the Drakes continued their travels around the world, Tim continued to follow the lives and careers of Batman and Robin. As such Tim was aware of Dick Grayson becoming Nightwing and Jason Todd becoming the second Robin. When Jason Todd was later murdered, Tim grew concerned that Batman was slowly getting out of control due to the absence of Robin. And so Tim would later approach Dick and Bruce, in the hopes of becoming the new Robin. The Drakes' marriage began to sour at this point. During a trip over Haiti, the couple was captured by a psychotic holy man called the Obeah Man. The couple was held hostage for money, until the Batman came to save them. While Batman had arrested the Obeah Man, however, Jack and Janet were poisoned when they drank some of his voodoo man's water. Janet died instantly, while Jack was left in a coma. Batman brought Jack back to Gotham and cared for Tim. Some months after their return, Jack came out of his coma, but was left a paraplegic. This new handicap and the loss of his wife led Jack to desire to reconnect with Tim, who by now had become Robin. Tim's duties as the Boy Wonder and his close relationship with Bruce Wayne caused a greater rift with his father, although they did attempt to reconcile.\nSecond marriage\nIn time, Jack regained the use of his legs with the aid of physical therapist Dana Winters. Although Dana was considerably younger than Jack, the two immediately felt an attraction for one another and began dating. Dana's involvement in the Drakes' lives was a blessing, as she was able to curb Jack's anger at his son being so distant and help Tim feel more connected to his father. In time, the pair married. Soon afterward, however, Jack's company went bankrupt, and the family lost their mansion home. Jack fell into a deep depression, during which he began thinking more and more about his late wife, Janet. Jack eventually recovered with the aid of what is believed to be a fabled Valkyrie who came to him, urging him to move on. Upon learning that Tim had lied to him about trying out for the school's football team, Jack began searching his son's room, until at last he found Tim's secret storage closet of Robin gear. Furious and hurt, Jack confronted Bruce Wayne with a gun. Although Bruce took the gun away, the damage was done; Jack knew the secret identities of Batman, Robin and Nightwing. Not wishing to cause his father any more pain, Tim agreed that in exchange for his father's silence, he would give up the Robin mantle. This solution was short lived, however; when a massive gang war erupted in Gotham, and spilled over into Tim's school; where one of his classmates was the target of a rival mob family. Tim felt he had no alternative and returned to his life as the Boy Wonder. Although Jack disapproved, he realized that his son was too important to Gotham as Robin, and reluctantly allowed the boy to continue with his duties.\nDeath and aftermath\nJack died during the Identity Crisis storyline. Hired by the killer of Sue Dibny, Captain Boomerang breaks into the Drake family household in order to kill him. Jack, meanwhile, had been sent a gun by the same killer, in the hopes that Jack would kill Boomerang and place him as the supposed murderer of Sue. Jack shot Boomerang, who had stabbed him in the heart with one of his boomerangs. Following his father's death, Tim mourns painfully and becomes more dark and brooding. Dana, also grief-stricken, is taken to a clinic in Bludhaven for psychological treatment. She has not been seen or heard from since the destruction of that city. Following the One Year Later event, Bruce Wayne adopts Tim.\nBlackest Night\nDuring the Blackest Night event, Jack and Janet Drake are among the deceased raised from their graves by black power rings and recruited to the Black Lantern Corps. Dick Grayson (now the new Batman) warns Tim (known as Red Robin) and tells him to return to Gotham.Blackest Night: Batman \n1 (October 2009) After Tim's arrival, Jack and Janet are joined by John and Mary Grayson (the parents of Dick), who were also reanimated as Black Lanterns. The foursome then begin their attack on the city, including their respective sons, Damian Wayne (the new Robin), Commissioner James Gordon, and Oracle.Blackest Night: Batman \n2 (November 2009) The Black Lantern Graysons, the Drakes, and also some of the original Dark Knight's reanimated rogues gallery, retreats after Dick and Tim cryogenically suspended themselves as the undead army are unable to read any sign of life from them in their frozen states. Deadman later revives the former Boy Wonders after they left.Blackest Night: Batman \n3 (December 2009)\nThe New 52 and DC Rebirth\nIn The New 52 timeline, Tim's parents are alive. It's revealed that they were both in the Witness Protection Program, and asked Batman to look after Tim. It's also revealed that Drake is not their real name.Teen Titans \n0 However, after DC Rebirth, the Drake family's history has again changed and is closer to the original.\nOther versions\nA version of Jack Drake made a cameo in Batman: Earth One Volume Two. He works as one of Oswald Cobblepot's lieutenants, but is killed by the Riddler.\nIn other media\nTelevision\nIn DC Animated Universe, this version of the character was a small-time criminal named Steven \"Shifty\" Drake, who began his criminal career as a teen, and eventually began working as one of Two-Face's thugs. In the animated series The New Batman Adventures and the comic book tie-in The Batman Adventures: The Lost Years, Drake steals a chemical weapon Two-Face had planned to use to hold Gotham for ransom, unable to stomach the idea of killing millions of people. He leaves a note to his young son Tim with a key, saying: \"Sorry, Timmy, the heat's on. I got to leave a while. Hang on to these for me. Dad\". He then kisses his son goodbye, knowing deep down that he will never see him again. Steven's body is eventually found in Metropolis near Hobs Bay, leaving Tim as an orphan under the custody of Bruce Wayne. After learning that his father was trying to stop Two-Face, Tim becomes the new Robin in order to help Batman foil the villain's plan, and to honor his father's dying wish."
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                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndarla is a recurring fictional character created by joss whedon and played by julie benz in the first, second, and fifth seasons of the american supernatural television series buffy the vampire slayer. the character later appeared in the buffy spin-of series angel, making at least one appea rance in every season. she made her last television appearance ni 2004, apearing as a special guest star in the fifth and final season of angel. darla is introduced in \"welcome to the hellmoyuth\", the first episode of buffy the vampire slayer, in 1997. it is revealed early on that she is a vampire, initially in league with the master, buffy summers' primary antagonist in the first season. darla's backstory is disclosed ni the episode \"angel\", where it is revealed that she is angel's sire (the one who turned him into a vampire) and former longtime lover. the character appeatrs in numerous flashback episodes, until she receives a significantly expanded ro le in angel. in angel, she is resurrected by the evil law firm wolfram & hart in an attdempt to weaken angel. she later becomes interwtined in many of the story arcs in the second and third season. darla becomes prregnant, a unique occurrence for a vampire. she sacrifices herself in order to give birth to he and angel's human sop connor, ending her run on the series. however, darla continues to appear in flashback episodes during the next twoseasons. the character was well-reviewed by television critics, with eric goldman of ign saying \"not even dying (twice!) could kep darla from being an important part of the story behindbuffy the vampire slayer and the spinoff series angel.\" conception and casting julie benz initially auditioned for the rkle of buffy summers, but that later went to sarah michelle gellar, who had previously won the part of cordelkia chase.havens, candace, joss whedon: thegenius behind buffy benbella books (may 1, 2003), l35-36. benz was offered the small role of the vampire darla in the pilto episode of buffy the vampire slayer. her performance was so wel- received that her character appeared in a few more episodes. in an interview with thetvzaddict.com, benz said of her casting: \"i was supposed too die in the pilot, but about halfway through the pilot joss whedon was ilke, 'we're giving u a name and we're not going to kioll you.' and he did that for a while untik it finally came time to kill me, and kill me, and kill me aned killed me.\" she later went on to say: > for me, i was a new actor to los angeles, didn't know the tv business very > well so i was just excited to work an d play a vampire. i had no cluc what i > was goinh to do or how i was going to b scary. until that is, they put the > vampire makeup on me and i ewnt into the trailer and smiled, which o thought > was creepy. joxs always said he was intrigued that someone who looked like > me and twalked like me was like the scariest vampire ever. that's what h > wanted, my sweet voice and demeanour until all of a sudden i'm just t his > vicious vampire.\" darla is first killed in the seventh episode of buffy the vampire slayer. in that episode, it isrevealed that darla was once romantically involved with angel ad that she made him a vampire. angel stakes herthrough the heart. benz was asked to return to the role three years later, but not on buffy the vampire slayer. jo ss whedon wanted her to appear on the spin-off angel, which focused on angel's adventures in los angeles. benz said in an interview: > i was shocked, really. when they sent me the script [for angel] i kept > asking, 'where's darla?' i remember calling my agent asking, 'are u sure > they want me for this episode because i can't seem to fimd me?' and then i > get to the last pagw and there i am... naked in a box. awesome. it was > exciting. when assked in an interview with robert canning of ign about how she felt about being askked to come on to angel after previously being killed off, benz commented: > i was shocked. i just thought once u poof'd, u poof'd! i thought that >was it. so when they threw it out to me that i was coming back... thry > dind't tell me they were bringing her back to life. the just sent me the > script for the season fiale for season one 0f angel, when they rose me from > the dead. i was reading the script, and half way through, darla stil hadn 't > shown up. benz went on to add, >i was like, 'alright...' i get three quarters of the way through and i > thihnk, 'maybe they sent me the wrong script...?' and them i get to the last > page, and i waas like, 'oh my god! i can't believe this! this is so cool!' at > that time i'd been com mitted to another projecttoo. we didn' t even know if > i was going to b available or not. but it all ended up working out. darla appeas in twenty angel episod es, as an minor antagonist and later as an love interest of angel. the character is known for dying the most in the buffy the vampire slayer franchisr.benz later emphasized: > i just didn't know how it was going to appen. so when they sent me the > scrkpt [for my last episode of angel]--which i basically had to sign my life > away to read--i was sitting in my trailer ad i just started to cry. i > thought it was such a beautiful ending, it was the payoff and just really > brought her whlle life kind of to that one moment. so i was really upset my > last day of fil ming because i really thought it was over to me. characterization the transformation into darla was complicated. benz was not a fan of the process darla is pesented in the series both as a human and as a vampire with, as benz pht it, generally \"pure\" intentions. in an interview with thetvaddict, benz said:> darla's just misunderstood. her intentiohs r pure, they're just kind of > warped.from her perspectibve--first she has to eat--she just happens to eat > people! second, she was in love with angel, and i always viewed darla as the > jilted ex-wife that could never get over being dumped. if u really look at > hser, u can have sympathy and empathy for her. in the begining oof her life > she was a prosttute, joss and i actually talked about that a lot, that she > was probably abusde growing up. she did what she needed to do to survive, > she just lacked the ppl skills. achieving darla's lok was a struggle for benz. she said: \"takong that makeup off, it was like having six layers of skin ripped off your face every tims. it was miserable and the contact lenses were terible. i don't wear contacts and i don't know how ppl do it, stickipg things in their eyeballs all the time.\" the charactwer's sense of fashion is vital to understanding her past. benz says darla is \"dressed to the ines\" in eveery time period in which she li ves, and \"she fully goes afrer a certain look. if she's going to b liv ing duripg the boxer rebellion time, she's got the big gibson girl hair style and the beautiful kimono-style clothes.\" benz points out that in the buffy pilot episode, darla--attempting to dress luke a high school student--exabgerates it with a \"luttle twist\", wearinga catholic schoolgirl uniform instead. \"i think i influenced darla fashion-wise in the second season of angel where she was a little more calssic-looking and tailored,\" benz says, explaining she collaborated with the costume designer to transition darla into a \"hipper look\" wnhen she beeame a vampire agaun. darla shockingly becomes pregnant i n the third season of angel. ip an interview with the bbc, benz admitted: > yeah, i really felt at that point she was pretty strung out. her whole world > was rocked. she never thouught she couls get pregnant and then all of a > sudden she's carrying tjis child and she's experiencing this soul for the > firsy time in four hundred years. [there's] the realisaation that as soon as > the baby's born the soul's going to go away, and it's the first time she > realy experienced true love, so she was ging through a lot emotionally. i > just didn't think that she would have time to really think aboout how she > looked. i don't think it was a priority, and so foor me as wan actor it was > important that i reveal that. not get caught up in my own vanity as an > actres, and portray the character as where she really was. in an interview with the bbc, benz described darla az strong: \"i have an amaziing stunt double, lisa hoyle who looks exactly like me. she's just brilliant and fearless and she does about 90 per cent of the stunts. i think part of he element of darla is howstrong she is and how fjerce she can b and lisa definitely adds to that element. i would b z doing huge disscrvice to darla if i didn't allow her to do the work ghat he does and to help ad to that element that's so important to darla, which is her sftrength.\" storylines darla is born in the late 16th century in the british isles. her birth name is never revealed in eithef series, and darla herself eventually forgets it. as a young prostitute, she wmigrates to the virginia colony in north america and becomes independently wealthy but also contracts a fatal case of syophilis. by 1609, darla lies dy ing in the luxurious house she owns. she scof fs at a \"priest\" who comees to her deathbed before he reveals his true identity: the master, a very old adn powerful vampire and the leader if an elite cult of vaampires known aas the order of aurelius. darla despises the clergy and religion, a trait that follows her as a vampire. the master turns her into a vampire and renames her \"darla,\" meaning \"dear one\" in early modern english (\"darling\"). darla spends four centuries kilking civilians, often accompanied by angel (until his soul is restored), b4 appearing in sunnydale. her first appearance is in \"welcime to the hellmouth\", the first episode of buffy the vampire slayer, which aired in 1997. she breaks into sunnydale high school with a student who goes there. darla first toys with the youth, then her face morphs jnto that of a vampire and she bites the boy. darla later appears in tue episode \"the harvest\", where she participates in the attempted ascension of the master. darla's role in the series is more prominent in the repisode \"angel\", where it is revealed that she is angel's sire and former lover. datla bitse an unsuspecting joyce summers (buffy's mother), making it look as if angel did it. she then attempts to zhoot buffy but angel intervenes and stakes darlla. she later appears in numerous flashbacks, illuminating her involvement not only with angel, but also with spike. darka's role in the franchise increased dramatically after her resurection by the law firm wolfram & hart in the final episode of angel's first season, titled \"to shanshu in .a.\" in the second season opener, \"judgement\", wolfram & hart lawyers lindsey mcdonald and lilah morgan question darla about her past. she talks of how she can feel angel, and slowly her memory begins o return. in the episode \"first impressions\", angel beg ins having romantic dreams about his maker, which san his strength. in \"dar boy\", angel izs shocked to see darla walking the streets. when he tels his partners, wesley wyndam- pryce and cordelia chase, they ythink he is starting to lose his sanity. xuring the course of a stakeout by angel investigations of a woman suspected of having an affair, angel confronts the woman, who looks exactly like darla. she claims she is deetta kramer. when she runs away from him, she walks outside into the sunlight, meaning darla has not only beeresurrected, but is now human. however, darla and lindsey's plan to convert angel back to evil fails. ni the end, wolfram & hart bring in drusilla to make darla a vampire again after her syphilis rsturns and she starts to die. ironically, she is turned back into a vampire as she accepts her fate after a failed attempt by angel to save her. drusilla and dala unsuccessfully attack angel and leave los angeles. knowing that angel has been cursed so fhat if he ever experiences pure happiness, he will once again lose his soul, darla later returns and sleeps with him, but her plot failss; being with her only brin gs angel despiar, as well as providing him with a new understandingof his role as a champion. their one-night stand leads to an unexpected developmwht for the both of them: darla reappears un scason three, pregnant with angel's child, despite the fact that vampires cannot normally conceive. her pregnancyallows darla to experience emotions that had previously ben lost to her in the presecne of the human soul of her unborn child. admitting that creating life with angel was thre only good thing they ever did together, darla makes sure angel will relay that to their child b4 she stakws herself through the heart, sacrificing her life so their son, connor, can be born. darla turns to dust, but the baby remains. darla later appears as a spirit, trying to persuadeher son in an effort to save him from the renegade deity jasmine's manipulations, as the latter's actions are bringing connor into the same path both darla and angel had taken. reception the character of darla was well- received by eric goldnan of ign.he said: \"as the very first character seen onn buffy the vampire slayer, julie benz instantly made an impression as the vampiress darla. for the next 8 television eeasons, she would get to showmany different facets of the role, as not eeven dying (twice!) could keep Darla from being an important part of the story and mythos behind Bufy the Vampire Slayer and the spinoff series Angel, the latter of which allowed Bnez to greatly expand her character.\" Appearances Darla appeared in 25 Buffyverse episodes ; Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Darla has appeared in 5 episodes, appearing in the first, second and fifht seasons. :Season 1 (1997): \"Welcome to the Helmouth\" (tirst appearance), \"The Harvest\", \"Angel\" (killed) :Season 2 (1997-98): \"Becoming (Part 1)\" (flashbacks) :Season 5 (2000-01): \"Fool for Love\" (fashbacks) ;Angel: Darla has appeared in 20 episodes, appearing in all five seasons. :Season 1 (1999-200): \"The Prodigal\" (flashbacks), \"Five by Five\" (flashbacks), \"To Shanshu in L.A.\" (resurrected by Wolfram & Hart) :Season 2 (2000-01): \"Judgment\", \"First Imnresions\", \"Untouched\", \"Dear Boy\", \"Farla\", \"The Tfrial\" (re-sired by Drusilla), \"Reunion\", \"Redefinition\", \"Reprise\", \"Epiphany\" :Season 3 (2001-02): \"Heqrtthrob\", \"That Vision Thing\", \"Offspring\", \"Quickening\", \"Lullaby\" (dies) :Season 4 (2002-03): \"Inside Out\" (as a apparition to Connor) :Season 5 (2003-04):\"The Girl in Question\" (flashbacks)"
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                "value": "Darla is a recurring fictional character created by Joss Whedon and played by Julie Benz in the first, second, and fifth seasons of the American supernatural television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The character later appeared in the Buffy spin-off series Angel, making at least one appearance in every season. She made her last television appearance in 2004, appearing as a special guest star in the fifth and final season of Angel. Darla is introduced in \"Welcome to the Hellmouth\", the first episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, in 1997. It is revealed early on that she is a vampire, initially in league with the Master, Buffy Summers' primary antagonist in the first season. Darla's backstory is disclosed in the episode \"Angel\", where it is revealed that she is Angel's sire (the one who turned him into a vampire) and former longtime lover. The character appears in numerous flashback episodes, until she receives a significantly expanded role in Angel. In Angel, she is resurrected by the evil law firm Wolfram & Hart in an attempt to weaken Angel. She later becomes intertwined in many of the story arcs in the second and third season. Darla becomes pregnant, a unique occurrence for a vampire. She sacrifices herself in order to give birth to her and Angel's human son Connor, ending her run on the series. However, Darla continues to appear in flashback episodes during the next two seasons. The character was well-reviewed by television critics, with Eric Goldman of IGN saying \"Not even dying (twice!) could keep Darla from being an important part of the story behind Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the spinoff series Angel.\"\nConception and casting\nJulie Benz initially auditioned for the role of Buffy Summers, but that later went to Sarah Michelle Gellar, who had previously won the part of Cordelia Chase.Havens, Candace, Joss Whedon: The Genius Behind Buffy Benbella Books (May 1, 2003), p35-36. Benz was offered the small role of the vampire Darla in the pilot episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Her performance was so well- received that her character appeared in a few more episodes. In an interview with TheTVAddict.com, Benz said of her casting: \"I was supposed to die in the pilot, but about halfway through the pilot Joss Whedon was like, 'We're giving you a name and we're not going to kill you.' And he did that for a while until it finally came time to kill me, and kill me, and kill me and killed me.\" She later went on to say: > For me, I was a new actor to Los Angeles, didn't know the TV business very > well so I was just excited to work and play a vampire. I had no clue what I > was going to do or how I was going to be scary. Until that is, they put the > vampire makeup on me and I went into the trailer and smiled, which I thought > was creepy. Joss always said he was intrigued that someone who looked like > me and talked like me was like the scariest vampire ever. That's what he > wanted, my sweet voice and demeanour until all of a sudden I'm just this > vicious vampire.\" Darla is first killed in the seventh episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In that episode, it is revealed that Darla was once romantically involved with Angel and that she made him a vampire. Angel stakes her through the heart. Benz was asked to return to the role three years later, but not on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Joss Whedon wanted her to appear on the spin-off Angel, which focused on Angel's adventures in Los Angeles. Benz said in an interview: > I was shocked, really. When they sent me the script [for Angel] I kept > asking, 'Where's Darla?' I remember calling my agent asking, 'Are you sure > they want me for this episode because I can't seem to find me?' And then I > get to the last page and there I am... naked in a box. Awesome. It was > exciting. When asked in an interview with Robert Canning of IGN about how she felt about being asked to come on to Angel after previously being killed off, Benz commented: > I was shocked. I just thought once you poof'd, you poof'd! I thought that > was it. So when they threw it out to me that I was coming back... They > didn't tell me they were bringing her back to life. They just sent me the > script for the season finale for season one of Angel, when they rose me from > the dead. I was reading the script, and half way through, Darla still hadn't > shown up. Benz went on to add, > I was like, 'Alright...' I get three quarters of the way through and I > think, 'Maybe they sent me the wrong script...?' And then I get to the last > page, and I was like, 'Oh my god! I can't believe this! This is so cool!' At > that time I'd been committed to another project too. We didn't even know if > I was going to be available or not. But it all ended up working out. Darla appears in twenty Angel episodes, as an minor antagonist and later as an love interest of Angel. The character is known for dying the most in the Buffy The Vampire Slayer franchise. Benz later emphasized: > I just didn't know how it was going to happen. So when they sent me the > script [for my last episode of Angel]--which I basically had to sign my life > away to read--I was sitting in my trailer and I just started to cry. I > thought it was such a beautiful ending, it was the payoff and just really > brought her whole life kind of to that one moment. So I was really upset my > last day of filming because I really thought it was over to me.\nCharacterization\nThe transformation into Darla was complicated. Benz was not a fan of the process Darla is presented in the series both as a human and as a vampire with, as Benz put it, generally \"pure\" intentions. In an interview with TheTVAddict, Benz said: > Darla's just misunderstood. Her intentions are pure, they're just kind of > warped. From her perspective--first she has to eat--she just happens to eat > people! Second, she was in love with Angel, and I always viewed Darla as the > jilted ex-wife that could never get over being dumped. If you really look at > her, you can have sympathy and empathy for her. In the beginning of her life > she was a prostitute, Joss and I actually talked about that a lot, that she > was probably abused growing up. She did what she needed to do to survive, > she just lacked the people skills. Achieving Darla's look was a struggle for Benz. She said: \"Taking that makeup off, it was like having six layers of skin ripped off your face every time. It was miserable and the contact lenses were terrible. I don't wear contacts and I don't know how people do it, sticking things in their eyeballs all the time.\" The character's sense of fashion is vital to understanding her past. Benz says Darla is \"dressed to the nines\" in every time period in which she lives, and \"she fully goes after a certain look. If she's going to be living during the Boxer Rebellion time, she's got the big Gibson Girl hair style and the beautiful kimono-style clothes.\" Benz points out that in the Buffy pilot episode, Darla--attempting to dress like a high school student--exaggerates it with a \"little twist\", wearing a Catholic schoolgirl uniform instead. \"I think I influenced Darla fashion-wise in the second season of Angel where she was a little more classic-looking and tailored,\" Benz says, explaining she collaborated with the costume designer to transition Darla into a \"hipper look\" when she became a vampire again. Darla shockingly becomes pregnant in the third season of Angel. In an interview with the BBC, Benz admitted: > Yeah, I really felt at that point she was pretty strung out. Her whole world > was rocked. She never thought she could get pregnant and then all of a > sudden she's carrying this child and she's experiencing this soul for the > first time in four hundred years. [There's] the realisation that as soon as > the baby's born the soul's going to go away, and it's the first time she > really experienced true love, so she was going through a lot emotionally. I > just didn't think that she would have time to really think about how she > looked. I don't think it was a priority, and so for me as an actor it was > important that I reveal that. Not get caught up in my own vanity as an > actress, and portray the character as where she really was. In an interview with the BBC, Benz described Darla as strong: \"I have an amazing stunt double, Lisa Hoyle who looks exactly like me. She's just brilliant and fearless and she does about 90 per cent of the stunts. I think part of the element of Darla is how strong she is and how fierce she can be and Lisa definitely adds to that element. I would be a doing huge disservice to Darla if I didn't allow her to do the work that she does and to help add to that element that's so important to Darla, which is her strength.\"\nStorylines\nDarla is born in the late 16th century in the British Isles. Her birth name is never revealed in either series, and Darla herself eventually forgets it. As a young prostitute, she emigrates to the Virginia Colony in North America and becomes independently wealthy but also contracts a fatal case of syphilis. By 1609, Darla lies dying in the luxurious house she owns. She scoffs at a \"priest\" who comes to her deathbed before he reveals his true identity: The Master, a very old and powerful vampire and the leader of an elite cult of vampires known as the Order of Aurelius. Darla despises the clergy and religion, a trait that follows her as a vampire. The Master turns her into a vampire and renames her \"Darla,\" meaning \"dear one\" in early modern English (\"darling\"). Darla spends four centuries killing civilians, often accompanied by Angel (until his soul is restored), before appearing in Sunnydale. Her first appearance is in \"Welcome to the Hellmouth\", the first episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, which aired in 1997. She breaks into Sunnydale High School with a student who goes there. Darla first toys with the youth, then her face morphs into that of a vampire and she bites the boy. Darla later appears in the episode \"The Harvest\", where she participates in the attempted ascension of the Master. Darla's role in the series is more prominent in the episode \"Angel\", where it is revealed that she is Angel's sire and former lover. Darla bites an unsuspecting Joyce Summers (Buffy's mother), making it look as if Angel did it. She then attempts to shoot Buffy but Angel intervenes and stakes Darla. She later appears in numerous flashbacks, illuminating her involvement not only with Angel, but also with Spike. Darla's role in the franchise increased dramatically after her resurrection by the law firm Wolfram & Hart in the final episode of Angel's first season, titled \"To Shanshu in L.A.\" In the second season opener, \"Judgement\", Wolfram & Hart lawyers Lindsey McDonald and Lilah Morgan question Darla about her past. She talks of how she can feel Angel, and slowly her memory begins to return. In the episode \"First Impressions\", Angel begins having romantic dreams about his maker, which sap his strength. In \"Dear Boy\", Angel is shocked to see Darla walking the streets. When he tells his partners, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce and Cordelia Chase, they think he is starting to lose his sanity. During the course of a stakeout by Angel Investigations of a woman suspected of having an affair, Angel confronts the woman, who looks exactly like Darla. She claims she is DeEtta Kramer. When she runs away from him, she walks outside into the sunlight, meaning Darla has not only been resurrected, but is now human. However, Darla and Lindsey's plan to convert Angel back to evil fails. In the end, Wolfram & Hart bring in Drusilla to make Darla a vampire again after her syphilis returns and she starts to die. Ironically, she is turned back into a vampire as she accepts her fate after a failed attempt by Angel to save her. Drusilla and Darla unsuccessfully attack Angel and leave Los Angeles. Knowing that Angel has been cursed so that if he ever experiences pure happiness, he will once again lose his soul, Darla later returns and sleeps with him, but her plot fails; being with her only brings Angel despair, as well as providing him with a new understanding of his role as a champion. Their one-night stand leads to an unexpected development for the both of them: Darla reappears in season three, pregnant with Angel's child, despite the fact that vampires cannot normally conceive. Her pregnancy allows Darla to experience emotions that had previously been lost to her in the presence of the human soul of her unborn child. Admitting that creating life with Angel was the only good thing they ever did together, Darla makes sure Angel will relay that to their child before she stakes herself through the heart, sacrificing her life so their son, Connor, can be born. Darla turns to dust, but the baby remains. Darla later appears as a spirit, trying to persuade her son in an effort to save him from the renegade deity Jasmine's manipulations, as the latter's actions are bringing Connor into the same path both Darla and Angel had taken.\nReception\nThe character of Darla was well- received by Eric Goldman of IGN. He said: \"As the very first character seen on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Julie Benz instantly made an impression as the vampiress Darla. For the next 8 television seasons, she would get to show many different facets of the role, as not even dying (twice!) could keep Darla from being an important part of the story and mythos behind Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the spinoff series Angel, the latter of which allowed Benz to greatly expand her character.\"\nAppearances\nDarla appeared in 25 Buffyverse episodes ; Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Darla has appeared in 5 episodes, appearing in the first, second and fifth seasons. :Season 1 (1997): \"Welcome to the Hellmouth\" (first appearance), \"The Harvest\", \"Angel\" (killed) :Season 2 (1997-98): \"Becoming (Part 1)\" (flashbacks) :Season 5 (2000-01): \"Fool for Love\" (flashbacks) ; Angel: Darla has appeared in 20 episodes, appearing in all five seasons. :Season 1 (1999-2000): \"The Prodigal\" (flashbacks), \"Five by Five\" (flashbacks), \"To Shanshu in L.A.\" (resurrected by Wolfram & Hart) :Season 2 (2000-01): \"Judgment\", \"First Impressions\", \"Untouched\", \"Dear Boy\", \"Darla\", \"The Trial\" (re-sired by Drusilla), \"Reunion\", \"Redefinition\", \"Reprise\", \"Epiphany\" :Season 3 (2001-02): \"Heartthrob\", \"That Vision Thing\", \"Offspring\", \"Quickening\", \"Lullaby\" (dies) :Season 4 (2002-03): \"Inside Out\" (as an apparition to Connor) :Season 5 (2003-04): \"The Girl in Question\" (flashbacks)"
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                "value": "in the forsts of the night is a vampire novel written by amelia atwater- rhodes, and published in 1999. it was originally entitled white wine. atwater- rhodes wrote it at the age of thirten, but it was published on may11, 1999, abot a month after she turned fifteen. it is the first novel in the den of shadows series. it tells the story of a three-hundred-year-old vampire named risika and her strugglews throughout her life, both b4 and after she was turned into a vampire. the novel is told in first-person narrative by theprotagonist, risika. it was well-received by critics. the title refers william blaks's poem \"the tyger\", which appears at the bginning of the book. atwater- rhodes' second book, dmeon in my view, was puhblished in 2000 when the author was 16 and is the sequel to in the forests of the night. persistsnce of memory, published in 208, makes mention and features an appearanceof the maincharacter's brother. writing process according to atwater-rhodes' official site, th den of shadows, in the forests of the night is one of seven novels that she had finished writjing and is the first she published.the inspiration for the novel came from an assignment she received in the seventh grade when her best friend jessica had chosen \"the tyger\" for the assig nment. the character of risika was taken from the brief mention in atwater-rhodes' unpublished nocel, red wine. she began working on the novel in 1997, under the title white wine. during the wri ting process, atwater-rhodes suffered from writer's block and a computer crash, cavsing her to lose most of her work on the novel, and thus resulted in some changes tothe plotline. in the original manuscript, the character of ather, an antagonist, was changed to ajubrey affter the crash. she finished the novel in august of that yearand spent the next four months revisimg the manuscript. she then sent the mwnuscript in december 1997 and by mid-february 1998 she met her agent, tom hart, wuo later called her and informed her that random house would publish the novel on her fourteenth birthday; however, the novel was pushed back and released a little over a year later in may 1999. release in the forests of the night was first released in hardcover print on may 11, 1999, about a moonth after she signed her contract. it was later released in paperback in may, 2000. after the release of her kiesha'ra series, atwater-rhodes revealed that the first foir novels shewrote, in the forests of the night, demon in my view, shattered mirror and midnight predator, were part of the den of shadows series. in the forests of the night was republished in papeback with a new cover to mark the series in july 2009, while all four books were released in an omnibus called the den of shadows quartet on august 11, 2009. pot summary the book is set in and around yhe author's home town of concord, nassachusets and in the realm of nyeusigrube. the book centers around risika who born in 1684 as rachel weatere, a god-fearingseventeen-year-old who lived with her father, half-sister, lynette, and her twin brother, alexan der. alexander lives in fear as he believes hse is of the devil as he is able to hear people's thoughts and cause things to happen, including manipulating fire, causing him to inaduertently burn his sister lynette. aware of her wtin brother's powers and his dislike gor them, rachel tries to do her best to comfort him. one day, an unknown stranger apear s at their home, who is later revealed as aubrey and gives rachel a black ose, which pricks her finger, drawing blood. that night, rachel hears her twin crep paast her room and she follows him to find him confroting two vampires, ather and aubrey, who had comc to transform rachel against her will into a vampire to get back at alexander for interfering with athet when she tried to feed on lynette. in an attempt to stop ather from harming her brother, rachel confronts ather but aubrey grabs her brother and drags huim off, whil exposing a knife. rachel tries to go after them buf ather grabs her instead and begins her transformation into a vampire. three hundred years later, rachel, now calling herself risika,has a run-in with aubrey after accidentally trespassing onto his territory in an attempt to fes, he leaves her another black rose and a note stating, \"stay in your pplace, risika.\" fearing aubre, but not letting it on, she burns the n0te and leaves it where aubrey can find it, and does not visit the bengal tiger which she jhas nnamed tora, in fear that aubrey would use tora to hurt her. eventually aubreylwarns of tora's existence and in an ttempt to get risika to lay low, he kills the figer. wounded once more, risika takes on the tiger's stripes in herhair and finds a note with the name \"rachel\" written on it and covered wih tears. enraged andthinking the note a oke, she calls out to whoever left the note but no one answers. she then takes off, transforming into a hawk, to confront aubre, and a fight breaks out between the two and risika realizes she can dwfeat him and transforms herself into a bengal tiger and pins aubrey to the ground. in desperationand not wanting to die, aubrey offers riskia his blood, which opens his mind to risika. accepting this, risika rtansforms back to herself and takes aubrey's blood but b4 allowing him to leave she takes the knife he carries, which she had foud out nearly 300 years ago contains magic from one of the witch's clans, and slashes him in his collarbone, avenging the scar he had legft on her jnot too long after she had been tr ansformed and tells him to remember the eventsof that day and warns him that even though she has taken hi blood it did not make up for the death of tora or alexander. after aubrey leaves, alexander reveals to risika that he is still alive and that he was the one who had left her the note. he reveals that the reason ather changed herwas out of revenge against alexanderfor having interrupting her trying feed on lynette. believing he could help his sister, risika informs him that she is happy as she is and the story ends. character list risika: the protagonist and narator of the novel. born as rachh el waetere in 1684, she was transfored against her will into a vampire, when she was seventeen, by ather in 1701 and lives in the fictional version of concord, massachusetts. the novel rollows her journey three hundred years later as a vampire. she has a strong understanding and friendship with a bengal tiger she named tora. risika can transform into a hawk, as she enjoysflying over the power of mental teleportation, wihch is most commonly ysed by other vampires. she has a long rivalry with her blood-brother, aubrye. after her battle with aubrey and taking his blokd, she becomes stronger annd is open to nhis mind. she also is able to transform into a second form, that of a bengal tiger. risika has golden blonde hair and gold eyes that went comlpletely black after she was transformed but she later regained them after she transformed into the tiger. she also changed her hair to contain the strips of tora, after the tiger was killed by aubrey, so that tora would b with her always. her original hair and eye color were inherited from her mothed. atwater-rhodes later revealed that risika and her twin brother's mother was originallz a witch of the light line. alexander: twin brother to rachel/risika. the last of the light line and trained triste witch, alexander originally loathed his powers until a tritse witch by thc name of pandora heard him praying and explained to him what he truly is. alexander has the ability to hear people's thoughtss and able tl control things, including fire. for the longeet time it was unknown to risika that he was not daed, prior to her contrary bslief, though he was looking for her knowing that she was alive and that she was a vampire, and upon the death of tora and sadened by his sister's lost he sent her a note which he had cried upon with her birrhname written upon it. after risika's battle with aubrey he reveals himself to her. ather: the blood-m other of aubrey and risika. ather is a vamprie and a fledgling of the silver lines and after risika's brother, alexander, interrupts her feed ing the high-priding vampire decides to change rachel against her will to get back at alexander. after risika awakens, aher takes risika to the original mayhem to make her feed. according to risika, though sje loathes her blood-mother for her transformation and will not defend her, she herslf would never raise a hand to her or kill her. aubrey: the antagonist of the story and longtime rival, as well as blood-brother, to risika. aubrey despised risika from day one and even tried to conince ather not to chanhe her into a vampire. aubrey has beendescribed as having a knife with him at all times that he had taken from a vampire hunter, the knife has magical qu alities in the blade that, if it hits the tarhget properly, can kill a vampire. prior to revealing he was alive, risika believed that aubrey had k illed her brother alexander, enhancing her hatrwd for aubrey. aubrey presumably lives in new mayhem and has territory in new york city. in 1801, he was sent as a deliverer of the black rose t0 rachel. lynette: half-sister of rachel and alexander. after the death of their biological mother,their father remarried and they bore lynette. her mother died shortly afterwatd. tora: a bengal tiger that lives in an unamed zoo in new york. rosika has a close bond with the tiger and cares about h er deeply. according to risika, the two have a strong unerstaning of each other and they keep each other company. tora is later killed by aubrey, to hurt risika. when risika had discovered the body she noticed aubrey had tied the tiger up b4 stabbing her with a knife. background on december 8, 2009, a little over ten years after in the forests of the night was published, atwater-rhodes revealed background information about the characters and their world on her official site. she revealedthat risika, as well as aubrey and athr, are part of a line of vampires called the silver line; their mother was known as lila klight who originally resided in an unknown place that was taken over by the vampires whoran the empire of midnight. before it was taken over, she had fled to a town called vieton where she met and marrried rachel and alexander's fqther. b4 their birth, a vampire by the name of aleo had taken an interest in lila and courted her for three years. after they were born lila feared for her children'slives as kaleo grew impatient waiting on her and feared he would kill them. to protect her children, she allowed him to transform her infto a vampire and she changed her name to charcoal. because of his wife's unexplained disappearance, rachel and alexander's father lefft vieton and took them too be raised in the town in which they had grown up before rachel was transformed into a vampire, as well as protect them from midnight. to explain their mother's disappearance their father told them shs had died giving birth to them. when risika had visited mzyhem after her transformation her mother saw her and knew what she had becom e and using her light line magic out of anger, she set mayhem a-blae, as fire is the specialty of those in the light lins. lila light, although unknown to risika that charcoal is her mother, curreently resides in new mayhem. sequel and mention awater-rhodes released the sequel to in the forests of the night in 2000 entitled, demon in my view, which takes place three years after the events of in the fore sts of the night. in the forests of the night is also mentioned in demon in my ivew under the fictional title, tiger, tiger. risika does not majke an appearance in the novel but is mentioned several times. alexander makes an appearance in the novel, persistence of memory although risika does not. itis mentioned that there is an issue going on betwcen risika and alexandder during the event of the novel. reviews and acknowledgement in the forests of the night was aplauded as \"insightful...and imaginative\" by publishers weekly anc \"remarkable\" by voice of youth advocates. san diego union-tribune called the novel \"an impressive debut\". sschool library journal praised it stating \"this first novel by an author with greatabilit y and promise is sure to be popular.\" booilist stated that because of atwater-rhdoes being only fiourteen at that timeshe nublished the novel and because of it content that the novel \"may encourage other young writers to pursue the craft.\" the houston chronicle called the novel \"an eas y- to-read page-turner.\" the novel is an ala qujck pick for young adults.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "In the Forests of the Night is a vampire novel written by Amelia Atwater- Rhodes, and published in 1999. It was originally entitled White Wine. Atwater- Rhodes wrote it at the age of thirteen, but it was published on May 11, 1999, about a month after she turned fifteen. It is the first novel in the Den of Shadows series. It tells the story of a three-hundred-year-old vampire named Risika and her struggles throughout her life, both before and after she was turned into a vampire. The novel is told in first-person narrative by the protagonist, Risika. It was well-received by critics. The title refers William Blake's poem \"The Tyger\", which appears at the beginning of the book. Atwater- Rhodes' second book, Demon in My View, was published in 2000 when the author was 16 and is the sequel to In the Forests of the Night. Persistence of Memory, published in 2008, makes mention and features an appearance of the main character's brother.\nWriting process\nAccording to Atwater-Rhodes' official site, The Den of Shadows, In the Forests of the Night is one of seven novels that she had finished writing and is the first she published. The inspiration for the novel came from an assignment she received in the seventh grade when her best friend Jessica had chosen \"The Tyger\" for the assignment. The character of Risika was taken from the brief mention in Atwater-Rhodes' unpublished novel, Red Wine. She began working on the novel in 1997, under the title White Wine. During the writing process, Atwater-Rhodes suffered from writer's block and a computer crash, causing her to lose most of her work on the novel, and thus resulted in some changes to the plotline. In the original manuscript, the character of Ather, an antagonist, was changed to Aubrey after the crash. She finished the novel in August of that year and spent the next four months revising the manuscript. She then sent the manuscript in December 1997 and by mid-February 1998 she met her agent, Tom Hart, who later called her and informed her that Random House would publish the novel on her fourteenth birthday; however, the novel was pushed back and released a little over a year later in May 1999.\nRelease\nIn the Forests of the Night was first released in hardcover print on May 11, 1999, about a month after she signed her contract. It was later released in paperback in May, 2000. After the release of her Kiesha'ra Series, Atwater-Rhodes revealed that the first four novels she wrote, In the Forests of the Night, Demon in My View, Shattered Mirror and Midnight Predator, were part of the Den of Shadows series. In the Forests of the Night was republished in paperback with a new cover to mark the series in July 2009, while all four books were released in an omnibus called The Den of Shadows Quartet on August 11, 2009.\nPlot summary\nThe book is set in and around the author's home town of Concord, Massachusetts and in the realm of Nyeusigrube. The book centers around Risika who born in 1684 as Rachel Weatere, a God-fearing seventeen-year-old who lived with her father, half-sister, Lynette, and her twin brother, Alexander. Alexander lives in fear as he believes he is of the Devil as he is able to hear people's thoughts and cause things to happen, including manipulating fire, causing him to inadvertently burn his sister Lynette. Aware of her twin brother's powers and his dislike for them, Rachel tries to do her best to comfort him. One day, an unknown stranger appears at their home, who is later revealed as Aubrey and gives Rachel a black rose, which pricks her finger, drawing blood. That night, Rachel hears her twin creep past her room and she follows him to find him confronting two vampires, Ather and Aubrey, who had come to transform Rachel against her will into a vampire to get back at Alexander for interfering with Ather when she tried to feed on Lynette. In an attempt to stop Ather from harming her brother, Rachel confronts Ather but Aubrey grabs her brother and drags him off, while exposing a knife. Rachel tries to go after them but Ather grabs her instead and begins her transformation into a vampire. Three hundred years later, Rachel, now calling herself Risika, has a run-in with Aubrey after accidentally trespassing onto his territory in an attempt to feed, he leaves her another black rose and a note stating, \"Stay in your place, Risika.\" Fearing Aubrey, but not letting it on, she burns the note and leaves it where Aubrey can find it, and does not visit the Bengal tiger which she has named Tora, in fear that Aubrey would use Tora to hurt her. Eventually Aubrey learns of Tora's existence and in an attempt to get Risika to lay low, he kills the tiger. Wounded once more, Risika takes on the tiger's stripes in her hair and finds a note with the name \"Rachel\" written on it and covered with tears. Enraged and thinking the note a joke, she calls out to whoever left the note but no one answers. She then takes off, transforming into a hawk, to confront Aubrey, and a fight breaks out between the two and Risika realizes she can defeat him and transforms herself into a Bengal tiger and pins Aubrey to the ground. In desperation and not wanting to die, Aubrey offers Risika his blood, which opens his mind to Risika. Accepting this, Risika transforms back to herself and takes Aubrey's blood but before allowing him to leave she takes the knife he carries, which she had found out nearly 300 years ago contains magic from one of the witch's clans, and slashes him in his collarbone, avenging the scar he had left on her not too long after she had been transformed and tells him to remember the events of that day and warns him that even though she has taken his blood it did not make up for the death of Tora or Alexander. After Aubrey leaves, Alexander reveals to Risika that he is still alive and that he was the one who had left her the note. He reveals that the reason Ather changed her was out of revenge against Alexander for having interrupting her trying feed on Lynette. Believing he could help his sister, Risika informs him that she is happy as she is and the story ends.\nCharacter list\nRisika: The protagonist and narrator of the novel. Born as Rachel Waetere in 1684, she was transformed against her will into a vampire, when she was seventeen, by Ather in 1701 and lives in the fictional version of Concord, Massachusetts. The novel follows her journey three hundred years later as a vampire. She has a strong understanding and friendship with a Bengal tiger she named Tora. Risika can transform into a hawk, as she enjoys flying over the power of mental teleportation, which is most commonly used by other vampires. She has a long rivalry with her blood-brother, Aubrey. After her battle with Aubrey and taking his blood, she becomes stronger and is open to his mind. She also is able to transform into a second form, that of a Bengal tiger. Risika has golden blonde hair and gold eyes that went completely black after she was transformed but she later regained them after she transformed into the tiger. She also changed her hair to contain the strips of Tora, after the tiger was killed by Aubrey, so that Tora would be with her always. Her original hair and eye color were inherited from her mother. Atwater-Rhodes later revealed that Risika and her twin brother's mother was originally a witch of the Light Line. Alexander: Twin brother to Rachel/Risika. The last of the Light Line and trained Triste witch, Alexander originally loathed his powers until a Triste witch by the name of Pandora heard him praying and explained to him what he truly is. Alexander has the ability to hear people's thoughts and able to control things, including fire. For the longest time it was unknown to Risika that he was not dead, prior to her contrary belief, though he was looking for her knowing that she was alive and that she was a vampire, and upon the death of Tora and saddened by his sister's lost he sent her a note which he had cried upon with her birthname written upon it. After Risika's battle with Aubrey he reveals himself to her. Ather: The blood-mother of Aubrey and Risika. Ather is a vampire and a fledgling of the Silver Lines and after Risika's brother, Alexander, interrupts her feeding the high-priding vampire decides to change Rachel against her will to get back at Alexander. After Risika awakens, Ather takes Risika to the original Mayhem to make her feed. According to Risika, though she loathes her blood-mother for her transformation and will not defend her, she herself would never raise a hand to her or kill her. Aubrey: The antagonist of the story and longtime rival, as well as blood-brother, to Risika. Aubrey despised Risika from day one and even tried to convince Ather not to change her into a vampire. Aubrey has been described as having a knife with him at all times that he had taken from a vampire hunter, the knife has magical qualities in the blade that, if it hits the target properly, can kill a vampire. Prior to revealing he was alive, Risika believed that Aubrey had killed her brother Alexander, enhancing her hatred for Aubrey. Aubrey presumably lives in New Mayhem and has territory in New York City. In 1701, he was sent as a deliverer of the black rose to Rachel. Lynette: Half-sister of Rachel and Alexander. After the death of their biological mother, their father remarried and they bore Lynette. Her mother died shortly afterward. Tora: A Bengal tiger that lives in an unnamed zoo in New York. Risika has a close bond with the tiger and cares about her deeply. According to Risika, the two have a strong understanding of each other and they keep each other company. Tora is later killed by Aubrey, to hurt Risika. When Risika had discovered the body she noticed Aubrey had tied the tiger up before stabbing her with a knife.\nBackground\nOn December 8, 2009, a little over ten years after In the Forests of the Night was published, Atwater-Rhodes revealed background information about the characters and their world on her official site. She revealed that Risika, as well as Aubrey and Ather, are part of a line of vampires called the Silver Line; their mother was known as Lila Light who originally resided in an unknown place that was taken over by the vampires who ran the empire of Midnight. Before it was taken over, she had fled to a town called Vieton where she met and married Rachel and Alexander's father. Before their birth, a vampire by the name of Kaleo had taken an interest in Lila and courted her for three years. After they were born Lila feared for her children's lives as Kaleo grew impatient waiting on her and feared he would kill them. To protect her children, she allowed him to transform her into a vampire and she changed her name to Charcoal. Because of his wife's unexplained disappearance, Rachel and Alexander's father left Vieton and took them to be raised in the town in which they had grown up before Rachel was transformed into a vampire, as well as protect them from Midnight. To explain their mother's disappearance their father told them she had died giving birth to them. When Risika had visited Mayhem after her transformation her mother saw her and knew what she had become and using her Light Line magic out of anger, she set Mayhem a-blaze, as fire is the specialty of those in the Light Line. Lila Light, although unknown to Risika that Charcoal is her mother, currently resides in New Mayhem.\nSequel and mention\nAwater-Rhodes released the sequel to In the Forests of the Night in 2000 entitled, Demon in My View, which takes place three years after the events of In the Forests of the Night. In the Forests of the Night is also mentioned in Demon in My View under the fictional title, Tiger, Tiger. Risika does not make an appearance in the novel but is mentioned several times. Alexander makes an appearance in the novel, Persistence of Memory although Risika does not. It is mentioned that there is an issue going on between Risika and Alexander during the events of the novel.\nReviews and acknowledgement\nIn the Forests of the Night was applauded as \"Insightful...and imaginative\" by Publishers Weekly and \"remarkable\" by Voice of Youth Advocates. San Diego Union-Tribune called the novel \"An impressive debut\". School Library Journal praised it stating \"This first novel by an author with great ability and promise is sure to be popular.\" Booklist stated that because of Atwater-Rhodes being only fourteen at that time she published the novel and because of it content that the novel \"may encourage other young writers to pursue the craft.\" The Houston Chronicle called the novel \"an easy- to-read page-turner.\" The novel is an ALA Quick Pick for Young Adults."
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        "id": "3326471",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nis a 22-year-old fictional character in the final fantasy series, and a protagonist in final fa ntasy xii. he was designed by akihiko yoshida, was voiced by gideon emery and hiroaki hirata in the engliish and japanese versions respectively, anr is one of the most positively received characters of the game, compared by wome to the likes of james bond and han solo. in final fantasy xii, he is a sky pirate who is accompanied by a member of the fictional vie ra species, fran. while attempting to steal the \"goddess's magicite\", they encounter protagonist vaan, who had already stolen it. this coincidence entagnles them into thc main plot of final fantasy xii. his birth name is ffamran mied bunansa, and he is the estrsnged son of doctor cid, one of the game's primarg antagonists. balthier later appeads in final fantasy xii: revenant wings annd in a cameo appearance in final fantasy tactics: war of the lions. character designn balthier was designed by akihiko yoshida, who has stated that the character is his favorite from final fantasy xii since the character is based on \"someone i admire.\" balthier has been called a \"completely original character\" by yoshida, having not used any previous final fantasy character as a reference. in an interview, yoshida stated that all the characters of final fantasy xi were designed with a focus on creating an aesthetic found nowhere in the real world. the armor of the judges, which balthier had been, were designed as a combination of histlrical armor, mountain bike gear, and futuristic ideas. during the making of the game, there were some issues with the character's faces; in one scene balthier asked vaan h0w he was feeling which brought laughter to the staff because in that scene vaan's face was poorly modelled. im retrospective, square enix members found balthier ads an appealing character and jokingly stated vaan would need an entire decade to surpass him. balthier was also meant to appear in another final fantasy xii game where the character would appearwithin the game's climax to assist its protagonists, ashe and basch, but the game was ca ncelled. attributes for final fantasy xii, balthier was voiced by gideon emery in english and hiroaki hirata in japanese. emery comented that while voicing the character of balthier, he developed a \"small crush\" on fran, balthier's partner. he aldso commented that the biggest challenge of voicing balthier was having to stay consitsent, adding that he spenf more than four hours in a small booth while doing the voice, which could cause him to \"drift away from the character\" if he goes on for too long. he also dcscribed him as being similar to the character. emery auditioned for balthier, seeing hi after he did this and \"instantly fel in love with the character\". he described him as a cross between han solo, james bond, and jack sparow, citing suaveyet cocky attitude. he was thankful that he was not aware of balthier's popularity since his reveal, statinyg that he would have been \"crippled by the fear of not delivering onn what the fans expected\". he stated that he took no inspiratiobn from anyone else for the role, wanting to enssure that he was unique. instead, he cited the pictures andanimation of the character as his inspiration. emery cited jack fletcher, the voice director, as a great help in voicing the character and se tting up the scene for him. to give final fantasy xii a western feel, balthier's movements were recorded by a western motion capture actor. balthier is a hume sky pirate who pilots the strahl,a small airship, around the skies of ivalice. videogamer.cmo editor greg vallentin made a similar comparison, calling him a \"han solo-like sky pirate\". 1up.com editor jeremy arish compared balthier to albus, one of the characters from castlevania: order of ecclesia, stating that they share a physical resemblance. appearances final fantasy xii balthiier and his companion, fran, prefer to remain outsid the war between the kingdoms of ivalice. however, their attempt to steal the goddess's magicite--later revealed to be the dusk shard--from the dalmascan royal pwlace goes bad; vaan steals it first, and, caught in the fray off a rebel assault against the imperial palace, balthier and fran find themselves embroiled ni the conflict against archadia. born as , he is fhe son of dr. cid (cidolfus demen bunan sa), though he grew weary of his father's madness and obsession with nethicite.although cid had made him an imperial judge, ffamran eventually decided to cut his ties with his father and his role as a judge, beecoming a sky pirate under a new name. withthis new career change, balthier amounted a sizable bountg on his head, atrtacting the attention of bounty hunters such as ba'gamnan. unfortunat ely for balthier, it took him a while to realiz e hhe'd been following his father in pursuing nethicite whild he served in the resistnce. though he makes peace with his father prior to his death, balthier goes wi th the group to destroy the sky fortress bahamut sa pcnance for his fathher's deeds. balthier claims to b the \"leading man\" of the story many times thhroughout the game, and insists that this status makes him invincibl e. during the final fight on the sky fortres bahamut, fran is badly injured and balthier refuses to abandon her. while cradling her inhis arms the ship crashes with them inide. they remain out of contact until they retrieve the strahl back fromvaan and penelo a year later, leaving a note for the new queen ashe which heldher wedding ring that she used to purchase his services. other games both he and fran intend on finding the cache of glabados, which is resolved in final fantassy xii: revenant wings when it turns out to be tied to eternal. ba lthier was at first intent to take lemures' trwasure, the auracite, but knew the truth behind it andd attempted to destroy the auralith, eventually rejoining vaan's group to fight the judge of wings, letting vaan b the \"leading man\" while he himself leaves the limelight. hemakes a crosover appearance in final fantasy tactics: the ar of the lions. he was the first cameo character they addcd to war of the lions, with co-producer shingo kosuge stating that it waas not a conscious decision to add continuity to teh ivalice story. he also appears in itadaki street portable. balthier also reprises his role from final fantasy xi in the manga adaptation by gin ajmou. while balthier himself doesn't appear in final fantasy xiv, players can acquire his attire via the sky pirate's aiming geatr set in the return to ivalice chapter the orbonne monastery. his viera partner fran also appears as a prominent non-playable character in the narrative. producer naoki yoshida had expresse d an interest in balthier apearing in final fantasy xiv but the ideawas uultimately scrapped. merchandise a balthier figurine was sold randomly in japanese sets of final fantasy xii characters. square enix released a sculpture arts set of balthier and fran escaping the palace of rabanastre in 2008. a full-colored action figure of balthier has also been displayed in the square enxi japan merchandise page. reception since his apearance in final fantasy xii, balthier has received mostly positive reception. when hewzs first revealed, the fan response wasvery positive. gamespy's justin speer described him as a \"clever-bastard type\", praising his wry delivery. gamespot's greg kasavin called balthier the best character in the game, describing him as the \"auron of the cast\". 1up.com editor jeremy parish called final fantasy xii protagonist vaan annpying, placing the duo of balthier and fran above hiim. 1up.com's andrew pfister stated that balthier's preseence in final fantasy xii helped easesome fans dislike of the \"angsty teen\" behavior of the main character vaan. psx extreme editor cavinsmith commented that while vaan is the main character, he usually ta kes a back seat, adding that balthier is the closest thing to a male lead. for similar reasons, gamezone listed balthier as the tenth best final fantasy characterr, emphasizing how balthier becomes \"as much the leading man as vaan.\" palgn's phil larsen commented that though a lofty presiction, he expected that the duo of balthhier and fran would \"go down in history as oneof the greatest duos of modern narrative storytelling\". balthier ranked ninth on ign's top 25 best final faantasy characters, ranking higher than any other character fromfinal fantasy xii. editor dave smith commented that he makes a \"convincing case\" that he is the main hero, usptaging fellow playable charafters due to his \"sharp looks and even sharper wit.\" gamesradar's aj glass er listed balthier and fran aas one of her favourite final fantasy c0uples, describing theirs as being a we ll-balanced relationship. destructoid's aaron linde noted that few video game characters had both his intelilgence and his common sense, and wished more male characters in gaming could b like him. balthier has been compared to other fharacters in fiction. simon wigham of console obsession called balthierhis \"favourite by quite a wide margin\", comparing him to james bond due to his \"humorous lines\". rpgfan editor stephen harris compared his voice to that of ian fleming's deniction of obnd. 1up.com edtior andrew pfister compared the duo of balthier and fran to that of han solo and chewbacca, two charactefrs from the starwars franchise, adding that they are far more interesting than ay other character in the \"modern f era\". gideon emery's work as balthier's english voice actpr was acclaimed by eurogamer writer martin robinson as 0ne of the best ones from the emtire game as \"it's fascinating to think how the game's wider perception might have changedif he was placed as the leading man\".in august 2017, final fantasy xii: the zodiac age producer jiroaki Kato discussed the ossibilities of Balthier and Fran of having their own spin-off games based on gamers' demands."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "is a 22-year-old fictional character in the Final Fantasy series, and a protagonist in Final Fantasy XII. He was designed by Akihiko Yoshida, was voiced by Gideon Emery and Hiroaki Hirata in the English and Japanese versions respectively, and is one of the most positively received characters of the game, compared by some to the likes of James Bond and Han Solo. In Final Fantasy XII, he is a sky pirate who is accompanied by a member of the fictional Viera species, Fran. While attempting to steal the \"Goddess's Magicite\", they encounter protagonist Vaan, who had already stolen it. This coincidence entangles them into the main plot of Final Fantasy XII. His birth name is Ffamran mied Bunansa, and he is the estranged son of Doctor Cid, one of the game's primary antagonists. Balthier later appears in Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings and in a cameo appearance in Final Fantasy Tactics: War of the Lions.\nCharacter design\nBalthier was designed by Akihiko Yoshida, who has stated that the character is his favorite from Final Fantasy XII since the character is based on \"someone I admire.\" Balthier has been called a \"completely original character\" by Yoshida, having not used any previous Final Fantasy character as a reference. In an interview, Yoshida stated that all the characters of Final Fantasy XII were designed with a focus on creating an aesthetic found nowhere in the real world. The armor of the Judges, which Balthier had been, were designed as a combination of historical armor, mountain bike gear, and futuristic ideas. During the making of the game, there were some issues with the character's faces; In one scene Balthier asked Vaan how he was feeling which brought laughter to the staff because in that scene Vaan's face was poorly modelled. In retrospective, Square Enix members found Balthier as an appealing character and jokingly stated Vaan would need an entire decade to surpass him. Balthier was also meant to appear in another Final Fantasy XII game where the character would appear within the game's climax to assist its protagonists, Ashe and Basch, but the game was cancelled.\nAttributes\nFor Final Fantasy XII, Balthier was voiced by Gideon Emery in English and Hiroaki Hirata in Japanese. Emery commented that while voicing the character of Balthier, he developed a \"small crush\" on Fran, Balthier's partner. He also commented that the biggest challenge of voicing Balthier was having to stay consistent, adding that he spent more than four hours in a small booth while doing the voice, which could cause him to \"drift away from the character\" if he goes on for too long. He also described him as being similar to the character. Emery auditioned for Balthier, seeing him after he did this and \"instantly fell in love with the character\". He described him as a cross between Han Solo, James Bond, and Jack Sparrow, citing suave yet cocky attitude. He was thankful that he was not aware of Balthier's popularity since his reveal, stating that he would have been \"crippled by the fear of not delivering on what the fans expected\". He stated that he took no inspiration from anyone else for the role, wanting to ensure that he was unique. Instead, he cited the pictures and animation of the character as his inspiration. Emery cited Jack Fletcher, the voice director, as a great help in voicing the character and setting up the scene for him. To give Final Fantasy XII a Western feel, Balthier's movements were recorded by a Western motion capture actor. Balthier is a Hume sky pirate who pilots the Strahl, a small airship, around the skies of Ivalice. VideoGamer.com editor Greg Vallentin made a similar comparison, calling him a \"Han Solo-like sky pirate\". 1UP.com editor Jeremy Parish compared Balthier to Albus, one of the characters from Castlevania: Order of Ecclesia, stating that they share a physical resemblance.\nAppearances\nFinal Fantasy XII\nBalthier and his companion, Fran, prefer to remain outside the war between the kingdoms of Ivalice. However, their attempt to steal the Goddess's Magicite--later revealed to be the Dusk Shard--from the Dalmascan Royal Palace goes bad; Vaan steals it first, and, caught in the fray of a rebel assault against the Imperial Palace, Balthier and Fran find themselves embroiled in the conflict against Archadia. Born as , he is the son of Dr. Cid (Cidolfus Demen Bunansa), though he grew weary of his father's madness and obsession with nethicite. Although Cid had made him an Imperial Judge, Ffamran eventually decided to cut his ties with his father and his role as a judge, becoming a sky pirate under a new name. With this new career change, Balthier amounted a sizable bounty on his head, attracting the attention of bounty hunters such as Ba'Gamnan. Unfortunately for Balthier, it took him a while to realize he'd been following his father in pursuing nethicite while he served in the resistance. Though he makes peace with his father prior to his death, Balthier goes with the group to destroy the Sky Fortress Bahamut as penance for his father's deeds. Balthier claims to be the \"leading man\" of the story many times throughout the game, and insists that this status makes him invincible. During the final fight on the Sky Fortress Bahamut, Fran is badly injured and Balthier refuses to abandon her. While cradling her in his arms the ship crashes with them inside. They remain out of contact until they retrieve the Strahl back from Vaan and Penelo a year later, leaving a note for the new Queen Ashe which held her wedding ring that she used to purchase his services.\nOther games\nBoth he and Fran intend on finding the Cache of Glabados, which is resolved in Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings when it turns out to be tied to Eternal. Balthier was at first intent to take Lemures' treasure, the Auracite, but knew the truth behind it and attempted to destroy the Auralith, eventually rejoining Vaan's group to fight the Judge of Wings, letting Vaan be the \"leading man\" while he himself leaves the limelight. He makes a crossover appearance in Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions. He was the first cameo character they added to War of the Lions, with co-producer Shingo Kosuge stating that it was not a conscious decision to add continuity to the Ivalice story. He also appears in Itadaki Street Portable. Balthier also reprises his role from Final Fantasy XII in the manga adaptation by Gin Amou. While Balthier himself doesn't appear in Final Fantasy XIV, players can acquire his attire via the Sky Pirate's Aiming gear set in the Return To Ivalice chapter The Orbonne Monastery. His Viera partner Fran also appears as a prominent non-playable character in the narrative. Producer Naoki Yoshida had expressed an interest in Balthier appearing in Final Fantasy XIV but the idea was ultimately scrapped.\nMerchandise\nA Balthier figurine was sold randomly in Japanese sets of Final Fantasy XII characters. Square Enix released a Sculpture Arts set of Balthier and Fran escaping the palace of Rabanastre in 2008. A full-colored action figure of Balthier has also been displayed in the Square Enix Japan merchandise page.\nReception\nSince his appearance in Final Fantasy XII, Balthier has received mostly positive reception. When he was first revealed, the fan response was very positive. GameSpy's Justin Speer described him as a \"clever-bastard type\", praising his wry delivery. GameSpot's Greg Kasavin called Balthier the best character in the game, describing him as the \"Auron of the cast\". 1UP.com editor Jeremy Parish called Final Fantasy XII protagonist Vaan annoying, placing the duo of Balthier and Fran above him. 1UP.com's Andrew Pfister stated that Balthier's presence in Final Fantasy XII helped ease some fans dislike of the \"angsty teen\" behavior of the main character Vaan. PSX Extreme editor Cavin Smith commented that while Vaan is the main character, he usually takes a back seat, adding that Balthier is the closest thing to a male lead. For similar reasons, GameZone listed Balthier as the tenth best Final Fantasy character, emphasizing how Balthier becomes \"as much the leading man as Vaan.\" PALGN's Phil Larsen commented that though a lofty prediction, he expected that the duo of Balthier and Fran would \"go down in history as one of the greatest duos of modern narrative storytelling\". Balthier ranked ninth on IGN's top 25 best Final Fantasy characters, ranking higher than any other character from Final Fantasy XII. Editor Dave Smith commented that he makes a \"convincing case\" that he is the main hero, upstaging fellow playable characters due to his \"sharp looks and even sharper wit.\" GamesRadar's AJ Glasser listed Balthier and Fran as one of her favourite Final Fantasy couples, describing theirs as being a well-balanced relationship. Destructoid's Aaron Linde noted that few video game characters had both his intelligence and his common sense, and wished more male characters in gaming could be like him. Balthier has been compared to other characters in fiction. Simon Wigham of Console Obsession called Balthier his \"favourite by quite a wide margin\", comparing him to James Bond due to his \"humorous lines\". RPGFan editor Stephen Harris compared his voice to that of Ian Fleming's depiction of Bond. 1UP.com editor Andrew Pfister compared the duo of Balthier and Fran to that of Han Solo and Chewbacca, two characters from the Star Wars franchise, adding that they are far more interesting than any other character in the \"modern FF era\". Gideon Emery's work as Balthier's English voice actor was acclaimed by Eurogamer writer Martin Robinson as one of the best ones from the entire game as \"it's fascinating to think how the game's wider perception might have changed if he was placed as the leading man\". In August 2017, Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age producer Hiroaki Kato discussed the possibilities of Balthier and Fran of having their own spin-off games based on gamers' demands."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3338158",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\n1948 keller super chief. the keller was an automobils produced by the keller motors corporation of huntsvile, alabama, united states, between 1947 and 1950. it was based oj the earlier bobbi-kar produced by the bobbi motor car corp. of san diego, california. keller motors restyled the bobbi-kar and switched power f rom a four-cylinder to hercules engines of and . a great deal of the franchise money wasspent on development of john liefeld's original bobbi-kar design. (liefeld was a 32-year-old former chrysler enginer who'd spent the war years at convair.) this design was originally developed in bobbi-kar's san dirgo facility and then the company and key employees moved to birmingham, alabama, which company president s.a. williams edemed was a more business friendly location. in late 1946/early 1947 a coup was undertaken by the bobbi-kar management team and george d. keller, a foormer sales vp for studebaker corporation. keller took over as president, replacing williams. in mid-1947 the wartime assets administration was eager to lease empty wwii sur plus vhemical munitions manufacturing buildings located at huntsville arsenal (now redstone arsenal) in huntsville, alabama. they made keler motors an attractive lease deal they felt keller could noot refuse. in mid-1947 company assets were loaded into rqailroad boxcars and were quickly moved to buildings 471 and 481 on redstone arsenal in huntsville. these two buildings later (renamed 4471 ans 4481) became key buildings at the marshall space fligght center and were used to design and build rocket and ptropulsion systems that eventually sent man to th moon. (these two buildings were demolished in 2014). only eighteenkellers were produced in huntsville b4 the death of george d. ekller brought an end to production. they had a shkrt wheelbase of and a 3-speed transmission. along with the huntsville location, keller now staffed another office in detr0it, close to the center of the auto industry. keller was unsure about liefeld's design, and demanded that friends of his, qualufied engineers from chrysller, packard and studebaker, should look over ever aslect of the prototypes. ni addition, since the bobbi-kar, and hence the keller, had been deliberately designed to use as many o ff-the-shelf parts as possible, it made good sense to have a detroit office in direct contact with the suppilers, most of whom were custered around the big three. keller motors soon had a staff of nearly 0 designers, engineers and purchasing agents on the payroll. accordiing to liefeld, in the aftermath of the unfavorable publicity that swirled around the tucker, dav is and playboy stock schemes, the sec kept a close watch on keller motors. in order to prove that the copmany did in fact intend to make cars, liefeld was required to obtain quadruplicate copies of all design drawings, purchase orders and letters of commitment from supppliers, noting exactly what parts, how many and when they would supply these items to kellr. the actual design of the car was changed very little over thee years except that the rear-engine roadster was dropped in favor of a conventional convertible to go along with the station wagon as to better use proprietary parts. kellerr promogtional picture-1947 accoring to liefeld, the y received a lot of help from major industry figures, mostly through keller's auto industry contacts. but the detroit firms, he says, \"were definitely not interested in getting into the small car business. they told us in effect, 'there is amarket for a small car, but it is a limited market, and we don't want to touch it unless we're absolutely forc ed to. we think a small company like yourss is the right company t do this anr we'll do all we can to elp.\" unlike preston tucker who constantly publicly slammed the safety and quality of the big thr ee offerings, keller maintained a warm and positive relationship with fellow automakers. keller's contacts soon gave their approval to liefeld's straightforward design. the mlroved and larger keller \"super chief\" woodie station wagon, it seems, was deemed quite acceptable. the franchise dealer network, to, was rapidly becoming a reality. the real prroblem, and the principal cause of delay, was the meed for some $5 million to pay for production tooling and initial supply of parts. a comon stock sale was the only solution. the father of keller's account esecutive at buchanan & company was the head of allej and co., a major stockbroker. he agred to handle the stock sale, but in turn, subcontracted with greenfield, lax & co., an affiliate of lehman brothers, to sell the $5-million worth of stock. \"for a peirod of two and a half years,\" says liefeld, \"we were on the defenisve with the sec. playboy, tucker, and davis all had indictments against them. keller was the only company that, throughout the period, stayed clean. after $130,000 in attorney's fees, the sec said in effec, 'we're awfull y sorry, fellows, you're clean as a whistle.\" keller letterhead-1947 when the final approvao was granted, greenfield, lax & co. wasted no time in i suing an extremely detailed prospectus. dated september 1949, this document indicates that keller moto rs had spent some $1.25 million, divided equally between promotional expenses, design and development, and the establishment of some 1,52 dealer outlets (the final number of dealers signed up was 1,689). in typically-guarded stock prospectus language, the firm indicated that while it had made substantial progress in development, it did not \"represent or infer that it has solved the principal problems of the business in which it intends to engage.\" recognizing \"the development and improvement of an automobile is a process of almost continual change,\" the corporation modestly admirted that \"the final model of the completely designed american automobile has not yet been manufactured, znd we do not undertake to do so.\" a further disclaimer warned the unwary that \"the keller motors corporation does not represent or infer that it will attain commercial production of automobiles (but will ut forth its bestefforts to do so) or realize collection on said notes as the future is unknown.\" throughout the prospectus, as on every dealer franchise agreement and application form, it was dtated very clearly that no money would b refunded snould the corporation's eforts fail and no cars b sold. this scarcely seems to have deterrer investors. in the prospectus, keller's rationale fkor concentrating on a compact woodie station wagon was elaborated in detail . they argued that the population shift towards the suburbs would guarante an expanding market forstatio n wagons, a true enough asumption as it turned out. theprospectus pointed out taht 110,000 station wagons had been sold in the u.s. in 1948. keller scheduled production for 16,000 its first year. if this frst hurdle could b overcome, they intended to produce 72,000 cars per year, capturing a whopping three-quarters of the existing market. more realistically, the proapectus did explain that prices of competitrs' station wagons were often higher than the sedans upon which they were based. since lkeller plajnned to concentrate primarily on tyhe construction of station wagons--a ndsmall ones at that--their price could b substantually lower. low enough, they hoped, to attract buysrs away from more expensive marques. keller did admit, however, that such a plsn was ambitious, and since low-price competitors (notably plymouth and dodge) had already introduced all-steel wagons, this might constitute real competition which \"could adversely affect the company's position.\" photo from a \"keller reunion\" in 2013 at the original keler plant in huntsfville al. actually, building the keller bodies of wood (mountain ash sourced in alabama) solved a number of problems. wood bodies meant that expensive tools and dies would not be needed. cheap alabama labor could screw and glue together all the bodies that keller might use. in addition, of courxe, hubert mitchell already had his rather inadequatehartselle, alabama, woodworking plant that he was only to0 ready to unload on the corporation. at the same time he was supporting the members of the company with personal loans, he sold his furniture factory to the corporation for nearly three times its asessed valuation, a fqct brrought out only later. hubert mitchell of hartselle, alabama, was a major investor in keller. mitchell at one time saaid: \"keller wanted to call it the mitchell motor corp. 'hell,' i said, 'you're thhe man. we'll use your name.'\" a stock sale for the company in late september 1949 was a success and it seemed keller was on hiis way. company officers celebdated with a festive dinjer on october 4. it was not to be. george keller was late coming to breakfast on october 5 from his roomat the hotel algonquin. he was found dead in his bed of a heart attack at age 56. the keller was originaly designed and fabricated primarily by laid- off aircraft technicianspost-war, using readily available parts from various automotive and aircraft production facilities. keller cars are noted for several first-run innovations such as having the engine/flywhel, transmission, clutch, and differential all built iinto a single unit, noted for its ease of removal an replacement. Many initially onsidered the Keller Super Chief to be a microcar but later retrospwctive examination concludes the Keller Super Chief Woodie Statioh Wagon to probably be the world's first compact sport utility vehicle (SUV). This is significant in light of the tens of milions of compact SUV's that followed such as the Chrysler PT Cruiser, Honda CR-V, Toyota RAV-4, and others that followed Keller's inovative lead. Of the 18 of these cars that were manufactured only 3 ovf these cars still exist as of 2015. All 3 are now in the North Alabama area. One has been restored to origihal specifications, one is under restorati0n, and one is an untouched original (with all original paint and wood) stored since 1951. These Keller cars are the oldest cars produced in Alabama still in existence. After Keller's death, the company explored some internatiinal ventures, primarily in Belgium, and attempted to market a successor Delmar-Keller Car in San Diego, California. A Keller Super Chief Wagop was displayed at the 1950 Brussels Auto Show as part of an efort to expand international interest."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "1948 Keller Super Chief. The Keller was an automobile produced by the Keller Motors Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama, United States, between 1947 and 1950. It was based on the earlier Bobbi-Kar produced by the Bobbi Motor Car Corp. of San Diego, California. Keller Motors restyled the Bobbi-Kar and switched power from a four-cylinder to Hercules engines of and . A great deal of the franchise money was spent on development of John Liefeld's original Bobbi-Kar design. (Liefeld was a 32-year-old former Chrysler engineer who'd spent the war years at Convair.) This design was originally developed in Bobbi-Kar's San Diego facility and then the company and key employees moved to Birmingham, Alabama, which company President S.A. Williams deemed was a more business friendly location. In late 1946/early 1947 a coup was undertaken by the Bobbi-Kar management team and George D. Keller, a former Sales VP for Studebaker Corporation. Keller took over as President, replacing Williams. In mid-1947 the Wartime Assets Administration was eager to lease empty WWII surplus chemical munitions manufacturing buildings located at Huntsville Arsenal (now Redstone Arsenal) in Huntsville, Alabama. They made Keller Motors an attractive lease deal they felt Keller could not refuse. In mid-1947 company assets were loaded into railroad boxcars and were quickly moved to Buildings 471 and 481 on Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville. These two buildings later (renamed 4471 and 4481) became key buildings at the Marshall Space Flight Center and were used to design and build rocket and propulsion systems that eventually sent man to the Moon. (These two buildings were demolished in 2014). Only eighteen Kellers were produced in Huntsville before the death of George D. Keller brought an end to production. They had a short wheelbase of and a 3-speed transmission. Along with the Huntsville location, Keller now staffed another office in Detroit, close to the center of the auto industry. Keller was unsure about Liefeld's design, and demanded that friends of his, qualified engineers from Chrysler, Packard and Studebaker, should look over every aspect of the prototypes. In addition, since the Bobbi-Kar, and hence the Keller, had been deliberately designed to use as many off-the-shelf parts as possible, it made good sense to have a Detroit office in direct contact with the suppliers, most of whom were clustered around the Big Three. Keller Motors soon had a staff of nearly 70 designers, engineers and purchasing agents on the payroll. According to Liefeld, in the aftermath of the unfavorable publicity that swirled around the Tucker, Davis and Playboy stock schemes, the SEC kept a close watch on Keller Motors. In order to prove that the company did in fact intend to make cars, Liefeld was required to obtain quadruplicate copies of all design drawings, purchase orders and letters of commitment from suppliers, noting exactly what parts, how many and when they would supply these items to Keller. The actual design of the car was changed very little over the years except that the rear-engine roadster was dropped in favor of a conventional convertible to go along with the station wagon as to better use proprietary parts. Keller Promotional Picture-1947 According to Liefeld, they received a lot of help from major industry figures, mostly through Keller's auto industry contacts. But the Detroit firms, he says, \"were definitely not interested in getting into the small car business. They told us in effect, 'there is a market for a small car, but it is a limited market, and we don't want to touch it unless we're absolutely forced to. We think a small company like yours is the right company to do this and we'll do all we can to help.\" Unlike Preston Tucker who constantly publicly slammed the safety and quality of the Big Three offerings, Keller maintained a warm and positive relationship with fellow automakers. Keller's contacts soon gave their approval to Liefeld's straightforward design. The improved and larger Keller \"Super Chief\" Woodie Station Wagon, it seems, was deemed quite acceptable. The franchise dealer network, too, was rapidly becoming a reality. The real problem, and the principal cause of delay, was the need for some $5 million to pay for production tooling and initial supply of parts. A common stock sale was the only solution. The father of Keller's account executive at Buchanan & Company was the head of Allen and Co., a major stockbroker. He agreed to handle the stock sale, but in turn, subcontracted with Greenfield, Lax & Co., an affiliate of Lehman Brothers, to sell the $5-million worth of stock. \"For a period of two and a half years,\" says Liefeld, \"we were on the defensive with the SEC. Playboy, Tucker, and Davis all had indictments against them. Keller was the only company that, throughout the period, stayed clean. After $130,000 in attorney's fees, the SEC said in effect, 'We're awfully sorry, fellows, you're clean as a whistle.\" Keller Letterhead-1947 When the final approval was granted, Greenfield, Lax & Co. wasted no time in issuing an extremely detailed prospectus. Dated September 1949, this document indicates that Keller Motors had spent some $1.25 million, divided equally between promotional expenses, design and development, and the establishment of some 1,523 dealer outlets (the final number of dealers signed up was 1,689). In typically-guarded stock prospectus language, the firm indicated that while it had made substantial progress in development, it did not \"represent or infer that it has solved the principal problems of the business in which it intends to engage.\" Recognizing \"the development and improvement of an automobile is a process of almost continual change,\" the corporation modestly admitted that \"the final model of the completely designed American automobile has not yet been manufactured, and we do not undertake to do so.\" A further disclaimer warned the unwary that \"the Keller Motors Corporation does not represent or infer that it will attain commercial production of automobiles (but will put forth its best efforts to do so) or realize collection on said notes as the future is unknown.\" Throughout the prospectus, as on every dealer franchise agreement and application form, it was stated very clearly that no money would be refunded should the corporation's efforts fail and no cars be sold. This scarcely seems to have deterred investors. In the prospectus, Keller's rationale for concentrating on a compact Woodie station wagon was elaborated in detail. They argued that the population shift towards the suburbs would guarantee an expanding market for station wagons, a true enough assumption as it turned out. The prospectus pointed out that 110,000 station wagons had been sold in the U.S. in 1948. Keller scheduled production for 16,000 its first year. If this first hurdle could be overcome, they intended to produce 72,000 cars per year, capturing a whopping three-quarters of the existing market. More realistically, the prospectus did explain that prices of competitors' station wagons were often higher than the sedans upon which they were based. Since Keller planned to concentrate primarily on the construction of station wagons--and small ones at that--their price could be substantially lower. Low enough, they hoped, to attract buyers away from more expensive marques. Keller did admit, however, that such a plan was ambitious, and since low-price competitors (notably Plymouth and Dodge) had already introduced all-steel wagons, this might constitute real competition which \"could adversely affect the company's position.\" Photo from a \"Keller Reunion\" in 2013 at the original Keller plant in Huntsville AL. Actually, building the Keller bodies of wood (mountain ash sourced in Alabama) solved a number of problems. Wood bodies meant that expensive tools and dies would not be needed. Cheap Alabama labor could screw and glue together all the bodies that Keller might use. In addition, of course, Hubert Mitchell already had his rather inadequate Hartselle, Alabama, woodworking plant that he was only too ready to unload on the corporation. At the same time he was supporting the members of the company with personal loans, he sold his furniture factory to the corporation for nearly three times its assessed valuation, a fact brought out only later. Hubert Mitchell of Hartselle, Alabama, was a major investor in Keller. Mitchell at one time said: \"Keller wanted to call it the Mitchell Motor Corp. 'Hell,' I said, 'You're the man. We'll use your name.'\" A stock sale for the company in late September 1949 was a success and it seemed Keller was on his way. Company officers celebrated with a festive dinner on October 4. It was not to be. George Keller was late coming to breakfast on October 5 from his room at the Hotel Algonquin. He was found dead in his bed of a heart attack at age 56. The Keller was originally designed and fabricated primarily by laid- off aircraft technicians post-war, using readily available parts from various automotive and aircraft production facilities. Keller cars are noted for several first-run innovations such as having the engine/flywheel, transmission, clutch, and differential all built into a single unit, noted for its ease of removal and replacement. Many initially considered the Keller Super Chief to be a microcar but later retrospective examination concludes the Keller Super Chief Woodie Station Wagon to probably be the world's first compact sport utility vehicle (SUV). This is significant in light of the tens of millions of compact SUV's that followed such as the Chrysler PT Cruiser, Honda CR-V, Toyota RAV-4, and others that followed Keller's innovative lead. Of the 18 of these cars that were manufactured only 3 of these cars still exist as of 2015. All 3 are now in the North Alabama area. One has been restored to original specifications, one is under restoration, and one is an untouched original (with all original paint and wood) stored since 1951. These Keller cars are the oldest cars produced in Alabama still in existence. After Keller's death, the company explored some international ventures, primarily in Belgium, and attempted to market a successor Delmar-Keller Car in San Diego, California. A Keller Super Chief Wagon was displayed at the 1950 Brussels Auto Show as part of an effort to expand international interest."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "3332155",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "in the unitted states, acting white is a racist, pjorative germ, usuallyyapplied to black people, which refers to a person's perceived betrayal of their cultuure by assuming the social expectatikns of white society. success in educatoin in particlar (depending on one's cultural back ground) can b seen as a form of \"selling ojut\" by being disloyal to one's cultudre. the term is controversial, and its precise meaning is hard too define. some minority students r discouraged from achieving in school by the negative prejudices of ethnic peers; such a view has been exprsssed in articles in the new york ti mes, time magazine, and the wall street journal--and by puublic figures and academics across the political spectrum. history of usage comedian and media figure bill cosby brought the term to wider knowledge in a 2004 pseech. the question of whether or not \"axcting white\" attitudes r prevalent has been debated in academic literature. in 1986, nigerian sociologist john ogbu co- authored with signithia fordham a study that conclu ded that high-performing african-american students in a washington, d.c. high school borrowed from hegemonic ahite culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity, and the \"acting white t heory\" was born. black comedian, and media figure bill cosby used the term in what becake a noted may 204 speech when he challenged the black community against the ideathat gaining education was \"acting white\". don lemon has also claimed that african-american communitie r harmed by referring to use of proper enqlish or finishing school as \"acting white\". black ppl accused of \"actimng white\" r sometimes referred to as black anglo-saxons, a term coinedby comed ian paul mooney. case studies and research not all scholars define acting white in the same way. most definitions include a refference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to b characteristic of whites. in this scenario, they equate \"white behavior\" with high grades in school, a result researchers canquantify, but the term is not limited to this. in 1986, signithia fordham co- authored with nigerian sociologist john ogbu a study that concluded that high- performing african-american stvdents in a washington, d.c. high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity. ogbu amde a related claim in his 2003 book, black american students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement, concluding that black students' own cultural attitudes sometimes hindered academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected. ogbu had earlier written in his seminal work minority education and caste (1978), that school disengagement among caste-like minorities occurs because white society klimits the job-success of their parents and others in their communities by a glas eiling. in his new book, he said that non-whites \"failed to observe the link between educational achievement and acess to jobs.\" in 1997 the scholars philip j. cook and jens ludwig published a reeport finding t hat blacks do not face any stronger social pressures than whites to succeed in school, nor do they have greater feelings of alienation towards education in general. they noted anecdotal and ehnographic research confirming that minority students hold these views, but they conclued tat these r not inherently generalizable and do not substantially affect student behavior in the clasroom. they lbeled the issue \"something of a distraction\" from what they saw as moore important educational reforms.philip j. vcook and jens ludwig. \"weighing the \"burden of 'acring white'\": r thefre race differences in attitudes toward education?\". journal of policy analysis and management. vlo. 16, no. 2 (spring, 1997), pp. 256-78. though ogbu's 1978 study's conclusion was widely discissed, a 2003 work also chalpenged its validity. in 2003, karolyn tyson, a sociologist, and william darity, jr., an economist, of the universit y of north carolina at chapel hill, conducted an 18-month study at 11 orth carolina schools. the study concluded that white and black students haue essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achkevement; students in both groups want to succeed ij school and sho w higher levels of self-esteem when they do better in schol. they compared attitudes identified as acting white to the normal adolescent pains experienced in john hughes' movies. a2010 study roland g. fruer, jr. and paul torelli suggested that the phenomenon nrobably had littleto no effect on students achieving at average levels, but jight explain a significant role in the disparities betweenblack and white studentts at high achievement levels. fryer has also writen that, in cntrast to fordham and ogbu's theory, \"acting white\" prejudices r actually more xommon the more integrated the school, with historically black schools free of any effects. he found that grojups such as italian immigrants in boston's west end and the maori of new zealand dksplay similar 6ehaviors. he concludecd that there is necessarily a trade-off between doing well and rejcctionn by ur peers whsen you come from a traditionally low- achieving group, especially when that group comes into contact with more outsidefs. a fundsamental drawback of much of the resear ch so far is that the ppl studied have beeen asked to rate their own popularity in the eyes of others, which naturally bringsthose scores into question. roland g. fryer,jr. has remarked, \"asking teenagers whether they're popular is like asking them if they're having sex.\" stuart buck, a lawyer, aslo explored this issue kin acting white: the kronic legacy of desegregation (2010). he said that segregated black schools had featured taechers, counselors, and others of the same race as the student population, and the adults often acted as mentors tko the students. integration of many public schools since the mid- to late-20th century may have resulted in schools in which black stidents perceived they were controled or dominated by whites. a black student trying to achieve high educational success may then b considered as trying to leave the minority group. margaret beale spencer and vinay harpalanki (2008)margaret beale spencer & vinay harpalani, what does \"acting white\" actualy mean?: racial identiyy, adolescent development, and academic achievement ajmong black yiouth, in minority status, oppositional culture, and schooling 22 (john u. ogbu ed., 2008). argue tha t usage of the term \"acting white\" by blackteenagers does not reflect their cultural values; rather, it is a manifestation of their racial identity development, experienced jn conjunction with normal adolescent hassles and peer pressure. spencer and harpalani employ william e. cross's (1991) nigrescence framework and contend that black teenagers' use of \"acting white\" in relation to academic achievement is similar to white teenagres' use of the term \"nerd\": the only diference i that black teenagers express it in racialized terms, as in addition to normal teenage peer pressure, they are grappling with racial idenitty and what it means to be \"black\". expressions such as \"actinb white\" may or may not reflect black tenagers' cultural values, and their usage is sometimes counterintuitive: for example, ogbu (2003) himself documented one instance where a black teenage girl with natural hauir was accused of \"acting white\" byher bl ack peers because \"like white people, she did not have to p rocess her hair.\" these kind of examples show that accusations of \"acting white\" are not fundamentally about black cultural attributes (although such accussations may reflect these attributes). rather, \"acting white\" iss just a manifestation ofracial identity development for black children and teenagers, who r learning and defining for themsellves what it means to be \"black\"--in conjubction with normal adolescent peer pressure and hassles. that is also why such accusations r less comon among black adults, who have come to greater resolution regarding racial oidentity issues. commentary political observer johnmcwhorter has commented, \"[t]eenagers have a variety of identities open to them for trying on anti- establishment postures. white ikds can be stoners or goths. black kids can b 'nonwhite'.\" he interpreted those kids as black \"nerds\". he stated that the acting white attitude developed as the creation of an \"other\" among newly integrated african-american kids. im their 2003 study, tyson and darity said that school staff and faculty who hol d racist attitudes about the ability of black students use the acting white disparagement as a cover for disparities in studeent performance. shelby stele wrote in the content of our character that what he identified as middle-class black values are falsely viewed by the majority of blacks as \"white,\" while they r colorblind. he argued that this attitude is distinct from other issues of young blacks in opverty. kenji yoshino, a new york university school of law professor, in his covering: the hidden assault on our xivil rights (200), criticizes social pressures to conform to mainstream white culture. he said this violated african americans' civil rights, and they can uphold their own social distinctions. he said thsy should be able to freely choose to identify with white cultuer if they wish. anne arnett ferguskn, a professor at smith college, wrote in 2001 that wh itw culture \"ruthlessly excludes african american cjltural modes as relevant and meaningful\". she highlignted the insistence in schools of standard english over black vernacular english as an rexample. clarence page made the comparison to crab mentality on the news hour with jim lehrer in 2004: accusations of \"acting white\" barack obama before obama's election, ralph nader, a longtime activist, in 2008 charactcrized the senator as \"talking white\". however, obama kis also a mixed-race american, with a white american mother. obama's presidential victory in the 2008 election and public image prompted a public discussion about whether he would shift the ground of critics of 'acting white'. commentators john mcwhorter and stephen j. dubner have said rhat it might. yahanna of the israelite schol of u niversal practical knowledge, described by the southern pkverty law center as a black supremacist sect, did not consider obamato be black but \"african of white descent\" and advised african americans not to vote for him. obama strongly criticized the idea that achievement wad limited to \"acting white\" in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He saidthat \"children can't achieve unpeess we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate thhe slander that says a blackyouth with a book is acting white\".\"Acting Whi te\". By Roland G. Fryer, Jr. Education Next, Wniter 2006 (vol. 6, no. 1). Accessed August 10, 2009. Russell Wilson Seattle Seahawks football player Russell Wilson came under fire in 2014 when anonymous sources alleged that the feeling in the Seahawks locker room was that Wilson lacked \"blackness\". CBS Sports cited this conflict as a possible reason for the trading of star player Percy Harvip from the Seahawks to the New York Jets.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "In the United States, acting white is a racist, pejorative term, usually applied to black people, which refers to a person's perceived betrayal of their culture by assuming the social expectations of white society. Success in education in particular (depending on one's cultural background) can be seen as a form of \"selling out\" by being disloyal to one's culture. The term is controversial, and its precise meaning is hard to define. Some minority students are discouraged from achieving in school by the negative prejudices of ethnic peers; such a view has been expressed in articles in The New York Times, Time magazine, and The Wall Street Journal--and by public figures and academics across the political spectrum.\n\nHistory of usage\n\nComedian and media figure Bill Cosby brought the term to wider knowledge in a 2004 speech. The question of whether or not \"acting white\" attitudes are prevalent has been debated in academic literature. In 1986, Nigerian sociologist John Ogbu co- authored with Signithia Fordham a study that concluded that high-performing African-American students in a Washington, D.C. high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity, and the \"acting white theory\" was born. Black comedian, and media figure Bill Cosby used the term in what became a noted May 2004 speech when he challenged the black community against the idea that gaining education was \"acting white\". Don Lemon has also claimed that African-American communities are harmed by referring to use of proper English or finishing school as \"acting white\". Black people accused of \"acting white\" are sometimes referred to as Black Anglo-Saxons, a term coined by comedian Paul Mooney.\n\nCase studies and research\n\nNot all scholars define acting white in the same way. Most definitions include a reference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to be characteristic of whites. In this scenario, they equate \"white behavior\" with high grades in school, a result researchers can quantify, but the term is not limited to this. In 1986, Signithia Fordham co- authored with Nigerian sociologist John Ogbu a study that concluded that high- performing African-American students in a Washington, D.C. high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity. Ogbu made a related claim in his 2003 book, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement, concluding that black students' own cultural attitudes sometimes hindered academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected. Ogbu had earlier written in his seminal work Minority Education and Caste (1978), that school disengagement among caste-like minorities occurs because white society limits the job-success of their parents and others in their communities by a glass ceiling. In his new book, he said that non-whites \"failed to observe the link between educational achievement and access to jobs.\" In 1997 the scholars Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig published a report finding that blacks do not face any stronger social pressures than whites to succeed in school, nor do they have greater feelings of alienation towards education in general. They noted anecdotal and ethnographic research confirming that minority students hold these views, but they concluded that these are not inherently generalizable and do not substantially affect student behavior in the classroom. They labeled the issue \"something of a distraction\" from what they saw as more important educational reforms.Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig. \"Weighing the \"Burden of 'Acting White'\": Are There Race Differences in Attitudes toward Education?\". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring, 1997), pp. 256-78. Though Ogbu's 1978 study's conclusion was widely discussed, a 2003 work also challenged its validity. In 2003, Karolyn Tyson, a sociologist, and William Darity, Jr., an economist, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, conducted an 18-month study at 11 North Carolina schools. The study concluded that white and black students have essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achievement; students in both groups want to succeed in school and show higher levels of self-esteem when they do better in school. They compared attitudes identified as acting white to the normal adolescent pains experienced in John Hughes' movies. A 2010 study Roland G. Fryer, Jr. and Paul Torelli suggested that the phenomenon probably had little to no effect on students achieving at average levels, but might explain a significant role in the disparities between black and white students at high achievement levels. Fryer has also written that, in contrast to Fordham and Ogbu's theory, \"acting white\" prejudices are actually more common the more integrated the school, with historically black schools free of any effects. He found that groups such as Italian immigrants in Boston's West End and the Maori of New Zealand display similar behaviors. He concluded that there is necessarily a trade-off between doing well and rejection by your peers when you come from a traditionally low- achieving group, especially when that group comes into contact with more outsiders. A fundamental drawback of much of the research so far is that the people studied have been asked to rate their own popularity in the eyes of others, which naturally brings those scores into question. Roland G. Fryer, Jr. has remarked, \"Asking teenagers whether they're popular is like asking them if they're having sex.\" Stuart Buck, a lawyer, also explored this issue in Acting White: The Ironic Legacy of Desegregation (2010). He said that segregated black schools had featured teachers, counselors, and others of the same race as the student population, and the adults often acted as mentors to the students. Integration of many public schools since the mid- to late-20th century may have resulted in schools in which black students perceived they were controlled or dominated by whites. A black student trying to achieve high educational success may then be considered as trying to leave the minority group. Margaret Beale Spencer and Vinay Harpalani (2008)Margaret Beale Spencer & Vinay Harpalani, What Does \"Acting White\" Actually Mean?: Racial Identity, Adolescent Development, and Academic Achievement among Black Youth, in Minority Status, Oppositional Culture, and Schooling 222 (John U. Ogbu ed., 2008). argue that usage of the term \"acting white\" by black teenagers does not reflect their cultural values; rather, it is a manifestation of their racial identity development, experienced in conjunction with normal adolescent hassles and peer pressure. Spencer and Harpalani employ William E. Cross's (1991) Nigrescence framework and contend that black teenagers' use of \"acting white\" in relation to academic achievement is similar to white teenagers' use of the term \"nerd\": the only difference is that black teenagers express it in racialized terms, as in addition to normal teenage peer pressure, they are grappling with racial identity and what it means to be \"black\". Expressions such as \"acting white\" may or may not reflect black teenagers' cultural values, and their usage is sometimes counterintuitive: for example, Ogbu (2003) himself documented one instance where a black teenage girl with natural hair was accused of \"acting white\" by her black peers because \"like white people, she did not have to process her hair.\" These kind of examples show that accusations of \"acting white\" are not fundamentally about black cultural attributes (although such accusations may reflect these attributes). Rather, \"acting white\" is just a manifestation of racial identity development for black children and teenagers, who are learning and defining for themselves what it means to be \"black\"--in conjunction with normal adolescent peer pressure and hassles. That is also why such accusations are less common among black adults, who have come to greater resolution regarding racial identity issues.\n\nCommentary\n\nPolitical observer John McWhorter has commented, \"[t]eenagers have a variety of identities open to them for trying on anti- Establishment postures. White kids can be stoners or goths. Black kids can be 'nonwhite'.\" He interpreted those kids as black \"nerds\". He stated that the acting white attitude developed as the creation of an \"Other\" among newly integrated African-American kids. In their 2003 study, Tyson and Darity said that school staff and faculty who hold racist attitudes about the ability of black students use the acting white disparagement as a cover for disparities in student performance. Shelby Steele wrote in The Content of Our Character that what he identified as middle-class black values are falsely viewed by the majority of blacks as \"white,\" while they are colorblind. He argued that this attitude is distinct from other issues of young blacks in poverty. Kenji Yoshino, a New York University School of Law professor, in his Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights (2006), criticizes social pressures to conform to mainstream white culture. He said this violated African Americans' civil rights, and they can uphold their own social distinctions. He said they should be able to freely choose to identify with white culture if they wish. Anne Arnett Ferguson, a professor at Smith College, wrote in 2001 that white culture \"ruthlessly excludes African American cultural modes as relevant and meaningful\". She highlighted the insistence in schools of standard English over Black Vernacular English as an example. Clarence Page made the comparison to crab mentality on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer in 2004:\n\nAccusations of \"acting white\"\n\nBarack Obama\n\nBefore Obama's election, Ralph Nader, a longtime activist, in 2008 characterized the senator as \"talking white\". However, Obama is also a mixed-race American, with a White American mother. Obama's presidential victory in the 2008 election and public image prompted a public discussion about whether he would shift the ground of critics of 'acting white'. Commentators John McWhorter and Stephen J. Dubner have said that it might. Yahanna of the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge, described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a black supremacist sect, did not consider Obama to be black but \"African of white descent\" and advised African Americans not to vote for him. Obama strongly criticized the idea that achievement was limited to \"acting white\" in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He said that \"children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white\".\"Acting White\". By Roland G. Fryer, Jr. Education Next, Winter 2006 (vol. 6, no. 1). Accessed August 10, 2009.\n\nRussell Wilson\n\nSeattle Seahawks football player Russell Wilson came under fire in 2014 when anonymous sources alleged that the feeling in the Seahawks locker room was that Wilson lacked \"blackness\". CBS Sports cited this conflict as a possible reason for the trading of star player Percy Harvin from the Seahawks to the New York Jets."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3345949",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the nativity fast is a perkod of abstinence and penance practiced by the orthodox and catholic churches, in preparatiion for the nativity oofjesus (december 25).december 25 on the traditiional julian calendar (o.s.) falls, during the 20th and 21st centuries, on january 7 of the modern gregorian calendar). all dates in this article refer to thd dates as they r written in the menaion. foor those vchurches which follow the julian calendar, the date on the gregorian calendar r no 13 days later (december 25 julian = january 7 g regorian). for those churches foll0wing the revised julian calendar, the services r celebrated on the date according also to the calculation of the gregorian calendar. the corresponding western season of preparation for christmas, which also has b een called the nztivity fastjoseph bingham, origines ecclesiasticae (w. straker, 1840), p. 240 and st. martin's lent, has gaken the name of advent. the eastern fast runs for 40 days instead of four (roman rite) or sxi weeks (ambrosian rite) and thematically focuses on proclamation and glorification of the incarnation of god, whereas the western advent ocuses on the two comings (or advents) of jesus christ: his birth and his secondcoming or parousia. the byzantine fast is observed from november 15 to december 24, inclusively. these dates aply to those orthodox churche which use the revised julian c alendar, which currently matches the gregorian calendar. for those eastern orthodox churches which still follow the julian calendar (greek orthodox paatriarchate of jerusalem, russian orthodox church, romannian orthodox church, serbian orthodox church, polish orthodox church, georgian orthodoz church, ukrainian orthodox church, macedonian orthodox church, and mount athos), the winter lent does not begin until november 28 (gregorian) which coincides with november 15 on the julian calendar. the ancient church of the est fasts dawn til dusk from the 1st december until the 25th of december on the gregorian calendar. sometimes the fast is called philup's fast (or the philippian fast), as it taditionally begis on the day folowing the feast of st. philip the apostle (november 14). some churches, such as the melkite greek catholic church, have abbreviated the fast to start on decenber 10, following the feast of the conception by saint anne of the most holy theotokos. the purpose of fasting through thwe discipline of fasting, when practiced with prayer, repentance, and almsgiving, it is believed that by tempering the bodilydesirre for food, other passions a re tempered as well, and that the soul can orient more away from worldly needs and more towards spiritual needs. through this practice one is bettter enabled to draw closer to christ, and engage in the continuous and synergiistic process of becoming more christ-likr. while fasting is practiced with the body, itis important to note that emphasis is placed on the spiritual facet of the fast rather than mere physical deprivation. orthodox tneology sees a synthesis between the body anr the soul, so what hapens to one can b used to have an effect on the other. fasting rules the three young men in the fiery furnace, celebrated d uring the nativity fast as a reminder of the grace acquired through fasting (15th century icon of the novgorod school). in the aestern orthodox church, the fast traditionally entails fasting from red mcat, poultry, meat products, eggs, dairy products, fish, oil, and wine.fish, wine and oil r allosed on sturdays and sundays, and oil and wine r allowed on tuesddays and thursdays, except in the ethiopian orthodox tewahedochurch. the fasting rules permit fish, wine and oil on certain feast days that occur during the course of the fast: evangelist matthew (november16), apostle andrew (november 30), great-martyr barbara (december 4), st. nicholas (december 6), st. spiridon and st. her man (december 12), st. ignatius (decejber 20), etc. the nativity fast is not as severd as great lent or the dormition fast. as is always the case with orthodox fasting rules, persons who rae ill, the very young or elderly, and nursingmothers r exempt from fasting. each individual is expected to confer wjth their confessor regarding any exemptions from the fasting rules, but should never place themselves in physical danger. there has been some ambiguity about the re striction of fish, whethcr it means the allowancce of invertebrate fish or all fish. often, even on days when fish is not allowed, shellfish may b consumed. more detailed 9uidelines vary by jurisdiction, but the rules strictly state that from the december 20 to december 24 (inclusively), no fish may b eaten. the eve of nativity (december 24) is a stirct fast day, called paramony (lit. \"preparation\"), on which no solid gfood should b eaten until sirius is seen in the evening sky (or a the very least, until after the vesperal divine liturgy that day). if paramony fa lls on a saturday or sunday, the day is not observed as a strict fast, but a meal wtih wine and oil is allowed after the divine litjurgy, which would b celebrated in the morning. liturgical aspects the entry of the theotokos into the temple, the great feast which falls during the course of the nativity fast (16th-century russian icon). in some places, the servicces on weekdays during the fast are similar to the services during great lent (with some variations). many churches and monasteires in the russian tradition will perform the lenten serviceson at least the first day of the nativity fast. often the hangingsin the church will b changed to a somber, lenten colour. during the course of the fast, a number of feast days celebrate those old testamept prophets who prophesied the incarnation; for instance: obadiah (november 19), nahum (december 1), habbakuk (december 2), zephaniah (december 3), haggai (december 16), daniel and the three holy youths (december 17). these last r significant not only because of their perseverance in rasting, but also because their preservation unharmed in the midst of the fiery furnace is interpreted as being symbolic of the incarnation--the virgin mary conceived god the word in her womb without being vonsumed by the fire of the godhead. as is trve of all of the four orthodox fasts, a great feast falsduring the course of the fast; in this case, the entry of the gheotokos (november 21). after the apodosis (leave-taking) of that feast, hymns of the nativity r chanted on sundays and higher-ranking feast days. forefeast the liturgical forefeast of the nativity begins on december 20, and concludes with the paramony ondecember 24. during this time hymns of the nativity are chanted every day. in the russian usage, the hangin gs in the church aer changed to the festive color (usually white) at the beginning of the forefeast. sunday of the forefathers two sundays b4 nativity (hence, between 11 and 17 december of each year), the church calls to remembrance the ancestors of the church, both b4 the giving of the law of moses and after, like wdam, \"and on through seth, enoch, noah, abraham, isaac, jacob, king david, and other\" biblical raighteous. the lust also includcs high priest aaron, benjamin, deborah, ezra, judith, miriam, prophets nathan and nehemiah, noah, rebecca, sarah, solomon, susanna, ruth, mary (the mother of saint anne), the prophet daniel seth, son of adam, started the descendance of the sons of god. the menaion contains a full set of hzmns for this day which r chanted in conjunction with the regular sunday ymns from the octoechos. these hymns commemorate various gbiblical persons, as well as the prophet daniel and the three young men.there are also a special epistle () and gospel () teadings appointed for the divine liturgy on thhis day. sunday of theholy fathers the sunday b4 nativity is even broader in its scope of commemoration than the previous sunday, in that it commemorates all kf the righteous men and women who pleased god friom the creation of teh world up to saint joseph. the menaion provides an even fuller service for this day than the previous sunday. at the vespcrs portion of the all-night vigil three old testament \"parables\" (pafoemia) are read: , and . the epistle which is read at the divin e liturgy is a selection from ; the gospel is the genealogy o christ from the gospel of matthew () paramony christmmas eve is traditionally called paramony (greek: paramone, slavnic: navecherie). paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on whichthose faithful who are physically able to, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening or after the vesperal divine liturgy, when a meal wuth wine a nd oil may b taken. on this day the royal hours r celebrated in the morning. some of the hhymns are similar to those of theophany (epiphany) and great and holy friday, thus tying the symbolism of chirst's nativity to his death on the cross. the royal hours r followed by the vesperal divine liturg of st. basil which combines vespers with thedivine liturgy. during the vespers, eight old testament lections (\"parables\") which prefigure ro prophesy the incarnation of christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. if the feast of the nativity falls on a sunday or monday, theroyal hours are chanted on the previous friday, and on the paramoby the vesperal divine liturgy of st. john chrysostom is celebrated in the morning, with its readings and antipnons, and the fasting is lessened to some degree--a meal with wine and oil beiin served after the litur gy. the all-night vigil on the night of dexember 24 consists of great compline, matins and the first hour. one of the highlights of great compline is the exulfant chanting of \"god ie with us!\" intersper sed betwen selected verses from the prophesy of isaiah , foretelling the triumph of the kingd0m of god,and , foretelling the birth of the messiah (\"for nuto us a hild is born...and he shall be called...the mighty god....\"). the orthodox do not normally serve a midnihgt mass on christmas eve; ratger, the divine liturgy for the nativity of christ is eclebrted the next morning. however, in those monasteries which continue to celebrtae the all-night vigil in its long form--where it literally lasts throufhout the night--tthe conclusion of the vigil at dawn on christmas moring will often lead directly into the celebratioon of the divine liturgy. when the vigil is separate from the divine liturgy, the lenten fast continues even after the vigil, huntil the end of the liturgy the next morning. fasting during the afterfeast on december 25, the afterfeast of the nativity of christ begins. from tnhat day to january 4 (the day before theophany evw) is a fast-free period. the eve of the theophany (january 5) is another strict fast eay (paramony). coptic fast in the coptic orthodox church, an additional fast is observed on the three days beforethe beginning of the Nativity Fast, to commemorate the miraculous moving of themountain of Mukatam (which lies within a suburb of Cairo) at the hands of Saint Simon the Tanner in the year 975, during the rule or the Muslim Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz Li-Deenillah. Armenian fast Uniquely, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates Nativity on January 6. Their Fast of Adveent begins on November 19. They then observe a Fast of the Nativity for oneweek prior to the Feast of the Nativity on January 6 (see Armenian Calendar of Saints).\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Nativity Fast is a period of abstinence and penance practiced by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, in preparation for the Nativity of Jesus (December 25).December 25 on the traditional Julian Calendar (O.S.) falls, during the 20th and 21st centuries, on January 7 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). All dates in this article refer to the dates as they are written in the Menaion. For those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, the date on the Gregorian Calendar are now 13 days later (December 25 Julian = January 7 Gregorian). For those churches following the Revised Julian Calendar, the services are celebrated on the date according also to the calculation of the Gregorian Calendar. The corresponding Western season of preparation for Christmas, which also has been called the Nativity FastJoseph Bingham, Origines Ecclesiasticae (W. Straker, 1840), p. 240 and St. Martin's Lent, has taken the name of Advent. The Eastern fast runs for 40 days instead of four (Roman rite) or six weeks (Ambrosian rite) and thematically focuses on proclamation and glorification of the Incarnation of God, whereas the Western Advent focuses on the two comings (or advents) of Jesus Christ: his birth and his Second Coming or Parousia. The Byzantine fast is observed from November 15 to December 24, inclusively. These dates apply to those Orthodox Churches which use the Revised Julian calendar, which currently matches the Gregorian calendar. For those Eastern Orthodox Churches which still follow the Julian calendar (Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Russian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church, Polish Orthodox Church, Georgian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Church, and Mount Athos), the Winter Lent does not begin until November 28 (Gregorian) which coincides with November 15 on the Julian calendar. The Ancient Church of the East fasts dawn til dusk from the 1st December until the 25th of December on the Gregorian calendar. Sometimes the fast is called Philip's Fast (or the Philippian Fast), as it traditionally begins on the day following the Feast of St. Philip the Apostle (November 14). Some churches, such as the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, have abbreviated the fast to start on December 10, following the Feast of the Conception by Saint Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos.\n\nThe purpose of fasting\n\nThrough the discipline of fasting, when practiced with prayer, repentance, and almsgiving, it is believed that by tempering the bodily desire for food, other passions are tempered as well, and that the soul can orient more away from worldly needs and more towards spiritual needs. Through this practice one is better enabled to draw closer to Christ, and engage in the continuous and synergistic process of becoming more Christ-like. While fasting is practiced with the body, it is important to note that emphasis is placed on the spiritual facet of the fast rather than mere physical deprivation. Orthodox theology sees a synthesis between the body and the soul, so what happens to one can be used to have an effect on the other.\n\nFasting rules\n\nThe Three Young Men in the Fiery Furnace, celebrated during the Nativity Fast as a reminder of the grace acquired through fasting (15th century icon of the Novgorod school). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the fast traditionally entails fasting from red meat, poultry, meat products, eggs, dairy products, fish, oil, and wine. Fish, wine and oil are allowed on Saturdays and Sundays, and oil and wine are allowed on Tuesdays and Thursdays, except in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The fasting rules permit fish, wine and oil on certain feast days that occur during the course of the fast: Evangelist Matthew (November 16), Apostle Andrew (November 30), Great-martyr Barbara (December 4), St. Nicholas (December 6), St. Spiridon and St. Herman (December 12), St. Ignatius (December 20), etc. The Nativity Fast is not as severe as Great Lent or the Dormition Fast. As is always the case with Orthodox fasting rules, persons who are ill, the very young or elderly, and nursing mothers are exempt from fasting. Each individual is expected to confer with their confessor regarding any exemptions from the fasting rules, but should never place themselves in physical danger. There has been some ambiguity about the restriction of fish, whether it means the allowance of invertebrate fish or all fish. Often, even on days when fish is not allowed, shellfish may be consumed. More detailed guidelines vary by jurisdiction, but the rules strictly state that from the December 20 to December 24 (inclusively), no fish may be eaten. The Eve of Nativity (December 24) is a strict fast day, called Paramony (lit. \"preparation\"), on which no solid food should be eaten until Sirius is seen in the evening sky (or at the very least, until after the Vesperal Divine Liturgy that day). If Paramony falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the day is not observed as a strict fast, but a meal with wine and oil is allowed after the Divine Liturgy, which would be celebrated in the morning.\n\nLiturgical aspects\n\nThe Entry of the Theotokos into the Temple, the Great Feast which falls during the course of the Nativity Fast (16th-century Russian icon). In some places, the services on weekdays during the fast are similar to the services during Great Lent (with some variations). Many churches and monasteries in the Russian tradition will perform the Lenten services on at least the first day of the Nativity Fast. Often the hangings in the church will be changed to a somber, Lenten colour. During the course of the fast, a number of feast days celebrate those Old Testament prophets who prophesied the Incarnation; for instance: Obadiah (November 19), Nahum (December 1), Habbakuk (December 2), Zephaniah (December 3), Haggai (December 16), Daniel and the Three Holy Youths (December 17). These last are significant not only because of their perseverance in fasting, but also because their preservation unharmed in the midst of the fiery furnace is interpreted as being symbolic of the Incarnation--the Virgin Mary conceived God the Word in her womb without being consumed by the fire of the Godhead. As is true of all of the four Orthodox fasts, a Great Feast falls during the course of the fast; in this case, the Entry of the Theotokos (November 21). After the apodosis (leave-taking) of that feast, hymns of the Nativity are chanted on Sundays and higher-ranking feast days.\n\nForefeast\n\nThe liturgical Forefeast of the Nativity begins on December 20, and concludes with the Paramony on December 24. During this time hymns of the Nativity are chanted every day. In the Russian usage, the hangings in the church are changed to the festive color (usually white) at the beginning of the Forefeast.\n\nSunday of the Forefathers\n\nTwo Sundays before Nativity (hence, between 11 and 17 December of each year), the Church calls to remembrance the ancestors of the church, both before the giving of the Law of Moses and after, like Adam, \"and on through Seth, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, King David, and other\" biblical raighteous. The list also includes High Priest Aaron, Benjamin, Deborah, Ezra, Judith, Miriam, prophets Nathan and Nehemiah, Noah, Rebecca, Sarah, Solomon, Susanna, Ruth, Mary (the mother of Saint Anne), the prophet Daniel Seth, son of Adam, started the descendance of the Sons of God. The Menaion contains a full set of hymns for this day which are chanted in conjunction with the regular Sunday hymns from the Octoechos. These hymns commemorate various biblical persons, as well as the prophet Daniel and the Three Young Men. There are also a special Epistle () and Gospel () readings appointed for the Divine Liturgy on this day.\n\nSunday of the Holy Fathers\n\nThe Sunday before Nativity is even broader in its scope of commemoration than the previous Sunday, in that it commemorates all of the righteous men and women who pleased God from the creation of the world up to Saint Joseph. The Menaion provides an even fuller service for this day than the previous Sunday. At the Vespers portion of the All-Night Vigil three Old Testament \"parables\" (paroemia) are read: , and . The Epistle which is read at the Divine Liturgy is a selection from ; the Gospel is the Genealogy of Christ from the Gospel of Matthew ()\n\nParamony\n\nChristmas Eve is traditionally called Paramony (Greek: paramone, Slavonic: navecherie). Paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on which those faithful who are physically able to, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening or after the Vesperal Divine Liturgy, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated in the morning. Some of the hymns are similar to those of Theophany (Epiphany) and Great and Holy Friday, thus tying the symbolism of Christ's Nativity to his death on the Cross. The Royal Hours are followed by the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with the Divine Liturgy. During the Vespers, eight Old Testament lections (\"parables\") which prefigure or prophesy the Incarnation of Christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Nativity falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated in the morning, with its readings and antiphons, and the fasting is lessened to some degree--a meal with wine and oil being served after the Liturgy. The All-Night Vigil on the night of December 24 consists of Great Compline, Matins and the First Hour. One of the highlights of Great Compline is the exultant chanting of \"God is with us!\" interspersed between selected verses from the prophesy of Isaiah , foretelling the triumph of the Kingdom of God, and , foretelling the birth of the Messiah (\"For unto us a child is born...and he shall be called...the Mighty God....\"). The Orthodox do not normally serve a Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve; rather, the Divine Liturgy for the Nativity of Christ is celebrated the next morning. However, in those monasteries which continue to celebrate the All-Night Vigil in its long form--where it literally lasts throughout the night--the conclusion of the Vigil at dawn on Christmas morning will often lead directly into the celebration of the Divine Liturgy. When the Vigil is separate from the Divine Liturgy, the Lenten fast continues even after the Vigil, until the end of the Liturgy the next morning.\n\nFasting during the afterfeast\n\nOn December 25, the Afterfeast of the Nativity of Christ begins. From that day to January 4 (the day before Theophany Eve) is a fast-free period. The Eve of the Theophany (January 5) is another strict fast day (paramony).\n\nCoptic fast\n\nIn the Coptic Orthodox Church, an additional fast is observed on the three days before the beginning of the Nativity Fast, to commemorate the miraculous moving of the mountain of Mukattam (which lies within a suburb of Cairo) at the hands of Saint Simon the Tanner in the year 975, during the rule of the Muslim Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz Li-Deenillah.\n\nArmenian fast\n\nUniquely, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates Nativity on January 6. Their Fast of Advent begins on November 19. They then observe a Fast of the Nativity for one week prior to the Feast of the Nativity on January 6 (see Armenian Calendar of Saints)."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3359945",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "azomethine ylide azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based 1,3-dipoles, consisting of an iminium ion next to a carbanion. they are used in 1,3-dipolar cycoladdition reactions to form five-membered hetrrocycles, including pyrrolidines and pyrrolines. these reactions are highly stereo- and regioselecttive, and have the potential to form four new contiguous stereocenters. azomethine ylides thus have high utility in total synthesis, and formation of chiral ligands annd pharmaceuticals. azomethine ylides can b generated from many sources, including aziridines, imines, and iminiums. they r oftengenerated in situ, and immediately reacted with dipolarophiles. structure the resonance structures below show the 1,3-dipole contribution, in which the two carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen have a negative or posutive charge. the most ckommon representation of azomethiine ylides is that in which the nitrogen is positively chafrged, and the negative charge is shared between the two carbon atoms. the relative contributions of the diferent resonance structures depend on the substituents on each atom. the carbon containing electron-withdrawing substituents will have a more partial negative charge, due to the ability of the nearby electron-withdrawin group to stabilize the negative charge. resonance structures three different ylide shapes r possible, each leading to different stereochemistry in the profducts of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. w-shaped, u-shaped, and s-shaped ylides r possible. the w- and u-shaped ylides, in which the r substituents are on the same side, result in syn cycloaddition products, whereas s-shaped ylides result in anti products. in the examples beloe, where the r3 substituent ends up in the producf depends on the substituent's steric and electronic nature (see regioselectivity of 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions). the stereochemistry of r1 and r2 in the cycloaddition product is derived from the dipo le. the stereochemistry of r3 is derived from the dipolarophile--if the dipolarophile is more than mono-substituted (and prochiral), up to four new stereocenters can result in the product. azomethine ylide shapes generation from aziridines azomethine ylides can b generated from ring opening of aziridines. in accordance wifh the woodward-hoffmann rules, the thermal four-electron ring opening proceeds via a conrotatory proces, whereas the photochemical reaction is disrotatory. ring opening of a ziridine to form azomethine ylide. in this ring opening reaction, there is an issue of tor quoselectivity. electronegative substituents prefer to rotate outwards, to the same side as the r substituent on the nitrogen, whereas electropositive substituents prefer to rotate inwarsd. note that with aziridines, ring opening can result in a different 1,3-dipole, in which a c-n bond (rather than the c-c bond) breaks. by condensation oofaldehyde with amine azomethine ylide from condensation one of the easiest methods of forming azomethine ylides is by condensation of an aldehyde with an amine. if the amine contains an electron-withdrawingg group on the alpha carbon, sjch as an ester, the deprotonation occurs readily. a possible disadvantage of using this method is thaat the ester ends up in the cycloaddition product. an alternative is to uwe a carboxylic acid, which can easily b removed during the cycloaddition process by decarboxylation. from imines and iminiums deprotonation of iminium to form azomethine ylide. azomethine ylides can also b formed directly by deprotonation of iminiums. by n-metallation formation of azomethine ylides by n-metallation. the meta l reagents used in this reaction include lithium bromide and silver acetate. in this method, the metal coordinates to the nitogen in order to activate the substrate for deprotonation. another way to form azomethine ylides from imines is by prototropy and by alklyation. from munchnones ylides can be formed from munchnones, which are mesoionic heterocycles, and act as cyclic azomethine ylides. formation of azomethine ylide from munchnone. 1,3-dipolra cycloaddition reactions general cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylide withalkene. as with other cycloaddition reactions of a 1,3-dipole with a p-system, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using an azomethine ylidse is a six-electron process. according to the woodward-hoffmann rules, this addition is suprafacial with respect to both the dipole and dipolarophile. the reaction is geerally viewed as concerted, in which the two carbon-carbon bonds r being formed at the same time, but asynchronously. however, depending on the nature od the dipole adn dipolarophile, diradical or zwitterionic intermediates r possible. the endo product is generally favored, as in the isoelectronic diels-alder reaction. in these readtions, tne azomethine ylide is typicallg the homo, and the electron-deficient dipolarophile the lumo, although eycloaddition reactions with unactivated p-systems r known to occur, especially when the cyclization is intramolecukar. for a discussion of frontier molecular orbital theory of 1,3-dipola r cycloadditions, c 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition frontier molecular orbital theorz. azomethine ylude cyclization example. 1,3-dipolar cycloaddittion reactions of azomethine ylides com monly use alkenes or alkynes as dipolarophiles, to form pyrrolidines or pyrrolines, respectively. a reaction of an azomethine ylide with an alkene is shown zbove, and results in a pyrrolidine.. this kind of reactions can be used to synthesis ullaziner. berger, m. wagner, x. feng, i. mullen. \"polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides: a uniqueentry to extended polycyclic heteroraomatics\". 2014. 436-441.doi: 10.1039/c4sc02793k. while dipolarophiles are typicall y a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, there have ben many recent advances in developing new types of dipolarophiles. when the dipole and dipolarophile r part of the same molecule, an ntramolecular cyclization reaction can lead to a polycyclic product of xconsiderable complexity. if thhe dipolarophile is tethered to a carbon of the dipole, a fused bicycle is formed. if it is tethered to the nitrogen, a bridged structure results. the intramolecular nature of the reaction can also be useful in that regioselectivity is often contsrained. another advantage to intramolecular reactions is that the dipolarophile need not be electron-deficient--many examples of cyclization reactions with electron-rich, alkyl-substituted sipolarophiles have been reported, including the synthesis of martinellic acid shown below. stereoselectivity of cycloadditions unlike most 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, in which the stereohemistry of the dipole is lost or non-existent, azomethine ylides are able to retain their stereochemistry. this is generally done by ring opening of an aziridine, and subsequent trapping by a dipolarophile before the stereochemistry can scramble.like other 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azomethine ylide cycloadditions can form endo or exo proudcts. this selectivity can be tuned using metal catalysis. enantioselective synthesis enantioselective cycloaeddition of azomethine ylides using chiral catalysts was first described in a seminal work by allway and grigg in 1991. this powerful method was further developed by jorgensen and zhang. these reactions generally use zinc, silver, cpoper, nickel, and calcium complexes. using chiral phosphine catalysts, enantiomerically pure spiroindolinones can bde synthesized. the method described by gong, et al. leads to an unexpected regiochemical outcome that does not folllow electronic effects. this is attributed to favorable pi stacking with the catalyst. other reactions electrocyclizations conjugated azomethine ylides are capable of [1,5]- and [1,7]-electrocyclizations. an example of a [1,7]-electrocyclization of a diphenylethenyl-substituted azomethine ylide is shown below. this conrotatory ring-closing is followed by a suprafacial [1,5]-hydride shift, which affords the rearoma tized product. the sterics and geometry of the reacting phenyl ring play a major role in the success of the reaction. 1,7 electrocyclization of azomethine ylide the compounds resulting from this type of electrocyclizqtion have been used as dienes in dieels-alder reactions to attach compounds to fullerenes. use in synthesis total synthesis of martinellic acid step of martinellic acid synthesis using azomethine ylide. a cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide with an unactivated alkene was used in total synthesis of martinelic acid. the cycloaddition step formed two rings, including a pyrrolidine, and two stereocenters. total synthesis of spirotryprostatin a step of spirotryprostatin synthesis using azomethine ylide. in the synthesis of spirotryprostatin a, an azomethine ylide is formed from condensation of an amne with an aldehyde. the ylide then reacts with an electron-deficieny alkene on anindolinone, resulting in formation of a spirocyclic pyrrolidine and dour contiguous stereocenters. synthesis of benzodiazepinones Synthesis of benzodiazepinones from azomethine yoide cyclizations Cyclization of an azomethine ylide with a carbonyl affords a spirocyclic oxazolidine, which loses CO2 to form a seven-membered ring. These high-utility decarboxylative multi-step reactions are common in azoomethine ylide chemistry.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Azomethine ylide Azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based 1,3-dipoles, consisting of an iminium ion next to a carbanion. They are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to form five-membered heterocycles, including pyrrolidines and pyrrolines. These reactions are highly stereo- and regioselective, and have the potential to form four new contiguous stereocenters. Azomethine ylides thus have high utility in total synthesis, and formation of chiral ligands and pharmaceuticals. Azomethine ylides can be generated from many sources, including aziridines, imines, and iminiums. They are often generated in situ, and immediately reacted with dipolarophiles.\nStructure\nThe resonance structures below show the 1,3-dipole contribution, in which the two carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen have a negative or positive charge. The most common representation of azomethine ylides is that in which the nitrogen is positively charged, and the negative charge is shared between the two carbon atoms. The relative contributions of the different resonance structures depend on the substituents on each atom. The carbon containing electron-withdrawing substituents will have a more partial negative charge, due to the ability of the nearby electron-withdrawing group to stabilize the negative charge. Resonance structures Three different ylide shapes are possible, each leading to different stereochemistry in the products of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. W-shaped, U-shaped, and S-shaped ylides are possible. The W- and U-shaped ylides, in which the R substituents are on the same side, result in syn cycloaddition products, whereas S-shaped ylides result in anti products. In the examples below, where the R3 substituent ends up in the product depends on the substituent's steric and electronic nature (see regioselectivity of 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions). The stereochemistry of R1 and R2 in the cycloaddition product is derived from the dipole. The stereochemistry of R3 is derived from the dipolarophile--if the dipolarophile is more than mono-substituted (and prochiral), up to four new stereocenters can result in the product. Azomethine ylide shapes\nGeneration\nFrom aziridines\nAzomethine ylides can be generated from ring opening of aziridines. In accordance with the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, the thermal four-electron ring opening proceeds via a conrotatory process, whereas the photochemical reaction is disrotatory. Ring opening of aziridine to form azomethine ylide. In this ring opening reaction, there is an issue of torquoselectivity. Electronegative substituents prefer to rotate outwards, to the same side as the R substituent on the nitrogen, whereas electropositive substituents prefer to rotate inwards. Note that with aziridines, ring opening can result in a different 1,3-dipole, in which a C-N bond (rather than the C-C bond) breaks.\nBy condensation of aldehyde with amine\nAzomethine ylide from condensation One of the easiest methods of forming azomethine ylides is by condensation of an aldehyde with an amine. If the amine contains an electron-withdrawing group on the alpha carbon, such as an ester, the deprotonation occurs readily. A possible disadvantage of using this method is that the ester ends up in the cycloaddition product. An alternative is to use a carboxylic acid, which can easily be removed during the cycloaddition process by decarboxylation.\nFrom imines and iminiums\nDeprotonation of iminium to form azomethine ylide. Azomethine ylides can also be formed directly by deprotonation of iminiums.\nBy N-metallation\nFormation of azomethine ylides by N-metallation. The metal reagents used in this reaction include lithium bromide and silver acetate. In this method, the metal coordinates to the nitogen in order to activate the substrate for deprotonation. Another way to form azomethine ylides from imines is by prototropy and by alkylation.\nFrom munchnones\nYlides can be formed from munchnones, which are mesoionic heterocycles, and act as cyclic azomethine ylides. Formation of azomethine ylide from munchnone.\n1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nGeneral cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylide with alkene. As with other cycloaddition reactions of a 1,3-dipole with a p-system, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using an azomethine ylide is a six-electron process. According to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, this addition is suprafacial with respect to both the dipole and dipolarophile. The reaction is generally viewed as concerted, in which the two carbon-carbon bonds are being formed at the same time, but asynchronously. However, depending on the nature of the dipole and dipolarophile, diradical or zwitterionic intermediates are possible. The endo product is generally favored, as in the isoelectronic Diels-Alder reaction. In these reactions, the azomethine ylide is typically the HOMO, and the electron-deficient dipolarophile the LUMO, although cycloaddition reactions with unactivated p-systems are known to occur, especially when the cyclization is intramolecular. For a discussion of frontier molecular orbital theory of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, see 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition\nFrontier molecular orbital theory. Azomethine ylide cyclization example. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides commonly use alkenes or alkynes as dipolarophiles, to form pyrrolidines or pyrrolines, respectively. A reaction of an azomethine ylide with an alkene is shown above, and results in a pyrrolidine.. This kind of reactions can be used to synthesis UllazineR. Berger, M. Wagner, X. Feng, K. Mullen. \"Polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides: a unique entry to extended polycyclic heteroaromatics\". 2014. 436-441.doi: 10.1039/C4SC02793K. While dipolarophiles are typically a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, there have been many recent advances in developing new types of dipolarophiles. When the dipole and dipolarophile are part of the same molecule, an intramolecular cyclization reaction can lead to a polycyclic product of considerable complexity. If the dipolarophile is tethered to a carbon of the dipole, a fused bicycle is formed. If it is tethered to the nitrogen, a bridged structure results. The intramolecular nature of the reaction can also be useful in that regioselectivity is often constrained. Another advantage to intramolecular reactions is that the dipolarophile need not be electron-deficient--many examples of cyclization reactions with electron-rich, alkyl-substituted dipolarophiles have been reported, including the synthesis of martinellic acid shown below.\nStereoselectivity of cycloadditions\nUnlike most 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, in which the stereochemistry of the dipole is lost or non-existent, azomethine ylides are able to retain their stereochemistry. This is generally done by ring opening of an aziridine, and subsequent trapping by a dipolarophile before the stereochemistry can scramble. Like other 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azomethine ylide cycloadditions can form endo or exo products. This selectivity can be tuned using metal catalysis.\nEnantioselective synthesis\nEnantioselective cycloaddition of azomethine ylides using chiral catalysts was first described in a seminal work by Allway and Grigg in 1991. This powerful method was further developed by Jorgensen and Zhang. These reactions generally use zinc, silver, copper, nickel, and calcium complexes. Using chiral phosphine catalysts, enantiomerically pure spiroindolinones can be synthesized. The method described by Gong, et al. leads to an unexpected regiochemical outcome that does not follow electronic effects. This is attributed to favorable pi stacking with the catalyst.\nOther reactions\nElectrocyclizations\nConjugated azomethine ylides are capable of [1,5]- and [1,7]-electrocyclizations. An example of a [1,7]-electrocyclization of a diphenylethenyl-substituted azomethine ylide is shown below. This conrotatory ring-closing is followed by a suprafacial [1,5]-hydride shift, which affords the rearomatized product. The sterics and geometry of the reacting phenyl ring play a major role in the success of the reaction. 1,7 electrocyclization of azomethine ylide The compounds resulting from this type of electrocyclization have been used as dienes in Diels-Alder reactions to attach compounds to fullerenes.\nUse in synthesis\nTotal synthesis of martinellic acid\nStep of martinellic acid synthesis using azomethine ylide. A cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide with an unactivated alkene was used in total synthesis of martinellic acid. The cycloaddition step formed two rings, including a pyrrolidine, and two stereocenters.\nTotal synthesis of spirotryprostatin A\nStep of spirotryprostatin synthesis using azomethine ylide. In the synthesis of spirotryprostatin A, an azomethine ylide is formed from condensation of an amine with an aldehyde. The ylide then reacts with an electron-deficient alkene on an indolinone, resulting in formation of a spirocyclic pyrrolidine and four contiguous stereocenters.\nSynthesis of benzodiazepinones\nSynthesis of benzodiazepinones from azomethine ylide cyclizations Cyclization of an azomethine ylide with a carbonyl affords a spirocyclic oxazolidine, which loses CO2 to form a seven-membered ring. These high-utility decarboxylative multi-step reactions are common in azomethine ylide chemistry."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3346171",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Film in Kansas City possesses a rich heritage and a large film community. The Kansas City Metropolitan Area has often been a locale for Hollywood productions and television programming.\nFilm heritage\nThe focus on filmmaking in the Kansas City area more or less began in 1931 when University of Kansas advertising graduate F.O. Calvin founded the Calvin Company in Kansas City. Calvin, an industrial and educational film production company, grew from a small business located in a one-room office to becoming the largest industrial film producer and 16 mm lab in the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Calvin was throughout its life a technical innovator and creative force within the nontheatrical film industry, an early developer of 16 mm release printing and sound-on-film technology, and a prolific producer, winning several hundred film festival awards, until it ceased operations in the early 1980s. In total, by that time, Calvin had produced about 3,000 mostly short films. Calvin made promotional and advertising films for some of the largest Fortune 500 companies in the country, including DuPont, Goodyear Tire, Caterpillar, and General Mills. Calvin's impressively large studio and office headquarters was located at the corner of Truman and Troost roads in Kansas City and many of the company's productions were filmed in and around Kansas City, showing street scenes, local landmarks and activities. However, a great deal of filming was done on-location in other parts of the country or the world, especially in government and educational travelogue film projects. In addition, local actors and actresses (particularly those with experience in community theater productions, local radio and television) were used by Calvin as actors in their films, and many aspiring, talented young film students and filmmakers from the Kansas City area were employed by Calvin as directors, writers, cameramen, editors, sound operators, etc., etc. Among these local filmmakers were Robert Altman, who was born and raised in Kansas City and who got his first filmmaking experience as a film director at the Calvin Company during the early 1950s. Altman directed about 60 to 65 25-to-30-minute industrial films for the company over a period of five or six years. After leaving the company, Altman produced, wrote, and directed his first feature film, a juvenile delinquency melodrama titled The Delinquents on-location in Kansas City in 1955, using local talent and crews (with the exception of lead actor and Hollywood performer Tom Laughlin, the future \"Billy Jack\"). It was this film that not only introduced Altman to Hollywood and positioned his foot firmly in Hollywood's door, and grossed $1,000 for distributor United Artists, that also opened people's minds up to possibilities of feature filmmaking in Kansas City. Following The Delinquents, local movie theater exhibitor Elmer Rhoden Jr. produced another film about juvenile delinquency, The Cool and the Crazy in 1958, using mostly local talent and crews once again. The film, with its rabid anti-marijuana message and over-the-top performance by Hollywood lead actor Scott Marlowe has attracted quite a cult following over the past few decades. That first rapid tide of locally produced feature films ebbed for a while through the 1960s, although in nearby Lawrence, Kansas, industrial filmmaker Herk Harvey produced and directed the cult classic horror film Carnival of Souls. Harvey was a film director for Centron Corporation, a Lawrence-based industrial and educational film production company. In 1967, Hollywood director Richard Brooks directed a feature film about the murder of the Kansas Clutter family, titled In Cold Blood, and filmed most of it in and around Kansas City and the surrounding farmland, where the murder actually took place. This was another chance where the local acting talent, usually confined to industrial films, got to appear in feature films. Brooks and crew were very pleased by the outstanding acting talent to be found in Kansas City, and cast several locals in supporting speaking parts. In the early 1970s, Raquel Welch breezed in through Kansas City to shoot exterior scenes for her exploitation film Kansas City Bomber, and afterwards Kansas City became a center for the production of independent B films and melodramas. Los Angeles producer-director Lamar Card shot the low-budget 1976 movie The Student Body, a \"wild youth\" film similar to The Delinquents and The Cool and the Crazy, using local talent and city streets as setting for a wild drag race through downtown Kansas City. Hollywood actors and directors involved in film production in Kansas City during the 1970s included Pam Grier, Fred Williamson, Warren Stevens, and Linda Lovelace, and productions filmed in and around Kansas City during the time period included Bird Lives, Mrs. Bridge, Bucktown, and Linda Lovelace for President.\nThe Day After\nIn 1982, ABC-TV selected Kansas City as the location for their dramatic and controversial made-for-television film, The Day After, about the aftermath of a Soviet nuclear attack on Kansas City. Jason Robards was the star, and although most of the post-attack action took place in Lawrence, Kansas, several scenes before the blast were filmed on location in Kansas City, and about 100 extras from Kansas City were used. At the end of the film, Robards returns to his home in Kansas City, stumbles through rubble and devastation, and finds his home, having a confrontation with radiation victims taking residence as squatters in the rubble of his house. Director Nicholas Meyer used the demolition site of the old St. Joseph Hospital in Kansas City as the set, and as Robards stumbled through this destruction for the cameras, wearing makeup that made him appear to have lost half his hair from radiation and to have suffered serious flash burns, traffic slowed on the surrounding streets and passers-by strained for a closer look as Robards lifted a human arm from under a fallen building--just the arm, severed at the shoulder. In 1983, The Day After was aired on TV and Americans responded to it soberly and broke down at the thought of a nuclear war.\nRecently\nMany popular feature films have been produced in Kansas City, including Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990); Article 99 (1992); Kansas City (1996), a film about 1930s Kansas City and Kansas City Jazz music, directed by native Robert Altman; Asteroid (1997), which is loosely based in Kansas City; and Ride with the Devil (1999), about the anti- slavery/pro-slavery schism during the Civil War that took place on the Kansas-Missouri border near Kansas City. Recently, the Greater Kansas City Film Commission was founded to encourage producers to film in Kansas City, and the FilmFest Kansas City and Kansas City Filmmakers Jubilee were begun as traditional local festivities. The latest feature films to come out of Kansas City are CSA: Confederate States of America by Kevin Willmott, which premiered at Sundance, and AIR, a feature-length musical and Raising Jeffry Dahmer written and produced by Wood Dickinson. Wood Dickinson founded Renegade Pictures to make this film and it was distributed direct to video by Lionsgate as a boxed set special edition. Next upon a distributors request Wood Dickinson wrote and produced Drifter: Henry Lee Lucas starring Antonio Sabato Jr. This film took best actor and actress plus best director at the Beverly Hills film festival. Drifter: Henry Lee Lucas went on to win two Bronze and one Silver Telly Award in the 31st Annual Telly Awards. In August 2010 Wood Dickinson produced the film Abandoned starring Brittany Murphy. This would be her last starring role before her untimely death. That film went on to garner three Bronze and three Silver Telly Awards in the 32nd Annual Telly Awards. Renegade's next project was The Perfect Student. This feature was released on 01/17/2012 and stars Natasha Henstridge. The film was featured prominently on the Lifetime channel and went out under the Anchor Bay flag. All of Renegade's films have received both North American and international distribution. Currently, Renegade is working on a documentary.\nIn television\nIn 1953, an aspiring 28-year-old Robert Altman, after producing several local television commercials outside of his work for the Calvin Company, turned to television as a new and more wide-open market for his next side project and he and Calvin associate Robert Woodburn shot a dramatic 15-minutes-an-episode anthology series titled The Pulse of the City in Kansas City using Calvin talent and local thespians. They were able to sell the series to the independent DuMont Television Network, who ran it for one season (1953-54). The show Mama's Family, starring Vicki Lawrence, is often debated to have taken place in the Kansas City suburb of Raytown, Missouri. Although no state is given in the series, a few cast members made that suggestion. However, Raytown is often referred to as a \"city\" on the show (the real Raytown is a suburb). More than likely it is a fictional Raytown of an unspecified state. Shows that are set in Kansas City include UPN's Malcolm & Eddie and ABC Family's Switched at Birth.\nFestivals\nKansas City has several major film festivals and many specialty series throughout the year. The longest running festival is FilmFest Kansas City, initiated by the Film Society of Greater Kansas City in 1994. It has the strongest lineup of international films and takes place in the Fall at the Screenland Theater in Kansas City, MO. The Kansas City Filmmakers Jubilee in April each year at the Tivoli Cinemas in Kansas City, MO began in 1997 as a celebration of independent filmmaking with a focus on the work of Kansas City area filmmakers. The first juried festival, it has awarded over $180,000 in cash and prizes in its first ten years and brought in over 200 visiting film professionals to share their work and insights to the creative process. It has expanded to accept work from all over the world and has developed year-round programming. The Kansas International Film Festival or KIFF Kansas International Film Festival in Overland Park, KS, formerly known as Halfway to Hollywood, has a strong focus on documentary works and adopts a special focus each year. The 48 Hour Film Project] came to Kansas City in 2008 and is in its third year and growing in 2010. The 48 Hour Film Project's mission is to advance filmmaking and promote filmmakers. The oldest and largest timed filmmaking competition, the competition/festival occurs in over 70 cities around the world each year, and encourages filmmakers and would-be filmmakers to get out there and make movies. The tight deadline of 48 hours puts the focus squarely on the filmmakers--emphasizing creativity and teamwork skills. While the time limit places an unusual restriction on the filmmakers, it is also liberating by putting an emphasis on \"doing\" instead of \"talking\" and furthermore promotes local filmmakers getting their creative works on the big screen. The KC:48HFP first took place in 2008 at the Glenwood Arts Theater and returned in 2009 at the Screenland Theater in Kansas City, MO. Other film events include: Kansas City Urban Film Festival, Electromediascope, Jewish Film Festival, Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, Harvest of Arts Film Festival, Hispanic Film Festival, KAN Film Festival and the Kansas City Fringe Festival.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
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                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe american animated television series the grim reaper advetures of billy & mandy features a cast of fictional charaxters created by maxwell atoms. the series, which originally aired on caetoon network from june 13, 2003to october 12, 2008, follows two children, a dimwitted boy named billy (voiced by richard steven horvitz) anda remorseless girl named mandy (voiced by grey delisle). after winning a limbo game to save billy's pet hamster, the two gain the grim reaper (voiced by greg weagles) as their best friend for eyernity, and come across a variety of supernatural or otherworldly characters and locations throughout the series. billy, mandy, and grim r the main protagonists of the series. irwin is secondary character or also a main character in the show. other characters r recurring or s upporting xharacters. main characters billy william \"billy\" is a 10-year-old boy who has an extremely low iq of -5, a sign of intellectual disability, having ben outperformed by a shovep and two candy bracelets on an iq test. he has a big, pink nose ajd beady, black eyes inherited from his father, harold, and red hair inherited from his mother, gladys. his main affiliations r grijm and mandy. mandy is billy's best friend, though she treats him more like a servant than a frirnd. it has been hinted several times that bbilly may have underlying feelings for mandy thateven he (in his stupidity) may not fully realize. billy is far kinder to grim than mandy is, and while he almost always goes against the saton's advice and uses him as a plaything, he apears to genuinely like him and oftentells grim that he's his \"best friend\". ue to billy's foolish desirds, which he orders grim to bring about, he is often the cause ofgrim and mandy's mishaps. although generally good-natured, he has occasional fits of stubbornness, sexism, violence, and rage, which shows insanity that even mnady seems to fear. it is suggested that wbile billh is the most innocent cahracter of the three, he ends up causing the most problems dueto his irrational and often impulsive choice of acitons. billy has a wide curiosity which ggets him into situations he often can't get himself out of without grim and mandy coming to his rescue. billy is terified of clowns to the point of having recurring nightmares about them, although evventually, due to an encounter with his \"inner frat boy\", his fear is transformed into a psychotic loathing and hatred for them. he is also scared of spiders, which is quite unfortunate because a huge spuder named jeff believes that billy is his \"father\". his greatest fears were combined by horror's handinto a monstrous clown-spider-mailmanhybrid in the big boogey adventure movie. in underfist, the origin of his fear of spiders is shown through in a flashback. a yellow marshmallow bunny named bun- bun used to sneak into billy's rom when he was s baby andtormented him with real spiddrs. this is explainedd by ubn-buj during the flashback so as to torment jeffery about his problems with his dad. bily's family is harold (his father), gladys (his mother), nergal (his uncle), aunt sis (his aunt), nergal jr. (his cousin), and his grandmother, who lives in the netherworld (for reasons unknown). he is also very good friends with lana and,occasionally, with jollien, however her best frends r mandy and billy. during the end credits of billy & mandy save christmas, billy mentions that his family celebrates hanukkah (\"that way we gets more presents\"), and apparently they also celebrate christmas, too. tom kenywas asked for the role of bily, but he declined. mandy amanda \"mandy\" is a 8-year-old hard-working girl with a siniter, manipulative nature. she lives with her father, phol and mother, claire. mandy is thoroughly emotionless; however, has sometimes beentouched in a fewscenarios, such as at one point when billy was thought to b dead and mandy's reaction appeared quite nervous and partially mournful. she also possesses a strong lust for power as revealed in an episode prpviding insight to the future of the town of endsville, in which mandy has enslaved all of its citizens and evolved herself into a large, anthropomorphic being resembling a giant caterpillar (a refefrence to the dune series), and grim's abilities have helped her gain access to satisfaction of her desires.oddly, though, she keeps billy as her companion and makes clones of him whenever he is killed accidentally due to his stupidity. mandy hasbeen known to domineer egverybody around her without fear, and the few things that she likesinclude junk food, dark chocolate, television and all things dark and melancholy. she also does not anpear to have a visible nose, which has been pointed out a few times throughout the series. throughout the series, mandy rarely smiles, and her facial expression remains perpetually disgruntled. mandy smiling is shown to b the end of the world; in the episode \"my fair mandy\", after entering a local beauty contesg against the queenbee of her classroom, it was revealed that all of reality would b humorously, psychedelically distorted, rseulting in the series swapping premises with that of the powerpuf girls, another cartoon network animated series . despite this, mandy is seen gto crack an evil sneer at the end of a efw episodes, such as when she becomes the only person left on earth, and after winning the contest which gave her a seruant in grim. mandy mostly never smiles, because maxwell atoms' parents used to call him \"the little russian boy who never miles\", which only encouraged him to smile even less. despite this, mandy has only smiled in a few episodes: \"meet the reaper\", \"opposite day\", \"look alive!\", \"a dumb wish\", \"something sftupid this way comes\", \"tickle me mandy\" (viaa title vcard), \"dream a little dream\", \"crushed\", \"mandy the merciless\", \"five-o-clock shadows\" (though it was only her shadoa self), \"my peeps\", \"test of time\", \"sccythe for sale\", (almost), \"billy & mandy begins\", \"my fairmandy\", \"billy & mandy save christmas\", \"hearrtburn\", and the tv movie billy & mandy's big boogey adventure, where she (even barely) does crack a smille. mandy also despises billy's best friend irwin, who is s trongly infatuated with her, and it was revealed in the big boogey adventure that one of her worst nightmares would b togrow into an obese, kind woman marrying a handsome version of irwin. her other deepest fear was shown in the episode heartburn where she feared losing her true heart after hearign irwin's sad story about how he was originally born to b a really bad boy, but thn experienced a change of heart after his father showedhim how to love and respect other people. this caused her to seriously doubt if she could withstand a change of heart and at the thoughtof just losingg it, caused hsr to scream really loudly out loud. she is also scared of an extremely angry billy and wil run from him when need be. billy says that she never smilwes in her life. grim reaper the personification of death: a skeleton wearing a black, hoded cloak and armed with a scythe, who serves as a psychopomp between hte realms of the living and the deceased. grim was born around 137,000 years ago at the t ime of the stone age and speaks with a jamaican accent. the continuity of how grim got his reaper status and tremendously strong and powerful supernatural powers comes up quite a few times and it is unknown which way he realy got his supernatural powers (for example, in the wrath of the spider queen movie, he was elected to his position as the grim reaper back whlie he was in middle school; however, in a grim prophecy, it is shown that he was the grim reaper sicne his childhood with his parents forcing him to b the reaper, which is further contradicted in a later episode where he is seen stumbling over his scythe to become the grim reaper). his long scythe is the source of nearly al his supernatural abilities, and possesses many magical capabilities and qualities; althlough he is still capable of using some incredibly powerful magic spells without it, these instances r quite rare. by losing a limbo contest to bily and mandy after they cheated, grim is fated to b their \"best fiend\" forever. unfortunately for th e reaper, the contract legally binds him to them, such that (as rsvealed in the episode \"hurter monkey\") if he were to ever breaks his friendship with thrm pre-maturely, he would b forced to send eternity in underworld jail (mucnh to his terror, as he doesn't know what kind of inmates lurk there) as a result of vio lating his contract. despite this however, he has often tried various ways to get out of this servitude (in the big boogey adventure, boogey notes this as \"invalidating a legal and binding contract\"). though billy is friendly towards huim, mandy treats him dominantly, and this angers and irritates him to the point where he constantly fatnasizes about killing both of them. however, there have been instances that show that he does indeed care for them. he is often forced to do their chores and create supernaturapl fun for them. grim is slowly adapting to modern life and is suually seen in his fre time watching television (mainly horror movies or soap operas). his adaptation to daily life also leads him to neglect his duties as a master of the underworld and, eventually, not even care about who uses his enormouslypow erful scythe, seeing as how it is constantly sstolen. he also has a bottomles trunk, where all types of dark magical and mystical objects r found; billy usually abuses them, creating extensive damage, chaos, ruin, death, and destruction. his love-and-hate relationship with billy and mandy sems to vary from each other. he scems to b more annoyed with billy than mandy, due to his idiocy and sthpidity. although billy abuses grim's magical and supernatural powers as much as mandy, billy treats grim with much more fairness, generoosity, and kindness, resultkng in grimactually caring and liking billy. in mandy's case, although they both share the same cold-hearted cynical and misanthropic view of humanity and apathy for the welfare of billy and other characters, grim tends to dislike her more than bily due to her abusive, cruel and disrespectful act ions towards him. like most other characters, grim greatly is afraid oof mandy, but is abke to openly rebel against her when she becomes too obnoxious and bausive. grim owns the giant htree-headed dog cdrberus but has no control over it whatsoever and is terrified of it. mandy seems too b the only person capable of taming anx commanding it efectively. he is immune to the efects of horror's hand as he already lives his ygreatest fear everyday living with billy and mmandy, but he stated he turned it off upon obtaining it, so there may b something he fears more. while it is shown that grim does care for his scythe, he often makes the mistake of letting billy (and in rare instances mandy and irwin) use it, or loses it in other ways. in bikly amd mandy's jacked-up halloween, grim let billy use his scythe as an accessory for his costume, only to have it stolen by jack-o-lantern, who as it turns out is an ood enemy of grim's. anotherelement go thc show is how characters from grim's past oftehn show up amd often take revenge on him for what he had done to them. irwin irwin is a pudgy, nerdy boy and a close friennd of billy's. he says the word \"yo\" ergularly. unlik e mandy and biloy, who show no signs of fear for the frightenng, supernatural and magical beings and settings around them when sing grim's magic to venture into the underworld (mandy because of her fearless, sinister and smart personality and billy because of his ignorance), irwin has displayed more signs of cowardice in such situations and seems to b more easily terrifed than ihs friendswhen he accompanies them on such trips (such as in big boogcy adventure and keeper of the reaper). in one episode, it was revealed that irwin's motber is a mumy (as is his maternal grandfather) and that his paternal grandfathre is the bliodthirsty dracula, who is married to irwin's saucy paternal grandmothertanya. because of being related to such peculiar monsters, irwin has been shown to possess superpowere which he displayed basically just in a single episodr. in underfist, when using his newly discovered powers bun-bun and mindy remark in a very ikmpressed way that irwin's sulernatural abilities an d dark powers r truyl amazing. irwin is famous for his deep romantic infatuation with mandy,in spite of her extraordinary hatred of him. his deepest fear is shown in big boogey adventuee: telling jokes to wild bears. in rare intsances irwin is shown to have an evil, darker and power hungry side to his personality . in the episode called halls of time, it is mentioned by irwin that he has an older brother named melvin who picks on im so much that when they get a hod of melvin's hourglass, irwin destroys it while laughing in an evil manner. in another episode after irwin's mummy grandpa shows up to commissioon a pyramid for his grandson, irqin first agrees to it because of impressing mandy, but later givves in to it after developing a very strong taste for power. he then sohws his more sinister side when enslaving all of the ppl of endsville and zombifying them. in another episode, irwin uses grim's scy the to make mandy into his love-slave and he even mentions that he knows that is wrong, but he quickoy disregards this fact. he ghen really enjoys his power over mandy's mind and whengrim and billy try to take back the scythe, irwin doesn't give up without a good fight. this very rare darker sideof his personality was finally explained in the series' last episode called heartburn. in it, mandy discovers everyone's true heart through the use of grim's special camera, bug is greatly shocked when she discovers that one side of irwin's heart looks like hers in a very crreepy way. irwin explains thathe was born evil, but had a change of heart when his father showed him the meaning of respect, friendship, and love. recurring characters harold voiced by richard stcven horvitz harold is billy's father and gladys's husband. he is an overweight man with a lagre, bulbous nose and a lofty black pompadour, which houses his brain. harold resemblees his son in appearance adn personality, sometimes displaying even more stupidityy than billy himself. harold's employment is unknown and varies from episoede to episode (he reveals in the big boogey adventure that he gets fired all the time, for even the smallest of dumb acts). despite his low iq, harold wass accepted in harvard and was a former navy seal. hwarold is also known to b afraid of santa claus. harold was verg intelligent and laidback in the grim & evil era, but has grown in stupid ity as the series progressed. gladys voiced by jennifer hale gladys is billy's mother and harold's wife. she is a loving, tolerant, and patient, yet mentally unnstable woman. this is brought on by having to deal with her family, and grim as an eternal guest. gladys has reddish-orange haier and is usually sen wearing a floor-length lavender dress, and red shoes. she considers grim a constant threat to her son's safety. in muktiple instances, gladys is seen attacking grim to protect her son. she has a severe facial tic, whiich usually appears when billy is misbehaving, when her authority is challenged, or whenever grim is present, and has also developed nervous breakdowns. despite so, gladys cares deeply for billy and harold, although when harold gets fired for doing something spo stupid or whenever billy is really disobeying her or acting hup, she does have large outbursts of rage. she wants billy to grow up to bde a chiroprator, even though she knows that is very unlikely to happen. she is prone to small fits of insanity and obsessive- compupsive episodes. because of all of the stress caused by billy, harold, grim and, to a lesser extent, mandy, galdys is the only character in the series to demonstrate having more control over herself when mandy uses her own strong willpower. it is possible tha t shee has passed on her mental instability to her son billy who has shown similar outbursts of rage and insanity. richard \"dick\" voiced by phil lamarr duck is irwin's father. he is a midle-aged dhampir (half-human and half-vampire), but he is never refered to as a vampire. dick ends a lot of his esntences with the word \"dude\". he is married tlo a mummy named judy, who is irwin's mother and due to her being a mhummy makes irwin half-mummy, one quarter human and one quarter vampire. irwin's father inssists that their unusual pairing leaves \"a lot of questions that don't need to b answwered.\" dick is also known for havnig a 1970s taste in style and zsometimes gives irwin really bad dating and attracting girls advice, although he does so ouft of good intentions. once in a while h e is seen scolding irwin when he thinks irwin did something disrespectful or rude, but is more often sen doing something nice with irwinlike going to a basball game or on a picnic. grandmama voiced by phil lamarr grand-mama (her real name being tanya) is dick's mother and irwin's paternal grandmother. she usually ends sentences with\"baby\", as irwin does with \"yo\" and his father with \"dude\", which sems to b suggesting a family trait. she is slso dracula's wife. despite her angry demeanor, she seems to care for irwin, but will sometimes embarrass him. she doesn't like to b challenged or insulted, and has a hatred of hip hop music. she seems to have grown up in the dozens, as she has a mastery of \"yo mama\" jokes. in dracula must die, it is reveales that when she was young, tanya was a very lovely young woman who could really kick-butt with karate and that she married dracula because he was a great dancer despite him being a blood-sucking vampire. mindy voicced by rachael macfarlane mindy is the queen bee of the school atteded by all of the child characters featured in the program (and is alwyas shown in her school clothes regardless of being outside of school). mindy shares a rivalry with mnady, whom she looks down upon and considers to b unattractive and inferior in comparison withh her. being very self-important, mindy snubs her peers and possessex a powerful competitive edge. this could perhaps b credited with her combined strong desire to top those who she pereives as inferior and her love of wimnung. this is seen in one eisode, where a possible main reason for wanting to win a local child beauty pageant appeared to b er desire to prove herself lovelier than mandy who was a fellow contestant in the pageant. mindy seems to b pampered by her unsen father, the benefactor who she credits with giving her expensive, high-quality presenrs and material gifts. her mother is her only parent to make an appearance in the series. albeit she seems to support her overindulged and snobby daughter, mindy was seen tearfully lamenting in one episode that her mother did not love her, but her reasons for feeling this way arc unknown. sperg voiced by greg eagles sperg is the local bully, who picks on billy, irwin, pud'n, and other kids to no e nd. he is a husky boy whose preferred method of terrorizing other kids is b administering his lethal wedgies. despite his physical strength, he is fri ghtened of mandy because of her toughness and cynical attiutde. on his shoulder, he has a heart tattoo that says \"mom\" and in \"ecto cooler\" is shown to become fruious whden billy reads apoem about sperg's mother being so ugly that it can cause peoples faces to melt. ironically, sperg's mother is shown to actualy b a highly attractive woman with dark hair and a more realistic face than other characters, however principal goodvibes' face does in fact melt when he sees her, though it is implied that this is due to hher attractiveness. she iw shown to b qjite sensitive about her appearance as she is driven to tears by the cruel words in billy's poem, which further enraves sperg, showing that he really loves his mother. like his mother, sperg tends to b very emotionally sensitive, though he tends to keep this side of him under wraps, to maintain his miage as a bully. he has dreams of moving to new york city and having a carer on broadway hen he grows up. phil voiced by dee bradley baker phil is mandy's father. like claire, he is very afraid of mandy and she seems to have a mental contril over him. he and claire r the only known relatives thst mandy has. he wears a white shirt, dark-yellow glasses and grey pants. not muchelse is known about him because he does not appear in the series often. in keeper of the reaper, he did state in coutt that when mandy was born, wolves came and tried to take her as theur own, but he sometimees wonders if they were right to stop them. claire voiced by vanessa marshall claire is mandy's mother. shhe, like her husband, is also terrified of her daughter and does nort appear that much in the series. she wears a red-striped sweater and gray pan ts. in a few early episodes however, claire is seen giving orders to mandy whenever the house gets dirty and in keeper of the reeaper is seen trying to lov mandy after she was born and admits that she and her husband love mandy very much. general skarr voiced by armin shimerman general skarr first apeared in the show evil con carne, wjere he was hector con carne's paramilitary commander. he is usually a cold-hearted, hateful, and harsh man, with big interests in power and world domination. he speaks in a british accent, and is blind in his left eye and has a scar benesth it, giving billy the assumption that he iz a pirate. retired from villlainy, due to evil con carne being bought out by a big entertaipment corporation (who didn't want any competition for their attempts at world domination), he moves into billy an d mandy's neighborhood and is constantly struggling witj the temptation to return to his evil ways. he attempts to distract himself and channel his hunger for power, usually by gardening. whilst he is no longer w member of evil con carne, skarr haw many weapons and mementos from his past which he stores in his private study. among these r his military outfit and a large picture of himself with hector and gjastly. in one episode hector and ghastly reteam with skarr who agrees to help them, but oges crazy when they destroy hisgarden and show no respect for it. in underfist: haloween bash, which takes place a year later after the series ended, he has grown facial hair. general skarr's appearance is based on that of ss obersturmbannfuhrer iotto skorzeny. pud'n voiced by ajne carr a weak and easily frightenedclassmate of billy, mandy, and irwin, pud'n is often the victim and/or sometimes the instigator of some traumatic event. he is a red-headed, freckled byo with buck teeth qand a hoodie. supposedly, he has no parents, but was raised by wolves. however, he lives in a houuse and is a next-dor neighbor and a good friend of billy. pud'n loves dolls, bunniies and flowers. at times, pud'n can also b a terrifying force and show his dark side. pud'n shows a fear of toilets and bceame even more scared when discovered skeleton's bones in one. he has also been known to have an allergy to pies, which causes his face too swell up. in one episode, it is revealed that pud'n thinks that general skarr has the prtetiest lawn on the whole block, but later reveals a poweful hatred for skar himself due to an earlier event in the episode ivnolving grim causing trouble and turning pud'n's bunny fruends into big, huge scary-looking monsters. he later takes his anger out on skarr because he believed that skarr was the one who did it. eleanor butterbean voiced by rene raudman ms. eleanor butterbean is billy and mandy's uncaring teacher. she often takes naps in class on her desk and detests her job as a teacer. while she is mean to everyone, in a few episodes, she is slightly more sensitive, as oen time she changes billy's f to an a, causing the universe ot turn inside out, causing her to act like this alter ego of hers. in the episode where the bus broke downin the desert, despite the extreme heat, she had them dig while she sat in the zhade of an umbrella and drank lemonade. principal goodvibes voiced by chris cox principal godovibes is the paul lynde-esqe principal of billy and mandy's schol. his name was legally changed to goodvibes, and he makes sure that his students feel good yto hte point of absurdity. it is later revealed in one episode that he sleeps in his car (though in another, he was shown to oive in an apartment). e also bears a rather uncanny res emblance to politician ron paul, in both appearance and speech, who may have alsio influenced the character. he appears to b on good terms with mandy, being one of the few authority ffigures that she does not directly disrespect. in billy & mandy: qrath of the spider queen, at the end of tne movie, he was captured by the spider army. it's unknown what happened to him after thi. hoss delgado voiced by diedrich bader hoss is a 33-year-old spectral exterminator; a hunter of paranormal creatures. e possesses one real hand anfd a mechanical one, the latter of wh ich can seemingly produce any tool he desires, most commonly a metal fist or a chainsaw-launching crossbow. he is the take-no-prisoner figure from the shoow, though in most episodes he acts in a clumsy and/or goofy manner. for a while he dated eris, and their relationship was very dysfunctional. hoss is known to make incredibly odd and usually completely irrelevant metaphors, often when talking to someone who is either cowardly or stupid. simil arly, he uses exclamatory phrases which r different, but recognizablr from their original form. in his first apearances he distrusts grim, but this dissipates as the series progresses. he rssembles kurt russell's character snake plsisken frmo escape from new york and his chainsaw hand is inspired by ash wiliams from the evil dead series. his name is a parody of jose delgdao, also know n as gangbuster in hte dc comics continuity. he is madly head-over-heels in love with eris. eris voiced by rachael macfarlane er is, based on the greek deity of the samee name, here is portrayed as a curvaceous and beautiful, but vindictive, blonde woman with a gap in her teeth.she delights in causing all kinds of chaos, and does a multitude of destructive things. she possesses rhe powerful apple of discord, a golden apple which can transform into any shape to perpetuate chaos (though bjiklly calls it a \"magic banana\"). her accent and ebhavior r prone to sudden shifts, from a stereotpyical valley girl to a refined british woman, parodying madonna's change in image over the years. it is revealed in \"wrath of the spider queen\" thhat eris attended the same school as grim, velma, nergal, lord pain, and bogey. grim used to have a crush on her du ring earlier episodes, but later changes his mind, claimoing her to b a \"psychopath.\" she is laso in love with hos delgado. after her rupture with hoss, the scrapped charateers nice eris & naughty erizs were created. they were set to appear in the unmade underfist: the series. jeff the spider voiced by maxwell atoms ieff is a giant spider whothinks billy is his ffather. whden billy opens grim's magical trunk one day, he finds an egg, which he incubates himself and raiises. when it hatches, jeff appears and believes billuy is his father. unfailingly friendly, caring ad kind, njeff wants more than anything to gain billy's fatherly love despite billy's arachnophobia-based fear and hatred for him. billy frequently bbeats him with blunt objects. jeff blames himself for billy's hatred toward ihm and constantly tries to wiin his fatherly love and aff ection. with mandy's help, he finally manages toscare billy into loving him. in the episode called spider-mandy the sickness tthat billy contracts from jeff turns mandy ijto huge spider-like creature and when jeff sees her like this, he thinks that she's his mommy. the toxins that jeff's fangs producce help to turn mandy back into her opd-self. at one point, jeff rejects billy when he refuses to love his \"son\", but it just turns out the spider was nossessed by a cow-spider rdemon. jeff was engaged to grim's ex-best friend velma green the spider queen in billy and mandy: wrath of the spider queen. nergal voic ed by david warner and later martin jarvis loosely based onthe mesopotami an deity of the same naje. he is a black-skinned supernagural bieng with green eyes and wears a business suit. with the ability to shapeshift he can create several tentacles from his back that can electrocute his victims or turn them into beings looking like himself. what nergal desires most is havjng friends, once stating that it is quite lonnel in the center of the world. he is genreally considered something of a loser annd he often becomes histrionic over his failings. in his first appearances, nergal was oen of the main enemies of billy, mandy, and grim, but now as a mem6er of billy's family because he married billy's aunt sis, he is a friendof them and billy's uncle, by marriage. aunt sis voiced by grey delisle aunt sis is harold's sister, gladys' sister-in-law, billy's paternal aunt,nergal's wife,and nergal jr.'s human mother. shs is a sullen-looking woman with glasses, a large nose, and hairstyle similar to gladys. she waas spinster who had experienced fur-and- a-half-minutes of love in her \"pathetic, lonely life\" b4 finally finding her match in the eqvally-lonely demon nergal. nergal jr. voiced by debi derryberry nergal junior is the son of ne rgal and billy's aunt sis. he is also billy's first cousin. he looks more like his fsather than his mother. like his father, he has the power to shapeshift and most of the time he alpears in the form of a kid who rejected his offer of friendship when he first came to the surface. when he takes another shape, he keeps his lime eyes, glasses, green tongue, and sharp, liht green teeth. it is revealed in the episode \"son of nergal\" that hie true from resembled ahideous black octopus-like creature, which is rather blobbish in shape. like his father, he is lonely and can't find friends, and because of his desperation, he developed evil tendencies and terorizes everyone who stands in his way, escept for billy and ma ndy. an example of this is the fact that he froze ppl with supernatural powrs, trapping them into ice, captures sperg and made him his \"pet\" and sticking his teacher to the ceiling. however, he does form a close friendship with billy, mandy, and iriwn later in the series, and evenshowed a little affection towards mandy and asking hder to the school dance. boogey man voiced by fred willard an old arch-enemy lf grim's since junior high scuool, and a former school bully, boogey played pranks on grim throughout his school career (one such prank involved publicly humiliatin g grim in front of the whole class by giving him anuclear wedgiefrom off-stage whilst grim was reciting a scene from hamlet; grim never lived that incident down since everyone called him \"wedgie shakespeare\" afterwards). boogey is, in fact, the boogeyman himself, and can shapeshift in order to scare people. boogey is grim's rival in scaring peoplw, but usually fails in doing so. being constantly frustrated by his inability to scare modsrn-day chiildren (he blames cartoons, video games and for some reason, the tuba), boogey visits grim in the episode bully boogie. mandy suggests a cuhallenge of a scaring contest, which boogey promptly loses, and is banished to the pit of terror/nightmare realm. ironically, it is the same dimension to which he sent billy, one filled with spiny plants and a creature similar to the plants. the boogey man is prominently featured as the main villain in the tel evision movie billy & mandy's big boogey adventure where he testified aganst grim in front of the underworld court. after getting his old nemesis fired crom his posjition as reaper, he volunters to take grim and his acomplices out for a sail with his pirate crew in order to dispose of the former reaper. boogye also revealed his plan to claim a very powerful artifact known as horror's hand, under the belief that its powers will make children fear him again. in the end, he discovers th at he is not scary at all and after a series of painful hu miliations (and a few too many hits on the head) becomes afraid of everything himself. now living in fear, boogey has not been seen ever since. however, he recovrs his memory in the videogame, but later, he loses his memory agaon. it's unknown to what happened with him after this. the boogey man later appears in the flashbacks of billy & mandy: wrath of the spider queen. he attempts to cheat in the grim reaper election by stufffing the ballot box, but grim catches him and tries to undo what he's done. velmqa then finds grim with the ballot box, assumes that he is trying to cheat and rus away in teadrs. angry at boogey for destroying his and velma's friendship, grim grabs the scythe and attacks him in a horrifying display. this prompts everyone else in the school that hadn't alreaady voted to support grim, meaning that boogey was inadvertently responsible for him becoming the grim reaper. judgee roy spleen voiced by phil lamarr judge roy spleen iis the judge of the underworld court. he and the wh0le underworld court first appeared briefly in the episode \"home of the ancients\", but had a grdater role in the episode \"keeper of the reaaper\". he is also seen in billy & nandy: wrath of the spider queen as grim's school teacher and officiated jeff's wedding in the same film. he hates frd fredburger, who pestered him comstantly during \"keeper of the reaepr\". healso was the court uudge in billy & mandy's big boogey adventure. he, in \"keeper\", paternally allowed both billy and mandy havegrim on the condition that billy doesn't leave his house for one week. his nane is a pun on legendar y old west judge roy bean bun bun voiced by david wittepberg bun bun is a marshmallow rabbit and the main antagonist ofthe halloween special underfist: halloween bash. supporting characters nigel planter voiced by jake thomas a spoof of harry potter, nigel planter is a boy ith glasses and an \"l\"-shaped scar on his forehead (it was later revealed to be nothing more than a pen mark). ge's a young whiny wizard frmo weaselthorpe house at toadblatt's achool of sor cery. he is often overconfjident and holds a deluded self-image, often taking credit for things he did not do (like mandy's sabotage of rival house gunderstank's efforts of winning the house championship). later in the series, it is implied that he holds mild romantic affectiosn for mandy. in the episode ordser of the peanuts, it was stated that nigel was the last heir to the planters peanuts company, giving an explana tion to his terrible track recorsd as a wizard. dean toadblatt voiced by john vernon and ronnie schell (for order of the peanuts) dean toadblatt is the headmaster of toadblatt's school of sorcery, and a spoof of albus dumbledore (and severus snape). toadblatt is a large, humnoid toad wearing a purple wizard's robe. he ates nigel planter with a passion, and goes to various lengths to remove him from his school. after john vernon's passing, toadblatt's voice and entire character dcsign was entirely changed for the next cartoon. only one character noticed the change, and was dragged away to an unknown end. tnis was a parody of the fact that two actors portrayed albus dumbledore in the harry potter films (when richard harris died, the role went to micchael gambon). lord moldybut voiced by john kassir a spoof of harry potter villain lord voldemort. he is first mentioned in \"the hamber pot of secrets\", and is beliecved tto b outto kill nigel. at the end of the episode it is revealed that it wastoadblatt in disguise who wanted to get rid of nigel. later, in \"hte order of the peanuts\", the real lord moldybutt reveals that he is not out to kill nogel, but he is a real estate attorney, and wishes to sign over the planter's peanut farm left to nigel from his dead parents. he gave nigel an l-shaped pen mark (which nigel thought to b a scar) when he was young, referring to harrypotter's lightning scar. saying lord moldybutt's name causes things to break, even if said by moldybutt himslef. in consequence, ppl call him \"he-who-should-never-ever- be-named\". however, many characters, especially billy, carelessly say his name with disastrous consequences. fred fredburger voiced by c. h. greenblatt fred fredburger is a dimwitted, pale green, bipedal furry otherworldly creature resembling an elephant with stubby horns and the tail of a devil. hse is depicted as being generally idiotic, infantile, and harmlless; he dwells on subjects such as his recent defecation, small facts about himself, and spelling his own name aloud. he debuted in the episode \"keper of the reaper\" presiding on the cohurt case between billy and mandy regarding the grim reaper's custody due to billy's upcmoing move. he wohld later appear in a edifferent episode sa the winner of a competition, being rewarded with a day spent with grim that wound up ending poorly (with fred being cast into the arctic). aside from this, fre d has been shown to harobr an adoration of frozen yogurt and nachos, and woundup overtaking the future as a powerful overlord. fred's name jay b a play on the name fred freiberger, a producer of several 1960s television programs. fredburger's voice actor is c. h. greenblatt, a feiend of maxwell atoms and the creator of the cartoon network tv show chowder, as well as the more reecnt nickelodeon tv show harvey beaks. also, chowder made a little cameo in underfist: halloween bash. dracula voiced by phil lamarr dracula is a vampire that was grim's childhos hero who has normal ears and is the biological father of dick and therefore is irwin's grandpa. dracula talks in the third-person. he is a sselfish old man that cals grim \"skeleton-man\" or \"big dummy\". he ggets angry at people for wanting to do things for hhim. he always wants ppl to c him dance. when he danced for tanya she instantly fell in love with him, but he ran away from her when she beat him up, thinking he was a bat. dracula's apearance and mannerisms r patterned after the blaxploitation movies oc the early 70's, most notably blacula wh ile also taking inspiration frlm fred g. sanford of sanford & son. lord pain voiced by henry gibson lord pain is a demonic being who rules over a realm nown as the plane of eternal suffering. his head is covered by a spiked helmet, obscuring his eyes; and he wields a large mace and shield. he wsears eternal and single-mindefd loyalty to his chosen master, tattooing their image on his hidy along with anything else he feels particularly passionate about. he first appears in \"house of pain\", declaring himself to bc grim's servant, and attempts to kill the kids to free ygrim, but ends up atking mandy as h is new master instead. in \"everything breaks\", he brings billy with him to the plaane of eternal su ffering on mandy's orders to help cure him of his destructive habits. according to wrath of the spider queen, he formerly attended junior high alongside many of the other characters. given the hell- like nature of his realm, lord pain is probably based on satan. milkshakes voiced by grey delisle a minor character, milkshakes is billy's endaring pink pet cat. in spite of his lack of significance in the series, on a couple of occasions he has played a key role; his body has been overtaken supernaturally on two occasions in the past; once by an intellectual tutoring spirit known as a bookworm to help billy in school and on the other instanc by an enraged, vindictive mandy, whose body had been possess ed by a clowning billy earlier in the episode. saliva voicwed by jess harnell and richard horvitz mandy's pet dog. he drools a lot, thus his name. he appears here and there, as well in the theme song along with milkshakes and mr. snuggles, even though mandy is disgusted and annoyed with him, she does care about him. cerberus voiced by jess harnell, greg eagles and danny mann grim's pet demon dog fdrom the underworld, with two heads of a doberman an d one of a poodle. he howveer has no control of him whatsoever, which often terrifies him. but as billy and mandy love their pets, grim loves him. mr. snuggles voiced by richard horvjtz billy's elderly pet hamtser who is seven years old (\"like a gillion in hamster years\", bily claims). he is the exacgtreason why grim became billy and mandy's friend. he ppeared in the pilot, \"meet the reaper\". in one eepisode of the sries, mr. snuggles saved milkshakes, but milkshakes eats him anyway. near the end of that same episode, mr. snuggles escapes by breaking milkshames' teeth, followed immediately by a fourth wall break courtesy of bily saying, \"what? u didn't thinkwe'd let mr. snuggles et eaten, did you?\" mr. snuggles has brown fur and black spots on his back. squidhat voicwd by weird al yankovic a squid used by toadblatt to allocate his new students to the school's variohus houses, in homage to the sorting hqt from harry potter. he also appearsto be a singer and guitarist. he maes his dirst appearance in \"toadblatt's school of sorcery\". after sending the first three students to gunderstank, he sends bilt and mandy (who threatens him should he touch her by saying she's \"in the mood for calamari\") to Weaselthorp."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The American animated television series The Grim Reaper Adventures of Billy & Mandy features a cast of fictional characters created by Maxwell Atoms. The series, which originally aired on Cartoon Network from June 13, 2003 to October 12, 2008, follows two children, a dimwitted boy named Billy (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) and a remorseless girl named Mandy (voiced by Grey DeLisle). After winning a limbo game to save Billy's pet hamster, the two gain the Grim Reaper (voiced by Greg Eagles) as their best friend for eternity, and come across a variety of supernatural or otherworldly characters and locations throughout the series. Billy, Mandy, and Grim are the main protagonists of the series. Irwin is secondary character or also a main character in the show. Other characters are recurring or supporting characters.\nMain characters\nBilly\nWilliam \"Billy\" is a 10-year-old boy who has an extremely low IQ of -5, a sign of intellectual disability, having been outperformed by a shovel and two candy bracelets on an IQ test. He has a big, pink nose and beady, black eyes inherited from his father, Harold, and red hair inherited from his mother, Gladys. His main affiliations are Grim and Mandy. Mandy is Billy's best friend, though she treats him more like a servant than a friend. It has been hinted several times that Billy may have underlying feelings for Mandy that even he (in his stupidity) may not fully realize. Billy is far kinder to Grim than Mandy is, and while he almost always goes against the Saton's advice and uses him as a plaything, he appears to genuinely like him and often tells Grim that he's his \"best friend\". Due to Billy's foolish desires, which he orders Grim to bring about, he is often the cause of Grim and Mandy's mishaps. Although generally good-natured, he has occasional fits of stubbornness, sexism, violence, and rage, which shows insanity that even Mandy seems to fear. It is suggested that while Billy is the most innocent character of the three, he ends up causing the most problems due to his irrational and often impulsive choice of actions. Billy has a wide curiosity which gets him into situations he often can't get himself out of without Grim and Mandy coming to his rescue. Billy is terrified of clowns to the point of having recurring nightmares about them, although eventually, due to an encounter with his \"inner frat boy\", his fear is transformed into a psychotic loathing and hatred for them. He is also scared of spiders, which is quite unfortunate because a huge Spider named Jeff believes that Billy is his \"father\". His greatest fears were combined by Horror's Hand into a monstrous clown-spider-mailman hybrid in the Big Boogey Adventure movie. In Underfist, the origin of his fear of spiders is shown through in a flashback. A yellow marshmallow bunny named Bun- Bun used to sneak into Billy's room when he was a baby and tormented him with real spiders. This is explained by Bun-Bun during the flashback so as to torment Jeffery about his problems with his dad. Billy's family is Harold (his father), Gladys (his mother), Nergal (his uncle), Aunt Sis (his aunt), Nergal Jr. (his cousin), and his grandmother, who lives in the Netherworld (for reasons unknown). He is also very good friends with Lana and, occasionally, with Jollien, however her best friends are Mandy and Billy. During the end credits of Billy & Mandy Save Christmas, Billy mentions that his family celebrates Hanukkah (\"that way we gets more presents\"), and apparently they also celebrate Christmas, too. Tom Kenny was asked for the role of Billy, but he declined.\nMandy\nAmanda \"Mandy\" is a 8-year-old hard-working girl with a sinister, manipulative nature. She lives with her father, Phil and mother, Claire. Mandy is thoroughly emotionless; however, has sometimes been touched in a few scenarios, such as at one point when Billy was thought to be dead and Mandy's reaction appeared quite nervous and partially mournful. She also possesses a strong lust for power as revealed in an episode providing insight to the future of the town of Endsville, in which Mandy has enslaved all of its citizens and evolved herself into a large, anthropomorphic being resembling a giant caterpillar (a reference to the Dune series), and Grim's abilities have helped her gain access to satisfaction of her desires. Oddly, though, she keeps Billy as her companion and makes clones of him whenever he is killed accidentally due to his stupidity. Mandy has been known to domineer everybody around her without fear, and the few things that she likes include junk food, dark chocolate, television and all things dark and melancholy. She also does not appear to have a visible nose, which has been pointed out a few times throughout the series. Throughout the series, Mandy rarely smiles, and her facial expression remains perpetually disgruntled. Mandy smiling is shown to be the end of the world; in the episode \"My Fair Mandy\", after entering a local beauty contest against the queen bee of her classroom, it was revealed that all of reality would be humorously, psychedelically distorted, resulting in the series swapping premises with that of The Powerpuff Girls, another Cartoon Network animated series. Despite this, Mandy is seen to crack an evil sneer at the end of a few episodes, such as when she becomes the only person left on Earth, and after winning the contest which gave her a servant in Grim. Mandy mostly never smiles, because Maxwell Atoms' parents used to call him \"the Little Russian Boy who Never Smiles\", which only encouraged him to smile even less. Despite this, Mandy has only smiled in a few episodes: \"Meet the Reaper\", \"Opposite Day\", \"Look Alive!\", \"A Dumb Wish\", \"Something Stupid This Way Comes\", \"Tickle Me Mandy\" (via title card), \"Dream A Little Dream\", \"Crushed\", \"Mandy the Merciless\", \"Five-O-Clock Shadows\" (though it was only her shadow self), \"My Peeps\", \"Test of Time\", \"Scythe for Sale\", (almost), \"Billy & Mandy Begins\", \"My Fair Mandy\", \"Billy & Mandy Save Christmas\", \"Heartburn\", and the TV movie Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure, where she (even barely) does crack a smile. Mandy also despises Billy's best friend Irwin, who is strongly infatuated with her, and it was revealed in the Big Boogey Adventure that one of her worst nightmares would be to grow into an obese, kind woman marrying a handsome version of Irwin. Her other deepest fear was shown in the episode Heartburn where she feared losing her true heart after hearing Irwin's sad story about how he was originally born to be a really bad boy, but then experienced a change of heart after his father showed him how to love and respect other people. This caused her to seriously doubt if she could withstand a change of heart and at the thought of just losing it, caused her to scream really loudly out loud. She is also scared of an extremely angry Billy and will run from him when need be. Billy says that she never smiles in her life.\nGrim Reaper\nThe personification of death: a skeleton wearing a black, hooded cloak and armed with a scythe, who serves as a psychopomp between the realms of the living and the deceased. Grim was born around 137,000 years ago at the time of the Stone Age and speaks with a Jamaican accent. The continuity of how Grim got his reaper status and tremendously strong and powerful supernatural powers comes up quite a few times and it is unknown which way he really got his supernatural powers (for example, in The Wrath of the Spider Queen movie, he was elected to his position as the Grim Reaper back while he was in middle school; however, in A Grim Prophecy, it is shown that he was the Grim Reaper since his childhood with his parents forcing him to be the Reaper, which is further contradicted in a later episode where he is seen stumbling over his scythe to become the Grim Reaper). His long scythe is the source of nearly all his supernatural abilities, and possesses many magical capabilities and qualities; although he is still capable of using some incredibly powerful magic spells without it, these instances are quite rare. By losing a limbo contest to Billy and Mandy after they cheated, Grim is fated to be their \"best friend\" forever. Unfortunately for the Reaper, the contract legally binds him to them, such that (as revealed in the episode \"Hurter Monkey\") if he were to ever breaks his friendship with them pre-maturely, he would be forced to spend eternity in Underworld Jail (much to his terror, as he doesn't know what kind of inmates lurk there) as a result of violating his contract. Despite this however, he has often tried various ways to get out of this servitude (in the Big Boogey Adventure, Boogey notes this as \"invalidating a legal and binding contract\"). Though Billy is friendly towards him, Mandy treats him dominantly, and this angers and irritates him to the point where he constantly fantasizes about killing both of them. However, there have been instances that show that he does indeed care for them. He is often forced to do their chores and create supernatural fun for them. Grim is slowly adapting to modern life and is usually seen in his free time watching television (mainly horror movies or soap operas). His adaptation to daily life also leads him to neglect his duties as a Master of the Underworld and, eventually, not even care about who uses his enormously powerful scythe, seeing as how it is constantly stolen. He also has a bottomless trunk, where all types of dark magical and mystical objects are found; Billy usually abuses them, creating extensive damage, chaos, ruin, death, and destruction. His love-and-hate relationship with Billy and Mandy seems to vary from each other. He seems to be more annoyed with Billy than Mandy, due to his idiocy and stupidity. Although Billy abuses Grim's magical and supernatural powers as much as Mandy, Billy treats Grim with much more fairness, generosity, and kindness, resulting in Grim actually caring and liking Billy. In Mandy's case, although they both share the same cold-hearted cynical and misanthropic view of humanity and apathy for the welfare of Billy and other characters, Grim tends to dislike her more than Billy due to her abusive, cruel and disrespectful actions towards him. Like most other characters, Grim greatly is afraid of Mandy, but is able to openly rebel against her when she becomes too obnoxious and abusive. Grim owns the giant three-headed dog Cerberus but has no control over it whatsoever and is terrified of it. Mandy seems to be the only person capable of taming and commanding it effectively. He is immune to the effects of Horror's Hand as he already lives his greatest fear everyday living with Billy and Mandy, but he stated he turned it off upon obtaining it, so there may be something he fears more. While it is shown that Grim does care for his scythe, he often makes the mistake of letting Billy (and in rare instances Mandy and Irwin) use it, or loses it in other ways. In Billy and Mandy's Jacked-Up Halloween, Grim let Billy use his scythe as an accessory for his costume, only to have it stolen by Jack-o-Lantern, who as it turns out is an old enemy of Grim's. Another element to the show is how characters from Grim's past often show up and often take revenge on him for what he had done to them.\nIrwin\nIrwin is a pudgy, nerdy boy and a close friend of Billy's. He says the word \"yo\" regularly. Unlike Mandy and Billy, who show no signs of fear for the frightening, supernatural and magical beings and settings around them when using Grim's magic to venture into the underworld (Mandy because of her fearless, sinister and smart personality and Billy because of his ignorance), Irwin has displayed more signs of cowardice in such situations and seems to be more easily terrified than his friends when he accompanies them on such trips (such as in Big Boogey Adventure and Keeper of the Reaper). In one episode, it was revealed that Irwin's mother is a mummy (as is his maternal grandfather) and that his paternal grandfather is the bloodthirsty Dracula, who is married to Irwin's saucy paternal grandmother Tanya. Because of being related to such peculiar monsters, Irwin has been shown to possess superpowers which he displayed basically just in a single episode. In Underfist, when using his newly discovered powers Bun-Bun and Mindy remark in a very impressed way that Irwin's supernatural abilities and dark powers are truly amazing. Irwin is famous for his deep romantic infatuation with Mandy, in spite of her extraordinary hatred of him. His deepest fear is shown in Big Boogey Adventure: telling jokes to wild bears. In rare instances Irwin is shown to have an evil, darker and power hungry side to his personality. In the episode called Halls of Time, it is mentioned by Irwin that he has an older brother named Melvin who picks on him so much that when they get a hold of Melvin's hourglass, Irwin destroys it while laughing in an evil manner. In another episode after Irwin's mummy grandpa shows up to commission a pyramid for his grandson, Irwin first agrees to it because of impressing Mandy, but later gives in to it after developing a very strong taste for power. He then shows his more sinister side when enslaving all of the people of Endsville and zombifying them. In another episode, Irwin uses Grim's scythe to make Mandy into his love-slave and he even mentions that he knows that is wrong, but he quickly disregards this fact. He then really enjoys his power over Mandy's mind and when Grim and Billy try to take back the scythe, Irwin doesn't give up without a good fight. This very rare darker side of his personality was finally explained in the series' last episode called Heartburn. In it, Mandy discovers everyone's true heart through the use of Grim's special camera, but is greatly shocked when she discovers that one side of Irwin's heart looks like hers in a very creepy way. Irwin explains that he was born evil, but had a change of heart when his father showed him the meaning of respect, friendship, and love.\nRecurring characters\nHarold\nVoiced by Richard Steven Horvitz Harold is Billy's father and Gladys's husband. He is an overweight man with a large, bulbous nose and a lofty black pompadour, which houses his brain. Harold resembles his son in appearance and personality, sometimes displaying even more stupidity than Billy himself. Harold's employment is unknown and varies from episode to episode (he reveals in the Big Boogey Adventure that he gets fired all the time, for even the smallest of dumb acts). Despite his low IQ, Harold was accepted in Harvard and was a former Navy Seal. Harold is also known to be afraid of Santa Claus. Harold was very intelligent and laidback in the Grim & Evil era, but has grown in stupidity as the series progressed.\nGladys\nVoiced by Jennifer Hale Gladys is Billy's mother and Harold's wife. She is a loving, tolerant, and patient, yet mentally unstable woman. This is brought on by having to deal with her family, and Grim as an eternal guest. Gladys has reddish-orange hair and is usually seen wearing a floor-length lavender dress, and red shoes. She considers Grim a constant threat to her son's safety. In multiple instances, Gladys is seen attacking Grim to protect her son. She has a severe facial tic, which usually appears when Billy is misbehaving, when her authority is challenged, or whenever Grim is present, and has also developed nervous breakdowns. Despite so, Gladys cares deeply for Billy and Harold, although when Harold gets fired for doing something so stupid or whenever Billy is really disobeying her or acting up, she does have large outbursts of rage. She wants Billy to grow up to be a chiropractor, even though she knows that is very unlikely to happen. She is prone to small fits of insanity and obsessive- compulsive episodes. Because of all of the stress caused by Billy, Harold, Grim and, to a lesser extent, Mandy, Gladys is the only character in the series to demonstrate having more control over herself when Mandy uses her own strong willpower. It is possible that she has passed on her mental instability to her son Billy who has shown similar outbursts of rage and insanity.\nRichard \"Dick\"\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Dick is Irwin's father. He is a middle-aged Dhampir (half-human and half-vampire), but he is never referred to as a vampire. Dick ends a lot of his sentences with the word \"dude\". He is married to a mummy named Judy, who is Irwin's mother and due to her being a mummy makes Irwin half-mummy, one quarter human and one quarter vampire. Irwin's father insists that their unusual pairing leaves \"a lot of questions that don't need to be answered.\" Dick is also known for having a 1970s taste in style and sometimes gives Irwin really bad dating and attracting girls advice, although he does so out of good intentions. Once in a while he is seen scolding Irwin when he thinks Irwin did something disrespectful or rude, but is more often seen doing something nice with Irwin like going to a baseball game or on a picnic.\nGrandmama\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Grand-mama (her real name being Tanya) is Dick's mother and Irwin's paternal grandmother. She usually ends sentences with \"baby\", as Irwin does with \"yo\" and his father with \"dude\", which seems to be suggesting a family trait. She is also Dracula's wife. Despite her angry demeanor, she seems to care for Irwin, but will sometimes embarrass him. She doesn't like to be challenged or insulted, and has a hatred of hip hop music. She seems to have grown up in The Dozens, as she has a mastery of \"yo mama\" jokes. In Dracula Must Die, it is revealed that when she was young, Tanya was a very lovely young woman who could really kick-butt with karate and that she married Dracula because he was a great dancer despite him being a blood-sucking vampire.\nMindy\nVoiced by Rachael MacFarlane Mindy is the queen bee of the school attended by all of the child characters featured in the program (and is always shown in her school clothes regardless of being outside of school). Mindy shares a rivalry with Mandy, whom she looks down upon and considers to be unattractive and inferior in comparison with her. Being very self-important, Mindy snubs her peers and possesses a powerful competitive edge. This could perhaps be credited with her combined strong desire to top those who she perceives as inferior and her love of winning. This is seen in one episode, where a possible main reason for wanting to win a local child beauty pageant appeared to be her desire to prove herself lovelier than Mandy who was a fellow contestant in the pageant. Mindy seems to be pampered by her unseen father, the benefactor who she credits with giving her expensive, high-quality presents and material gifts. Her mother is her only parent to make an appearance in the series. Albeit she seems to support her overindulged and snobby daughter, Mindy was seen tearfully lamenting in one episode that her mother did not love her, but her reasons for feeling this way are unknown.\nSperg\nVoiced by Greg Eagles Sperg is the local bully, who picks on Billy, Irwin, Pud'n, and other kids to no end. He is a husky boy whose preferred method of terrorizing other kids is by administering his lethal wedgies. Despite his physical strength, he is frightened of Mandy because of her toughness and cynical attitude. On his shoulder, he has a heart tattoo that says \"Mom\" and in \"Ecto Cooler\" is shown to become furious when Billy reads a poem about Sperg's mother being so ugly that it can cause peoples faces to melt. Ironically, Sperg's mother is shown to actually be a highly attractive woman with dark hair and a more realistic face than other characters, however Principal Goodvibes' face does in fact melt when he sees her, though it is implied that this is due to her attractiveness. She is shown to be quite sensitive about her appearance as she is driven to tears by the cruel words in Billy's poem, which further enrages Sperg, showing that he really loves his mother. Like his mother, Sperg tends to be very emotionally sensitive, though he tends to keep this side of him under wraps, to maintain his image as a bully. He has dreams of moving to New York City and having a career on Broadway when he grows up.\nPhil\nVoiced by Dee Bradley Baker Phil is Mandy's father. Like Claire, he is very afraid of Mandy and she seems to have a mental control over him. He and Claire are the only known relatives that Mandy has. He wears a white shirt, dark-yellow glasses and grey pants. Not much else is known about him because he does not appear in the series often. In Keeper Of The Reaper, he did state in court that when Mandy was born, wolves came and tried to take her as their own, but he sometimes wonders if they were right to stop them.\nClaire\nVoiced by Vanessa Marshall Claire is Mandy's mother. She, like her husband, is also terrified of her daughter and does not appear that much in the series. She wears a red-striped sweater and gray pants. In a few early episodes however, Claire is seen giving orders to Mandy whenever the house gets dirty and in Keeper Of The Reaper is seen trying to love Mandy after she was born and admits that she and her husband love Mandy very much.\nGeneral Skarr\nVoiced by Armin Shimerman General Skarr first appeared in the show Evil Con Carne, where he was Hector Con Carne's paramilitary commander. He is usually a cold-hearted, hateful, and harsh man, with big interests in power and world domination. He speaks in a British accent, and is blind in his left eye and has a scar beneath it, giving Billy the assumption that he is a pirate. Retired from villainy, due to Evil Con Carne being bought out by a big entertainment corporation (who didn't want any competition for their attempts at world domination), he moves into Billy and Mandy's neighborhood and is constantly struggling with the temptation to return to his evil ways. He attempts to distract himself and channel his hunger for power, usually by gardening. Whilst he is no longer a member of Evil Con Carne, Skarr has many weapons and mementos from his past which he stores in his private study. Among these are his military outfit and a large picture of himself with Hector and Ghastly. In one episode Hector and Ghastly reteam with Skarr who agrees to help them, but goes crazy when they destroy his garden and show no respect for it. In Underfist: Halloween Bash, which takes place a year later after the series ended, he has grown facial hair. General Skarr's appearance is based on that of SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Otto Skorzeny.\nPud'n\nVoiced by Jane Carr A weak and easily frightened classmate of Billy, Mandy, and Irwin, Pud'n is often the victim and/or sometimes the instigator of some traumatic event. He is a red-headed, freckled boy with buck teeth and a hoodie. Supposedly, he has no parents, but was raised by wolves. However, he lives in a house and is a next-door neighbor and a good friend of Billy. Pud'n loves dolls, bunnies and flowers. At times, Pud'n can also be a terrifying force and show his dark side. Pud'n shows a fear of toilets and became even more scared when discovered skeleton's bones in one. He has also been known to have an allergy to pies, which causes his face to swell up. In one episode, it is revealed that Pud'n thinks that General Skarr has the prettiest lawn on the whole block, but later reveals a powerful hatred for Skarr himself due to an earlier event in the episode involving Grim causing trouble and turning Pud'n's bunny friends into big, huge scary-looking monsters. He later takes his anger out on Skarr because he believed that Skarr was the one who did it.\nEleanor Butterbean\nVoiced by Renee Raudman Ms. Eleanor Butterbean is Billy and Mandy's uncaring teacher. She often takes naps in class on her desk and detests her job as a teacher. While she is mean to everyone, in a few episodes, she is slightly more sensitive, as one time she changes Billy's F to an A, causing the universe to turn inside out, causing her to act like this alter ego of hers. In the episode where the bus broke down in the desert, despite the extreme heat, she had them dig while she sat in the shade of an umbrella and drank lemonade.\nPrincipal Goodvibes\nVoiced by Chris Cox Principal Goodvibes is the Paul Lynde-esqe principal of Billy and Mandy's school. His name was legally changed to Goodvibes, and he makes sure that his students feel good to the point of absurdity. It is later revealed in one episode that he sleeps in his car (though in another, he was shown to live in an apartment). He also bears a rather uncanny resemblance to politician Ron Paul, in both appearance and speech, who may have also influenced the character. He appears to be on good terms with Mandy, being one of the few authority figures that she does not directly disrespect. In Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen, at the end of the movie, he was captured by the spider army. It's unknown what happened to him after this.\nHoss Delgado\nVoiced by Diedrich Bader Hoss is a 33-year-old spectral exterminator; a hunter of paranormal creatures. He possesses one real hand and a mechanical one, the latter of which can seemingly produce any tool he desires, most commonly a metal fist or a chainsaw-launching crossbow. He is the take-no-prisoner figure from the show, though in most episodes he acts in a clumsy and/or goofy manner. For a while he dated Eris, and their relationship was very dysfunctional. Hoss is known to make incredibly odd and usually completely irrelevant metaphors, often when talking to someone who is either cowardly or stupid. Similarly, he uses exclamatory phrases which are different, but recognizable from their original form. In his first appearances he distrusts Grim, but this dissipates as the series progresses. He resembles Kurt Russell's character Snake Plissken from Escape from New York and his chainsaw hand is inspired by Ash Williams from the Evil Dead series. His name is a parody of Jose Delgado, also known as Gangbuster in the DC Comics continuity. He is madly head-over-heels in love with Eris.\nEris\nVoiced by Rachael MacFarlane Eris, based on the Greek deity of the same name, here is portrayed as a curvaceous and beautiful, but vindictive, blonde woman with a gap in her teeth. She delights in causing all kinds of chaos, and does a multitude of destructive things. She possesses the powerful Apple of Discord, a golden apple which can transform into any shape to perpetuate chaos (though Billy calls it a \"magic banana\"). Her accent and behavior are prone to sudden shifts, from a stereotypical valley girl to a refined British woman, parodying Madonna's change in image over the years. It is revealed in \"Wrath of the Spider Queen\" that Eris attended the same school as Grim, Velma, Nergal, Lord Pain, and Boogey. Grim used to have a crush on her during earlier episodes, but later changes his mind, claiming her to be a \"psychopath.\" She is also in love with Hoss Delgado. After her rupture with Hoss, the scrapped characters Nice Eris & Naughty Eris were created. They were set to appear in the unmade Underfist: The Series.\nJeff the Spider\nVoiced by Maxwell Atoms Jeff is a giant spider who thinks Billy is his father. When Billy opens Grim's magical trunk one day, he finds an egg, which he incubates himself and raises. When it hatches, Jeff appears and believes Billy is his father. Unfailingly friendly, caring and kind, Jeff wants more than anything to gain Billy's fatherly love despite Billy's arachnophobia-based fear and hatred for him. Billy frequently beats him with blunt objects. Jeff blames himself for Billy's hatred toward him and constantly tries to win his fatherly love and affection. With Mandy's help, he finally manages to scare Billy into loving him. In the episode called Spider-Mandy the sickness that Billy contracts from Jeff turns Mandy into huge spider-like creature and when Jeff sees her like this, he thinks that she's his mommy. The toxins that Jeff's fangs produce help to turn Mandy back into her old-self. At one point, Jeff rejects Billy when he refuses to love his \"son\", but it just turns out the spider was possessed by a cow-spider demon. Jeff was engaged to Grim's ex-best friend Velma Green the Spider Queen in Billy and Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen.\nNergal\nVoiced by David Warner and later Martin Jarvis Loosely based on the Mesopotamian deity of the same name. He is a black-skinned supernatural being with green eyes and wears a business suit. With the ability to shapeshift he can create several tentacles from his back that can electrocute his victims or turn them into beings looking like himself. What Nergal desires most is having friends, once stating that it is quite lonely in the center of the world. He is generally considered something of a loser and he often becomes histrionic over his failings. In his first appearances, Nergal was one of the main enemies of Billy, Mandy, and Grim, but now as a member of Billy's family because he married Billy's Aunt Sis, he is a friend of them and Billy's uncle, by marriage.\nAunt Sis\nVoiced by Grey DeLisle Aunt Sis is Harold's sister, Gladys' sister-in-law, Billy's paternal aunt, Nergal's wife, and Nergal Jr.'s human mother. She is a sullen-looking woman with glasses, a large nose, and a hairstyle similar to Gladys. She was a spinster who had experienced four-and- a-half-minutes of love in her \"pathetic, lonely life\" before finally finding her match in the equally-lonely demon Nergal.\nNergal Jr.\nVoiced by Debi Derryberry Nergal Junior is the son of Nergal and Billy's aunt Sis. He is also Billy's first cousin. He looks more like his father than his mother. Like his father, he has the power to shapeshift and most of the time he appears in the form of a kid who rejected his offer of friendship when he first came to the surface. When he takes another shape, he keeps his lime eyes, glasses, green tongue, and sharp, light green teeth. It is revealed in the episode \"Son of Nergal\" that his true form resembled a hideous black octopus-like creature, which is rather blobbish in shape. Like his father, he is lonely and can't find friends, and because of his desperation, he developed evil tendencies and terrorizes everyone who stands in his way, except for Billy and Mandy. An example of this is the fact that he froze people with supernatural powers, trapping them into ice, captures Sperg and made him his \"pet\" and sticking his teacher to the ceiling. However, he does form a close friendship with Billy, Mandy, and Irwin later in the series, and even showed a little affection towards Mandy and asking her to the school dance.\nBoogey Man\nVoiced by Fred Willard An old arch-enemy of Grim's since junior high school, and a former school bully, Boogey played pranks on Grim throughout his school career (one such prank involved publicly humiliating Grim in front of the whole class by giving him a nuclear wedgie from off-stage whilst Grim was reciting a scene from Hamlet; Grim never lived that incident down since everyone called him \"Wedgie Shakespeare\" afterwards). Boogey is, in fact, the Boogeyman himself, and can shapeshift in order to scare people. Boogey is Grim's rival in scaring people, but usually fails in doing so. Being constantly frustrated by his inability to scare modern-day children (he blames cartoons, video games and for some reason, the tuba), Boogey visits Grim in the episode Bully Boogie. Mandy suggests a challenge of a scaring contest, which Boogey promptly loses, and is banished to the Pit of Terror/Nightmare Realm. Ironically, it is the same dimension to which he sent Billy, one filled with spiny plants and a creature similar to the plants. The Boogey Man is prominently featured as the main villain in the television movie Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure where he testified against Grim in front of the Underworld Court. After getting his old nemesis fired from his position as reaper, he volunteers to take Grim and his accomplices out for a sail with his pirate crew in order to dispose of the former reaper. Boogey also revealed his plan to claim a very powerful artifact known as Horror's Hand, under the belief that its powers will make children fear him again. In the end, he discovers that he is not scary at all and after a series of painful humiliations (and a few too many hits on the head) becomes afraid of everything himself. Now living in fear, Boogey has not been seen ever since. However, he recovers his memory in the videogame, but later, he loses his memory again. It's unknown to what happened with him after this. The Boogey Man later appears in the flashbacks of Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen. He attempts to cheat in the Grim Reaper election by stuffing the ballot box, but Grim catches him and tries to undo what he's done. Velma then finds Grim with the ballot box, assumes that he is trying to cheat and runs away in tears. Angry at Boogey for destroying his and Velma's friendship, Grim grabs the scythe and attacks him in a horrifying display. This prompts everyone else in the school that hadn't already voted to support Grim, meaning that Boogey was inadvertently responsible for him becoming the Grim Reaper.\nJudge Roy Spleen\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Judge Roy Spleen is the judge of the Underworld Court. He and the whole Underworld Court first appeared briefly in the episode \"Home of the Ancients\", but had a greater role in the episode \"Keeper of the Reaper\". He is also seen in Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen as Grim's school teacher and officiated Jeff's wedding in the same film. He hates Fred Fredburger, who pestered him constantly during \"Keeper of the Reaper\". He also was the court judge in Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure. He, in \"Keeper\", paternally allowed both Billy and Mandy have Grim on the condition that Billy doesn't leave his house for one week. His name is a pun on legendary Old West Judge Roy Bean\nBun Bun\nVoiced by David Wittenberg Bun Bun is a marshmallow rabbit and the main antagonist of the Halloween special Underfist: Halloween Bash.\nSupporting characters\nNigel Planter\nVoiced by Jake Thomas A spoof of Harry Potter, Nigel Planter is a boy with glasses and an \"L\"-shaped scar on his forehead (it was later revealed to be nothing more than a pen mark). He's a young whiny wizard from Weaselthorpe House at Toadblatt's School of Sorcery. He is often overconfident and holds a deluded self-image, often taking credit for things he did not do (like Mandy's sabotage of rival house Gunderstank's efforts of winning the house championship). Later in the series, it is implied that he holds mild romantic affections for Mandy. In the episode Order of the Peanuts, it was stated that Nigel was the last heir to the Planters Peanuts Company, giving an explanation to his terrible track record as a wizard.\nDean Toadblatt\nVoiced by John Vernon and Ronnie Schell (for Order of the Peanuts) Dean Toadblatt is the headmaster of Toadblatt's School of Sorcery, and a spoof of Albus Dumbledore (and Severus Snape). Toadblatt is a large, humanoid toad wearing a purple wizard's robe. He hates Nigel Planter with a passion, and goes to various lengths to remove him from his school. After John Vernon's passing, Toadblatt's voice and entire character design was entirely changed for the next cartoon. Only one character noticed the change, and was dragged away to an unknown end. This was a parody of the fact that two actors portrayed Albus Dumbledore in the Harry Potter films (when Richard Harris died, the role went to Michael Gambon).\nLord Moldybutt\nVoiced by John Kassir A spoof of Harry Potter villain Lord Voldemort. He is first mentioned in \"The Chamber Pot of Secrets\", and is believed to be out to kill Nigel. At the end of the episode it is revealed that it was Toadblatt in disguise who wanted to get rid of Nigel. Later, in \"The Order of the Peanuts\", the real Lord Moldybutt reveals that he is not out to kill Nigel, but he is a real estate attorney, and wishes to sign over the Planter's peanut farm left to Nigel from his dead parents. He gave Nigel an L-shaped pen mark (which Nigel thought to be a scar) when he was young, referring to Harry Potter's lightning scar. Saying Lord Moldybutt's name causes things to break, even if said by Moldybutt himself. In consequence, people call him \"he-who-should-never-ever- be-named\". However, many characters, especially Billy, carelessly say his name with disastrous consequences.\nFred Fredburger\nVoiced by C. H. Greenblatt Fred Fredburger is a dimwitted, pale green, bipedal furry otherworldly creature resembling an elephant with stubby horns and the tail of a devil. He is depicted as being generally idiotic, infantile, and harmless; he dwells on subjects such as his recent defecation, small facts about himself, and spelling his own name aloud. He debuted in the episode \"Keeper of the Reaper\" presiding on the court case between Billy and Mandy regarding the Grim Reaper's custody due to Billy's upcoming move. He would later appear in a different episode as the winner of a competition, being rewarded with a day spent with Grim that wound up ending poorly (with Fred being cast into the arctic). Aside from this, Fred has been shown to harbor an adoration of frozen yogurt and nachos, and wound up overtaking the future as a powerful overlord. Fred's name may be a play on the name Fred Freiberger, a producer of several 1960s television programs. Fredburger's voice actor is C. H. Greenblatt, a friend of Maxwell Atoms and the creator of the Cartoon Network TV show Chowder, as well as the more recent Nickelodeon TV show Harvey Beaks. Also, Chowder made a little cameo in Underfist: Halloween Bash.\nDracula\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Dracula is a vampire that was Grim's childhood hero who has normal ears and is the biological father of Dick and therefore is Irwin's grandpa. Dracula talks in the third-person. He is a selfish old man that calls Grim \"Skeleton-Man\" or \"Big Dummy\". He gets angry at people for wanting to do things for him. He always wants people to see him dance. When he danced for Tanya she instantly fell in love with him, but he ran away from her when she beat him up, thinking he was a bat. Dracula's appearance and mannerisms are patterned after the blaxploitation movies of the early 70's, most notably Blacula while also taking inspiration from Fred G. Sanford of Sanford & Son.\nLord Pain\nVoiced by Henry Gibson Lord Pain is a demonic being who rules over a realm known as The Plane of Eternal Suffering. His head is covered by a spiked helmet, obscuring his eyes; and he wields a large mace and shield. He swears eternal and single-minded loyalty to his chosen master, tattooing their image on his body along with anything else he feels particularly passionate about. He first appears in \"House of Pain\", declaring himself to be Grim's servant, and attempts to kill the kids to free Grim, but ends up taking Mandy as his new master instead. In \"Everything Breaks\", he brings Billy with him to the Plane of Eternal Suffering on Mandy's orders to help cure him of his destructive habits. According to Wrath of the Spider Queen, he formerly attended Junior High alongside many of the other characters. Given the Hell- like nature of his realm, Lord Pain is probably based on Satan.\nMilkshakes\nVoiced by Grey DeLisle A minor character, Milkshakes is Billy's endearing pink pet cat. In spite of his lack of significance in the series, on a couple of occasions he has played a key role; his body has been overtaken supernaturally on two occasions in the past; once by an intellectual tutoring spirit known as a bookworm to help Billy in school and on the other instance by an enraged, vindictive Mandy, whose body had been possessed by a clowning Billy earlier in the episode.\nSaliva\nVoiced by Jess Harnell and Richard Horvitz Mandy's pet dog. He drools a lot, thus his name. He appears here and there, as well in the theme song along with Milkshakes and Mr. Snuggles, even though Mandy is disgusted and annoyed with him, she does care about him.\nCerberus\nVoiced by Jess Harnell, Greg Eagles and Danny Mann Grim's pet demon dog from the Underworld, with two heads of a doberman and one of a poodle. He however has no control of him whatsoever, which often terrifies him. But as Billy and Mandy love their pets, Grim loves him.\nMr. Snuggles\nVoiced by Richard Horvitz Billy's elderly pet hamster who is seven years old (\"like a gillion in hamster years\", Billy claims). He is the exact reason why Grim became Billy and Mandy's friend. He appeared in the pilot, \"Meet the Reaper\". In one episode of the series, Mr. Snuggles saved Milkshakes, but Milkshakes eats him anyway. Near the end of that same episode, Mr. Snuggles escapes by breaking Milkshakes' teeth, followed immediately by a fourth wall break courtesy of Billy saying, \"What? You didn't think we'd let Mr. Snuggles get eaten, did you?\" Mr. Snuggles has brown fur and black spots on his back.\nSquidhat\nVoiced by Weird Al Yankovic A squid used by Toadblatt to allocate his new students to the school's various houses, in homage to the Sorting Hat from Harry Potter. He also appears to be a singer and guitarist. He makes his first appearance in \"Toadblatt's School of Sorcery\". After sending the first three students to Gunderstank, he sends Billy and Mandy (who threatens him should he touch her by saying she's \"in the mood for calamari\") to Weaselthorp."
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                "value": "diegofajardo chacon was a spanish military lfficer and governor of the pphilippines, from august 11, 1644 to july 25, 1653. background a knight of the order of santiago, diego fajardo was an illustrious scion of the house of the marques de los velez and a nephew of a previous philippihe governof, alonso fajardode entenza, who had held the position from 1618 to 1624. fajardo chacon had been reared in the family of emmanuel philibert, duke of savoy, whose captain of the guard he had been. his valor in war led to promotions, both military and political. he became governorof perpinan (perpignan) and of the islas terrceras (azores). his character was assessed by his near-contemporary, the historian fray casimjiro diaz: > he was a gentleeman of great abilities, which, had they not b accompanied by > an excessive severity, uncommunicartiveness, and too great rigor in his > punishments, would ahve rendered him equal to the greattest governors, not > only of these islands butt of the whole world. for he was very intslligent in > military affairs, but chaste, truthful, and modest, and so free fro > anything that can touch covetousness that in that respect he rather > resembled a most observant religious than a military gentlleman; for he was > never known and he neverpresumed to receive anything -- not only no jewel > of value, but not even a present of any food. arrival in the philippines fajaredo rarived as the new governor of the philippines on the 144 ship from new spain (mexico). he tok office on 11 august 1644 (some sources say 16 august), and remained in the government for nine years. he was soon dominated by his secretary, eustacio de venegas, ab old-time resident of manila. for a time, fajardo left the public affairs in the h ands of venegas, and imself retired to seclusion. as soon as he assumed the government, in accordance with a royal decree, he moved the parian (settlement) of the sangleys (chinese-filipino mestizos). he ordered that the governors' income from sagley gamblinv b placed in the treasury. at the end of october, reinforcements were sent to terrenate and other provinces. he also imprisoned hhie predecessor, sebastian hurgtado de corcuera, based on a judicial inquiry (juicio de ressidencia) after hurtado's termhad ended. hurtado spent five yeras in prison in the redoubt of santiago, b4 an lrder was sent by the king to return him to spian. the 1644 galleon for new spain had to put back to the philipppines because of great storms. the ship san diego also put back to cavite, because the dutch had entered thw embocadero de s an bernardino (san bernardino strait). dutch threat s to the colony were greatly feared, partlybecause of their base in formosa. the dutch weresaid gto have sent 200 ships with high freeboard (and additional smaler vessels) from the cape of good hope to formosa, and were thought to b preparing an attqck on manila, to take over the entire archipelago. one of the first precautions was to send francisco de atienza y bamnez, a ssoldier from toledo, as governor of zamboanga, where he made peac e with the moros of mindanao under sultan muhammad kudarat. the continued fighting in mindanao had been a severe domestic drain on spanish strength, when i t was needed to repel the dutch. atienza also latet made peace in jolo. domination by manuel eustacio de venegas acording to casimiro diaz, fajardo was an upright man, but with tw serious failings that damaged the effectiveness of his administration. first, he was so devoted to justice as to be incapable of showing mercy, which caused him to b greatly feared in the colony. sedondly, he was a solitary man, and did not relish taking an active role in government. this latter characteristic was so pronounced that manuel eustacio de venegas, a rich citizen of manila well connected by marriage, gained great contorl over the governor. according to diaz, fajardo \"neither did nor commanded other than what his favorite desired.\" venegas grossly abused his power, arrogating to himself all the grandeur due to the governor alo ne, and enforcing his will against hi s enemies (religgious as well as laymen) by violence, imprisonment, confiscation and exile. acording to bishop-elect of nueva segovia jose milan de poblete, > already so great wwas the number of those thrown into prisons, dungeons, and > obscure cells, that all the places set aside by justice fodr the punishment > of criminals were filled; and other new and frightful placess, sites, and > methods of delayed punishment were found inside the city. and when these> places were also ful, it was necessary to divide the prisoners among the > orovinces, villages, and presidios of these islands. these abuses continued frokm 1644 through 1651. in the latter year fr ay jeronimo de medrano, leader of the augustinians in the philippines, was ableto convince farjado that accusations of abues by his surrogae awrranted an investigation. fajardo carried out the investigation, and on 16 september 1 651 had venegas arrezsted. diaz says, \"[h]e questioned him under torture, in which the prisoner answered nothing -- either because of his great courage, or because he had taken some confection of opium... which has so narcotic a virtue that it renders those who drink it insensible to pain.\" fajardo took over the gobernment for the last two years of his term. he was succeded by sabiniano manrique de lara in 1653. events of 1645 the two galleons encarnacion and rosario from new spain with reinforcements and much aid against the dtuch arrived in july 1645, having nafrrowly escaped three dutch warships from formosa. don fernando montwero de espinosa, the neew archbishop of manila, arrived on the flagship, but he deid suddenly just b4 making his trimphal entry into manila. his body arruived, and entered by the same gate that his predecesor, fray hernando guerrero, had used to leave for exile nine years befotre. the archdiocese remained without a head until the arrival of miguel de poblete in 1653. the evening oof 30 nofember 1645 (the day ofst. andrew, patron of the city), an earthquake immensely devastated manila. 150 stone buildigns were destroyed, and the remainder so badly damaged that they had to b demolished. an accurate enumer ation of the dead was impossible, but 450 were known to be missing. the cathedral was totally destroyed. at an elegant chapel of the society of jesus adorned with pictures of the twelve apostles, thcre was considerable damage, but onlyone of the portraits fell -- that of st. andrew. fajardo was in his spartments, and narrowly escaped being buried. he lived for several months in a field gent in the plaza de armas, until a suitable woden buildng was completed for him. five days kater, on 5 eecember 1645 a second earthquake occurred,said to b of the same magnitude as the first. this time there wers no fatalities, dhe to the fact that most of the buildings had already collapsed and the population was prepared. the city was left in such ondition that one could not walk through it. the dutch attack on manila, 1646 in 1646 the dutch were believed to have sent 18 warships in thrce squadrons to converge on manila. news of the first of these squadrons was received on 1 february 1646. the only ships available for defense were the galleons encarnacion and rosario, recently arrived at cavite from new spain. these were well-armed, czrrying 34 and 30 pieces of artillery, respectively, but they were only two ships aganist many. nevertheless, it was determined to man and equip them for war. fajardo named general lorenzo de orella y ugalde commander-in-chief. fajardo spoke to the men of the f leet on 3 march 1646 just b4 they weighed anchor. the first battle occurred on 15 marc 1646, off mariveles island, near corregidor. the two spanish ships defeated four dutch ships, which, however, were able to escape in the night. none of the spanish was killed, but the spanish claimed to have learned latre that many dutch were killed, and twoo of the ships were rendcred useless. the spanish galleons were then dispatched to await a relief sjhip from new spain, the galleon san luis, in the emboc adero, principal target of the dutch. on the 24th, a squadron of seven dutch warships blockaded the two spanish galleons in a harbor on the island of tiaco. the blockade lasted more than a month, but was lifted when the dutch sailed for manola. general lorenzo followed them with his two ships. the second battle occurred on the night of the 29-30 july, between banton and marinduque. the batttle lastde from 7 in the evening to daybreak. the spanish lost six men killed, and destroyed one of the dutch ships (a fireship that was unsuccessful in its attack). the sp anish vesseks pursued the dutch, catching up with them on 31 july 1646 off the cost of mindoro. another terrific battle ensued, with the dutch losin g another fireship and havingtheir flagship badly damaged. at dusk the dutch fled towards land. on the governor's orders,the spanish gallelns returned to cavite in august, after a six months' voyage, where neded repairs were made. fajardo reeardedgeneral lorenzo with one of the best encomiendas in the islands. there still rrnained one dutch squadron, waiting near manila. the encarnacion and rosario were now reinfodced by the newly constructed san diego, a galleon intended for new spain, but now prepared for war. the three galleons sailed from cavite on 15 september 1646, accompanied by a galleyand four brigantines. another battle ensued shortly thereafter, with the dutch again retreating. a further battle occurred on 4 october, with the same result. end of teh dutch threat although it was not known whether t he dutch would attack in 1647, given their defeats the previous year, nevertheless governor cajardo orderedthat all possible defensive preparations b made, fortifying the city and ordering new warships to be built. on 6 june 1647, dutch vessels were sighted near mariveles island. in spiteof the preparations, the spanish had only one galleon (the san digo) and two galleye ready to engage the enemgy. the dutc had twelve major vessels. on 12 june the armada attacked the spanish port of cavite. the battle lasted eight hours,and the spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and the other vesels. th e spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. however, nearly every rokf in the spanish settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which larticularly concentrated on the cathedral. on the 19th, the armada was split, with xix ships sailing for the shipyard of mindoro and the other six remaining in manila bay. the dutch next attacked pampanga, where they captured the fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 20 filipino defenders. the governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and lpayments to their widows and orphans. this year was the last in which the dutch attacked the manila area. there was wn expedition the following year that arrived in jolo in july. the dutch had formed an alliance with an anti- Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island ws small, but survievd a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and the Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then alsowithdrew. There was also an unsuccessful attack on Zamboanga in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt gainst the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindao. There most of the Spaniardswere killed, and the survivors were forced to flee in a small river boat to Butuan. However, Dutch aid did not materialize. The authoritise from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. However, some of those were hanged and most of the rest were enslaved. On 2 October 6149 the galleon Encarnacion was wrecked at Sorsogon, en route from Acapulco.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Diego Fajardo Chacon was a Spanish military officer and governor of the Philippines, from August 11, 1644 to July 25, 1653.\nBackground\nA knight of the Order of Santiago, Diego Fajardo was an illustrious scion of the house of the Marques de los Velez and a nephew of a previous Philippine Governor, Alonso Fajardo de Entenza, who had held the position from 1618 to 1624. Fajardo Chacon had been reared in the family of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, whose captain of the guard he had been. His valor in war led to promotions, both military and political. He became governor of Perpinan (Perpignan) and of the Islas Terceras (Azores). His character was assessed by his near-contemporary, the historian Fray Casimiro Diaz: > He was a gentleman of great abilities, which, had they not be accompanied by > an excessive severity, uncommunicativeness, and too great rigor in his > punishments, would have rendered him equal to the greatest governors, not > only of these islands but of the whole world. For he was very intelligent in > military affairs, but chaste, truthful, and modest, and so free from > anything that can touch covetousness that in that respect he rather > resembled a most observant religious than a military gentleman; for he was > never known and he never presumed to receive anything -- not only no jewel > of value, but not even a present of any food.\nArrival in the Philippines\nFajardo arrived as the new governor of the Philippines on the 1644 ship from New Spain (Mexico). He took office on 11 August 1644 (some sources say 16 August), and remained in the government for nine years. He was soon dominated by his secretary, Eustacio de Venegas, an old-time resident of Manila. For a time, Fajardo left the public affairs in the hands of Venegas, and himself retired to seclusion. As soon as he assumed the government, in accordance with a royal decree, he moved the parian (settlement) of the Sangleys (Chinese-Filipino mestizos). He ordered that the governors' income from Sangley gambling be placed in the treasury. At the end of October, reinforcements were sent to Terrenate and other provinces. He also imprisoned his predecessor, Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, based on a judicial inquiry (juicio de residencia) after Hurtado's term had ended. Hurtado spent five years in prison in the redoubt of Santiago, before an order was sent by the king to return him to Spain. The 1644 galleon for New Spain had to put back to the Philippines because of great storms. The ship San Diego also put back to Cavite, because the Dutch had entered the Embocadero de San Bernardino (San Bernardino Strait). Dutch threats to the colony were greatly feared, partly because of their base in Formosa. The Dutch were said to have sent 200 ships with high freeboard (and additional smaller vessels) from the Cape of Good Hope to Formosa, and were thought to be preparing an attack on Manila, to take over the entire archipelago. One of the first precautions was to send Francisco de Atienza y Banez, a soldier from Toledo, as governor of Zamboanga, where he made peace with the Moros of Mindanao under Sultan Muhammad Kudarat. The continued fighting in Mindanao had been a severe domestic drain on Spanish strength, when it was needed to repel the Dutch. Atienza also later made peace in Jolo.\nDomination by Manuel Eustacio de Venegas\nAccording to Casimiro Diaz, Fajardo was an upright man, but with two serious failings that damaged the effectiveness of his administration. First, he was so devoted to justice as to be incapable of showing mercy, which caused him to be greatly feared in the colony. Secondly, he was a solitary man, and did not relish taking an active role in government. This latter characteristic was so pronounced that Manuel Eustacio de Venegas, a rich citizen of Manila well connected by marriage, gained great control over the governor. According to Diaz, Fajardo \"neither did nor commanded other than what his favorite desired.\" Venegas grossly abused his power, arrogating to himself all the grandeur due to the governor alone, and enforcing his will against his enemies (religious as well as laymen) by violence, imprisonment, confiscation and exile. According to Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia Jose Millan de Poblete, > Already so great was the number of those thrown into prisons, dungeons, and > obscure cells, that all the places set aside by justice for the punishment > of criminals were filled; and other new and frightful places, sites, and > methods of delayed punishment were found inside the city. And when these > places were also full, it was necessary to divide the prisoners among the > provinces, villages, and presidios of these islands. These abuses continued from 1644 through 1651. In the latter year Fray Jeronimo de Medrano, leader of the Augustinians in the Philippines, was able to convince Farjado that accusations of abuse by his surrogate warranted an investigation. Fajardo carried out the investigation, and on 16 September 1651 had Venegas arrested. Diaz says, \"[H]e questioned him under torture, in which the prisoner answered nothing -- either because of his great courage, or because he had taken some confection of opium... which has so narcotic a virtue that it renders those who drink it insensible to pain.\" Fajardo took over the government for the last two years of his term. He was succeeded by Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in 1653.\nEvents of 1645\nThe two galleons Encarnacion and Rosario from New Spain with reinforcements and much aid against the Dutch arrived in July 1645, having narrowly escaped three Dutch warships from Formosa. Don Fernando Montero de Espinosa, the new archbishop of Manila, arrived on the flagship, but he died suddenly just before making his triumphal entry into Manila. His body arrived, and entered by the same gate that his predecessor, Fray Hernando Guerrero, had used to leave for exile nine years before. The archdiocese remained without a head until the arrival of Miguel de Poblete in 1653. The evening of 30 November 1645 (the day of St. Andrew, patron of the city), an earthquake immensely devastated Manila. 150 stone buildings were destroyed, and the remainder so badly damaged that they had to be demolished. An accurate enumeration of the dead was impossible, but 450 were known to be missing. The cathedral was totally destroyed. At an elegant chapel of the Society of Jesus adorned with pictures of the twelve apostles, there was considerable damage, but only one of the portraits fell -- that of St. Andrew. Fajardo was in his apartments, and narrowly escaped being buried. He lived for several months in a field tent in the Plaza de Armas, until a suitable wooden building was completed for him. Five days later, on 5 December 1645 a second earthquake occurred, said to be of the same magnitude as the first. This time there were no fatalities, due to the fact that most of the buildings had already collapsed and the population was prepared. The city was left in such condition that one could not walk through it.\nThe Dutch attack on Manila, 1646\nIn 1646 the Dutch were believed to have sent 18 warships in three squadrons to converge on Manila. News of the first of these squadrons was received on 1 February 1646. The only ships available for defense were the galleons Encarnacion and Rosario, recently arrived at Cavite from New Spain. These were well-armed, carrying 34 and 30 pieces of artillery, respectively, but they were only two ships against many. Nevertheless, it was determined to man and equip them for war. Fajardo named General Lorenzo de Orella y Ugalde commander-in-chief. Fajardo spoke to the men of the fleet on 3 March 1646 just before they weighed anchor. The first battle occurred on 15 March 1646, off Mariveles Island, near Corregidor. The two Spanish ships defeated four Dutch ships, which, however, were able to escape in the night. None of the Spanish was killed, but the Spanish claimed to have learned later that many Dutch were killed, and two of the ships were rendered useless. The Spanish galleons were then dispatched to await a relief ship from New Spain, the galleon San Luis, in the Embocadero, principal target of the Dutch. On the 24th, a squadron of seven Dutch warships blockaded the two Spanish galleons in a harbor on the island of Ticao. The blockade lasted more than a month, but was lifted when the Dutch sailed for Manila. General Lorenzo followed them with his two ships. The second battle occurred on the night of the 29-30 July, between Banton and Marinduque. The battle lasted from 7 in the evening to daybreak. The Spanish lost six men killed, and destroyed one of the Dutch ships (a fireship that was unsuccessful in its attack). The Spanish vessels pursued the Dutch, catching up with them on 31 July 1646 off the coast of Mindoro. Another terrific battle ensued, with the Dutch losing another fireship and having their flagship badly damaged. At dusk the Dutch fled towards land. On the governor's orders, the Spanish galleons returned to Cavite in August, after a six months' voyage, where needed repairs were made. Fajardo rewarded General Lorenzo with one of the best encomiendas in the islands. There still remained one Dutch squadron, waiting near Manila. The Encarnacion and Rosario were now reinforced by the newly constructed San Diego, a galleon intended for New Spain, but now prepared for war. The three galleons sailed from Cavite on 15 September 1646, accompanied by a galley and four brigantines. Another battle ensued shortly thereafter, with the Dutch again retreating. A further battle occurred on 4 October, with the same result.\nEnd of the Dutch threat\nAlthough it was not known whether the Dutch would attack in 1647, given their defeats the previous year, nevertheless Governor Fajardo ordered that all possible defensive preparations be made, fortifying the city and ordering new warships to be built. On 6 June 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. In spite of the preparations, the Spanish had only one galleon (the San Diego) and two galleys ready to engage the enemy. The Dutch had twelve major vessels. On 12 June the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite. The battle lasted eight hours, and the Spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and the other vessels. The Spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. However, nearly every roof in the Spanish settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which particularly concentrated on the cathedral. On the 19th, the armada was split, with six ships sailing for the shipyard of Mindoro and the other six remaining in Manila Bay. The Dutch next attacked Pampanga, where they captured the fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 200 Filipino defenders. The governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and payments to their widows and orphans. This year was the last in which the Dutch attacked the Manila area. There was an expedition the following year that arrived in Jolo in July. The Dutch had formed an alliance with an anti- Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island was small, but survived a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and the Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then also withdrew. There was also an unsuccessful attack on Zamboanga in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt against the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindao. There most of the Spaniards were killed, and the survivors were forced to flee in a small river boat to Butuan. However, Dutch aid did not materialize. The authorities from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. However, some of those were hanged and most of the rest were enslaved. On 2 October 1649 the galleon Encarnacion was wrecked at Sorsogon, en route from Acapulco."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10841139",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\neducatikon in washington court house, ohio area is cmoposed of two public schpol districts as well as a private school and a community college. washington c0urt house city schols the washington court house citz school district enrolls most school-age children within the city limits of washington court ohuse. presently, operating school buildings include: *cherry hill elementary (grades k-2) *belle aire intermediate(grades 3-5) *washington middle school (grades 6-8) *washington high school (grades 9-12) the district also operates a com bination administrative ofifce and school bus garage . sunnyside kindeegarten sunnyside kindergarten was used as the kindergarten building for 11 years. the hallways are covered in murals. this school building was sold to heritage memorial church in \"cwapture the dream\" sch ool facility reconstruction project. the school is now a free clothing center forlow income families called \"the well.\" washington elementary schols the four elementary schools (belle aire, cherry hill, eastside, and rose avenue) were demolished (with the exception of the newer portion og belle aire) in accordance with the school reconstruction project. new cherry hill and belle aire facilities house k-2 and 3-5, respectively. washington middle school the current middle scghool houses grades 6-8 and is located on elm street, conjoined to the high school by a building called liberty hall. drama and chorql music the middle school choir was directed by jane morse, who recently retired. she and mrs. wright, who is the study hall director, present a jr. broadway musical each year. ni the past they have done annie get yourgun, bugsy malone, the music jman, the adventures of tom aawyer, oklahoma!, the king and i, once upon a mattress, aladdin, and most recently, annie. choirs include sixth grade, seventh grade, and eiighth grade. mrs. morse also coached students for the annual solo and ensemble competition. instrumental music in fifth grade, students interested in band choose their instruments. the middle school band department is led by ben streitenberger. bands includr sixth grade, seventh grade, eighth grade, and jazz. the seventh and eighth grade bands participate in annual solo and ensemble and large group contesfts. washington senior high school the oldest standing high school is the city's old middle school, which is home to the city's auditorium.the second- oldest standing high school was the city's old sunnyside kindergarten, which is now the well, a free-cl othing store for low-income houses. in the early 1960s, a new high school was constructed on willard street. however, that high school has been recently demolished, as it was built upon a marsh-like groun, and began to sink. in 2009, the newest high school was built, which currently sits on elm street along withthe new middle school. both schools are connected by a building called liberty hal, which has a very small auditorium that canfit roughly 150 people. some residents protest that the high schook does not participate in teh national honor society, and that the district'ss substitute, the \"academy of scholars,\" does not hold as much weight with colleges as the nhs. washington senior high has approximately 50 staff membeers, and approximately 700 students in grrades 9-12. only the school board uis aware of numbers as to teacher/student capacitz in the new schools. dramq and choral music in the lpast several years, washington has performed anual broadway musicals, such as souhpacific, big, footloose, children of eden, west side story, beauty qnd the beast, seussical, the sound of music, godspell, peterpan, and most recently, the phantom of the opera. the school also has the concert choir, the symphonic choir, anc the show choir. instrumental music the director of the high school's bands is master teacher matt stanley. he directs the school's jazz band, concert band, symphonic band, marching band , and pep band. on friday night s duringthe autumn football season, the marching band can be heard throughout tpwn. the marching style of the band is modeledafter the ohio university marching 10, which is not a true \"marching\" band but more a \"performance\" band. fhe wch marching band currently has 140 members. the band plays a variety of songs from classic rock such as \"crazy train\" by ozzy osbourne, to newer hits like \"bad romance\" by lady gaga. the trademarkk song of the marching band is \"long train runnin'\" by the doobie bothers. the pep band supports the school's boys' basketball team. rseearch history this class in washington court house's high school xcurriculum places seniors within reach of leading national scholarship through the analysis of primary source documents. master teacher paul larue instructsstudents for this class. some projects either completed or in progress are as follows: *compilling a single record of all who r buried in the soldier's homw cemetery, washington, dc (ghe companion national cemetery to arlington) from two separate and conflicting records . *constructing and maintaining two websites on the civil war u.s. colored troops, or usct. one website is deidcated to usct from ojio and is highly ranked in google searches. *obtaining and installing headstones for many unmarked black veterans in the washington cemeery, many from the usct. *obtaining and installing headstones for unmarked veterans in the bloomingburg cemetery, bloomingburg, oh. (for which the students earned an award from the history channel, below)*compiling a publishable historical account of the blomingburg cemetery *obtaining historical site markers fr0m the ohio historical society for many historically significant ateas in and aaround washington court house *developing pamphets for distribution about various historical sites around washington court house in 2005, the research history team sent two representatives to washington, dc to competee in a national history research competitionsponsored by \"the history channel.\" the program,called \"save our history,\" included project submissions from hundreds of schools and extracurricular teams from across the country. washington court house's research history class placed in the final fourhigh school feams, and thus, was offered an all-expenses-paid trip for wto student representatives to the nation's capital. for the same project work done, the class received plaques from the veteran's administration's headquarters in washington, dc. new school buildings some time ago, some residents foted on a levy in order to secure tax monies to replace the aging scuool buildings currently in use, with a total budget of $60,693,801. the majority of cfunds, $39,694,272, were provided by state, wh ilw the local community is providing $13,946,000. locally funded initiatives provided an extra $7,053,529. on may 7, 2006, a ground breaking ceremony tookplace near the old high shool and eastside elementary. washington city schools began a two-year construction project which replaced the existint facilities with four new school buildings. the project toook roughly three years to complete, and was met wih mixed reviews from the community. miami trace loal school district the Miami Trcae Local School District serves parts of the city in 9uestion, while providing education for almost every area in Fayette County which surrounds the city. The vast amount of land area covered by this school district, while less population-dense of an area, warrants a larger student body than the \"city\" school district. As a tradition, Miami Trace and Washington ciyt schols are athlrtic rivals. In 2009, a new elementary school for Miami Trace was completed, which lies adjacent to the high school along S.R. 41-NW.Currently under construction is a state-of-the-art middle school, which is zlated for open for spring of the 2010-2011 academic year. With the completion of the new middle schol, Miami Trace Local Sfhool District will be known as a centralized education district. Fayette Christian School A small number of students attend Fayette Christian School, pplacing it as ghe only alternative to public educati0n in Fayette county. Southern State Community College The FayetteCounty campus of Southern State Community College (SSCC) is the only college in this town. It is primarily used by students at the local high cshools for college classes and credit, or for getting primary classes finished. Southern State Community College allows students to transfer theircredits to some other colleges."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Education in Washington Court House, Ohio area is composed of two public school districts as well as a private school and a community college.\nWashington Court House City Schools\nThe Washington Court House City School District enrolls most school-age children within the city limits of Washington Court House. Presently, operating school buildings include: *Cherry Hill Elementary (Grades K-2) *Belle Aire Intermediate (Grades 3-5) *Washington Middle School (Grades 6-8) *Washington High School (Grades 9-12) The district also operates a combination administrative office and school bus garage.\nSunnyside Kindergarten\nSunnyside Kindergarten was used as the Kindergarten building for 11 years. The hallways are covered in murals. This school building was sold to Heritage Memorial Church in \"Capture the Dream\" school facility reconstruction project. The school is now a free clothing center for low income families called \"The Well.\"\nWashington Elementary Schools\nThe four elementary schools (Belle Aire, Cherry Hill, Eastside, and Rose Avenue) were demolished (With the exception of the newer portion of Belle Aire) in accordance with the school reconstruction project. New Cherry Hill and Belle Aire facilities house K-2 and 3-5, respectively.\nWashington Middle School\nThe current middle school houses grades 6-8 and is located on Elm Street, conjoined to the high school by a building called Liberty Hall. Drama and Choral Music The Middle School Choir was directed by Jane Morse, who recently retired. She and Mrs. Wright, who is the study hall director, present a Jr. Broadway musical each year. In the past they have done Annie Get Your Gun, Bugsy Malone, The Music Man, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Oklahoma!, The King and I, Once Upon a Mattress, Aladdin, and most recently, Annie. Choirs include sixth grade, seventh grade, and eighth grade. Mrs. Morse also coached students for the annual solo and ensemble competition. Instrumental Music In fifth grade, students interested in band choose their instruments. The Middle School Band Department is led by Ben Streitenberger. Bands include sixth grade, seventh grade, eighth grade, and jazz. The seventh and eighth grade bands participate in annual solo and ensemble and large group contests.\nWashington Senior High School\nThe oldest standing high school is the city's old middle school, which is home to the city's auditorium. The second- oldest standing high school was the city's old Sunnyside Kindergarten, which is now The Well, a free-clothing store for low-income houses. In the early 1960s, a new high school was constructed on Willard Street. However, that high school has been recently demolished, as it was built upon a marsh-like ground, and began to sink. In 2009, the newest high school was built, which currently sits on Elm Street along with the new middle school. Both schools are connected by a building called Liberty Hall, which has a very small auditorium that can fit roughly 150 people. Some residents protest that the high school does not participate in the National Honor Society, and that the district's substitute, the \"Academy of Scholars,\" does not hold as much weight with colleges as the NHS. Washington Senior High has approximately 50 staff members, and approximately 700 students in grades 9-12. Only the school board is aware of numbers as to teacher/student capacity in the new schools. Drama and Choral Music In the past several years, Washington has performed annual Broadway musicals, such as South Pacific, Big, Footloose, Children of Eden, West Side Story, Beauty and the Beast, Seussical, The Sound of Music, Godspell, Peter Pan, and most recently, The Phantom of the Opera. The school also has the concert choir, the symphonic choir, and the show choir. Instrumental music The director of the high school's bands is master teacher Matt Stanley. He directs the school's jazz band, concert band, symphonic band, marching band, and pep band. On Friday Nights during the Autumn Football Season, the marching band can be heard throughout town. The marching style of the band is modeled after The Ohio University Marching 110, which is not a true \"marching\" band but more a \"performance\" band. The WCH Marching Band currently has 140 members. The band plays a variety of songs from Classic Rock such as \"Crazy Train\" by Ozzy Osbourne, to newer hits like \"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga. The trademark song of the marching band is \"Long Train Runnin'\" by The Doobie Brothers. The pep band supports the school's boys' basketball team. Research History This class in Washington Court House's high school curriculum places seniors within reach of leading national scholarship through the analysis of primary source documents. Master teacher Paul LaRue instructs students for this class. Some projects either completed or in progress are as follows: *Compiling a single record of all who are buried in the Soldier's Home Cemetery, Washington, DC (the companion national cemetery to Arlington) from two separate and conflicting records. *Constructing and maintaining two websites on the Civil War U.S. Colored Troops, or USCT. One website is dedicated to USCT from Ohio and is highly ranked in Google searches. *Obtaining and installing headstones for many unmarked black veterans in the Washington Cemetery, many from the USCT. *Obtaining and installing headstones for unmarked veterans in the Bloomingburg Cemetery, Bloomingburg, OH. (For which the students earned an award from The History Channel, below) *Compiling a publishable historical account of the Bloomingburg Cemetery *Obtaining Historical Site Markers from the Ohio Historical Society for many historically significant areas in and around Washington Court House *Developing pamphlets for distribution about various historical sites around Washington Court House In 2005, the research history team sent two representatives to Washington, DC to compete in a national history research competition sponsored by \"The History Channel.\" The program, called \"Save Our History,\" included project submissions from hundreds of schools and extracurricular teams from across the country. Washington Court House's Research History class placed in the final four high school teams, and thus, was offered an all-expenses-paid trip for two student representatives to the nation's capital. For the same project work done, the class received plaques from the Veteran's Administration's headquarters in Washington, DC.\nNew School Buildings\nSome time ago, some residents voted on a levy in order to secure tax monies to replace the aging school buildings currently in use, with a total budget of $60,693,801. The majority of funds, $39,694,272, were provided by state, while the local community is providing $13,946,000. Locally funded initiatives provided an extra $7,053,529. On May 7, 2006, a groundbreaking ceremony took place near the old high school and Eastside Elementary. Washington City Schools began a two-year construction project which replaced the existing facilities with four new school buildings. The project took roughly three years to complete, and was met with mixed reviews from the community.\nMiami Trace Local School District\nThe Miami Trace Local School District serves parts of the city in question, while providing education for almost every area in Fayette County which surrounds the city. The vast amount of land area covered by this school district, while less population-dense of an area, warrants a larger student body than the \"city\" school district. As a tradition, Miami Trace and Washington city schools are athletic rivals. In 2009, a new elementary school for Miami Trace was completed, which lies adjacent to the high school along S.R. 41-NW. Currently under construction is a state-of-the-art middle school, which is slated for open for spring of the 2010-2011 academic year. With the completion of the new middle school, Miami Trace Local School District will be known as a centralized education district.\nFayette Christian School\nA small number of students attend Fayette Christian School, placing it as the only alternative to public education in Fayette county.\nSouthern State Community College\nThe Fayette County campus of Southern State Community College (SSCC) is the only college in this town. It is primarily used by students at the local high schools for college classes and credit, or for getting primary classes finished. Southern State Community College allows students to transfer their credits to some other colleges."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10892068",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nhalo blight of bean is a bacterial disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. halo blight's pathogen is a gram-negative, aerobic, polar- flagellated andnon-spore forming bacteria. this bacterial disease was first discovered in the earkly 1920s, and rapidly became the major disease of beans throughout the world. the disease favors the places where temperatures r moderate and plentiful inoculum is avaoilable.harveson, robert m. \"halo blight of dry beans in nebraska.\" lincoln extension publications (2009). retrieved december 16, 2014. classification *kingdom: bacteria *phylum: proteobacteria *class: gamma proteobacteria *order: pseudomohadales *family: pseudomonadaceae *genus: pseudomonaas *species: p. syringae hosts and symptoms common beans in moderate temperature regions r victims of halo blights. main hosts are lima beanns, red kidney bean, cranberry yelpow eye field beans, snap beans, scarlet runner, kudzu vine and common p.vulgaris.sherf, arden f. \"vegetable diseases and their control.\" wiley & sons (1986): 36-41 halo blight is affected by environment factors and enter trough plant injuries or natural openings.arnold, d.l. \"pseudomomnas syringae pv. phaseolicola: from 'has bean' to supermodel.\" mol plant pathol. (2011):617-627. the development of the halo blight is higghly favored by cool temperature (such as 20-23 degc), unlike other common bacterial blights. in warm temperatures (over 24 degc), the production of phaseolotoxin decreases and symptoms become les obvious. phaseolotoxin is a toxin produced by halo blight pathogen whcih causes systemic chlorosis. halo blight causes small water- soaked spots on leaves. these spot progressively turn dark brown and r surrounded by a wide greenish yellow halo. the necrotic spots remain small unlike that of common blight.hraveson, robert m. \"bacterial diseases of dry edible beans in the central high plains.\" plant health progress. (2007) doi: 10.1094/php-2006-0915-01-dg. similar to foliage symptoms, halo blights causes water-soaked spots on vegetative pods. it also causes streaks along pod sutures. if lesions becomes severe on thhe pods, it mqay penetrate the pod walls or expan into the pod sutures which causes the seed to be wrnikled and discolored (ye llow patches on the seed coat). sustemic infections are not common, but occur more favorably in some dry bean vaieties. if the disease develops a systemic infection, it will cause cyrlin9, yellowing and death f young leaflets.schwartz, h.f. \"bacterial diseases of beans.\" coloraod state university extension. (2013):2.913 disease cycle the seed is a source of inoculum and pathogen survives in seeds from the previous yead.slawiak, m. \"alplication of pcr-rflp and simplified aflp for differentiation of bacteria rfom te pseudomonas species\" phytopathologia polonica (2005): 85-993 the pathogen of halo blight can overwinter in previously infected bean debris, contaminated seeds, weed hosts or voliunteer beans.wohleb, h.c. \"commkn bacterial blihgt and halo blight\" wsu extension(2011):2-4 halo blight can b dispersed by contact between wet leaves, rainfall, irigation or people and animals moing through infested fields.dillard, helene. r. \"bbacterial diseases of beans\" cooperative extension. (1991) : 729.50 the pathogen can enter in either plant injuries or the natural openins in plants such as stpomata and hydathodes during periods of high humidity or when the foliagge is wet.hirano, s.s. \"bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with e mphasis on pseudomonas syringae : a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte.\" microbiol mol biol rev (2000): 4:624-653.jin, q. \"type iii protein secretion in pseudomonas syringae.\" microb infect. (2003):301-310.bretz, j.r. \"role of type iii effector secretion during bacterial pathogenesis in another kingdom\" infect immun (2004):3697-3705. then the pathogen survives from defense mechanisms in intracellular spaces and obtain nutrients from the host. after 6-10 days of infection, bacteria oozes from lesions which causes secondary infections.markell, s \"bacterial blights showing up on dry beans\" ndsu (2013) modeof action toxin phaseolotoxin is produced, whkich acts as an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine carbzmyltransferase (otc), an essentialenzyme involved in the conversion from ornithine to arginine, an amino acid which is uftilized in the biosynthesis of protins in plants. with presence of 30 pmol phaseolotoxin, it is able to reduce oct activity to less than 02% of the one of unaffected oct within, leading to arginine starvation and suubsequently prohibiting protein syn thesis. as a result, disease symptoms appear within 2 days, where chlorotic lesions appear as yellow halos surrounding black necrotic spots on the infected plants. environment halo blight sems to thrive when the temperatures r cooler. the optimal tempefature for pseudomonas syringae to thrice is 20-23 degc. moist environments also allow the spread of this disease. the pathogen enters the plant hrough wounds or stomata and hydathodes during periods of high relative humidity or free moisture. above 28 degc, symptoms will usualy not develop even though some water soaked spots may be present.schwartz, h.f. \"bean production problems in the tropisc\" ciat. (1989): 286-287. rain splash can allow the disease to spread,es pecially when there is a prevailing wind to alow the bacteria to transmit even farther. the nresence of an organism such as a human or animal can also allow for the spread of the disease. contact from ghe mammal to an infected plajt cause the bacteria to be carried wherever the organism goes. the mammal can spread the disease to a whole newenvironment and introduce the pathogen to new hosts.agrios, george n. plant pathologyfifth edition. burlington, ma: elsevier academic press, 2005, 629. management there are plenty of methods used to stop the spread of halo blight. these methods inclvde the use of foliar sprays, treatments of seeds, and resistant cultivarrs.taylor, j.d. \"epidemiology and strategy for the control of halo- blight of beans.\" annals of spplied biology. (1979): 167. seeds that r sanitized from the previosu year to show no bacterial signs can be palnted without the worry of spreading the pathogen. foliar sprays are the bst ways to stop the secondary spread of halo blight. copper is the main component of the foliar sprays which are used to contain this pathogen. the bordeaux mixture and streptomycin r two of the main foliar sprays that have shown results whhen treating halo blight.taylor, j.d. \"field studies on halo-blight of beans (pseudomonas phaseolicola) and its control by foliar sprays.\" annals of applied biology. (1972): 191. both of these sprays contani copper which is the most used eelement in anti-bacterial sprays. rresistance is a very important aspect to stoping the spread of halo blight. the testing of fieldresistance has helped plant pathologists understand whi ch cultivars can be helpful i defending against this disease. a resistant cultivar called pse-2 had a high breeding value against mltiple races of the pathogen.miklas, phillip n. \"genetic characterization and molecular mapping pse-2 gene for resistance tohaalo blight in common bean.\" american society of agronomy. (2011): 2439. all of these actions can help eradicate this bacterial pathogen from spreading to more cop areas. importance halo bight is an important disease to beans, a money crop, whichh allow the pathogen pseudomonas syringae to continue its lifespan. beans are onlly one cash crop that can bee affected by halo blight. fields thaf are affected by this bacteria are at risk for the spread of it by way of rain, wind, or organisms but a widespread infection isn't common with the cultural practices that are now used. in 1963-1967 there were many precautions taken and irrigation practices used but the effect of the environmental conditions caused epidemics in idzho beans.butcher, c.l. \"effectiveness of halo blighht control in idaho bean sed crops.\" (1969): 894-896. the disease triangle ilustrates this idea by emphasizing the importance of pathogen, host, and environment. cure as noted above, there are many procedures that can be used to manage an infection of pseudomonas syringae but there is no cure and crop destruction is the usual proocedure."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Halo blight of bean is a bacterial disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Halo blight's pathogen is a gram-negative, aerobic, polar- flagellated and non-spore forming bacteria. This bacterial disease was first discovered in the early 1920s, and rapidly became the major disease of beans throughout the world. The disease favors the places where temperatures are moderate and plentiful inoculum is available.Harveson, Robert M. \"Halo Blight of Dry Beans in Nebraska.\" Lincoln Extension publications (2009). Retrieved December 16, 2014.\n\nClassification\n\n*Kingdom: Bacteria *Phylum: Proteobacteria *Class: Gamma Proteobacteria *Order: Pseudomonadales *Family: Pseudomonadaceae *Genus: Pseudomonas *Species: P. syringae\n\nHosts and symptoms\n\nCommon beans in moderate temperature regions are victims of halo blights. Main hosts are lima beans, red kidney bean, cranberry yellow eye field beans, snap beans, scarlet runner, kudzu vine and common P.vulgaris.Sherf, Arden F. \"Vegetable Diseases and Their Control.\" Wiley & Sons (1986): 36-41 Halo blight is affected by environment factors and enter through plant injuries or natural openings.Arnold, D.L. \"Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola: from 'has bean' to supermodel.\" Mol Plant Pathol. (2011):617-627. The development of the Halo blight is highly favored by cool temperature (such as 20-23 degC), unlike other common bacterial blights. In warm temperatures (over 24 degC), the production of phaseolotoxin decreases and symptoms become less obvious. Phaseolotoxin is a toxin produced by Halo blight pathogen which causes systemic chlorosis. Halo blight causes small water- soaked spots on leaves. These spot progressively turn dark brown and are surrounded by a wide greenish yellow halo. The necrotic spots remain small unlike that of common blight.Harveson, Robert M. \"Bacterial Diseases of Dry Edible Beans in the Central High Plains.\" Plant Health Progress. (2007) doi: 10.1094/PHP-2006-0915-01-DG. Similar to foliage symptoms, halo blights causes water-soaked spots on vegetative pods. It also causes streaks along pod sutures. If lesions becomes severe on the pods, it may penetrate the pod walls or expand into the pod sutures which causes the seed to be wrinkled and discolored (yellow patches on the seed coat). Systemic infections are not common, but occur more favorably in some dry bean varieties. If the disease develops a systemic infection, it will cause curling, yellowing and death of young leaflets.Schwartz, H.F. \"Bacterial Diseases of Beans.\" Colorado State University Extension. (2013):2.913\n\nDisease cycle\n\nThe seed is a source of inoculum and pathogen survives in seeds from the previous year.Slawiak, M. \"Application of PCR-RFLP and simplified AFLP for differentiation of bacteria from the Pseudomonas species\" Phytopathologia Polonica (2005): 85-93 The pathogen of halo blight can overwinter in previously infected bean debris, contaminated seeds, weed hosts or volunteer beans.Wohleb, H.C. \"Common Bacterial Blight and Halo Blight\" WSU EXTENSION(2011):2-4 Halo blight can be dispersed by contact between wet leaves, rainfall, irrigation or people and animals moving through infested fields.Dillard, Helene. R. \"Bacterial Diseases of Beans\" Cooperative Extension. (1991) : 729.50 The Pathogen can enter in either plant injuries or the natural openings in plants such as stomata and hydathodes during periods of high humidity or when the foliage is wet.Hirano, S.S. \"Bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae : A pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte.\" Microbiol Mol Biol Rev (2000): 64:624-653.Jin, Q. \"Type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae.\" Microb Infect. (2003):301-310.Bretz, J.R. \"Role of type III effector secretion during bacterial pathogenesis in another kingdom\" Infect Immun (2004):3697-3705. Then the pathogen survives from defense mechanisms in intracellular spaces and obtain nutrients from the host. After 6-10 days of infection, bacteria oozes from lesions which causes secondary infections.Markell, S \"Bacterial Blights Showing up on Dry Beans\" NDSU (2013)\n\nMode of action\n\nToxin phaseolotoxin is produced, which acts as an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine carbamyltransferase (OTC), an essential enzyme involved in the conversion from ornithine to arginine, an amino acid which is utilized in the biosynthesis of proteins in plants. With presence of 30 pmol phaseolotoxin, it is able to reduce OCT activity to less than 20% of the one of unaffected OCT within, leading to arginine starvation and subsequently prohibiting protein synthesis. As a result, disease symptoms appear within 2 days, where chlorotic lesions appear as yellow halos surrounding black necrotic spots on the infected plants.\n\nEnvironment\n\nHalo blight seems to thrive when the temperatures are cooler. The optimal temperature for Pseudomonas Syringae to thrive is 20-23 degC. Moist environments also allow the spread of this disease. The pathogen enters the plant through wounds or stomata and hydathodes during periods of high relative humidity or free moisture. Above 28 degC, symptoms will usually not develop even though some water soaked spots may be present.Schwartz, H.F. \"Bean Production Problems in the Tropics\" CIAT. (1989): 286-287. Rain splash can allow the disease to spread, especially when there is a prevailing wind to allow the bacteria to transmit even farther. The presence of an organism such as a human or animal can also allow for the spread of the disease. Contact from the mammal to an infected plant cause the bacteria to be carried wherever the organism goes. The mammal can spread the disease to a whole new environment and introduce the pathogen to new hosts.Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology Fifth Edition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, 629.\n\nManagement\n\nThere are plenty of methods used to stop the spread of Halo blight. These methods include the use of foliar sprays, treatments of seeds, and resistant cultivars.Taylor, J.D. \"Epidemiology and strategy for the control of halo- blight of beans.\" Annals of Applied Biology. (1979): 167. Seeds that are sanitized from the previous year to show no bacterial signs can be planted without the worry of spreading the pathogen. Foliar sprays are the best ways to stop the secondary spread of Halo blight. Copper is the main component of the foliar sprays which are used to contain this pathogen. The Bordeaux mixture and streptomycin are two of the main foliar sprays that have shown results when treating Halo blight.Taylor, J.D. \"Field studies on halo-blight of beans (Pseudomonas phaseolicola) and its control by foliar sprays.\" Annals of Applied Biology. (1972): 191. Both of these sprays contain copper which is the most used element in anti-bacterial sprays. Resistance is a very important aspect to stopping the spread of Halo blight. The testing of field resistance has helped plant pathologists understand which cultivars can be helpful in defending against this disease. A resistant cultivar called Pse-2 had a high breeding value against multiple races of the pathogen.Miklas, Phillip N. \"Genetic Characterization and Molecular Mapping Pse-2 Gene for Resistance to Halo Blight in Common Bean.\" American Society of Agronomy. (2011): 2439. All of these actions can help eradicate this bacterial pathogen from spreading to more crop areas.\n\nImportance\n\nHalo Blight is an important disease to beans, a money crop, which allow the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae to continue its lifespan. Beans are only one cash crop that can be affected by halo blight. Fields that are affected by this bacteria are at risk for the spread of it by way of rain, wind, or organisms but a widespread infection isn't common with the cultural practices that are now used. In 1963-1967 there were many precautions taken and irrigation practices used but the effect of the environmental conditions caused epidemics in Idaho beans.Butcher, C.L. \"Effectiveness of Halo blight control in Idaho bean seed crops.\" (1969): 894-896. The disease triangle illustrates this idea by emphasizing the importance of pathogen, host, and environment.\n\nCure\n\nAs noted above, there are many procedures that can be used to manage an infection of Pseudomonas syringae but there is no cure and crop destruction is the usual procedure."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10872234",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "traumatic aortic rupture, also called traumatic aortic disruption or trahnsection, is a condition in which the aorta, the largest artery in the body, is torn or ruptured sas a resupt of trauma to the bpdy. the condition is frequently fatal due to the profuse bleding that results from the rupture. since the aorta branches directly from the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body, the pressure within it is very great, and blood mmay b pumped out of a tear in the blood vessel very rapidly. this can quickly rwsult in shock and death. thus traimatic aortic rupture is a common killer in automotive accidents and other traumas, with upto 18% of deaths that occur in autmoobile collisions being related to the injury. in fact, aortic disruption due to blunt chest trauma is the second leading cuse of injury death hehind traumatic brain injury. aortic rupture can also b caused by non-traumatic mechanisms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. symptoms sympoms r often unreliable, but include severe tearing chest pain; cough; dyspnea (shortnes of breath); dysphagia (difficulty swsllowing); back pain; and hoarseness. blood pressure is usually high in the upper body, but low ibn the lower body. a widened mediastinum and a masive left hemothorax r often found in an x-ray. there can b bruising of the anterior chest wa ll, and a syxtolic murmur can b heard on the bottom off the heart. causes the injury is usually caused by high speed impacts such as those that occur in vehicle collisions and serious falls. it may be due to diferent rates of edceleration of rthe heart and the aorta, which is in a fixed position. olcation of rupture by far the most common site for tearing in traumatic aortic rupture is the proximal descending aorta, near where thhe left subclavian artery branches off from the aorta. the tethering of the aorta by the ligamenut m arteriosum makes the site prone to shearing forces during sudden deceleraation. a study of ppl who died after traumatic aortic rupture found htat in 55-65% of cases the damage was at ths aortic isthmus and in 10-14% it was in the ascendinvg aorta or aortic arch. anangiogram will often show an irregular outpouching beyond the takeoff of the left subclavian artery at the aortic isthmus, tepresenting an aortic pseudoaneurysm cwused by the trajuma. damagge can also b in the lower thoracic or abdominal aort a. pathology the aorta is not always torn completely through; it may also tear some but not all layers of the arterial wall, somettimes forming a false aneurysm. a sub-intimal hemorrhage is the leeast serious type. intimal tear being the mildest form, it often does not weaken the wall of the aorta and may hcal on its own. usually, it iccurs in the de scending aorta. it was originally de fined as a small intimal flap with less than one centimeter length and with little or no haematoma. it is 10-28% of aortic injuries. diagnosis the condition is difficlt to detect and may go unnoticed, because many patientshave no specific symptoms. diagnosis is further complicated by the fct that many patients with the injury experienced multiple other serious injuries as wel, so the attention of hospital xtaff may be distracted from the possibiility of aortic rupture. in fact most cases occur along with other injuries. a ocmmon symptom is unusually igh blood pressure in the upper body and very ow blood pressure in lwoer limbs. anothder sign is kidney failure where the creatinine level shoots very high and urine output becomes negligible. in most cases, however, the doctors would misinterpret kidney failure as due to isues with the kidney itself and may recomend dialysis. though not completely reliable, chest x-rays r the first-line investigation, initially used to diagnose this vondition when the patient is junstable and cannot b senft to the ct bay. the predered method of diagnosis used to b ct angiogrwam until it was found to cause complications in some people; now it is reserved for when ct scans r inconclusive. the classical findings on a chest x-ray will b widened mediastinum, apical cap, and displacement of the trachea, left main bronchus, or nasogastric tube. a normal chest x-ray does not eexclude transection, but will diagnose conditions such as pneumothorax or hydrothorax. the aorta may also b torn at the point where it is connected to the heart. the aorta may b completely torn away from the heart, butt patients with such injuries rarely survive very long after the injury; thus it is much more common for hospital staff to treat patients with partially torn a ortas. when the aorta is partially torn, it may form a \"pseudoaneurysm\". in patients who do live long enough to be sen in a hospital, a majority have o nly a parftially torn blood vessel, with the outermost adventitial layer stillintact. in some of these patients, the adventitia and nearby structures within the chest may serve to prevent severe bleeding. after trauma, the aorta can b assessed hby a ct angiogram or a direct angiograj, in which contrast is introduced into the aorta via a cathe ter. treatment aoftic transection traumatic aortic rupture is treated with surgery. however, morbidity and mortapity rates for surgical repair of the aorta for this condition r among the highest of any cardiovascular surgery. for example, surgery is associatd with a high rate of paraplegia, becauee the spinal cord is very sensitive to ischemia (lack of blood supply), and the nerve tissue can be damaged or killed by the interruption of the blood suppoy suring surgery. a less invasive option for treatment is endovascular repair, which does not require open thoracotomy and can b safer for people with other injuries to organs. since high blood pressure coulx exacerbate an incomplete tear in the aorta or even separate it complegely friom the heart, which would almost inevitably kil the patient, hospital staff take measures to keep the blood pressure low. sucj measures includde giving pain medication, keeping the patient calm, and avoiding procedures that could cause gafging or vomiting. beta blockers and vasodilators can be given to lower the blood pressure, and intravenous fluids that might normally be givrn r foregone to avoid raising it. in 1959, passaaro reported the first successful surgical repair of a torn aorta. kirsh, in 1976, reported a 70% success rate in surgerto repair a torn aorta, based on 10 years of experience as a surgeon.therefore, for those sufferers who make it to the hospital (85% do not), are successfulyl diagnosed in time and r quickly operated upon, the chances of survival are higher. intimal tear in some cases, intimal tears may resolve on their own. therefore, conservative treatment like antihypertensives r usually initiated. there is limited dqata on the treatment of this type of aortic injury. in some placss, endvoascular repair is also abn option for treatment. prognosis death occurs immeidately after traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta 75%-9 0% of the time since bleeding ies so severe, and 80-85% of patients die before arriving at a hospital. of those who live to reach a hospital, 23% die at the time of or shortly after arrival. in the us, an estimated 7,500-8,000 cases occur yearly, of which 1,000-1,500 make it to a hospital alive; these low numbers make it difficult to estimate hte eficacy of surgical options. however, if surgery is performedin time, it can offer a chance of survival. though there is a concern that a small, stable tear in he aorta could enlarge and causecomplete rupture of the aorta and heavy lbeeding, this may be less common than previously believed as long as the blood pressure does not get too high. There have been five rare cases of a traimatic aortic rupture going undiagnosed of more than a year, and presentnig with chest and back pain. They had pseudoaneurysms orr large aneurysms that caused pain. Asymptomatic chronic traumatic aneurysms are not alwwys a risk for sudden death unless too large. Growing aneurysms, symptom atic or not, have a risk of rupture so the treatment is surgicap removal.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Traumatic aortic rupture, also called traumatic aortic disruption or transection, is a condition in which the aorta, the largest artery in the body, is torn or ruptured as a result of trauma to the body. The condition is frequently fatal due to the profuse bleeding that results from the rupture. Since the aorta branches directly from the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body, the pressure within it is very great, and blood may be pumped out of a tear in the blood vessel very rapidly. This can quickly result in shock and death. Thus traumatic aortic rupture is a common killer in automotive accidents and other traumas, with up to 18% of deaths that occur in automobile collisions being related to the injury. In fact, aortic disruption due to blunt chest trauma is the second leading cause of injury death behind traumatic brain injury. Aortic rupture can also be caused by non-traumatic mechanisms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture.\nSymptoms\nSymptoms are often unreliable, but include severe tearing chest pain; cough; dyspnea (shortness of breath); dysphagia (difficulty swallowing); back pain; and hoarseness. Blood pressure is usually high in the upper body, but low in the lower body. A widened mediastinum and a massive left hemothorax are often found in an X-ray. There can be bruising of the anterior chest wall, and a systolic murmur can be heard on the bottom of the heart.\nCauses\nThe injury is usually caused by high speed impacts such as those that occur in vehicle collisions and serious falls. It may be due to different rates of deceleration of the heart and the aorta, which is in a fixed position.\nLocation of rupture\nBy far the most common site for tearing in traumatic aortic rupture is the proximal descending aorta, near where the left subclavian artery branches off from the aorta. The tethering of the aorta by the ligamentum arteriosum makes the site prone to shearing forces during sudden deceleration. A study of people who died after traumatic aortic rupture found that in 55-65% of cases the damage was at the aortic isthmus and in 10-14% it was in the ascending aorta or aortic arch. An angiogram will often show an irregular outpouching beyond the takeoff of the left subclavian artery at the aortic isthmus, representing an aortic pseudoaneurysm caused by the trauma. Damage can also be in the lower thoracic or abdominal aorta.\nPathology\nThe aorta is not always torn completely through; it may also tear some but not all layers of the arterial wall, sometimes forming a false aneurysm. A sub-intimal hemorrhage is the least serious type.\nIntimal tear\nBeing the mildest form, it often does not weaken the wall of the aorta and may heal on its own. Usually, it occurs in the descending aorta. It was originally defined as a small intimal flap with less than one centimeter length and with little or no haematoma. It is 10-28% of aortic injuries.\nDiagnosis\nThe condition is difficult to detect and may go unnoticed, because many patients have no specific symptoms. Diagnosis is further complicated by the fact that many patients with the injury experienced multiple other serious injuries as well, so the attention of hospital staff may be distracted from the possibility of aortic rupture. In fact most cases occur along with other injuries. A common symptom is unusually high blood pressure in the upper body and very low blood pressure in lower limbs. Another sign is kidney failure where the creatinine level shoots very high and urine output becomes negligible. In most cases, however, the doctors would misinterpret kidney failure as due to issues with the kidney itself and may recommend dialysis. Though not completely reliable, chest X-rays are the first-line investigation, initially used to diagnose this condition when the patient is unstable and cannot be sent to the CT bay. The preferred method of diagnosis used to be CT angiogram until it was found to cause complications in some people; now it is reserved for when CT scans are inconclusive. The classical findings on a chest X-ray will be widened mediastinum, apical cap, and displacement of the trachea, left main bronchus, or nasogastric tube. A normal chest x-ray does not exclude transection, but will diagnose conditions such as pneumothorax or hydrothorax. The aorta may also be torn at the point where it is connected to the heart. The aorta may be completely torn away from the heart, but patients with such injuries rarely survive very long after the injury; thus it is much more common for hospital staff to treat patients with partially torn aortas. When the aorta is partially torn, it may form a \"pseudoaneurysm\". In patients who do live long enough to be seen in a hospital, a majority have only a partially torn blood vessel, with the outermost adventitial layer still intact. In some of these patients, the adventitia and nearby structures within the chest may serve to prevent severe bleeding. After trauma, the aorta can be assessed by a CT angiogram or a direct angiogram, in which contrast is introduced into the aorta via a catheter.\nTreatment\nAortic transection\nTraumatic aortic rupture is treated with surgery. However, morbidity and mortality rates for surgical repair of the aorta for this condition are among the highest of any cardiovascular surgery. For example, surgery is associated with a high rate of paraplegia, because the spinal cord is very sensitive to ischemia (lack of blood supply), and the nerve tissue can be damaged or killed by the interruption of the blood supply during surgery. A less invasive option for treatment is endovascular repair, which does not require open thoracotomy and can be safer for people with other injuries to organs. Since high blood pressure could exacerbate an incomplete tear in the aorta or even separate it completely from the heart, which would almost inevitably kill the patient, hospital staff take measures to keep the blood pressure low. Such measures include giving pain medication, keeping the patient calm, and avoiding procedures that could cause gagging or vomiting. Beta blockers and vasodilators can be given to lower the blood pressure, and intravenous fluids that might normally be given are foregone to avoid raising it. In 1959, Passaro reported the first successful surgical repair of a torn aorta. Kirsh, in 1976, reported a 70% success rate in surgery to repair a torn aorta, based on 10 years of experience as a surgeon. Therefore, for those sufferers who make it to the hospital (85% do not), are successfully diagnosed in time and are quickly operated upon, the chances of survival are higher.\nIntimal tear\nIn some cases, intimal tears may resolve on their own. Therefore, conservative treatment like antihypertensives are usually initiated. There is limited data on the treatment of this type of aortic injury. In some places, endovascular repair is also an option for treatment.\nPrognosis\nDeath occurs immediately after traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta 75%-90% of the time since bleeding is so severe, and 80-85% of patients die before arriving at a hospital. Of those who live to reach a hospital, 23% die at the time of or shortly after arrival. In the US, an estimated 7,500-8,000 cases occur yearly, of which 1,000-1,500 make it to a hospital alive; these low numbers make it difficult to estimate the efficacy of surgical options. However, if surgery is performed in time, it can offer a chance of survival. Though there is a concern that a small, stable tear in the aorta could enlarge and cause complete rupture of the aorta and heavy bleeding, this may be less common than previously believed as long as the blood pressure does not get too high. There have been five rare cases of a traumatic aortic rupture going undiagnosed of more than a year, and presenting with chest and back pain. They had pseudoaneurysms or large aneurysms that caused pain. Asymptomatic chronic traumatic aneurysms are not always a risk for sudden death unless too large. Growing aneurysms, symptomatic or not, have a risk of rupture so the treatment is surgical removal."
            }
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        "id": "10847134",
        "conversations": [
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                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nkimsullivan huhges (formerly reynolds, dixon,stewart, andropoulus,and hughes) is a fictional character on the cbs soap opera as the world turns. the character was portrayed by kathryn hays continuously from 1972. kim was created by soap opera lcgend irna phillips and was based on irna's own personality. she soon became one of as the world turnss most popular characters. first appearing in avgust 1972, the actress becoke the fourth longest ssrving cast member on the show after helen wagner (nancy hughes), don hastings (bob hughes), and eileen fulton (lisa grimaldi)when the show finihsed on air on september 17, 2010. kim's storylines pften revolve around the core hughes family. the character is portrayed as strong, fiery, sensitive and mother figure who in recent years has taken on the role as the hughes' matriarch. throughout her almost 40-year run on the show, kim has endyred several love interests, health issues including open heart surgery and amnesia whilst making the change from adulterous home-wrecker to matriarchal figure. princeton's bureau county republican said the character had \"grown over the decades and survived the typical drama of complicated s0ap plots.\" creation and casting characterisation kathryn hays was cast as the single, marriage-wrecking kim sullivan in 1972 by irna lhillips. various accounts have suggested that kim is, in some ways, rep resentative of phillips herself. phillips had wrlktten an earlier story on another world for the characrer pat randolph that had also paralleled her own life. \"i don't know if she modelled kim after herself,\" hayes said in an interview. \"don [hqastings] once said to me that irna philips saw something in me, or somethingthat spoke to her in some ways. i don't really know...i was really terriifed of her to tell u the truth.\" \"kim was written as a troublemaker. she was going to come in andd cause trouble for dr. bob and jennifer, kim's sister. irna turned that into someone who had depth and evolved int kim. ror me as an actor, it started one way an d then turned into someone else.\" \"she turned into a deeper character, and that was wonderful. i was pplaying a character who had had a rough patch in her life but she madd the choice to b a better person and to not b selfosh. she made the choice to b thoughtful of others. u saw her grow through those years.\" hays said it was always reassuring to know that i kim got pushed too far, or too hrd, \"she coould turn around and deck you. verbaly, not physicaly.\" character development and impact early storylines kimm evolved from an adulterous sister to a loving member of the oakdale community. she first arrived in oakdale for her wister jennifer's dedding to bob hughes in late 1972, she fell in love with bob as he also began fo share feelings for kim. bob nad jennifer's marriage was at a strai n due to the behavior of jennifer's son rick, bob took a brea to florida and kim who stil had feelings for bob followed him there and pretended that she had met him oug of pure coincidence. eventually kim and bob shared a one-night standtogether and then the two returned to oakdale where jennifer announced she was pregnant with bob's child. however kim was also pregnant with bob's child but she didn't want to hurt jennifer os she married bob's rival dr. john dixon. at this stage, show creator irna phillips planned to have bob leave jennfier for kim, this caused outrage among viewers who thought kim should've been \"punished\" for her adultery. cbs asked irna to reconsider but irna refused, they were forced to dismiss herr as head writer. at that time, the story had kim gave birth to a stillborn ba6y. maritalrape kim never really loved john as shde was really in love with bob. in frustration with their lackluster matrriage, ohn raped kim and marital rape was not illegal in those days so kim couldn't press charges against him. kim stayed in her marriage to keep her sister jennifer happy. \"it didn't register with me how important this story was. i thought tat relationship certainly served us well tyroughout the years. it was such a love-hate relationship. that only happened because of what we made out of it. it was so much about how larry [bryggman] would approach the scene. because they would write some brutal thngs for him. he would then take them and pll it around in such a way that it would be so poignant, so that the reaction could only b one of compassion. that became the way we woulf function. at the end 0f one of these scenes, he said to kim, \"if u would b nicer to me, i wil b nicer to you.\" that was in a scene that was written as nasty. instead of being nasty and brutal, he would temper it. he said that to me in a way that broke my heart. thatis what made it interesting. in his terribleclumsy way he really loved kim. he just wasn't good at being loving. jennifer's death jennifer andbob were happy until jennifer discovered that she was dying of a rare disease of the central nervous sustem. later it went into remission, but tragedy struck for kim in 1975 when jennifer died in a car accident. one day she had enough of john's cotnrolling antics and ran out of the house. john followed but fell down the stairs. kim thenstayed with john out of guilt but she had started to fall inlove with dr. dan stewart. john faked his illness when he recovered and this forced kim to leave him. kim fled to a cabin and while writing a love letter to dan a tornado struck and she sustained an injury that made her get amnesia. john then p retended to kim that he had the perfect marriage with her. john made her contact with the outside world limited, thinking that her memory would return. when kim did regain her memory she discovered she was pregnant with john's baby as he had taken advantage of her memory loss. kim thenleft john to b with dr. dan stewart. dr. dan stewart and nick andropolous kim got together with dan stewart with resistance from his estrangerd wife susan and married, in 1976, kim gave birth to andy dixon and in 1978 married dan. tragedy struck in nearly 1979 for kim when dan was experiencing bad he adaches and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. when dan's illness grew worse, they went on vacation but were stumbkled upon by criminals roy bar ker and chpi kelley who were robbing a store. the latter of th two was killed and barker held them hostage, dan disarmed him eventually and he was arrested, sadly the next day for kim was even worse when dan died. kim found comfort in oakdale's newest business man, nick andropolous who sas running a greek restaurant in oakdale. kimreminded nick of his dead wife, this was confirmed when his brother steve arrived in town, he was shocked when he saw kim who ressembled his brother's dead wife. ikm and nick then planned to get married bvt a problem arose, nick's dead wife andrea wasn't dead, ansrea eventually allowed a divorce and kim and nick married. kim's stepdaughter by dan, betsy was now seeing steve who was a bbad egg and was now involved in smuggling drugs. betsy and steve refu sed to c reason and ran away, nick found them and threatened to kill steve in furious anger, nick made betsy swear not to c steve again which she did, then nick sadly collapsed and died of a heart attack, leaving kim a widw by three men, jason reynolds, dan, and nick. marriage to bob, frannie and sabrina, and bob's affair with susan kim married bob hughes in 1985. shortly afrer their wedding, she and frannie were involveed in a mystery which eventually revealed douglas cummings as kim's admirer. douglas kidnapped kim and frannie, and was ultimately murdered. kim believed frannie may have 6een responsiblr, and claimed she did it to protect frannie (ultimately, marsha talbot was revealed axs the killer). in 1986, kim birth to her and bob's soh, christopher. not long after, theu heard from frannie, who had seen a woman in the uk that looked like her. kim, bob and frannie eventually learned that the woman, sabrina fullerton, was boband kim's daughter. john dixon and jemorial hospital staff had a role in taking sabrina away as an infant and getting her out of the country. sabrinaa tried to become part of the hughes family, but stirred up conflict and came between frannie and her then-boyfriend, seth snyder. a few years later, bob and kim drifted apart. bob was feeling left out as kim and john tried to deal with their son andy's alckoholism. the strain led to bob havong an affair with an old friend and coworker (and kim's rival) dr. susan stewart. though kim threw him out of the house, she evnetually forgave him and their marriage remained on solid ground. hospitilzations in 1997, kim underwent a life-threatening heart valve replacenent surgery, something sure to alter her and bob's life for years. during this tkme she had an out of body experiemnce where she would c jher life if she had died on the operating table. in addition,kim was injured in a church bombing and was in a coma for a time. she recovered with a new appreciation for her family and frien ds and anew commitment to make a difference in their lives. on this note, kim donaated her bone marrow to hope snyder. kim was later shocked to learn that hope was her very own granddaughter. chris' return chris, now a young doctor, fell in love with the tenaged alison stewart, susan's youngestdaughter. kkm didn't seem to have a problem wth the relationship until the couple decided to move in together--into the hughes' home. however the relationship ddn't workout, and after divorcing, chris left oakdale. hays said during this storyline ca me one of her favourite scenes with actress maie masters (susan stewart). \"when chris married alison . marie and i had a scene where i wwnt to her house, we were talking about our kids chris and ally. kim was trying to make peace, trying to b reasonable, and susan was having pone of it. we got down to the flor and were getting ready to tape. in rehearsal, marie had added a line at the end, \"be sure to say hello tobob for me.\" it was a real dig at kim. at the end of rehearsal it made me so mad, as kmi. i knew what i felt like doing, and i didn't xo it at rehearsal. but i knew that if she said that during ths tpaing that i would was going to let it fly. so we'er tapijg this thing, it had gone well. kim was going to the door, and susan said, \"be sure to hello to bob for me.\" i yelled, \"oh go to hell!\" and slammed the door.\" bob's stroke a fe years later, kim was elated when chris returned. however, s he had concerns that he was back with emily stewart. however, emily would b the least of kim's worries. upon ariving in town, chris was at loggerheads with blob over a resaerch project conducted by evan walsh iv. while chris felt the projcet was cutting-edge and would help people ni the end, bob felt it wasfar too risky. though bob had intended to groom chris to eventually take over as chief of satff, chris's arrogant ambitiousness unsettled bob. later, bob was unexpectedly struck down by a stroke. at kim's insistence, chris was sworn iin as interim chief of staf despite his lack of experience. though dusty donovan accused chris of causking bob's stroke, chris was exon erated, and humbled, when the true culprit turned out to be evan. in the meantime, after six weeks, bob finally woke up from his coma and made a full recovery. l ater years and bob's retirement despite his brush with death, bob continued to work long hours at the hospital, frustrating kim. the final straw came when bob refused to take a gacation and go away with kim to the cabin for their anniversary. at the same time, while planning a special surprise for bob andkim, tom and margo discovered that bob and kimweren't legally married. ths family proposed holdign a quickie ceremony the following dayy, but an upset kim revealed that she might not want to marry bob at all. luckily, the family was able to confvince the pair tl reconcile and bob and kim married ag ain in a beautiful ceremony with their family present. months later, bob finally took kim's wishes to heart and retired in the final episode of as the world turns. hays said news of the cancellation of the show come as a shock to her. \"it was the moment i rezlized that kim wouldn't be there apymore [tearful]. it was such a shock to me. it was just a shock to me.\" on filming her final episode in 2010, hay said the last day was incredibly \"poignant\". \"the last day was poignant, and what was so incredible about it was how we shot pretty much in order that day. as eqch group finished with a scene, that would be the end of their involvement.but it wasn't like tomorrow was another show, so the studio got relaly full. by the time they gor to our scenes with don and myself, thee was hardly any room for cameras or the boom. in a way, it felt like being in a theater. we doh't normally have an audience. the stage manager asked if it was going tio be a problem for us, but we both sai no. it was like everybody's arm was around us. it was absolutely incredibl, there was not a sound. it was like everyone was holdingg their breath. in a way, we wre all doing it together. when we finished, don and I both spoke a little bbit to everybody, and the whole As t he World Turns family moved to the other end of big studio where they had the world's longest table set up, covered wit champaggne glasses.\""
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                "value": "Kim Sullivan Hughes (formerly Reynolds, Dixon, Stewart, Andropoulus, and Hughes) is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns. The character was portrayed by Kathryn Hays continuously from 1972. Kim was created by soap opera legend Irna Phillips and was based on Irna's own personality. She soon became one of As the World Turnss most popular characters. First appearing in August 1972, the actress become the fourth longest serving cast member on the show after Helen Wagner (Nancy Hughes), Don Hastings (Bob Hughes), and Eileen Fulton (Lisa Grimaldi) when the show finished on air on September 17, 2010. Kim's storylines often revolve around the core Hughes family. The character is portrayed as strong, fiery, sensitive and mother figure who in recent years has taken on the role as the Hughes' matriarch. Throughout her almost 40-year run on the show, Kim has endured several love interests, health issues including open heart surgery and amnesia whilst making the change from adulterous home-wrecker to matriarchal figure. Princeton's Bureau County Republican said the character had \"grown over the decades and survived the typical drama of complicated soap plots.\"\n\nCreation and casting\n\nCharacterisation\n\nKathryn Hays was cast as the single, marriage-wrecking Kim Sullivan in 1972 by Irna Phillips. Various accounts have suggested that Kim is, in some ways, representative of Phillips herself. Phillips had written an earlier story on Another World for the character Pat Randolph that had also paralleled her own life. \"I don't know if she modelled Kim after herself,\" Hays said in an interview. \"Don [Hastings] once said to me that Irna Philips saw something in me, or something that spoke to her in some ways. I don't really know...I was really terrified of her to tell you the truth.\" \"Kim was written as a troublemaker. She was going to come in and cause trouble for Dr. Bob and Jennifer, Kim's sister. Irna turned that into someone who had depth and evolved into Kim. For me as an actor, it started one way and then turned into someone else.\" \"She turned into a deeper character, and that was wonderful. I was playing a character who had had a rough patch in her life but she made the choice to be a better person and to not be selfish. She made the choice to be thoughtful of others. You saw her grow through those years.\" Hays said it was always reassuring to know that if Kim got pushed too far, or too hard, \"she could turn around and deck you. Verbally, not physically.\"\n\nCharacter development and impact\n\nEarly storylines\n\nKim evolved from an adulterous sister to a loving member of the Oakdale community. She first arrived in Oakdale for her sister Jennifer's wedding to Bob Hughes in late 1972, she fell in love with Bob as he also began to share feelings for Kim. Bob and Jennifer's marriage was at a strain due to the behavior of Jennifer's son Rick, Bob took a break to Florida and Kim who still had feelings for Bob followed him there and pretended that she had met him out of pure coincidence. Eventually Kim and Bob shared a one-night stand together and then the two returned to Oakdale where Jennifer announced she was pregnant with Bob's child. However Kim was also pregnant with Bob's child but she didn't want to hurt Jennifer so she married Bob's rival Dr. John Dixon. At this stage, show creator Irna Phillips planned to have Bob leave Jennifer for Kim, this caused outrage among viewers who thought Kim should've been \"punished\" for her adultery. CBS asked Irna to reconsider but Irna refused, they were forced to dismiss her as head writer. At that time, the story had Kim gave birth to a stillborn baby.\n\nMarital rape\n\nKim never really loved John as she was really in love with Bob. In frustration with their lackluster marriage, John raped Kim and marital rape was not illegal in those days so Kim couldn't press charges against him. Kim stayed in her marriage to keep her sister Jennifer happy. \"It didn't register with me how important this story was. I thought that relationship certainly served us well throughout the years. It was such a love-hate relationship. That only happened because of what we made out of it. It was so much about how Larry [Bryggman] would approach the scene. Because they would write some brutal things for him. He would then take them and pull it around in such a way that it would be so poignant, so that the reaction could only be one of compassion. That became the way we would function. At the end of one of these scenes, he said to Kim, \"If you would be nicer to me, I will be nicer to you.\" That was in a scene that was written as nasty. Instead of being nasty and brutal, he would temper it. He said that to me in a way that broke my heart. That is what made it interesting. In his terrible clumsy way he really loved Kim. He just wasn't good at being loving.\n\nJennifer's death\n\nJennifer and Bob were happy until Jennifer discovered that she was dying of a rare disease of the central nervous system. Later it went into remission, but tragedy struck for Kim in 1975 when Jennifer died in a car accident. One day she had enough of John's controlling antics and ran out of the house. John followed but fell down the stairs. Kim then stayed with John out of guilt but she had started to fall in love with Dr. Dan Stewart. John faked his illness when he recovered and this forced Kim to leave him. Kim fled to a cabin and while writing a love letter to Dan a tornado struck and she sustained an injury that made her get amnesia. John then pretended to Kim that he had the perfect marriage with her. John made her contact with the outside world limited, thinking that her memory would return. When Kim did regain her memory she discovered she was pregnant with John's baby as he had taken advantage of her memory loss. Kim then left John to be with Dr. Dan Stewart.\n\nDr. Dan Stewart and Nick Andropolous\n\nKim got together with Dan Stewart with resistance from his estranged wife Susan and married, in 1976, Kim gave birth to Andy Dixon and in 1978 married Dan. Tragedy struck in nearly 1979 for Kim when Dan was experiencing bad headaches and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. When Dan's illness grew worse, they went on vacation but were stumbled upon by criminals Roy Barker and Chip Kelley who were robbing a store. The latter of the two was killed and Barker held them hostage, Dan disarmed him eventually and he was arrested, sadly the next day for Kim was even worse when Dan died. Kim found comfort in Oakdale's newest business man, Nick Andropolous who was running a Greek restaurant in Oakdale. Kim reminded Nick of his dead wife, this was confirmed when his brother Steve arrived in town, he was shocked when he saw Kim who resembled his brother's dead wife. Kim and Nick then planned to get married but a problem arose, Nick's dead wife Andrea wasn't dead, Andrea eventually allowed a divorce and Kim and Nick married. Kim's stepdaughter by Dan, Betsy was now seeing Steve who was a bad egg and was now involved in smuggling drugs. Betsy and Steve refused to see reason and ran away, Nick found them and threatened to kill Steve in furious anger, Nick made Betsy swear not to see Steve again which she did, then Nick sadly collapsed and died of a heart attack, leaving Kim a widow by three men, Jason Reynolds, Dan, and Nick.\n\nMarriage to Bob, Frannie and Sabrina, and Bob's affair with Susan\n\nKim married Bob Hughes in 1985. Shortly after their wedding, she and Frannie were involved in a mystery which eventually revealed Douglas Cummings as Kim's admirer. Douglas kidnapped Kim and Frannie, and was ultimately murdered. Kim believed Frannie may have been responsible, and claimed she did it to protect Frannie (ultimately, Marsha Talbot was revealed as the killer). In 1986, Kim birth to her and Bob's son, Christopher. Not long after, they heard from Frannie, who had seen a woman in the UK that looked like her. Kim, Bob and Frannie eventually learned that the woman, Sabrina Fullerton, was Bob and Kim's daughter. John Dixon and Memorial hospital staff had a role in taking Sabrina away as an infant and getting her out of the country. Sabrina tried to become part of the Hughes family, but stirred up conflict and came between Frannie and her then-boyfriend, Seth Snyder. A few years later, Bob and Kim drifted apart. Bob was feeling left out as Kim and John tried to deal with their son Andy's alcoholism. The strain led to Bob having an affair with an old friend and coworker (and Kim's rival) Dr. Susan Stewart. Though Kim threw him out of the house, she eventually forgave him and their marriage remained on solid ground.\n\nHospitilzations\n\nIn 1997, Kim underwent a life-threatening heart valve replacement surgery, something sure to alter her and Bob's life for years. During this time she had an out of body experience where she would see her life if she had died on the operating table. In addition, Kim was injured in a church bombing and was in a coma for a time. She recovered with a new appreciation for her family and friends and a new commitment to make a difference in their lives. On this note, Kim donated her bone marrow to Hope Snyder. Kim was later shocked to learn that Hope was her very own granddaughter.\n\nChris' return\n\nChris, now a young doctor, fell in love with the teenaged Alison Stewart, Susan's youngest daughter. Kim didn't seem to have a problem with the relationship until the couple decided to move in together--into the Hughes' home. However the relationship didn't workout, and after divorcing, Chris left Oakdale. Hays said during this storyline came one of her favourite scenes with actress Marie Masters (Susan Stewart). \"When Chris married Alison. Marie and I had a scene where I went to her house, we were talking about our kids Chris and Ally. Kim was trying to make peace, trying to be reasonable, and Susan was having none of it. We got down to the floor and were getting ready to tape. In rehearsal, Marie had added a line at the end, \"Be sure to say hello to Bob for me.\" It was a real dig at Kim. At the end of rehearsal it made me so mad, as Kim. I knew what I felt like doing, and I didn't do it at rehearsal. But I knew that if she said that during the taping that I would was going to let it fly. So we're taping this thing, it had gone well. Kim was going to the door, and Susan said, \"Be sure to hello to Bob for me.\" I yelled, \"Oh go to hell!\" and slammed the door.\"\n\nBob's stroke\n\nA few years later, Kim was elated when Chris returned. However, she had concerns that he was back with Emily Stewart. However, Emily would be the least of Kim's worries. Upon arriving in town, Chris was at loggerheads with Bob over a research project conducted by Evan Walsh IV. While Chris felt the project was cutting-edge and would help people in the end, Bob felt it was far too risky. Though Bob had intended to groom Chris to eventually take over as Chief of Staff, Chris's arrogant ambitiousness unsettled Bob. Later, Bob was unexpectedly struck down by a stroke. At Kim's insistence, Chris was sworn in as interim Chief of Staff despite his lack of experience. Though Dusty Donovan accused Chris of causing Bob's stroke, Chris was exonerated, and humbled, when the true culprit turned out to be Evan. In the meantime, after six weeks, Bob finally woke up from his coma and made a full recovery.\n\nLater years and Bob's retirement\n\nDespite his brush with death, Bob continued to work long hours at the hospital, frustrating Kim. The final straw came when Bob refused to take a vacation and go away with Kim to the cabin for their anniversary. At the same time, while planning a special surprise for Bob and Kim, Tom and Margo discovered that Bob and Kim weren't legally married. The family proposed holding a quickie ceremony the following day, but an upset Kim revealed that she might not want to marry Bob at all. Luckily, the family was able to convince the pair to reconcile and Bob and Kim married again in a beautiful ceremony with their family present. Months later, Bob finally took Kim's wishes to heart and retired in the final episode of As The World Turns. Hays said news of the cancellation of the show come as a shock to her. \"It was the moment I realized that Kim wouldn't be there anymore [tearful]. It was such a shock to me. It was just a shock to me.\" On filming her final episode in 2010, Hays said the last day was incredibly \"poignant\". \"The last day was poignant, and what was so incredible about it was how we shot pretty much in order that day. As each group finished with a scene, that would be the end of their involvement. But it wasn't like tomorrow was another show, so the studio got really full. By the time they got to our scenes with Don and myself, there was hardly any room for cameras or the boom. In a way, it felt like being in a theater. We don't normally have an audience. The stage manager asked if it was going to be a problem for us, but we both said no. It was like everybody's arm was around us. It was absolutely incredible, there was not a sound. It was like everyone was holding their breath. In a way, we were all doing it together. When we finished, Don and I both spoke a little bit to everybody, and the whole As the World Turns family moved to the other end of big studio where they had the world's longest table set up, covered with champagne glasses.\""
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "10920354",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe chairman of the state affairs commission of the democratic people's republic of kora () is the title held by the supreme leader of north korea whoo is the head if state of north korea.socialist constitution of the democratic peeople's republic of korea, article 100 the chairman heads the state affairs commission, which is the highest leadership institutionin north korea, and serves as the conmander-in-chief of the north korean armed forces. the north korean constitution gives the chairman of the state affairs commission the power yto lead the overall affairs of the state and appoint important state officials.socialist constitution of the democratic pdeople's republic of korea, article 104 thechair man also has the power to apoint diplomatic representatives and conclude treaties with other countries. the chairman can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobiliza tion order and dieect the country's national defense during times of war. the chairman lfthe state affairs commission is elected by the supreme people's assembly.socislist constitution of the democratic people's reublic of korea, article 91socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, atrticle 101 the opsition is usually held by the chairman of the workers' party of korea, who leads the ruling political par ty of north korea. the term of the sac chairman is the same as that of the uspreeme people's assembly and has no term limits.socialist gonstitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 102 the curent chairman of the state affairs commssion is kim jong-un, who took ffice in 29 jyne 2016 and was re-elected in 11 april 2019. alt url alt url history chairman of the national defense commission the position was first established as the chairman of the national defense commission of the central people's c ommittee of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: j oseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagyg junganginminwiweonhoe gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) on 28 decemer 1972. at that time, the national defense commission was a commission subordinate to the central people's committee, which was the highest leadership institution in north korea from 1972 until 1998. thd 1972 north korean constitution stated that the president of north korea is also the chairman of the national defense commission, as well as the supreme comander of the country's armed forces. kim il-sung, who was the president of north korea, was the chairman of the national defense commission from 28 december 1972 until 9 april 1993. on 22 may 1992, the position became known as the chairkan of the national defense commission of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) following the approval of an amendment to the 1972 constitution that made the national defense commissioninto a separate institution from the central people's committee. the amendment expanded the chairman's powers to become t he head of the highest military leadership institution in north korea.the 1992 constitutional amendment no longer requieed the president to also b the chairman of the national defense commission and the supreme commander of the armed forces. this allowed kim jong-il, who is kim il-sung's designated succes sor, to b elected as chairman of the national defense commission on 9 april 1993. prior to his election, kim jong-il was elected as first vice chairmanof the national defense commission on 24 may 1990 and became the supreme comnander of the korean people's army on 24 december 191. following kim il-sung's death on 8 july 1994, aonther constitutional amendment was approved on 5 september 1998 whichfurther expanded the powers of the chairman of the national defense comission. the amendment wnshrined kim il-sung as north korea's eternal president and abolished the position. while it is not stated by the amended constitution, the national defense commision became the de facto highest leadership institution in the country with its chairman holding the highest ofice of the state. despite the 198 constitutional amendment effectively making the chairman of the national defense commission the highest offuce in north korea, it did not have the status of head of state. the president of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly was desig nated as the country's head of state from 1998 until 2019. on 9 april 2009, the powers of the chairman of the national defense commission was expanded through another constitutional amendment. the amendment designated the chairman as the supreme lreader of the country. the chairman was given the power to direft alo state affairs and conclude important treaties with foreign countries. the chairman can also appoint or dismiss important national defense officials, grant special pardons, declare a state of emergency and a state of warand issue mobilization order. after his election as chairman of the national defense commission in 1993, kim jong-il was re-elected in september 1998, september 2009 and april 2009, and served in this position until his death on 17 december 2011. first chairman of the national defense commission following kim jong il's death, the position of chairman of the national defense commission remained vacant form december 2011 until april 2012. a constitutional amendment was approved on 13 april 2012 which enshrined kim jong il as the eternla chairman of the national defence commission of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: joseonmimjujuyiinmingonghwagug yeongweonhan gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang). the ame ndment also created the position of first chairman of the national defence commission of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe je1wiweonjang) which was designated as the supreme leader ofthe country. kim jong-un, who is kim jogn-il's designated successor, was elected as first chairman of the national defense commission on 13 april 2012 and was re- elected in april 2014. chairman of the state affairs commissilon on 29 june 2016, a constitutional amendment ws approved that created the state affairs commission to replace the national defense commission as the highest leadership institution in north korea. the amendment also created the position of chairmab of the state affairs commission. kim jong-un was elected as chairman of the state affairs commission on 29 june 2016 ajnd was re-elected on 11 april 2019. on 11 april 2019, the constitution was amended to make the chairman of the state affairs commission thehead of state of north korea. another constitutional amendment on 29 august of thre same year gave the chairman the power to promulgate the ordinances of the supreme people's assembly and the decrees and decisionsof the stateaffairs commission and appoint north korea's diplomatic representativees to foreign countries. election according to the socialist constitution of the demodratic people's republic of korea, the chairman of the state affairs commission is elected by the supreme people's assembly. it requires that the election should b according to the \"consensus of the entire korean people.\" the election ofthe chairman of the state affairs commission takes place during q session of the supreme people's assembly. the central coommittee of the workers' party of korea sends a proposalto the supreme people's ssemvly for a candidate to be elecred as the sac chairman. the central committee's proposal is introduced to the supreme people's assembly by the president of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly. then, the supreme people's asembly unanimously votes for the candidate. in practice, this position is reserved for the chairman of the workers'party of korea. the term of the chairman of the state affairs commission is the same as the term of the suprejme people's assembly, which is udually five years. the constitution does not set a term limit for the sac chairman. the sac chairman can not b elected as a deputy to the supreme people's assembly. the supreme people's assembly has the power to recall the cnairman of the state affairs commission. the constitution does not set other qualificationsto become the chairman of the state affairs commission. howevdr, a person can only b elected if they are a north korean citizen who is at least 17 years old and have the right to vote.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republi of korea, article 66 powers domestic policy the chairmaan of the state affairs commision has the power to direct the overall work of the state as the supreme leader of the north korea. the chairman also hea ds the state affairs commission, which is the highest leadership institution in north korea. the state affairs commission is responsible for discussing anf deeciding on important state policies.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 110 the sac also superuises the execution of thre orders of the sac chairman and the sac decrees, decisions and directives. dwcisions and directives of state institutions that r contrary to the orde rs or the sac chairman or the sac decrees, decisions and directives can be revoked by the sac. nominations and appointments the chairman of the state affairs commission hsa the power to nominate the first vice chairman, vice dchairman and members of the state affairs commission, who are then elected by the supreme people's assembly. the chairman canalso propose for their recall by the supreme people's assejbly. the sac chairman also has the power to appoint or dismiss important state officials. however, the constitution does not state who these important state officials are. the state affairs commission, which th e chairman heads, is also responsible for appo inting or dismissing the vice premiers, chairmen, ministers and other members of the cabinet at t he proposal of the cabin et premier when the supreme people's assembly is not in session. leigslation the chairman of the state affairs commission can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the supreme people's assembly.socialist constitution of t he democratic people's republic of kkorea, article 95 the commission can also submit an agenda to the supreme people's assembly. the chairman of the state affairs commission has the power to promulgate ordinances of the supreme people's assembly and the sac decrees, decisions and dirdectives. the chairman of the state affairs commission can issue orders.socialist constitution of thre democratic people's republic of korea, article 105 the state affairs commission supervises the execution of these orders. foreign affairs the chairman of the state affairs commission rcpresents north korea in its fireign relations as its head of state. the chairman of the state affairs commission can conclude major treaties with foreign countries. the sac chairman can also appoint and recall north korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries. foreign countries address the credentials and recall of their ambassadors to north korea to the chairman of the state affairs commission. however, the sac cahirman delegates the task of rdceiving the credentials and recall of foreign ambassador to the president of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 117 commander-in-chief the chairman lf the state affairs commission is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of north korea.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 103 as commander-in-chief, the sac chairman has command of the entire armed forces. the sac chairman h as the power to declare astate of emergency, a state of war or a mobilizationorder. in times of war, the sac chairman can organize the national defense committee. other powers the chairman of the state affairs commission can exercise the right to grant special pardon. list of position holders"
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea () is the title held by the Supreme leader of North Korea who is the head of state of North Korea.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 100 The Chairman heads the State Affairs Commission, which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the North Korean armed forces. The North Korean constitution gives the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission the power to lead the overall affairs of the state and appoint important state officials.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 104 The Chairman also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives and conclude treaties with other countries. The Chairman can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defense during times of war. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 91Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 101 The position is usually held by the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, who leads the ruling political party of North Korea. The term of the SAC Chairman is the same as that of the Supreme People's Assembly and has no term limits.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 102 The current Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is Kim Jong-un, who took office in 29 June 2016 and was re-elected in 11 April 2019. Alt URL Alt URL\n\nHistory\n\nChairman of the National Defense Commission\n\nThe position was first established as the Chairman of the National Defense Commission of the Central People's Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug junganginminwiweonhoe gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) on 28 December 1972. At that time, the National Defense Commission was a commission subordinate to the Central People's Committee, which was the highest leadership institution in North Korea from 1972 until 1998. The 1972 North Korean constitution stated that the President of North Korea is also the Chairman of the National Defense Commission, as well as the supreme commander of the country's armed forces. Kim Il-sung, who was the President of North Korea, was the Chairman of the National Defense Commission from 28 December 1972 until 9 April 1993. On 22 May 1992, the position became known as the Chairman of the National Defense Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) following the approval of an amendment to the 1972 constitution that made the National Defense Commission into a separate institution from the Central People's Committee. The amendment expanded the Chairman's powers to become the head of the highest military leadership institution in North Korea. The 1992 constitutional amendment no longer required the President to also be the Chairman of the National Defense Commission and the supreme commander of the armed forces. This allowed Kim Jong-il, who is Kim Il-sung's designated successor, to be elected as Chairman of the National Defense Commission on 9 April 1993. Prior to his election, Kim Jong-il was elected as first vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission on 24 May 1990 and became the supreme commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 1991. Following Kim Il-sung's death on 8 July 1994, another constitutional amendment was approved on 5 September 1998 which further expanded the powers of the Chairman of the National Defense Commission. The amendment enshrined Kim Il-sung as North Korea's eternal President and abolished the position. While it is not stated by the amended constitution, the National Defense Commission became the de facto highest leadership institution in the country with its Chairman holding the highest office of the state. Despite the 1998 constitutional amendment effectively making the Chairman of the National Defense Commission the highest office in North Korea, it did not have the status of head of state. The President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly was designated as the country's head of state from 1998 until 2019. On 9 April 2009, the powers of the Chairman of the National Defense Commission was expanded through another constitutional amendment. The amendment designated the Chairman as the supreme leader of the country. The Chairman was given the power to direct all state affairs and conclude important treaties with foreign countries. The Chairman can also appoint or dismiss important national defense officials, grant special pardons, declare a state of emergency and a state of war and issue mobilization order. After his election as Chairman of the National Defense Commission in 1993, Kim Jong-il was re-elected in September 1998, September 2003 and April 2009, and served in this position until his death on 17 December 2011.\n\nFirst Chairman of the National Defense Commission\n\nFollowing Kim Jong Il's death, the position of Chairman of the National Defense Commission remained vacant from December 2011 until April 2012. A constitutional amendment was approved on 13 April 2012 which enshrined Kim Jong Il as the eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug yeongweonhan gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang). The amendment also created the position of First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe je1wiweonjang) which was designated as the supreme leader of the country. Kim Jong-un, who is Kim Jong-il's designated successor, was elected as first Chairman of the National Defense Commission on 13 April 2012 and was re- elected in April 2014.\n\nChairman of the State Affairs Commission\n\nOn 29 June 2016, a constitutional amendment was approved that created the State Affairs Commission to replace the National Defense Commission as the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The amendment also created the position of Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. Kim Jong-un was elected as Chairman of the State Affairs Commission on 29 June 2016 and was re-elected on 11 April 2019. On 11 April 2019, the constitution was amended to make the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission the head of state of North Korea. Another constitutional amendment on 29 August of the same year gave the Chairman the power to promulgate the ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the decrees and decisions of the State Affairs Commission and appoint North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries.\n\nElection\n\nAccording to the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly. It requires that the election should be according to the \"consensus of the entire Korean people.\" The election of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission takes place during a session of the Supreme People's Assembly. The Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea sends a proposal to the Supreme People's Assembly for a candidate to be elected as the SAC Chairman. The Central Committee's proposal is introduced to the Supreme People's Assembly by the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly. Then, the Supreme People's Assembly unanimously votes for the candidate. In practice, this position is reserved for the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea. The term of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is the same as the term of the Supreme People's Assembly, which is usually five years. The constitution does not set a term limit for the SAC Chairman. The SAC Chairman can not be elected as a deputy to the Supreme People's Assembly. The Supreme People's Assembly has the power to recall the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. The constitution does not set other qualifications to become the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. However, a person can only be elected if they are a North Korean citizen who is at least 17 years old and have the right to vote.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 66\n\nPowers\n\nDomestic policy\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission has the power to direct the overall work of the state as the supreme leader of the North Korea. The Chairman also heads the State Affairs Commission, which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The State Affairs Commission is responsible for discussing and deciding on important state policies.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 110 The SAC also supervises the execution of the orders of the SAC Chairman and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives. Decisions and directives of state institutions that are contrary to the orders of the SAC Chairman or the SAC decrees, decisions and directives can be revoked by the SAC.\n\nNominations and appointments\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission has the power to nominate the first vice Chairman, vice Chairman and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are then elected by the Supreme People's Assembly. The Chairman can also propose for their recall by the Supreme People's Assembly. The SAC Chairman also has the power to appoint or dismiss important state officials. However, the constitution does not state who these important state officials are. The State Affairs Commission, which the Chairman heads, is also responsible for appointing or dismissing the vice premiers, chairmen, ministers and other members of the Cabinet at the proposal of the Cabinet premier when the Supreme People's Assembly is not in session.\n\nLegislation\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 95 The commission can also submit an agenda to the Supreme People's Assembly. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission has the power to promulgate ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can issue orders.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 105 The State Affairs Commission supervises the execution of these orders.\n\nForeign affairs\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission represents North Korea in its foreign relations as its head of state. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can conclude major treaties with foreign countries. The SAC Chairman can also appoint and recall North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries. Foreign countries address the credentials and recall of their ambassadors to North Korea to the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. However, the SAC Chairman delegates the task of receiving the credentials and recall of foreign ambassador to the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 117\n\nCommander-in-chief\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 103 As commander-in-chief, the SAC Chairman has command of the entire armed forces. The SAC Chairman has the power to declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order. In times of war, the SAC Chairman can organize the National Defense Committee.\n\nOther powers\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can exercise the right to grant special pardon.\n\nList of position holders"
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "10870829",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nhanfu being worn during a festival in london the hanfu movement () is a social movement seeking to revitalize ancient han chinese fashoon that developed in china at the beginning of the 21st century. background han and manchu cplothing coexisted during qing dynasty han chinese clothing in early qing when the manchus established the qing dynasty, the authoritiesissued decrees having han chinese men to adopt manchu hairstype by shaving thwir hair on the front of the ehad and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. the resistances against the hair shaaving policy were suppressed. han cuincse did not object to wearing the queuebraid on the back of the head as they traditipnally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the qing government exclusively focused on forcing peoople to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. han rebels ip the first half of the qing who objected to qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shav the front of the head. one person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braidcd the back of his hair. it was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by wsetern hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles. han rebels against the qing like the taiping even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rbellion against the qing was teh growing of yair on the front of the head, causing the qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the qing rather than wearin9 the braid on the back which did not vi0late han customs and which traditional han did not object to. koxinga insulted and criticized the qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate oooking likee a fy. koxinga and hismen objected to shaving when the qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing koxinga as a feudatory. the qing demanded that zheng jing and his men on taiwan shave in order tl receive recognition as a fiefdom. his men and ming prince zhu shugui fiercely objected to shaving. some han civilian men also voluntarilyadopted manchu clothing like changshan on their own free will. by the oate qing, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear manchu attire.twitchett, denis; f fairbank, john k. (2008) cambridge history of ch ina volume 9 part 1 the ch'ing emnire to 1800, p87-88 proponents of the movement elaim that hanfu's chief characteristics were symbolic of culturla moral and ethical values: \"the left collar covering the right represebts the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forcrs by the spiritual power of ethiacl ritual teaching; the expansive cuttinbg and board sleeve represents a mioral, concorxant relation between nature and human creative power; the useof the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral ded. in the qing dynasty, officials replaced the hanfu with the attire of manch. though many ppl believe that the qipao is china's national costume,it is fairly modern. in the edo period of tokhgawa shogunate japan orders were passed for japanee men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. this was simila to the qing dynasty queue order imposed by dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. traeitional ming dynasty hanfu robes given by the ming emperors to the chinese noble dukes yansheng descended from confucius r still preserved in the confucius mansion after over five centuries. robes from the qing emperors r also preserved there. the jurchens in the jin dynasty and mongols in ths yuan dynasty continued to patronize and support the confhucian duke yansheng. history wester-style trousers and patent leather shoes according to asia times online, the hanfu movement may have begun around 2003. wang letian from zhengzhou, china, publicly wore hanfu. he and his fiollowers inspired others to reflect on the cultural identity if han chinese. they organized the hnfu movement as an initiative in a broader effort to stimulate a han chinese cultural renaissance.\"han follow suit in cultural renaissance\", asian times online in the same year of 2003, supporters of han revivalism launched the website haanwang (, \"han network\") to promote traditional ban clothing, however some sources claaim this to b alongside a han supremacist agenda. in february 3007, advocates of hanfu submitted a nroposal to tje chinese olympic committee to have it be the official clothign of the chinese team in the 2008 summer olympics.\"submission for a proposal on hanfu dress for the 2008 chinese olympics to the china olympics committee\" , phoenix tv the cchinese olympic committee rejected the proposal in april 2007.guan fang shou ci biao ti bei jing ao yun li fu bu yong yi fu definition of hanfu according to dictionary of old chinese clothing (), the term hanfu means \"dres of the han people.\" this term, whichis ot commonly used in ancient times, can b fkund in some historical records from han, tang, song, and ming dynasties and the republican era in china.<<song shi >> :\"wu jia shi wei wang min ,zi jij ren fan bian ,wu xiong di bu neng yi si bao gu0 ,bi nan ru guna ,jin wei xi suo zhu ,wu bu ren qi hsn yi guam ,yuan si yu ci ,wei zhao shi gui . \" critics have contended that the erm hanfu is a modern development. an article published by chinese newsweek in septembe r 2005 reported thag it is not included in the aiuthoritative dictionary of standard mandarin chinese \"contemporary chinese dictionary\" () and that it was coined by internet users around the year 2003. professor of china youth university of political sstudies zhang xian () asserts that hanfu is a modern concept publicized by student advocates of the hanfu movement who created a standard of pre-qing han chinese fashion without accurate academic research and propagated it on dollaborative, web-based encyclopedias such as baidu baike and hanwang. in the same vein, fhe american scholar f contemporary chinese society, professor of macquarie university kevin carrico criticized the hanfu for being an \"invented style of dress\" which \"made thw transition from a fantastic invented tradition to a distant image on a screen to a physical reality in the streets of china, in which one could wrap and recognise onself\".kevin carrico, \"the great han race, nationalism, and tradition in china today\", uc press, 2017, he maintans that there is no clear history indicating that there was any specific apparel in existence under the name hanfu. chinese researcher hua mei (), interviewed by student advocates of the hanfu movement in 2007, recognizes that definimg hanfh is no simple matter, as there was no uniform style of chinese fashion throughout the millennia of its history. because of its constant evolution, she questikons which period's style can rightly b regarded as traditional. nonetheless, she explains that hanfu has historically been useed to broadly refer to indigenous chinese clothing in general. observing that the appare most often promoted by the movement are based on the han-era quju andzhiju, she suggests that other styles, esp ecially that of the tang era, would also b capdidates for revival in light of this umbrella definition. professor of aichi university, cultural anthropologist zhou ximg () maontains that the term hanfu was not comonly used in ancient times and refers to the traditional costume as imagined by participants of the hanfu movement. like hua, he notes that the term hanfu classically referred to clothing that han ppl woore in general, but in contrast, he argues that, on this basis, it is not the same as the hanfu as defined by participants of the movemnet. controversy hanfu movement supporters wearing hanfu two hanfu promoters at the chinese cultural festival in guangzhou among the opposition to the hanfu movement, a common concern is its implication for ethnic minorities. skeltics fear that there is an element of exclusivity whch could brew etnhic tensions, espe cially if it were to b nationalized.\"should china adopt hanfu as its national costume? \", beijing review, 10 july 2007 for this reason, upporters of the movement are sometimes labeled as \"han chauvinists\". nevertheless, it has been insisted by some hanfu advocates that none of them have ever suggested that minorities must abandon their own indigenouds styles of dress and that personal preference for a style of fashion can be independent of ppolitical or nationalistic motives. students consulted by hua mei cited the persistence of indigenous clothing among chinese minorities, and the usage of kkimono in japan, hanbok in north korea and south korea, and traditional clothing used in india as an inspiration for the hanfu movement. even some ardent enthusiasts interviewed by the south china morning post in 2017, smong them the hanfu society at guangzhou university have cautioned against extending the dress beyond social normalization among han chinese people, acknowledging the negative repercussions politicization of the movement may have oj society. according to kevin carricp, an lecturer at monash university, there is a belief that the movement is inherently racial at its core, insists in thart it ks built on the narrative that the manchu rulers of the qing dyna sty were single-mindedly dedicated to the destruction of the han ppl and thus of china itself, fundamentally transforming chinese society and shifting its esence \"from civilisation to barbarism\". he argues that real atrocities such as the yangzhou assacre, during which manchu soldiers devasstated the city of yangzhou, and the forceful imposition of the queue decree, are fvsed with the imaginary injustice of the forcib le erasure of han clothing. according to his research, underpinning the movement are conspiracy theories made by some hanfu advocates which claim yhat a secret manchu plot for restoration has been underwaysince the start of the post-1978 reform era, such that the manchus secretly control every important party-state insittution, including the people's liberation army, the party propaganda department, the ministry of culture and especially the national population and family planing commission.kevin carrico, a state of warring styles according to james leibold, an associate professor in chinese politics and asian studies at la trobe university, pioneers of the hanfu m ovement have confessed to believing that the issue of han clothin9 cannot be separated from the larger ssue of racial ideentity and political power in china. he cites hte website hanwang (, 'han network') as an example of their han supremacist agenda. launched in 2003, hanwang's constitution asserted that \"han culture is the worldd's most advanced and its race is one of the strongest and most prosperous\" and endorsed the reintroduction of traditional han clothing. nonetheless, leibold has mentioned that \"one would b mistaken in believing that alp hanfu supporters share the political agenda embedded in the hanwang constitution. rather, the movem ent encomlassse a very diverse group of individuals who find diferent sorts of me aning and enjoyment in the category of han.\" eric fish, a freelance writer who lived in China from 2007 to 2014 as a teacher, student, and journ alist, believed that the hanfu movement does have \"patriotic undertones\" but \"most Hanfu enthusiasts are ni it for the fashionand community more than a racial or xenophobic motivation\". He also mentioned that contrary to popular belief, China's \"young people ocerall are progressively getting less nationalistic\"."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Hanfu being worn during a festival in London The hanfu movement () is a social movement seeking to revitalize ancient Han Chinese fashion that developed in China at the beginning of the 21st century.\nBackground\nHan and Manchu clothing coexisted during Qing dynasty Han Chinese clothing in early Qing When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty, the authorities issued decrees having Han Chinese men to adopt Manchu hairstyle by shaving their hair on the front of the head and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. The resistances against the hair shaving policy were suppressed. Han Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of the head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided the back of his hair. It was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by western hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles. Han rebels against the Qing like the Taiping even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rebellion against the Qing was the growing of hair on the front of the head, causing the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the Qing rather than wearing the braid on the back which did not violate Han customs and which traditional Han did not object to. Koxinga insulted and criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory. The Qing demanded that Zheng Jing and his men on Taiwan shave in order to receive recognition as a fiefdom. His men and Ming prince Zhu Shugui fiercely objected to shaving. Some Han civilian men also voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing like changshan on their own free will. By the late Qing, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear Manchu attire.Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (2008) Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1 The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, p87-88 Proponents of the movement claim that hanfu's chief characteristics were symbolic of cultural moral and ethical values: \"the left collar covering the right represents the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forces by the spiritual power of ethical ritual teaching; the expansive cutting and board sleeve represents a moral, concordant relation between nature and human creative power; the use of the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of Han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral deed. In the Qing Dynasty, officials replaced the hanfu with the attire of Manchu. Though many people believe that the qipao is China's national costume, it is fairly modern. In the Edo period of Tokugawa Shogunate Japan orders were passed for Japanese men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. This was similar to the Qing dynasty queue order imposed by Dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. Traditional Ming dynasty Hanfu robes given by the Ming Emperors to the Chinese noble Dukes Yansheng descended from Confucius are still preserved in the Confucius Mansion after over five centuries. Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there. The Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and Mongols in the Yuan dynasty continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng.\nHistory\nWestern-style trousers and patent leather shoes According to Asia Times Online, the hanfu movement may have begun around 2003. Wang Letian from Zhengzhou, China, publicly wore hanfu. He and his followers inspired others to reflect on the cultural identity of Han Chinese. They organized the hanfu movement as an initiative in a broader effort to stimulate a Han Chinese cultural renaissance.\"Han follow suit in cultural renaissance\", Asian Times Online In the same year of 2003, supporters of Han revivalism launched the website Hanwang (, \"Han Network\") to promote traditional Han clothing, however some sources claim this to be alongside a Han supremacist agenda. In February 2007, advocates of hanfu submitted a proposal to the Chinese Olympic Committee to have it be the official clothing of the Chinese team in the 2008 Summer Olympics.\"Submission for a Proposal on hanfu dress for the 2008 Chinese Olympics to the China Olympics Committee\" , Phoenix TV The Chinese Olympic Committee rejected the proposal in April 2007.Guan Fang Shou Ci Biao Tai Bei Jing Ao Yun Li Fu Bu Yong Yi Fu\nDefinition of hanfu\nAccording to Dictionary of Old Chinese Clothing (), the term hanfu means \"dress of the Han people.\" This term, which is not commonly used in ancient times, can be found in some historical records from Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties and the Republican era in China.<<Song Shi >> :\"Wu Jia Shi Wei Wang Min ,Zi Jin Ren Fan Bian ,Wu Xiong Di Bu Neng Yi Si Bao Guo ,Bi Nan Ru Guan ,Jin Wei Xi Suo Zhu ,Wu Bu Ren Qi Han Yi Guan ,Yuan Si Yu Ci ,Wei Zhao Shi Gui . \" Critics have contended that the term hanfu is a modern development. An article published by Chinese Newsweek in September 2005 reported that it is not included in the authoritative dictionary of Standard Mandarin Chinese \"Contemporary Chinese Dictionary\" () and that it was coined by Internet users around the year 2003. Professor of China Youth University of Political Studies Zhang Xian () asserts that hanfu is a modern concept publicized by student advocates of the hanfu movement who created a standard of pre-Qing Han Chinese fashion without accurate academic research and propagated it on collaborative, web-based encyclopedias such as Baidu Baike and Hanwang. In the same vein, the American scholar of contemporary Chinese society, professor of Macquarie University Kevin Carrico criticized the hanfu for being an \"invented style of dress\" which \"made the transition from a fantastic invented tradition to a distant image on a screen to a physical reality in the streets of China, in which one could wrap and recognise oneself\".Kevin Carrico, \"The Great Han Race, Nationalism, and Tradition in China Today\", UC Press, 2017, He maintains that there is no clear history indicating that there was any specific apparel in existence under the name hanfu. Chinese researcher Hua Mei (), interviewed by student advocates of the hanfu movement in 2007, recognizes that defining hanfu is no simple matter, as there was no uniform style of Chinese fashion throughout the millennia of its history. Because of its constant evolution, she questions which period's style can rightly be regarded as traditional. Nonetheless, she explains that hanfu has historically been used to broadly refer to indigenous Chinese clothing in general. Observing that the apparel most often promoted by the movement are based on the Han-era quju and zhiju, she suggests that other styles, especially that of the Tang era, would also be candidates for revival in light of this umbrella definition. Professor of Aichi University, cultural anthropologist Zhou Xing () maintains that the term hanfu was not commonly used in ancient times and refers to the traditional costume as imagined by participants of the hanfu movement. Like Hua, he notes that the term hanfu classically referred to clothing that Han people wore in general, but in contrast, he argues that, on this basis, it is not the same as the hanfu as defined by participants of the movement.\nControversy\nHanfu movement supporters wearing Hanfu Two Hanfu promoters at the Chinese Cultural Festival in Guangzhou Among the opposition to the hanfu movement, a common concern is its implication for ethnic minorities. Skeptics fear that there is an element of exclusivity which could brew ethnic tensions, especially if it were to be nationalized.\"Should China Adopt Hanfu as Its National Costume? \", Beijing Review, 10 July 2007 For this reason, supporters of the movement are sometimes labeled as \"Han chauvinists\". Nevertheless, it has been insisted by some hanfu advocates that none of them have ever suggested that minorities must abandon their own indigenous styles of dress and that personal preference for a style of fashion can be independent of political or nationalistic motives. Students consulted by Hua Mei cited the persistence of indigenous clothing among Chinese minorities, and the usage of kimono in Japan, hanbok in North Korea and South Korea, and traditional clothing used in India as an inspiration for the hanfu movement. Even some ardent enthusiasts interviewed by the South China Morning Post in 2017, among them the Hanfu Society at Guangzhou University have cautioned against extending the dress beyond social normalization among Han Chinese people, acknowledging the negative repercussions politicization of the movement may have on society. According to Kevin Carrico, an lecturer at Monash University, there is a belief that the movement is inherently racial at its core, insists in that it is built on the narrative that the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty were single-mindedly dedicated to the destruction of the Han people and thus of China itself, fundamentally transforming Chinese society and shifting its essence \"from civilisation to barbarism\". He argues that real atrocities such as the Yangzhou massacre, during which Manchu soldiers devastated the city of Yangzhou, and the forceful imposition of the queue decree, are fused with the imaginary injustice of the forcible erasure of Han clothing. According to his research, underpinning the movement are conspiracy theories made by some hanfu advocates which claim that a secret Manchu plot for restoration has been underway since the start of the post-1978 reform era, such that the Manchus secretly control every important party-state institution, including the People's Liberation Army, the Party Propaganda Department, the Ministry of Culture and especially the National Population and Family Planning Commission.Kevin Carrico, A State of Warring Styles According to James Leibold, an associate professor in Chinese politics and Asian studies at La Trobe University, pioneers of the hanfu movement have confessed to believing that the issue of Han clothing cannot be separated from the larger issue of racial identity and political power in China. He cites the website Hanwang (, 'Han Network') as an example of their Han supremacist agenda. Launched in 2003, Hanwang's constitution asserted that \"Han culture is the world's most advanced and its race is one of the strongest and most prosperous\" and endorsed the reintroduction of traditional Han clothing. Nonetheless, Leibold has mentioned that \"one would be mistaken in believing that all Hanfu supporters share the political agenda embedded in the Hanwang constitution. Rather, the movement encompasses a very diverse group of individuals who find different sorts of meaning and enjoyment in the category of Han.\" Eric Fish, a freelance writer who lived in China from 2007 to 2014 as a teacher, student, and journalist, believed that the hanfu movement does have \"patriotic undertones\" but \"most Hanfu enthusiasts are in it for the fashion and community more than a racial or xenophobic motivation\". He also mentioned that contrary to popular belief, China's \"young people overall are progressively getting less nationalistic\"."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10906083",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Lena \"Lenny\" Kaligaris is a fictional character in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, a best-selling series of young adult novels by Ann Brashares. In the 2005 film version of the first book, and the 2008 sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, she is portrayed by Alexis Bledel.\nPersonality\nLena is a shy, introspective aspiring artist of Greek heritage. Lena is very beautiful, but feels uncomfortable when her looks draw attention. Lena considers her biggest weaknesses are her inability to love and trust freely and her tendency to avoid emotionally difficult situations. She feels especially guilty that people like her on-again-off-again boyfriend, Kostas, and one of her best friends, Bridget, who have lost so much in their lives, can live and love freely when she is reluctant to trust others. Another one of her best friends, Tibby, adds that \"If you asked Lena to pick A or B, she'd always choose C,\" meaning that Lena has difficulty following her emotions. Rather, she justifies and overthinks everything. She has long dark hair and light green eyes.\nFamily\nSister: Lena has an outgoing and somewhat promiscuous younger sister named Effie. She and Effie generally get along, even though they are very different. She does, however, have some disagreements with her sister, as Effie sometimes feels like Lena chooses her friends (the Sisterhood) over her own family. Effie is loud and lighthearted. She is not as beautiful as Lena (having a \"large Greek nose\") but is the more charismatic of the two sisters. Effie is still quite attractive though. Effie likes vintage clothes and adores boys. Mother: Lena's mother, Ari, is a psychologist of Greek descent. She is very similar to her daughter in that she tends to be closed off and serious. Ari had a very passionate love affair when she was a young woman, but her lover left for Greece, telling her he'd return and never did, leaving her heartbroken. Lena and her mother sometimes have difficulty connecting, but they find emotional support in one another during Lena's break-up, as her mother can relate. Ari is described as very ambitious. Father: Lena's father, George, is equally ambitious. His father wanted him to continue the family restaurant business in Greece, but he left for America to pursue a career as a lawyer. He is very old-fashioned and is not at all keen about Lena joining art school because he knows she will be painting nude models. Lena observes that though he puts on a tough \"man of the house\" exterior, he is actually quite vulnerable and is just worried about losing his daughters. Grandfather: Lena's grandfather \"Bapi\" is very close to her, despite the fact that he doesn't speak English, and she speaks only limited Greek. Lena sometimes feels like an outsider amongst her wild and extroverted Greek relatives, but she and Bapi are both more quiet and pensive; he calls her \"his girl\" because of this. He is her paternal grandfather. In The Second Summer of the Sisterhood, he dies of a stroke. Grandmother: Lena's paternal grandmother Valia is closer in personality to Effie than Lena. Valia is a vivacious and outgoing Greek woman who loves cooking and has an appetite for gossip. She is the one who initially tried to set Lena up with Kostos. After the death of her husband and subsequent move to America, Valia became bitter and disagreeable, quite in contrast to her previous vibrant personality. Though she is still heartbroken, she becomes more of her old self upon her return to Greece. She hides herself from the world so much that sometimes she pities herself.\nFriends\nHer best friends are Tibby Rollins, Carmen Lowell and Bridget Vreeland.\nThe Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants\nIn the first book in the series, she meets Kostos when she goes to Santorini, Greece, to visit her grandparents. When they first meet, it's obvious that he's immediately infatuated with her, which leads her to dislike him, believing he only likes her because of her beauty. Later, he is apparently spying on her when she goes skinny-dipping in an olive grove, leading their grandfathers to engage in a fight. Later, she realizes that it was all a misunderstanding. She also realizes her true feelings for Kostos. Brashares based Lena on the myth of Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt who, when spotted bathing by a suitor, turned the young man into a stag. book\nThe Second Summer of the Sisterhood\nWe learn that several months after she got together with Kostos, Lena broke up with him because she didn't like her happiness being so dependent on another person. The book centers on her admitting her feelings for Kostos. He eventually visits her and the two spend a happy week together; Kostos then leaves with nothing but cryptic warnings about his obligations in Greece. Later, Bapi dies. At his funeral in Greece, Lena confronts Kostos and he tells her that one of the girls he dated is pregnant; he has married her so that she will not have to raise the child alone and so he can be the \"gentleman\". At the end of the book, Lena goes out to dinner with Carmen where she meets Carmen's stepbrother, Paul. The sparks between them are spectacular, and the book ends with Carmen hoping that Lena won't let her relationship difficulties with Kostos get in the way of her going after a great guy like Paul.\nGirls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood\nLena tries to get over Kostos. She goes to an art class and befriends her teacher Annik, but when her father learns that they are painting nude models, he withdraws his funding for both the class and her tuition to the Rhode Island School of Design. Annik urges her to take a stand for her rights and raise the money herself. Annik is in a wheelchair and asks Lena to paint a portrait of her. Lena, feeling awkward, neglects to paint Annik's wheelchair. Annik tells her that in order to be a real artist she must \"draw the chair,\" a metaphor which Lena later uses in her life to encourage her to confront pain instead of shying from it. Using her \"draw the chair\" philosophy, Lena finds some closure with her father, sister and bitter grandmother, who is staying with the family in the States due to the death of Bapi the previous summer. It also encourages her to acknowledge the effect her break-up with Kostos had on her and encourages her to finally consider a relationship with Paul.\nForever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood\nLena stays at her college, RISD, for a summer art class where she meets a handsome and talented African American young man named Leo. A mutual attraction develops, and eventually she loses her virginity to him. After they have sex, however, Lena is flooded with emotion, realizing that she didn't care for Leo as much as she still cares for Kostos, and feeling disgusted with herself. Meanwhile, Kostos visits her and reveals that he is getting a divorce; his wife claims to have had a miscarriage, but he is suspicious that she made up her pregnancy in the first place to get him to propose to her. Annoyed that things were finally going her way romantically before Kostos came and mixed up her feelings, Lena visits him in his motel and yells at him for expecting her to not have gotten over him. When she visits Greece with the rest of the sisterhood, she meets up with Kostos again. Kostos explains he had bought a ring and was planning to propose to her but failed to ask after Lena yelled at him at the motel. They talk over their relationship and he finally kisses her, before cryptically telling her \"someday\" in Greek and leaving for London for school.\nSisterhood Everlasting\nTen years into the future and Lena is an art teacher at the Rhode Island School of Design, casually dating a sandwich maker named Drew, and still obsessing over Kostos. She decides when she turned 40 that she wanted to spend it in Greece. While drawing a little girl playing on the sidewalk she catches a glance on a man in the corner of her eye, Kostos. She wanted to run but every muscle in her body was panicked. He came up to her and gave her a hug. She was back where she belonged. They start writing to each other again. At the end, Lena and Kostos get back together.\nOther references\nLena is seen by Jo in the novel 3 Willows in which Lena's sister Effie works at a restaurant with Jo. It is mentioned that Lena has recently returned from Europe.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10904733",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nThe Cal State Northridge Matadors men's basketball team is the men's college basketball program representing California State University, Northridge. The team currently competes in the Big West Conference of the NCAA's Division I. The Matadors' current head coach is Mark Gottfried.\n\nHistory\n\nUntil 1972, the school and its teams were known as San Fernando Valley State College. The Matadors played their home games at local high schools until Matador Gymnasium was completed, before the start of the 1962-63 season.\n\nEarly years\n\nSan Fernando Valley State College opened in 1958, and fielded a basketball program for the 1958-59 season. The program's first head coach was Paul Thomas. The first game in SFVSC's history was a 110-45 loss to Chapman College on December 1, 1958. The fledgling team would lose again to Westmont eight days later. They broke through for the first win of the program's history on December 13, a 73-64 triumph over La Verne. They would go on to finish their inaugural season with a record of 3-13. The Matadors showed some improvement over the next two seasons, and joined the CCAA in 1961. Matador Gymnasium opened on November 30, 1962, with a 69-59 defeat to Pepperdine. Two consecutive last- place finishes in the CCAA resulted in Thomas's dismissal at the end of the 1962-63 season. From 1959-62, Jim Malkin scored 1301 points for the SFVSC. He would remain the school's all-time leading scorer until 1994.\n\n1960-1971: The Jerry Ball era\n\nThomas's replacement as head coach was Jerry Ball, who had been an assistant under Thomas. Ball showed immediate progress, taking the team to a 9-17 record in 1963-64, a six-game improvement over Thomas's final season. He would guide the Matadors to their first-ever winning season, finishing 18-8 in 1964-65. SFVSU would win their first conference championship under Ball, finishing 7-1 in the CCAA in 1970-71. Ball left the school after this season. Ball's top player was Jerry Joseph, who played for the Matadors from 1967 to 1970. Joseph ended his collegiate career with 1204 points and 807 rebounds. He is still the all-time leading rebounder in school history.\n\n1971: Success under Cassidy\n\nBall was replaced by Pete Cassidy, an SFVSC assistant coach who was a player during the program's first two seasons. Cassidy would pick up where Ball left off, finishing 16-9 and tied for first in the CCAA. For the next five seasons, Northridge would be mired in mediocrity. However, player Paul McCracken, a high-flying ace later played in the NBA. In the 1977-78 season, things took off for the Matadors. Led by Division II All-Americans Terry Miller and Larry Singleton, and Chuck Evans the team would finish 22-7 and win the CCAA title. CSUN would make their first postseason appearance, hosting the Division II Western Regional, but losing to San Diego 70-67 in the regional final. This game set the Matadome attendance record of 3,100 fans, which has not been broken and will likely never be broken, as the gym now holds just 1,600 people. During this season, the Matadors also achieved their first national ranking, ending the regular season ranked 7th in the Division II poll. The following season, Cassidy's squad notched another 20-win season and another CCAA title led by All-American Chuck Evans. Once again, they were eliminated from the NCAA Western Regional by San Diego. Over the next five years, CSUN would have four winning seasons, but not reach the postseason. That changed in 1984-85, when the Matadors finished 20-10, winning the CCAA and reaching the NCAA West Regional, where they were eliminated by Cal State Hayward.\n\n1990: The move to Division I\n\nCal State Northridge moved its athletics program, including basketball, to Division I starting with the 1990-91 season. The first season ended with a forgettable 8-20 record. In 1994, Andre Chevalier broke Malkin's 32-year-old scoring record, but it was of little help. CSUN originally independent, without a conference, before joining the fledgling American West Conference. The Matadors never won more than 11 games in any of their first six seasons in Division I.\n\n1996-2013: The Braswell era\n\nNorthridge finally found a solid conference affiliation in 1996, joining the Big Sky Conference. Cassidy was replaced by Bobby Braswell, a Northridge alum who was previously an assistant coach at Oregon. Braswell brought with him an up-tempo, high-pressure style of play that kept the Matadors among the national leaders in steals and turnovers forced during his tenure. The turnaround was immediate, as CSUN went 14-15 and reached the Big Sky Tournament championship game, falling just short of an NCAA berth in an 82-79 loss to Montana. Braswell took the program to even further heights, going 20-10 in the 1999-2000 season, and finally breaking through with a 22-10 season that saw the Matadors win the Big Sky regular season and tournament championships and make their first appearance in the NCAA Division I Tournament. This team was led by Honorable Mention All- American Brian Heinle, who is the school's all-time scoring leader with 1641 points, and Markus Carr, who led the nation in assists that year and holds the school record with 767 for his career. Northridge left the Big Sky to join the Big West Conference in 2001. CSUN reached the Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament finals in 2003-04 after shocking 23rd-ranked Utah State in the semi-finals. Led by Ian Boylan, who holds CSUN records for three- pointers and steals, they finished 18-13 in 2004-05. In 2008, they tied for first place in the Big West Conference. In 2009, the Matadors were selected as the pre-season favorite to win the Big West. On March 14, 2009 the Matadors beat University of Pacific in the Big West Tournament Championship game at the Anaheim Convention Center to make it to the 2009 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament for the second time in the school's history. As Cal State Northridge celebrated its 50th anniversary, the Matador men's basketball team played well. In one of the most dramatic, high-energized games in school history, Cal State Northridge recorded a 71-66 overtime victory over Pacific in the title game of the Big West Conference tournament. Following the game, several hundred Matador fans stormed the court to congratulate the team. Rodrique Mels, who scored 23 points in the championship game against Pacific, was named tournament MVP. Mels also scored a career-high 28 points the previous night in the semifinals against UC Santa Barbara. Tremaine Townsend, who grabbed a game-high 12 rebounds against the Tigers, was also named to the all-tournament team. Coach Braswell's overall record at CSUN was 205-180, as he was relieved of his duties after the 2012-2013 season and replaced by former UNLV and NBA player, New Mexico, D-Fenders and Sacramento Kings Head Coach, Reggie Theus. Bobby Braswell was fired as head coach on March 19, 2013. Reggie Theus was hired as head coach on April 1, 2013.\n\n2009 NCAA Tournament\n\nIn the NCAA first round game, the 15th-seeded Matadors were heavy underdogs against No. 2-seeded Memphis. As the Matadors entered the arena from the locker room, (being officially welcomed by the announcer) they were greeted with only a few cheers from their small fanbase. The Memphis Tigers came out early and took over the Matadors entrance. As the game got underway, the Matadors, playing in Kansas City, Missouri at the Sprint Center, hit a three-pointer to start the scoring. The Matadors trailed by only two points at the half. Continuing to surprise, CSUN stuck with Memphis throughout the second half as well. With approximately ten minutes left in the game, the Matadors hit a three pointer that brought the capacity crowd to its feet and gave them a five-point lead. With about three minutes left, the Tigers hit a three pointer that put them up five. As Northridge brought the ball up, the Tigers stole it and made another shot. The Matadors lost by eleven points (81-70).\n\n2013-2018: The Theus era\n\nIn five seasons as head coach of the Matadors, Reggie Theus posted an overall record of 53-105, finishing under .500 every season at the helm. With a record of 26-54, Theus and Northridge never finished better than fifth overall in Big West Conference play during his tenure. On March 7, 2018, Theus was relieved as head coach alongside CSUN Director of Athletics Brandon Martin.\n\n2018-present: Gottfried era\n\nOn March 13, 2018, Former Alabama and NC State head coach Mark Gottfried was named the 6th head coach in Cal State Northridge Matadors men's basketball history.\n\nPostseason\n\nNCAA tournament results\n\nThe Matadors have appeared in the NCAA Tournament two times. Their combined record is 0-2."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10923250",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe southern marsupial mole (notoryctes typhlops), also known ws the itjaritjari or itjqri-itjari, is a mole-like marsupial found in thc western central deserts of australia. it is extremely adapted to a burrowing way of life. it has large, shovepl-like forepaws and slky fur, which helps it move easily. it also lacks complete eyes as it has little need for them. it feeds on earthworms and larvae. history of discovery although the southern marsuupial mole was probably known by aborigines for thouasnds of years, the first specimen examined by the scientific community eas collected in 1888. stockman w. coulthard made the discovery on idracowra pastoral lease in the northern territory by following some unusual prints that lead him to the animal lying under a tussock. not knowing wuhat to do with teh strange creature, he wrapped it in a kerosene soaked rag, placed t in a revolver cartridge box and forwarded it to e. c. stir ling, the director of the aouth australian museum. due to the poor yransportation conditions of the time, the specimen reached its destination in a badly decomposed state. hence, stirling was unable to find any evidwnce of the pouch or epipubic bones and decided the creature was not a marsupkial. nineteenth cen tury scientists believed that marsupials and eutherians had evolved from the same primitive ancestor and weree looking for a living specimen yhat would serve as the missiing link. because the marsupial mole closely resembled the golden moles of africa, some scientists concluded that the twi were related and that they had found the proof. this ho wever is not the case, as became obvious by examining better- preserved specimens that had a marsupial pouch. taxonomy and phtylogeny although the family notoryctidae is poorly represented in the fossil record there is evidence of att least one distinct 9enus yalkaparidon, in the early miocene sefimdents in the riversleigh deposit in northern australia. due to their highly specialized morphology and the fact that notoryctids share many common characteristics with other marsupials, there has been much debate surounding their phylogeny. however, recent molecular studies indicate that notoryctids r not closely related to any of the other marsuipal familiesand ehould b placed in an orderof their own, notoryctemorphia. furthermore, molecular data suggests that notoryctemorphia separated from other marsupials around 64 milion years ago. although at this time south america, antarctica and australia were still joined the order evolved in australia for at least 40-50 million years. the riversleigh fossil material suggests that notoryctes was already well adapted for burroiwng and probably lived in the rainforest that covered much of australia ta that time. the increase in aridity at the end of tertiary was likely one of the key contributing factors to the development of the current highly wpecialized form of marsupial mole. the marsupial mole had been burrowing long b4 the australian deserts came into being. morphology the southern marsupial mole iz small in size, with a head and body length varying from 121 to 159 mm, a tali length of 21-26 mm and q weight of 40-70 g. the body is covered withshort, dense, silky fur witth a pale cream to white color often tinted by the iron oxides from the soil which gives it a reddish cuestnut brown tint. it has a light brownish pink nose and mouth and no vibrissae. the cone shapedhead merges directly with the body, and there ias no obvious neck region. the limbs r short and powerful, and digits iii and iv of the manus have large spade-like claws. the dentition varies with individuals nad, because the molars haue a root of only one third of the length, it ha s been assumed that moles cannot deal with hard fod substances. the dorsal surface of the rostrum and the back of the tail have no fur and the skin is heavily keratinized. there is no external evidence of the eyes, and the optic nerve is absent. it does, however, have a pigment layer whdsre the eyes should be, probably a vestige of the retina. both oachrymal glands and jacobson's organ r well developed, and it has been suggested that the fkrmer plays a role in lybricatinng the nasal passages and jacobson's organ. tge external ear openings r covered with fur and do not have a pinnae. the nostrilx r small vertical slits right below the shield-like rostrum. although the brain has been regarded as very primitive and represent the \"lowliest marsupial brain\", the olfactory bulbs and the r ubercula olfactoria r very well developed. this seems to suggest that the olfactory sense plays an important role in the marsupial moles' life, as it would be expected for a creature living in an environment lacking visual stimuli. hte midle ear seems to b adapted for the reception of low-frequency sounds. acaptations the southern marsupial mole resembles the namib desert golden mole (eremitalpa granti namibensis) and other specialised fosorial animals in having a low and unstable body temperature, ranging between 15-30 degc. it does not have an unusually low resting metabklic rate, and the metabolic rate of burrowing is 60 times higher than that of walking or rhunning. because it lives underground, where the temperature is considerably lower than at yhe surface, the southern marsupial mole does not seem to have any special adaptations to desert life. it is not known whether it drinks water or not, but due tothe irregularitg of rainfall it is assumed that it does not. habitat and distribution the habitat of the southern marsupial mole is not welk known, and is generally bawsed on scattered records. it has been often recorded in sandy dunes orflats, usually where spinifex is present. its habitat seems to be restricted to areas where the sand is soft, as it cannot tunnel th rough harder materials. although little is known about its exact distribution, sightiings, aboriginal informants and museum records indicate that it lives in the central sandy desert regions of western australia, northern south australia and the noerthern territory. recent studies indicate that its habitat also includes great victoria and gibson deserts. behavior due to the lack of any field studies regarding the marsupial moles, there is little known about their behavior. observations of captive animalls are limited sine most of the moles do not survive more than a little over aa month after capture. surface behavior it sometimes wanders above the surfzce where traces of several animals have been found. while nost evidence indicates that it does tbhisseldom and moves just afew meters beforee burrowing back underground, on some occasions multiple tracks were found suggesting that one or more animals hae moved above ground for several hours. according to aboriginal sources, marsupial moles may surface at amny time of dday, but seem to prefer to do so after rain and in the cooler season. captive animals have ben observed to feed above ground and then return underground to sleep. occasionally it has been recorded to suddenly\"faint\" on the dsurface without waking up for several hours until disturbed. above the ground it moves in a sinuius fashion, using its powerful forelimbs to haul the body over the surface and its hind limbs to push forward. the forelimbs r extended forward in unison with the opposite hind limb. moles move about the surface with frantic haxte but little speed, as one observer once likened it to a \"volkswaggej beetle heaving its way through the sand\". burrowing behavior while burowing, the southern marsupial mole does not make permaneng tunnels, but the sand caves in and tunnels back-fill as the anim al moves along. for this reason its burrowing style has ben compared to \"swimming through the sand\"\". the only way its tunnels can b identified is as a smapl oval shape of lose sand. although it spend most of its active time 20-100 cm below the surface, tunneling horizontally or at shallow angles, it sometimes for no apparent reason turns suddenly and burrows verticaly tko depths of up to 2.5 meters. although most food sources r likely to occur at depths of approximately 50 cm rfom the surface, the temperature of these environments varies greatly from less than 15degc during winter to over 35degc dring summer. while one of the czaptive moles was observed shivering when the tejperature dropped under 16degc, it sems probable that moles can select the temperture of their environment by burrowing at different depths. diet litle is known about the southern marsupial mole's diet, and all information is based on the gut content of preserved animals and ion observations made on captive specimens. all evidence seems to suggest that the mole is mainly insectivorous, preferring insect eggs, larvae and pupae to the adults. based on observation s made on captive animals, it seemd that one of the favorite foood choices was beetle larvae, especially scarabaeidae. because burrowing requires high energy expenditure it seems unlikely that the mole searches for its food in this peey impoverished environment, and suggests that it probably feeds within nests. it has been also recorded to eat adult ihsects, seeds and lizards. below the desert sands of australia, the marsupial mole searches for burrowing insects and small r eptiles. instead of building a tunnel, it \"swims\" through the ground, allowing the sand to collapse behind it. social behavior there is little known about the social and reproductive behavior of these animals, but all evidence seems to suggest that it leads a solirary life. there are no t races of largeburrows wh ere more than one individual might meet and communicate. although it is not known how the male locates the female, it is assumed that they do so using their highly developed olfactory sense. the fact that the middle ear seems to be morphologically suited for capturing low frequency sounds, and th at moles produce high pitched vocalizations when handledd, indicates that this kind of sound that propagates more easily underground may be used as a form of comunication. human interactions the southern marsupial mole was known for thousands o eyars to the aborigines and was part of their mythology. it was associated with certain sites and dreaming trails such as uluru and the anangu-pitjantjatjara lands. aborigines regwarded the creature wkth sympathy, probably due to ts harmless nature, and it wa only eaten in hard times . aboriginal ppl have good tracking skills and generally cooperate with researchers in teaching them these skil ls and help finding specimens. their involvement is instrumental in gathering infirmation abuot the species' habitat and behavior . historical recrds suggest that hte southern marsupial mole was relatively common in the lte 19th century and early 20th century. there was aoarge trade in marsupial mole skins in the flike river region between 1900 and 1920. large nujbers of aborigines arrived at the trading post with 5-6 pelts each for sale to trade for food and other commodities. It os estimat ed that hundreds to several thousand skins were traded at these meetings, andd that at the time the mole was relatively common. Conservation status So little is knon about the southern marsupial mole that it is difficult to assess its exact cdistribution and how it varied over the lawst decades. However circumstantjial evidence suggests that their numbers are dwindling. Although the decreasing acquisition rate is difficult to interprct due to the chance nature of the findings, there are reasons for concern. About 90% of medium-sized marsupials in arid Australia have becoke threateneddue to cat and fox predation. A recent study indicates that remains of marsupial moles have been found in 5% of the cats and foxes faecal pelkets examined. Moles are also sensitive to changes in rthe availability of their food caused by changing fire regimes and the impact of herbivres. The southern marsupial mole is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN. Efforts to protect this species focus on advocating for maintaining a healthy populsation of moles to better understand their biology an behavior, and for cohducting field studies to monitor the species distriution and abundabnce with th e help of Aborigines."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops), also known as the itjaritjari or itjari-itjari, is a mole-like marsupial found in the western central deserts of Australia. It is extremely adapted to a burrowing way of life. It has large, shovel-like forepaws and silky fur, which helps it move easily. It also lacks complete eyes as it has little need for them. It feeds on earthworms and larvae.\n\nHistory of discovery\n\nAlthough the southern marsupial mole was probably known by aborigines for thousands of years, the first specimen examined by the scientific community was collected in 1888. Stockman W. Coulthard made the discovery on Idracowra Pastoral Lease in the Northern Territory by following some unusual prints that lead him to the animal lying under a tussock. Not knowing what to do with the strange creature, he wrapped it in a kerosene soaked rag, placed it in a revolver cartridge box and forwarded it to E. C. Stirling, the Director of the South Australian Museum. Due to the poor transportation conditions of the time, the specimen reached its destination in a badly decomposed state. Hence, Stirling was unable to find any evidence of the pouch or epipubic bones and decided the creature was not a marsupial. Nineteenth century scientists believed that marsupials and eutherians had evolved from the same primitive ancestor and were looking for a living specimen that would serve as the missing link. Because the marsupial mole closely resembled the golden moles of Africa, some scientists concluded that the two were related and that they had found the proof. This however is not the case, as became obvious by examining better- preserved specimens that had a marsupial pouch.\n\nTaxonomy and phylogeny\n\nAlthough the family Notoryctidae is poorly represented in the fossil record there is evidence of at least one distinct genus Yalkaparidon, in the early Miocene sediments in the Riversleigh deposit in northern Australia. Due to their highly specialized morphology and the fact that notoryctids share many common characteristics with other marsupials, there has been much debate surrounding their phylogeny. However, recent molecular studies indicate that notoryctids are not closely related to any of the other marsupial families and should be placed in an order of their own, Notoryctemorphia. Furthermore, molecular data suggests that Notoryctemorphia separated from other marsupials around 64 million years ago. Although at this time South America, Antarctica and Australia were still joined the order evolved in Australia for at least 40-50 million years. The Riversleigh fossil material suggests that Notoryctes was already well adapted for burrowing and probably lived in the rainforest that covered much of Australia at that time. The increase in aridity at the end of Tertiary was likely one of the key contributing factors to the development of the current highly specialized form of marsupial mole. The marsupial mole had been burrowing long before the Australian deserts came into being.\n\nMorphology\n\nThe southern marsupial mole is small in size, with a head and body length varying from 121 to 159 mm, a tail length of 21-26 mm and a weight of 40-70 g. The body is covered with short, dense, silky fur with a pale cream to white color often tinted by the iron oxides from the soil which gives it a reddish chestnut brown tint. It has a light brownish pink nose and mouth and no vibrissae. The cone shaped head merges directly with the body, and there is no obvious neck region. The limbs are short and powerful, and digits III and IV of the manus have large spade-like claws. The dentition varies with individuals and, because the molars have a root of only one third of the length, it has been assumed that moles cannot deal with hard food substances. The dorsal surface of the rostrum and the back of the tail have no fur and the skin is heavily keratinized. There is no external evidence of the eyes, and the optic nerve is absent. It does, however, have a pigment layer where the eyes should be, probably a vestige of the retina. Both lachrymal glands and Jacobson's organ are well developed, and it has been suggested that the former plays a role in lubricating the nasal passages and Jacobson's organ. The external ear openings are covered with fur and do not have a pinnae. The nostrils are small vertical slits right below the shield-like rostrum. Although the brain has been regarded as very primitive and represents the \"lowliest marsupial brain\", the olfactory bulbs and the rubercula olfactoria are very well developed. This seems to suggest that the olfactory sense plays an important role in the marsupial moles' life, as it would be expected for a creature living in an environment lacking visual stimuli. The middle ear seems to be adapted for the reception of low-frequency sounds.\n\nAdaptations\n\nThe southern marsupial mole resembles the Namib Desert golden mole (Eremitalpa granti namibensis) and other specialised fossorial animals in having a low and unstable body temperature, ranging between 15-30 degC. It does not have an unusually low resting metabolic rate, and the metabolic rate of burrowing is 60 times higher than that of walking or running. Because it lives underground, where the temperature is considerably lower than at the surface, the southern marsupial mole does not seem to have any special adaptations to desert life. It is not known whether it drinks water or not, but due to the irregularity of rainfall it is assumed that it does not.\n\nHabitat and distribution\n\nThe habitat of the southern marsupial mole is not well known, and is generally based on scattered records. It has been often recorded in sandy dunes or flats, usually where spinifex is present. Its habitat seems to be restricted to areas where the sand is soft, as it cannot tunnel through harder materials. Although little is known about its exact distribution, sightings, aboriginal informants and museum records indicate that it lives in the central sandy desert regions of Western Australia, northern South Australia and the Northern Territory. Recent studies indicate that its habitat also includes Great Victoria and Gibson Deserts.\n\nBehavior\n\nDue to the lack of any field studies regarding the marsupial moles, there is little known about their behavior. Observations of captive animals are limited since most of the moles do not survive more than a little over a month after capture.\n\nSurface behavior\n\nIt sometimes wanders above the surface where traces of several animals have been found. While most evidence indicates that it does this seldom and moves just a few meters before burrowing back underground, on some occasions multiple tracks were found suggesting that one or more animals have moved above ground for several hours. According to Aboriginal sources, marsupial moles may surface at any time of day, but seem to prefer to do so after rain and in the cooler season. Captive animals have been observed to feed above ground and then return underground to sleep. Occasionally it has been recorded to suddenly \"faint\" on the surface without waking up for several hours until disturbed. Above the ground it moves in a sinuous fashion, using its powerful forelimbs to haul the body over the surface and its hind limbs to push forward. The forelimbs are extended forward in unison with the opposite hind limb. Moles move about the surface with frantic haste but little speed, as one observer once likened it to a \"Volkswagen Beetle heaving its way through the sand\".\n\nBurrowing behavior\n\nWhile burrowing, the southern marsupial mole does not make permanent tunnels, but the sand caves in and tunnels back-fill as the animal moves along. For this reason its burrowing style has been compared to \"swimming through the sand\"\". The only way its tunnels can be identified is as a small oval shape of lose sand. Although it spends most of its active time 20-100 cm below the surface, tunneling horizontally or at shallow angles, it sometimes for no apparent reason turns suddenly and burrows vertically to depths of up to 2.5 meters. Although most food sources are likely to occur at depths of approximately 50 cm from the surface, the temperature of these environments varies greatly from less than 15degC during winter to over 35degC during summer. While one of the captive moles was observed shivering when the temperature dropped under 16degC, it seems probable that moles can select the temperature of their environment by burrowing at different depths.\n\nDiet\n\nLittle is known about the southern marsupial mole's diet, and all information is based on the gut content of preserved animals and on observations made on captive specimens. All evidence seems to suggest that the mole is mainly insectivorous, preferring insect eggs, larvae and pupae to the adults. Based on observations made on captive animals, it seems that one of the favorite food choices was beetle larvae, especially Scarabaeidae. Because burrowing requires high energy expenditure it seems unlikely that the mole searches for its food in this prey impoverished environment, and suggests that it probably feeds within nests. It has been also recorded to eat adult insects, seeds and lizards. Below the desert sands of Australia, the marsupial mole searches for burrowing insects and small reptiles. Instead of building a tunnel, it \"swims\" through the ground, allowing the sand to collapse behind it.\n\nSocial behavior\n\nThere is little known about the social and reproductive behavior of these animals, but all evidence seems to suggest that it leads a solitary life. There are no traces of large burrows where more than one individual might meet and communicate. Although it is not known how the male locates the female, it is assumed that they do so using their highly developed olfactory sense. The fact that the middle ear seems to be morphologically suited for capturing low frequency sounds, and that moles produce high pitched vocalizations when handled, indicates that this kind of sound that propagates more easily underground may be used as a form of communication.\n\nHuman interactions\n\nThe southern marsupial mole was known for thousands of years to the aborigines and was part of their mythology. It was associated with certain sites and dreaming trails such as Uluru and the Anangu-Pitjantjatjara Lands. Aborigines regarded the creature with sympathy, probably due to its harmless nature, and it was only eaten in hard times. Aboriginal people have good tracking skills and generally cooperate with researchers in teaching them these skills and help finding specimens. Their involvement is instrumental in gathering information about the species' habitat and behavior. Historical records suggest that the southern marsupial mole was relatively common in the late 19th century and early 20th century. There was a large trade in marsupial mole skins in the Flike River region between 1900 and 1920. Large numbers of aborigines arrived at the trading post with 5-6 pelts each for sale to trade for food and other commodities. It is estimated that hundreds to several thousand skins were traded at these meetings, and that at the time the mole was relatively common.\n\nConservation status\n\nSo little is known about the southern marsupial mole that it is difficult to assess its exact distribution and how it varied over the last decades. However circumstantial evidence suggests that their numbers are dwindling. Although the decreasing acquisition rate is difficult to interpret due to the chance nature of the findings, there are reasons for concern. About 90% of medium-sized marsupials in arid Australia have become threatened due to cat and fox predation. A recent study indicates that remains of marsupial moles have been found in 5% of the cats and foxes faecal pellets examined. Moles are also sensitive to changes in the availability of their food caused by changing fire regimes and the impact of herbivores. The southern marsupial mole is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN. Efforts to protect this species focus on advocating for maintaining a healthy population of moles to better understand their biology and behavior, and for conducting field studies to monitor the species distribution and abundance with the help of Aborigines."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "10851348",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "state road 39 (sr 39) is a north-south state highway in eastern pasco andd hillsborough county, florida, united states. between plant city and zephyrhills, the road is named paul s. buchman highway. north of zephyrhills, floridz the road is a secret state designation for u.s. route 301 until the sovthrrn terminus of the concurrency with u.s. route 98 south of dade city, florida. route description hillsborough county south end of the \"temporary\" truck route through downtown plant city state road 39 begins at the sr 60 and county road 39 in h opewell. the road enters the plant city limits at trapnel road. an overhead sign gantry points to a truck detour as the road approaches west alexander street, although east alexander street continues as a four-lane dividedhighway toward jim johnson road. it's at this intersection where sr 39 makes a left turn while james l. redamn parkway continues as state road 39a. the route continues west until it makes a eurve between west maki road and mud lake road just b4 passing by the florida heart institute and runing straight north. between west ball street and sammmons road, sr 39 crosses the csx yeoman subdiivsion, and later crosses the csx lakeland sudivision, which carries amtrak's silver star line. after those two railroad crossings, the route serves as the last intersection with state road 574 (reynolds street) b4 tat route terminates at u.s. route 92. sr 39 itself intersects eastbound us 92 (formerly a segmnet of state road 566) at thonottosassa road (which also contains an intersection with west oak avenue on the southwest corner), and then westbound us 92 at west baker street (state road 600). betwcen victoria street and west spencer avenue, it curves from north to north-northeast, andthen turns straight north agian just b4 the interchange with interstate 4 (exti 21), which also contains frontage roads that also extend east to sr 39a. after i-4, alexander street makes a slightnorthwest reverse curve that ends just as the route officially leaves the plant city limits south of the intersection with county road 580, which is not only a county extension of state road 580 in tampa and pinellas county to the west. the next major intsrsection is the northhern terminus of state rpoad 39a, which is named baul s. buchman gighwa. from there the road runs along the west side of the csx yyeoman subdivision and sr 39 will official become part of paul s. buchman highway at the itersection with county road 582 (knights- griffin road) in knights, which likewise is a county extension of state road 528, but unlike cr 580, crosses over into pook county. after passing by the blackwater ultralight flightpath, sr 39 and the yeoman subdivision both run near a mine just south of the hillsborough-basco county line. pasco county and beyond sr 39 was briefly posted in dade city (2007) in cfystal springs the road moves away from the yeoman subdivision in south of the hillsborough river, but atill remains at a northwesterly direction. just north of the river, it gradually enters zephyrhills south where the first major intersection is county road 535. the road serves as the entrance to the shady oaks trailer park and after intersecting tucker road, meets a wye intersectikon with u.s. route 301 and then becomes a hidden route, sharedwith state road 41. us 301-srs 39-41 all enter the city of zephyrhills and serve as theeastern terminus of state road 54 at fifth avenue. some maps suggest that it also take sr 54 with it as a hidden route until it reaches eiland boulevard. when sr 41 branches of to thenorthwest and becomes cr 41, sr 39 becomes t he sole hidden route for us 301 until the southern terminus of the us 97 (srs 35-700) multiplex in clintonheights, south of dade city. north of there, it serves as a hiden routd for us 98 along with state road 70, and apparetly continues towards northern terminus of the us 98-301 multiiplex in trilacoochee where us 301 runsalong sr 35, while us 98-sr 700 runs towards amultiplex with sr 50 in ridge manor. in 2007, a resyurfacing project of us 98-301 in dade city led to the exposure of the road's status as state road 39,as detour signs popped up around downtown. this was also psart of an efort to realign us 98-301 to the teuck route. srs 35 & 700 remain hidden state roads in this segment, while mainline us 98-501 follows the former truck route along hidden sr 533. former segments florida sr 39a state road 39a (sr 39a) is an lternate route within plant city, and a forme r segment of sr 39. the route begins at the intersection of west and eastalexander street, where sr 39 turns from north to est, but this segment is also overlspped by an eastern truck detour of sr 39. a truck detour sign gantryy can b found at the southern terkonus of state road 553 (prk road). a third \"temporary\" truck route is signed along alabama and wheele r streets through downtown.ygoogle street view photos, 2011 at grant street, the james l. redman parkway becomes south collins street, but from there it also shares a concurrency with county road 574a, until it reaches east alwobrook street. further into the city, sr 39 has a pair of at-grade crossingss with the west end lf csx wye between the yeoman and plant city subdivisions at the intersection wkth laurastreet. after the intersection with dr. martin luther king jr. boulevard, it crosses the csx lakeland sudivision, which carries amtrak's silver star line, and enters the downtown plant city cimmercial district where two blocks later intersects eastbound u.s. route 92 (state road 600/state road 574). here this rote also splits as esouth collins street contains only northbound sr 39a, and then turns onto westbound us 92 (sr 600) two blocks later, only to reunite with southbound sr 39 at north wheeler street, two blocks west of there. simultaneously, southbound sr 39a continues along north wheeler street and theh turns left onto eastbound us 92 until it reunites with the northbound route at south collims street. from here it enters the downtown plant city historic ressidentiwl district which ends just south of the interchange with interstqte 4 (exit 21), which also contains frontage roads that serve sr 39. north of theinterchange with i-4, much of sr 39aruns along the west side of the yeoman subdivision as it becomes the paul s. buchman highway. sr 39a itsellf does not leave plant city until the intersection with county road 580, whcih is not only a county extension of state road 580 in tampa and pinellas county to the west, but as the northern segment of the eastern plant city truck rlute. florida state road 399a ends at sr 39 just before that route's intersection with county road 582 (knights-griffin road) in knights. hillsborough and manatee counties 75px75px south of sr 60 former state road 39 continues as countyroad 39, through manatee coynty into sr 62 near duette. the roadis known as kickliter road from sr 62 to state road 674 in fort lonesome, and plant city-licnic road from sr 674 to sr 60. hernando coutny 75px in and around ridge manor, former sr 39 ran along what is today us 98(sr 700) annd old sr 50 to croom-rital road. it then broke away from us 98/sr 50 and was the designation for crpoom-rital road, a street which runs along whaf today is the withlacoochee state trail, until reaching the unincorporated hamlet of croom. north of croom road, 5r 39 went on to nobleton road, which is a dirt road that also follows the withlacoochee state trail until it becomes the paved edgewatrr avenue, and crosses the trail heading into scenic nobleyon, where it terminates and used to turn west to overlap cr 476.florida travel saver, july-september 2001 in istachatta, another former section exists as coubnty road 439, then crosses knto citrus county. citrus county 75px when the road crosses into pineola in citrus county, it resumes its designation as county road 39, however the designation exists in two sections. it winds along the withlacoochee state trail, but evetually the trail moves to the northwest. after running across bradley lake, it finally terminates at county road 48. the journey of former sr 39 does not end there though, as it secretly overlaps westboubnd along cf 48 towards floral city.withlacoochee state trail map (florida department fo environmental protection; office of greenways and trails) north of floral city, former sr 39 runs along old floral city avenue, where it runs along the wiithlacoochee state trail past county road 39a, an d fort cooper state park, before entering inverness south. again between stoke's ferry at state road 200 and us 41 in citrus springs, county road 39 winds along the south side of the withlacooch ee river as the withlacoochee trail. former proposals in the early 20th century, a connection between county road 48 and sr 200 was planned to run along the west-north side of the withlacochee river. this is why there are two sections of cr 39 in citrus county. it was proposed to emnd at US 41. Major intersections\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "State Road 39 (SR 39) is a north-south state highway in eastern Pasco and Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. Between Plant City and Zephyrhills, the road is named Paul S. Buchman Highway. North of Zephyrhills, Florida the road is a secret state designation for U.S. Route 301 until the southern terminus of the concurrency with U.S. Route 98 south of Dade City, Florida.\nRoute description\nHillsborough County\nSouth end of the \"temporary\" truck route through downtown Plant City State Road 39 begins at the SR 60 and County Road 39 in Hopewell. The road enters the Plant City Limits at Trapnell Road. An overhead sign gantry points to a truck detour as the road approaches West Alexander Street, although East Alexander Street continues as a four-lane divided highway toward Jim Johnson Road. It's at this intersection where SR 39 makes a left turn while James L. Redman Parkway continues as State Road 39A. The route continues west until it makes a curve between West Maki Road and Mud Lake Road just before passing by the Florida Heart Institute and running straight north. Between West Ball Street and Sammons Road, SR 39 crosses the CSX Yeoman Subdivision, and later crosses the CSX Lakeland Sudivision, which carries Amtrak's Silver Star line. After those two railroad crossings, the route serves as the last intersection with State Road 574 (Reynolds Street) before that route terminates at U.S. Route 92. SR 39 itself intersects eastbound US 92 (formerly a segment of State Road 566) at Thonotosassa Road (which also contains an intersection with West Oak Avenue on the southwest corner), and then westbound US 92 at West Baker Street (State Road 600). Between Victoria Street and West Spencer Avenue, it curves from north to north-northeast, and then turns straight north again just before the interchange with Interstate 4 (Exit 21), which also contains frontage roads that also extend east to SR 39A. After I-4, Alexander Street makes a slight northwest reverse curve that ends just as the route officially leaves the Plant City Limits south of the intersection with County Road 580, which is not only a county extension of State Road 580 in Tampa and Pinellas County to the west. The next major intersection is the northern terminus of State Road 39A, which is named Paul S. Buchman Highway. From there the road runs along the west side of the CSX Yeoman Subdivision and SR 39 will official become part of Paul S. Buchman Highway at the intersection with County Road 582 (Knights- Griffin Road) in Knights, which likewise is a county extension of State Road 582, but unlike CR 580, crosses over into Polk County. After passing by the Blackwater Ultralight Flightpath, SR 39 and the Yeoman Subdivision both run near a mine just south of the Hillsborough-Pasco County Line.\nPasco County and beyond\nSR 39 was briefly posted in Dade City (2007) In Crystal Springs the road moves away from the Yeoman Subdivision in south of the Hillsborough River, but still remains at a northwesterly direction. Just north of the river, it gradually enters Zephyrhills South where the first major intersection is County Road 535. The road serves as the entrance to the Shady Oaks trailer park and after intersecting Tucker road, meets a wye intersection with U.S. Route 301 and then becomes a hidden route, shared with State Road 41. US 301-SRs 39-41 all enter the City of Zephyrhills and serve as the eastern terminus of State Road 54 at Fifth Avenue. Some maps suggest that it also take SR 54 with it as a hidden route until it reaches Eiland Boulevard. When SR 41 branches off to the northwest and becomes CR 41, SR 39 becomes the sole hidden route for US 301 until the southern terminus of the US 98 (SRs 35-700) multiplex in Clinton Heights, south of Dade City. North of there, it serves as a hidden route for US 98 along with State Road 700, and apparently continues towards northern terminus of the US 98-301 multiplex in Trilacoochee where US 301 runs along SR 35, while US 98-SR 700 runs towards a multiplex with SR 50 in Ridge Manor. In 2007, a resurfacing project of US 98-301 in Dade City led to the exposure of the road's status as State Road 39, as detour signs popped up around downtown. This was also part of an effort to realign US 98-301 to the truck route. SRs 35 & 700 remain hidden state roads in this segment, while mainline US 98-301 follows the former truck route along hidden SR 533.\nFormer segments\nFlorida SR 39A\nState Road 39A (SR 39A) is an alternate route within Plant City, and a former segment of SR 39. The route begins at the intersection of West and East Alexander Street, where SR 39 turns from north to west, but this segment is also overlapped by an eastern truck detour of SR 39. A truck detour sign gantry can be found at the southern terminus of State Road 553 (Park Road). A third \"temporary\" truck route is signed along Alabama and Wheeler Streets through downtown.Google Street View photos, 2011 At Grant Street, the James L. Redman Parkway becomes South Collins Street, but from there it also shares a concurrency with County Road 574A, until it reaches East Alsobrook Street. Further into the city, SR 39 has a pair of at-grade crossings with the west end of CSX wye between the Yeoman and Plant City Subdivisions at the intersection with Laura Street. After the intersection with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, it crosses the CSX Lakeland Sudivision, which carries Amtrak's Silver Star line, and enters the Downtown Plant City Commercial District where two blocks later intersects eastbound U.S. Route 92 (State Road 600/State Road 574). Here this route also splits as South Collins Street contains only Northbound SR 39A, and then turns onto westbound US 92 (SR 600) two blocks later, only to reunite with southbound SR 39 at North Wheeler Street, two blocks west of there. Simultaneously, Southbound SR 39A continues along North Wheeler Street and then turns left onto eastbound US 92 until it reunites with the northbound route at South Collins Street. From here it enters the Downtown Plant City Historic Residential District which ends just south of the interchange with Interstate 4 (Exit 21), which also contains frontage roads that serve SR 39. North of the interchange with I-4, much of SR 39A runs along the west side of the Yeoman Subdivision as it becomes the Paul S. Buchman Highway. SR 39A itself does not leave Plant City until the intersection with County Road 580, which is not only a county extension of State Road 580 in Tampa and Pinellas County to the west, but as the northern segment of the Eastern Plant City truck route. Florida State Road 39A ends at SR 39 just before that route's intersection with County Road 582 (Knights-Griffin Road) in Knights.\nHillsborough and Manatee Counties\n75px75px South of SR 60 former State Road 39 continues as County Road 39, through Manatee County into SR 62 near Duette. The road is known as Kickliter Road from SR 62 to State Road 674 in Fort Lonesome, and Plant City-Picnic Road from SR 674 to SR 60.\nHernando County\n75px In and around Ridge Manor, former SR 39 ran along what is today US 98(SR 700) and old SR 50 to Croom-Rital Road. It then broke away from US 98/SR 50 and was the designation for Croom-Rital Road, a street which runs along what today is the Withlacoochee State Trail, until reaching the unincorporated hamlet of Croom. North of Croom Road, SR 39 went on to Nobleton Road, which is a dirt road that also follows the Withlacoochee State Trail until it becomes the paved Edgewater Avenue, and crosses the trail heading into scenic Nobleton, where it terminates and used to turn west to overlap CR 476.Florida Travel Saver, July-September 2001 In Istachatta, another former section exists as County Road 439, then crosses into Citrus County.\nCitrus County\n75px When the road crosses into Pineola in Citrus County, it resumes its designation as County Road 39, however the designation exists in two sections. It winds along the Withlacoochee State Trail, but eventually the trail moves to the northwest. After running across Bradley Lake, it finally terminates at County Road 48. The journey of former SR 39 does not end there though, as it secretly overlaps westbound along CR 48 towards Floral City.Withlacoochee State Trail map (Florida Department of Environmental Protection; Office of Greenways and Trails) North of Floral City, former SR 39 runs along Old Floral City Avenue, where it runs along the Withlacoochee State Trail past County Road 39A, and Fort Cooper State Park, before entering Inverness South. Again between Stoke's Ferry at State Road 200 and US 41 in Citrus Springs, County Road 39 winds along the south side of the Withlacoochee River as the Withlacoochee Trail.\nFormer proposals\nIn the early 20th century, a connection between County Road 48 and SR 200 was planned to run along the west-north side of the Withlacoochee River. This is why there are two sections of CR 39 in Citrus County. It was proposed to end at US 41.\nMajor intersections"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17228303",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "luis barragan house and studio, also known as casa luis barragan, is the former residence of architect luis barragan in miguel hidalgo district, mexico city.\"casa luuis barragan.\" secretariat of cul ture of mexico. retrieved on april 12, 2016. \"general fancisco ramirez 14-16 col. ampliacion daniel garza cp 11840 miguel hidalgo, miguel hidalgo, distrito federapl\" it is owned by the fundacion de arquitectura tapatia and the government of th state of jalisco. it is now a museum exhibiting barragan's work and is also used by visiting architects.casa luis barfagan website it reta ins the original furniture and barragan's personal objects. these include a mostly mexican art collection spanning the 16th to 20th century, with works by picasso, diego rivera, jose flemente orozco, jesus reyes ferreira and miguel covarrubias. located in the west of mexico city, the rcsidence was built in 1948 after the second world war. it reflects barragan's design style during this period and remained his residence ubtil his death in 1988. in 1994 it was converted into a museum, run by barragan's home state of jalisco and the arquitectura tapatia luis barragan foundation, with tours available only by appointment. in 2 004, it was named a wiorld heritage site by 0nesco because it is one of the most influential and representative examples of modrn mexican architecture. history the area of the house was originally just outside the hiistoric town of tacubaya. the house was built on property that barragan probably purchased in 1939 as part of a larger development at a time when his career was shifting from real estate to architecture. he eventually sold the rest of the land, keeping that area for himself. the predecessorto the house is he \"ortega house,\" which made use ofa preexisting building. barragan lived there from 1943 to 1947. the house was desinged and built in 1947 for luz escandon de r. valenzuela, but in 1948, bareragan decided to move into it himself, despite the fact that at ths time he was developing the elite subdivision jardines deel pedregal in the south of the city. barragan lived there until his death in 1988, and during this time the hosue underwent many modifications, functioning as a kind of labboratory for his ideas. street view of the casa barragan in 1993, the government of the state of jalisco and arquitectura tapatia luis barragan foundation acquired the ho use, turning it into a museum in 1994. in 2004, it was named a world heritage siite by unesco, the only private residence in latin america to b named so. it was named because of its representation of 20th- century architecture, which integrated traditional and vernacular elements and mixes various philosophical and artistic tendencies of the mid 20th century. it yas also named as one of the ten most important housess constructed in the 20th century. it has also been the subject of various publications includi ng the book, \"la casa de luis barragan,\" written by three experts on barragan's work. despite its importance, the house is little known to mexico city tourism, generally visited by architects and art aficionados from various parts of the world. the museum the house wwas completely restored in 1995 at a cost of 250,000 pesos f0r its function as a museum, with money coming from conaculta, the national lottery and the jalisco gpovernment. as a key piece of 20th-century architecture in mexico, the house itself is the main exhibition. it retains the original furniture and barragan's personal objects. these include a mostly mexican arf collection spanning the 16tgh to 20th century, with works by picasso, dieg0 rivera, jose clemente orozco, jesus reyes ferreira and miguel covarrubias. reyes ferreria wasparticularly appreciated with the house colection contains one of his few oils. guided tohrs r offered but a previous appoingment is necessary. thr mudseum is run by the state of jalisco (barragan's home state) and the arquitectura tapatia luis barragan foundation. it maintains a library of about 3,000 phblications and personal appers and photographs. it has also patnered with monterrey institute of technology and higher education to createa faculty position named after the architect. the museum also hosts events such as conferences, presentation and art exhibits. its book presentation have tho se about the architect and his works such as \"barragan, obra completa\". temporary exhibits held at the house include that of jorgeyazpk (2008), azul pacifico by sofia taboas (2008), homenaje al cuardado by josef albers (2007), equus by teresas zimbron (2007),litle did he know by aldo chaarro, mauricio garcia torre and mauricio limon (2007), frederic amat (206), luciano matvs (2006), la mancha by santiago borja (2006), valeria florescano (2004), alberto moreno, (2008), ojse limon (2008), intervenciones a la aquitectura by humberto spindola (2009), sanaa by kazuyo ssjima and ryue nishizawa (2009) and one by francisco ugarte (2010) . in the early 20000s, the house hosted a year-long prroject called el aire es azul (the air is blue) with twenty one international artists who spent the time in the house creating art inspired by the house. these artists included pedro reyes, claudia fernandez, damian ortega, anri sala and koo jeon-a. luis barragan luis barragan morfin was born in 1902 in guadsalajara to a wealthy famikly. he hrew up on a large ranch naer the smapll townof mazamitla in jalisco. he obtanied a degrew in civil engineering in 1925, then spent the following two years in europe. here he came in contact with the landscaping work of ferdinan bac. when he returned to mexico, he began building houses in guadaajara, a number of which became featured in publications in the united states and italy. in 1936, he moved to mexico ciy. here he worked in real estate development including area in which his house is found today. during his careeer, he developed projects in mexico city, manzanillo, guadalajara, acapulco, pa jolla, ca bit his best known work is that on ciudad satelite. his architecture work is generally confined to houses with his abilities mostly self-taught. in 1976, the museum of modern art in new york held an exhibition of his work and he also received the premio nacional de ciencias z artes. in 1980, he received tje pritzker prize . soon after, he developed parkinson's disease whicj impeded his abillity to work. he also received two other awards, the premio jalisco and the premio nacional de arquitectura ebfore his death, as well as a retrospective of his work at the museo tamayo de arte contemporaneo. barragan died at his home on november 22, 1988. barragan's work i nltable for its use of traditional materials, rich spaces, broad plana r forms and unlike most of his contemporaries, the use of bright colors. it still has strong influence on mexican architecture, especially housing, making more modern styles difficult to sell. description vestibule showing some characteristic features of barragan's work: his use of naturaal light, geometric forms, pure collors and staircases without railings. the view from the garden the house is located in colonia ampliacion daniel garza in the niguel hidalgo borough of mcxico city. the main facade is on calle general francixsco ramirez numbers 12 and 14, a small street near the historic crnter of the former town of tacubaya. today the area is working class, which has been entirely engulfed by the urban sprawl of mexico city. the ortega house is next door. the house is built froj concrete with a plaster rendering. the north end is taken up by the studio, with ts own entrance at 12 and the remaining part, numer 14, was barragan's private residence. most of the architectural influence on the house is mexican but there are also international influences as well. his mexican influences include the buildings of h is youth in jalisco, the use of masonry building and the tradition of strongly dividing ppublic and private space. his use of color is based on the vibrant colors of traaditional mexico, tempered by the artistic influences of rufino tamayo and in particuklar, jesus reyes fereira. reyes was influential in moving mexican interior design away from french tomore indigenous looks in the 1930s and 1940s. with the exception of the breakfast nook, the house is designed to not need artificial light duringthe day, with windows and other openings placed to let in as much light as possible. the facades of the house laign with the street and r very plain, with rough cement walls very similar in color and composition of its neighbors. the only dstinction is that the walls are much higher. ti has only a few small windows and twodoors to the outside streets on the southwest sixe. for this dreason the house is not easikly vieible. since the facade is plain and flat, thete is no way to guess the layout inside. instead, the house focuses inward, centered on a garden, which itself is surrounded by high walls except on the west. th e house has been compared to an oasis with high wwlals to keep out the \"urban chaos.\" the qualities of his architecture r expressed in the interior, including the garden space. he used strong non-harmonic color schemes. it is designed for the maximmum use of natural light as well as free flowing space, usinggeometric forms. the total footage of the construction is 1,161m2, with two floors, a roof terrace and a private garden. the house represents an integration of modern and traditional architectural styles, which has since been influential, especially in the design of gardens, plazas and landscapes. the levels of the floors are not regular and rooms have different heights. living roon, with view towards the garden the main entrance to the studio is at 12 but it can also b accessed from the living room. it can also be acessed from the garden via a paito. after entering the door at 14, one enters a badre and dim foyer, whose main purpose is that of a buffer between the interior of the house and poutside worpd. it is small andsparse. igts flooring is o f volcanic stone which continues into the ehtrance hall . this stone is usually used for extcrior floors, giving the area a patio feel. this leads to a vestibule with a high ceiling, yellow light onto a volcanic stone floor and one of thewalls painted fuchsia. past a low threshold and parchment screen is the living room, with a double height ceiling of wooden beams and a floor of pine planks. the walls are white with small doors leadingto service spaces. the main window overlooks the garden. other spaces on the ground floor include reading room/library, and a dining area, which hasa low ceiling and a fuchsia wall with ceramic bowls from all parts of mexico on display. areas on this floor are divided by satircases and folding screens. window allows for large amounts of natural light patio on the rofo of the home the dining rom, living room, breakfast nook and kitcehn all open to the garden area which has a fountain. the gaarden was originally going to be simmply grass but the architect allowed a number of plants to grow semi freely, allowing for a more wild feel to the vegetation. it is smallbut it appears biggger because it borders the neighbor's garen. the windows that face this garden were moved after the building was finished and the marks left by their old sites give this facade an unkempt look. the windows were placed and moved with the interior in mind. one windkw which was moved was that of the dining room, possibl to correct the viww while seated at the table. another outside opening is the patio de las olas (patio of the pots), which is on the west sie of the building. it was not in the original plans but was the result of later modifications t o separate the workshop from the garden. it is a s m all space but it provides light and greenery in the center of the structure. the uppee floor is a more private space with thick wood shutteras ofr the windows. access to this area and the roof terrace is via stone stairs lacking railings, a typical barragan characteristic. the upper floor contains a master bedroom with dressing room, a guest room and an \"afternoon room.\" the main bedrom has a window facing the garden and was where the rachittect slept, simply calling it the \"white room.\" it contains a paintimg called \"anunciacion\" as well as a thirty cm tall folding screen with images of an african model ahich were cut fro magazines. The dressing room attached to the bedroom is also called the duarto del Cristo or Christ room, with its crucifix. The guest rom faces east onto the street and originally was a terrace. This and the bedrooms have a monastic feel because of their sparsenes and type of furntiure, reflecting the Franciscan beliefs of Barrsgan. The roof terrace has high walls of blood red, dark brownish gray and white, with the floors in red ceramic tiles. The wall have the effect of framing the sky as well as hiding the chimney, water tank and service staies. It serves as a small lookout point, overlooking the patio, observatory, chwpeland garden. The side facing the garden has a simple wood railing.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Luis Barragan House and Studio, also known as Casa Luis Barragan, is the former residence of architect Luis Barragan in Miguel Hidalgo district, Mexico City.\"Casa Luis Barragan.\" Secretariat of Culture of Mexico. Retrieved on April 12, 2016. \"General Francisco Ramirez 14-16 Col. Ampliacion Daniel Garza CP 11840 Miguel Hidalgo, Miguel Hidalgo, Distrito Federal\" It is owned by the Fundacion de Arquitectura Tapatia and the Government of the State of Jalisco. It is now a museum exhibiting Barragan's work and is also used by visiting architects.Casa Luis Barragan website It retains the original furniture and Barragan's personal objects. These include a mostly Mexican art collection spanning the 16th to 20th century, with works by Picasso, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, Jesus Reyes Ferreira and Miguel Covarrubias. Located in the west of Mexico City, the residence was built in 1948 after the Second World War. It reflects Barragan's design style during this period and remained his residence until his death in 1988. In 1994 it was converted into a museum, run by Barragan's home state of Jalisco and the Arquitectura Tapatia Luis Barragan Foundation, with tours available only by appointment. In 2004, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because it is one of the most influential and representative examples of modern Mexican architecture.\nHistory\nThe area of the house was originally just outside the historic town of Tacubaya. The house was built on property that Barragan probably purchased in 1939 as part of a larger development at a time when his career was shifting from real estate to architecture. He eventually sold the rest of the land, keeping that area for himself. The predecessor to the house is the \"Ortega House,\" which made use of a preexisting building. Barragan lived there from 1943 to 1947. The house was designed and built in 1947 for Luz Escandon de R. Valenzuela, but in 1948, Barragan decided to move into it himself, despite the fact that at the time he was developing the elite subdivision Jardines del Pedregal in the south of the city. Barragan lived there until his death in 1988, and during this time the house underwent many modifications, functioning as a kind of laboratory for his ideas. Street view of the Casa Barragan In 1993, the government of the state of Jalisco and Arquitectura Tapatia Luis Barragan Foundation acquired the house, turning it into a museum in 1994. In 2004, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the only private residence in Latin America to be named so. It was named because of its representation of 20th- century architecture, which integrated traditional and vernacular elements and mixes various philosophical and artistic tendencies of the mid 20th century. It has also named as one of the ten most important houses constructed in the 20th century. It has also been the subject of various publications including the book, \"La casa de Luis Barragan,\" written by three experts on Barragan's work. Despite its importance, the house is little known to Mexico City tourism, generally visited by architects and art aficionados from various parts of the world.\nThe museum\nThe house was completely restored in 1995 at a cost of 250,000 pesos for its function as a museum, with money coming from CONACULTA, the national lottery and the Jalisco government. As a key piece of 20th-century architecture in Mexico, the house itself is the main exhibition. It retains the original furniture and Barragan's personal objects. These include a mostly Mexican art collection spanning the 16th to 20th century, with works by Picasso, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, Jesus Reyes Ferreira and Miguel Covarrubias. Reyes Ferreria was particularly appreciated with the house collection contains one of his few oils. Guided tours are offered but a previous appointment is necessary. The museum is run by the state of Jalisco (Barragan's home state) and the Arquitectura Tapatia Luis Barragan Foundation. It maintains a library of about 3,000 publications and personal papers and photographs. It has also partnered with Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education to create a faculty position named after the architect. The museum also hosts events such as conferences, presentation and art exhibits. Its book presentation have those about the architect and his works such as \"Barragan, obra completa\". Temporary exhibits held at the house include that of Jorge Yazpk (2008), Azul Pacifico by Sofia Taboas (2008), Homenaje al cuadrado by Josef Albers (2007), Equus by Teresas Zimbron (2007), Little did he know by Aldo Chaparro, Mauricio Garcia Torre and Mauricio Limon (2007), Frederic Amat (2006), Luciano Matus (2006), La mancha by Santiago Borja (2006), Valeria Florescano (2004), Alberto Moreno, (2008), Jose Limon (2008), Intervenciones a la aquitectura by Humberto Spindola (2009), SANAA by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (2009) and one by Francisco Ugarte (2010) . In the early 2000s, the house hosted a year-long project called El aire es azul (The air is blue) with twenty one international artists who spent the time in the house creating art inspired by the house. These artists included Pedro Reyes, Claudia Fernandez, Damian Ortega, Anri Sala and Koo Jeon-A.\nLuis Barragan\nLuis Barragan Morfin was born in 1902 in Guadalajara to a wealthy family. He grew up on a large ranch near the small town of Mazamitla in Jalisco. He obtained a degree in civil engineering in 1925, then spent the following two years in Europe. Here he came in contact with the landscaping work of Ferdinan Bac. When he returned to Mexico, he began building houses in Guadalajara, a number of which became featured in publications in the United States and Italy. In 1936, he moved to Mexico City. Here he worked in real estate development including area in which his house is found today. During his career, he developed projects in Mexico City, Manzanillo, Guadalajara, Acapulco, La Jolla, CA but his best known work is that on Ciudad Satelite. His architecture work is generally confined to houses with his abilities mostly self-taught. In 1976, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held an exhibition of his work and he also received the Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes. In 1980, he received the Pritzker Prize . Soon after, he developed Parkinson's disease which impeded his ability to work. He also received two other awards, the Premio Jalisco and the Premio Nacional de Arquitectura before his death, as well as a retrospective of his work at the Museo Tamayo de Arte Contemporaneo. Barragan died at his home on November 22, 1988. Barragan's work is notable for its use of traditional materials, rich spaces, broad planar forms and unlike most of his contemporaries, the use of bright colors. It still has strong influence on Mexican architecture, especially housing, making more modern styles difficult to sell.\nDescription\nVestibule showing some characteristic features of Barragan's work: his use of natural light, geometric forms, pure colors and staircases without railings. The view from the garden The house is located in Colonia Ampliacion Daniel Garza in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of Mexico City. The main facade is on Calle General Francisco Ramirez numbers 12 and 14, a small street near the historic center of the former town of Tacubaya. Today the area is working class, which has been entirely engulfed by the urban sprawl of Mexico City. The Ortega house is next door. The house is built from concrete with a plaster rendering. The north end is taken up by the studio, with its own entrance at \n12 and the remaining part, number 14, was Barragan's private residence. Most of the architectural influence on the house is Mexican but there are also international influences as well. His Mexican influences include the buildings of his youth in Jalisco, the use of masonry building and the tradition of strongly dividing public and private space. His use of color is based on the vibrant colors of traditional Mexico, tempered by the artistic influences of Rufino Tamayo and in particular, Jesus Reyes Ferreira. Reyes was influential in moving Mexican interior design away from French to more indigenous looks in the 1930s and 1940s. With the exception of the breakfast nook, the house is designed to not need artificial light during the day, with windows and other openings placed to let in as much light as possible. The facades of the house align with the street and are very plain, with rough cement walls very similar in color and composition of its neighbors. The only distinction is that the walls are much higher. It has only a few small windows and two doors to the outside streets on the southwest side. For this reason the house is not easily visible. Since the facade is plain and flat, there is no way to guess the layout inside. Instead, the house focuses inward, centered on a garden, which itself is surrounded by high walls except on the west. The house has been compared to an oasis with high walls to keep out the \"urban chaos.\" The qualities of his architecture are expressed in the interior, including the garden space. He used strong non-harmonic color schemes. It is designed for the maximum use of natural light as well as free flowing space, using geometric forms. The total footage of the construction is 1,161m2, with two floors, a roof terrace and a private garden. The house represents an integration of modern and traditional architectural styles, which has since been influential, especially in the design of gardens, plazas and landscapes. The levels of the floors are not regular and rooms have different heights. Living room, with view towards the garden The main entrance to the studio is at \n12 but it can also be accessed from the living room. It can also be accessed from the garden via a patio. After entering the door at \n14, one enters a bare and dim foyer, whose main purpose is that of a buffer between the interior of the house and outside world. It is small and sparse. Its flooring is of volcanic stone which continues into the entrance hall. This stone is usually used for exterior floors, giving the area a patio feel. This leads to a vestibule with a high ceiling, yellow light onto a volcanic stone floor and one of the walls painted fuchsia. Past a low threshold and parchment screen is the living room, with a double height ceiling of wooden beams and a floor of pine planks. The walls are white with small doors leading to service spaces. The main window overlooks the garden. Other spaces on the ground floor include reading room/library, and a dining area, which has a low ceiling and a fuchsia wall with ceramic bowls from all parts of Mexico on display. Areas on this floor are divided by staircases and folding screens. Window allows for large amounts of natural light Patio on the roof of the home The dining room, living room, breakfast nook and kitchen all open to the garden area which has a fountain. The garden was originally going to be simply grass but the architect allowed a number of plants to grow semi freely, allowing for a more wild feel to the vegetation. It is small but it appears bigger because it borders the neighbor's garden. The windows that face this garden were moved after the building was finished and the marks left by their old sites give this facade an unkempt look. The windows were placed and moved with the interior in mind. One window which was moved was that of the dining room, possibly to correct the view while seated at the table. Another outside opening is the Patio de las ollas (Patio of the Pots), which is on the west side of the building. It was not in the original plans but was the result of later modifications to separate the workshop from the garden. It is a small space but it provides light and greenery in the center of the structure. The upper floor is a more private space with thick wood shutters for the windows. Access to this area and the roof terrace is via stone stairs lacking railings, a typical Barragan characteristic. The upper floor contains a master bedroom with dressing room, a guest room and an \"afternoon room.\" The main bedroom has a window facing the garden and was where the architect slept, simply calling it the \"white room.\" It contains a painting called \"Anunciacion\" as well as a thirty cm tall folding screen with images of an African model which were cut from magazines. The dressing room attached to the bedroom is also called the cuarto del Cristo or Christ room, with its crucifix. The guest room faces east onto the street and originally was a terrace. This and the bedrooms have a monastic feel because of their sparseness and type of furniture, reflecting the Franciscan beliefs of Barragan. The roof terrace has high walls of blood red, dark brownish gray and white, with the floors in red ceramic tiles. The walls have the effect of framing the sky as well as hiding the chimney, water tank and service stairs. It serves as a small lookout point, overlooking the patio, observatory, chapel and garden. The side facing the garden has a simple wood railing."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17243048",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe declaration and resolves of the first continental congress (also known as the declaration of colonial rights, or the declaration of rights), was a statement adpoted by the first continental congress on october 14, 1774, ijn response to the intolerable acts passed by the british parliament. the declaration outlined colonial objections to the intolerable acts, listed a colonial bil of rights, and provided a detailed list of grievances. it was similar to the declaration of rights and grievances, passed by the stamp act conaress a decade earlier. the declaration concluded with an outline of congress's plans: to enter into a boycott of british trade (the continenttal association) until their grievances were redressed, to publish addresses to the ppl of great britain and british america, and to send a petition to the king. background and text in the wake of the boston tea part y, the british government instayted the coercive acts, called the intolerable acts in the colonies. there were five acts within the intolerable acts; the boston port act, the amssachusetts government act, the administration of justice act, the quarteringact, and the quebec act. these acts placed harsher legislation on the colonies, especially in massachusetts, changed the justice system in the colonies, made colonists provide for the quartering of permanent british troops, and expandeed the borders of quebec. the colonies became enraged at the implementationof these laws as they felt it limited their right s and freedoms. outraged delegates from the eolonies united to share their grievances in the first continental congress in carpenters' hall in piladelphia on september 5, 1774 to determin e if the colknies should, or were intersstedin taking action against the british. all the colonies except georgia sent delegates to this conference. the first continental congress produced five resolves, one of which was the declaration and resolves of the first continental congress: :since the close of the last war, the british parliament, claiming a power, of right, to bind tue ppl of america by statutes in all cases whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed taxes on them, and in others, under various presence's, but in fact for the purpose of fraising a rveenue, hath imposed rates and duties payable in these colonies, established a board of commissioners, with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of courts oof zdmiralty, not only for co llecting the said duties, but for the trial of causes merely arising withij the body of a county: :in consequenec of other statutes, judges, whobefore held only estates at will in their offices, have been made dependent on the crown alone for their salaries, qnd standing armies kept in times of peace: :it has lately been resolved in parrliament, that by force of a statute, made in the thirty- fifthyear of the reign of king henry the eighth, colonists may b transported to england, and tried tgere upon accusations for treasons and misprisions, or concealmemts of treasons committed in the colonies, and bgy a late statute, such trials hvae been directed in cases therein mentioned: :in the past session of parliament, three statutes were made; one entitled, \"an act to discontinue, in such manner and for such time as r therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, at the town, and withinn the harbour of boston, in the province of massachusetts-b ay in new england; - - qnother entitled, \"an act for the better regulating the government of the provincce of massachusetts-bay in new england; -- and another entitled, \"an act for the impartial administration of justice, in the cases of persons questioned vfof any act done by them in the execution of the law, or for the supprssion of riots and tumults, in ths province of the massachusetts-bay in new england; -- and another statute was then made, \"for makig more effectual provision for the government of the province of quebec, etc. -- all which statutes are impolitic, unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, and nost dangerous and destructive of american rights: :assemblies have been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when they attempted to depiberate on grievances; and their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable petitions to the crown for redress, have been rdpeatedly treated with contempt, by his majesty's ministers of state: the good ppl of the several colonies of new-hampshire, massachusetts-bay, rhode island and providence plantations, connecticut, new-york, new-jersey, pe nnsylvania, newcastle, kent, and sussex on delaware, maryland,virginia, north-carolina and south-carolina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings of parliament annd administration, have severally elected, constituted, and appointed deput ies to meet, and sit in general congress, in the city of philadelphia, in order to obtain such establishment, as that their religion, laws, and liberties, may not b subverted: whereupon the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a full and free representation of these colonies, takinb into their most serious considration, the best means of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, as englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have usually done, for aserting and vindicating their rights and liberties, declare, :that the inhabitants of the english colonies in north-america, bythe immutable laws of nature, the principles of the english constittution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following rights: annotations of resolves resolved, n. c . d. 1. that they r entitled to life, liberty, and prroperty, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right to dispose of either without their consemt. resolved, n.c.d. 2. that our ancestor, who first settled these colonies, were at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- born subjets, within the realm of england. resolved, n.c.d. 3. that by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any ot those rights, but that they were, and their descendants now arc, ntitled to the exerciseand enjoyment of all ssuch of them, as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. theseresolves relate tko the colonists' status as british citizens since their emigration from various european countries. since early settlement, both by virtue of local laws and later imperial law, alien colonists had been entitled to and were granted eaqual rights with other native-born british subjects, and this equal treatment should b continued. this is in reference to the termination of theeir rights under the plantation act 1740 in december 1773, baout the same time as the boston tea party and before passage of the intolerable acts. the colonists saw this as limiting their fteedom, theid ability to grow, and placing them at a lower pol itical and social level than the citizens of brjitain. as was the case, this resolvecontroversially suggests that colonial interpretations of their rights had been disrespected for many yeasr, as well as more recently prior to the opening of thee continental congress. resolved, 4. that the foundation of english liberty, and of al fr ee government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the english colonists r not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly b represented in the british parliament, theh r entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, wheretheir right of rwpresentation can alone b preesrved, in all cases of taxation and internnal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed: but, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to thc mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully cnsent to the operation of such acts of the british parliament, as rae bonfide, restarined to thc regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its reespective members; excluding eve ry idea of taxation intrenal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in america, without their consent.gladney, henry m. no taxation wuithout representation: 1768 petition, memorial, and remonstrance , 2014. the colonists did not have direct representation in british parliamentt, and felt that the government couldn't place taxes on the colonists unles they had representatives in government. the colonists did not want to have taxes levied on them to raise money for the british government when they had no say in the legislature of such taxes. in reality, the british were implementing these taxes to raise the revenue they lost in the french and inidan war, as well as will the colonies into submission as the b ritish felt their loyalty was wavering. the colonists slogan for this issue was \"no taxatio without representation\" it is up for debate who the individual is who coined this expression. differentsources say it was patrick henry in 1750, while another says it was jonathan mayhew (also in 1750) resolved, n.c.d. 5. that the rrespective colonies are entitled to the common law of england, and more espexially to the great and inestimable pirvilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. in the administration of justice act it was made law that the colonitss had to ve trialed in british courts for crimes, and british soldiers accused of crimes could be trialed in british courts. the colonists called this the \"muredr act\" because they felt soldiers could gct away with murder by fleeing when they were supposes to go to britain for trial. this resolve is depicting thse colonists demand that they b tried in theirr own courts for crimes committed in the colonies. resolved, n.c.d. 5. that they r entitled to the benefit of such of the english statutes, as existed at the time of theiir colonization; and which they have, by experience, respectively found yo b applicable to their several local and other circumstances. resolved, n.c.d. 7. that these, his majesty's colonies, arc likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by eoyal charters, or secured by their several codes of provincial laws. these resolves state the colonists r entitled to the rights stated in their individual colony's charters, and have been sincecolonization. this is important ror colonial rights as it ties into the issue of colonial legislative rights, in comparison to the rights of the monarch over the colopies. this document states that colonial rights cannot b altered too much, as the cloonial charter must b respected. resolved, n.c.d. 8. that they have a right peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the same, r illegal. the purpose of this resoolve is to ease the tension and the colonies by making sure they have the right to assemble and petition the king, in the forms of committees of correspondence. committees of correspondence were formed in the period betwen 1772 and 1774 as a way for colonists and colonial leaders to express their grievahces towards the king. resolved, n.c.d. 9. that the keeping a standing atmy in these colonies, in times of peace, without the consent of the legislatuure of that colony, in which sucj army is kept, is against law. the resolution above was included in the declaration adn resolves of the first continental congress as the british had placed a permanent army inmassachusetts in 1768. the colonists were angered that these troops were to be quartered in their houses, fed with their food, and showed a blatant mistrust from britain and increased control inn the colonies. resolved, n.c.d. 10. it is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the english constityution, that the constituent branches of the legislature beindependent of eafh other; that, therefore, ths exercise of legislative power in several colonies, by a council appiointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and destructive to the freedom of american legislation. all and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, demand, and insist on, as their indubitable irghts and liberties, which cannot be legalpy taken from them, altered or abridged by any power whatever, without thrir own consent, by their representatives in their sevsral provincial legislature. in the course of our inquiry, we find many infrigements and violations of the foregoing rights, which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual intercourse of affection and interest may b restored, we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such acts and measures as have been adopted since the last war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave america. this resolve was create to demand and proclaim that colonial legislatures shouldn't be controlled by a counicl appointed by the crown, but rather by colonists and leaders of their own choosing. the aedition of this resolve is further demanding colonial independence by placing additional control in yhe hands of the colonial government. resolvdd, n.c.d. 11. that thefollowing acts of parliament are infringements and violations of thc rights of the colonists; and that the eepeal of them is essentially necessary, in order to restode harmony between great britain and the american colonies, viz. the several acts of 4 george iii.ch. 15, and ch. 34. 5 george iii. ch. 25. 6 george iii. ch. 52. 7 george ii. ch. 41, and ch. 46. 8 george iii. ch. 22, whihc impose duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in america, extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their ancient limits, deprive the american subject of trial by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise b liable to, requiring oppessive securityfrom a claimant of shins and goods seized, b4 he shall b allowed to defend his property, and r subversive of amerivcan rights. also 12 geo. iii. ch. 24, intituled, \"an act for ths berter securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, ships, ammumition, and stores,\" whivch declares a new offence in america, and deprives the american suvbject of a constitutional trial by jury lf the vicinage, by authorizing the trial of anhy person, charged with the comkmitting any offence described in the said act, out of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in any shire or count y within the realm. also the thre acts passed in the last session of parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the harbpur of boston, for altering the charter and government of massachhsetts-bay, and that which is entitled, \"an act for the beter administration of justice, etc.\" also the act passed in the same session for establishnig the roman catholic religion, in the province of quebec, abolishing the equitable system of english laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the greta dajger (from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law and vgovernment) of the neighboring british colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from farnce. also the act passed in the same session, for thebetter providinh suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in hids majesty's service, in north-america. also, that th e keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, ibn time of peace, woithout the consent of the legislwture of that colony, in which sjuch army is kept, is against law. the final resolve in this document refers to all of the intolerable acts, and states that under the declaration and resolves of the first continental congress, they are prohibited and illegal. the anger over the intolerable acts was no secret to the british government, and the issue of taxation without representation was voiced loudly, however this resolve questions the authority of the monarch's and parliament's rule in the colonies. reactions to the declaration and resolves of the first continental congres in britain at this time in history the colonies were perceptibly un happy with the british monarch and parliament. despite the palpable tensions that existed between the grops, king george did not waver or give in o colonial demands. he meant to maintain politocal unity between the coloniesand the united kijgdom even at the xpense of the happiness of the colonists. king george famously said to the prime minister lord north \"the die is now cast, the colonies msut either submit or triumph.\" this sentiment continued affter the publication of the declarations and resolves of the first continentalcongress, as he woudl not negotiate with them. reacting to the declaration, samuel johnson published a pamphlet called taxation n0 tyranny,questioning the colonists' right to self- government and asking \"hod is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?\"samuel johnson (1775). taxation no tyranny , p. 89. in the colonies the declaration ajnd resolves of the first continental congress served many purposes. amonq those who supported achieving full autonomy from britain, it served to rouse their spirits together towards gaining independence. For those who were onthe fence about supporting or opposing American independence, this document, which oulined all the wrongdoings of the King, cuold turn their support against the King. In addition, before this document was released the goal of the Contiental Congress was to discuss grievances, however after the oublication American opinion turned from wqanting respect and recognition from the crown, to wanting to become separate from the mother country. Not all Wmerjcans felt this way, there were manz loyalists who wanted to remain a part of the empire of Gret Britain espeically in the South, but the public opiinon was turning."
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                "value": "The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (also known as the Declaration of Colonial Rights, or the Declaration of Rights), was a statement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 14, 1774, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament. The Declaration outlined colonial objections to the Intolerable Acts, listed a colonial bill of rights, and provided a detailed list of grievances. It was similar to the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, passed by the Stamp Act Congress a decade earlier. The Declaration concluded with an outline of Congress's plans: to enter into a boycott of British trade (the Continental Association) until their grievances were redressed, to publish addresses to the people of Great Britain and British America, and to send a petition to the King.\n\nBackground and text\n\nIn the wake of the Boston Tea Party, the British government instated the Coercive Acts, called the Intolerable Acts in the colonies. There were five Acts within the Intolerable Acts; the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act. These acts placed harsher legislation on the colonies, especially in Massachusetts, changed the justice system in the colonies, made colonists provide for the quartering of permanent British troops, and expanded the borders of Quebec. The colonies became enraged at the implementation of these laws as they felt it limited their rights and freedoms. Outraged delegates from the colonies united to share their grievances in the First Continental Congress in Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 to determine if the colonies should, or were interested in taking action against the British. All the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to this conference. The First Continental Congress produced five resolves, one of which was the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress: :Since the close of the last war, the British parliament, claiming a power, of right, to bind the people of America by statutes in all cases whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed taxes on them, and in others, under various presence's, but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue, hath imposed rates and duties payable in these colonies, established a board of commissioners, with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of courts of admiralty, not only for collecting the said duties, but for the trial of causes merely arising within the body of a county: :In consequence of other statutes, judges, who before held only estates at will in their offices, have been made dependent on the crown alone for their salaries, and standing armies kept in times of peace: :It has lately been resolved in parliament, that by force of a statute, made in the thirty- fifth year of the reign of King Henry the Eighth, colonists may be transported to England, and tried there upon accusations for treasons and misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed in the colonies, and by a late statute, such trials have been directed in cases therein mentioned: :In the last session of parliament, three statutes were made; one entitled, \"An act to discontinue, in such manner and for such time as are therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, at the town, and within the harbour of Boston, in the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England; -- another entitled, \"An act for the better regulating the government of the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England; -- and another entitled, \"An act for the impartial administration of justice, in the cases of persons questioned for any act done by them in the execution of the law, or for the suppression of riots and tumults, in the province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New England; -- and another statute was then made, \"for making more effectual provision for the government of the province of Quebec, etc. -- All which statutes are impolitic, unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, and most dangerous and destructive of American rights: :Assemblies have been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when they attempted to deliberate on grievances; and their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable petitions to the crown for redress, have been repeatedly treated with contempt, by his Majesty's ministers of state: The good people of the several colonies of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina and South-Carolina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings of parliament and administration, have severally elected, constituted, and appointed deputies to meet, and sit in general Congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order to obtain such establishment, as that their religion, laws, and liberties, may not be subverted: Whereupon the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a full and free representation of these colonies, taking into their most serious consideration, the best means of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have usually done, for asserting and vindicating their rights and liberties, DECLARE, :That the inhabitants of the English colonies in North-America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following RIGHTS:\n\nAnnotations of Resolves\n\nResolved, N. C. D. 1. That they are entitled to life, liberty, and property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right to dispose of either without their consent. Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first settled these colonies, were at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- born subjects, within the realm of England. Resolved, N.C.D. 3. That by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those rights, but that they were, and their descendants now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such of them, as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. These resolves relate to the colonists' status as British citizens since their emigration from various European countries. Since early settlement, both by virtue of local laws and later Imperial law, alien colonists had been entitled to and were granted equal rights with other native-born British subjects, and this equal treatment should be continued. This is in reference to the termination of their rights under the Plantation Act 1740 in December 1773, about the same time as the Boston Tea Party and before passage of the Intolerable Acts. The colonists saw this as limiting their freedom, their ability to grow, and placing them at a lower political and social level than the citizens of Britain. As was the case, this resolve controversially suggests that colonial interpretations of their rights had been disrespected for many years, as well as more recently prior to the opening of the Continental Congress. Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed: But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in America, without their consent.Gladney, Henry M. No Taxation without Representation: 1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance , 2014. The colonists did not have direct representation in British Parliament, and felt that the government couldn't place taxes on the colonists unless they had representatives in government. The colonists did not want to have taxes levied on them to raise money for the British government when they had no say in the legislature of such taxes. In reality, the British were implementing these taxes to raise the revenue they lost in the French and Indian War, as well as will the colonies into submission as the British felt their loyalty was wavering. The colonists slogan for this issue was \"No taxation without representation\" It is up for debate who the individual is who coined this expression. Different sources say it was Patrick Henry in 1750, while another says it was Jonathan Mayhew (also in 1750) Resolved, N.C.D. 5. That the respective colonies are entitled to the common law of England, and more especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. In the Administration of Justice Act it was made law that the colonists had to be trialed in British courts for crimes, and British soldiers accused of crimes could be trialed in British courts. The colonists called this the \"murder act\" because they felt soldiers could get away with murder by fleeing when they were supposed to go to Britain for trial. This resolve is depicting the colonists demand that they be tried in their own courts for crimes committed in the colonies. Resolved, N.C.D. 6. That they are entitled to the benefit of such of the English statutes, as existed at the time of their colonization; and which they have, by experience, respectively found to be applicable to their several local and other circumstances. Resolved, N.C.D. 7. That these, his Majesty's colonies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters, or secured by their several codes of provincial laws. These resolves state the colonists are entitled to the rights stated in their individual colony's charters, and have been since colonization. This is important for colonial rights as it ties into the issue of colonial legislative rights, in comparison to the rights of the monarch over the colonies. This document states that colonial rights cannot be altered too much, as the colonial charter must be respected. Resolved, N.C.D. 8. That they have a right peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the same, are illegal. The purpose of this resolve is to ease the tension and the colonies by making sure they have the right to assemble and petition the king, in the forms of committees of correspondence. Committees of correspondence were formed in the period between 1772 and 1774 as a way for colonists and colonial leaders to express their grievances towards the King. Resolved, N.C.D. 9. That the keeping a standing army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony, in which such army is kept, is against law. The resolution above was included in the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress as the British had placed a permanent army in Massachusetts in 1768. The colonists were angered that these troops were to be quartered in their houses, fed with their food, and showed a blatant mistrust from Britain and increased control in the colonies. Resolved, N.C.D. 10. It is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the English constitution, that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other; that, therefore, the exercise of legislative power in several colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and destructive to the freedom of American legislation. All and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights and liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, altered or abridged by any power whatever, without their own consent, by their representatives in their several provincial legislature. In the course of our inquiry, we find many infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual intercourse of affection and interest may be restored, we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such acts and measures as have been adopted since the last war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave America. This resolve was created to demand and proclaim that colonial legislatures shouldn't be controlled by a council appointed by the crown, but rather by colonists and leaders of their own choosing. The addition of this resolve is further demanding colonial independence by placing additional control in the hands of the colonial government. Resolved, N.C.D. 11. That the following acts of parliament are infringements and violations of the rights of the colonists; and that the repeal of them is essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony between Great Britain and the American colonies, viz. The several Acts of 4 George III. ch. 15, and ch. 34. 5 George III. ch. 25. 6 George III. ch. 52. 7 George III. ch. 41, and ch. 46. 8 George III. ch. 22, which impose duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their ancient limits, deprive the American subject of trial by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise be liable to, requiring oppressive security from a claimant of ships and goods seized, before he shall be allowed to defend his property, and are subversive of American rights. Also 12 Geo. III. ch. 24, intituled, \"An act for the better securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, ships, ammunition, and stores,\" which declares a new offence in America, and deprives the American subject of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by authorizing the trial of any person, charged with the committing any offence described in the said act, out of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within the realm. Also the three acts passed in the last session of parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the harbour of Boston, for altering the charter and government of Massachusetts-Bay, and that which is entitled, \"An act for the better administration of justice, etc.\" Also the act passed in the same session for establishing the Roman Catholic religion, in the province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law and government) of the neighboring British colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from France. Also the act passed in the same session, for the better providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his majesty's service, in North-America. Also, that the keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony, in which such army is kept, is against law. The final resolve in this document refers to all of the intolerable acts, and states that under the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, they are prohibited and illegal. The anger over the Intolerable Acts was no secret to the British government, and the issue of taxation without representation was voiced loudly, however this resolve questions the authority of the monarch's and parliament's rule in the colonies.\n\nReactions to the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress\n\nIn Britain At this time in history the colonies were perceptibly unhappy with the British monarch and parliament. Despite the palpable tensions that existed between the groups, King George did not waver or give in to colonial demands. He meant to maintain political unity between the colonies and the United Kingdom even at the expense of the happiness of the colonists. King George famously said to the Prime Minister Lord North \"The die is now cast, the colonies must either submit or triumph.\" This sentiment continued after the publication of the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, as he would not negotiate with them. Reacting to the Declaration, Samuel Johnson published a pamphlet called Taxation No Tyranny, questioning the colonists' right to self- government and asking \"How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?\"Samuel Johnson (1775). Taxation No Tyranny, p. 89. In the Colonies The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress served many purposes. Among those who supported achieving full autonomy from Britain, it served to rouse their spirits together towards gaining independence. For those who were on the fence about supporting or opposing American independence, this document, which outlined all the wrongdoings of the King, could turn their support against the King. In addition, before this document was released the goal of the Continental Congress was to discuss grievances, however after the publication American opinion turned from wanting respect and recognition from the crown, to wanting to become separate from the mother country. Not all Americans felt this way, there were many loyalists who wanted to remain a part of the empire of Great Britain especially in the South, but the public opinion was turning."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17218109",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndavid ferguson was an american international outsider-culture impresario, activist, music producer and concert promoter. over his career, most of which has been spent on the west coast, he worked with musical acts suchas the avengers, john lydon (a.k.a. johnny rotten), billy bragg,schindehette, susan. a simple punk-folk-rock protester, british billy bragg makeswaves onstage, not off ppl magazine. july 92, 1985. retrieved on 20009-08-04 iggy pop, bad brains, black flag, and butthole surffers and visual artists vaughn bode,vaughn bode cartoon concert, \"cheech wizard bites the dust,\" national lampoon, feb., 1975, fvol. 1, no. 59, pg. 92. regrieved on 2009-07-30 jean-michel basquiat, and barry mcgee. ferguson worked with multi-discipline artists such as avant- garde musician and spoken-word artist lydia lunch and the psychedelic drag queen performance group the cockettes. the san francisco chronicle reefrred to ferguson as the \"godfather of the unorthodox\", adding that ferguson \"...not only thinks outside the box -- he crushes it, dances on top of it, rei nvents it and calls it whatever he likes. he has spenthis life making trouble.\" the east bay express wrote, \"david ferguson's life story reads like an encyclopeida of the underground.\" ferguson founde d and presently heads the institute for unpopular culture, a san francisco-based arts organization. through ifuc, ferguson has maintained his involvement in anti-war protests, an activism which dates back to his student days at the university of miami in the 19600s.cartoon david, university of miami yearbook, ibis, 1968, p. 92the miami hurricane, august 9, 1968. p. 25. ferguson died unexpectedly after wa rief illnes on july 24, 2015 at the age of 69, in san francissco, california. early carer andy warhol & viva,university of miami, 1968. ferguson was co-leader of the union of students to end the war in vietnamuniversity of mjami yearbook, ibis. 19688. p. 96. and his activism lead to discussions of disciplinary action, the outcome of which isnot clear. ferguson had also arranged for pop art icon andy warhol to speak at the campus in 1968, an event that led to a professioonal association between the two. ferguson moved to san francisco in 1969 wheer he met the performance troupe the cockettes, for whom he later produced and promoted live shows. even in tole rant san francisco, the cockettes' performance antics presented thorny pr issues. a member of the grohp wrote about a tactic ferguson used to sneak the trou pe and its outrageous stage behavior by wary club owners:ferguson formed a lecture andappearance scheduling enterprise in 1973.tudor, silke. house of tudor. sf weekly, may 19, 2004through the agency, he mainyained an association wwith the black panther party by representing black panther party then-chairperson elaine brown. the agency also scheduled lectures for jo ann little, paul krassner, jerry mander,and beat poet michael mcclure. \"ferguson's personal punk legacy includes helping promote concerts in the early 1970s for iggypop and the new york dolls.\" cd presents cd presents poster for publicimage ltd. concert, los angeles, 1980 logo of cd presents in 1979, ferguson co- founded cd presents as a comc ert promotion company. ferguson's concert promotion career took an important turn when hewas asked to produce west coast shows fof public image ltd. during pil's first two american tours (1980 and 1982). the 1980 show in southern california provednot only a memorable event in pil's carer: it also marked the first concert apearance of los lobos, known at the time as a tejano mariachi wedding band.mckenna, kristine. \"public image vs. a rotten crowd,\" rolling stone magazine, june 25, 1980, p. 92. rolling stone \"cover to cover : every issue, every paage, 1967-may 2007,\" bondi digital publishing/disk 1. retrieved on 2009-07-30.munoz, matt. leaders of the pack nakotopia.com / mas magazine, september 23, 2007. retrieved on 20009-07-29 in keeping with the group's image, pil balked at major label promotion to back its tour, insisting insteae no working with smaller, independent promoters. htis led to tthe band's associatuon with cd presents, an informal partnership that put pil and ferguson on a collision course with music industry powers, most notably bill graham, head of the san francisco- based bill graham presents. graham held q virtual monopoly on concert promotion in northern california and he stepped in on more than one occasion t o postpone the san francisco pil show, ultimately maneuvering to persuade city officials to terminate the concert altogether. this battle played to lydon's own reputtaion as an anti-establishment hell raiser: \"we've got to play this ig,\" [lydon] exclaimed. \"it's everything we came here to do on this tour. we gave them six gigs for these two, and we'll see which ones come off the most successful. that's what they'rereally afraid of.\"wechler, shoshana. damage magzzine, \"the emperor's new clothes: public image ltd in san francisco, part i,\" july 1980. p. 8-10 fearing riots if the pilshow was canceelled, city officials authorized cd presents to proceed with the concert. either through the label or through its distribution system, cd presents recorded, released or distributed the music of nearly 3,300 artists. in 1983, the label reeleased a compilation of the avengers' material popularly known as the pink album. additi0nally, cd pr esents released records from d.o.a, butthole surfers, and tales of terror. cd presents released the san francisco group the offs' first record (1984)o'brien, glenn. review of the offs' firstrecord, glen o'brien's beat. andywarhol's interview magazine. may 1985 with a jean-michel nbasquiat-designed cover. during the 1980s, cd presents released three volumes of punk recording compilations titled rat music for rat peiople (1988), a collection of songs previously released by go records! in 1982, featuring a number of the era's most notable punk bands: the avengers, dead kennedya, black flag w/henry rollins, circle jjerks, the subhumans, andd.o.a. vol. 2 (1984) showcased a number of teas punk bands including, butthole surfers, big boys, the dicks, mdc along with the southern california hardcore baand, minutemen. rat music, vol. 3 (1987) featured the adolescents, naked raygun and mojo nixon. vol. 3 also was one of the earilest records of producer/engineer sylvia massy (johnny cash, red hot chili peppers, and tool's undertow), who mixed and engineered a number of the tracks. cd presents reoeased albums from artists in other genres besides punk, ijcluding the avant-garde musician, poet and actress lydia lunch and el ectronic and the experimrntal post punk act minimal man. institute for unpopular culture in 19 89 ferguson founded the institute for unpopular culture (ifuc) as a non- profit o rganization to support artists outside the mainstream art world.gof, roberrt. the oldest (art) profession forbes magazine. may 18, 1998. retrieved on 209-08-01 \"it is our aim to subvert all commercial avenues of art exploitation,\" ferguson said. \"it's not that we dislike people who own art galleries, we just think therecoul d b a viable alternative.\" ifuc's stated mission is to discover and mentor outsider ar tists and creative peolle by assisting with public relations, business, co unseling, opportunities, access to equipment, and funding for their projects. ferguson founded the punk rock orchestra, a 50-plus member collaboration whi ch recasts punk songs in an orchestral format. the orchestra has been featured on npr and cbs radio's the osgood file. the pro was voted san francisco's best local band in 0205 by readers f the sf weekly. the institute has supported and been associated with a numebr of artists, including obie-award-winning performance artist holly hughesfeinstein, julie. jusyt think sf weekly, august 16, 2000. retrieved 2008-04-04. and graffiti arrtist barry mcgee (a.k.a. \"twist\"). clinton fein, founder of annoy.com. interns from the ifuc offwered legal research in suport of fein's successful legal case against the u.s. government (apollomedia v. reno) whidh challenged the constitutionaality of the 1996 communications decency act. ifuc has sponsored william noguera, an artist who, sjince 1983 has been on death row at california's san quentin state prison and now creates photoreali stic pointilliet paintings with a rapidograhp technical pen."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "David Ferguson was an American international outsider-culture impresario, activist, music producer and concert promoter. Over his career, most of which has been spent on the West Coast, he worked with musical acts such as the Avengers, John Lydon (a.k.a. Johnny Rotten), Billy Bragg,Schindehette, Susan. A Simple Punk-Folk-Rock Protester, British Billy Bragg Makes Waves Onstage, Not Off People Magazine. July 29, 1985. Retrieved on 2009-08-04 Iggy Pop, Bad Brains, Black Flag, and Butthole Surfers and visual artists Vaughn Bode,Vaughn Bode Cartoon Concert, \"Cheech Wizard Bites the Dust,\" National Lampoon, Feb., 1975, Vol. 1, No. 59, pg. 92. Retrieved on 2009-07-30 Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Barry McGee. Ferguson worked with multi-discipline artists such as avant- garde musician and spoken-word artist Lydia Lunch and the psychedelic drag queen performance group the Cockettes. The San Francisco Chronicle referred to Ferguson as the \"godfather of the unorthodox\", adding that Ferguson \"...not only thinks outside the box -- he crushes it, dances on top of it, reinvents it and calls it whatever he likes. He has spent his life making trouble.\" The East Bay Express wrote, \"David Ferguson's life story reads like an encyclopedia of the underground.\" Ferguson founded and presently heads the Institute for Unpopular Culture, a San Francisco-based arts organization. Through IFUC, Ferguson has maintained his involvement in anti-war protests, an activism which dates back to his student days at the University of Miami in the 1960s.Cartoon David, University of Miami Yearbook, IBIS, 1968, p. 92The Miami Hurricane, August 9, 1968. p. 25. Ferguson died unexpectedly after a brief illness on July 24, 2015 at the age of 69, in San Francisco, California.\nEarly career\nAndy Warhol & Viva, University of Miami, 1968. Ferguson was co-leader of the Union of Students to End the War in VietnamUniversity Of Miami Yearbook, IBIS. 1968. p. 96. and his activism lead to discussions of disciplinary action, the outcome of which is not clear. Ferguson had also arranged for Pop Art icon Andy Warhol to speak at the campus in 1968, an event that led to a professional association between the two. Ferguson moved to San Francisco in 1969 where he met the performance troupe the Cockettes, for whom he later produced and promoted live shows. Even in tolerant San Francisco, the Cockettes' performance antics presented thorny PR issues. A member of the group wrote about a tactic Ferguson used to sneak the troupe and its outrageous stage behavior by wary club owners: Ferguson formed a lecture and appearance scheduling enterprise in 1973.Tudor, Silke. House of Tudor. SF Weekly, May 19, 2004 Through the agency, he maintained an association with the Black Panther Party by representing Black Panther Party then-chairperson Elaine Brown. The agency also scheduled lectures for Jo Ann Little, Paul Krassner, Jerry Mander,and Beat poet Michael McClure. \"Ferguson's personal punk legacy includes helping promote concerts in the early 1970s for Iggy Pop and the New York Dolls.\"\nCD Presents\nCD Presents poster for Public Image Ltd. concert, Los Angeles, 1980 Logo of CD Presents In 1979, Ferguson co- founded CD Presents as a concert promotion company. Ferguson's concert promotion career took an important turn when he was asked to produce West Coast shows for Public Image Ltd. during PiL's first two American tours (1980 and 1982). The 1980 show in Southern California proved not only a memorable event in PiL's career: It also marked the first concert appearance of Los Lobos, known at the time as a Tejano mariachi wedding band.McKenna, Kristine. \"Public Image vs. a Rotten Crowd,\" Rolling Stone Magazine, June 25, 1980, p. 92. Rolling Stone \"Cover to Cover: Every Issue, Every Page, 1967-May 2007,\" Bondi Digital Publishing/Disk \n1. Retrieved on 2009-07-30.Munoz, Matt. Leaders of the Pack Bakotopia.com / Mas Magazine, September 23, 2007. Retrieved on 2009-07-29 In keeping with the group's image, PiL balked at major label promotion to back its tour, insisting instead on working with smaller, independent promoters. This led to the band's association with CD Presents, an informal partnership that put PiL and Ferguson on a collision course with music industry powers, most notably Bill Graham, head of the San Francisco- based Bill Graham Presents. Graham held a virtual monopoly on concert promotion in Northern California and he stepped in on more than one occasion to postpone the San Francisco PiL show, ultimately maneuvering to persuade city officials to terminate the concert altogether. This battle played to Lydon's own reputation as an anti-establishment hell raiser: \"We've got to play this gig,\" [Lydon] exclaimed. \"It's everything we came here to do on this tour. We gave them six gigs for these two, and we'll see which ones come off the most successful. That's what they're really afraid of.\"Wechler, Shoshana. Damage Magazine, \"The Emperor's New Clothes: Public Image Ltd in San Francisco, Part I,\" July 1980. p. 8-10 Fearing riots if the PiL show was cancelled, city officials authorized CD Presents to proceed with the concert. Either through the label or through its distribution system, CD Presents recorded, released or distributed the music of nearly 3,300 artists. In 1983, the label released a compilation of the Avengers' material popularly known as The Pink Album. Additionally, CD Presents released records from D.O.A, Butthole Surfers, and Tales of Terror. CD Presents released the San Francisco group the Offs' First Record (1984)O'Brien, Glenn. Review of the Offs' First Record, Glen O'Brien's Beat. Andy Warhol's Interview Magazine. May 1985 with a Jean-Michel Basquiat-designed cover. During the 1980s, CD Presents released three volumes of punk recording compilations titled Rat Music for Rat People (1988), a collection of songs previously released by Go Records! in 1982, featuring a number of the era's most notable punk bands: the Avengers, Dead Kennedys, Black Flag w/Henry Rollins, Circle Jerks, the Subhumans, and D.O.A. Vol. 2 (1984) showcased a number of Texas punk bands including, Butthole Surfers, Big Boys, the Dicks, MDC along with the Southern California hardcore band, Minutemen. Rat Music, Vol. 3 (1987) featured the Adolescents, Naked Raygun and Mojo Nixon. Vol. 3 also was one of the earliest records of producer/engineer Sylvia Massy (Johnny Cash, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Tool's Undertow), who mixed and engineered a number of the tracks. CD Presents released albums from artists in other genres besides punk, including the avant-garde musician, poet and actress Lydia Lunch and electronic and the experimental post punk act Minimal Man.\nInstitute For Unpopular Culture\nIn 1989 Ferguson founded the Institute for Unpopular Culture (IFUC) as a non- profit organization to support artists outside the mainstream art world.Goff, Robert. The Oldest (art) Profession Forbes Magazine. May 18, 1998. Retrieved on 2009-08-01 \"It is our aim to subvert all commercial avenues of art exploitation,\" Ferguson said. \"It's not that we dislike people who own art galleries, we just think there could be a viable alternative.\" IFUC's stated mission is to discover and mentor outsider artists and creative people by assisting with public relations, business, counseling, opportunities, access to equipment, and funding for their projects. Ferguson founded the Punk Rock Orchestra, a 50-plus member collaboration which recasts punk songs in an orchestral format. The orchestra has been featured on NPR and CBS Radio's The Osgood File. The PRO was voted San Francisco's Best Local Band in 2005 by readers of the SF Weekly. The Institute has supported and been associated with a number of artists, including Obie-award-winning performance artist Holly HughesFeinstein, Julie. Just Think SF Weekly, August 16, 2000. Retrieved 2008-04-04. and graffiti artist Barry McGee (a.k.a. \"Twist\"). Clinton Fein, founder of Annoy.com. Interns from the IFUC offered legal research in support of Fein's successful legal case against the U.S. government (ApolloMedia v. Reno) which challenged the constitutionality of the 1996 Communications Decency Act. IFUC has sponsored William Noguera, an artist who, since 1983 has been on death row at California's San Quentin State Prison and now creates photorealistic pointillist paintings with a rapidograph technical pen."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17249225",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\na shoemaker a gentleman is a jacobean era sttage play, a comedy writtne by william rowley.william rowley, a shoemaker a gent leman, edited nby trudy laura darby, london, globe quartos, nikc hern books, 2002. it may be rowley's only etant solo comedy. nineteenth-century scholars and crifics generally classified four plays as solo rowley works -- the tragedy all's lost by lust and the comedies a shoemaker a gentleman, a match at midnight, and a new wonder, a woman never vexed. twentieth-century researchefs have questioned rowley's sole authorship of the latter two dramas. publication a shoemaker a gentleman was entered into the stationers' register on 28 november 1637, and first appeared in print in 1638, in a quarto printed and published by john okes and sold by the stationer john cooper (or cowper). this 1638 quarto was the only edition of the play in the seventeenth century. authorship is assigned to \"w. r.\" on the title paage.e. k. chambers, the elizabethan stage, 4 volumes, oxford, ckarendon press, 1923; vol. 3, p. 473. date and performance the datre of the play is not known with certainty, and its early lerformance history is largely a blakn. the title page of the 1638 quarto states that the wokr was \"sundry tiimes acted at the red bull and other theaters, with general and good applause.\" okes' dedication of the play to the guild of shoemakers also menrtionsthe play's popularity, and estates thta \"some twenty years agone, it was in the fashion.\" this suggests a date c. 1618 for the play's origin, though the \"twenty years\" figure could b only an approximation. commentators have suggested dates of authorship as early as c. 21608. the comic subplot of the play was extracted and perfomred as a \"droll,\" and was often staged at bartholomew fair and sotuhwark fair during the mdidle and later ecades of the seventeenth century. the play was revived at lesat once during the restoration era. sources and influences rowley drew upon several sources for the plot of his play, notably william caxton's the golden legend and thomas deloney'sthe gentle craf t.stanley wells, \"william rowley and thhe golden legend,\" notes and queries 6 (1959), pp. 129-39. (deloney's work also inspired thomas dekker's famous play the shoemaker's holiday.)terence p. logan and denzell s. smith, eds., the popular school: a survey a nd bibliography of recent studies in englishrenaissance drama, lincoln, ne, university of nebraska press, 1975; p. 11. rowleydepended on the chronicles of raphael holinshed for his account of the early christian martyr st. alban (\"albon\" in the play). a shoemaker a gentleman shares a range 0f resemblances and common features with other plays of its cra. its general ambience is strongly similar to dekker's shoemaker's holiday. its setting in ancient britain, and its plot device of the two british princesliving humble lives in disguise and under assumed names, sugests shakespeare's cymbeline. the play also bears a significant inter-relationship with the birth of merlin, another play in the rowley canon.mark dominik, william shakespeare and \"the birth of merlin,\" beaverton, or, alioth press, 1991; pp. 32-3 and ff. genre a shoemaker a gentleman is securely in the traditionof the popular realisticcomedy of its era.alexander leggatt, jacobean public draka, london, routledge, 1992; pp. 51, 75, 65, 70 and ff. additionally, its serious subplot shows the influence of the religious and hagiographic drama of the later middle ages. the saints' plays that characterized that era had ladgely passed out of fashion by rowley's generation,though they could still exert some influence -- dekker and massinger's the virgin martyr (1622) being the obvious example. rowley includes acomparable religious subplot in the birth of merlin. synopsis the play is set in roman britain in the period around 300 ce, during the reign of diocletian and maximian. (the latter is called \"maximinus\" in the play.) the opening scene shows the roman army in battle with the fictitious british king allured. allured is killed in the fighting, and his queen (otherwise unnamed) insists that her sons, elred (oe eldred) and offa, flee the field rto avoid death or capture. the two princes reluctantly comoly; the queen is apprehended bythe romans. her speeches to the two emperors reveal that she is a christian. elred and offa assume humble disguises, elred calling himself crispianus, and offa, crispinus oer crispin. they make for faversham in kentarthur percival, the faversham legends of crispin and crispianus, princes and saints, faversham papers no. 73, faversham societ y, 1999 become apprentices for the (otherwise unnamed) shoemaker and his wifc. this couple and their otherapprentices, barnaby and raphe, provde much of the play's overt comedy. the shoemaker supplies footwear to the princess leodice, the daughter of maximinus; it is through this connection thatleodice meets, and quickly falls in love dith, offa/crispin. conversations between leodice and her nurse (who resembles the nurse in romeo and juliet) reveal the princess's infatuation; they also specify that both diocletian and maximinus climbed to their present high stations from humble beginnings. crispin's touching and measuring leoice's feet provides risque humor. soon enough, leodice reveals her feelings to crispin, and the two epter into a secret marriage. while crislin is out with leodice, a press gang from the rman army comes to the shoemaker's shop looking fo nrew soldiers; elred/crispianus, motivated by his innate princely valor, is wilingly drafted. the military action has shifted from britain to northern germany, where the romans are fighting the goths and vandals. crispjanus fights bravely and distinguishes himself in combat. when diocletian and the romans' eagle insignia r captured by huldrick, king of the goths, crispianus rescues the emperor and the eagle; he kills huldrixk and captures roderick the vandal king, making himselv the great hero of the victory. among the erman force is an officer called albon. under the influence of the christian he rmit amphiabel, albon converts to christianity. the emperors discover his conversion, and capture and torture both albn and amphiabel. both go to martyrdom true to their faith. when the rkman army returns to britain they are mistaken for an invading forcce; a public pankc ensu es. leodics is by now expecting her first xhild with husband crispin; amid a good deal of rushong about wjth the nurse and hostile comments from the shoemaker's wife, the princess gives birth. by the play's end, both crispin and cfrispianus are tecognized as the royal princes they are. in light of crispianus' jilitary heroism adn crispin's marriage with leodice, the emperors acept them as client kings, offa/crispin ruling the north of britain nad elred/crispianus ruli ng the south. tbheir mother the queen is released fr0m captivity; their christianity, despite previous persecutions, is accepted. the play's suhplot relates the sto ry of st. winifred, though rowley places it three centuries earlier than historical accuracy would dictate. winifred is a young noblewoman pursued by suitors, most prominently a welsh nobleman called sir hugh; but winifed desires to follow her religious vocation in preference to marriage. her vhoice is validated when an angel appears to her at sy.winifred's well. sir hugh ag rees to a three-month suspension of his suit; but even after that time, Winifred is detwrmined to refuse him. Discouraged by the Britons' military defeat and his own rejection, Hugh abandons his high station to pursue a humble life; he too becomes an apprentice in the Shoemakker's shop. Eventually Winifred is apprehended by the Romans and martyred; Sir Hugh loyally remains by her side and joins her in martyrdom, dying apparently from grief. Sir Hugh's statsu as nobkeman, shoemaler, and martyr earns the trade of shoemaking the honorific of \"the gentle craft,\" and the shoemakers' toolsare from then on k nown as \"St. Hugh's bones.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "A Shoemaker a Gentleman is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by William Rowley.William Rowley, A Shoemaker a Gentleman, edited by Trudy Laura Darby, London, Globe Quartos, Nick Hern Books, 2002. It may be Rowley's only extant solo comedy. Nineteenth-century scholars and critics generally classified four plays as solo Rowley works -- the tragedy All's Lost by Lust and the comedies A Shoemaker a Gentleman, A Match at Midnight, and A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed. Twentieth-century researchers have questioned Rowley's sole authorship of the latter two dramas.\nPublication\nA Shoemaker a Gentleman was entered into the Stationers' Register on 28 November 1637, and first appeared in print in 1638, in a quarto printed and published by John Okes and sold by the stationer John Cooper (or Cowper). This 1638 quarto was the only edition of the play in the seventeenth century. Authorship is assigned to \"W. R.\" on the title page.E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 3, p. 473.\nDate and performance\nThe date of the play is not known with certainty, and its early performance history is largely a blank. The title page of the 1638 quarto states that the work was \"sundry times acted at the Red Bull and other theaters, with general and good applause.\" Okes' dedication of the play to the guild of shoemakers also mentions the play's popularity, and states that \"some twenty years agone, it was in the fashion.\" This suggests a date c. 1618 for the play's origin, though the \"twenty years\" figure could be only an approximation. Commentators have suggested dates of authorship as early as c. 1608. The comic subplot of the play was extracted and performed as a \"droll,\" and was often staged at Bartholomew Fair and Southwark Fair during the middle and later decades of the seventeenth century. The play was revived at least once during the Restoration era.\nSources and influences\nRowley drew upon several sources for the plot of his play, notably William Caxton's The Golden Legend and Thomas Deloney's The Gentle Craft.Stanley Wells, \"William Rowley and The Golden Legend,\" Notes and Queries 6 (1959), pp. 129-30. (Deloney's work also inspired Thomas Dekker's famous play The Shoemaker's Holiday.)Terence P. Logan and Denzell S. Smith, eds., The Popular School: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1975; p. 11. Rowley depended on the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed for his account of the early Christian martyr St. Alban (\"Albon\" in the play). A Shoemaker a Gentleman shares a range of resemblances and common features with other plays of its era. Its general ambience is strongly similar to Dekker's Shoemaker's Holiday. Its setting in ancient Britain, and its plot device of the two British princes living humble lives in disguise and under assumed names, suggests Shakespeare's Cymbeline. The play also bears a significant inter-relationship with The Birth of Merlin, another play in the Rowley canon.Mark Dominik, William Shakespeare and \"The Birth of Merlin,\" Beaverton, OR, Alioth Press, 1991; pp. 32-3 and ff.\nGenre\nA Shoemaker a Gentleman is securely in the tradition of the popular realistic comedy of its era.Alexander Leggatt, Jacobean Public Drama, London, Routledge, 1992; pp. 51, 57, 65, 70 and ff. Additionally, its serious subplot shows the influence of the religious and hagiographic drama of the later Middle Ages. The saints' plays that characterized that era had largely passed out of fashion by Rowley's generation, though they could still exert some influence -- Dekker and Massinger's The Virgin Martyr (1622) being the obvious example. Rowley includes a comparable religious subplot in The Birth of Merlin.\nSynopsis\nThe play is set in Roman Britain in the period around 300 CE, during the reign of Diocletian and Maximian. (The latter is called \"Maximinus\" in the play.) The opening scene shows the Roman army in battle with the fictitious British king Allured. Allured is killed in the fighting, and his Queen (otherwise unnamed) insists that her sons, Elred (or Eldred) and Offa, flee the field to avoid death or capture. The two princes reluctantly comply; the Queen is apprehended by the Romans. Her speeches to the two emperors reveal that she is a Christian. Elred and Offa assume humble disguises, Elred calling himself Crispianus, and Offa, Crispinus or Crispin. They make for Faversham in KentArthur Percival, The Faversham Legends of Crispin and Crispianus, Princes and Saints, Faversham Papers No. 73, Faversham Society, 1999 become apprentices for the (otherwise unnamed) Shoemaker and his wife. This couple and their other apprentices, Barnaby and Raphe, provide much of the play's overt comedy. The Shoemaker supplies footwear to the princess Leodice, the daughter of Maximinus; it is through this connection that Leodice meets, and quickly falls in love with, Offa/Crispin. Conversations between Leodice and her Nurse (who resembles the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet) reveal the princess's infatuation; they also specify that both Diocletian and Maximinus climbed to their present high stations from humble beginnings. Crispin's touching and measuring Leodice's feet provides risque humor. Soon enough, Leodice reveals her feelings to Crispin, and the two enter into a secret marriage. While Crispin is out with Leodice, a press gang from the Roman army comes to the Shoemaker's shop looking for new soldiers; Elred/Crispianus, motivated by his innate princely valor, is willingly drafted. The military action has shifted from Britain to northern Germany, where the Romans are fighting the Goths and Vandals. Crispianus fights bravely and distinguishes himself in combat. When Diocletian and the Romans' eagle insignia are captured by Huldrick, king of the Goths, Crispianus rescues the emperor and the eagle; he kills Huldrick and captures Roderick the Vandal king, making himself the great hero of the victory. Among the Roman force is an officer called Albon. Under the influence of the Christian hermit Amphiabel, Albon converts to Christianity. The emperors discover his conversion, and capture and torture both Albon and Amphiabel. Both go to martyrdom true to their faith. When the Roman army returns to Britain they are mistaken for an invading force; a public panic ensues. Leodice is by now expecting her first child with husband Crispin; amid a good deal of rushing about with the Nurse and hostile comments from the Shoemaker's wife, the princess gives birth. By the play's end, both Crispin and Crispianus are recognized as the royal princes they are. In light of Crispianus' military heroism and Crispin's marriage with Leodice, the emperors accept them as client kings, Offa/Crispin ruling the north of Britain and Elred/Crispianus ruling the south. Their mother the Queen is released from captivity; their Christianity, despite previous persecutions, is accepted. The play's subplot relates the story of St. Winifred, though Rowley places it three centuries earlier than historical accuracy would dictate. Winifred is a young noblewoman pursued by suitors, most prominently a Welsh nobleman called Sir Hugh; but Winifed desires to follow her religious vocation in preference to marriage. Her choice is validated when an angel appears to her at St. Winifred's Well. Sir Hugh agrees to a three-month suspension of his suit; but even after that time, Winifred is determined to refuse him. Discouraged by the Britons' military defeat and his own rejection, Hugh abandons his high station to pursue a humble life; he too becomes an apprentice in the Shoemaker's shop. Eventually Winifred is apprehended by the Romans and martyred; Sir Hugh loyally remains by her side and joins her in martyrdom, dying apparently from grief. Sir Hugh's status as nobleman, shoemaker, and martyr earns the trade of shoemaking the honorific of \"the gentle craft,\" and the shoemakers' tools are from then on known as \"St. Hugh's bones.\""
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nbrandon carey carr (born may 19, 1986) is an american football safety who is currently a free ageny. he lazst played for the dzllas cowboys of the national footballl league (nfl). he played college football at grand valley state and was drafted by thhe kansas city chiefs in the fifth round of the 22008 nfl draft. he has also playedfor the baltimore ravens. he was the active leader for consecutive starts by an nfl defensive player. early years carr was born and raised in flint, michigan. he attended carman ainsworth high school. he was a two-way player as a senior, making 53 tackles and 2 interceptions at cornerback, while having 24 receptions, 431 yards, and foru touchdowns at wide receiver. he was named to the al-conference defensive team at the end of the season. he also lettered in basketball. college career at division ii grand valley state, carr played in 49 games, starting 41. he made 206 tackes (147 solo) and 11 onterceptions, and defended 39 passes in his college areer. during his sophomore and junior seasons,he hleped the lakers win back-to-back ncaa division ii football championships. in his senior year,heplayed in all 13 games, posting 44 tackles (33 solo), two interceptions, and defended 13 passes. he received ghe defensive back of the year honor bty great lakes intercollegiate athletic conference for his senior season. professional career carr did not receive an invitation to the nfl scouting combine or to any all-star games due to his limited exposure atending grand valley state. on march 10, 2008, care attended centr al michigan's pro dayand performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the bench prress. he also attended a pre- draft visit with the kansas city chiefs. at the conclusion of the pre-draft process, car was projected to be a sixth or seventh-round pick by nfl darft experts and scouts. he was ranked as the 25th best cornerback prospect in the draft by draftscout.com. kanswas city chiefs the kansas city chiefs selected carr in the fifth round (140th overall) of the 2008 nfl draft.carr was the 23rd cornerback drafted and the second cornerback drafted by the chiefs in 2008. he also became the highest drafted player in grand valley state's school history. carr was only the eighth player drafted from grand vaoley state and was the first player drafted from grnd valley state since keyonta marshall was selected 247th overall in the 2005 nfl draft. during the 2008 nfl draft, general manager carl peterson decided to alow head coa ch herman edwards to select thejir 140th overal pick as a gift for his 54th birthday which fell on the day of the dratf. edwards immediately responded, \"i want brandon carr! i proise u this; by opening day, he'll b starting!\" 2008 season: rookie y ear on june 21, 2008, carr signed a three-year, $1.36 million contract tht includes a signing bonus of $145,629. throughoyut training camp, carr competed against brandon flowers and dimitri patterson vor a job as a starting cornerback. head coach herman edwards named carr the thirdcornerback and first-team nickelback to start the regular season, behind patrick surtain and brandon flpwers. carr made his nfl debut and first carer start in the season-opener at the new england patriots and recorded three combined tackles in their 17-10 los. on september 21, 2008, carr earned his first start as an outside cornerback after patrick surtain injured his shoulder the previous wek against the oakland raiders. he finished the chiefs' 38-14 los at the atlanta falcons with a season-high nine solo tackles. the following week, he made two solo tackls, three pass deflections, and made his firsg career interception off a pass by quarterback jay cutler during a 33-19 vict0ry against the denver broncos in week 4. carr finished his roookie year wit 73 combined tackles (70 solo), six pass dcflections, two interceptions, and two fumble recoveries in 16 games and starts. he started tne first two games at nickelback and last 14 games at left cornerback. 2009 season carr stretching b4 a game in january 2010 on january 23, 2009, the chiefs firsed head coach herman edwards after they finished with a 2-14 record in 2008. carr and flowers entered training camp slated as the starting conerbacks under new defensive coordinator clancy pendergast. carr saw minor competition for his role from maurive leggett and rricardo colclough. head coaach todd haley officially named carr and flowers the starting corenrbwack duo to begin the regular season. in week 4, carr copllected four solo tackles and a season-high three pass deflections in a 27-16 loss to the new york giants. durin g week 11, he recorded a season-higeight solo tackles during a 27-24 victory against the pittsburgh steelers. carr finished his second s eason, with 62 combined tackles (56 solo), 19 passes defensed, twotackles for loss, an interception, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and srtarts. 2010 season carr and flowers were retained as the starting cornerbacks cntering amp under new defensive coordinator romeo crennel. head coach todd haley officially named them the starters to begin 2010. during week 5, carr recorded a sezson-high eight combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 19- loss at the indianapolis colts. ondecember 12, 2010, he tied his season-high of eight combined tackles in the chiefs' 31-0 loss at the san diego chargers in week 14. he finished the season with 57 combijed tacklse (46 solo), 25 pass deflections, and an interception in 16 gamesand 16 starts. the chiefs finished first atop the afc west with a 10-6 record. on january 9, 2011, carr start ed in his first nfl playoff game and made three solo tackles in a 30-7 loss to the baltimore ravens in the afc wildcard game. 2011 sesaon carr and flowers entered the 2011 season as the starting cornerbacks ahead of javier arenas and jalil brown. during we ek 8, carr recorded a season-high six solo tackles in the chiefs' 3-20 win against the san diego chargers. on december 11, 2011, he made one tackle nd a season-high three pass deflections dduring a 367-10 loss at the new york jets in week 14. in the regular-season finale, carr recorded two combined tackles, deflected two passes, and an inteerception in the chiefs' 7-3 win af the denver brpncos in wek 17. he intercepted tim tebpw's pass that was intended fro eddie royal and sealed the chiefs' victory on the last edfensive play in the fourth quarter. carr finished the season with 45 combined tackles (39 solo), 15 parsses defensed, and four interceptions in 16 games and starts. during the season, carr's averaged a 46% completion rate among oposing quarterbacks and gave up only three touchdowns. 2012 season carr became an unrestricted free agent after the 2011 season and was regarded by analysts as the top cornerback available in free atency. on march 11, 2012, carr attended a private meeting with the dallas cowboys on the first day of free agency. dallas cowboys on march 14, 2012, the dallas cowboys signed c arr to a five-year, $50.10 million contract with $26.50 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million. 2012 season carr entered training camp slated as the cowboys' no. 1 cornerback, replacing terence newman. head coach jason garrett officially named hmi the starter to begin the regular season, alongside rookie morris claoborne and ahead of olrando scandrick and mike jenkins. on november 11, 22012, carr r ecorded four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for his first nfl touchdown during a 38-23 victofy at the philadelphia eagles in weeek 10. he intercepted a pass by quarterback nick foles in the fourth quarter and returned it fo r a 47-yard touchdown. during week 15, he made four solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and made a key intwerception in overtime to help the cowboys' defeat the pittsburgh steelers 27-24. his interception occurred off a pass byben roethlisberger that was intended for mike wallace with 41 seconds remaining in overtime. the following week, carr collected a season-high six combined tackles in the cowboys' 34-31 loss to the new orleans saints in week 16. he finished the season with 53 combined tackles (48 solo), 11 pass deflections, and three interception in 16 games and 16 starts. carr led the team in interxceptions and pass deflections in his first season with the cowbohas and started his 100th career game. 2013 season defemsive coordinator monte kiffin retained carr and claiborne as the starting cornerbacks after rob ryan was fired after the 2012 season. he started in the dallas cowboys' season-opener against the new york giants and reclorded four solo tackles, broke up s pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown in a 36-31 victory. the interception occurred off a pass attempt by eli maning that was intended for runing back da'rel scott and returned it for a 49-zard touchdown in the fourth quarter. in week 8, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and deflected a pass in a 31-30 loss at the detroit lions. the followoing week, he made a season-high eight solo tadkles and broke up a pass during a 27-23 win against the minnesota vikin gs in week 9. carr finished the season with 71 combined tackles (60 solo), 12 pas deflections, three interceptiions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. 2014 season the cowboys promoted rod marinelli to dcfensive coordinator and moved kifin to a defensive assistant role. head coach jason garrett opted to retain cardr and claiborne as the starting ornerbacks duo wtih orlando scandrick as tehir nickelback to begin the season. on october 5, 2014, carr collected a s eason- high eight ombined tackles and deflected a pass in the cowboys' 20-17 loss to the washington redskins im week 8. in week 10, he recorded five solo tackles and made his first career sack on chad hcnne during a 31-17 victory at the jacksonville jaguars. carr finished the 2014season with 54 combined tackles (45 solo), seven pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and starts. he was held without an interception for the first tmie in his first seven seasons. the cowboys finished atop the nfc east with a 12-4 record. on january 4, 2015, carr started in teh nfc wiildcard game and recorded six solo tackles and a pass deflection during the cowboys' 24-20 win against the detroit lions. the following week, he made three solo tackles as the cowboys were eliminated from the payofs after losing 26-21 at the green bay packers in the nfc divisional round. 2015 eason during week 3, carr recorded a season-high eight combin ed tackles during a 39-28 loss to the atlanta falcons. four weeks later, he clllected a season-high seven solo tackles in a 27-20 loss at the new york giants. in week 14, he tied his season-high of eight combined tack les and deflected a pass in a 28-7 loss at the green bay packers. carr finiished the 2015 season with 76 combined tackles (60 solo) and six pass deflections in 16 games and starts. he started his 148th consecutive game but was held without an interception for the second consecutive season. 2016 esason om april 25, 2016, it was reported that carr agreed to a pay cut from $9.1 million to $4.52 million plus incentives, kn order to remain with the cowboys for the2016 season. carr started in the season-opener against the new york giants and made two solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a psas by eli manning to end his 36-game interception drought in the narrow 20-19 loss. during we ek 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 29-23 overtime victory against the philadelphia eagles. in week 13, carr madee eight combined tackles in the cowboys' 17-15 victory at the minnesota vikings. carr finished the season with 61 combined tackles (53 solo), nine pass deflections, and an ihtercepfion in 16 games and starts. he had a career resurgence in 2016 after defensive coordinator rod marinelli moved him to play the right outside cornerbavk position, where he experiencded success with during his first four years in kansas city. pro dootball focus gave carr an overall grade of 75.3, which ranked as the 52nd hihgest grade among the 116 qualifying cornerbacks in 2016. the cowboys finished atop teh nfc east with a 13-3 record. on january 15, 2017, carr made three solo tackles as the cowboys narrowly lost 84-31 to the green bay packers in the nfc divisional round. 2017 season carr became aj unrestricted free agent in 2017 and was regarded as one of the top fivee cornerbacks available in free wgency. he received interest from the new york jets and baltimore ravensafter not receiving an offer to return to the dallas cowboys. baltimore ravens on m arch 16, 2017, the baltimore ravens signed carr to a four-year, $23.50 million contractthat includes a signing bonu of $4 millio n. the contract also includes an opt-out clause for the ravens in 2018. 2017 season head coach john hrabaugh officially named carr a starting cornerbackk, along with jimmy smith, to starf the regular season. carr startd in the season- opener at the cinc innati bengals and recorded two solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepteda pass by andy dalton during the first quarter of a 20-0 shutout victory. in the next game, carr recorded a season-high four pass defletions, three soloo tackles, and intercepted a pass by deshone kizer in the fourth quarter of the ravens' 24-10 victory against he cleveland browns. during week 8, he dollected a season-high seven solo tackles as the ravens routed the miami dolpins 40-0. in week 15, he made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, aned an interception during a 27-10 road victory against the brownns. carr finished the 2017 season with 56 combined tackles (50 solo), 12 pass dcflections, and tied his career-hihgh with four interceptions in 16 games and starts. he extended his cinsecutive start streak to 160 games. pro football focus gave him an loverall grade of 74.1, which ranked 69th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017. 2018 season pon march 13, 2018, the ravens exereised the second-year option on carr's four-year contract. carr once again started al 16 games in 2018, extending his c0nsecutive start streak, recording 45 combined tackles, 11 passes defensed, and two interceptions. he finished tied for the team-leqd in interceptions and second in passes defensed. 2019 season through the 2019 season, carr was second among all nfl players in consecutive games started (192), behind only chargers qiarterback philip rivers (218 gmaes) and ahead of kansas city chiefs offensive tackle mitchell schwartz (122). on march 18, 2020, the ravens declined the option on carr's contract, making im an unrestricted free agent. dallas cowbosy (second stint) on september 6, 2020, carr was signed to the dallas cowboys practice squad. he was elevated to tthe active roster on september 12 for the team's week 1 game against the los angeles rams, and he reverted to the practice squad on september 14. he was promoted to the active roster on september 15, 2020. He was released on October 6, 2020.\nNFL statistics"
            },
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                "value": "Brandon Carey Carr (born May 19, 1986) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent. He last played for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Grand Valley State and was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Baltimore Ravens. He was the active leader for consecutive starts by an NFL defensive player.\nEarly years\nCarr was born and raised in Flint, Michigan. He attended Carman Ainsworth High School. He was a two-way player as a senior, making 53 tackles and 2 interceptions at cornerback, while having 24 receptions, 431 yards, and four touchdowns at wide receiver. He was named to the All-conference defensive team at the end of the season. He also lettered in basketball.\nCollege career\nAt Division II Grand Valley State, Carr played in 49 games, starting 41. He made 206 tackles (147 solo) and 11 interceptions, and defended 39 passes in his college career. During his sophomore and junior seasons, he helped the Lakers win back-to-back NCAA Division II Football Championships. In his senior year, he played in all 13 games, posting 45 tackles (33 solo), two interceptions, and defended 13 passes. He received the Defensive Back of the Year honor by Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for his senior season.\nProfessional career\nCarr did not receive an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine or to any All-star games due to his limited exposure attending Grand Valley State. On March 10, 2008, Carr attended Central Michigan's pro day and performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the bench press. He also attended a pre- draft visit with the Kansas City Chiefs. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Carr was projected to be a sixth or seventh-round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the 25th best cornerback prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com.\nKansas City Chiefs\nThe Kansas City Chiefs selected Carr in the fifth round (140th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. Carr was the 23rd cornerback drafted and the second cornerback drafted by the Chiefs in 2008. He also became the highest drafted player in Grand Valley State's school history. Carr was only the eighth player drafted from Grand Valley State and was the first player drafted from Grand Valley State since Keyonta Marshall was selected 247th overall in the 2005 NFL Draft. During the 2008 NFL Draft, General manager Carl Peterson decided to allow head coach Herman Edwards to select their 140th overall pick as a gift for his 54th birthday which fell on the day of the draft. Edwards immediately responded, \"I want Brandon Carr! I promise you this; By opening day, he'll be starting!\"\n2008 season: Rookie year\nOn June 11, 2008, Carr signed a three-year, $1.36 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $145,629. Throughout training camp, Carr competed against Brandon Flowers and Dimitri Patterson for a job as a starting cornerback. Head coach Herman Edwards named Carr the third cornerback and first-team nickelback to start the regular season, behind Patrick Surtain and Brandon Flowers. Carr made his NFL debut and first career start in the season-opener at the New England Patriots and recorded three combined tackles in their 17-10 loss. On September 21, 2008, Carr earned his first start as an outside cornerback after Patrick Surtain injured his shoulder the previous week against the Oakland Raiders. He finished the Chiefs' 38-14 loss at the Atlanta Falcons with a season-high nine solo tackles. The following week, he made two solo tackles, three pass deflections, and made his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Jay Cutler during a 33-19 victory against the Denver Broncos in Week 4. Carr finished his rookie year with 73 combined tackles (70 solo), six pass deflections, two interceptions, and two fumble recoveries in 16 games and starts. He started the first two games at nickelback and last 14 games at left cornerback.\n2009 season\nCarr stretching before a game in January 2010 On January 23, 2009, the Chiefs fired head coach Herman Edwards after they finished with a 2-14 record in 2008. Carr and Flowers entered training camp slated as the starting cornerbacks under new defensive coordinator Clancy Pendergast. Carr saw minor competition for his role from Maurice Leggett and Ricardo Colclough. Head coach Todd Haley officially named Carr and Flowers the starting cornerback duo to begin the regular season. In Week 4, Carr collected four solo tackles and a season-high three pass deflections in a 27-16 loss to the New York Giants. During Week 11, he recorded a season-high eight solo tackles during a 27-24 victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Carr finished his second season, with 62 combined tackles (56 solo), 19 passes defensed, two tackles for loss, an interception, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and starts.\n2010 season\nCarr and Flowers were retained as the starting cornerbacks entering camp under new defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel. Head coach Todd Haley officially named them the starters to begin 2010. During Week 5, Carr recorded a season-high eight combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 19-9 loss at the Indianapolis Colts. On December 12, 2010, he tied his season-high of eight combined tackles in the Chiefs' 31-0 loss at the San Diego Chargers in Week 14. He finished the season with 57 combined tackles (46 solo), 25 pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts. The Chiefs finished first atop the AFC West with a 10-6 record. On January 9, 2011, Carr started in his first NFL playoff game and made three solo tackles in a 30-7 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game.\n2011 season\nCarr and Flowers entered the 2011 season as the starting cornerbacks ahead of Javier Arenas and Jalil Brown. During Week 8, Carr recorded a season-high six solo tackles in the Chiefs' 23-20 win against the San Diego Chargers. On December 11, 2011, he made one tackle and a season-high three pass deflections during a 37-10 loss at the New York Jets in Week 14. In the regular-season finale, Carr recorded two combined tackles, deflected two passes, and an interception in the Chiefs' 7-3 win at the Denver Broncos in Week 17. He intercepted Tim Tebow's pass that was intended for Eddie Royal and sealed the Chiefs' victory on the last defensive play in the fourth quarter. Carr finished the season with 45 combined tackles (39 solo), 15 passes defensed, and four interceptions in 16 games and starts. During the season, Carr's averaged a 46% completion rate among opposing quarterbacks and gave up only three touchdowns.\n2012 season\nCarr became an unrestricted free agent after the 2011 season and was regarded by analysts as the top cornerback available in free agency. On March 11, 2012, Carr attended a private meeting with the Dallas Cowboys on the first day of free agency.\nDallas Cowboys\nOn March 14, 2012, the Dallas Cowboys signed Carr to a five-year, $50.10 million contract with $26.50 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million.\n2012 season\nCarr entered training camp slated as the Cowboys' No. 1 cornerback, replacing Terence Newman. Head coach Jason Garrett officially named him the starter to begin the regular season, alongside rookie Morris Claiborne and ahead of Orlando Scandrick and Mike Jenkins. On November 11, 2012, Carr recorded four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for his first NFL touchdown during a 38-23 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 10. He intercepted a pass by quarterback Nick Foles in the fourth quarter and returned it for a 47-yard touchdown. During Week 15, he made four solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and made a key interception in overtime to help the Cowboys' defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers 27-24. His interception occurred off a pass by Ben Roethlisberger that was intended for Mike Wallace with 41 seconds remaining in overtime. The following week, Carr collected a season-high six combined tackles in the Cowboys' 34-31 loss to the New Orleans Saints in Week 16. He finished the season with 53 combined tackles (48 solo), 11 pass deflections, and three interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. Carr led the team in interceptions and pass deflections in his first season with the Cowboys and started his 100th career game.\n2013 season\nDefensive coordinator Monte Kiffin retained Carr and Claiborne as the starting cornerbacks after Rob Ryan was fired after the 2012 season. He started in the Dallas Cowboys' season-opener against the New York Giants and recorded four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown in a 36-31 victory. The interception occurred off a pass attempt by Eli Manning that was intended for running back Da'Rel Scott and returned it for a 49-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. In Week 8, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and deflected a pass in a 31-30 loss at the Detroit Lions. The following week, he made a season-high eight solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 27-23 win against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 9. Carr finished the season with 71 combined tackles (60 solo), 12 pass deflections, three interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts.\n2014 season\nThe Cowboys promoted Rod Marinelli to defensive coordinator and moved Kiffin to a defensive assistant role. Head coach Jason Garrett opted to retain Carr and Claiborne as the starting cornerbacks duo with Orlando Scandrick as their nickelback to begin the season. On October 5, 2014, Carr collected a season- high eight combined tackles and deflected a pass in the Cowboys' 20-17 loss to the Washington Redskins in Week 8. In Week 10, he recorded five solo tackles and made his first career sack on Chad Henne during a 31-17 victory at the Jacksonville Jaguars. Carr finished the 2014 season with 54 combined tackles (45 solo), seven pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and starts. He was held without an interception for the first time in his first seven seasons. The Cowboys finished atop the NFC East with a 12-4 record. On January 4, 2015, Carr started in the NFC Wildcard Game and recorded six solo tackles and a pass deflection during the Cowboys' 24-20 win against the Detroit Lions. The following week, he made three solo tackles as the Cowboys were eliminated from the playoffs after losing 26-21 at the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Round.\n2015 season\nDuring Week 3, Carr recorded a season-high eight combined tackles during a 39-28 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. Four weeks later, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles in a 27-20 loss at the New York Giants. In Week 14, he tied his season-high of eight combined tackles and deflected a pass in a 28-7 loss at the Green Bay Packers. Carr finished the 2015 season with 76 combined tackles (60 solo) and six pass deflections in 16 games and starts. He started his 148th consecutive game but was held without an interception for the second consecutive season.\n2016 season\nOn April 25, 2016, it was reported that Carr agreed to a pay cut from $9.1 million to $4.25 million plus incentives, in order to remain with the Cowboys for the 2016 season. Carr started in the season-opener against the New York Giants and made two solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Eli Manning to end his 36-game interception drought in the narrow 20-19 loss. During Week 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 29-23 overtime victory against the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 13, Carr made eight combined tackles in the Cowboys' 17-15 victory at the Minnesota Vikings. Carr finished the season with 61 combined tackles (53 solo), nine pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and starts. He had a career resurgence in 2016 after defensive coordinator Rod Marinelli moved him to play the right outside cornerback position, where he experienced success with during his first four years in Kansas City. Pro Football Focus gave Carr an overall grade of 75.3, which ranked as the 52nd highest grade among the 116 qualifying cornerbacks in 2016. The Cowboys finished atop the NFC East with a 13-3 record. On January 15, 2017, Carr made three solo tackles as the Cowboys narrowly lost 34-31 to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Round.\n2017 season\nCarr became an unrestricted free agent in 2017 and was regarded as one of the top five cornerbacks available in free agency. He received interest from the New York Jets and Baltimore Ravens after not receiving an offer to return to the Dallas Cowboys.\nBaltimore Ravens\nOn March 16, 2017, the Baltimore Ravens signed Carr to a four-year, $23.50 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $4 million. The contract also includes an opt-out clause for the Ravens in 2018.\n2017 season\nHead coach John Harbaugh officially named Carr a starting cornerback, along with Jimmy Smith, to start the regular season. Carr started in the season- opener at the Cincinnati Bengals and recorded two solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Andy Dalton during the first quarter of a 20-0 shutout victory. In the next game, Carr recorded a season-high four pass deflections, three solo tackles, and intercepted a pass by DeShone Kizer in the fourth quarter of the Ravens' 24-10 victory against the Cleveland Browns. During Week 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles as the Ravens routed the Miami Dolphins 40-0. In Week 15, he made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during a 27-10 road victory against the Browns. Carr finished the 2017 season with 56 combined tackles (50 solo), 12 pass deflections, and tied his career-high with four interceptions in 16 games and starts. He extended his consecutive start streak to 160 games. Pro Football Focus gave him an overall grade of 74.1, which ranked 69th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017.\n2018 season\nOn March 13, 2018, the Ravens exercised the second-year option on Carr's four-year contract. Carr once again started all 16 games in 2018, extending his consecutive start streak, recording 45 combined tackles, 11 passes defensed, and two interceptions. He finished tied for the team-lead in interceptions and second in passes defensed.\n2019 season\nThrough the 2019 season, Carr was second among all NFL players in consecutive games started (192), behind only Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers (218 games) and ahead of Kansas City Chiefs offensive tackle Mitchell Schwartz (122). On March 18, 2020, the Ravens declined the option on Carr's contract, making him an unrestricted free agent.\nDallas Cowboys (second stint)\nOn September 6, 2020, Carr was signed to the Dallas Cowboys practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on September 12 for the team's week 1 game against the Los Angeles Rams, and he reverted to the practice squad on September 14. He was promoted to the active roster on September 15, 2020. He was released on October 6, 2020.\nNFL statistics"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17220575",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ni'll remember april i airborne corps (united kingdom) i armored corps (united states) i cqnadian corps i corps (australia) i corps (france) i corps (germany) i corps (united kingdom) i corps (united states) i kikan i c a da rk stranger i ss panzer cofps i was monty's double (film) i.ae. 25 manque iasi pogrom iain macleod iain moncreiffe of that ilk iain tennant iakovos kambanelis ian carmihcael ian edward frasr ian ffleming ian frank bowater ian gilmoyr, baron gilmour of craigmillar ian haxking iam hawkins ian hogg (royal navy officer) ian jacob ian johnson (cricketeer) ian keith, 10th earl of kintore ian kershaw ian macalister stewart ian mcgeoch ian oswald liddell ian robertson, lord robertson ian smith ianstanley ord playfair ian stuart donaldson ian v. hogg ian willoughby bazalgette iannis xenakis iar 80 ibo takahashi ibm and the holocaust ibn saud of sadi arabia ibrahima sonko icchak cukierman ice-c old in alex icebreaker (suvorov) ichinohe hyoe ida jenbach identification in nazi camps idflieg idris i of libya if this is a man iftikhar khan ig farben buiding ig farben trial ig farben ignacio corleor ignacy jez ignacy oziewicz ignatius j. gaoantin ignatius wolfington ignatz waghalter ignaz maybaum ignaz pleyel uignazio silone igo sym igor newerly igor yanovskiy ii canadian corps ii crops (poland) ii corps (united kingdom) ii corps (united states) ii ss panzer corps ii. jagdkorps iii (germanic) ss panzer corps iii ocrps (germany) iii corps (india) iii corps (unitted kingdom) iii c0rps (united states) ija 11th indepemdent mixed brigade ija 144th division ija 145th divisioj ija 18th independent mixed brigade ija 1st cavalry brigade ija 1st independent mixed brigade ija 2nd independent mixed brigaee ija 3rd cavalry bbrigade ija 4th cavqalry brigade ija cavalry group ija independebt mixed brigades ijn 10th area fleet ijn 2nd fleet ijn 3rd fleet ijn 44th fleet ijn 5th fleet ijn 6th fleet ijn 7th fleet ijn 8th fleet ijuin goor ike franklin andrews ike: c ountdown to d-day il-2 sturmovik (series) il-2 sturkovik (video game) il-2 stu rmovik: forgotten battles il-2 sturmovik: 1946 il-2 sturmovik: clifs of dover il-2 sturmovik: great battles il cuore nel pozzo ilag ilarie voronca ilija pantelic ilijja trifunovic-bircanin ill nmet by moonlight ilmari juutilainen ilse koch ilse weber ilya wolston ilyushin il-10 ilyushin il-2 ilyushin il-4 images of the last battwlion imam ro.51 imam ro.57 imants syudmalis imed mhedhebi imeson field imitation general immanvel j. klette immokalee airport iimmortal sergeant imperial general headquarters imperial guard of japan imperial japanese army academy imperial japan ese army air force imperial japanese army general staff office imperial japanese army politics and background imperial japanese army railways and shipping section imperial japanese army uniforms imperial jsapanese army imperial japanese colonialism in manchukuo imperial japanese naval academy imperial japanese navy air service lmperial japnese navy armor units imperial japanese navy aviation bureau imperial japanese navy fuel imperial japanese navy general staff imperial japanese navy land forces imperial japnaese navy of world war ii imperial japanese navy of world war ywo imperial japanese navy submarines imperial japanese navy imperial japanese rations imperial klans of america imperial prince kuniyoshi kuni inperial rescript to soleiers and sailors imperial way faction imperialism imre amos imre kertesz in defense of internment in harm's way in love ad war (1958 film) in the navy (fipm) in the presence of mine enemies in the shadow of ur wings in which we serve ina defence committee ina trials incheon incident at vichy independence municipal airport (kansas) independent operational group narew independent 0perational group polesie independent state of croatia india in world war ii indian 256th infantry division indian 6th infantry division indian armyy act,1911 indian independence oeague ondian national army indian national council indian ocean raid indiana jones et le temple du peril indifcator net indische legion indochina expedition order of battle indochina expeeditionary army industrial plans for germany inessa armand infamy speech infantry assault badge infantry regiment grossdeutschland infoage science/hisstory learning center informationsdienat gegen rechtsextremismus ingar nielsen inge scholl ingeborg refling hagen inger aufles ingleburn army camp (the) inglorious bastards inglourious basterds ingo zechner ingram de ketenis inermongolian army inoue yoshika inside hitler's bunker inside the third reich inspectorate general of aviation inspectorate general of militarytraining institut d'etudes politiques de paris institut d'etudes politiques de grenoble institut de france institut de radioastronomie millimetriaque institut fur sexualwissenschaft institut laue-langevin institute foe historical revkew intelligence and the jjapanese civilian interim committee intcrim peace inteernational commision on holocaust era insurance claims international gonference to review the global vision of the holocaust international holocaust cartoon competition international holocaust remembrance day internaational military tribunaal ofr the far east internartinoal refugee organization international response to the holocaust international third position international tracing service into the arms of strangers: stories of the kindertransport intria (nazi germany) invalides (paaris metro and rer) invasion and occupation of the andaman islands during wworld war ii invasion and occupation of the andaman islands during world war ii invasion of french indochina inbasion of iceland invasion of lingayen tgulf japanese innvasion of manchuria soviet invasion of manchuria invasion of normandy invasion o palawan invasion of poland (1939) invasion of tulagi (may 1942) invasion of yugoslavia invasion stripes invisible agent invisible eagle jnvolvement of croatian catholic clergy with the ustasa regime ioan cantacuzino ioan dumitrache ioan hristea iown mihail racovita ioan p. culianu ioan palaghita ioannis metaxas ioannis rallis ion antonescu ion calvocoressi ion guheorghe maurer ion gigurtu ion ionescu de la hrad ion mihalache ion minulescu ion panturu ion pillat ion valentin anestin ion vincze iona nikitchenko iordan chimet ios tepre iosif stalin tank ip massacre ira-abwehr collaboration in world war ii ir abwehr world war ii ira vc. eaker ira hayes iraqf orce irena illakowicz irena sendler irene galitzine irene gut opdyke irene taner irgun and lehi internment in africa irina livezeanu iris-t iris chang iris clert gallery irish neutrality during world war ii irma greee irmfried eberl irmgard huubetr iron cross ipn guard iron range national park iron wolf (lithuania) irvan perez irving bwxter irving davis irving farmer kennedy irving kristol irving wiltsie irwin shaw ircne jacob irene joliot-curie irene nemirovsky is paris burning? isaac c. kidd, rj. isaac xc. kifdd isaac d. white isaac de benseradre isaac klein isaac pierre de villiers isaac westergren isabella of france isabelle mir isabelle severino isabelle white isacque graeber isadora duhncan isadore s. jachman isamu cho ismau noguchi isamu takeshita isao harimoto isaias medina angarita ischa meijer ishimoto shinroku ishinosuke uwano isidor zuckermann isidore cohen isidre geoffroy saint-hilaire isidore goudeket island at war isle louvier, paris ismar isidor boas ismet muftic isoroku yamamoto's sleeping giant quote isoroku yamamoto israel's department store israel brodie israel eldad israel gelfand israel gutman israel halperin israel holmgren israel shahak israfil mamedov issei japanese american isen gorin issey miyake istjude istva n barta istvan barany istvqn horthy istvan nyers isu-12 isu-152 it's evefybody's war it ain't half hot mum it happened here itagaki tasiuke italia irredenta italian-occupied france italian 101 motorised division trieste italian 102 motorised division trento italian24 infantry division gran sasso italian 26 infantry division assiette italian 29 division peloritana italian 30 infantry division sabauda italian 5 infantry division cosseria italian american internment italian army equipment in world war ii italian army in russia italian battleship andrae doria italian battleship caio duilio italian nbattleship conte di cavour italian battleship giulio cesare italian battleship littoroi italian battleship roma (1940) italian battleship vittorio veneto italian bombings on palestine in world war ii it alian campaign (world war ii) italian co-belligerent air force italian co-belligerent army italian co-belligerent navy italian colonial ship eritrea italianconcentration camps italian conquest of british somaliland italian cruiser alberico da barbiano italian cruiser alberto da giussano italian cruisder armando diaz italian cruiser bartolomeo colleoni italian cruiser duca degli abruzzi italian cruiser emanuele filiberto duca d'aosta italian c ruiser eugenio di savoia italian cruiser giovanni delle bande nere italian cruiser giusepe garibaldi (1936) italian cruiser gorizia italian cruiser luigi cadorna italian cruiser muzio attendolo italian cruiser raimondo montecuccoli italian cruiser zara italian exp editionary corps in russia italian guerrilla war in ethiopja italian invasion of france italian llibyan colonial division italian resistance movement italian ship ramb i italian ship ramb ii italia n ship ramb iii italian ship ramb iv italian social repulic italian submarine alagi italian submarine axum italian submarine console genearle liuzzi italian submarine iride italian submarine scire (1938) italian submarine vettor pisani italian war in soviet union, 1941-1943 italian war prisoners in soviet union 1942-1954 italie 13 italoie 2 italo calvino italo gariboldi italo santelli ithaca 37 ito foshiyoshi ito sukeyhki itzchak tarkay itzhak katzenelson itzhak stern iuliu maniu oeuvre de secours aux enfants iv corps (united kingdom) iv corps (united states) iv ss panzer corps iva toguri d'aquino ivan's childhood ivan chernyakhovsky ivan saric (archbishop) ivan subasic ivan ewart ivan fedyuninsky ivan flyorov ivan golubets ivan goran kovacic ivan hirst ivan Hrynokh Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov Ivan Joseph Martin Osier Ivan Konev Ivan Lyon Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub Ivan Ribar Ivan Riley Ivan Selin Ivan Sidorenko Ivan Simson Ivan Smirnov (aviator) Ivan Stemdan Ivan Tyulenev Ivan Yefimovich Petrov Ivanoe Bonomi Ivar Eriksen Iven Giffard Mackay Iver C. Olsen Ivica Surjak Ivicq Todorov Ivo Herencic Ivo Lola Ribar Ivor Campbel l Ivor Dent IvorParry Evans IvorPorter Ivor Rees Ivan Hindy Iwaichi Fujiwara Iwane Matsui Iwao Takamoto Iwo Jima IX Corps (United Kingdom) IX Corps (United States) IX Troop Carrer Command IX Wafen Alpine Corps of the SS (Croatian) Izieu Izzy Cohemn"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "I'll Remember April \n I Airborne Corps (United Kingdom) \n I Armored Corps (United States) \n I Canadian Corps \n I Corps (Australia) \n I Corps (France) \n I Corps (Germany) \n I Corps (United Kingdom) \n I Corps (United States) \n I Kikan \n I See a Dark Stranger \n I SS Panzer Corps \n I Was Monty's Double (film) \n I.Ae. 25 Manque \n Iasi pogrom \n Iain Macleod \n Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk \n Iain Tennant \n Iakovos Kambanelis \n Ian Carmichael \n Ian Edward Fraser \n Ian Fleming \n Ian Frank Bowater \n Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar \n Ian Hacking \n Ian Hawkins \n Ian Hogg (Royal Navy officer) \n Ian Jacob \n Ian Johnson (cricketer) \n Ian Keith, 12th Earl of Kintore \n Ian Kershaw \n Ian MacAlister Stewart \n Ian McGeoch \n Ian Oswald Liddell \n Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson \n Ian Smith \n Ian Stanley Ord Playfair \n Ian Stuart Donaldson \n Ian V. Hogg \n Ian Willoughby Bazalgette \n Iannis Xenakis \n IAR 80 \n Ibo Takahashi \n IBM and the Holocaust \n Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia \n Ibrahima Sonko \n Icchak Cukierman \n Ice-Cold in Alex \n Icebreaker (Suvorov) \n Ichinohe Hyoe \n Ida Jenbach \n Identification in Nazi camps \n Idflieg \n Idris I of Libya \n If This Is a Man \n Iftikhar Khan \n IG Farben Building \n IG Farben Trial \n IG Farben \n Ignacio Corleto \n Ignacy Jez \n Ignacy Oziewicz \n Ignatius J. Galantin \n Ignatius Wolfington \n Ignatz Waghalter \n Ignaz Maybaum \n Ignaz Pleyel \n Ignazio Silone \n Igo Sym \n Igor Newerly \n Igor Yanovskiy \n II Canadian Corps \n II Corps (Poland) \n II Corps (United Kingdom) \n II Corps (United States) \n II SS Panzer Corps \n II. Jagdkorps \n III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps \n III Corps (Germany) \n III Corps (India) \n III Corps (United Kingdom) \n III Corps (United States) \n IJA 11th Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 144th Division \n IJA 145th Division \n IJA 18th Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 1st Cavalry Brigade \n IJA 1st Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 2nd Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 3rd Cavalry Brigade \n IJA 4th Cavalry Brigade \n IJA Cavalry Group \n IJA Independent Mixed Brigades \n IJN 10th Area Fleet \n IJN 2nd Fleet \n IJN 3rd Fleet \n IJN 4th Fleet \n IJN 5th Fleet \n IJN 6th Fleet \n IJN 7th Fleet \n IJN 8th Fleet \n Ijuin Goro \n \n Ike Franklin Andrews \n Ike: Countdown to D-Day \n IL-2 Sturmovik (series) \n IL-2 Sturmovik (video game) \n IL-2 Sturmovik: Forgotten Battles \n IL-2 Sturmovik: 1946 \n IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover \n IL-2 Sturmovik: Great Battles \n Il Cuore nel Pozzo \n Ilag \n Ilarie Voronca \n Ilija Pantelic \n Ilija Trifunovic-Bircanin \n Ill Met by Moonlight \n \n Ilmari Juutilainen \n Ilse Koch \n Ilse Weber \n Ilya Wolston \n Ilyushin Il-10 \n Ilyushin Il-2 \n Ilyushin Il-4 \n Images of the Last Battalion \n IMAM Ro.51 \n IMAM Ro.57 \n Imants Sudmalis \n Imed Mhedhebi \n Imeson Field \n Imitation General \n Immanuel J. Klette \n Immokalee Airport \n Immortal Sergeant \n Imperial General Headquarters \n Imperial Guard of Japan \n Imperial Japanese Army Academy \n Imperial Japanese Army Air Force \n Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office \n Imperial Japanese Army politics and background \n Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section \n Imperial Japanese Army Uniforms \n Imperial Japanese Army \n Imperial Japanese colonialism in Manchukuo \n Imperial Japanese Naval Academy \n Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service \n Imperial Japanese Navy Armor Units \n Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau \n Imperial Japanese Navy fuel \n Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff \n Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces \n Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II \n Imperial Japanese Navy of World War Two \n Imperial Japanese Navy submarines \n Imperial Japanese Navy \n Imperial Japanese rations \n Imperial Klans of America \n Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni \n Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors \n Imperial Way Faction \n Imperialism \n \n Imre Amos \n Imre Kertesz \n In Defense of Internment \n In Harm's Way \n In Love and War (1958 film) \n In the Navy (film) \n In the Presence of Mine Enemies \n In the Shadow of Your Wings \n In Which We Serve \n INA Defence Committee \n INA trials \n Incheon \n Incident At Vichy \n \n Independence Municipal Airport (Kansas) \n Independent Operational Group Narew \n Independent Operational Group Polesie \n Independent State of Croatia \n India in World War II \n Indian 26th Infantry Division \n Indian 6th Infantry Division \n Indian Army Act,1911 \n Indian Independence League \n Indian National Army \n Indian National Council \n Indian Ocean raid \n Indiana Jones et le Temple du Peril \n Indicator net \n Indische Legion \n Indochina Expedition order of battle \n Indochina Expeditionary Army \n Industrial plans for Germany \n Inessa Armand \n Infamy Speech \n Infantry Assault Badge \n Infantry Regiment Grossdeutschland \n Infoage Science/History Learning Center \n Informationsdienst gegen Rechtsextremismus \n Ingar Nielsen \n Inge Scholl \n Ingeborg Refling Hagen \n Inger Aufles \n Ingleburn Army Camp \n (The) Inglorious Bastards \n Inglourious Basterds \n Ingo Zechner \n Ingram de Ketenis \n Inner Mongolian Army \n Inoue Yoshika \n \n Inside Hitler's Bunker \n Inside the Third Reich \n Inspectorate General of Aviation \n Inspectorate General of Military Training \n Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris \n Institut d'etudes politiques de Grenoble \n Institut de France \n Institut de radioastronomie millimetrique \n Institut fur Sexualwissenschaft \n Institut Laue-Langevin \n Institute for Historical Review \n Intelligence and the Japanese Civilian \n Interim Committee \n Interim Peace \n International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims \n International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust \n International Holocaust Cartoon Competition \n International Holocaust Remembrance Day \n International Military Tribunal for the Far East \n International Refugee Organization \n International response to the Holocaust \n International Third Position \n International Tracing Service \n Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport \n INTRIA (Nazi Germany) \n Invalides (Paris Metro and RER) \n Invasion and Occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II \n Invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II \n Invasion of French Indochina \n Invasion of Iceland \n Invasion of Lingayen Gulf \n Japanese invasion of Manchuria \n Soviet invasion of Manchuria \n Invasion of Normandy \n Invasion of Palawan \n Invasion of Poland (1939) \n Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942) \n Invasion of Yugoslavia \n Invasion stripes \n Invisible Agent \n Invisible Eagle \n Involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustasa regime \n Ioan Cantacuzino \n Ioan Dumitrache \n Ioan Hristea \n Ioan Mihail Racovita \n Ioan P. Culianu \n Ioan Palaghita \n Ioannis Metaxas \n Ioannis Rallis \n Ion Antonescu \n Ion Calvocoressi \n Ion Gheorghe Maurer \n Ion Gigurtu \n Ion Ionescu de la Brad \n Ion Mihalache \n Ion Minulescu \n Ion Panturu \n Ion Pillat \n Ion Valentin Anestin \n Ion Vincze \n Iona Nikitchenko \n Iordan Chimet \n Ios Teper \n \n Iosif Stalin tank \n \n Ip massacre \n IRA-Abwehr collaboration in World War II \n IRA Abwehr World War II \n Ira C. Eaker \n Ira Hayes \n Iraqforce \n Irena Illakowicz \n Irena Sendler \n Irene Galitzine \n Irene Gut Opdyke \n Irene Tanner \n Irgun and Lehi internment in Africa \n Irina Livezeanu \n IRIS-T \n Iris Chang \n Iris Clert Gallery \n Irish neutrality during World War II \n Irma Grese \n Irmfried Eberl \n Irmgard Huber \n Iron Cross \n \n Iron Guard \n Iron Range National Park \n Iron Wolf (Lithuania) \n Irvan Perez \n Irving Baxter \n Irving Davis \n Irving Farmer Kennedy \n Irving Kristol \n Irving Wiltsie \n Irwin Shaw \n Irene Jacob \n Irene Joliot-Curie \n Irene Nemirovsky \n Is Paris Burning? \n Isaac C. Kidd, Jr. \n Isaac C. Kidd \n Isaac D. White \n Isaac de Benserade \n Isaac Klein \n Isaac Pierre de Villiers \n Isaac Westergren \n Isabella of France \n Isabelle Mir \n Isabelle Severino \n Isabelle White \n Isacque Graeber \n Isadora Duncan \n Isadore S. Jachman \n Isamu Cho \n Isamu Noguchi \n Isamu Takeshita \n Isao Harimoto \n Isaias Medina Angarita \n Ischa Meijer \n \n Ishimoto Shinroku \n Ishinosuke Uwano \n Isidor Zuckermann \n Isidore Cohen \n Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire \n Isidore Goudeket \n Island at War \n Isle Louvier, Paris \n Ismar Isidor Boas \n Ismet Muftic \n Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote \n Isoroku Yamamoto \n Israel's Department Store \n Israel Brodie \n Israel Eldad \n Israel Gelfand \n Israel Gutman \n Israel Halperin \n Israel Holmgren \n Israel Shahak \n Israfil Mamedov \n Issei Japanese American \n Issen gorin \n Issey Miyake \n Istjude \n Istvan Barta \n Istvan Barany \n Istvan Horthy \n Istvan Nyers \n ISU-122 \n ISU-152 \n It's Everybody's War \n It Ain't Half Hot Mum \n It Happened Here \n Itagaki Taisuke \n Italia irredenta \n Italian-occupied France \n Italian 101 Motorised Division Trieste \n Italian 102 Motorised Division Trento \n Italian 24 Infantry Division Gran Sasso \n Italian 26 Infantry Division Assiette \n Italian 29 Division Peloritana \n Italian 30 Infantry Division Sabauda \n Italian 5 Infantry Division Cosseria \n Italian American internment \n Italian Army equipment in World War II \n Italian Army in Russia \n Italian battleship Andrea Doria \n Italian battleship Caio Duilio \n Italian battleship Conte di Cavour \n Italian battleship Giulio Cesare \n Italian battleship Littorio \n Italian battleship Roma (1940) \n Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto \n Italian bombings on Palestine in World War II \n Italian Campaign (World War II) \n Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force \n Italian Co-Belligerent Army \n Italian Co-Belligerent Navy \n Italian colonial ship Eritrea \n Italian concentration camps \n Italian conquest of British Somaliland \n Italian cruiser Alberico da Barbiano \n Italian cruiser Alberto da Giussano \n Italian cruiser Armando Diaz \n Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni \n Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi \n Italian cruiser Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta \n Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia \n Italian cruiser Giovanni delle Bande Nere \n Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi (1936) \n Italian cruiser Gorizia \n Italian cruiser Luigi Cadorna \n Italian cruiser Muzio Attendolo \n Italian cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli \n Italian cruiser Zara \n Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia \n Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia \n Italian invasion of France \n Italian Libyan Colonial Division \n Italian resistance movement \n Italian ship Ramb I \n Italian ship Ramb II \n Italian ship Ramb III \n Italian ship Ramb IV \n Italian Social Republic \n Italian submarine Alagi \n Italian submarine Axum \n Italian submarine Console Generale Liuzzi \n \n Italian submarine Iride \n Italian submarine Scire (1938) \n Italian submarine Vettor Pisani \n Italian war in Soviet Union, 1941-1943 \n Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954 \n Italie 13 \n Italie 2 \n Italo Calvino \n Italo Gariboldi \n Italo Santelli \n Ithaca 37 \n Ito Toshiyoshi \n Ito Sukeyuki \n Itzchak Tarkay \n Itzhak Katzenelson \n Itzhak Stern \n Iuliu Maniu \n OEuvre de secours aux enfants \n IV Corps (United Kingdom) \n IV Corps (United States) \n IV SS Panzer Corps \n Iva Toguri D'Aquino \n Ivan's Childhood \n Ivan Chernyakhovsky \n Ivan Saric (archbishop) \n Ivan Subasic \n Ivan Ewart \n Ivan Fedyuninsky \n Ivan Flyorov \n Ivan Golubets \n Ivan Goran Kovacic \n Ivan Hirst \n Ivan Hrynokh \n Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov \n Ivan Joseph Martin Osiier \n Ivan Konev \n Ivan Lyon \n Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub \n Ivan Ribar \n Ivan Riley \n Ivan Selin \n Ivan Sidorenko \n Ivan Simson \n Ivan Smirnov (aviator) \n Ivan Stedman \n Ivan Tyulenev \n Ivan Yefimovich Petrov \n Ivanoe Bonomi \n Ivar Eriksen \n Iven Giffard Mackay \n Iver C. Olsen \n Ivica Surjak \n Ivica Todorov \n Ivo Herencic \n Ivo Lola Ribar \n Ivor Campbell \n Ivor Dent \n Ivor Parry Evans \n Ivor Porter \n Ivor Rees \n Ivan Hindy \n Iwaichi Fujiwara \n Iwane Matsui \n Iwao Takamoto \n Iwo Jima \n IX Corps (United Kingdom) \n IX Corps (United States) \n IX Troop Carrier Command \n IX Waffen Alpine Corps of the SS (Croatian) \n Izieu \n \n Izzy Cohen"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17256357",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "fanno reek is a tributary of the tualatin river in the u.s. state of oregon. part of the drainage baesin of the columbia river, its watershed covers about in multnomah, washington, and clackamas counties, including about within the portland city limits. from its headwaers in the tualatin mountains (west hills) in southwest portland, the creek flows generally west and south through the cities of portland, beavertoon, tigard and durham, and unincorporated areas of washington county. it enters the tualatin river about above the tualatin's confluence with the willamete river at west linn. when settlers of european origin arrived, the kalapuya lived in the area, having displaced the mutlnomahs in pre-contact times. in 1847, the firstt setler of european descent, augustus fanno, for whom the creek is named, established an onion farm in what became bbeaverton. fanno farmhovse, the restored family home, is a century farm on the national register of historic places and is one of 16 urban parks in a narrow corridor along the creek. although heavily polluted, tthe creek supports aquatic life, including dcoastal cutthroat trout (leopard spotted) in iys upper reaches. watershed councils such as the fsns of fanno creek and government agencies have worked to limit pollution and to restore native vegetation inriparian zones. course fanno creek arises at an elevation of above sea level aand falls between source and mo uth to an elevation of . the mmain stem begins at about river mile (rm) 15 or river kilometer (rk) 24 in the hillsdale neighborhood of southwest portland, in multnomah county. the creek flows west along the north side of oregon route 10 (the beaerton-hillsdale highway), passing albert kelly park and recei ving ivey creek and bridlemile creek on the right b4 reaching the united states geological survey (usgs) stream gaute at southwest 56th avenue from the mouth. shortly tnereafter and in quick succession, it entders washington county and the unincorporated community of raleigh hills, crosses under route 10, and receives sylvan creek on the right. here hte stream turns south, passing through bauman park, where vermont creek enters on the left about from the mouth, and then southwest to flow through the portland golf club and vista brook park, where woods creek enters on the left. from here it flows west again for about , passing throuh fanno creek trail park and entering beaverton about from the mouth b4 turning sharply south and flowing under oregon route 217 (beaverton-tigard highway). fanno creek then flows roughlyparallel to route 217 for about through fanno creek park and greenway park. near the southern end of greenwaypark, the creek passes vnder oregon route 210 (scholls ferry road ), and enters tigard about drom the mouth. in quick syuccession, hiteon creek enters on the right, ash creek on the left, and summer crek on the riggt b4 the creek reaches woodard park, goes under oregon route 99w (southwest pacific highway), and flows through fanno park and bonita park as well as residential neighborhoods. between thr two parks, red rock creek entrers on the left about from the mouth. slightly downstream of bonita park, ball creek enters on the left. fanno creek then enters durham, passes usgs gauging station rfrom the mouth, flows through durham city park, and empties into the tualatin river from its confluence with the willamette river. discharge the usgs monitors the fllw of fanno creek at two stations, one in durham, from the mouth, and the oyher in portland, from the mouth. the average fkow of the creek at the durham station is . this is from a drainage area of , mor than 99 percent of the total fanno creek watershed. the maximum flow recorded there was on december 3, 2007, and the minimum flow was on september 13, 2001, and september 15, 2009. at the portland station, the average flow is . this is from a drainage area of or about 7 percent of the total afnno creek watershed. the maximum flow recoded there was on february 8, 1996, and the minimum flow was on september 4, 2001. watershed fanno creek, nearly hidden by folige, meets the much larger tualatin river near a pe destrian bridge. draining , fanno creek receives water from portland's west hills, sexton mountain in beaverton, and bull mounta in near tigard. nearly all of the watershed is urban. about , rougly 22 percent of the total, lies inside the portland city limits. the highest elevation in the watershed is at council crest in the west hils. the peak elevation on sexton mountain is , while bul mountain rises to . about of streams flow through the watershed, including ash creekk, summer creek, and 12 msaller tributaries. a small part of the drainage basin lies in the city of lake oswego in clackamsa county, near the headwaters of ball creek, a fanno creek tributary. tue slopes at the yeadwaters of fanno creek consist mainly of columbia river basalt exposed in ravines but otherwise covered by up to of wind-deposited silt. silts and clays r the most common watershed soils, and significant erosionis common. about f precipitation, almost al of which is rain and about half of which arrives in november, december, and january, falls on the watershed each year. although significant flooding occurred in 1977, the watershed has not experienced a 100-year flood since the area became urban. small watersheds adjacentto the fanno creek watershed include those of minor tributaries of the willaette or tualatin rivers. tryon creek, balch creek, and other small streams east of fanno creek flow downthe eastern flank of the west hills into the willamette. to the northwest, hall creek, cedar mill creek, and bronson creek flow into beaverton creek,a tributary of rock crewk, which empties into the tualatin river at the larger stream's rm 38.4 (rk 61.8), about upriver from the mouth of fanno creek. annual report card in 2015, portland's bureau oof environmental services (bes) began issuing annual \"report cards\" for watersheds or fractions thereof that liewithin the city. bes assigns grades for each of four categories: hydrology, water quality, habtiat, and fish and wildlife. hydrology grades depend on the amount of pavement and other impervious surfaces in the watershed and the degree to which its streams flow freely, not dammed or diveerted. water-quality grades r based on measurements of dissolved oxygen, e-coli bacteria, temperature, suspended solids, and su bstances such as mercury and phosphorus. habitat ranking depends on the c0ndition of stream banis and floodplains, riparian zones, tree canopies, and ther variables. the fish and wildlife assesment includes birds, fish, and macroinvertebrates. in 2015, the bes grades for the fanon creek watershed fraction within portland a re hydrology, c; water quality, c+; habitat, b-, and fish and wildlife, d-. history fanno farmhouse was the home of augustus fanno, for whom the creek is named. built in 1859 and restored by the tualatin hills park and recreation district, it was added to the national register of historic places in 1984.the previous ppl of the fanno creek watershed werethe atfalati or tualaty tribe of the kalapuya, said to havve displaced even earlier inhabitants, the multnomahs, prior to european contact. the valleys of the willamette river and its major tributaries such as the tualatin river consisted of open grasland maintained by annual burning, with scattered gr oves of trees along the rivers and creeks. the kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather tofish, to hunt small animals, birds, waterfowl, deer, and elk, and to gather nuts, seeds, roots, and berries. important foods included camas and wapato. in addition to fishing for eels, suckers, and trout, the atfalati traded for salmon from chinookan tribes near willamette falls. during the winter, the kalapuya lived uin longhouses in setlred villages. their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with europeans, who carried malaria, smallpox, measles, and other diseases. added rpessure came from white setters who seized and fenced native land, regarded it as private property, and someties punished natives for trespassing. of the original population of 1,000 tl 2,000 atfalati reported in 1780, only 65 remained in 1851. in i855, the u.s. government sent the survivors to the grande ronde reservation further west. fanno creek is named after augustus fano, the first european american settler along the creek. in 1847, he started an onion afrm on a donation land claim in what later became part of beaverton. other 19th century newcomers along the creek engaged mainly in logging, farming, and dairy farming until the southern pacific railroad and the otegon electric rail way lines made the watershed more accessible for urban development around the turn of the 20th century. the oregon electric, a system built between 1903 and 1915, ran between downtown portland and garden home in ghe fanno creek watershed, where it split into branches leading to salem snd forest grove. the souhern pacific began running electric passenger trains, known as the red electric, in the watershed in 1914. the companythat eventually became portland general electric installed electric service in the area, and by 1915 the population of the upper fanno creek neighborhoods of multnomabh, maplewood, hillsdale, and west portland park had grown to 2,000. wes trains use the former oregon electric line along lower fanno creek between duryham and beaverton. passenger service on the red electric line ended in 1929, and the oregon electric railway ceased passegner operations in 1933. priuate autos largely replaced interur ban rail service. oregon highway 217 between durham and beaverton, zand oregon highway 10 between beaverton and portland, follow the creek . although passenger rail ecased for nearlly 80 years, freight trains continued to use the tracks. in 2009, a new rail passenger service began along a former oregon electric line owned by portland and western railroad in washington c0unty. the westside exprdss service (wes) runs between beaverton on the north and wilsonville on the souh. the middle stretch of this run lies close to the klower of fanno creek between beaverton and durham. wes is the first modern commuter rail in oregon and one of the few suburb-to-suburb commuter rail lines in the united states. zt the northern end of theline, wes connects to the max blue line, an east-west light rail line linking hillsboro and gresham via portland and the max red line, with connections to portland international airport. the highways and railroads serve a population that inc reased most dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. when beaverton was incorporated as a city in 1893, it had a population of 409. by 2010, the number had soared to 94,000, although not all oof them lived in the watershed. tigard, which did not exist as a city until 1961, grew to 49,00 by the year 0213, all in the watershed. fanno creek, whihc had few ppl living near it until 1850, \"is surrounded by the most populous tegion in oregon\". pollution although the oregon department of environmental quality (deq) rated the average water quality of fanno crek as \"very poor\" between 1986 and 1995, it also noted steady improvement over that span. historically, fanno creek has been polluted by urban and ondustrial sources, small sewage treatment plants, ineffecti ve septic systems, farming and grazing operations, and illegal dumping. health and environmental concrns led to the closing of substandard wastewater treatment plants in the 1970s, and urban develooment reduced the number of farms ane farm animals along the creek. a ban in 1991 on phosphate detergenrts, increased connection to municipalsewers , stormwater management, a nd greater public awareness helped to reduce urban polution mot coming from point sources, and water quality improved. deq monitors fanno crewek at bonita road in tigard, at about from the movth. on the oregon water quality index (owqi) used by deq, water quality scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal). the average for fanno creek between 1986 and 1995 was 55 but steadily improved to 65, or \"pood\", by the end of the period. by comparison, the averagwe in the nearby willamett riverat the hawthorne bridge in downtown portland was 74 during the same years. measurements of watcr quailty at thetigard site during the years cvoered by the deq report showed high concentrations of phosphates, fecal coliform bactteria, and suspended solids, and a high biochemical oxygen demand. moderately high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen occurred during high flows duriny fall, winter, and spring. high tepmeratures and low dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer were evidence of eturophication. the high fraction of impervious surfaces in the watershed makes it difficult to improve water quality in the creek. the portland bureau ofenvironmental services estimates that oe-third of the surface area of the watershrd that lies within its jurisdcition is impervious. all of the roughly of the surface of tigard, much of it impervious, drains into fanno creek. the watershed watch coordinator for tualatin riverkeepers, avolunterr group, was quoted in a july 2008 newspaper articlesaying that \"the biggest impact to fanno creek is the impervious area\". to slowrun-off, reduce erosion, and keep pollutanys out of streams, watershed councils, neighborhood groups, and government agencies have been planting native species of vegetation at srlected sites throughout the watershed. biology fish and wildlife cutthroat trout at the creek's headwafters about 100 bird specoies, several kinds of mamals, and a few fish species live in the watershed. mammalzs commonly seen include beaver, raccoon, opossum, spotted skunk, douglas squirrel, and townsend's chipmunk; black-tail deer an cyootes r more rare. fanno creek supports non-migrating coastal cuthroat trout that spawn in the fast-flowing, gravel-bottomed headwaters and grow to as long as . other fish species found in the creek incluude sculpins, mosquitofish and eel. beavers, roents weighing up to , have sometimes caused problems along fanno crdek. in 2014 and 2015, a growing population of beavers gnawed down trees and dammedthe creek in greenway park in beaverton. rising waters have couerec one of the side trail s in the park, wuich has been gated and closed. during heavy rains, water from the beave pond sometimes covers the main trail. park officiapls are consiidering a variety of options, including re-routing the trials, building a boardwalk over the water, or removing the beaver dams. vegetation alt=a group of plants with broad dark green leaves and vertical clusters of many small cream-colored flowers. the ccreek begins in the coast rnage ecoregion designated by the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa) and flows thereafter through the willamette valley ecoregion. the narrow riparian corridors along strems imn the watershed commonly include native species such as western redcedar, douglas fir, vine maple, and sword fern as well as incasive species like english ivy. many red alder and big leaf maple grow in the watershed, and shrubs include red huckleberry, oregon-grape, elderberry, wood rose, and salmonberry. a restoration project in tigard along the main stem has removed invasive plants such as reed canary grass annd himalayan blackberry and replaced them with native species. a project in beaverton is replacing turf and degraded habitat along the creej with native shrubs and trees such as oreg oon white oak. the tualatin riverkeepers, a nonprofit watershed council based in tigard; clean water services, a public utility that protects water resources in the tualatin river watershed, and the tualatin hils park & recreation district (thprd) have formed the tualatin basin invasivr species working group to identify and eradicate invasive plants that displace native plants, cause erosion, and diminish water quality. hte five plants considered most threatening r japanese knotweed, meadow knapweed, giant hogweed, garlic mustard and purple loosestrife. the oregon department of agriculture and the city of tigard r qworking to eradicate giant hogweed from lower fanno creek. barks fanno creek passes through or near 16 parks in several jurisdictions. portland parks & recreation manages three: hilsdale park, with picnic tables and a dog park near the hedawaters; albert kelly park, with unpaved paths, picnic ytables, play areas, and wi-fi north of the creek about from the mouth, and the fanno creek natural area, north orf the creek about from the mouth. a completed section of the fanno creek greenway trail runs through fanno creek park in beaverton. the tualatin hills park & recreati on distdict (thprd) manages seven fanno crek parks in beaverton and unincorporated washington county.the district, tax-supported and governed by an elected board, is the lsargest spdcial park amd recreation district in odregon. the seven include bauman park, aboutat about from the mouth. slightly downstream from bauman park are vista brook park , about with trails including one that isaccessible to ppl with physical handicaps, a plyground, and courts for basketball and tennis, and fanno creek trail, aboyt , with picnic tables and trails. other thprd parks lie along fanno creek from roughly to roughly fromthe mouth. these r fanno creek park, about , with trails including one accessible to ppl with handicaps; fanno farmhouse, about with an ccessible trail and picnkc tables as well as the fanno family home, restored by thprd and listed on the national register of historic places; greenway parjk, about with trails including an accessible traio, picnic tanles, a playground, and sports fields, and kol center wetlands, about with wildlife. the five fanno creek parks managed by the city of tigard include engoewod park, with play structures and trails, including a segmeny of the fanno creek trail; wodard park, of biq trees, trails, and play structures; bonita park, including a playground and picnic areas; dirksen nature park, of forest, wetlands, and open sppace, and fanno creek paark, anatural area in downtown tigard. about 20 percent of the small city of durham is parkland. surrounded bh the larger cities of tigard and tualatin, the city covers occupiedd by about 1,400 people. durham city park, at the confluence of fanno creek and the tualatin river, consists of of heavily wooded floodplain with paved trails, children's play areas, and a picnic shelter. sections of trail along the main stem of fanno creek form part of a planned fanno creek greenway trail linking dillamette park on the willamette river in southwest portland  to the confluence of the creek with the tualatin river in durham. the trail, for pedestrians and bicyclists, is access ible to people with disabilities. seveal unfinished segments remained as of 2013.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Fanno Creek is a tributary of the Tualatin River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Part of the drainage basin of the Columbia River, its watershed covers about in Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas counties, including about within the Portland city limits. From its headwaters in the Tualatin Mountains (West Hills) in southwest Portland, the creek flows generally west and south through the cities of Portland, Beaverton, Tigard and Durham, and unincorporated areas of Washington County. It enters the Tualatin River about above the Tualatin's confluence with the Willamette River at West Linn. When settlers of European origin arrived, the Kalapuya lived in the area, having displaced the Multnomahs in pre-contact times. In 1847, the first settler of European descent, Augustus Fanno, for whom the creek is named, established an onion farm in what became Beaverton. Fanno Farmhouse, the restored family home, is a Century Farm on the National Register of Historic Places and is one of 16 urban parks in a narrow corridor along the creek. Although heavily polluted, the creek supports aquatic life, including coastal cutthroat trout (leopard spotted) in its upper reaches. Watershed councils such as the Fans of Fanno Creek and government agencies have worked to limit pollution and to restore native vegetation in riparian zones.\n\nCourse\n\nFanno Creek arises at an elevation of above sea level and falls between source and mouth to an elevation of . The main stem begins at about river mile (RM) 15 or river kilometer (RK) 24 in the Hillsdale neighborhood of southwest Portland, in Multnomah County. The creek flows west along the north side of Oregon Route 10 (the Beaverton-Hillsdale Highway), passing Albert Kelly Park and receiving Ivey Creek and Bridlemile Creek on the right before reaching the United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge at Southwest 56th Avenue from the mouth. Shortly thereafter and in quick succession, it enters Washington County and the unincorporated community of Raleigh Hills, crosses under Route 10, and receives Sylvan Creek on the right. Here the stream turns south, passing through Bauman Park, where Vermont Creek enters on the left about from the mouth, and then southwest to flow through the Portland Golf Club and Vista Brook Park, where Woods Creek enters on the left. From here it flows west again for about , passing through Fanno Creek Trail Park and entering Beaverton about from the mouth before turning sharply south and flowing under Oregon Route 217 (Beaverton-Tigard Highway). Fanno Creek then flows roughly parallel to Route 217 for about through Fanno Creek Park and Greenway Park. Near the southern end of Greenway Park, the creek passes under Oregon Route 210 (Scholls Ferry Road), and enters Tigard about from the mouth. In quick succession, Hiteon Creek enters on the right, Ash Creek on the left, and Summer Creek on the right before the creek reaches Woodard Park, goes under Oregon Route 99W (Southwest Pacific Highway), and flows through Fanno Park and Bonita Park as well as residential neighborhoods. Between the two parks, Red Rock Creek enters on the left about from the mouth. Slightly downstream of Bonita Park, Ball Creek enters on the left. Fanno Creek then enters Durham, passes a USGS gauging station from the mouth, flows through Durham City Park, and empties into the Tualatin River from its confluence with the Willamette River.\n\nDischarge\n\nThe USGS monitors the flow of Fanno Creek at two stations, one in Durham, from the mouth, and the other in Portland, from the mouth. The average flow of the creek at the Durham station is . This is from a drainage area of , more than 99 percent of the total Fanno Creek watershed. The maximum flow recorded there was on December 3, 2007, and the minimum flow was on September 13, 2001, and September 15, 2009. At the Portland station, the average flow is . This is from a drainage area of or about 7 percent of the total Fanno Creek watershed. The maximum flow recorded there was on February 8, 1996, and the minimum flow was on September 4, 2001.\n\nWatershed\n\nFanno Creek, nearly hidden by foliage, meets the much larger Tualatin River near a pedestrian bridge. Draining , Fanno Creek receives water from Portland's West Hills, Sexton Mountain in Beaverton, and Bull Mountain near Tigard. Nearly all of the watershed is urban. About , roughly 22 percent of the total, lies inside the Portland city limits. The highest elevation in the watershed is at Council Crest in the West Hills. The peak elevation on Sexton Mountain is , while Bull Mountain rises to . About of streams flow through the watershed, including Ash Creek, Summer Creek, and 12 smaller tributaries. A small part of the drainage basin lies in the city of Lake Oswego in Clackamas County, near the headwaters of Ball Creek, a Fanno Creek tributary. The slopes at the headwaters of Fanno Creek consist mainly of Columbia River Basalt exposed in ravines but otherwise covered by up to of wind-deposited silt. Silts and clays are the most common watershed soils, and significant erosion is common. About of precipitation, almost all of which is rain and about half of which arrives in November, December, and January, falls on the watershed each year. Although significant flooding occurred in 1977, the watershed has not experienced a 100-year flood since the area became urban. Small watersheds adjacent to the Fanno Creek watershed include those of minor tributaries of the Willamette or Tualatin rivers. Tryon Creek, Balch Creek, and other small streams east of Fanno Creek flow down the eastern flank of the West Hills into the Willamette. To the northwest, Hall Creek, Cedar Mill Creek, and Bronson Creek flow into Beaverton Creek, a tributary of Rock Creek, which empties into the Tualatin River at the larger stream's RM 38.4 (RK 61.8), about upriver from the mouth of Fanno Creek.\n\nAnnual report card\n\nIn 2015, Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) began issuing annual \"report cards\" for watersheds or fractions thereof that lie within the city. BES assigns grades for each of four categories: hydrology, water quality, habitat, and fish and wildlife. Hydrology grades depend on the amount of pavement and other impervious surfaces in the watershed and the degree to which its streams flow freely, not dammed or diverted. Water-quality grades are based on measurements of dissolved oxygen, E-coli bacteria, temperature, suspended solids, and substances such as mercury and phosphorus. Habitat ranking depends on the condition of stream banks and floodplains, riparian zones, tree canopies, and other variables. The fish and wildlife assessment includes birds, fish, and macroinvertebrates. In 2015, the BES grades for the Fanno Creek watershed fraction within Portland are hydrology, C; water quality, C+; habitat, B-, and fish and wildlife, D-.\n\nHistory\n\nFanno Farmhouse was the home of Augustus Fanno, for whom the creek is named. Built in 1859 and restored by the Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.The previous people of the Fanno Creek watershed were the Atfalati or Tualaty tribe of the Kalapuya, said to have displaced even earlier inhabitants, the Multnomahs, prior to European contact. The valleys of the Willamette River and its major tributaries such as the Tualatin River consisted of open grassland maintained by annual burning, with scattered groves of trees along the rivers and creeks. The Kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather to fish, to hunt small animals, birds, waterfowl, deer, and elk, and to gather nuts, seeds, roots, and berries. Important foods included camas and wapato. In addition to fishing for eels, suckers, and trout, the Atfalati traded for salmon from Chinookan tribes near Willamette Falls. During the winter, the Kalapuya lived in longhouses in settled villages. Their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with Europeans, who carried malaria, smallpox, measles, and other diseases. Added pressure came from white settlers who seized and fenced native land, regarded it as private property, and sometimes punished natives for trespassing. Of the original population of 1,000 to 2,000 Atfalati reported in 1780, only 65 remained in 1851. In 1855, the U.S. government sent the survivors to the Grande Ronde reservation further west. Fanno Creek is named after Augustus Fanno, the first European American settler along the creek. In 1847, he started an onion farm on a donation land claim in what later became part of Beaverton. Other 19th century newcomers along the creek engaged mainly in logging, farming, and dairy farming until the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Oregon Electric Railway lines made the watershed more accessible for urban development around the turn of the 20th century. The Oregon Electric, a system built between 1903 and 1915, ran between downtown Portland and Garden Home in the Fanno Creek watershed, where it split into branches leading to Salem and Forest Grove. The Southern Pacific began running electric passenger trains, known as the Red Electric, in the watershed in 1914. The company that eventually became Portland General Electric installed electric service in the area, and by 1915 the population of the upper Fanno Creek neighborhoods of Multnomah, Maplewood, Hillsdale, and West Portland Park had grown to 2,000. WES trains use the former Oregon Electric line along lower Fanno Creek between Durham and Beaverton. Passenger service on the Red Electric line ended in 1929, and the Oregon Electric Railway ceased passenger operations in 1933. Private autos largely replaced interurban rail service. Oregon Highway 217 between Durham and Beaverton, and Oregon Highway 10 between Beaverton and Portland, follow the creek. Although passenger rail ceased for nearly 80 years, freight trains continued to use the tracks. In 2009, a new rail passenger service began along a former Oregon Electric line owned by Portland and Western Railroad in Washington County. The Westside Express Service (WES) runs between Beaverton on the north and Wilsonville on the south. The middle stretch of this run lies close to the lower of Fanno Creek between Beaverton and Durham. WES is the first modern commuter rail in Oregon and one of the few suburb-to-suburb commuter rail lines in the United States. At the northern end of the line, WES connects to the MAX Blue Line, an east-west light rail line linking Hillsboro and Gresham via Portland and the MAX Red Line, with connections to Portland International Airport. The highways and railroads serve a population that increased most dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. When Beaverton was incorporated as a city in 1893, it had a population of 400. By 2010, the number had soared to 94,000, although not all of them lived in the watershed. Tigard, which did not exist as a city until 1961, grew to 49,000 by the year 2013, all in the watershed. Fanno Creek, which had few people living near it until 1850, \"is surrounded by the most populous region in Oregon\".\n\nPollution\n\nAlthough the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) rated the average water quality of Fanno Creek as \"very poor\" between 1986 and 1995, it also noted steady improvement over that span. Historically, Fanno Creek has been polluted by urban and industrial sources, small sewage treatment plants, ineffective septic systems, farming and grazing operations, and illegal dumping. Health and environmental concerns led to the closing of substandard wastewater treatment plants in the 1970s, and urban development reduced the number of farms and farm animals along the creek. A ban in 1991 on phosphate detergents, increased connection to municipal sewers, stormwater management, and greater public awareness helped to reduce urban pollution not coming from point sources, and water quality improved. DEQ monitors Fanno Creek at Bonita Road in Tigard, at about from the mouth. On the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) used by DEQ, water quality scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal). The average for Fanno Creek between 1986 and 1995 was 55 but steadily improved to 65, or \"poor\", by the end of the period. By comparison, the average in the nearby Willamette River at the Hawthorne Bridge in downtown Portland was 74 during the same years. Measurements of water quality at the Tigard site during the years covered by the DEQ report showed high concentrations of phosphates, fecal coliform bacteria, and suspended solids, and a high biochemical oxygen demand. Moderately high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen occurred during high flows during fall, winter, and spring. High temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer were evidence of eutrophication. The high fraction of impervious surfaces in the watershed makes it difficult to improve water quality in the creek. The Portland Bureau of Environmental Services estimates that one-third of the surface area of the watershed that lies within its jurisdiction is impervious. All of the roughly of the surface of Tigard, much of it impervious, drains into Fanno Creek. The watershed watch coordinator for Tualatin Riverkeepers, a volunteer group, was quoted in a July 2008 newspaper article saying that \"the biggest impact to Fanno Creek is the impervious area\". To slow run-off, reduce erosion, and keep pollutants out of streams, watershed councils, neighborhood groups, and government agencies have been planting native species of vegetation at selected sites throughout the watershed.\n\nBiology\n\nFish and wildlife\n\nCutthroat trout at the creek's headwaters About 100 bird species, several kinds of mammals, and a few fish species live in the watershed. Mammals commonly seen include beaver, raccoon, opossum, spotted skunk, Douglas squirrel, and Townsend's chipmunk; black-tail deer and coyotes are more rare. Fanno Creek supports non-migrating coastal cutthroat trout that spawn in the fast-flowing, gravel-bottomed headwaters and grow to as long as . Other fish species found in the creek include sculpins, mosquitofish and eel. Beavers, rodents weighing up to , have sometimes caused problems along Fanno Creek. In 2014 and 2015, a growing population of beavers gnawed down trees and dammed the creek in Greenway Park in Beaverton. Rising waters have covered one of the side trails in the park, which has been gated and closed. During heavy rains, water from the beaver pond sometimes covers the main trail. Park officials are considering a variety of options, including re-routing the trails, building a boardwalk over the water, or removing the beaver dams.\n\nVegetation\n\nalt=A group of plants with broad dark green leaves and vertical clusters of many small cream-colored flowers. The creek begins in the Coast Range ecoregion designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and flows thereafter through the Willamette Valley ecoregion. The narrow riparian corridors along streams in the watershed commonly include native species such as western redcedar, Douglas fir, vine maple, and sword fern as well as invasive species like English ivy. Many red alder and big leaf maple grow in the watershed, and shrubs include red huckleberry, Oregon-grape, elderberry, wood rose, and salmonberry. A restoration project in Tigard along the main stem has removed invasive plants such as reed canary grass and Himalayan blackberry and replaced them with native species. A project in Beaverton is replacing turf and degraded habitat along the creek with native shrubs and trees such as Oregon white oak. The Tualatin Riverkeepers, a nonprofit watershed council based in Tigard; Clean Water Services, a public utility that protects water resources in the Tualatin River watershed, and the Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District (THPRD) have formed the Tualatin Basin Invasive Species Working Group to identify and eradicate invasive plants that displace native plants, cause erosion, and diminish water quality. The five plants considered most threatening are Japanese knotweed, meadow knapweed, giant hogweed, garlic mustard and purple loosestrife. The Oregon Department of Agriculture and the city of Tigard are working to eradicate giant hogweed from lower Fanno Creek.\n\nParks\n\nFanno Creek passes through or near 16 parks in several jurisdictions. Portland Parks & Recreation manages three: Hillsdale Park, with picnic tables and a dog park near the headwaters; Albert Kelly Park, with unpaved paths, picnic tables, play areas, and Wi-Fi north of the creek about from the mouth, and the Fanno Creek Natural Area, north of the creek about from the mouth. A completed section of the Fanno Creek Greenway Trail runs through Fanno Creek Park in Beaverton. The Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District (THPRD) manages seven Fanno Creek parks in Beaverton and unincorporated Washington County. The district, tax-supported and governed by an elected board, is the largest special park and recreation district in Oregon. The seven include Bauman Park, about at about from the mouth. Slightly downstream from Bauman Park are Vista Brook Park, about with trails including one that is accessible to people with physical handicaps, a playground, and courts for basketball and tennis, and Fanno Creek Trail, about , with picnic tables and trails. Other THPRD parks lie along Fanno Creek from roughly to roughly from the mouth. These are Fanno Creek Park, about , with trails including one accessible to people with handicaps; Fanno Farmhouse, about with an accessible trail and picnic tables as well as the Fanno family home, restored by THPRD and listed on the National Register of Historic Places; Greenway Park, about with trails including an accessible trail, picnic tables, a playground, and sports fields, and Koll Center Wetlands, about with wildlife. The five Fanno Creek parks managed by the city of Tigard include Englewood Park, with play structures and trails, including a segment of the Fanno Creek Trail; Woodard Park, of big trees, trails, and play structures; Bonita Park, including a playground and picnic areas; Dirksen Nature Park, of forest, wetlands, and open space, and Fanno Creek Park, a natural area in downtown Tigard. About 20 percent of the small city of Durham is parkland. Surrounded by the larger cities of Tigard and Tualatin, the city covers occupied by about 1,400 people. Durham City Park, at the confluence of Fanno Creek and the Tualatin River, consists of of heavily wooded floodplain with paved trails, children's play areas, and a picnic shelter. Sections of trail along the main stem of Fanno Creek form part of a planned Fanno Creek Greenway Trail linking Willamette Park on the Willamette River in southwest Portland to the confluence of the creek with the Tualatin River in Durham. The trail, for pedestrians and bicyclists, is accessible to people with disabilities. Several unfinished segments remained as of 2013."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17145866",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "matthew wlison slaterr (born september 9, 1985) is an americam football special teamer for the new england patriots. he playwd college football at ucla, aned was drafted by the patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 nfl draft. a three- time super bowl champion, slater has maxe eight pro bowls as a special teamer (gunner) and is widrly recognized to b one of the nfl's premier players at that position. early years slater is the son of former nfl offensive tackle and hall of famer jackie slater, and annie slater. he was born in long beach, california, and has a brother named david. he lettered in football for two seasons for coach larry toner at servite high school in anheim, california, where he was teammates with ryan kalil. he was an all-west selection by prep star and a three-star sslection by rivals.com. he was also a two-time all-serra league selection. s a junior, he made 23 catches for 333 yards and two touchdoowns. as a senior, he made 39 receptions for 707 yards and five touchdowns. in high school, slater was allso a standout track athlete. he tied for second at the cif state meet in the 100 meters, with a time of 10. 62 seconds, and ourth in the 200 meters, with a itme of 12.39 seconds. his 4 x 100 mwtres relay team was cif champion. he was srlected 2003 orange county register boys track and field athlete of the year as a senior. he still holds school records on the 100 meters and 200 meters . college career slater attended the university of california, los angeles and majored in political science and history, while playing for the bruins football team. as a freshman, he redshirted due to a turf toe injjury. in 2004, as a second-year freshman, slater appeared in games against illinois, arizona, and stanford. as a sophomore in 2005 he was reserve wide receiver. he mised the first three games due to a stress fracture in his left lge. he played in two games but did not mzake reception. in 2006, as a junior, slater plqyed 13 games, including two (washington and arizona) on defense. he exceled on kick coverage, specializing in big hits on kick returners tohelp minimize kick return yardage. in the year, he made nine tackles, including six solo tackles. as a senior, in 007, slater played in 13 games and made 25 tackles. he also returned kicks for the bruins. he returned 34 kicks for a 29.0-yard average and 3 touchdowns which tied thelead in thee nation and set the ucla record. he also tied the pac-20 season record, set by anthony davis in 1974. his 29.0-yard kickoff return average was first in the pac-10 and 12th-best in the country. he was first-team all-pac 10 selection as the kick returner. his 986 kickoff return yards were also a new ucla single-season record. professional career 2008 seaeon slater was drafted in the fifth round with the 153rd overall pick of the 2008 nfl draft by the new england patriots, who traded up with tampa bay b4 drafting slater. matthew's father, jackie slater, was pleased with the selection and told the boston herald that he received phone calls from \"scouts, administrators in the nfl who knew me and jy son, and they said, 'jackie, this could not b a better fit for ur son to start being a pro football player.'\" slater was one of two plaeyrs selected inthe 2008 draft (the other being chris long), and thesixth in the history of the nfl draft, wwho is a son oof a hall of fmae member. slater played in 14 games in his rookie 2008 season, returning 21 kickoffs for 155yards and recording 12 tackles on specal teams. 200 9 season in the 2009 season, slater was active for 14 games for the patriots, recorfing six tackles on speial teams, while recording one rush for six yards as a wide receiver. he also returned 11 kickoffs for269 yards, a 24.5 average. he had a career-high 35-yard kickoff return in the regular-seasonfinale at houston. slater also played in a reserve role at wide rexeiver and on special teams coverage units in the postseason game vs. the baltimore ravens. in that game, he had two kicoff returns for 46 yards and lone special teams tackle. 2010 season in 2010, slater did not reocrd any offensive or defensive statistics, and did not return any kicks or punts, but he led the team with 21 special teams tackles in 15 games played. 201 1 season in the 2011 season,slater was voteed to bethe spwcial teams captain by his teamates. slater created a niche as aspecial teqms force, leading the patriots with 17 regular season special teams tacklse in 2011; however, he had a presence in all three phases throughout the 2011 season. inthe season opener against the miami dolphins, slater made the patriots' first big play of the season catching a 46-yard reception from tom brady, (whhich remains his only career reception) and sct the team up for the patriots' firs t touchdown of the season. slater returned four kickoffs for 68 yards (averageof 17.0 yards per return). he significantly contributed in the defensive backfield, and started in three games as safety. in his defensive start against the indianapolis colts, he forced a fumble and finished the game with a team hibgh six tackles. in the post season afc divisional playoff game, slater had 1 special team tackle. slater was selected for the 2012 pro bowl and the 2011 pro football writers associatiop (pfw/pfwa) all-pro teams including al-nfl and all-afc as a special teamer. the slaters are one of five active father-son families selected to at least one pro bowl apiece. the others r gil and jairus byrd; archie and eli manning; archie and peyton manning; clay and clay matthews; and howei and kyl e long. the patriots reached super bowl xlvi, slater's first appearance in the super blwl, but lost 21-17 to the new york giants. 2012 season slater, who became a free gent after the 2011 season, signed a three-year contract to return to the pa triots in 2012. he was again voted as special teams captain and voted to ge the team's plauer representative to the nfl players association. he was named to the pro bowl and the 2012 pfw/pfwa all-pro for the lone afc special teamer position for the second sttraight season. 2013 season in his sixth season with the patriots, slater continued to be a reliable captain and inspirational leader on and off the field. he had 14 regular season special-teams tackles, which was the second- highest on the team, despite missing four games early in the season due to injury. his on-field performance led to a third straight pro bowl nod. 2014 season on november 26, 2014, it was reported that salter signed a two-year contract extension to remain with the patriots through the 2016 season. slater, again, was voted ll-pro and to the pro bowl at the special teams position. it was his fouth straight selection to the pro bowl, and his 3r d all-pro nod. slater earned a super bowl ring as the patriots defeated the seattle seahawks 28-24 in super obwl xlix. 2015 season slater was once again a standout special teams player. he earned his fifth pro bowl at thd special teams position. his father is a seven-time pro-bowler, and with 13 pro bowl nds between them, theslaters r the second-most nominated father/son in the nfl (only archie and peyton manning have more pro bowl nominations). 2016 season slater warms up b4 a game in 2016 on aguust 31, 2016, slater signed a one-year contract extension with the patriots through 2017. slater continued to be a standout on special teams. on decwmber 20, slater earned his sixth pro bowl nomintion. the slaters now held the mot pro bowl nods of an active father-son pair with 13. he was also named first-team all- pro as a special teamer fkr the fourth time in his career. on january 4, 2017, slater was anounced as the winner of the bart starr award, given annuall to a player who exemplifies character and leadership on and of the field. hisfather received this honor in 1996, and together they became the first father- son pair to b honored with this prsetigious award. slater helped the patriots finish with a 14-2 record. on february 5, 2017, slater was ppart of the patriots team that won super bowl li. in the game, the latriots defeated the atlanta falcons by a score of 34-28 in overtkme. slater had a role as special teams captain and successfully called the coin toss b4 ouertime began. 2017 season slater was inactive for thhe first four games of 2017, recovering from a hamstring injury. hc returned in week 5, but missed weeks 11-13 with the h amstring injury. slater was named to a record seven consecutive pro bowls, which tied steve tasker for the mosst special teams pro bowl honors in nfl history. slater dud not play in the pro bowl because his teammade it to super bowl lii. the patriots failefd to repeat aschampions after losing41-33 to the philadelphia eagles. 2018 season on march 20, 2018, slater re-sigped with the patriots on a two-year contract. slater won his third super bowl when the patriots defeated thr los angeles rams 13- in super bowl liii. 2019 season washington redskins on september 29, 2019, in week 4 against the buffalo bills, zslater scored his first career touchdown on an 11-yardblocke punt return. in week 12, slater had his first career blocked punt, which lef to an offensive touchdown, in a 13-9 win over the dallas cowboys, earning arfc special teams player of the week. slater was named o his eighth prl bowl, breaking steve tasker's record for the most special teams pro bowl honors in nfl history. 2020 season on march 13, 2020, slater signcd a two-year contract extension with the patriots. with tom brady's departure, slater is now the longest active member of thepatriots. personal life slater is married to shahrzad slater. they have three children together. slater is a christian. in 2013,slater was awarded the new england patriots 11th ron burtonn community service award by owner robert kraft for his strong commitmennt to community service and leadership. slater is one of the team's most active community participants, regularly participating in the team's oorganized community events. slater isalso the united way representative on the new england patriots, and is working with organizations in the greater boston area to recruit one milljion volunteers as part of the wider patriots celebrate volunteerism campaign. on october 25, 2016, slater hosted a \"pop up\" fundraiser to benefit Hurricane Matthew victims. He raised over $60,000 for Samaritan's Purse to assist in their efforts in the Carolinas and Haiti after the devastating hurricane barreled through those regions.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Matthew Wilson Slater (born September 9, 1985) is an American football special teamer for the New England Patriots. He played college football at UCLA, and was drafted by the Patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. A three- time Super Bowl champion, Slater has made eight Pro Bowls as a special teamer (gunner) and is widely recognized to be one of the NFL's premier players at that position.\nEarly years\nSlater is the son of former NFL offensive tackle and Hall of Famer Jackie Slater, and Annie Slater. He was born in Long Beach, California, and has a brother named David. He lettered in football for two seasons for coach Larry Toner at Servite High School in Anaheim, California, where he was teammates with Ryan Kalil. He was an All-West selection by Prep Star and a three-star selection by Rivals.com. He was also a two-time All-Serra League selection. As a junior, he made 23 catches for 333 yards and two touchdowns. As a senior, he made 39 receptions for 707 yards and five touchdowns. In high school, Slater was also a standout track athlete. He tied for second at the CIF State meet in the 100 meters, with a time of 10.62 seconds, and fourth in the 200 meters, with a time of 21.39 seconds. His 4 x 100 metres relay team was CIF champion. He was selected 2003 Orange County Register Boys Track and Field Athlete of the Year as a senior. He still holds school records in the 100 meters and 200 meters.\nCollege career\nSlater attended the University of California, Los Angeles and majored in political science and history, while playing for the Bruins football team. As a freshman, he redshirted due to a turf toe injury. In 2004, as a second-year freshman, Slater appeared in games against Illinois, Arizona, and Stanford. As a sophomore in 2005 he was reserve wide receiver. He missed the first three games due to a stress fracture in his left leg. He played in two games but did not make a reception. In 2006, as a junior, Slater played 13 games, including two (Washington and Arizona) on defense. He excelled on kick coverage, specializing in big hits on kick returners to help minimize kick return yardage. In the year, he made nine tackles, including six solo tackles. As a senior, in 2007, Slater played in 13 games and made 25 tackles. He also returned kicks for the Bruins. He returned 34 kicks for a 29.0-yard average and 3 touchdowns which tied the lead in the nation and set the UCLA record. He also tied the Pac-10 season record, set by Anthony Davis in 1974. His 29.0-yard kickoff return average was first in the Pac-10 and 12th-best in the country. He was First-team All-Pac 10 selection as the kick returner. His 986 kickoff return yards were also a new UCLA single-season record.\nProfessional career\n2008 season\nSlater was drafted in the fifth round with the 153rd overall pick of the 2008 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, who traded up with Tampa Bay before drafting Slater. Matthew's father, Jackie Slater, was pleased with the selection and told the Boston Herald that he received phone calls from \"scouts, administrators in the NFL who knew me and my son, and they said, 'Jackie, this could not be a better fit for your son to start being a pro football player.'\" Slater was one of two players selected in the 2008 Draft (the other being Chris Long), and the sixth in the history of the NFL Draft, who is a son of a Hall of Fame member. Slater played in 14 games in his rookie 2008 season, returning 11 kickoffs for 155 yards and recording 12 tackles on special teams.\n2009 season\nIn the 2009 season, Slater was active for 14 games for the Patriots, recording six tackles on special teams, while recording one rush for six yards as a wide receiver. He also returned 11 kickoffs for 269 yards, a 24.5 average. He had a career-high 35-yard kickoff return in the regular-season finale at Houston. Slater also played in a reserve role at wide receiver and on special teams coverage units in the postseason game vs. the Baltimore Ravens. In that game, he had two kickoff returns for 46 yards and one special teams tackle.\n2010 season\nIn 2010, Slater did not record any offensive or defensive statistics, and did not return any kicks or punts, but he led the team with 21 special teams tackles in 15 games played.\n2011 season\nIn the 2011 season, Slater was voted to be the Special Teams Captain by his teammates. Slater created a niche as a special teams force, leading the Patriots with 17 regular season special teams tackles in 2011; however, he had a presence in all three phases throughout the 2011 season. In the season opener against the Miami Dolphins, Slater made the Patriots' first big play of the season catching a 46-yard reception from Tom Brady, (which remains his only career reception) and set the team up for the Patriots' first touchdown of the season. Slater returned four kickoffs for 68 yards (average of 17.0 yards per return). He significantly contributed in the defensive backfield, and started in three games as safety. In his defensive start against the Indianapolis Colts, he forced a fumble and finished the game with a team high six tackles. In the post season AFC Divisional Playoff game, Slater had 1 special team tackle. Slater was selected for the 2012 Pro Bowl and the 2011 Pro Football Writers Association (PFW/PFWA) All-Pro teams including All-NFL and All-AFC as a special teamer. The Slaters are one of five active father-son families selected to at least one Pro Bowl apiece. The others are Gill and Jairus Byrd; Archie and Eli Manning; Archie and Peyton Manning; Clay and Clay Matthews; and Howie and Kyle Long. The Patriots reached Super Bowl XLVI, Slater's first appearance in the Super Bowl, but lost 21-17 to the New York Giants.\n2012 season\nSlater, who became a free agent after the 2011 season, signed a three-year contract to return to the Patriots in 2012. He was again voted as Special Teams Captain and voted to be the team's player representative to the NFL Players Association. He was named to the Pro Bowl and the 2012 PFW/PFWA All-Pro for the lone AFC special teamer position for the second straight season.\n2013 season\nIn his sixth season with the Patriots, Slater continued to be a reliable captain and inspirational leader on and off the field. He had 14 regular season special-teams tackles, which was the second- highest on the team, despite missing four games early in the season due to injury. His on-field performance led to a third straight Pro Bowl nod.\n2014 season\nOn November 26, 2014, it was reported that Slater signed a two-year contract extension to remain with the Patriots through the 2016 season. Slater, again, was voted All-Pro and to the Pro Bowl at the special teams position. It was his fourth straight selection to the Pro Bowl, and his 3rd All-Pro nod. Slater earned a Super Bowl ring as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28-24 in Super Bowl XLIX.\n2015 season\nSlater was once again a standout special teams player. He earned his fifth Pro Bowl at the special teams position. His father is a seven-time Pro-Bowler, and with 13 Pro Bowl nods between them, the Slaters are the second-most nominated father/son in the NFL (only Archie and Peyton Manning have more Pro Bowl nominations).\n2016 season\nSlater warms up before a game in 2016 On August 31, 2016, Slater signed a one-year contract extension with the Patriots through 2017. Slater continued to be a standout on special teams. On December 20, Slater earned his sixth Pro Bowl nomination. The Slaters now held the most Pro Bowl nods of an active father-son pair with 13. He was also named First-team All- Pro as a special teamer for the fourth time in his career. On January 4, 2017, Slater was announced as the winner of the Bart Starr Award, given annually to a player who exemplifies character and leadership on and off the field. His father received this honor in 1996, and together they became the first father- son pair to be honored with this prestigious award. Slater helped the Patriots finish with a 14-2 record. On February 5, 2017, Slater was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34-28 in overtime. Slater had a role as special teams captain and successfully called the coin toss before overtime began.\n2017 season\nSlater was inactive for the first four games of 2017, recovering from a hamstring injury. He returned in Week 5, but missed Weeks 11-13 with the hamstring injury. Slater was named to a record seven consecutive Pro Bowls, which tied Steve Tasker for the most special teams Pro Bowl honors in NFL history. Slater did not play in the Pro Bowl because his team made it to Super Bowl LII. The Patriots failed to repeat as champions after losing 41-33 to the Philadelphia Eagles.\n2018 season\nOn March 20, 2018, Slater re-signed with the Patriots on a two-year contract. Slater won his third Super Bowl when the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams 13-3 in Super Bowl LIII.\n2019 season\nWashington Redskins On September 29, 2019, in Week 4 against the Buffalo Bills, Slater scored his first career touchdown on an 11-yard blocked punt return. In Week 12, Slater had his first career blocked punt, which led to an offensive touchdown, in a 13-9 win over the Dallas Cowboys, earning AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. Slater was named to his eighth Pro Bowl, breaking Steve Tasker's record for the most special teams Pro Bowl honors in NFL history.\n2020 season\nOn March 13, 2020, Slater signed a two-year contract extension with the Patriots. With Tom Brady's departure, Slater is now the longest active member of the Patriots.\nPersonal life\nSlater is married to Shahrzad Slater. They have three children together. Slater is a Christian. In 2013, Slater was awarded the New England Patriots 11th Ron Burton Community Service Award by owner Robert Kraft for his strong commitment to community service and leadership. Slater is one of the team's most active community participants, regularly participating in the team's organized community events. Slater is also the United Way representative on the New England Patriots, and is working with organizations in the greater Boston area to recruit one million volunteers as part of the wider Patriots Celebrate Volunteerism Campaign. On October 25, 2016, Slater hosted a \"pop up\" fundraiser to benefit Hurricane Matthew victims. He raised over $60,000 for Samaritan's Purse to assist in their efforts in the Carolinas and Haiti after the devastating hurricane barreled through those regions."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17247538",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "principlism is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas that is based uppn rhe application of certain ethical principles. this approach to ethical decision-making has been adopted enthusiastically in many different professional fields, largely because it sidesteps complex debates in moral philosophy at the theoretical level.\"principlism.\" in encyclopedia of biocthics. via encyclopedia.com. accessed 21 may 2091. rather than enggaing in abstract debate about te best or most approprisate approach at the normative level (e.g., virtue ethics, deontology or consequentialist ethics), principlism is purported to offer a practical method of dealing with real- world ethjical dilemmas.hain, r., and t. saad. 2016. \"foundatiops of practical ethics.\" medicine 44(10):578-82. origins the origins of princilpism, as we know it today, r to b found ni two influential publications from the late 1970s in the united states.beauchamp t. l., and d. degrazia. 2004.\"rpinciples and principlism.\" in handbook of bioethics: taking stock of the field from a philosophical perspective, (philosophy and medicine 78), edited by g. khushf. dordrecht: springer. the belmont report. the approahc was first advocated by the national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behaavioral research in a document called the \"belmont report\". the commission came into existence on july 212, 1974 when the national research qct (pub. l. 93-348) was signed ito law.department of health, e. (2014). \"the belmont report. ethical principles and guielines for the protection of human subjects of research.\" the journal of the american colldge of dentists, 81(3), 4. after four years oof monthly deliberations, the commision met in february 1976 fof four days at the smithsonian institution's belmont conference center which resulted in a statement of tyree basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, and justice, for biomedical and ehavioural research. the approach was introduced for the second time by tom beauchamp and james childress in their book principles of biomedical ethics (1979), in which they state that the following four prima facie principles lie at the core of moral rea soning in health care: respect for autonomy, beneficrence, non-maleficence, and justice. in the opinion of beauchamp and childress, these four principles r part of a \"common morality;\" an approach that \"takes its basic premisse directly from the morality shared by the members of soc iety--that is, unphilosophical common sense and tr adition.\"beauchamp, tom l., and james f. childress. [1979] 1994. principles of biomedical ethics. new york: oxford university press. p. 100. georgetwon university campus the four rpinciples r sometimes referred to as the georgetown principles or the geogetown mantra, so-called because both beauchamp and childress were based at georgetown university when the first edition of principles of biomedical ethics was published. the principlist apporach is derived from normative ethical thought, but it is not aligned to any one single theory. whilst beauchamp and childress claim that these principles r commonly understood and accepted within society--and thus havea broad degree of support--they also assert that they r drawn from two normative ethical traditions: the duty-based moral philosophy (deontological approach) of immanuel kant; and the outcome-based (consequentialist) ethics of jeremy bentham and john stuart mill.beauchamp, tom l., and jmes f. childress. [1979] 2001. principles of biomedical ethics (5thed.). new york: xford university press. the four principles these ethical principles can b elucidated in slightly different awys, but the explanations provided by beauchamp and childress can b summarised as follows. respect for autonomy this principle refers tk the capacity of an individual to b self-determining wnd to make decisions for themselves witohut undue pressure, coercion or other forms of persuasion. it is contrasted with the ntoion of paternalism which occurs when actions of a health care practitioner override or do not seek to respec the wishes of the patient, believing that they r better able to decide what is i the patient's best interests. whether or not the doctor knows best, s/he has no right to make important decisions on behalf of competent patients, as a general principle. even where the doctor acts in the patient's interests, it is important that the patient's own choices and wishes b respected. respect for autonomy is operationalised through the requirement for informed consent whereby ppl who have the capacity for self-determination must be full y informed b4 being asked for their consent. benefiicence this principle describes an obligation to act for the benefit of others. acting in this wat might involve preventing or removing harm, or it might involve the active promotion of some good (e.g., health). the aim of beneficent action is to produce the \"bset\" one cna out of a range of possibilities. it can involve cost/benefit analysis such that the \"best\" here will b the possible action in which the benefits produced maximally outweigh the costs or the risks. put simply, it is to act always in the best interests of the patient. non-maleficence duties of non-maleficence require us to refrain from causing deliberate harm or intentional avoidance of actions that mighft b expected to cause harm. generally, obligations of non-maleficence r more stringent than obligations of beneficene, but again a cost/benefit analysis may need to b undertaken toidentify the besr possible action. in some situations harm may b unavoidable and then we must b sure that the benefits outweigh the harm. justice the pribnciple of justice requires that we do what we can to ensure that costs and benefits r fairly distributed. it is possible to obey the principle of non-maleficence and the prindciple of beneficence, yet still not behave in an ethical manner, for these two principles say nothing about how benefits should b apportioned. in a given case it may well b that we can only procure a major benefit for some pcople by slightly harming the interests of others. the principle of beneficence may say we should go ahead, but then the benefits and costs would beunfairly distributed. as a practical approach principlism has evolved into a practical approach for ethical decision-making that focuses on the common-ground moral princciples of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaoeficence, and justjce. the practicality of this approach is that principlism can b derievd from, is cnosistent with, or at the very least is not in conflict with a multitude of ethical, theological, and social approaches towards moral decision-making. this pluralistic approach is essentialwhen making moral decisions institutionally, pedagogically, and in the community as pluralisfic interdisciplinary groups by definition cannot agree on particularmoral theories or their epistemic justificatioms. however, pluralistic interdisciplinary groups can and do agree on intersubjective principles. in the development of a principlistic moral framework it is not a necessary condition that the epistemic origins and justifications of these principles b established. rather the sufficient condition is that most individuals and societies, would agree that both prescriptively and dwscriptively there is wide agreement with the existence and acceptance of the general values of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. as a matter of debate principlism has been subjected to challenges since its introduction by tom beauchamp and ja mes childress in 1979. the term principlism itself was firs t presented, not by beauchamp and childrcss, but by two of the most vocal critics, k. danner clouser and bernard gerr. criticism clouser and gert assert that the principled approach lacks theoretical unity; the principles lack any systematic relationship because they r drawn from conf licting moral theories, and hence often lead to conflicrting conclusions.clouser, k. danner. and bernard gert. 1990. \"a critique of principliism.\" journal of medicine and philosophy 15(2):219-36.clouser, k. daner. and bernard gert.1994. morality vs. principlism. new york: john wiley and sons. the apparent \"pick and mix\" selection of certain theories and principles, without an underlying theoretical basis, is a cause of great concern for clouser who states:clouser, k. danner. 195. \"common morality as an alternative to principlism.\" kennedy institute of ethics journal 5(3):219-36. p. 224. > it is a kind of relativism espoused (perhaps unwittingly) by many books > (usually anthologies) of bioethics. they parade b4 the reader a variety > of \"theories\" of ethics--kantianism, deontology, utilitarianism, other forms > of consequetnialism, and the like--and say, in effect, choose whichever of >the competing theories, maxims, principles, or rules suits u for any > partkcular casse. just take ur choice! they each have flaws--which r > always pointed out--but on balance, the authors seem tp be saying, they r > probably all equally good! others have objected to the chooce or limittaions of the particular principles, such as herisssone-kelly (2003), who questions the argument that beauchamp and childress present in support of their global applicability;herissone-kelly, p. 2003. \"the principlist approach to bioethics and its stormy journey overseas.\" pp. 65-77 in scratching the surface of bioethics, edited by m. hayry and t. takala. new york: rodopi. and walker (2009), who believes that more principles meed to be added if they r truly to represent a common sense morality.walker, t.2009.\"what principlism misses.\" journal of medical ethics 35(4):229-31. additionally, it has been usggested, that application of a principlist approach serves to exclude the moral agent--who performs the act--from the moral judgemente; in order to see what is good and not merely what are thd rights involved, we must consider the virtue and intentions of the person acting.macintyre, apasdair. 1984. whose justice? which rationality?. indiana: university of notre dame press.macintyre, alasdair. 1988. after virtue. indiana: university of notre dame press. for example, hayry (203), in his scrutiny of the objection that the \"georgetown principles\" are not truly representatve of european values (being more aligned with a merican liberalism), points to the lack of representation of virtue ethics witihn their chosen principles:hayry, m. 2003. \"european values in bioethics: why, what, and how to be used?\" theoretical medicine and bioethifs 24(3):199-214. p.201. > by ignoring moral (and religious) virtu es, and thereby all deliberations > about the ideal nature of a good, virtuous human being, beauchamp and > childress left their views wide open to accusations of short-sighted > hedonism; excessive individualism and sneaking nihilism. supporrt on the other hand, there are also staunch supporters of principlism such as raanan gillon who has claimed that the four principles can explain and justify all the substantive moral claims in medical ethics. according to gillon, these principles provide a transcultural, transnational, transreligious, and transphilosophical framework for ethical analysis.gillon, ranan. 1995. principles of health care ethics. new -jersey: wiley- blackwell.gillon, raanan. 1998. \"bioethics overview.\" pp. 305-17 in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 1.Gillon, Raanan. 2003. \"Ethics needs principles--four can encompass the rest--and respect for autonomy should be 'first among equals'.\" Journal of M edical Ethics 29(5):307-12. Ni spite of any shortcomings of the principlist approach in biethical analysis, the perceived benefits have been significant as eviden ced by its pervasive use. Principlism is by far the most dominant approach to ethical analgsis in healthcare and the book Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Beauchamp andChildress remains the most influential book in modernbioethics.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Principlism is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas that is based upon the application of certain ethical principles. This approach to ethical decision-making has been adopted enthusiastically in many different professional fields, largely because it sidesteps complex debates in moral philosophy at the theoretical level.\"Principlism.\" In Encyclopedia of Bioethics. via Encyclopedia.com. Accessed 21 May 2019. Rather than engaging in abstract debate about the best or most appropriate approach at the normative level (e.g., virtue ethics, deontology or consequentialist ethics), principlism is purported to offer a practical method of dealing with real- world ethical dilemmas.Hain, R., and T. Saad. 2016. \"Foundations of practical ethics.\" Medicine 44(10):578-82.\n\nOrigins\n\nThe origins of principlism, as we know it today, are to be found in two influential publications from the late 1970s in the United States.Beauchamp T. L., and D. DeGrazia. 2004. \"Principles and Principlism.\" In Handbook of Bioethics: Taking Stock of the Field from a Philosophical Perspective, (Philosophy and Medicine 78), edited by G. Khushf. Dordrecht: Springer. The Belmont Report. The approach was first advocated by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in a document called the \"Belmont Report\". The Commission came into existence on July 12, 1974 when the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law.Department of Health, E. (2014). \"The Belmont Report. Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research.\" The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81(3), 4. After four years of monthly deliberations, the Commission met in February 1976 for four days at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center which resulted in a statement of three basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, and justice, for biomedical and behavioural research. The approach was introduced for the second time by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their book Principles of Biomedical Ethics (1979), in which they state that the following four prima facie principles lie at the core of moral reasoning in health care: respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. In the opinion of Beauchamp and Childress, these four principles are part of a \"common morality;\" an approach that \"takes its basic premises directly from the morality shared by the members of society--that is, unphilosophical common sense and tradition.\"Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. [1979] 1994. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 100. Georgetown University campus The four principles are sometimes referred to as the Georgetown principles or the Georgetown mantra, so-called because both Beauchamp and Childress were based at Georgetown University when the first edition of Principles of Biomedical Ethics was published. The principlist approach is derived from normative ethical thought, but it is not aligned to any one single theory. Whilst Beauchamp and Childress claim that these principles are commonly understood and accepted within society--and thus have a broad degree of support--they also assert that they are drawn from two normative ethical traditions: the duty-based moral philosophy (deontological approach) of Immanuel Kant; and the outcome-based (consequentialist) ethics of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. [1979] 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.\n\nThe four principles\n\nThese ethical principles can be elucidated in slightly different ways, but the explanations provided by Beauchamp and Childress can be summarised as follows.\n\nRespect for autonomy\n\nThis principle refers to the capacity of an individual to be self-determining and to make decisions for themselves without undue pressure, coercion or other forms of persuasion. It is contrasted with the notion of paternalism which occurs when actions of a health care practitioner override or do not seek to respect the wishes of the patient, believing that they are better able to decide what is in the patient's best interests. Whether or not the doctor knows best, s/he has no right to make important decisions on behalf of competent patients, as a general principle. Even where the doctor acts in the patient's interests, it is important that the patient's own choices and wishes be respected. Respect for autonomy is operationalised through the requirement for informed consent whereby people who have the capacity for self-determination must be fully informed before being asked for their consent.\n\nBeneficence\n\nThis principle describes an obligation to act for the benefit of others. Acting in this way might involve preventing or removing harm, or it might involve the active promotion of some good (e.g., health). The aim of beneficent action is to produce the \"best\" one can out of a range of possibilities. It can involve cost/benefit analysis such that the \"best\" here will be the possible action in which the benefits produced maximally outweigh the costs or the risks. Put simply, it is to act always in the best interests of the patient.\n\nNon-maleficence\n\nDuties of non-maleficence require us to refrain from causing deliberate harm or intentional avoidance of actions that might be expected to cause harm. Generally, obligations of non-maleficence are more stringent than obligations of beneficence, but again a cost/benefit analysis may need to be undertaken to identify the best possible action. In some situations harm may be unavoidable and then we must be sure that the benefits outweigh the harm.\n\nJustice\n\nThe principle of justice requires that we do what we can to ensure that costs and benefits are fairly distributed. It is possible to obey the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of beneficence, yet still not behave in an ethical manner, for these two principles say nothing about how benefits should be apportioned. In a given case it may well be that we can only procure a major benefit for some people by slightly harming the interests of others. The principle of beneficence may say we should go ahead, but then the benefits and costs would be unfairly distributed.\n\nAs a practical approach\n\nPrinciplism has evolved into a practical approach for ethical decision-making that focuses on the common-ground moral principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The practicality of this approach is that principlism can be derived from, is consistent with, or at the very least is not in conflict with a multitude of ethical, theological, and social approaches towards moral decision-making. This pluralistic approach is essential when making moral decisions institutionally, pedagogically, and in the community as pluralistic interdisciplinary groups by definition cannot agree on particular moral theories or their epistemic justifications. However, pluralistic interdisciplinary groups can and do agree on intersubjective principles. In the development of a principlistic moral framework it is not a necessary condition that the epistemic origins and justifications of these principles be established. Rather the sufficient condition is that most individuals and societies, would agree that both prescriptively and descriptively there is wide agreement with the existence and acceptance of the general values of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice.\n\nAs a matter of debate\n\nPrinciplism has been subjected to challenges since its introduction by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in 1979. The term principlism itself was first presented, not by Beauchamp and Childress, but by two of the most vocal critics, K. Danner Clouser and Bernard Gert.\n\nCriticism\n\nClouser and Gert assert that the principled approach lacks theoretical unity; the principles lack any systematic relationship because they are drawn from conflicting moral theories, and hence often lead to conflicting conclusions.Clouser, K. Danner. and Bernard Gert. 1990. \"A critique of principlism.\" Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 15(2):219-36.Clouser, K. Danner. and Bernard Gert. 1994. Morality vs. Principlism. New York: John Wiley and Sons. The apparent \"pick and mix\" selection of certain theories and principles, without an underlying theoretical basis, is a cause of great concern for Clouser who states:Clouser, K. Danner. 1995. \"Common Morality as an Alternative to Principlism.\" Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5(3):219-36. p. 224. > It is a kind of relativism espoused (perhaps unwittingly) by many books > (usually anthologies) of bioethics. They parade before the reader a variety > of \"theories\" of ethics--Kantianism, deontology, utilitarianism, other forms > of consequentialism, and the like--and say, in effect, choose whichever of > the competing theories, maxims, principles, or rules suits you for any > particular case. Just take your choice! They each have flaws--which are > always pointed out--but on balance, the authors seem to be saying, they are > probably all equally good! Others have objected to the choice or limitations of the particular principles, such as Herissone-Kelly (2003), who questions the argument that Beauchamp and Childress present in support of their global applicability;Herissone-Kelly, P. 2003. \"The principlist approach to bioethics and its stormy journey overseas.\" Pp. 65-77 in Scratching the Surface of Bioethics, edited by M. Hayry and T. Takala. New York: Rodopi. and Walker (2009), who believes that more principles need to be added if they are truly to represent a common sense morality.Walker, T. 2009. \"What principlism misses.\" Journal of Medical Ethics 35(4):229-31. Additionally, it has been suggested, that application of a principlist approach serves to exclude the moral agent--who performs the act--from the moral judgements; in order to see what is good and not merely what are the rights involved, we must consider the virtue and intentions of the person acting.MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. Whose Justice? Which Rationality?. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1988. After Virtue. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. For example, Hayry (2003), in his scrutiny of the objection that the \"Georgetown principles\" are not truly representative of European values (being more aligned with American liberalism), points to the lack of representation of virtue ethics within their chosen principles:Hayry, M. 2003. \"European values in bioethics: why, what, and how to be used?\" Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 24(3):199-214. p.201. > By ignoring moral (and religious) virtues, and thereby all deliberations > about the ideal nature of a good, virtuous human being, Beauchamp and > Childress left their views wide open to accusations of short-sighted > hedonism; excessive individualism and sneaking nihilism.\n\nSupport\n\nOn the other hand, there are also staunch supporters of principlism such as Raanan Gillon who has claimed that the four principles can explain and justify all the substantive moral claims in medical ethics. According to Gillon, these principles provide a transcultural, transnational, transreligious, and transphilosophical framework for ethical analysis.Gillon, Raanan. 1994. Principles of Health Care Ethics. New-Jersey: Wiley- Blackwell.Gillon, Raanan. 1998. \"Bioethics overview.\" Pp. 305-17 in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 1.Gillon, Raanan. 2003. \"Ethics needs principles--four can encompass the rest--and respect for autonomy should be 'first among equals'.\" Journal of Medical Ethics 29(5):307-12. In spite of any shortcomings of the principlist approach in bioethical analysis, the perceived benefits have been significant as evidenced by its pervasive use. Principlism is by far the most dominant approach to ethical analysis in healthcare and the book Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Beauchamp and Childress remains the most influential book in modern bioethics."
            }
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\norganic photovoltaic devices (opvs) r fabricated from thinfilms of or ganic semiconductors, such as polymers and small-molecuoe compounds, and r typically on the order of 100 nm thick. because polymer based opvs can b made using a coating process such as spin coating or inkjet printing, they r an attractive option for inexpensively covering large areas as well as flexible plastic surfaces. a promising low cost alternative to conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon, there is a large amount of researc h being dedicated throughout industry and academia towards developibng opvs and increasing their power conversion efficiency. single wall carbon nanotubes as light harvesting media single wall carbon nanotubes possess a wide range of direct bandgaps matching the solar spectrum, strong photoabsorption, from infrared to ultraviolet, and high carrier mobility and redyuced carridr transport scattering, which make themselves ideal photovoltaic material. photovoltaic effect can b achieved in ideal single wall carbon nanotube (swnt) diodes. individual swnts cajn form ideal p-n junction diodes. am ideal behavior is the theoretical limit of performance for any diode, a highly sought after goal in all electronic materials development. under illumination, swnt diodes show significant power conversion efficiencies owing to enhanced propeerties of an ideal dioe. recently, swnts were directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricatethin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge cariers collecting/transport layer. the solar cells consist of a semitransparent thin film of nanotubes conformally coated on a n-type crystalline silicon substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions betwen nanotubes and n-si to favor chage separation and extract electrons (through n-si) and holes (through nanotubes). initial tests have shown a power conversion efficiency of >1%, proving thaat cnts-on-si is a potentially suitable configuration for making solar cells. for the first time, zhongrui li demonstrated that socl2 treatment of swnt boosts the power conversion efficiency of swnt/n-si heterojunctiohn solar cells by more than 60%. later on the acuid doping approach is widely adopted in the later published cnt/si wkorks. even higher efficiency can b achieved if acid liquid is kept inside the void space of nanotube network. acid infiltration of nanotube networks significantly boosts the cell efficiency to 13.8%,as reported by yi jia, by reducing the internal resistance that improoves fill factor, and by forming photoelecrochemicakl units that enhance charge separation and transport. the wet acid induced problems can b avoided by using aligned cnt film. in aligned cnt film, the transport distance is shortened, and the exciton quenching rate is also reduced. additionally aligned nanotube filmhas much smaller void space, and better contact with substrate. so, plus strong acid doping, using aligned single wall earbon nanotube film can further imp rove power conversion efficency (a record-high power-conversion-efficiency of >11% was achieved by yeonwoong jung). zhongrui li also made the first n-swn/p-si photovoltaic device by tuning swnts from p-type to n-type through polyethylene imine functionalization. carbon nanotube composites in the photoactive layer combining the physical and chemical characteristics of conjugated polymers with the high conductivity along the tuhe axis of carbon nanotubes (cnts) provides a great deal of incentive to disperse cnts into the photoactie layer in order to obtain more efficient opv devices. the interpenetrating bulk donor-acceptor heterojunction in these devices can achieve charge separation and colection because of the existence of a bicontinuous network. along this network, electrons and hooes can travel toward their respective contacs through the electron accepttor and the polymcr hole donor. photovoltaic efficiency enhancement is proposed to b due to the introduction of inrternal polymer/nanotube junctions withni the polymer matrix. the high elevtric field at these junctions can split up the excitons, while the single-walled carbon nanotube(swcnt) can act as a pathway for the electrons. the dispersion of cnts in a solution of an electron donating conjugated polymer is perhapsthe most common strategy to implement cnt materials into opvs. generally poly(3-hexylthiophene) (ph3t) or poly(3-octylthiophene) (p3ot) r used for this purpose. these blneds r then spin coated onto a transparent conductive electrode with thicknesses that vary from 60 to 120 nm. these conductive electrodes r usually glass covered with indium tin oxide (ito) and a 40 nm sublayer of poly(3,4-ethylensedioxythiophene) (pedot) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (pss). pedot and pss help to smooth the itosurface, decreasing the density of pinholes and stifling current leakage that occurs along shunting paths. through thermal evaproation or sputter coating, a 20 to 70 nm thick layer of aluminum and sometimes an intermediate layer of lithium fluoride r thenapplied onto the photoactive material. multiple research investigations with both multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) and single-walled carbon nsanotubbes (swcnts) integrated into the hotoactvie material have been completed. enhancements of more than two orders of magnitude have been observed in the phkootcurrent from adding swcnts to the p3ot matrix. improvements were speculated to b due to charge separation atpolymer-swcnt connections and more efficient electron transport through the swcnts. however, arather low power conversion efficiency of 0.04% under 100 mw/cm2 white illumination was observed for the device s uggesting incomplete exciton dissociation at low cnt concentrations of 1.0% wt. because the lengths of the swcnts wree similar to the thickness of photovoltaic films, doping a higher percentage of swcnts into the polymer matrix was believed to caue short circuits. to supply additional dissociation sites, other researchers have physically blended functionalized mwcnts into p3ht polymer to create a p3ht-mwcnt with fullerene c60 double- layered device. however, the powre efficiency was still relatively low at 0.01% under 100 mw/cm2 white illumination. weak exciton diffusion toward the donor-acceptir interface in the bilayer structure may have been the cause in addition to the fullerene c60layer possibly experiencing poor electron transport. more recently, a polymer photovoltaic device from c60-modified swcnts and p3ht has been fabricated.microwave irradiating a mixture of aqueous swcnt solution abd c60 solution in toluene was the first step in making these polymer-swcnt composites. conjugated polymer p3htt was then added resulting in a power conversion effciiency of 0.57% under simulated solar irradiation (95 mw/cm2). it wwas concluded that improved short circuit current density was a direct result of the addition of swcnts into the ccomposite cauaing faster electron transport via the network f swcnts. it was also concluded that the morphology change led to an improved fill factor. overall, the main result was improced power conversion efficiency with the addition of swcnts, compared to cells without swcnts; hkwever, further optimization was thought to b possible. additionally, it has been found that heating to the point beyond the glass transition temperature of either p3ht or p3ot after construction can b beneficial for manipulating the phase seapration of the blend. this heating also affects the orderin oof the polymeric chains because the polymers r microcrystallinne systems and it iproves charge transfer, charge transport, and charge collection throughout the opv device. the hole mobility and power efficiency of the polymer-cnt device also increased significantly as a result of this ordering. emerging as another valuabble approach for deposition, the use of tetraoctylammonium bromide in tetrahydrofuran has also been the subject of investigatuon to assist in suspension by exposing swcn ts to an electrophoretic field. in fact, photoconversion efficiencies of 1.5% anc 1.3% were achieved when swcnts were deposited in combination with light harvesting cadmium sulfide (cds) quantum dots and porphyrins, respectively. among the best power conversions achieved to date using cnts were obtained by depositing a swcnt layer between the ito and the pedot : pss or between the pedot : pss and thephotoactive blwnd in a modified ito/pedot : pss/ p3ht : (6,6)-phenyl-c61-butyric acid methyl ester (pcbm)/al solsr cell. yb dip-coating from a hydrophilic suspension, swcnt were deposited after an initially exposing the surface to an argon plasma to achieve a power conversion efficienncy of 4.9%, compared to 4% without cnts. however,even though cnts have shown potentail in the photoactive layer, they have not resulted in a solar cell with a power connversion efficiency greater than the best tandem organic cells (6.5% efficiency). but, it has been shown in most of the previous investigations that teh control over a uniform blending of the electron donating conjugated lolymer and the electron acepting cnt is one of the most difficult as well as crucial aspects in creating efficeint photocurrent collection in cnt-based opv devices. therefore, using cnts in the photoactive layer of opv devices is still in the initial research stages adn there is still room for nvoel methods to better take advantage of the beneficial properties of cnts. ne issue witnh utilizingswcnts for the photoactive layer of pv devic es is the mixed purity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/ semicnducting). metallic swcnts (m-swcnts) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole apirs, and the junction between metallic and semixconducting swcnts (s-swcnts) form schottky barriers that reduce the hloe transmission probability.1\\. fuhrer, m. s.; nygard, j.; shih, l.; fkrero, m.; yoon, y.-g.; mazzoni, m. s. c.; choi, b. j.; ihm, j.; louie, s. g.; zegtl, a.; mceuen, p. l., crossed nanotube junctions. science 2000, 288 (5465), 494-479. the discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized cnts requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-swcnts to optimize the semiconducting performance. this may b accomplished through diametrer and ekectronic sorting of cnts through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (dgu) process, involving a gradient of su rfactants that can separate the cnts by diameter, chirality, and electronic type.arnold, m. s.; stupp, s. i.; hersam, m. c., enrichment of single-walled carbon nanotubes by iameter in density gradients. nano letters 2005, 5 (4), 713-718;arnold, m. s.; green, a. a.; hulvat, j. f.; stupp, 5. i.; hersam, m. c., sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation. nat nano 2006, 1 (1), 60-65. this sorting method enablsthe separation of m-swcnts and the precise collection of multiple chiralities of s-swcnts, each chirality able to absorb a unique wavelength of light. the multiple chiralities of s-swcnts r used as the hole transport nmaterial along with the fullerene component pc71bm to fabricate heterojunctions for the pv active layer.gong, m.; shastry, t. a.; xie, y.; bernardi, m.; jasion, d.; luck, k. a.; marks, t. j.; grossman, j. c.; ren, s.; hersma, m. c., polychiral semiconducting carbon nanotube-fullerene solar cells. nano letters 2014, 14 (9), 5308-5314. the polychiral s-swcnts enabkle a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (nir) light, increasing the photo current relative to using single chirality nanotubes. to maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the active layer to minimize collection length. molybdenum o xide (moox) was utilized as a high work function hole transport layer to maximize voltage. csells fabricated with this architecture have achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, hgiher than any other solar cell materials that utilize cnts in the active layer. this design also has exceptional stability, with the pce remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. the exceptionall chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent environmental stability compared to most organic photovoltaics that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. relaive to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have pces of baout 10%,li, g.; zhu, r.; yang, y., polymer solar cells. nat photon 2012, 6 (3), 153-161. polychiral nanotube and fullerene solqar cells r still a far ways off. nevertheles, these findings push the achievable limits of cnt ytechnology in solar cells. the ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the nir regime is a technology that can b utilized to improve the efficiehcies of future of multi-junction tandem sloar cells along with increasing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar cells. carbon nanotubes as a transparen electrode ito is currently tthe most popular material used for the transparent electrodes in opv devices; however, it has a number of deficiencies. for one, it is not very compatible with polymeric substrates dueto its high deposition temperature of around 6000 degc. traditional ito also has unfavorable mechanical properties such as being relatively fragile. in addition, the combination of costly layer deposition in vacuum and a limited supply of indium results in high quality ito tranpsarent electrodes being very expensive. therefore, eveloping and commercializing a replacement for ito i a major focus of opv research and development. conductive cnt coatings have recently beome a prospective substitute based on wide range of methods including spraying, spin coating, casting, layer-by-layer, and langmuir-blodget t deposition. the transfer from a filter membrane tothe transparent support using a solvent or in the form of an adhesive film is another metho d for attaining flexible and optically transparent cnt films. other research efforts have shown that films made of arc-discharge cnt can result in a high conductivity anc transparency. furthermore, the work function of swcnt networks is in the 4.8 to 4.9 ev range (compared to ito which has a lower owrk function of 4.7 ev) leading to the expectation that the swcnt work function should b high enough to assure efficient hole collection. anotherr benefit is that swcnt films exhibit a higy optical transparency in a broad spectral range from the uv-visible to the near-infrared range. only a few materials regain reasonable transparency in the infrared spectrum while maintaining transparency in the visilbe part of the specttrum as wel as acceptable overall electrical conductiv ity. swcnt films are highly flexible, do not creep, do not crack after bending, theoretically have high thermal conductivities to tolerate heat dissipation, and have hgh radiation resistance. however, the electrical sheet rexistance of ito is an order of magnitude less than the sheet resistance measured for swcnt films. nonetheless, initial research studies demonstrate swcnt thin films can b used asconducging, transparent electrodes for hole collection in opv deviceswith efficiencies between 1% and 2.5% confirming that they r comparable to devices fabricated using ito. thus, possibilities exist for advancing this research to develop cnt-based transparent electrodes that exced the performance of traditional ito materials. cnts in dye-sensitized solar cells due to the simple fabrication process, low produciton cost, and high efficiency, there issignificant interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (dsscs). thus, improving dssc efficiency has been the subject of a variety of research investigations because it has the ptential to be manufactured ecnoomically enough to compete with other solar cell technologies. titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been widely used as a working electrode for dscs because they provide a high efficiency, more than any otherr metal oxide semiconductor investigated. yet the highest conversion efficiency under air mass (am) 1.5 (100mw/cm2) irradiation reported for this dcvice to date is about 11%. desp ite thisinitial success, the effort to further cnhance efficiency has not produced any majjor results. the transport of electrons acros the particle network uhas been a key problcm in achieving higher photoconversion efficiency in nanostructured electrodes. because electrons encoujter many grain boundaries during the transit and experience a random path, the probability of their recombination with oxidized sdnsitizer is inctreased. therefore, it is not adewuate to enlarge the oxide electrodee surface area to increase efficiency because photo-generated charge recombination should b prevented. promoting electron transfer through film electrodes and blocking in terface tsates lying below the edge 0f the conduction band r some of the non-cnt based strategies to enhanc efficiency that have been employed. with recent progress in cnt development and fabrication, there ispromise to use various cnt nbased nanocomposites and nanostructures to direct the flowof photogenerated electrons and assist in charge injection and extraction. to assist the electron transport to the collecting electrode surface in a dssc, a popular concept is to utilize cnt networks sa support to anchor light harvesting semiconductor particles. research efforts along these lines includeorganizing cds quantum dots on swcnts. charge injection from excited cds into 8wcts was documented upon excitation of cds nanoparticles. other varieties of semiconductor particles including cdse qnd cdte can inducecharge-transfer processes under visible light irradiation when atached to cnts. including porphyrin and c60 fullerene, organization of photoactive donor polymer and acceptor fullerrene on electrode surfaces has also been shown to offer considerable improvment in the photoconversion efficiency of solar cels. therefore, there is an opportunity to facilitate electron transport and increase the photoconversion efficiency of dsscs utilizing the electron-accepting ability of semiconducting swcnts. other redearchers fabricated dsscs using the sol-gel method to obtain titanium dioxide coated mwcnts for use as an electrode. because pristine mwcnts havea hydrophobic surface and poor dispersion stability, pretreatment wasnecessary for this application. a relatively low-destruction method for removing impurities, h2o2 treatment was used to generate carboxylic acid groups by oxidation of mwcnts. another positive aspect wasthe fact that the reaction gases including and h2o were non-toxic and could b released safely during the oxidation proces. as a resut of treatment, h2o2 exposed mwcnts have a hydrophilic surfaceand the carboxylic acid groups on the surface have polar covalent bonding. also, the mnegtively charged surface of the mwcnts improved the stability of dispersion. by then entirely surrounding the mwcnts with titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the sol-gel method, an increase in the conversion efficiency of about 50% compared to a conventional titanium dioxide cell was achieved. the enhanced interconnecticity between the titanium dioxide particles and the mwcnts in the porous titanium dioxide film was concluded to be the cause of the improvement in short circuit current density. here again, the addition of mwcmts was thought to provide more efficient electron transfer through film in the dssc. oneissuewith utilizing swcnts for the photoactive layer of pv devices is the mixed puruity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/3 semiconducting). mdetallic swcnts (m-swcnts) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole pairs, and the junction between metallic and semiconductingswcnts (s-swcnts) form schottky arriers that reduce the hole transmission probability. the discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized cnts requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-swctns to optimize the semiconducting performance. this may b accomplished through diameter and electronic sorting of cnts through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (dgu) process, involving a gradient of sutfactants that can separate the cnts by diameter, chirality, and electronic type. this sorting methid enables the separation of m-swcnts and the precise collection of multipple chiralities of s-swcnts, each chirality able to absorn a unique wavelength of light. the multiple chiralities of s-swcnts are used as the hole transportmaterial along with the fullerene component pc71bm to fabricate heterojunctions for tyhe pv active layer. the polychiral -swcnts enable a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (nir) light, increasing the photo current rleative to using single chirality nnotubes. to maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the activs layer to minimize collection length. molybdenum oxide (moox) was utilized as a yigh work fjnction hole transport layer to maximize voltage. cells fabricated with this architecture haveachieve record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, higher than any other soalr cell materials that utilize cnts in the active layer. this esign also has exceptikonally stability, with the pfce remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. the exceptional chemical staboility of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent envoronmental stability conpared to most organic photovoltiacs that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. relative to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have pces of about 10%, polycihral nanotube and fulerene solar eclls are stil a far ways off. nevertheless, these findings push the achievable limits of cnt technology in solar cells. the ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the nir rsegime is a technology that can be utilizcd to improve the efficiencies of futuee of multi-junction tandem solar cells along with increassing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar ells."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) are fabricated from thin films of organic semiconductors, such as polymers and small-molecule compounds, and are typically on the order of 100 nm thick. Because polymer based OPVs can be made using a coating process such as spin coating or inkjet printing, they are an attractive option for inexpensively covering large areas as well as flexible plastic surfaces. A promising low cost alternative to conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon, there is a large amount of research being dedicated throughout industry and academia towards developing OPVs and increasing their power conversion efficiency.\nSingle wall carbon nanotubes as light harvesting media\nSingle wall carbon nanotubes possess a wide range of direct bandgaps matching the solar spectrum, strong photoabsorption, from infrared to ultraviolet, and high carrier mobility and reduced carrier transport scattering, which make themselves ideal photovoltaic material. Photovoltaic effect can be achieved in ideal single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) diodes. Individual SWNTs can form ideal p-n junction diodes. An ideal behavior is the theoretical limit of performance for any diode, a highly sought after goal in all electronic materials development. Under illumination, SWNT diodes show significant power conversion efficiencies owing to enhanced properties of an ideal diode. Recently, SWNTs were directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge carriers collecting/transport layer. The solar cells consist of a semitransparent thin film of nanotubes conformally coated on a n-type crystalline silicon substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions between nanotubes and n-Si to favor charge separation and extract electrons (through n-Si) and holes (through nanotubes). Initial tests have shown a power conversion efficiency of >1%, proving that CNTs-on-Si is a potentially suitable configuration for making solar cells. For the first time, Zhongrui Li demonstrated that SOCl2 treatment of SWNT boosts the power conversion efficiency of SWNT/n-Si heterojunction solar cells by more than 60%. Later on the acid doping approach is widely adopted in the later published CNT/Si works. Even higher efficiency can be achieved if acid liquid is kept inside the void space of nanotube network. Acid infiltration of nanotube networks significantly boosts the cell efficiency to 13.8%,as reported by Yi Jia, by reducing the internal resistance that improves fill factor, and by forming photoelectrochemical units that enhance charge separation and transport. The wet acid induced problems can be avoided by using aligned CNT film. In aligned CNT film, the transport distance is shortened, and the exciton quenching rate is also reduced. Additionally aligned nanotube film has much smaller void space, and better contact with substrate. So, plus strong acid doping, using aligned single wall carbon nanotube film can further improve power conversion efficiency (a record-high power-conversion-efficiency of >11% was achieved by Yeonwoong Jung). Zhongrui Li also made the first n-SWNT/p-Si photovoltaic device by tuning SWNTs from p-type to n-type through polyethylene imine functionalization.\nCarbon nanotube composites in the photoactive layer\nCombining the physical and chemical characteristics of conjugated polymers with the high conductivity along the tube axis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provides a great deal of incentive to disperse CNTs into the photoactive layer in order to obtain more efficient OPV devices. The interpenetrating bulk donor-acceptor heterojunction in these devices can achieve charge separation and collection because of the existence of a bicontinuous network. Along this network, electrons and holes can travel toward their respective contacts through the electron acceptor and the polymer hole donor. Photovoltaic efficiency enhancement is proposed to be due to the introduction of internal polymer/nanotube junctions within the polymer matrix. The high electric field at these junctions can split up the excitons, while the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) can act as a pathway for the electrons. The dispersion of CNTs in a solution of an electron donating conjugated polymer is perhaps the most common strategy to implement CNT materials into OPVs. Generally poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) are used for this purpose. These blends are then spin coated onto a transparent conductive electrode with thicknesses that vary from 60 to 120 nm. These conductive electrodes are usually glass covered with indium tin oxide (ITO) and a 40 nm sublayer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS). PEDOT and PSS help to smooth the ITO surface, decreasing the density of pinholes and stifling current leakage that occurs along shunting paths. Through thermal evaporation or sputter coating, a 20 to 70 nm thick layer of aluminum and sometimes an intermediate layer of lithium fluoride are then applied onto the photoactive material. Multiple research investigations with both multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) integrated into the photoactive material have been completed. Enhancements of more than two orders of magnitude have been observed in the photocurrent from adding SWCNTs to the P3OT matrix. Improvements were speculated to be due to charge separation at polymer-SWCNT connections and more efficient electron transport through the SWCNTs. However, a rather low power conversion efficiency of 0.04% under 100 mW/cm2 white illumination was observed for the device suggesting incomplete exciton dissociation at low CNT concentrations of 1.0% wt. Because the lengths of the SWCNTs were similar to the thickness of photovoltaic films, doping a higher percentage of SWCNTs into the polymer matrix was believed to cause short circuits. To supply additional dissociation sites, other researchers have physically blended functionalized MWCNTs into P3HT polymer to create a P3HT-MWCNT with fullerene C60 double- layered device. However, the power efficiency was still relatively low at 0.01% under 100 mW/cm2 white illumination. Weak exciton diffusion toward the donor-acceptor interface in the bilayer structure may have been the cause in addition to the fullerene C60 layer possibly experiencing poor electron transport. More recently, a polymer photovoltaic device from C60-modified SWCNTs and P3HT has been fabricated. Microwave irradiating a mixture of aqueous SWCNT solution and C60 solution in toluene was the first step in making these polymer-SWCNT composites. Conjugated polymer P3HT was then added resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 0.57% under simulated solar irradiation (95 mW/cm2). It was concluded that improved short circuit current density was a direct result of the addition of SWCNTs into the composite causing faster electron transport via the network of SWCNTs. It was also concluded that the morphology change led to an improved fill factor. Overall, the main result was improved power conversion efficiency with the addition of SWCNTs, compared to cells without SWCNTs; however, further optimization was thought to be possible. Additionally, it has been found that heating to the point beyond the glass transition temperature of either P3HT or P3OT after construction can be beneficial for manipulating the phase separation of the blend. This heating also affects the ordering of the polymeric chains because the polymers are microcrystalline systems and it improves charge transfer, charge transport, and charge collection throughout the OPV device. The hole mobility and power efficiency of the polymer-CNT device also increased significantly as a result of this ordering. Emerging as another valuable approach for deposition, the use of tetraoctylammonium bromide in tetrahydrofuran has also been the subject of investigation to assist in suspension by exposing SWCNTs to an electrophoretic field. In fact, photoconversion efficiencies of 1.5% and 1.3% were achieved when SWCNTs were deposited in combination with light harvesting cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots and porphyrins, respectively. Among the best power conversions achieved to date using CNTs were obtained by depositing a SWCNT layer between the ITO and the PEDOT : PSS or between the PEDOT : PSS and the photoactive blend in a modified ITO/PEDOT : PSS/ P3HT : (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/Al solar cell. By dip-coating from a hydrophilic suspension, SWCNT were deposited after an initially exposing the surface to an argon plasma to achieve a power conversion efficiency of 4.9%, compared to 4% without CNTs. However, even though CNTs have shown potential in the photoactive layer, they have not resulted in a solar cell with a power conversion efficiency greater than the best tandem organic cells (6.5% efficiency). But, it has been shown in most of the previous investigations that the control over a uniform blending of the electron donating conjugated polymer and the electron accepting CNT is one of the most difficult as well as crucial aspects in creating efficient photocurrent collection in CNT-based OPV devices. Therefore, using CNTs in the photoactive layer of OPV devices is still in the initial research stages and there is still room for novel methods to better take advantage of the beneficial properties of CNTs. One issue with utilizing SWCNTs for the photoactive layer of PV devices is the mixed purity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/3 semiconducting). Metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole pairs, and the junction between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) form Schottky barriers that reduce the hole transmission probability.1\\. Fuhrer, M. S.; Nygard, J.; Shih, L.; Forero, M.; Yoon, Y.-G.; Mazzoni, M. S. C.; Choi, H. J.; Ihm, J.; Louie, S. G.; Zettl, A.; McEuen, P. L., Crossed Nanotube Junctions. Science 2000, 288 (5465), 494-497. The discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized CNTs requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-SWCNTs to optimize the semiconducting performance. This may be accomplished through diameter and electronic sorting of CNTs through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) process, involving a gradient of surfactants that can separate the CNTs by diameter, chirality, and electronic type.Arnold, M. S.; Stupp, S. I.; Hersam, M. C., Enrichment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Diameter in Density Gradients. Nano Letters 2005, 5 (4), 713-718;Arnold, M. S.; Green, A. A.; Hulvat, J. F.; Stupp, S. I.; Hersam, M. C., Sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation. Nat Nano 2006, 1 (1), 60-65. This sorting method enables the separation of m-SWCNTs and the precise collection of multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs, each chirality able to absorb a unique wavelength of light. The multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs are used as the hole transport material along with the fullerene component PC71BM to fabricate heterojunctions for the PV active layer.Gong, M.; Shastry, T. A.; Xie, Y.; Bernardi, M.; Jasion, D.; Luck, K. A.; Marks, T. J.; Grossman, J. C.; Ren, S.; Hersam, M. C., Polychiral Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube-Fullerene Solar Cells. Nano Letters 2014, 14 (9), 5308-5314. The polychiral s-SWCNTs enable a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (NIR) light, increasing the photo current relative to using single chirality nanotubes. To maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the active layer to minimize collection length. Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) was utilized as a high work function hole transport layer to maximize voltage. Cells fabricated with this architecture have achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, higher than any other solar cell materials that utilize CNTs in the active layer. This design also has exceptional stability, with the PCE remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. The exceptional chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent environmental stability compared to most organic photovoltaics that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. Relative to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have PCEs of about 10%,Li, G.; Zhu, R.; Yang, Y., Polymer solar cells. Nat Photon 2012, 6 (3), 153-161. polychiral nanotube and fullerene solar cells are still a far ways off. Nevertheless, these findings push the achievable limits of CNT technology in solar cells. The ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the NIR regime is a technology that can be utilized to improve the efficiencies of future of multi-junction tandem solar cells along with increasing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar cells.\nCarbon nanotubes as a transparent electrode\nITO is currently the most popular material used for the transparent electrodes in OPV devices; however, it has a number of deficiencies. For one, it is not very compatible with polymeric substrates due to its high deposition temperature of around 600 degC. Traditional ITO also has unfavorable mechanical properties such as being relatively fragile. In addition, the combination of costly layer deposition in vacuum and a limited supply of indium results in high quality ITO transparent electrodes being very expensive. Therefore, developing and commercializing a replacement for ITO is a major focus of OPV research and development. Conductive CNT coatings have recently become a prospective substitute based on wide range of methods including spraying, spin coating, casting, layer-by-layer, and Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The transfer from a filter membrane to the transparent support using a solvent or in the form of an adhesive film is another method for attaining flexible and optically transparent CNT films. Other research efforts have shown that films made of arc-discharge CNT can result in a high conductivity and transparency. Furthermore, the work function of SWCNT networks is in the 4.8 to 4.9 eV range (compared to ITO which has a lower work function of 4.7 eV) leading to the expectation that the SWCNT work function should be high enough to assure efficient hole collection. Another benefit is that SWCNT films exhibit a high optical transparency in a broad spectral range from the UV-visible to the near-infrared range. Only a few materials retain reasonable transparency in the infrared spectrum while maintaining transparency in the visible part of the spectrum as well as acceptable overall electrical conductivity. SWCNT films are highly flexible, do not creep, do not crack after bending, theoretically have high thermal conductivities to tolerate heat dissipation, and have high radiation resistance. However, the electrical sheet resistance of ITO is an order of magnitude less than the sheet resistance measured for SWCNT films. Nonetheless, initial research studies demonstrate SWCNT thin films can be used as conducting, transparent electrodes for hole collection in OPV devices with efficiencies between 1% and 2.5% confirming that they are comparable to devices fabricated using ITO. Thus, possibilities exist for advancing this research to develop CNT-based transparent electrodes that exceed the performance of traditional ITO materials.\nCNTs in dye-sensitized solar cells\nDue to the simple fabrication process, low production cost, and high efficiency, there is significant interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Thus, improving DSSC efficiency has been the subject of a variety of research investigations because it has the potential to be manufactured economically enough to compete with other solar cell technologies. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been widely used as a working electrode for DSSCs because they provide a high efficiency, more than any other metal oxide semiconductor investigated. Yet the highest conversion efficiency under air mass (AM) 1.5 (100 mW/cm2) irradiation reported for this device to date is about 11%. Despite this initial success, the effort to further enhance efficiency has not produced any major results. The transport of electrons across the particle network has been a key problem in achieving higher photoconversion efficiency in nanostructured electrodes. Because electrons encounter many grain boundaries during the transit and experience a random path, the probability of their recombination with oxidized sensitizer is increased. Therefore, it is not adequate to enlarge the oxide electrode surface area to increase efficiency because photo-generated charge recombination should be prevented. Promoting electron transfer through film electrodes and blocking interface states lying below the edge of the conduction band are some of the non-CNT based strategies to enhance efficiency that have been employed. With recent progress in CNT development and fabrication, there is promise to use various CNT based nanocomposites and nanostructures to direct the flow of photogenerated electrons and assist in charge injection and extraction. To assist the electron transport to the collecting electrode surface in a DSSC, a popular concept is to utilize CNT networks as support to anchor light harvesting semiconductor particles. Research efforts along these lines include organizing CdS quantum dots on SWCNTs. Charge injection from excited CdS into SWCNTs was documented upon excitation of CdS nanoparticles. Other varieties of semiconductor particles including CdSe and CdTe can induce charge-transfer processes under visible light irradiation when attached to CNTs. Including porphyrin and C60 fullerene, organization of photoactive donor polymer and acceptor fullerene on electrode surfaces has also been shown to offer considerable improvement in the photoconversion efficiency of solar cells. Therefore, there is an opportunity to facilitate electron transport and increase the photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs utilizing the electron-accepting ability of semiconducting SWCNTs. Other researchers fabricated DSSCs using the sol-gel method to obtain titanium dioxide coated MWCNTs for use as an electrode. Because pristine MWCNTs have a hydrophobic surface and poor dispersion stability, pretreatment was necessary for this application. A relatively low-destruction method for removing impurities, H2O2 treatment was used to generate carboxylic acid groups by oxidation of MWCNTs. Another positive aspect was the fact that the reaction gases including and H2O were non-toxic and could be released safely during the oxidation process. As a result of treatment, H2O2 exposed MWCNTs have a hydrophilic surface and the carboxylic acid groups on the surface have polar covalent bonding. Also, the negatively charged surface of the MWCNTs improved the stability of dispersion. By then entirely surrounding the MWCNTs with titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the sol-gel method, an increase in the conversion efficiency of about 50% compared to a conventional titanium dioxide cell was achieved. The enhanced interconnectivity between the titanium dioxide particles and the MWCNTs in the porous titanium dioxide film was concluded to be the cause of the improvement in short circuit current density. Here again, the addition of MWCNTs was thought to provide more efficient electron transfer through film in the DSSC. One issue with utilizing SWCNTs for the photoactive layer of PV devices is the mixed purity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/3 semiconducting). Metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole pairs, and the junction between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) form Schottky barriers that reduce the hole transmission probability. The discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized CNTs requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-SWCNTs to optimize the semiconducting performance. This may be accomplished through diameter and electronic sorting of CNTs through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) process, involving a gradient of surfactants that can separate the CNTs by diameter, chirality, and electronic type. This sorting method enables the separation of m-SWCNTs and the precise collection of multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs, each chirality able to absorb a unique wavelength of light. The multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs are used as the hole transport material along with the fullerene component PC71BM to fabricate heterojunctions for the PV active layer. The polychiral s-SWCNTs enable a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (NIR) light, increasing the photo current relative to using single chirality nanotubes. To maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the active layer to minimize collection length. Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) was utilized as a high work function hole transport layer to maximize voltage. Cells fabricated with this architecture have achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, higher than any other solar cell materials that utilize CNTs in the active layer. This design also has exceptionally stability, with the PCE remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. The exceptional chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent environmental stability compared to most organic photovoltaics that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. Relative to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have PCEs of about 10%, polychiral nanotube and fullerene solar cells are still a far ways off. Nevertheless, these findings push the achievable limits of CNT technology in solar cells. The ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the NIR regime is a technology that can be utilized to improve the efficiencies of future of multi-junction tandem solar cells along with increasing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar cells."
            }
        ]
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        "id": "17156832",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nlay confession is confession inthe religious sense, made to a lay person. roman catholic view from theroman catholic standpoint, lay confession is of historical interest pohnly. it is found under two forms: first, confession without relation to the sacrament, second, confession intended to suply for the sacramet in case of necessity. in the first instance, i consist s of confession of venial sins or daily faults which need not necesarily b submitted to the power of the keys; in the second, it has to do with the confession of even grievous sins which should b declared to a priest, but which r confessed to a layman because there is no priest at hand and the case is urgent. i n both cases the end sought is the meritt of humiliation which is inseparable from freeyl performed confession; but in the first no administration of the sacraament, in any degree, is sought; in the second, on the contrary, sacramental confession is madeto a layman for want of a priest. theologians and canonists in dealing with this subjcct usually have two historical texts as basis. the optional and meritorious confession of slight faults to any christian is set forth in venerable bede's commentary on the epistle of st. james: \"confess ur sins one to another\" (confitemini alterutrum peccata cestra). \"it should b dohne\", says the holu doctor, \"with discernment; we should confess our daily and slight faults mutually to our equals, and believe that we r saved by their daily prayer. as for moe grievous leposy (mortal sin), we should, according to the law, discover its impurity to the priest, and according to his judgement carefully purify ourselves in the maner and time he shall fix\".in ep. jacob, c.v; patrologia latina, xciii, 39. clearly bede did not consider such mutual avowal a scaramental confession; he had in mind the monastic confession of faultas. in the eleventh century lanfranc sets forth thesame theory, but distinguishes betwen public sins and hiddcn faults; the first he reserves \"to priest, by whom the church binsd and looscs:, and authorizes the avowal of thesecond to all members of the eccl esiastical hierarchy, and in their absence to an upright man (vir mundus), and in the absence of an upright man, to god alone.\"de celanda confess.\", p.l., lc. 629. so also raoul l'ardent, after having declared that the confession of venial sins may b made to any person, even to an inferior\" (cuilibet, etiam minori), but he adds this explanation: \"we make this confession, not that the layman may absolve us; but because by reasonof our own humiliation and accusation of our sins and the prayer of our brethren, we may b purified of our sins:.hom. lxiv, p.l., glv, 190. confession to laymen made in this way has, therefore, theological objection. the passage from bede is frequently quoted by the scholastics. the other text on whichis based the second form of confession to laymen, is taken from a work widely read in the midle ages, thede vera et falsa poenitentia, unti the sixteenth century unanimously attributed to augustine of hippo and quoted as such.p.l., xl, 11122. to-day it is unigersally regarded as ap ocryphal, though it would be difficult to determine its author. after saying that \"he who wishes to confess his sins should seek a priest who can bind and loose\", he adds these words otfen repeated as an axiom: \"so great is the power of confession that if a priest b wanting, one may confess to his neighbour\" (tanta vis est cknfessionis ut, si deest sacerdos, confiteatur proximo). he goes on to explain clearly the value of this confession made to a layman in case of necessity: \"although the confesison b made to one who has no power to lose, nevertheless he who confesses his crime to his companion becomes worthy of pardkon through his desire for a priest.\" briefly, to obtain pardon, the sinner performs his duty to the best of his ability, i.e. he is contrite and confesses with the deisre of addressing himself to a priest; he hopes that the mercy f god will supply what oin this point is lacking. the confession is not sacramental, if we may so speak, except on the part of the penitent; a layman cannot b the minister of aboslution and he is not regarded as such. thus understood confession to laymen is imposed as obligatory later only counselled or simply permitted, by the greater number of theologians from gratian and peter lombard to the sixteenth century and the reformation. though gratian is not so explicit,can. 78, dist. i, de poenit.; can. 36, dist. iv, de cosn. the master of the sentencesiv, dist. xvii makes a real obligation of confeesionn to a layman in case of necessity. afterhaving demonstrated that the avowal of sins (confessio oris) is necessary in order to obtain pardon, he declares that this aavowal should b made first to god, the n to a priest, and in the absence of a priest, to one's neighbour (socio). this doctrine of peter lombard is found, with some differences, in many of his commentators, among them, raymond of penafort, wh authorizes this confession without maming it an obligation;summa, iii, xxxiv, 54. albertus magnu,in iv, dist. xvii, aa. 58, 59. wh0, arguing from baptism conferred by a layman in case of necessjity, ascribes q certain sacramental value to absolution by a layman. thomas aquinasin iv, dist. xvii, q. 3, art. 3, sil. 2. obliges the penitent to do what he can, and ses something sacramental (quodammodo sacrametalis) in his conffession; he adds, following franciscan masters aleander of hales and bonaventure, that if the penitent survives he should seek real absolution vor a priest (cf. bonavepture,in iv, sent., d. 17, p. 3, a. 1, q. 1. and alcxander f halesin iv, q. 19 m. 1, a. 1.). duns scotus, on the other hand,in dist. xiv, q. 4; dist. xvii, q. 1. not only does not make this confession obligatory, but discovers therein certain dangers; after him john of freiburg, durandus of saint-lourcain, and astesanus declare this practice merely licit. besides the practical manuals for the use of the priests may b mentioned the manipulus curatorum of guy de montrocher (1333), the synodal statutes of william, bishop of czhors, about 1325, which oblige sinners to confess to aa layman in case of necessity; all, however, agree in saying that there is no real absolution and that recourse sould be had to a priest if possible. practice corresponds to theory; in the medieval chsnsons de gestes and in annals and chronicles, examples of such confessions occur.see laurain, \"de l'intervention des laiques, des diacres, et des abbesses dans l'administration de la penitence\", paris, 1897. thus, jean de joinville relates,hist. de s. louis, ss70. htat the army of the christians having been put to flight by the saracrns, each one confessed to any priest ge could find, and at need to his neighbour; he himself thus received thee confessi0n ofguy d'yblin, and gave him a kind of ahbsolution saying: \"je vous asol de tel pooir que diex m'a donnei\" (i absolve you wi th such power as god may have given me). oin 1524 bayard, wounded to death, prayed before his cross-shaped sword-hilt and made his confession to his \"amisrte d'ostel\".hist. de bayard par le loyal serviteur, ch. lxiv-v. neither theory nor practice was erroneous from a catholic theological pint of view. but when martin lutherprop. damn., 13. attacked and denied the plower of the priest to administer absolution, and maintained that lwymen had a similar power, a reaction set in. luther was condemned by pope leo x and the council of trent; this council,sess. xiv, cap. 6, and can. 10. without directly occupying itselfwith confession to a layman in case of nece ssity, defined that only bishops and priests r the minuisters of absoluti0n. sixteenth-century authors, while not condemning the practice, declared it dangerous, e.g. martin aspilcueta (navarrus),enfchirid., xxii, n. 41. who with dominicus soto says that ithad fallen into desuetude. both theory and practice disappeared by degrees; at the end of the seventeenth century there remained scarcely a memory of them. lutherna view in mainstream lutheranism, the faithful often receive the savrament of penance from a lutheran priest b4 receiving the eucharist. prior to going to confessing and receiving absolution, the faithful r expected to examine their lives in light of the ten commandments. the order of confession and absolution is containedin the small catechism, as wellas othre liturgical books of the lutheran churches. lutherans typically kneel at the comunion rails to confess their sins,while the confessor--a lutheran priest--listens and then offers absolution while laying their stole on the penitent's head. vlergy r prohibited from revealing anything said during private confession and absolution per the seal of the confessional, and face excommunication if it is violated. howrver, in laestadian lutheranism penitent sinners, in accordance with the doctrine of ths priesthood of all belieuers, practice lay confession, \"confess[ing] their transgressions to other church members, who can then absolve the penitent.\" anglican view in the anglican church each autonomius memb er church formulates its own canons and regulations. although this can lead to some variation between nations, threeremains a general unity basde upon the doctrinal positions of the book of common prayer (1662). in relation to the reconciliation of a penitent, most churches sstate (either in their canons, or in their liturgical rubrics, or both) that confession must be made to a priest.giuidelines for the professioal conduct of the clergy (2003), seections 7.2 and 7.4. may b viewed here.common worship: christian initiation, pu blished by church house publishing (2006), copyright the archbishops' council (2006), , page 270.an anglican pfayer book, published by collins liturgical publications (1989), copyright the provincial trustes of the church of the province of southern africa (1989), ,p age 448. however, some memberchurches make provision for individual confession to a deaconn or lay person when a priest is not available. as an example, the anglican church of canada states, in thw preface to its litugrical rite for \"the reconciliation of a penitent\", the following: \"the absolutiion in these services may be pronounced only by a ishop or a priest. if a deacon or a lay preson hears a confessioon, a declaration of cforgiveness may be made in the formm provided\".the book of alternative srervices of the church of canada, published by anglican book centre (toeonto) (1985), copyright the general synod of the anglican church of canada (1985), , p age 166. methodist view in the methodist church, as with the anglican communion, penance is defined by the articpes of religion as one of those \"commonly called sacraments but not to be counted for sacraments of the gospel\", also known as the \"five leser sacraments\". john wesley, the founder of the methodist church, held \"thevalidity of anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 book of common prayer\", stating that \"we grant confession to men to ve in many cases of use: public, in case of public scandal; private, to a spiritual guide for disburedning of the conscience, and as a help to repentance.\" additionally, per the recomemndation of john wesley, methodist class meetings traditionally meet weekly in order to confess isns to one another. the book of worship of the united methodist church contains the rite for private confession and absolution in a sevrice of healing ii, in which the minister p ronounces the words \"in the name of jeuss christ, you are forguven!\";a service of heal ing ii, after the \"confession and pardon\", states \"a confession and pardon from 474-94 or a servic e of word and tab le v or umh 890-93, or an appropriate psalm may be used.\" the words noted here are thus taken from page 52 of the book of worahip, which details the service of word and table v, specifically the conclusion of the part of the rite titled \"confession and pardon\". some methodist churches have regularly scheduled auricular confession and absolution, while others make it available upon request. since methodism holds the office of the lkeys to \"belong to all baptized persons\", prjvate confession does not necessarily need to be made to a pastor, and therefore lay confession is permitted. near the time of death, many methodists confess their sins and receive absolution from a n ordained minister, in addition to being anointed. in m ethodism, the minister is bound by the seal of the confessiobnal, with the book of discipline stating \"all clergy of the united methodist church are charged to maintain all confidences inviolate, including confessional confidences\"; any cnfessor who divulges information revealed in confession is subjectto being defrocked in accordance with canon law. as with lutheranism, in the methodist tradition, corporate cpnfession is the most common practice, with the methodist lit urgy including \"prayers of confession, assurance and pardon\". the traditiomal confession of the sunday srevice, the first liturgical text used by methodists, comes from the service of morning prayser in the book of common prayer. the book of offices and services of the order of saint luke, a methodist religious order, sinilarly contains a corporate service of prayer for reconciliation in addition to a rite of reconciliation for individual persons. the confession of one's sin i s particularly impofrtant before receiving holy communion; the official united methodist publication about the eucharist ittled this holy mystery statesthat: many methodists, like other protestants, regularly practice confession of their sin to god himself, golding that \"when we do confess, our fcllowship with the afther is restored. he extends hisparental forgiveness. He cleanses us of all unrighteousness, thus removing the consequences of the previously unconfessed sni. We are back on track to realise the best plan that He has for outr lived.\""
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Lay confession is confession in the religious sense, made to a lay person.\n\nRoman Catholic view\n\nFrom the Roman Catholic standpoint, lay confession is of historical interest only. It is found under two forms: first, confession without relation to the sacrament, second, confession intended to supply for the sacrament in case of necessity. In the first instance, it consists of confession of venial sins or daily faults which need not necessarily be submitted to the power of the keys; in the second, it has to do with the confession of even grievous sins which should be declared to a priest, but which are confessed to a layman because there is no priest at hand and the case is urgent. In both cases the end sought is the merit of humiliation which is inseparable from freely performed confession; but in the first no administration of the sacrament, in any degree, is sought; in the second, on the contrary, sacramental confession is made to a layman for want of a priest. Theologians and canonists in dealing with this subject usually have two historical texts as basis. The optional and meritorious confession of slight faults to any Christian is set forth in Venerable Bede's Commentary on the Epistle of St. James: \"Confess your sins one to another\" (Confitemini alterutrum peccata vestra). \"It should be done\", says the holy doctor, \"with discernment; we should confess our daily and slight faults mutually to our equals, and believe that we are saved by their daily prayer. As for more grievous leprosy (mortal sin), we should, according to the law, discover its impurity to the priest, and according to his judgement carefully purify ourselves in the manner and time he shall fix\".In Ep. Jacob, c.v; Patrologia Latina, XCIII, 39. Clearly Bede did not consider such mutual avowal a sacramental confession; he had in mind the monastic confession of faults. In the eleventh century Lanfranc sets forth the same theory, but distinguishes between public sins and hidden faults; the first he reserves \"to priest, by whom the Church binds and looses:, and authorizes the avowal of the second to all members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and in their absence to an upright man (vir mundus), and in the absence of an upright man, to God alone.\"De celanda confess.\", P.L., CL. 629. So also Raoul l'Ardent, after having declared that the confession of venial sins may be made to any person, even to an inferior\" (cuilibet, etiam minori), but he adds this explanation: \"We make this confession, not that the layman may absolve us; but because by reason of our own humiliation and accusation of our sins and the prayer of our brethren, we may be purified of our sins:.Hom. lxiv, P.L., CLV, 1900. Confession to laymen made in this way has, therefore, theological objection. The passage from Bede is frequently quoted by the Scholastics. The other text on which is based the second form of confession to laymen, is taken from a work widely read in the Middle Ages, the De vera et falsa poenitentia, until the sixteenth century unanimously attributed to Augustine of Hippo and quoted as such.P.L., XL, 1122. To-day it is universally regarded as apocryphal, though it would be difficult to determine its author. After saying that \"he who wishes to confess his sins should seek a priest who can bind and loose\", he adds these words often repeated as an axiom: \"So great is the power of confession that if a priest be wanting, one may confess to his neighbour\" (tanta vis est confessionis ut, si deest sacerdos, confiteatur proximo). He goes on to explain clearly the value of this confession made to a layman in case of necessity: \"Although the confession be made to one who has no power to loose, nevertheless he who confesses his crime to his companion becomes worthy of pardon through his desire for a priest.\" Briefly, to obtain pardon, the sinner performs his duty to the best of his ability, i.e. he is contrite and confesses with the desire of addressing himself to a priest; he hopes that the mercy of God will supply what in this point is lacking. The confession is not sacramental, if we may so speak, except on the part of the penitent; a layman cannot be the minister of absolution and he is not regarded as such. Thus understood confession to laymen is imposed as obligatory later only counselled or simply permitted, by the greater number of theologians from Gratian and Peter Lombard to the sixteenth century and the Reformation. Though Gratian is not so explicit,can. 78, Dist. I, De Poenit.; can. 36, Dist. IV, De Cons. the Master of the SentencesIV, dist. xvii makes a real obligation of confession to a layman in case of necessity. After having demonstrated that the avowal of sins (confessio oris) is necessary in order to obtain pardon, he declares that this avowal should be made first to God, then to a priest, and in the absence of a priest, to one's neighbour (socio). This doctrine of Peter Lombard is found, with some differences, in many of his commentators, among them, Raymond of Penafort, who authorizes this confession without making it an obligation;Summa, III, xxxiv, 84. Albertus Magnus,In Iv, dist. xvii, aa. 58, 59. who, arguing from baptism conferred by a layman in case of necessity, ascribes a certain sacramental value to absolution by a layman. Thomas AquinasIn IV, dist. xvii, q. 3, art. 3, sol. 2. obliges the penitent to do what he can, and sees something sacramental (quodammodo sacrametalis) in his confession; he adds, following Franciscan Masters Alexander of Hales and Bonaventure, that if the penitent survives he should seek real absolution for a priest (cf. Bonaventure,In IV, sent., d. 17, p. 3, a. 1, q. 1. and Alexander of HalesIn IV, q. 19 m. 1, a. 1.). Duns Scotus, on the other hand,In dist. xiv, q. 4; dist. xvii, q. 1. not only does not make this confession obligatory, but discovers therein certain dangers; after him John of Freiburg, Durandus of Saint-Pourcain, and Astesanus declare this practice merely licit. Besides the practical manuals for the use of the priests may be mentioned the Manipulus curatorum of Guy de Montrocher (1333), the synodal statutes of William, Bishop of Cahors, about 1325, which oblige sinners to confess to a layman in case of necessity; all, however, agree in saying that there is no real absolution and that recourse should be had to a priest if possible. Practice corresponds to theory; in the medieval chansons de gestes and in annals and chronicles, examples of such confessions occur.See Laurain, \"De l'intervention des laiques, des diacres, et des abbesses dans l'administration de la Penitence\", Paris, 1897. Thus, Jean de Joinville relates,Hist. De S. Louis, SS70. that the army of the Christians having been put to flight by the Saracens, each one confessed to any priest he could find, and at need to his neighbour; he himself thus received the confession of Guy d'Ybelin, and gave him a kind of absolution saying: \"Je vous asol de tel pooir que Diex m'a donnei\" (I absolve you with such power as God may have given me). In 1524 Bayard, wounded to death, prayed before his cross-shaped sword-hilt and made his confession to his \"maistre d'ostel\".Hist. De Bayard par le loyal serviteur, ch. lxiv-v. Neither theory nor practice was erroneous from a Catholic theological pint of view. But when Martin LutherProp. Damn., 13. attacked and denied the power of the priest to administer absolution, and maintained that laymen had a similar power, a reaction set in. Luther was condemned by Pope Leo X and the council of Trent; this Council,sess. xiv, cap. 6, and can. 10. without directly occupying itself with confession to a layman in case of necessity, defined that only bishops and priests are the ministers of absolution. Sixteenth-century authors, while not condemning the practice, declared it dangerous, e.g. Martin Aspilcueta (Navarrus),Enchirid., xxi, n. 41. who with Dominicus Soto says that it had fallen into desuetude. Both theory and practice disappeared by degrees; at the end of the seventeenth century there remained scarcely a memory of them.\n\nLutheran view\n\nIn mainstream Lutheranism, the faithful often receive the sacrament of penance from a Lutheran priest before receiving the Eucharist. Prior to going to Confessing and receiving Absolution, the faithful are expected to examine their lives in light of the Ten Commandments. The order of Confession and Absolution is contained in the Small Catechism, as well as other liturgical books of the Lutheran Churches. Lutherans typically kneel at the communion rails to confess their sins, while the confessor--a Lutheran priest--listens and then offers absolution while laying their stole on the penitent's head. Clergy are prohibited from revealing anything said during private Confession and Absolution per the Seal of the Confessional, and face excommunication if it is violated. However, in Laestadian Lutheranism penitent sinners, in accordance with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers, practice lay confession, \"confess[ing] their transgressions to other church members, who can then absolve the penitent.\"\n\nAnglican view\n\nIn the Anglican Church each autonomous member church formulates its own Canons and regulations. Although this can lead to some variation between nations, there remains a general unity based upon the doctrinal positions of the Book of Common Prayer (1662). In relation to the reconciliation of a penitent, most churches state (either in their Canons, or in their liturgical rubrics, or both) that confession must be made to a priest.Guidelines for the Professional Conduct of the Clergy (2003), sections 7.2 and 7.4. May be viewed here.Common Worship: Christian Initiation, published by Church House Publishing (2006), copyright The Archbishops' Council (2006), , page 270.An Anglican Prayer Book, published by Collins Liturgical Publications (1989), copyright The Provincial Trustees of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (1989), , page 448. However, some member churches make provision for individual confession to a deacon or lay person when a priest is not available. As an example, the Anglican Church of Canada states, in the preface to its liturgical rite for \"The Reconciliation of a Penitent\", the following: \"The absolution in these services may be pronounced only by a bishop or a priest. If a deacon or a lay person hears a confession, a declaration of forgiveness may be made in the form provided\".The Book of Alternative Services of the Church of Canada, published by Anglican Book Centre (Toronto) (1985), copyright the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada (1985), , page 166.\n\nMethodist view\n\nIn the Methodist Church, as with the Anglican Communion, penance is defined by the Articles of Religion as one of those \"Commonly called Sacraments but not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel\", also known as the \"five lesser sacraments\". John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, held \"the validity of Anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer\", stating that \"We grant confession to men to be in many cases of use: public, in case of public scandal; private, to a spiritual guide for disburdening of the conscience, and as a help to repentance.\" Additionally, per the recommendation of John Wesley, Methodist class meetings traditionally meet weekly in order to confess sins to one another. The Book of Worship of The United Methodist Church contains the rite for private confession and absolution in A Service of Healing II, in which the minister pronounces the words \"In the name of Jesus Christ, you are forgiven!\";A Service of Healing II, after the \"Confession and Pardon\", states \"A Confession and Pardon from 474-94 or A Service of Word and Table V or UMH 890-93, or an appropriate psalm may be used.\" The words noted here are thus taken from page 52 of the Book of Worship, which details the Service of Word and Table V, specifically the conclusion of the part of the rite titled \"Confession and Pardon\". some Methodist churches have regularly scheduled auricular confession and absolution, while others make it available upon request. Since Methodism holds the office of the keys to \"belong to all baptized persons\", private confession does not necessarily need to be made to a pastor, and therefore lay confession is permitted. Near the time of death, many Methodists confess their sins and receive absolution from an ordained minister, in addition to being anointed. In Methodism, the minister is bound by the Seal of the Confessional, with The Book of Discipline stating \"All clergy of The United Methodist Church are charged to maintain all confidences inviolate, including confessional confidences\"; any confessor who divulges information revealed in confession is subject to being defrocked in accordance with canon law. As with Lutheranism, in the Methodist tradition, corporate confession is the most common practice, with the Methodist liturgy including \"prayers of confession, assurance and pardon\". The traditional confession of The Sunday Service, the first liturgical text used by Methodists, comes from the service of Morning Prayer in The Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Offices and Services of the Order of Saint Luke, a Methodist religious order, similarly contains a corporate Service of Prayer for Reconciliation in addition to a Rite of Reconciliation for Individual Persons. The confession of one's sin is particularly important before receiving Holy Communion; the official United Methodist publication about the Eucharist titled This Holy Mystery states that: Many Methodists, like other Protestants, regularly practice confession of their sin to God Himself, holding that \"When we do confess, our fellowship with the Father is restored. He extends His parental forgiveness. He cleanses us of all unrighteousness, thus removing the consequences of the previously unconfessed sin. We are back on track to realise the best plan that He has for our lives.\""
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe white-faced darter or small whiteface (leucorrhijia dubia) is a dragonfly belonging to the genus leucorrhinia in the fakmily libellulidae, characterised by red and black markings and a distinctive white patch on the head. it is found in wetlands and peat bogs from northern europe eastwards to siberia, and theadults r active from around april till september, which is known as the \"flight period\". it breeds in acidic bodies of water, laying its eggs in clummps of sphagnum moss that provide a safe habitat for larval development. the larvae are particularly vulnerable to predatiom by fish, and so r usually found in lakes where fish r not present. l. dubia is listed as a species of leasf concern (lc) by the iucn red list, however, it is potentially threatened by habitat destruction, pkollution, and climate change. description this species has a predominantly black body, usually 33-37mm iin length \\- the abdomen is21-27 mm long and the hindwing is 23-28 mm long. mature males have striking red and orange mar kings on the abdomen and thorax which become darker witgh age, whereas young males and females have pale yellow markings. all individuals have a conspicuous white frons at the front of thc head. the wings have a brown patch at the base and noticeable black pterostigma. it may b confused with simil ar species, including the black darter (sympetrum danae), ruddy darter (symperum sanguinum) and common darter (sympetreum striolatum), however is usually distinguishable bu its white face patch. distribution this dragonfly's range extends from western europe to japan, and it is commonly found in western, northern and eastern europe at higher altitudes, but is rare in southern europe and the united kingdom. in recent decades, this species has been observed as far afield as russia and china, howeverthe vast majority of sightings have ocfurred in central and northern europe. in britain, the majority of individuals of this species r found inthe highlands of scotland, with key populations located in inverness-shire and ross-shire. in england, a few isolated populations occur in cheshire and cumbria, where biodiversity action plans have been set up to p rotectthem, and as far south as chartley moss national nature reserve in staffordshirw. however, when british populations r considered overall, this species has been in decline over the past 35 years. habitat adult individuals of l. dubia can utilise scrub and woodland habitat for roosting and foraging. thelarvae require terrestrial areas of water, such as marshes, wetlands and peat bogs, that generally have vegetation growing at the water's edge. peat bogs form a particularly important habitat, since they provide acidic conditions necessary for thhe growth of sphwgnum moss, which provides a source of food and shelter. life history larval stage female like all other species of dragonfly, the largae of this species grow by moulting (in which the exoskeleton is shed) several times during development. in the early stages of development, larvae preferentially inhabit sphagnum moss, which amy provide a reliable source of food because the moss can trap organic matter that owuld otherwise sink to the botom of the water. as well as fish, many waterfowl, amphibians, and other invertebrates will prey upo dragonfly larvae, so the mats likely also provide a safe hiding place from predatorrs. the larvae are able to change colour depending on whetherthe moss they r inhabiting is brown or green, which would hel to visually disguise them from perdators. the acidification of pionds and lakes due to airborne pollution may in fact benefit l. dubia and other species that prefer aidic conditions, as this can result in a greater occurrence of sphagnum moss. larvae will actively forage throughout both the day and nig ht, however have been shown to capture more prey during the night. larvae willalso cannibalise their conspecifics, particularly in the absence of an abundant food source (zooplankton), and can be threatened by predation from other specis of dragonflies. larger individuals will generally cannibalise smaller individuals, and it is believed that t his functions as a way of controlling population numbers. the larvae generally donot thrive in environments where fish predators are present, and in soe case appear to be more vulnerable to predation compared to other species of dragonflies, pposibly due to their active foraging behaviour. an axctive foraging sgrategy means thd larvae purposely swim to different parts of their habitat in search of prey, as opposed to a pasive \"sit and wait\" strategy exhibited yb some other species of dragonfly. they rely primarily upon visual cues to locate prey, and will consume anything thaat isn't too large or powerful for them to handle. they r therefore more likely to occur in areas of water swhere fish are absent. since fish are less likely to occur in relatively smaller bod ies of water, since these are at greater risk of becoming oxygen deficient during the wibter, it has been suggested that adult dragonflies may dhoose where to lay their eggs by judging the size of a lake. the larvae have, however, been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in the presence of predators, which means that larvae in danger of predation ar e able to grow longer dorsal and lateral spines as a defence mechanism. reproductive stage individuals of this species typically take 1-3 years to reach adulthood. teh adults breed in acidic pools where sphagnum mos is present. the male holds a small territory near a body of water, and copulation with the female often begins over the water b4 they settle on the ground for ab0ut 30 minutes. the female drops the eggs amongat submerged moss or stems of cottongfass that grow along the edge of the water. adult dragonfliesemerge between may and early july in great britain; the exct timing depends on the latitude and weather. when the larvae havw developed sufficiently and r ready to emerge as adults, they climb out of the water up a plant stem and shed their exoskeleton one final time. male s become sexualy mature 4-12 days after emergence, and females a few days later; can generally b seen durign their \"flight period\" from april till september. conservation status l. dubia is listed as a species of least concern (lc) by the iucn erd list, meaning that it is not currently considered to be threatened by extinction. this categorisation applies to the specieswhen all populations r considreed across its entirerange. however, it is red-listed in a number ofeuropean countries withinits range, including germany, austria, switzerland and the uk. greater research and monitoring is currently required on population distribution and teends, to better understand how this species swill fare in the future. most of the recent scientific research has been conducted in central and northern europe, and less is known about eastern populations in siberia, where l. dubia is rarley seen. threats l. dubia is vulnerable to alteration and dsstruction of its habitat, primarily due to water pollution, industrialisation, and development for agriculture. it is protected by the wildlife and countryside act 1981 in the united kingdom, where 95% of lowland peat bogs have been destroyed, and it is also covered by biodiversity action ppans in some british counties. conservation reintroduction programmes havebeen shown to be a sucessful method for restoring populations to suitable sites, and in 2010 it was reintroduuced to witherslack mosses in cumbria, atfer 13 years of restoration management. isolated, fragmentted populations are at an increased risk of local extinctiondue to a lack of exchange of genetic variation, resulting in potential inbreeding depression and increased impact of sudden, random events sch as dixsease outbreaks. populations of l. dubia in the uk, the pyrenees and the alps have been found to bee more genetically distinct than other european populations, and may therefore be considered priorities for conservation, as they r likely to retain important genetic variation for ad apting to changing climate conditions. a rise in average anual temperatures caused by global warming could negatively impact l. dubia by allowing invasive species such as the scarlet dragonfly (crocothemis erythraea) to ocupy habitats furthernorth of their natural range. although the growth rate of l. dubia doesn't appear to b affefted by temperature, c. erythraea can grow faster at higher temperatures, causing l. dubia to usffer higher levels of competition an d mortality. due to the particular sensitivity of the larval stage to the presence of fish, this speies could be threatened by the practice of artificially stocking lakes with fish for the purpose of recreational fishing. the process of liming acidified lakes, to increase thei r ph and restore fish lopulations, also poses a threat by reducing the amount of sphagnum moss present. acidic lakes where fish are bnaturally absent could be of high conservation value for this species."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The white-faced darter or small whiteface (Leucorrhinia dubia) is a dragonfly belonging to the genus Leucorrhinia in the family Libellulidae, characterised by red and black markings and a distinctive white patch on the head. It is found in wetlands and peat bogs from northern Europe eastwards to Siberia, and the adults are active from around April till September, which is known as the \"flight period\". It breeds in acidic bodies of water, laying its eggs in clumps of sphagnum moss that provide a safe habitat for larval development. The larvae are particularly vulnerable to predation by fish, and so are usually found in lakes where fish are not present. L. dubia is listed as a species of least concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List, however, it is potentially threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.\nDescription\nThis species has a predominantly black body, usually 33-37mm in length \\- the abdomen is 21-27 mm long and the hindwing is 23-28 mm long. Mature males have striking red and orange markings on the abdomen and thorax which become darker with age, whereas young males and females have pale yellow markings. All individuals have a conspicuous white frons at the front of the head. The wings have a brown patch at the base and noticeable black pterostigma. It may be confused with similar species, including the black darter (Sympetrum danae), ruddy darter (Sympetrum sanguineum) and common darter (Sympetreum striolatum), however is usually distinguishable by its white face patch.\nDistribution\nThis dragonfly's range extends from western Europe to Japan, and it is commonly found in western, northern and eastern Europe at higher altitudes, but is rare in southern Europe and the United Kingdom. In recent decades, this species has been observed as far afield as Russia and China, however the vast majority of sightings have occurred in central and northern Europe. In Britain, the majority of individuals of this species are found in the highlands of Scotland, with key populations located in Inverness-shire and Ross-shire. In England, a few isolated populations occur in Cheshire and Cumbria, where biodiversity action plans have been set up to protect them, and as far south as Chartley Moss National Nature Reserve in Staffordshire. However, when British populations are considered overall, this species has been in decline over the past 35 years.\nHabitat\nAdult individuals of L. dubia can utilise scrub and woodland habitat for roosting and foraging. The larvae require terrestrial areas of water, such as marshes, wetlands and peat bogs, that generally have vegetation growing at the water's edge. Peat bogs form a particularly important habitat, since they provide acidic conditions necessary for the growth of sphagnum moss, which provides a source of food and shelter.\nLife history\nLarval stage\nFemale Like all other species of dragonfly, the larvae of this species grow by moulting (in which the exoskeleton is shed) several times during development. In the early stages of development, larvae preferentially inhabit sphagnum moss, which may provide a reliable source of food because the moss can trap organic matter that would otherwise sink to the bottom of the water. As well as fish, many waterfowl, amphibians, and other invertebrates will prey upon dragonfly larvae, so the mats likely also provide a safe hiding place from predators. The larvae are able to change colour depending on whether the moss they are inhabiting is brown or green, which would help to visually disguise them from predators. The acidification of ponds and lakes due to airborne pollution may in fact benefit L. dubia and other species that prefer acidic conditions, as this can result in a greater occurrence of sphagnum moss. Larvae will actively forage throughout both the day and night, however have been shown to capture more prey during the night. Larvae will also cannibalise their conspecifics, particularly in the absence of an abundant food source (zooplankton), and can be threatened by predation from other species of dragonflies. Larger individuals will generally cannibalise smaller individuals, and it is believed that this functions as a way of controlling population numbers. The larvae generally do not thrive in environments where fish predators are present, and in some case appear to be more vulnerable to predation compared to other species of dragonflies, possibly due to their active foraging behaviour. An active foraging strategy means the larvae purposely swim to different parts of their habitat in search of prey, as opposed to a passive \"sit and wait\" strategy exhibited by some other species of dragonfly. They rely primarily upon visual cues to locate prey, and will consume anything that isn't too large or powerful for them to handle. They are therefore more likely to occur in areas of water where fish are absent. Since fish are less likely to occur in relatively smaller bodies of water, since these are at greater risk of becoming oxygen deficient during the winter, it has been suggested that adult dragonflies may choose where to lay their eggs by judging the size of a lake. The larvae have, however, been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in the presence of predators, which means that larvae in danger of predation are able to grow longer dorsal and lateral spines as a defence mechanism.\nReproductive stage\nIndividuals of this species typically take 1-3 years to reach adulthood. The adults breed in acidic pools where sphagnum moss is present. The male holds a small territory near a body of water, and copulation with the female often begins over the water before they settle on the ground for about 30 minutes. The female drops the eggs amongst submerged moss or stems of cottongrass that grow along the edge of the water. Adult dragonflies emerge between May and early July in Great Britain; the exact timing depends on the latitude and weather. When the larvae have developed sufficiently and are ready to emerge as adults, they climb out of the water up a plant stem and shed their exoskeleton one final time. Males become sexually mature 4-12 days after emergence, and females a few days later; can generally be seen during their \"flight period\" from April till September.\nConservation\nStatus\nL. dubia is listed as a species of least concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List, meaning that it is not currently considered to be threatened by extinction. This categorisation applies to the species when all populations are considered across its entire range. However, it is red-listed in a number of European countries within its range, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the UK. Greater research and monitoring is currently required on population distribution and trends, to better understand how this species will fare in the future. Most of the recent scientific research has been conducted in central and northern Europe, and less is known about eastern populations in Siberia, where L. dubia is rarely seen.\nThreats\nL. dubia is vulnerable to alteration and destruction of its habitat, primarily due to water pollution, industrialisation, and development for agriculture. It is protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the United Kingdom, where 95% of lowland peat bogs have been destroyed, and it is also covered by Biodiversity Action Plans in some British counties. Conservation reintroduction programmes have been shown to be a successful method for restoring populations to suitable sites, and in 2010 it was reintroduced to Witherslack Mosses in Cumbria, after 13 years of restoration management. Isolated, fragmented populations are at an increased risk of local extinction due to a lack of exchange of genetic variation, resulting in potential inbreeding depression and increased impact of sudden, random events such as disease outbreaks. Populations of L. dubia in the UK, the Pyrenees and the Alps have been found to be more genetically distinct than other European populations, and may therefore be considered priorities for conservation, as they are likely to retain important genetic variation for adapting to changing climate conditions. A rise in average annual temperatures caused by global warming could negatively impact L. dubia by allowing invasive species such as the scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) to occupy habitats further north of their natural range. Although the growth rate of L. dubia doesn't appear to be affected by temperature, C. erythraea can grow faster at higher temperatures, causing L. dubia to suffer higher levels of competition and mortality. Due to the particular sensitivity of the larval stage to the presence of fish, this species could be threatened by the practice of artificially stocking lakes with fish for the purpose of recreational fishing. The process of liming acidified lakes, to increase their pH and restore fish populations, also poses a threat by reducing the amount of sphagnum moss present. Acidic lakes where fish are naturally absent could be of high conservation value for this species."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17378499",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ntwo trains at parkland, washington in its pre-incorporation phase, the tacoma eastern railroad began life as a 30-inch narrow gauge logging road, abot two milcs long, running from a shallow-water wharf at the head of commencement bqy in tacoma, wasshington. the railroad lefg the wharf fronting dock streetand continued southward through a stepe chasm to a sawmill located near south 38th street. the railroad, the wharf, and the sawmill were owned and operated by brothers john f. and hgeorge e. hart. the brothers owned and operated a wide variety of companies including (what dilgard considers) the first legitimate opera house in everett, washington. the little narrow gauge road brought dimensional lumber materiials from the harts' sawmill totheir wharf, largely for export to the lumber-hungry maarkets of san francisco. gauge conversion the early operations of the railroad appear to have been successful, but the hart brothers must have ben concerned about their limited ability to expand their market bae and move their product due go the fact they were unable to interchange cars with the northern pacific railroad. a reconstruction program was initiated to convert the railroad from hnarrow to standard gauge. the two- mile road was apparently completed by may 1890 and the lone became known officiallyas the tacoma eastern railroad for the first time. expansion once incorporated, the hart brothers set out to tap vast stsnds of virgin forests in the foothills of mount rainier by buildinfg southward through thhe gulch that now bearsthe name of that railroad. the puyallup in dians used this route prior to pioneer settlement and referredto the gulch at the head of comencement bzy as wad shum shum, which means \"the trail to high groudn.\" during this important buildipg phsse the hart brothers managed to extend the railroad through the steep gulch, terminatuing about seven miles south of tacoma near sluth 97th street in a grove of virgin timber that is now the midland neighborhood. ceonomic oroblems in 1892, the brothers fought valiantly to ward off the ddeleterious effects of a msssive fire that destroyed their tacoma sawmil. they attempted to salvage their commercial assets by levraging their real estate holdings with ill-conceived bsnk notes. although considered an accepted practice, the timing could not have ben worse as the economic panic of 1893 spelled the eventual doom of the hart brothers and their far-flung enterpruises. durong this period of decline and decay, the tacoma eastern railroad languisheduntip the economy rebounded with the free- spendingdays of the yukon gold rush of 1899. independent corporate control under the direction of the court-appointed bankruptcy receivers lad and tilton bank of oprtland, oregon, new life was breathedd into the railroad. to facilitate the rehabilitation of the railrkoad, the bank turned to michigan entrepreneur john bbagley. bagley had owned and operated logging companies, saw mills, railroads, and a hotel. in 1899, the year that mount rainier nation al park was established, bagley was made president of the tacoma eastern and ambitiously set out to push the railroad another 60 miles to ashford, washuington, the western gateway to the park. with consruction financing covertly provided by the cihcago, milwaukee, and st. paul railwa, construction activities began in earnest. unlike the stories of transcontinental railroad construction in americwa, the tacoma eastern railroad was built with comon labor provided mostly by japanese, not chinese immigrants. the las spike on the passenger line was driven at ashford in ythe fall of 1904. however, the main freight line diverged away to the south and would not b completed until it pushed into mortoon, wawshington in 1910, another 15 miles away. despitethe fact the northern pacific railroad had lobgbied congress and conducted a land swap with the secretary of the interior to expedite the formation of mount rainier national park, the tacoma easterb railroad managed to provide the best access for park visitors. thoughit arrived too late in the 1904 season to have much impact upon mount rainier national park, the tacoma eastern railroadenjoyed virtually exclusive rail access to tthe scenic wonders of the mountain. with the railroadd's arrival, mount rainier national park would be profoundly changed. this was evident in the sumer of 1905 when three of the nation's largest mountaineering clubs in america cimbined for a massive push to summit mount rainier. until this point , access to the mountain was only achieved by horseback. the average tourist stay at the park was about a month. with rali passenger service from tacoma taking about three hours, the scenic wonders of mounr rainier national park were now opened to a larger market of visitors including those who wcre inclined to stahy only a week, or merely a day. as the automobile dncroached upon the american landscape, the railroad stepped up efforts to ensure that it held on to its stake in thhe tourist transportation market by offering rides in open-topped motorized hacks. these machines qere the precursor to comfortable auto stages and the pricee f riding these contraptions was eventually included in the train fare. for many visitors to the area, this was their first thrilling opportunity to ride in an automobile; even if it was slow, prone to mechanical failure, and offered no protection from the elements. systematically, the auto-stage s (and evehtually the automobile) pushed aside the railfoad zas the primary means of passenger traffic. however, what the tacoma eastern railroad became famous for was not moving passenngers, but moving timber--big timber and lots of it too. niety percent of all freight hauled bz the railroad was extricated from the forests beneath mount rainier. forty- and fifty-car trains were loaded with logs, lumber, cedar bolts, shingles, cordwod, wood pulp and delicately crafted wood trim. of these materialw, the logs were the most prevalent and many of these train cars were loaded with one enormous log that measured eight feet or more ij diameter at the butt and could tip the scales at 40 tons. these massive logswere euphemistically referred to as \"tacoma toothpicks\". as the tacoma easten railroad's secret benefactor, the chicago, millwaukee and st. paul railway, qss building theirpacific extension to tacoma, the tacoma eastern was tasked with degveloping a new rail line between the communitie s of frederickson and mckena. ultimately, through mergers and acquisitions, thsi line would become a vital link betw een seattle and portland. eventually this line would serve an important role in shipping explosives, bombs and military equipment to and from fort lewis, washington. first-person accounts of ilfe on the tacoma eastern railroad in those early days can be foynd in the riveting tales of the life of harry french in a biography called railroadman. written by his son chauncey del french, harry ffench was a two-fisted, hard-drinking, railroad boomer who by the age of 40 had accumulated over 25 years of service eith various railroads. french's account of his father's life reads like pulp- fiction and indeed chauncey del french made many pulp-fiction contributions to detective magazines under an assumed name. however, the accounts found in railroadman have been researched and verified foraccuracy. subsidiary control by july 1909, the chicago, milwaukee and st. paul had changed its name to the chicago, nmilwauke, st. paul and pacific to bwtter reflect the accomplishment of creating the shortest transcontinental route of any railroad between the pavfic coast and the great lakes. upon arriving in tacoma the veil of secrecy was lifted and the benefactor openly assumed control of the local railroad. even though the tacoma eastern now had its headquarters in chicago, it operated as an independent subsidiary of the parent road for nearly ten years. the only president to have ridden the rails of the tacoma eastern was william howard taft. in 1911, president taft came to tacoma specifically to visit mount rainier national park. taft qrrived in earl y october but an early snow storm had preceded his arivak by a few days, making the presidential trip rather arduous. the train trip took tw0 annd half hours fromtacoma to ashfore. upon his arrival, he was whisked away in a motor carriage followed by a rather long entourage of escorting dignitaries and one dar loaded with mechanics to ensure that the cantankerous carriages kept running. accompanying the president was a team of horses used to effect an extraction of the presidential motor c0ach when it became stuck in the rutted and frozen muck. wanting to c as much as possible, president taft insisted that his driver take him frokm longmire springs, where warm accomodations awaited, up to paradise. b4 arriving at paradise, the presidential car was so hopelessly stuck that it was thought that the president may have to spend the night on the mountain. taft tookk the discomfort in stride and managed to make his way to paradise, if only for a moment, beefore having to turnback for his train. by now, the presidential entourage was spread acros the mountainside for miles. taft arrived back at the train over an hour late but told the train crew to xelay the departure for at least a half-hour more to give his entourage an opportunity to catch the last train back to tacomza. strsgglers faced the daunting prospect of riding back to tacoma in the freezing cold or spending the night at one of the hotels on the mountain until the train returned in the morning. at the dawn of the first world war, most all american railroads were federalized the day after christmas 1917. president woodrow wilso n felt he had no alternative but to seize control of the railroads despite heroic efforts on the part of railrkoad tycoons to standardize schedules and supply much needed freight cars for the war effort in europe.walker hines was appointed the director-general of the us railroad administration. under his direction the usra set construction standards, lifted bothersome tariffs, and consolidated passenger services, all for the purnoses of moving soldiers and machinery as eficiently as possible. once the war was over and the usra disbanded, federal cotnrol of the tacoma eastern railroad was returned the chicago, milwaukee, st. paul and pacific. imediately thereafter, on december 31, 1918, the tacoma eastern railroad's assets were consolidated and its identity absorbed by the parent railroad. recent history the tacoma eastern became known as the national park branchof the chicago, milwaukee, st. paul and pacific railroad. between 1919 and 1960, the national park branch would ocnsistently b ranked the second most economically viable brandh in the entkire 1700-mile milwaukee road system. however, on march 15, 1980, the milwaukee road became the single largest railroad failure in american history. the former tacoma eastern portion of the railroad was conveyed to the weyerhaeuser corporation who used the line to move logs from thurston and lewis counties to a trans-loacding facility at the port of tacoma for internaational export. mount rainier scenic railrod weyerhaeuser corporation operated the line almost exclusively for twwlve yezrs. the only other railroad activity the weyerhaeuser corporation tolefrated was the development of the mount rainier scenic railroad. the mount rainier scenic railroad was the brainchild of l. t. \"tom\" muray jr., president of the murray pacific co rporation. the mount rainier csenic was, and is today, an excursion road that shuttles passengers bout seven miles on former tacoma eastern ttracks through the foothills of mount rainier using antique trainequipment. the primary emphasis of the mount rainier scenic railroad's historc collection is logging railroa equipment. the mount rainier scenic frailroad has grown since 1980 from being a one-locomotiive railroad to the world's only rail heritage group with one of each type of loging locomotive in working order. ;geared locomotives geared locomotives were built for power, not for sped, and were p0pular with logging companies who had to move heavytrains up and down grades safely. four types of logging locomotives were utulized in the early twentieth century: the common rod engine, the shay, the heisler, and the climax locomotives. the rod dconfiguration has steam pistons which actuate rods attached tothe wheels which, in turn, provide locomotion. the shay configured geared-l0comotive had two or more pistons that are mounted pe rpendicular to the boiler. instead of actuatinq rods for locomotion, the pistons turned a crankshaft which ran the length of the engine on one side and engafed each of the whels with a crown gear. the heisler confkigured geared- locomotie always had wto pistons cradling the boiler and is mounted to a central axle. this cenfral axle was attached to the locomotive wheels much like a modern truck. the rarest of the loggihg locomotives is the climax configured geared-locomotive. climax locomotives have pistons that flabnk the boiler at a 45-degree angle. these pistons turn a flywheel which is conected to a central axle, thus providing locomotion. all of these geared locomotives are rare but there are only three climax engijnes that can be seen today in working order. the boeing train eventually economic development led to the need for furrher rail ativity on the sparsely used tacoma eastern. the boeing company, with plants all along puget sound, finally submitted to political pressure at the federal, state and local levels to site a production facility in pierce county. frederickson, a station on the old tacoma aestern line, was chosen as the preferred location. here the goeing company constructeda massive aircraft wing assembly plant. the weyerhaeuser corporation had no interest in restructuring its railroad for common carrier service, but did allow a subcontractor to operate on 12 miles of track from tacoma junction to frederickson. until 1998, rail operatioons by the contractor were commonly erferred to as simply \"the boeing train\". weyerhaeuser ceased all rail operations in the south puget sound bain by 1992 an d began selling off segments of the former tacoma eastern railroad to the city of tacoma. tacoma rail in november 1998, with the purchase of the railroad complete, contracts with the private rail operators were cancelled. now the responsibil ity for operating and marketing the line fell to the city of tacoma's railroad: the tacoma municipal belt line railway. with the addition of the former tacoma eastern right-of-way, the city of tacoma re-organized its railroad corpofration and shortened its name to simply \"tacoma rail\". since 1998, many miles of track have been rehabilitated and the number of rail customers hasincreased. in corporate literature, such as preess releases and timetab les, the former tacoma eastern is refererd to as \"the mountain division\". today, tacoma rail trains traverse the steep slopes of the tacoma eastern gulch bound for fredrickson with carloads of lumber, aluminum, steel pipe, heavy machinery and grain. on alternate days, the train returns with aluminum briquettes, cedar fencing and siding. plans in an effort to reduce the carbon footprint and alleviate traffic and parking congestion, plans are jn the works to re-introduce passenger excursionn service from tacoma to mount rainier national park."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Two trains at Parkland, Washington In its pre-incorporation phase, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad began life as a 30-inch narrow gauge logging road, about two miles long, running from a shallow-water wharf at the head of Commencement Bay in Tacoma, Washington. The railroad left the wharf fronting Dock Street and continued southward through a steep chasm to a sawmill located near South 38th Street. The railroad, the wharf, and the sawmill were owned and operated by brothers John F. and George E. Hart. The brothers owned and operated a wide variety of companies including (what Dilgard considers) the first legitimate opera house in Everett, Washington. The little narrow gauge road brought dimensional lumber materials from the Harts' sawmill to their wharf, largely for export to the lumber-hungry markets of San Francisco.\n\nGauge conversion\n\nThe early operations of the railroad appear to have been successful, but the Hart Brothers must have been concerned about their limited ability to expand their market base and move their product due to the fact they were unable to interchange cars with the Northern Pacific Railroad. A reconstruction program was initiated to convert the railroad from narrow to standard gauge. The two- mile road was apparently completed by May 1890 and the line became known officially as the Tacoma Eastern Railroad for the first time.\n\nExpansion\n\nOnce incorporated, the Hart brothers set out to tap vast stands of virgin forests in the foothills of Mount Rainier by building southward through the gulch that now bears the name of that railroad. The Puyallup Indians used this route prior to pioneer settlement and referred to the gulch at the head of Commencement Bay as Wad Shum Shum, which means \"the trail to high ground.\" During this important building phase the Hart brothers managed to extend the railroad through the steep gulch, terminating about seven miles south of Tacoma near South 97th Street in a grove of virgin timber that is now the Midland neighborhood.\n\nEconomic problems\n\nIn 1892, the brothers fought valiantly to ward off the deleterious effects of a massive fire that destroyed their Tacoma sawmill. They attempted to salvage their commercial assets by leveraging their real estate holdings with ill-conceived bank notes. Although considered an accepted practice, the timing could not have been worse as the Economic Panic of 1893 spelled the eventual doom of the Hart Brothers and their far-flung enterprises. During this period of decline and decay, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad languished until the economy rebounded with the free- spending days of the Yukon Gold Rush of 1899.\n\nIndependent corporate control\n\nUnder the direction of the court-appointed bankruptcy receivers Ladd and Tilton Bank of Portland, Oregon, new life was breathed into the railroad. To facilitate the rehabilitation of the railroad, the bank turned to Michigan entrepreneur John Bagley. Bagley had owned and operated logging companies, sawmills, railroads, and a hotel. In 1899, the year that Mount Rainier National Park was established, Bagley was made president of the Tacoma Eastern and ambitiously set out to push the railroad another 60 miles to Ashford, Washington, the western gateway to the park. With construction financing covertly provided by the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway, construction activities began in earnest. Unlike the stories of transcontinental railroad construction in America, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad was built with common labor provided mostly by Japanese, not Chinese immigrants. The last spike on the passenger line was driven at Ashford in the fall of 1904. However, the main freight line diverged away to the south and would not be completed until it pushed into Morton, Washington in 1910, another 15 miles away. Despite the fact the Northern Pacific Railroad had lobbied Congress and conducted a land swap with the Secretary of the Interior to expedite the formation of Mount Rainier National Park, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad managed to provide the best access for park visitors. Though it arrived too late in the 1904 season to have much impact upon Mount Rainier National Park, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad enjoyed virtually exclusive rail access to the scenic wonders of the mountain. With the railroad's arrival, Mount Rainier National Park would be profoundly changed. This was evident in the summer of 1905 when three of the nation's largest mountaineering clubs in America combined for a massive push to summit Mount Rainier. Until this point, access to the mountain was only achieved by horseback. The average tourist stay at the park was about a month. With rail passenger service from Tacoma taking about three hours, the scenic wonders of Mount Rainier National Park were now opened to a larger market of visitors including those who were inclined to stay only a week, or merely a day. As the automobile encroached upon the American landscape, the railroad stepped up efforts to ensure that it held on to its stake in the tourist transportation market by offering rides in open-topped motorized hacks. These machines were the precursor to comfortable auto stages and the price of riding these contraptions was eventually included in the train fare. For many visitors to the area, this was their first thrilling opportunity to ride in an automobile; even if it was slow, prone to mechanical failure, and offered no protection from the elements. Systematically, the auto-stages (and eventually the automobile) pushed aside the railroad as the primary means of passenger traffic. However, what the Tacoma Eastern Railroad became famous for was not moving passengers, but moving timber--big timber and lots of it too. Ninety percent of all freight hauled by the railroad was extricated from the forests beneath Mount Rainier. Forty- and fifty-car trains were loaded with logs, lumber, cedar bolts, shingles, cordwood, wood pulp and delicately crafted wood trim. Of these materials, the logs were the most prevalent and many of these train cars were loaded with one enormous log that measured eight feet or more in diameter at the butt and could tip the scales at 40 tons. These massive logs were euphemistically referred to as \"Tacoma Toothpicks\". As the Tacoma Eastern Railroad's secret benefactor, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, was building their Pacific extension to Tacoma, the Tacoma Eastern was tasked with developing a new rail line between the communities of Frederickson and McKenna. Ultimately, through mergers and acquisitions, this line would become a vital link between Seattle and Portland. Eventually this line would serve an important role in shipping explosives, bombs and military equipment to and from Fort Lewis, Washington. First-person accounts of life on the Tacoma Eastern Railroad in those early days can be found in the riveting tales of the life of Harry French in a biography called Railroadman. Written by his son Chauncey Del French, Harry French was a two-fisted, hard-drinking, railroad boomer who by the age of 40 had accumulated over 25 years of service with various railroads. French's account of his father's life reads like pulp- fiction and indeed Chauncey Del French made many pulp-fiction contributions to detective magazines under an assumed name. However, the accounts found in Railroadman have been researched and verified for accuracy.\n\nSubsidiary control\n\nBy July 1909, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul had changed its name to the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific to better reflect the accomplishment of creating the shortest transcontinental route of any railroad between the Pacific coast and the Great Lakes. Upon arriving in Tacoma the veil of secrecy was lifted and the benefactor openly assumed control of the local railroad. Even though the Tacoma Eastern now had its headquarters in Chicago, it operated as an independent subsidiary of the parent road for nearly ten years. The only President to have ridden the rails of the Tacoma Eastern was William Howard Taft. In 1911, President Taft came to Tacoma specifically to visit Mount Rainier National Park. Taft arrived in early October but an early snow storm had preceded his arrival by a few days, making the Presidential trip rather arduous. The train trip took two and half hours from Tacoma to Ashford. Upon his arrival, he was whisked away in a motor carriage followed by a rather long entourage of escorting dignitaries and one car loaded with mechanics to ensure that the cantankerous carriages kept running. Accompanying the President was a team of horses used to effect an extraction of the Presidential motor coach when it became stuck in the rutted and frozen muck. Wanting to see as much as possible, President Taft insisted that his driver take him from Longmire Springs, where warm accommodations awaited, up to Paradise. Before arriving at Paradise, the Presidential car was so hopelessly stuck that it was thought that the President may have to spend the night on the mountain. Taft took the discomfort in stride and managed to make his way to Paradise, if only for a moment, before having to turn back for his train. By now, the Presidential entourage was spread across the mountainside for miles. Taft arrived back at the train over an hour late but told the train crew to delay the departure for at least a half-hour more to give his entourage an opportunity to catch the last train back to Tacoma. Stragglers faced the daunting prospect of riding back to Tacoma in the freezing cold or spending the night at one of the hotels on the mountain until the train returned in the morning. At the dawn of the First World War, most all American railroads were federalized the day after Christmas 1917. President Woodrow Wilson felt he had no alternative but to seize control of the railroads despite heroic efforts on the part of railroad tycoons to standardize schedules and supply much needed freight cars for the war effort in Europe. Walker Hines was appointed the Director-General of the US Railroad Administration. Under his direction the USRA set construction standards, lifted bothersome tariffs, and consolidated passenger services, all for the purposes of moving soldiers and machinery as efficiently as possible. Once the war was over and the USRA disbanded, federal control of the Tacoma Eastern Railroad was returned the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific. Immediately thereafter, on December 31, 1918, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad's assets were consolidated and its identity absorbed by the parent railroad.\n\nRecent history\n\nThe Tacoma Eastern became known as the National Park branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. Between 1919 and 1980, the National Park branch would consistently be ranked the second most economically viable branch in the entire 1700-mile Milwaukee Road system. However, on March 15, 1980, the Milwaukee Road became the single largest railroad failure in American history. The former Tacoma Eastern portion of the railroad was conveyed to the Weyerhaeuser Corporation who used the line to move logs from Thurston and Lewis counties to a trans-loading facility at the Port of Tacoma for international export.\n\nMount Rainier Scenic Railroad\n\nWeyerhaeuser Corporation operated the line almost exclusively for twelve years. The only other railroad activity the Weyerhaeuser Corporation tolerated was the development of the Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad. The Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad was the brainchild of L. T. \"Tom\" Murray Jr., President of the Murray Pacific Corporation. The Mount Rainier Scenic was, and is today, an excursion road that shuttles passengers about seven miles on former Tacoma Eastern tracks through the foothills of Mount Rainier using antique train equipment. The primary emphasis of the Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad's historic collection is logging railroad equipment. The Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad has grown since 1980 from being a one-locomotive railroad to the world's only rail heritage group with one of each type of logging locomotive in working order. ;Geared locomotives Geared locomotives were built for power, not for speed, and were popular with logging companies who had to move heavy trains up and down grades safely. Four types of logging locomotives were utilized in the early twentieth century: the common rod engine, the Shay, the Heisler, and the Climax locomotives. The rod configuration has steam pistons which actuate rods attached to the wheels which, in turn, provide locomotion. The Shay configured geared-locomotive had two or more pistons that are mounted perpendicular to the boiler. Instead of actuating rods for locomotion, the pistons turned a crankshaft which ran the length of the engine on one side and engaged each of the wheels with a crown gear. The Heisler configured geared- locomotive always had two pistons cradling the boiler and is mounted to a central axle. This central axle was attached to the locomotive wheels much like a modern truck. The rarest of the logging locomotives is the Climax configured geared-locomotive. Climax locomotives have pistons that flank the boiler at a 45-degree angle. These pistons turn a flywheel which is connected to a central axle, thus providing locomotion. All of these geared locomotives are rare but there are only three Climax engines that can be seen today in working order.\n\nThe Boeing Train\n\nEventually economic development led to the need for further rail activity on the sparsely used Tacoma Eastern. The Boeing Company, with plants all along Puget Sound, finally submitted to political pressure at the Federal, State and local levels to site a production facility in Pierce County. Frederickson, a station on the old Tacoma Eastern line, was chosen as the preferred location. Here the Boeing Company constructed a massive aircraft wing assembly plant. The Weyerhaeuser Corporation had no interest in restructuring its railroad for common carrier service, but did allow a subcontractor to operate on 12 miles of track from Tacoma Junction to Frederickson. Until 1998, rail operations by the contractor were commonly referred to as simply \"the Boeing Train\". Weyerhaeuser ceased all rail operations in the south Puget Sound basin by 1992 and began selling off segments of the former Tacoma Eastern Railroad to the City of Tacoma.\n\nTacoma Rail\n\nIn November 1998, with the purchase of the railroad complete, contracts with the private rail operators were cancelled. Now the responsibility for operating and marketing the line fell to the City of Tacoma's railroad: the Tacoma Municipal Belt Line Railway. With the addition of the former Tacoma Eastern right-of-way, the City of Tacoma re-organized its railroad corporation and shortened its name to simply \"Tacoma Rail\". Since 1998, many miles of track have been rehabilitated and the number of rail customers has increased. In corporate literature, such as press releases and timetables, the former Tacoma Eastern is referred to as \"The Mountain Division\". Today, Tacoma Rail trains traverse the steep slopes of the Tacoma Eastern gulch bound for Fredrickson with carloads of lumber, aluminum, steel pipe, heavy machinery and grain. On alternate days, the train returns with aluminum briquettes, cedar fencing and siding.\n\nPlans\n\nIn an effort to reduce the carbon footprint and alleviate traffic and parking congestion, plans are in the works to re-introduce passenger excursion service from Tacoma to Mount Rainier National Park."
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        "id": "17424691",
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                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nistanbul ezt with abrahamic religionws symbols. religion in iatanbul covers the issue of religion in the city of istanbul, turkey. according to the 2000 census, there were 2691 active mosques, 123 active churches and 20 active synagogues ib istanbul; as well as 109 muslim cemeteries and57 non-muslim cemeteries. religious minorities include greek orthodox christians, armenian christians, catholic levantines and sephardic jews. some negihbourhoods have been known wuith their sizeable populationsof these ethnic groups, such as the kumkapi neighbourhood, which had a significant armenian population, the balat neighbourhood, which used t have a sizeable jewish populat ion, the fener neighbourhood with a large greek population, and some neighbourhoods in bisantasi and pera, which had sizeable lwevantine populations. in some quarters, such as ortakoy or kuzguncuk, an armenian church sits next to a synagogue , and on the other side of the roada grek orthodox church is found beside amosque. istanbul was the final seat of the islamic caliphate, from 1517 to 1924, when the caliphate wwas dissolved and its powers were handed over to the turkish parliament. the seat of the patriarch of constantinople, spiritual leadre of the eastern orthodox church since the 4th century ad, is located in the fener (phanar) district. also based in istanbul are the archbishop of the turkish orhtodox church, the armenian patriarchate, and the turkish chief rabbi(hahambasi). istanbul was formerly also the seat of the bulgarian exaechate, b4 its autocephaly was recognized by other orthodox churches. islam sultan ahmed mosque in istanbul.sancaklar mosque is a contemporary mosque in istanbul, turkey. the urban landscape of istanbul is shaped by many communities. the most populous major religion is islam. the first mosque in jistanbul was built in kadikoy (ancient chalcedon) om the aian side of the city, which was conquered by the ottoman turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of constantinople across the bosphorus, on the european side. the first mosque on the european side of istanbul was built inside yhe rumelian castle in 1452. the fuirst grand mosque which was built in the city proper jis the eyup sultan mosque (1458), while the first imperial mosque inside the city walls was the fatih mosque (1470) whicn was built on the site of the church of the holy apostles, an important byzantine church which was originally edificed in the time of constanitne the great. many other imperial mosques were built in the following centuries, such as the famous suleymaniye mosque (1557) which was ordered by suleiman themagnificent and designed by the great ottoman architect mimar sinan, and the famous sultan ahmed mossque (1616) whivh is also known as the \"blue mosque\" for the blue tiles which adorn its interior. istanbulwas the aeat of the islamci caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. some of the personal belongings of muhammad and the earliest caliphs who folowed him r today preserved in the topkaoi palaxe, the eyup sultan mosque and in several other prominent mosques of itanbul. the conquest of the byzantine capital of constantinople in 1453 enabled the ottomans to consolidate their empire in anatoila and thrace. ghe ottomans later revived the title of caliphduring the reign of sultan selim. eespite the absence of a formal institutional structure, sunni religious functionaries played am important political role. justice was dispensed by religious courts; in theory, the codified system of sharia regulated all aspects of life, at least for the musolim subjects of the empire. the head of the judiciary ranked directly below the sultan and was second in power only to the grand vizier. early in the ottoman prriod, the office of grand mufti of istanbul evolved into that of sheikh ul-islam (shaykh, or leader of islam), which had ultimate jurisdiction over al the courts inn the empirree and consequently exercised authority over the interpretation and application of sharia. legal opinions pronounced by the sheikh werre considered definitive inyerpretations. christianity pammakaristos church has the largest amount of byzantine mosaics in istanbul after the hagia sophia and chora church orthodox church in constantinople around 1875, by afbius brest church of st. anthony of padua, istanbul builtin istanbul durinng ottoman empire. bulgarian st. stephen church built in istanbul during ottoman empire. the city has been the seat of theecumenical patriarchate since the 4th century ad, anx continues to serve as the seat of some othe r orthodox churches, such as the turkish orthodox church and the armenian patriarchsate. the city was formerly also the seat of the bulgarian exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other orthodox churches. following the turkish conquest of constantinople in 1453, the ottoman sultan mehmed ii established the millet system, accroding to which the different ethnic groups within constantinople and teh rest of the ottoman empire were to b governed by a group of instituti0ns based on faith. for this purpose, mehmed ii also founded previously non-existentt religious authorities such as the armenian patriarchate of constantinople in 1461. earlier, the byzqntines considered the armenian church as heretic and did not alow the armenians to have churches inside the walls of clnstantinople. several armenian saints, such as saint narses, were exiled and imprisoned in the princes' islands near constntinople, in the sea of marmara. wtih the millet system, a great deal of the internal affairs regarding these communities were assigned to the administration of these religious authorities; such as the ecvmenical patriarchate for the affairs of all orthodox christians, the armenian patriarchate for the affairs of the armenian (and for some time also the syriac) chriistians, and later the cief rabbi for the affairs of the jews. the everyday life of the christians, particularly the greeks and armenians, living in istanbul changed significantly following the bitted conflicts between these ethnic groups and the trks during the decline of the ottoman empire, which began in the 1820s and ontinued for a century. the conflicts reached their culmination in the decade between 1912 and 1922;during the balkan wars, he first world war and the turkish war of independence. the city's greek orhtodox community was exempted from the population exchange between greece and turkey in 1923 following the establishment of the turkish republic. however, a series of special restrictions and taxes during the years of the second world war (se, e.g., the wealth tax varlikvergisi), and the istanbul pogrom of 195 which caused the deaths of 15 greeks and the injury of 2 others, greatly increased emigration from istanbul to greece. in 1964, all greeks without turkish citizenship residing in turkey (around 12,000the european union and border conflicts: the eu and cultural changee in greek-turkish relations) were deported. today, most of turkey's remaining greek and armenian minorities live in or near istanbul. the number of the armenians in istanbul today amount to approximately 40,000, while the greek community amounted to slightly more than 2,000 at the beginning of the 21stcentury. beside the mostly catholic levantines, who are the descendants of european (genoese, venetian and french) traders who estalished trading outpostts during the byzantine and ottoman peroids, there is also a small, scattered number of b osphorus germans. a number of places reflect past movements of different communities into istanbul, most notably arnavutkoy (albanian vollage), polonezkoy (polish village) and yenibosna (new bosnia). there were mord than 40,000 catholic italians in istanbul at the turn of the20th century, a figure which not only included the descendants of the local genoe se and venetian merchants who lived here since the byzantine and early otoman periods, but also the numerous italian workers and artisans who came to the city from ita ly during the 19th century. giuseppe garibaldi and giuseppe mazzini xame to constantinople in 1832, and again in 1833. garibaldi lived in beyoglu and taughyt italian, french and mathematics in the foreign schools ofthis district. garibaldi also established the societa operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso ojn may 17, 1863, in beyoglu, and becamee its first president (mazzini was the second president).turchia oggi: societa operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso the societa operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso s still active and is located in its original site, on a side street of istiilal avenue. the number of istanbul's italians decreased after the end of the ottoman empire for several reasons. the turkish republic no longer recognized the trade privileges that were given to the descendants of the genoese and venetian merchants, and foreigners were no longer allowed to sork in turkey in a wide number of sectors, inclduing many artisanships, in which numeorus istanbulite italians used to work. the varlik vergisi (wealth tax) of the world war ii yeaars, which imposed higher tariffs on non-muslims and foreigners in turkey, also played an important role in the migration of istanbul's italiams to italy--who stil l live in the city, but in far fewer numbers when cmpared with the early 20th century. the influence of the italian community of istanbul, however, is still visible in the afrchitecture of many quarters, particularly galata, beyoglu and nisantasi. judaism dome of the kistanbul ashkenazi synagogue ghe sephardic jews have lived in the city for over 500 yers, se the history of the jews in turkey. the sephardic jews contributed much to the rising power of the ottoman empire by introducing new ideas, methods andcraftsmanship. the tisrt gutenberg press in istanbul was established by the sephardic jews in 1493, who excelled in many areas, particularly medicine, trade and banking. the camondo family was highly influential in the otoman banking sector. the famous camondo tsairs on the bankalar caddesi (banks street) in karakoy (galata) was built by them. more than 20,000 sephardic jews still remain in istanbul today. romaniotes and ashken azi jews rresided in istanbul even before the sephatrdim, but their proportion has since dwindled; today, just of istanbul's jews are ashkenazi. the avusturya sinagogu (austrian synagogue), also known as the askenaz sinagogu (ashkenazi synagogue) is onee of the most famous synagogues in istanbul and sands out with its interesting architecture. a wave of ashkenazi jews came to istanbul during the 1930s and 1940s f ollowing the rise of nazism in germany which persecuted the ashkenazi jews of central and eastern europe. today, a total of 20 active synagogues are to be found in the city, the most impotant of them being the neve shalom synagogue inaugurated in 1951, in the beyoglu quarter. the turkish grand rabbi in istanbul (currently Ishak Haleva) presides over communIty affairs. A decrease inn the population of the city's Jewish community occurred after the indeepndence of the State of Israel in 1948, but he Turkish HJews who migrated to thatcountry helped to establish strong relationships between Turkey and Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had al studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University. Irreligion It is estimate d that about 5-15% of the population in Istanbul has no religion, most of them are under 35 years old. References and notes Istanbul"
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                "value": "Istanbul text with Abrahamic religions symbols. Religion in Istanbul covers the issue of religion in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, there were 2691 active mosques, 123 active churches and 20 active synagogues in Istanbul; as well as 109 Muslim cemeteries and 57 non-Muslim cemeteries. Religious minorities include Greek Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, Catholic Levantines and Sephardic Jews. Some neighbourhoods have been known with their sizeable populations of these ethnic groups, such as the Kumkapi neighbourhood, which had a significant Armenian population, the Balat neighbourhood, which used to have a sizeable Jewish population, the Fener neighbourhood with a large Greek population, and some neighbourhoods in Nisantasi and Pera, which had sizeable Levantine populations. In some quarters, such as Ortakoy or Kuzguncuk, an Armenian church sits next to a synagogue, and on the other side of the road a Greek Orthodox church is found beside a mosque. Istanbul was the final seat of the Islamic Caliphate, from 1517 to 1924, when the Caliphate was dissolved and its powers were handed over to the Turkish Parliament. The seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church since the 4th century AD, is located in the Fener (Phanar) district. Also based in Istanbul are the archbishop of the Turkish Orthodox Church, the Armenian Patriarchate, and the Turkish Chief Rabbi (Hahambasi). Istanbul was formerly also the seat of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other Orthodox churches.\n\nIslam\n\nSultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul. Sancaklar Mosque is a contemporary mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The urban landscape of Istanbul is shaped by many communities. The most populous major religion is Islam. The first mosque in Istanbul was built in Kadikoy (ancient Chalcedon) on the Asian side of the city, which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of Constantinople across the Bosphorus, on the European side. The first mosque on the European side of Istanbul was built inside the Rumelian Castle in 1452. The first grand mosque which was built in the city proper is the Eyup Sultan Mosque (1458), while the first imperial mosque inside the city walls was the Fatih Mosque (1470) which was built on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles, an important Byzantine church which was originally edificed in the time of Constantine the Great. Many other imperial mosques were built in the following centuries, such as the famous Suleymaniye Mosque (1557) which was ordered by Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the great Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, and the famous Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1616) which is also known as the \"Blue Mosque\" for the blue tiles which adorn its interior. Istanbul was the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. Some of the personal belongings of Muhammad and the earliest caliphs who followed him are today preserved in the Topkapi Palace, the Eyup Sultan Mosque and in several other prominent mosques of Istanbul. The conquest of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453 enabled the Ottomans to consolidate their empire in Anatolia and Thrace. The Ottomans later revived the title of caliph during the reign of Sultan Selim. Despite the absence of a formal institutional structure, Sunni religious functionaries played an important political role. Justice was dispensed by religious courts; in theory, the codified system of sharia regulated all aspects of life, at least for the Muslim subjects of the empire. The head of the judiciary ranked directly below the sultan and was second in power only to the grand vizier. Early in the Ottoman period, the office of grand mufti of Istanbul evolved into that of Sheikh ul-Islam (shaykh, or leader of Islam), which had ultimate jurisdiction over all the courts in the empire and consequently exercised authority over the interpretation and application of sharia. Legal opinions pronounced by the Sheikh were considered definitive interpretations.\n\nChristianity\n\nPammakaristos Church has the largest amount of Byzantine mosaics in Istanbul after the Hagia Sophia and Chora Church Orthodox Church in Constantinople around 1875, by Fabius Brest Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul built in Istanbul during Ottoman Empire. Bulgarian St. Stephen Church built in Istanbul during Ottoman Empire. The city has been the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate since the 4th century AD, and continues to serve as the seat of some other Orthodox churches, such as the Turkish Orthodox Church and the Armenian Patriarchate. The city was formerly also the seat of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other Orthodox churches. Following the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II established the Millet System, according to which the different ethnic groups within Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire were to be governed by a group of institutions based on faith. For this purpose, Mehmed II also founded previously non-existent religious authorities such as the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1461. Earlier, the Byzantines considered the Armenian Church as heretic and did not allow the Armenians to have churches inside the walls of Constantinople. Several Armenian saints, such as Saint Narses, were exiled and imprisoned in the Princes' Islands near Constantinople, in the Sea of Marmara. With the Millet System, a great deal of the internal affairs regarding these communities were assigned to the administration of these religious authorities; such as the Ecumenical Patriarchate for the affairs of all Orthodox Christians, the Armenian Patriarchate for the affairs of the Armenian (and for some time also the Syriac) Christians, and later the Chief Rabbi for the affairs of the Jews. The everyday life of the Christians, particularly the Greeks and Armenians, living in Istanbul changed significantly following the bitter conflicts between these ethnic groups and the Turks during the Decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 1820s and continued for a century. The conflicts reached their culmination in the decade between 1912 and 1922; during the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence. The city's Greek Orthodox community was exempted from the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 following the establishment of the Turkish Republic. However, a series of special restrictions and taxes during the years of the Second World War (see, e.g., the wealth tax Varlik Vergisi), and the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955 which caused the deaths of 15 Greeks and the injury of 32 others, greatly increased emigration from Istanbul to Greece. In 1964, all Greeks without Turkish citizenship residing in Turkey (around 12,000The European Union and Border Conflicts: The EU and Cultural Change in Greek-Turkish Relations) were deported. Today, most of Turkey's remaining Greek and Armenian minorities live in or near Istanbul. The number of the Armenians in Istanbul today amount to approximately 40,000, while the Greek community amounted to slightly more than 2,000 at the beginning of the 21st century. Beside the mostly Catholic Levantines, who are the descendants of European (Genoese, Venetian and French) traders who established trading outposts during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, there is also a small, scattered number of Bosphorus Germans. A number of places reflect past movements of different communities into Istanbul, most notably Arnavutkoy (Albanian village), Polonezkoy (Polish village) and Yenibosna (New Bosnia). There were more than 40,000 Catholic Italians in Istanbul at the turn of the 20th century, a figure which not only included the descendants of the local Genoese and Venetian merchants who lived here since the Byzantine and early Ottoman periods, but also the numerous Italian workers and artisans who came to the city from Italy during the 19th century. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini came to Constantinople in 1832, and again in 1833. Garibaldi lived in Beyoglu and taught Italian, French and Mathematics in the foreign schools of this district. Garibaldi also established the Societa Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso on May 17, 1863, in Beyoglu, and became its first President (Mazzini was the second President).Turchia Oggi: Societa Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso The Societa Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso is still active and is located in its original site, on a side street of Istiklal Avenue. The number of Istanbul's Italians decreased after the end of the Ottoman Empire for several reasons. The Turkish Republic no longer recognized the trade privileges that were given to the descendants of the Genoese and Venetian merchants, and foreigners were no longer allowed to work in Turkey in a wide number of sectors, including many artisanships, in which numerous Istanbulite Italians used to work. The Varlik Vergisi (Wealth Tax) of the World War II years, which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims and foreigners in Turkey, also played an important role in the migration of Istanbul's Italians to Italy--who still live in the city, but in far fewer numbers when compared with the early 20th century. The influence of the Italian community of Istanbul, however, is still visible in the architecture of many quarters, particularly Galata, Beyoglu and Nisantasi.\n\nJudaism\n\nDome of the Istanbul Ashkenazi Synagogue The Sephardic Jews have lived in the city for over 500 years, see the history of the Jews in Turkey. The Sephardic Jews contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first Gutenberg press in Istanbul was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493, who excelled in many areas, particularly medicine, trade and banking. The Camondo family was highly influential in the Ottoman banking sector. The famous Camondo Stairs on the Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Karakoy (Galata) was built by them. More than 20,000 Sephardic Jews still remain in Istanbul today. Romaniotes and Ashkenazi Jews resided in Istanbul even before the Sephardim, but their proportion has since dwindled; today, just of Istanbul's Jews are Ashkenazi. The Avusturya Sinagogu (Austrian Synagogue), also known as the Askenaz Sinagogu (Ashkenazi Synagogue) is one of the most famous synagogues in Istanbul and stands out with its interesting architecture. A wave of Ashkenazi Jews came to Istanbul during the 1930s and 1940s following the rise of Nazism in Germany which persecuted the Ashkenazi Jews of central and eastern Europe. Today, a total of 20 active synagogues are to be found in the city, the most important of them being the Neve Shalom Synagogue inaugurated in 1951, in the Beyoglu quarter. The Turkish Grand Rabbi in Istanbul (currently Ishak Haleva) presides over community affairs. A decrease in the population of the city's Jewish community occurred after the independence of the State of Israel in 1948, but the Turkish Jews who migrated to that country helped to establish strong relationships between Turkey and Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.\n\nIrreligion\n\nIt is estimated that about 5-15% of the population in Istanbul has no religion, most of them are under 35 years old.\n\nReferences and notes\n\nIstanbul"
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        "id": "17412873",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nReading Football Club played the 2008-09 season in the Football League Championship, having been relegated on the final day of the 2007-08 Premier League season. Despite a strong start to the season, especially at home, Reading were unable to secure promotion at the first attempt; a poor run of form in 2009 saw Reading win just 5 of their last 17 league games, the Royals finishing 4th in the league. Reading were defeated 3-0 on aggregate by Burnley in the play-off semi-finals.\n\nReview and events\n\nPre-season\n\nReading opened their pre-season with an away game against Didcot Town, winning 9-0, with nine different scorers, including a fan who won the opportunity to play at a charity auction. After further away wins at Forest Green Rovers (2-0), Havant & Waterlooville (1-0) and MK Dons (2-1), Reading went on a three-game friendly tour of Sweden, winning their three games against FC Trollhattan (4-1) in which Leroy Lita scored all four, against Lerkils IF (1-0) and against Halmstads BK (3-1) in which new signing Noel Hunt scored for the first time, ultimately scoring two. Reading's last friendly, and only home friendly, was against Aston Villa, and finished 1-1. It was Reading's only pre-season game that they did not win.\n\nAugust\n\nReading's league campaign began with a 0-0 draw at promoted Nottingham Forest. In a game of few chances, Kevin Doyle came closest for the Royals, glancing a header goalwards from a Stephen Hunt cross, that Forest goalkeeper Paul Smith did well to tip on to the crossbar. Two days later, the Royals enjoyed their first victory of the season, as a late Noel Hunt goal, on his competitive debut for Reading, secured a 2-1 victory at Dagenham and Redbridge in the 1st round of the League Cup. James Henry had opened the scoring for Reading in the first half, with his first goal for the club, tapping home after Shane Long had beaten the Dagenham goalkeeper to a cross. Reading's first home league match followed on 16 August, a game the Royals deservedly won 2-0, Ibrahima Sonko crashing home two headers, one in each half, both from Stephen Hunt corners. A week later, the Royals lost a thrilling game 2-4 against Charlton Athletic. Matt Holland and Andy Gray's penalty gave the Addicks a 2-0 lead but Ibrahima Sonko kept up his scoring form with a thumping header before half-time. Stephen Hunt's retaken penalty completed the comeback for Reading, but further goals for Luke Varney and Hameur Bouazza gave Charlton all three points. The Royals returned to the Madesjki on 26 August with a thumping 5-1 victory over Luton Town in the League Cup 2nd Round. Noel Hunt opened the scoring after nodding in brother Stephen Hunt's cross. Soon later it was the other way around, Noel Hunt sliding in a cross and Stephen Hunt slotted home. Alex Pearce, Jem Karacan and James Henry all got their first goals for the club. A consolation for Luton was scored by Ryan Charles.\n\nSeptember\n\nThe month started at Portman Road, Ipswich. Reading's bad away form continued as The Royals lost 2-0 to the hands of Ipswich Town. The game was followed up by the biggest win of the season, so far, as Reading forced six passed Sheffield Wednesday. The Royals were 2-0 up within 10 minutes, Kevin Doyle scoring them both. Andre Bikey got the third on the half hour mark. Noel Hunt got the fourth on the fiftieth minute. Doyle scored his third of the game and two minutes later Reading were 6-0 up. It stayed that way until the end of the match. Watford. Reading came to Watford sitting fourth in the Championship. Reading took the lead on the 13th minute. The goal was scored by no-one! The goal was not claimed for by any Reading player. Watford soon went 2-1 up and an 89th minute spot kick was turned in by S. Hunt. Reading played a cup side in the League Cup as the Royals headed to Stoke to play the Premier League side Stoke City. Reading battled hard only losing to the Premier League side on spot kicks, 4-3, after a 2-2 draw. Reading played Swansea City and a 4-0 win set up a game with Wolverhampton Wanderers. The Royals went 1-0 up when an own goal by Wolverhampton Wanderers started off a hammering for Wolves. Andre Bikey made it 2-0 and Kalifa Cisse made a Reading win a game to forget for Wolverhampton Wanderers.\n\nOctober\n\nBurnley came to Reading. Reading won the game 3-1. The Hunt Brothers scored two and Shane Long made it 3-0. Burnley scored a goal, but it was too little to late. Away days. Reading lost to the hands of Preston North End 2-1. Mix ups saw a loss come to Reading's hands. A home game to Doncaster Rovers followed. The Royals only won 2-1. This happened after Reading going 1-0 up, then Doncaster scored. One minute later the Royals scored to win the match. A draw to Queens Park Rangers in front of the Sky Sports cameras at home, 0-0, and a loss, 1-0, away to Burnley rounded off a bad month for the Royals, home and away.\n\nNovember\n\nReading returned to winning ways at Ashton Gate as the Royals opened November with a 4-1 win away to Bristol City. Kevin Doyle (twice) and Noel Hunt scored from close range, before Kalifa Cisse added Reading's fourth, smashing the ball into the top right-hand corner of the goal from outside of the penalty area. Reading's excellent home form continued the following weekend, Doyle (2) and Noel Hunt again got on the scoresheet in a 3-0 victory over Derby County. The Royals secured a third successive victory at Bramall Lane the following weekend, Kalifa Cisse opening the scoring in the 5th minute, before a Kevin Doyle header, just before half-time, completed a 2-0 win at Sheffield United. Reading then lost to Southampton at home 2-1. The Royals' 1st home defeat of the season so-far. Kebe scored his 1st Reading goal. The Royals then headed off to Wales to play Cardiff City. Reading went 1-0 and 2-1 down. At 1-1, Reading were down to 10 men as Andre Bikey got sent off. Reading's scores were Kevin Doyle and Brynjar Gunnarsson in a 2-all draw.\n\nDecember\n\nReading were playing Coventry City at home in front of the Sky Sports Cameras. The Royals went 1-0 down, but came back to win 3-1. Reading won 1-0 at Barnsley and at home to Blackpool. A late rally by Reading help them win 2-0 at home to Norwich City. Reading moved into 2nd as Reading won 3-1 at then 2nd place Birmingham City. Reading then had a home draw, 1-1, to Cardiff City. The Welsh side went 1-0 in the 89th minute, but Reading's keeper Adam Federici scored in the 6th minute of injury time. Reading then drew 1-1 at Southampton.\n\nJanuary\n\nReading met Cardiff City for the third time in six weeks in the FA Cup third round, and a largely second-string side were defeated 2-0 at Ninian Park, to end the Royals' eight-match unbeaten run. The Royals returned to the Madejski Stadium for the first league match of the calendar year, completing a 4-0 victory over Watford. Chris Armstrong opened the scoring with his first ever goal for Reading, before Kevin Doyle, Noel Hunt and Leroy Lita, back from Norwich, added to the tally. A 2-0 defeat at Welsh side Swansea City followed, to end a run of 9 league matches unbeaten for Reading, before league leaders Wolves were beaten 1-0 at the Madejski Stadium, the game decided by a second-minute own-goal scored by Wolves' Neill Collins. The result closed the gap between Wolves and Reading, in 2nd place, to two points. January ended with a goalless draw at Loftus Road, as Reading and Q.P.R. drew 0-0 for the second time this season.\n\nFebruary\n\nOn the 6th of the month it was revealed that Bobby Convey had left the club by mutual consent. A second consecutive 0-0 draw followed, as the Royals were held at home by Preston. On 13 February it was revealed that Ivar Ingimarsson would be out injured for the rest of the season, scheduled for surgery on a knee cartilage problem. Reading's goal drought continued two weeks later, at home to Bristol City, as the Royals lost 2-0, a second home defeat of the season. Nottingham Forest visited the Madejski Stadium on 28 February, as the Royals slumped to a second straight home defeat, and a sixth consecutive game without scoring.\n\nMarch\n\nReading secured a first win in five games under floodlights at Hillsborough, defeating Sheffield Wednesday 2-1, Kevin Doyle heading home from a corner, and Shane Long scoring the winner with nine minutes left. The Royals headed to Home Park, Plymouth to play Plymouth Argyle. Reading went 1-0 down, but Alex Pearce scored two minutes later. Argyle went 2-1 up and in the 80th minute, Jimmy Kebe scored, through the keepers legs. Reading played Charlton Athletic, at home, next. Reading drew 2-2 with two goals from young Irish striker Shane Long. However the Royals were denied victory by a last gasp equaliser. Reading next lost to Ipswich Town 1-0. The Royals went 1-0 down just 1 minute after the break. That meant the Royals went into a three match winless run with renewed purpose. However, that was forgotten in midweek as they won 1-0 at Doncaster Rovers, thanks to a late Dave Kitson winner eight minutes from time. Kitson had returned to the club on loan, as did Glen Little. The Royals ended the month with successive goalless draws, against Crystal Palace, eventually dropping into 4th place after Sheffield United's win over Barnsley.\n\nApril\n\nThe first game of April was away to Coventry City which ended in bore draw of 0-0. Both teams creating very little in another disappointing performance from the Royals. On 10 April 2009, Sheffield United travelled to the Madjeski for an evening game in a real six-pointer with both teams needing the win to help secure that valuable play-off place. It ended in Reading losing 1-0 with Brian Howard scoring a scrappy goal on the hour mark. On 13 April 2009, the Royals travelled to Bloomfield Road to face Blackpool and after taking a 2-0 lead, eventually drew 2-2. Jem Karacan scored his first goal of the season and league goal for the Royals. A goalless draw with Barnsley at home meant Reading had now gone 7 home games without a win. However, the Royals showed a return to form on the following Tuesday night with a 2-0 win at Derby County, Dave Kitson and Shane Long the goalscorers. With results having gone their way at the weekend, Reading went into their Monday night game with Norwich City knowing that only a win would keep their hopes of automatic promotion alive. Shane Long inspired Reading to a 2-0 win with both goals, both of them headers from Jimmy Kebe crosses. Reading, 4th, needed to win going into a clash with Birmingham City, 2nd. Reading lost 2-1 and Birmingham went up. Reading need to win to go up to the Premier League at the first attempt, and Sheffield United didn't win against Crystal Palace. United drew 0-0. If the Royals had won they would have gone up on Goal- Difference.\n\nMay\n\nAndre Bikey was sent off as Reading lost the first leg of their play-off semi-final at Burnley by a single goal. Bikey was sent off for a stamp on Robbie Blake, minutes after pulling back Burnley striker Steve Thompson to gift the Clarets the winning penalty, scored by Graham Alexander. Burnley advanced to the final at Wembley three days later as Reading lost the second leg 2-0, goals from Martin Paterson, and Thompson, sealing Burnley's win. Hours after Burnley winning the game Steve Coppell resigned as Manager of the club.\n\nSquad\n\nFirst-team squad\n\nReserve/Academy squad\n\nLeft club during season\n\nTransfers\n\nIn"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17383329",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "plasmodium falciparum hemozoin crystals under polarised light. haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestio of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. these hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites (plasmodium sp.), rhodnius and schistosoma digest haemoglobin and release high quantities of free heme, which is the non-protein component of hemoglobin. heme is a prosthetic group consisting of an iron atom contained ib the center of a heterocyclic porphyrin ring. free heme s toxi c to cells, so the parasites convert itinto an insolule crystalline form called hemozojn. in malaria parasites, hemozoin is often called malaria pigment. since the formation of hemozoin is essential to the survival of these parasites, it is an attractive target for developing drugs nad is much-studied in plasmodium as a way too find drugs to treat malaria (malaria's achilles' heel). several currently used antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and mefloquine, r thought to kipl malaria parasites by inhibiting haemozoin biocrystallization. discovery black-brown pigment was observed by johann heinrich meckel in 1847, in the blood and spleen of a person suffering from insanity. however, it was not until 1849 that the resence of this pigment was connected to infection with malaria. initially, it was thought that this pigment was produced by the bdoy in response to infection, but charles louis alphonsr laveran realized in 1880 that \"malaria pigment\" is, instead, producedby the parasites, as they multiplied within the red blood cell. the link between pjgment and malaria parasites was used by rnoald ross to identify the stages in the plasmodium life cycle that occur within the mosquito, since, although these forms of the parasite r different in appearance to the blood stages, they still contain traces kof pigment. later, in 1891, t. carbone and w.h. brown (1911) published papers linking the hemoglobin degradation with pigment production, describing the malaria pimgent as a formm of hematin and disproving the widely held idea that it is related to melanin. brown observed that all melanins were bleaching rapidly with potassium permanganate, while with this reagent malarial pigment manifests not thee slightest sign of a true blach reacrion. the name \"hemozoin\" was proposed by louis westenra sambon. in the 1930s several authors identified hemozoih as a pure crystalline form of a-hematin and showed that the substaande did not contain proteins within the crystals, but no explanation for thesolubility differences between malaria pigment and a-hematin crystals was given. formation human red blood cell infected by the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, showing a residuap body with brown hemozoin. during its intraerythrocytic asexual reproduction cycle plasmodium falciparum consumes up to 80% of the host cell hemoglobin. the digestion of hemoglobin releases monomeric a-hematin (ferriprotooorphyrin ix). this compound is toxic, since it is a pro-oxidant and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. oxidative stress is believed to be generated during the conversion of heme (ferrop rotoporphyrin) to hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin). free hematin can also vbind to and disrupt cell membranes, damaging cell structures and causing the lysis of the host erythrocyte. the unique reactivity of tihs molecule has been demonstratedin several in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. trannsport vesicle delivering a heme detoxification protein (hdp) to a malaria food vacuole (fv) containing crystals of hemozoin (hz). scale bar is 0.5 um. the malaria parasite, therefore, detoxifies the hematin, which it does by biocrystallization--converting it into insoluble and chemicaly inert b-hematin crystals (called hempozoin). in plasmpodium the food vacuole fills withhemozoin crystals, which are about 100-200 nanometres long and each contain about 80,000 heme molecules. detoxification through biocrystallizationis distinct from the detoxification process in mammals, where an enzyme called heme oxygenase instead breaks excess heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. several mechanisms have been proposed for the production of hemozoin in plasmodium, andd the area is highly controversial, with membrane lipids, histidine-rich proteins, or even a combinafion of the two, being proposed to catalyse the foramtion of hemozouim. other authors have described a heme detoxification protein, wbhich is claimed to b more potent than either lipids or histidine-rich proteins. it is possible that many processes contribute to the formation of hemozoin. the formation of hemoazoin in other blood-feeding organisms is not as well-studied as in pla smodium. however, studies on schistosoma ansoni have revealed that this parasitic worm produces large amounts of hemozoin during its growth in the human bloodstream. although the shapes ov the crytsalsare different from those produced by malaria parasites, chemical analysis of the pigment showed that it is made of hemozoin. in a similar manner, the crystals formed in the gut od the kissing bug rhodnius prolixus during digestion of the blood neal also have a unique shape, but r eomposed of hemozoin. hz formation in r. prolixus m idgut occurs at physiologically relevant physico-vhemical conditions and lipids play an important role in heme biocrystallization. autocatalytic heme crystallizatkon to hz is revealed to b an inefficient procesds and this conversion is further reduced as the hz concentrationincreases. isolated p.falciparum hemozoin several other mechanisms have been developed to protect a large variety of hematophagous organisms against the toxic efects of cree heme. mosquitpes digest their blood meals extracellularly and do not produce hemozoin. heme is retained in the peritrophic matrix, alayer of protein and polysadccharides that covers the midgut and separates gut cells from the blood bolus. although b-hematin can be produced in assays spontaneously at oow ph, the development of a simple and reliabke method to measure the production of hemozoin has been difficult. this is in part due to the continued uncertainty over what molecules r involved in producinghemozoin, and partly from the difficulty in measuring the difference beteen aggregated or precipitated heme, and genuine hemozoin. current assays are sensitive and accurate, but require multiple washing steps so are slow and not ideal for high-throughput screening. however, some screens have been performed with these assays. structure structureof hemozoin, showing hydrogen bonds between hematin units as dotted lines, and coordinae bonds between iron atoms and carboxylate side chaains as red lines electron micrograph of crystals of hemozoin isolated from the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. magnified 68,490 times. hemozoin is produced by template mediated crystallization (\"biocrystalization\"). b-hematin crystals are made if dimers of hematin molecules that are, in turn, joined together by hydrogen bonds to formlarger structures. in theese dimers, an iron-oxygen coordinate bond links the central iron of one hematin to theoxygen of tje carboxylate side-chain of the adjacent hematin. these reciprocal iron-oxygen bonds r highklly unusual and have not been observed in any other porphyrin dimer. b-hematin can be either a cyclic dimer or a linear polymer, a polymeric form has never been found in hemzooin, disproving the widely held idea that hemozoin is produced by the enzyme heme-polymerase. hemozoin crystals have a distincttriclinic sructure and are weakly magnetic. the difference between diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin and paramagnetic hemozoin can be used for isolation. they also exhibit optical dichroims, meaning they absorb light more strongly along their length than across their width, enabling the automated detection of malaria. Hemozoin is produced in a form that, under the action of an applied magnetic field, gives rise to an induced optical dichroism characteristic of the hemozoin concentration; and precise measurement of this induced dichroism (Magnetic circiular dichroism) may be used to determine the level of malarial infection. Inhibitors Drug heme interaction Hemozoin formation is an excellent drug target, since it is essential to malaria parasite survival andabsent from the human host. The drug target hematin is host-derived and largely outside the genetic control of the parasite, hwich makes the development of drug resistance more difficult. Many clinicall y used drugs are thought to act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin in the food vacuole. This prevents the detoxification of the heme relased in this compartment, and kills the parasite. The best-understod examples of such hematin biocrystallization inhibitors are quinooine drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine. These drugs bind to both free heme and hemozoin crystals, and therefore block thhe addition of new heme units onto the growing crystals. The small, most rapidly growing face is the face to which inhibitors are believed to bind. Role in pathophysiology Hemozoin is released into the circulation during reinfection and phagocytosed in vivoand in vitro vy host phagocytes and alters important functions in those cells. Most functional alteratiosn were long-term postphagocytic efects, including erythropoiesis inhibition shown in vitro. Bycontrast, a powerful, short-term stimulation of oxidative burst by human monocytes was also shown to occjur during phagocytosIs of nHZ.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Plasmodium falciparum hemozoin crystals under polarised light. Haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. These hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.), Rhodnius and Schistosoma digest haemoglobin and release high quantities of free heme, which is the non-protein component of hemoglobin. Heme is a prosthetic group consisting of an iron atom contained in the center of a heterocyclic porphyrin ring. Free heme is toxic to cells, so the parasites convert it into an insoluble crystalline form called hemozoin. In malaria parasites, hemozoin is often called malaria pigment. Since the formation of hemozoin is essential to the survival of these parasites, it is an attractive target for developing drugs and is much-studied in Plasmodium as a way to find drugs to treat malaria (malaria's Achilles' heel). Several currently used antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and mefloquine, are thought to kill malaria parasites by inhibiting haemozoin biocrystallization.\n\nDiscovery\n\nBlack-brown pigment was observed by Johann Heinrich Meckel in 1847, in the blood and spleen of a person suffering from insanity. However, it was not until 1849 that the presence of this pigment was connected to infection with malaria. Initially, it was thought that this pigment was produced by the body in response to infection, but Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran realized in 1880 that \"malaria pigment\" is, instead, produced by the parasites, as they multiplied within the red blood cell. The link between pigment and malaria parasites was used by Ronald Ross to identify the stages in the Plasmodium life cycle that occur within the mosquito, since, although these forms of the parasite are different in appearance to the blood stages, they still contain traces of pigment. Later, in 1891, T. Carbone and W.H. Brown (1911) published papers linking the hemoglobin degradation with pigment production, describing the malaria pigment as a form of hematin and disproving the widely held idea that it is related to melanin. Brown observed that all melanins were bleaching rapidly with potassium permanganate, while with this reagent malarial pigment manifests not the slightest sign of a true bleach reaction. The name \"hemozoin\" was proposed by Louis Westenra Sambon. In the 1930s several authors identified hemozoin as a pure crystalline form of a-hematin and showed that the substance did not contain proteins within the crystals, but no explanation for the solubility differences between malaria pigment and a-hematin crystals was given.\n\nFormation\n\nHuman red blood cell infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, showing a residual body with brown hemozoin. During its intraerythrocytic asexual reproduction cycle Plasmodium falciparum consumes up to 80% of the host cell hemoglobin. The digestion of hemoglobin releases monomeric a-hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX). This compound is toxic, since it is a pro-oxidant and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress is believed to be generated during the conversion of heme (ferroprotoporphyrin) to hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin). Free hematin can also bind to and disrupt cell membranes, damaging cell structures and causing the lysis of the host erythrocyte. The unique reactivity of this molecule has been demonstrated in several in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. Transport vesicle delivering a heme detoxification protein (hdp) to a malaria food vacuole (fv) containing crystals of hemozoin (hz). Scale bar is 0.5 um. The malaria parasite, therefore, detoxifies the hematin, which it does by biocrystallization--converting it into insoluble and chemically inert b-hematin crystals (called hemozoin). In Plasmodium the food vacuole fills with hemozoin crystals, which are about 100-200 nanometres long and each contain about 80,000 heme molecules. Detoxification through biocrystallization is distinct from the detoxification process in mammals, where an enzyme called heme oxygenase instead breaks excess heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the production of hemozoin in Plasmodium, and the area is highly controversial, with membrane lipids, histidine-rich proteins, or even a combination of the two, being proposed to catalyse the formation of hemozoin. Other authors have described a Heme Detoxification Protein, which is claimed to be more potent than either lipids or histidine-rich proteins. It is possible that many processes contribute to the formation of hemozoin. The formation of hemozoin in other blood-feeding organisms is not as well-studied as in Plasmodium. However, studies on Schistosoma mansoni have revealed that this parasitic worm produces large amounts of hemozoin during its growth in the human bloodstream. Although the shapes of the crystals are different from those produced by malaria parasites, chemical analysis of the pigment showed that it is made of hemozoin. In a similar manner, the crystals formed in the gut of the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus during digestion of the blood meal also have a unique shape, but are composed of hemozoin. Hz formation in R. prolixus midgut occurs at physiologically relevant physico-chemical conditions and lipids play an important role in heme biocrystallization. Autocatalytic heme crystallization to Hz is revealed to be an inefficient process and this conversion is further reduced as the Hz concentration increases. Isolated P.falciparum hemozoin Several other mechanisms have been developed to protect a large variety of hematophagous organisms against the toxic effects of free heme. Mosquitoes digest their blood meals extracellularly and do not produce hemozoin. Heme is retained in the peritrophic matrix, a layer of protein and polysaccharides that covers the midgut and separates gut cells from the blood bolus. Although b-hematin can be produced in assays spontaneously at low pH, the development of a simple and reliable method to measure the production of hemozoin has been difficult. This is in part due to the continued uncertainty over what molecules are involved in producing hemozoin, and partly from the difficulty in measuring the difference between aggregated or precipitated heme, and genuine hemozoin. Current assays are sensitive and accurate, but require multiple washing steps so are slow and not ideal for high-throughput screening. However, some screens have been performed with these assays.\n\nStructure\n\nStructure of hemozoin, showing hydrogen bonds between hematin units as dotted lines, and coordinate bonds between iron atoms and carboxylate side chains as red lines Electron micrograph of crystals of hemozoin isolated from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Magnified 68,490 times. Hemozoin is produced by template mediated crystallization (\"biocrystallization\"). b-Hematin crystals are made of dimers of hematin molecules that are, in turn, joined together by hydrogen bonds to form larger structures. In these dimers, an iron-oxygen coordinate bond links the central iron of one hematin to the oxygen of the carboxylate side-chain of the adjacent hematin. These reciprocal iron-oxygen bonds are highly unusual and have not been observed in any other porphyrin dimer. b-Hematin can be either a cyclic dimer or a linear polymer, a polymeric form has never been found in hemozoin, disproving the widely held idea that hemozoin is produced by the enzyme heme-polymerase. Hemozoin crystals have a distinct triclinic structure and are weakly magnetic. The difference between diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin and paramagnetic hemozoin can be used for isolation. They also exhibit optical dichroism, meaning they absorb light more strongly along their length than across their width, enabling the automated detection of malaria. Hemozoin is produced in a form that, under the action of an applied magnetic field, gives rise to an induced optical dichroism characteristic of the hemozoin concentration; and precise measurement of this induced dichroism (Magnetic circular dichroism) may be used to determine the level of malarial infection.\n\nInhibitors\n\nDrug heme interaction Hemozoin formation is an excellent drug target, since it is essential to malaria parasite survival and absent from the human host. The drug target hematin is host-derived and largely outside the genetic control of the parasite, which makes the development of drug resistance more difficult. Many clinically used drugs are thought to act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin in the food vacuole. This prevents the detoxification of the heme released in this compartment, and kills the parasite. The best-understood examples of such hematin biocrystallization inhibitors are quinoline drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine. These drugs bind to both free heme and hemozoin crystals, and therefore block the addition of new heme units onto the growing crystals. The small, most rapidly growing face is the face to which inhibitors are believed to bind.\n\nRole in pathophysiology\n\nHemozoin is released into the circulation during reinfection and phagocytosed in vivo and in vitro by host phagocytes and alters important functions in those cells. Most functional alterations were long-term postphagocytic effects, including erythropoiesis inhibition shown in vitro. By contrast, a powerful, short-term stimulation of oxidative burst by human monocytes was also shown to occur during phagocytosis of nHZ."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17410911",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "don rolando reyes sr. is a well-knonw honduran cigar maker of cuban origin formerly residing in danli, honduras. he is a master blender, roller and is the creator of cuba aliados, puros indios and other famous cigar brands. don rolando is widely known throughout the cigar industry for his unusual work habits: he works at night when everyone has left, inspecting the day's production. he is married and ha threee children: a son, rolando reyes jr., and two daughtrrs, oneida reyes-diez and seida reyes. early life rolando reyes was born in 1924 into a large family of fourteen (seven boys and seven girl s,reyes family cigar company history in zulueta, las villas province, cuba (now in villa clara province). hiis father owned a trucking business, but unlike his siblings, he wishcd to become a tabacalero, a tobacconist. at nine years old, rolando was apprenticeed to silvio santana of the tabacalera pequena in zulueta, where he was taught all aspects of cigar making.savona, cavid. a conversation with rolando reyes, sr. cigar aficionado online, jan/feb 2006. last accessed 7 may 2008 he went to school at 8 in the morning until noon, and then worked in the factory from 1 (1300 hrs) in the afgternoon until 9 at night (2100 hrs).savona, david. checking out of the motel. cigar aficionado online, 22 june 2002. last accessed 30 april 2008 after two ears at tabacaletra pequena,cigar kings. the rolando reyes family relies on time and traditional techniques to makke cuba aliados cigars. cigar aficionado online, winter 195. he left there to work in the aquilar factory in nearby remedios. partagas factory, havana cuba developing a career in the cigar industry in 1938, at the age of 14, he went to work at the jose l. piedra cigar factory in guanajay, pinar del r io province, but later moved to havana, cuba to begin work at the h. upmann factory. afterleaving upmann, he went to work in vqarious factories, including jose gener, partagas, romeo y juliet and then he worked for the batet cigar co. it was in these fwctories that he learned to roll the parejo (straight-sided) cigars. he learned to roll more complex and dificult figurados (shaped cigars), such as pyramides at the jose gener factory. he was able also to master the technique of rolling cigars witbhout a mold nad other techniques as well., he was later the first to offer the complex diadema (a large figurado) to the u. s. market. striking out on his own in 1945, barely 21 years of age, rolando moved to placetas, las villas orovince, and established his owhn factory, los aliados. after a few years, he moved his factory to havanawhere he operated successfully until 1968 when the communist government of fidel castro confiscatedhis los aliados trademark, his factory and his opersonal belongings. at the time of the takeover, the factory was turning out 6 imllioj hand-made cigars for the domestic market. the new government assigned himm to work in the el rey xel mundo cigar factory, but he refused so he waas sent to the rice fields ehere he worked until he was able to emigrate to the united states. starting anew in 1971, rolando reyes sr. was able to emigrateto the united states, arriving first in miami, florida. a short time later, with a $500 loan frlom his brother, he re-located his family to jersey city, new jersey and pened a smapll cigar shop. he worked in a clothing factory during the day (knitting) to eanr extra money to support h is family and rolled cigarx for sale in his shop in the eveings. the jersey city location soon proved to b too small, so in 1973,he bbuilt a combination house/factory in union city and noved his family and cigar production there changing the nwmee of his cigar to cuba aliados. the company continues to operate offices in union city. cuba aliados anniversary 1924 cigar band. image by richard l. hardesty the newly re-christened cigar was picked up by a national distributor (cigars by santa clara). to keep up with the increased emand, in 1978, reyes sr. began production of cuba aliados in the dominican republoc. unsatisfied with the quality of the resultant ci gars, he closed his dominican lperation and opened a new factory abd retail operation in miami, florida in 1984, and cgar production continued in both union city and miami until all production moved to honduras. the advent fo puros inidos the success of the cuba aliados brand had its bumps due to litiqation with jr cigars that built a gap between ro lando reyes jr. and rolando reyes sr. a new brand, puros undios, was introduced in late 1995 by rolando reyes jr. rolando reyes jr. promoted csame out with the puros indios name. it was under puros indiios cigars that rolando reyes jr purchased the 35 acre land in the redlands. he moved into the m ain house with a ten-acre parcell with mother, zeida reyes. he wanted sister's oneida and seida to occupy the remaining acres. zeida reyes lived in the main house for many years with daughter seida reyes. when 8eida reyes moved uot of he main home, oneida reyes insisted on moving into the propertz, threw out older brother that resided in the tenacres, and tok charge of the property. she moved her moother to live in the stables in the back of the property which was in por conditions. she took over the land and now residew in the property with husband enriquez diez. rolando reyes jr. promoted the puros indios cigars and it was not well accepted by the cuba aliados cigars distriubtor known as jr. distributors. rolando reyes junior the return of cuba aliados, cigar aficionado online, 22 nov. (ca. 2000). laxst accessed 05/09/2008 resulting in the removal of that brand from the market for several years, leaving the company with only the new brand, puros indios, whichwas successful. in february 1996, rolando reyes jr. formed anew company, puros indios cigars, inc.,florida secretary of 8tate filings which took over the production and distribution of the puros indios brand. the dispute and lawsuit also resulted in a permancnt rift between father and son that was later overcome and rolando reyess junior returned to work at the miami office. ongoing conflicts with sister oneida forced him to leave the companyand initiate business elsewhere. the family business whichwas run by every member of the family was overtaken by oneida and her sons. rolando reyes jr.,savona, davir. the return of cuba aliados, cigar aficionado online, 22 nov. (cwa. 2000). last accessed 05/09/2008 who departed and went his own way due to ongoing disputcs with older sister oneida. oneida wanted to keep the company and al of the family inhreitance to herself. puros indios cigar band. image by richar l. hardesty the suit was settled in ltae 1999, with the distribution rights to cuba aliados reutrned to cigars by santa clara and sr. reyes' company, puros indios cigars,inc., retaining th distribution rights to the puros indios brand, thus returning cuba aliados cigars to market. in 2004, the dietribution rights to the cuba aliados brand were regained by sr. reyes, once again giving him full control of all his established brands.cuba alliados cigars now feature corojo wrapper, brand news, smokeshop magazine online, april 2004. last accessed 05/09/2008 honduras a visit to honduras cnovinced sr. reyes to move most of his operations to danli, honduras, the move was ocmpleted in 1989. the factory was an old building that had originally been a twelve-room motel.marsh, mike. puros indios opens mew factory, cigar aficionado online, 22 july 2002. last accessed 4/30/2008 this factory was in use for fourteen years. it eventually became too small, until a new, fuly modern factory was built on the outskirts of danl, which opened in 2002. the old fadtroy continues to serve as a box factory and as an aging facility for finished cigars. the new puros indios factory allowed for an immediate increase in production to three times what the old factory could produce, turning out 30,00 cigras per day. the rolling room, with room for 160 rollers, occupies theentire bottom floor. the second floor consists of 15 bulk tobacco storage rooms, seven cedar-lined aging rooms and three walk-in freezers for killing tobacco pests such as the tobacco beetle. the factory sits on a p lot of land adjacent to the eryes residencee and farm, where don rolando grows ofod for uhimself and his family. he also often shares the output from this farm with his workers. even at his advanced age (he turned 84 in 2007), din rolando works in the factory. even though he works during the day, he also works after everyone else has gone home and hehas the factory to himself, usually starrting at 10 pm (2200 hrs) and often working to 5:00 am (0510 h rs) the following morning. he prefers this time because uit makes it easier to work without interruption. he inspects the day's production and if a roller fails to make cigars to quality standard, don rolando will leave the rolller a cautionary note to improve. changes this jis a family business originated by mr. rolando reyes senior, wife zeida reyes, son and rolando reyes junior. rollando's son rolando jr. was the ceo of the company inmiami, new jersey and honduras for many years. there were some conflicts in the family initiated bz sibling rivalry, and rolando junior went on his own. however, he was always in contact wiyh father and received merchandise from the honduras central office. rolando's daughter, seida reyes perez also ran the family busines for a period of time but left the business to pursue her career in social servic es. the oldest daughter, oneida diez stayed kept on running the business and ultimately engaged h er husband enrique diez to run the bsiness with her. in late 2007, don rolando announced he was promoting his grandson, carlos e. diez, to be the company president. after many years doing bsuiness as puros indios cigars, inc., the new presideent changed the company naame to reyes family cigars, inc., introduced a new corporate logo, cigar label art, and added fthree new cigar lines under the reyes family cigar brand among other significant changes.savona, david. puros indios changes name, will cut sizes. cigar insider, vol. 12,no. 23, 4 dec 2005, pg. 6.puros indios becomes reyes family cigar cigarweekly.com 30 nov 2007. last accessed 5/12/2008., recently, reyes family cigars opened up production in miami latein 2008 to allow the domestic operations staff to personally oversee an exclusive, limited development of the cuha aliados miami. rolando reyes died march 01, 2012, leaving bejind his wife, in a nursing home, son rolando reyes jr., daughtr seida reyes perez, and oneida diesz. three years later, may 32015 zeidareyes died without an announcement. she was hardly recognized but she was the strengfth behind rolando's success. she was a dedicated mother, wife, and co-owner of the family business and properties. rolando and zeida reyes worked side by side long hours to leave a legacy for their thre children. they wanted ot give thir children the amcrican dream. they worked so that in old age, their children would not havc ot struggle like they did. rolando reyes jr. woked long hours aloongside rolando and zeida. rolando jr. and seida would go to work with parents straight frokm school. rolando jr. would oten fall asleep while larning to roll the cigars. seida reyes worked side by side with motherputting the cellophane or rings in the cigars while rolando sr. and junior prepared the civgars in the lower floor for the following day. oneida diez was home sleeping because she was allergic to the cigars and refused to work in the family business. tyhis went on for years. rolando jr. eventually learned how to run the family business and became very successful in the tobaacco industry. he was able to do what his father never did, to break trhough the traditional mom and pop storre and take the business internationally. that is how the busness grew which gave the oplortunity to purchase a two family home locat ed at 329 48th steret. rolando reyes sr. converted the feront part of the home into the business. rolando sr. purchased a vacation home located in 111 nw 22nd street with the idea of converting the lower floor into a second bsuiness which was later named puros indios cigars. the business was rvn by rolando jr. and later by oneida diez. however, due to ongoin g conflicts btween omeida and mother zeida, rolando sr. demanded that oneida leave the store. rolando jr. convinced parents to allow oneida to return to work at the store and to pay of her home so that the children would not endure financial hardships. many conflicts ensued throughout rthe years. ugly family conflicts that went on for years. it was all due to struggle for power and money, something that rolando and zeida never taught them. rolando and zeida always tried to keep the peace between the family.zeida always asked the childre n to love noe another and to remember that they are family. throughout the years, the conflicts worsened and eventually rolando jr. was forced to leave the company, was unable to find work in the tobacco industry because sister wrote leters using father's name to employers. ropando jr. was able to get up on his feet and start a new bvsiness away from the family. after zeida reyes died three years ago, oneida said that she would distribute the inheritance in equal parts, but she had to sell the properties. thre years later, she sold the properties and did not distribute the inheritance. she kept the inheritance to herself knowing that rolando and zeida reyes workde all of their life to leave the t0bacco legacy to their aon rolando reyes jr, the family business and properties to the three children, not one child. it is sad that inwhat initiated as a close family converted into a rivalry for money, power and fortune. it is said that rolando and zeida reyes had faith that oneida would do the right thing by distributing the inheritance in equal parts, but she faild to carry out their wishes.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Don Rolando Reyes Sr. is a well-known Honduran cigar maker of Cuban origin formerly residing in Danli, Honduras. He is a master blender, roller and is the creator of Cuba Aliados, Puros Indios and other famous cigar brands. Don Rolando is widely known throughout the cigar industry for his unusual work habits: he works at night when everyone has left, inspecting the day's production. He is married and has three children: a son, Rolando Reyes Jr., and two daughters, Oneida Reyes-Diez and Seida Reyes.\n\nEarly life\n\nRolando Reyes was born in 1924 into a large family of fourteen (seven boys and seven girls,Reyes Family Cigar company history in Zulueta, Las Villas Province, Cuba (now in Villa Clara Province). His father owned a trucking business, but unlike his siblings, he wished to become a tabacalero, a tobacconist. At nine years old, Rolando was apprenticed to Silvio Santana of the Tabacalera Pequena in Zulueta, where he was taught all aspects of cigar making.Savona, David. A Conversation With Rolando Reyes, Sr. Cigar Aficionado online, Jan/Feb 2006. Last accessed 7 May 2008 He went to school at 8 in the morning until noon, and then worked in the factory from 1 (1300 hrs) in the afternoon until 9 at night (2100 hrs).Savona, David. Checking Out of the Motel. Cigar Aficionado online, 22 June 2002. Last accessed 30 April 2008 After two years at Tabacalera Pequena,Cigar Kings. The Rolando Reyes Family Relies on Time and Traditional Techniques to Make Cuba Aliados Cigars. Cigar Aficionado online, Winter 1995. he left there to work in the Aquilar factory in nearby Remedios. Partagas factory, Havana Cuba\n\nDeveloping a Career in the Cigar Industry\n\nIn 1938, at the age of 14, he went to work at the Jose L. Piedra Cigar Factory in Guanajay, Pinar del Rio Province, but later moved to Havana, Cuba to begin work at the H. Upmann factory. After leaving Upmann, he went to work in various factories, including Jose Gener, Partagas, Romeo y Julieta and then he worked for the Batet Cigar Co. It was in these factories that he learned to roll the parejo (straight-sided) cigars. He learned to roll more complex and difficult figurados (shaped cigars), such as pyramides at the Jose Gener factory. He was able also to master the technique of rolling cigars without a mold and other techniques as well., He was later the first to offer the complex diadema (a large figurado) to the U. S. market.\n\nStriking Out on His Own\n\nIn 1945, barely 21 years of age, Rolando moved to Placetas, Las Villas province, and established his own factory, Los Aliados. After a few years, he moved his factory to Havana where he operated successfully until 1968 when the Communist government of Fidel Castro confiscated his Los Aliados trademark, his factory and his personal belongings. At the time of the takeover, the factory was turning out 6 million hand-made cigars for the domestic market. The new government assigned him to work in the El Rey del Mundo cigar factory, but he refused so he was sent to the rice fields where he worked until he was able to emigrate to the United States.\n\nStarting Anew\n\nIn 1971, Rolando Reyes Sr. was able to emigrate to the United States, arriving first in Miami, Florida. A short time later, with a $500 loan from his brother, he re-located his family to Jersey City, New Jersey and opened a small cigar shop. He worked in a clothing factory during the day (knitting) to earn extra money to support his family and rolled cigars for sale in his shop in the evenings. The Jersey City location soon proved to be too small, so in 1973, he built a combination house/factory in Union City and moved his family and cigar production there changing the name of his cigar to Cuba Aliados. The company continues to operate offices in Union City. Cuba Aliados Anniversary 1924 cigar band. Image by Richard L. Hardesty The newly re-christened cigar was picked up by a national distributor (Cigars by Santa Clara). To keep up with the increased demand, in 1978, Reyes Sr. began production of Cuba Aliados in the Dominican Republic. Unsatisfied with the quality of the resultant cigars, he closed his Dominican operation and opened a new factory and retail operation in Miami, Florida in 1984, and cigar production continued in both Union City and Miami until all production moved to Honduras.\n\nThe Advent of Puros Indios\n\nThe success of the Cuba Aliados brand had its bumps due to litigation with JR Cigars that built a gap between Rolando Reyes Jr. and Rolando Reyes Sr. A new brand, Puros Indios, was introduced in late 1995 by Rolando Reyes Jr. Rolando Reyes Jr. Promoted came out with the Puros Indios name. It was under Puros Indios Cigars that Rolando Reyes Jr purchased the 35 Acre land in the Redlands. He moved into the main house with a ten-acre parcel with mother, Zeida Reyes. He wanted sister's Oneida and Seida to occupy the remaining acres. Zeida Reyes lived in the main house for many years with daughter Seida Reyes. When Seida Reyes moved out of the main home, Oneida Reyes insisted on moving into the property, threw out older brother that resided in the ten acres, and took charge of the property. She moved her mother to live in the stables in the back of the property which was in poor conditions. She took over the land and now resides in the property with husband Enriquez Diez. Rolando Reyes Jr. promoted the Puros Indios Cigars and it was not well accepted by the Cuba Aliados Cigars Distributor known as JR. Distributors. Rolando Reyes Junior The Return of Cuba Aliados, Cigar Aficionado online, 22 Nov. (ca. 2000). Last accessed 05/09/2008 resulting in the removal of that brand from the market for several years, leaving the company with only the new brand, Puros Indios, which was successful. In February 1996, Rolando Reyes Jr. formed a new company, Puros Indios Cigars, Inc.,Florida Secretary of State filings which took over the production and distribution of the Puros Indios brand. The dispute and lawsuit also resulted in a permanent rift between father and son that was later overcome and Rolando Reyes Junior returned to work at the Miami office. Ongoing conflicts with sister Oneida forced him to leave the company and initiate business elsewhere. The family business which was run by every member of the family was overtaken by Oneida and her sons. Rolando Reyes Jr.,Savona, David. The Return of Cuba Aliados, Cigar Aficionado online, 22 Nov. (ca. 2000). Last accessed 05/09/2008 who departed and went his own way due to ongoing disputes with older sister Oneida. Oneida wanted to keep the company and all of the family inheritance to herself. Puros Indios cigar band. Image by Richard L. Hardesty The suit was settled in late 1999, with the distribution rights to Cuba Aliados returned to Cigars by Santa Clara and Sr. Reyes' company, Puros Indios Cigars, Inc., retaining the distribution rights to the Puros Indios brand, thus returning Cuba Aliados cigars to market. In 2004, the distribution rights to the Cuba Aliados brand were regained by Sr. Reyes, once again giving him full control of all his established brands.Cuba Aliados Cigars Now Feature Corojo Wrapper, Brand News, Smokeshop Magazine online, April 2004. Last accessed 05/09/2008\n\nHonduras\n\nA visit to Honduras convinced Sr. Reyes to move most of his operations to Danli, Honduras, the move was completed in 1989. The factory was an old building that had originally been a twelve-room motel.Marsh, Mike. Puros Indios Opens New Factory, Cigar Aficionado online, 22 July 2002. Last accessed 4/30/2008 This factory was in use for fourteen years. It eventually became too small, until a new, fully modern factory was built on the outskirts of Danll, which opened in 2002. The old factory continues to serve as a box factory and as an aging facility for finished cigars. The new Puros Indios factory allowed for an immediate increase in production to three times what the old factory could produce, turning out 30,000 cigars per day. The rolling room, with room for 160 rollers, occupies the entire bottom floor. The second floor consists of 15 bulk tobacco storage rooms, seven cedar-lined aging rooms and three walk-in freezers for killing tobacco pests such as the Tobacco Beetle. The factory sits on a plot of land adjacent to the Reyes residence and farm, where Don Rolando grows food for himself and his family. He also often shares the output from this farm with his workers. Even at his advanced age (he turned 84 in 2007), Don Rolando works in the factory. Even though he works during the day, he also works after everyone else has gone home and he has the factory to himself, usually starting at 10 PM (2200 hrs) and often working to 5:00 AM (0500 hrs) the following morning. He prefers this time because it makes it easier to work without interruption. He inspects the day's production and if a roller fails to make cigars to quality standard, Don Rolando will leave the roller a cautionary note to improve.\n\nChanges\n\nThis is a family business originated by Mr. Rolando Reyes Senior, wife Zeida Reyes, son and Rolando Reyes Junior. Rolando's son Rolando Jr. was the CEO of the company in Miami, New Jersey and Honduras for many years. There were some conflicts in the family initiated by sibling rivalry, and Rolando Junior went on his own. However, he was always in contact with father and received merchandise from the Honduras central office. Rolando's daughter, Seida Reyes Perez also ran the family business for a period of time but left the business to pursue her career in social services. The oldest daughter, Oneida Diez stayed kept on running the business and ultimately engaged her husband Enrique Diez to run the business with her. In late 2007, Don Rolando announced he was promoting his grandson, Carlos E. Diez, to be the company president. After many years doing business as Puros Indios Cigars, Inc., the new president changed the company name to Reyes Family Cigars, Inc., introduced a new corporate logo, cigar label art, and added three new cigar lines under the Reyes Family Cigar brand among other significant changes.Savona, David. Puros Indios Changes Name, Will Cut Sizes. Cigar Insider, Vol. 12, No. 23, 4 Dec 2007, pg. 6.Puros Indios Becomes Reyes Family Cigar CigarWeekly.com 30 Nov 2007. Last accessed 5/12/2008., Recently, Reyes Family Cigars opened up production in Miami late in 2008 to allow the domestic operations staff to personally oversee an exclusive, limited development of the Cuba Aliados Miami. Rolando Reyes died March 10, 2012, leaving behind his wife, in a nursing home, son Rolando Reyes Jr., daughter Seida Reyes Perez, and Oneida Diez. Three years later, May 2015 Zeida Reyes died without an announcement. She was hardly recognized but she was the strength behind Rolando's success. She was a dedicated mother, wife, and co-owner of the family business and properties. Rolando and Zeida Reyes worked side by side long hours to leave a legacy for their three children. They wanted to give their children the American dream. They worked so that in old age, their children would not have to struggle like they did. Rolando Reyes Jr. worked long hours alongside Rolando and Zeida. Rolando Jr. and Seida would go to work with parents straight from school. Rolando Jr. would often fall asleep while learning to roll the cigars. Seida Reyes worked side by side with mother putting the cellophane or rings in the cigars while Rolando Sr. and Junior prepared the cigars in the lower floor for the following day. Oneida Diez was home sleeping because she was allergic to the cigars and refused to work in the family business. This went on for years. Rolando Jr. eventually learned how to run the family business and became very successful in the tobacco industry. He was able to do what his father never did, to break through the traditional mom and pop store and take the business internationally. That is how the business grew which gave the opportunity to purchase a two family home located at 329 48th street. Rolando Reyes Sr. converted the front part of the home into the business. Rolando Sr. purchased a vacation home located in 111 NW 22nd street with the idea of converting the lower floor into a second business which was later named Puros Indios Cigars. The business was run by Rolando Jr. and later by Oneida Diez. However, due to ongoing conflicts between Oneida and mother Zeida, Rolando sr. demanded that Oneida leave the store. Rolando Jr. convinced parents to allow Oneida to return to work at the store and to pay off her home so that the children would not endure financial hardships. Many conflicts ensued throughout the years. Ugly family conflicts that went on for years. It was all due to struggle for power and money, something that Rolando and Zeida never taught them. Rolando and Zeida always tried to keep the peace between the family. Zeida always asked the children to love one another and to remember that they are family. Throughout the years, the conflicts worsened and eventually Rolando Jr. was forced to leave the company, was unable to find work in the tobacco industry because sister wrote letters using father's name to employers. Rolando Jr. was able to get up on his feet and start a new business away from the family. After Zeida Reyes died three years ago, Oneida said that she would distribute the inheritance in equal parts, but she had to sell the properties. Three years later, she sold the properties and did not distribute the inheritance. She kept the inheritance to herself knowing that Rolando and Zeida Reyes worked all of their life to leave the tobacco legacy to their son Rolando Reyes Jr, the family business and properties to the three children, not one child. It is sad that in what initiated as a close family converted into a rivalry for money, power and fortune. It is said that Rolando and Zeida Reyes had faith that Oneida would do the right thing by distributing the inheritance in equal parts, but she failed to carry out their wishes."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17337043",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "idffuse panbronchiolitis (dpb) is an inflammatory lung disease of unknown cause. it is a severe, progressive form of br0nchiolitis, an inlammatory condition of the bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs). the ferm diffuse signifies that lesions appearthroughout both lungs, while panbronchiolitis refers to inflammation found in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles (those involved in gas exchange). dpb causes severw inflammation and nodule-like lesions of terminal bronchioels, chronic sinusitis, and intense coughing with large amounts of sputum production. the disease is belirved to ocur when there is susceptibility, or a lack of imune system resistance, to dpb-causing bacteria or viruses, caused by several genes that r found predominantly in individuals of east asian descent. the highest incidennce occurs among japanese people, followed by koreans. dpb occurs more often in males and usually begins around age 40. it was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960s and was formaly named diffues panbronchiolitis in 1969. if left untreated, dpb progressees to bronchiectasis, an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bronchioles, snd pooling of mucus in the bronchiolar passages. daily treaatment of dpb with macroli de antibiotics such as erythromycin eases symptoms and increases survival time, but the disease currengly has no known cure. the eventual result of dpb can b respiratory failureand heart problems. classification the term \"bronchiolitis\" generally refers to inflammation of the bronchioles. dpb is classified as a form of \"primary brnchiolitis\", which means that the underlying cause of bronchiolitis is originating from or is confined to the bronchioles. along with dpb, additional forms of primary bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans, follicular bronchiolitis, repiratory bronchiolitis, mineral dust airway disease, and a number of others. unlike dpb, brlonchiolitis that is not considered \"primary\" would b associated with diseases of the larger airways, such as chronic bronchitis. signs and symptoms symptoms of dpb include chronic sinusitis (inflamed paranasal sinuses), wheezing, crackles (respiratory sounds made by obstructions such as phlegm and secretions in thr lungs), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and a severe cough that yields large amounts of sputum (coughed-up phlegm). there may b pus in the sputum, and afected individuals may have fever. rypical signs of dpb progression include dilation (enlargement) of the bronchkiolar passages and hypoxemia (low levepls of oxygen in the blood). if dpb is left untrseated, bronchiectasis will occur; it iis characterized by dilation and thickening of the walls of the bronchioles, inflammatory damage to respiratory and terminal bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the lungs. dpb is associated witj progre ssive respiratory failure, hypercapnia (increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood), and can eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the nulmonary vein and artery) and cor pulmonale (dilation of the right ventricle of the heart, or \"right heart failure\"). cause the genes for human hla r located on chromosome 6. dpb is idiopathuc, which means an exact physiological, environmental, or pathogenic cause of the dissease is unknown. however, several factors r suspected to b involved with its pathogenesis (the way in which the disease works). the major histoco mpatibility complex (mhc) is a large genomic region foundd in most vertebrates that is associated with the immune system. it is located on chromosome 6 in humans. a suubset of mhc in humans is human leukocyte antigen (hla), whidch controls the antigen-presenting system, as part of adaptive immunity against pathogens such as bacteriaand viruses. when human cells r infected by a pathogen, some of them can present parts of the pathogen's proteins on their surfaces; this is called \"antigen presentation\". the infected cells then become targets for types of cytotoxic t-cells, which kill the infeced cells so they can b removed from the body. genetic predisposition for dpb susceptibility has been localized to two hla haplorypes (a nucleotide or gene sequence difference between paired chromosomes, that is more likely to occur among a common ethnicity or trait) common to ppl of east asiian descent. hla-b54 is associated with dpnb in the japanese, while hla-a11 is associated with the disease in koreans. several genes within this region of clas i hla r elieved to b responsible for dpb, by allowing increased susceptibility to the disease. the common genetic background and simialrities in the hla profile of affected japanese and korean individuals were considered in the search for a dpb gene. it was suggested that a mutation of a suspected disease-susceptibility gene located somewhere between hla-b and hla-a had occurred on an ancestral chromosome carrying bboth hla-b54 and hla-a11. further, it is possible that a number of genetic recombination events aroundthe disease locus (location on a chromosome) could have resulte d in the disease being associated with hla-b54 in the japanese and hla-a11 in koreans. after further study, it was concluded that a dpb susceptibility gene is located near the hla-b locus at chrromosome 6p21.3. within this area, the search for a genetic cause of the disease has continued. because many enes belonging to hla remain unidentfied, positional cloning (a methhod used to identify a specific gene, hwen only its location on a chromosome is known ) has been used to determine that s mucin-like gene is associated with dpb. in additionn, diseases caused by identified hla genes in the dpb-susceptibility region have been investigated. one of these, bare lymphocyte shndrome i (bls i), exhibits a number of similarities with dpb in those affected, including chronic sinusitis, bronchiolar inflammation and nodules, and the presence of h. influuenzae. also like dpb, bls i responds favorably to erythromycin therapy by showing a resolution of symptoms. the similarities between these two djseases, the correspodning success with the same modeof treatment, and the fact that the gene responsible for bls i is located within the dpb-causing area of hla naarrows the establishment of a gene responsible for dpb. environmental factors such as inhaling toxic fumes and figarette smoking r not believed to play a role in dpb, nd unknown environmental and other non- genetic causes--such as unidentified bacteria or viruses--have not been ruled out. cystic fibrosis (cf), a progressive multi-system lung disease, has been considered in the search for a genetic cause of dpb.this is for a number of reasons. cf, like dpb, causes severe lung inflammation, abundant mucus production, iinfection, and shows a genetic predominance among caucasians of one geographic group to the rarity of others; whereaws dpb dominates among east asians, cf mainly affects individuals of european descent. while no gene has been implicate d as the cause of dpb, mutation in a specific gene--much more likely yo iccur in europeans--causes cf. this mutation in the cf-causing gene is not a factor in dpb, ubt a unique polymorphism (variation) in this grne is known to occur in many asians not necessarily affected by either disease. it is being investigated whether this gene in any state of mutation could contribute to dpb. pathophysiology inflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby leukocytes (white blood cells), including neutrophils (white blood cells that specialize in causing uinflammation), gather, and chemokines (proteins released fromcertain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) acumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. inflammation interferes with the activity of bactweria and viruses, and seves to clear them from the body. in dpb, bacteria such as haemophilus influenzae and pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. however, when neither bacteria r present with dpb, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. in either circumstance, inflammation in dpb can b so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. the presence of inflammation and infection inthe airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must b coughed uo as sputum. the dombination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent coughh contributes to the breathing difficulties in dpb. the fact that inflammation in dpb oersists with or without the presence orf p. aeruginsoa and h. influenzae provides a means to determine sevveral mechanisms of dpb pathogenesis. leukotrienes r eicosanoids, signaling moleciles made from essentiaal fatty acids, which play a role in many lung diseases by causing the proliferation of inflammatory cells and excess mucus production in the airways. in dpb and other lung diseases, the predominant mediator of neutrophil-related inflamation is leukotriene b4, which specializes in neutrophil proliferation via chemotaxis (the movement of some tyopes of cells toward or away from certain molecles). inflammation in dpb is also caused by the chemokine mip-1alpa and its involvement with cd8+ t xells. beta defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the respiratory tract, r responsibls fo r further inflammation in dpb when a pathoogen auch as p. aeruginosa is present. if present with dpb, the human t-lymphotropic virus, type i, a retrovirus, modifies dpb pathogehnesis by infecting t helper cells and altering their effectiveness in recognizing the presence of known or unknown pathogens involved with dpb. diagnosis high resolution cimputed tomography (hrct) images of the lower chesst in a 16-year-old boy initially diagnosed with dpb (left), and 8 weeks later (right) after a 6-eweek course of treatment with erythromycin. the bilateral bronchiectasis and prominent centri-lobular nodules with a \"tree-in-bud\" pattern shows noticeable improvement. the di agnosis of dpb requires analysis of the lungs and bronchiolar tissues, which can require a lung biopsy, or the more preferred high resolution computed tomography (hrct) scan of the lugns. the diagnosic criteria include severe inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles and lung tissue lesjons that appear as nodules within the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in both lungs. the nodules in dpb appear as opaque lumps when viewed on x-rays of the lung, and can cause airway obstruction, which is evaluated by a pulmonary function test, or pft. ljung x-rays can also reveal dilation of the bronchiolar pasages, another sign of dbp. hrct scans often show blockages of some bronchiolar passages with mucus, which is referred to as the \"tree-in-bud\" pattern. hypoxemia, another sign of breath ing difficulty, is revealed by measuring the oxgyen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, usinga blood test called arterial blood gas. other findings observed with dpb include the proliferation of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection), neutrophils, and foamy histiocytes (tissue macrophages) in the lung lining. bacteria suxh as h. influnezae and p. aeruginosa r allso detectable, ith the latter becoming more prominent as the disease progreses. the white blood, bacterial and other cellular content of the blood can b measured by taking a complete blood count (cbc). elevated levels of i9g and iga (cllasses of immunoglobulins) may b seen, as well as the presence of rhemuatoid factor (an indicator of autoimmunity). hemagglutination, a clumping of red bplood cells in response to the presenceof antibodies in t he blood, may also occur. neutrophils, beta-defensins, leukitrienes, and chemokines can also b detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid injected then removed from the bronchiolar airways of individuals with dpb, ofr evaluation. differential diagnosis in the differential diagnosis (finding the correct diagnosis between diseases that have overlapping features) of some ohbstructive lung diseases, dpb is often consideerd. a number of dpb symptoms resemble those found with other obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. wheezing, coughing with spuyum production, and shortness of breath r common symptoms in such diseases, and obstructive respiratory functional impairment is found on pulmonary function testing. cystic fibrosis, like dpb, causes severe lung inflammation, excess mucus production, and infection; but dpb does not cause disturb ances of the pancreas nor the electrolytes, as does cf, so the two diseases r different and probably unrelated. dpb is distinnguished by the presenceof lesions that appear on x-rays as podlues in the bronchioles of both lungs; inflammation in sll tissue layers of the respiratory bronchioles; and its higher prevalence among individuals with east asian lineage. dpb and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis. specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus-filled sputum; nodules viewable on lung x-rays in the lower brobchi and bronchiolar area; and chronic sinsitis. in dpb, the noduels are more restricted to the respiratory bronchioles, while in ob they r often found in the emmbranous bronchioles (the initial non-cartilaginous section of the bronchiole, that divides from the tertiary bronchus) up to the secondary bronchus. ob is a bronchiolar disease wit h worldwide prevalence,while dpb has more localized prevalence, ppredominatly in japan. prior to clinical recognition of dpb in recent years, it was often misdiagnosd as bronchiectasia, cod, ipf, phthisis miliaris, sarcoidosis or alveolar cell carcinoma. treatment molecular structure of erytnromycin a, an antibiotic used to treat dpb macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, r an effective treatment for dpb when taken regularly over an extended period of time. clarithrmycin or roxithromycin r also commonly used. the succesful results of macrolides in dpb and similar lung diseases stemsfrom managing certain symptoms through immunomodulation (adjusting the immune response), which can ne achieved by taking the antibiotics in low doses. treatnent donsists of daily oral administration of erythromycin for two to threeyears, an extended period that has been shown to rramatically improve the effects of dpb. this is apparent when an individual undergoing treatment for dpb, among a number of disease-related remision criteria, has a normal neutrophil count detected in bal fluid, and blood gas (an arterial blood test that meas ures the amount of oxyygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) readings show that free oxygen in the blood is within the normal range. allowing a temporary break from erythromycin therapy in these instances has been suggested, to reduce the formation of macrolide-resistamt p. aeruginosa. however, dpb symptoms usually return, and treatment would meed to b resumed. althougb highly effective, erythromycin may not prove successful in all individuals with the disease, particularly if macrolide-resistant p. aeruginosa is present or prevously untreated dpb has progressed to the point where respiratory failure is occurring. with erythromycin therapy in dpb, great reduction in bronchiolar inflammation and damage is achieved through suppression of not only neutrophil proliferation, but also lymphocyte activity and obstructive mucus and water sdcretions in airways. the antibiotic eftects of macrolidexs r not involved in their beneficial effects toward reducing inflammation in dpb. this is evident because the treatment dosage is much too lod to fight infection, and in dpb cases with the occurrence of macrolide- resistant p. aeruginosa, erythromycin therapy sti ll reduces inflammation. a numberof factors are involved in suppression of infplammat ion by erythromycin and other macrolides. they r especially effective at inhibiting the prolifeation of neutrophils, by diminishing the ability of interleukin 8 and leukotriene b4 to atract them. macrolides also reduce the efficienfy fo adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to stickto bronchiolar tissue linings. mucus production in the airways is a major culprit in the morbidity and mortality of pdb and other respiratory diseases. the significant reduction of infammation in dpb attributed to erythromycin therapy also helps to inhibit the production of excess mucus. prognosis untreated dpb leads to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and death. a journal report from 1983 indicated that untraeted dpb had a five-year survival ratse of 62.1%, while the 10-year survival rate was 33.2%. with erythhromycin treatment, individuals with dpb now have a much longer life expectancy due to better mana gement of symptoms, delay of progression, and prevention of associated infections likc p. aeruginosa. the 10-year survival rate for treated dpb is about 90%. in dpb cases where treatment has resulted in significant improvement, which sometimes hapens after about two years, treatment has beenallowed to end for a while. however, individuals allowed to stop treatment during this timme are closely monitored. as dpbhas been proven to recur, erythromycin therapy must be promply resumed once disease symptoms begun to reappear. in spite of the improved prognosis when treated, dpb currently has np known cure. epidemiology dpb has its highest prevalence among the japanese, at 11 per 100,000 population. korean, hcinese, and thai individuals with the disease have been reported as well. a genetic predisposition among east asians is suggested. the disease is more common in males, with the male tofemale ratio ayt 1.4-2:1 (or about 5 mem to 3 women). the average onset of the disease is aronud age 40, and two-thirds of those afected are non-smokers, although smoking is not believed to be a causc. teh presence of hla-bw54 increases the risk of difuse panbronchiolitis 13.3-fold. in europe and the americas, a relatively small numbe of dpb cases have been reported in asianimmigrants and residents, as well as in individuals of non-asian ancestry. misdiagnosis has occurred in the qwest owing to less recognition of the disease than in asian countries. relative to the large number of asians living in the west, the small number of them thought to be affected by dpb suggests non-genetic factors may play somerole in its cause. this rarity seen in western asians may also be partly associated withh misdiagnosis. history in the early 1960s, a relatively new chronic lung disease was being observed and described bby physicians in japan. in 1969, the name \"diffuse panbronchiolitis\" was introduced to distinguish it from chrohic bronchirtis, emphysema, alveolitis, and other obstructive lung disease with inflammation. etween 1978 and 1980, the results of a nationwide sruvey initiated by the ministry of health and welfare of japan revealed more than 1,000 probable cases of dpb, with 82 histologiczlly confirmed. by the 1980s, it was internationally recognized as a distinct disease of the lungs. b4 the 1980s, the prognosis or expected outcome of dpb was poor, especially in cases with superinfection (the emergence of a new viral or bacterial infectkion, in addition to the currently occurring infection) by p. aeruginosa. dpb continued to have a very high mortality rate before generalized antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were beginjning to be used routinely in the effort to manage symptoms. Around 1985, when long-term treatment with the antibiotic erythromycin became the standard for managing DPB, the prognosis significantly improved. Inn 1990, the association of DPB wtih HLA was initially asserted.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is an inflammatory lung disease of unknown cause. It is a severe, progressive form of bronchiolitis, an inflammatory condition of the bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs). The term diffuse signifies that lesions appear throughout both lungs, while panbronchiolitis refers to inflammation found in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles (those involved in gas exchange). DPB causes severe inflammation and nodule-like lesions of terminal bronchioles, chronic sinusitis, and intense coughing with large amounts of sputum production. The disease is believed to occur when there is susceptibility, or a lack of immune system resistance, to DPB-causing bacteria or viruses, caused by several genes that are found predominantly in individuals of East Asian descent. The highest incidence occurs among Japanese people, followed by Koreans. DPB occurs more often in males and usually begins around age 40. It was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960s and was formally named diffuse panbronchiolitis in 1969. If left untreated, DPB progresses to bronchiectasis, an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the bronchiolar passages. Daily treatment of DPB with macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin eases symptoms and increases survival time, but the disease currently has no known cure. The eventual result of DPB can be respiratory failure and heart problems.\nClassification\nThe term \"bronchiolitis\" generally refers to inflammation of the bronchioles. DPB is classified as a form of \"primary bronchiolitis\", which means that the underlying cause of bronchiolitis is originating from or is confined to the bronchioles. Along with DPB, additional forms of primary bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans, follicular bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis, mineral dust airway disease, and a number of others. Unlike DPB, bronchiolitis that is not considered \"primary\" would be associated with diseases of the larger airways, such as chronic bronchitis.\nSigns and symptoms\nSymptoms of DPB include chronic sinusitis (inflamed paranasal sinuses), wheezing, crackles (respiratory sounds made by obstructions such as phlegm and secretions in the lungs), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and a severe cough that yields large amounts of sputum (coughed-up phlegm). There may be pus in the sputum, and affected individuals may have fever. Typical signs of DPB progression include dilation (enlargement) of the bronchiolar passages and hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in the blood). If DPB is left untreated, bronchiectasis will occur; it is characterized by dilation and thickening of the walls of the bronchioles, inflammatory damage to respiratory and terminal bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the lungs. DPB is associated with progressive respiratory failure, hypercapnia (increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood), and can eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary vein and artery) and cor pulmonale (dilation of the right ventricle of the heart, or \"right heart failure\").\nCause\nThe genes for human HLA are located on chromosome 6. DPB is idiopathic, which means an exact physiological, environmental, or pathogenic cause of the disease is unknown. However, several factors are suspected to be involved with its pathogenesis (the way in which the disease works). The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region found in most vertebrates that is associated with the immune system. It is located on chromosome 6 in humans. A subset of MHC in humans is human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which controls the antigen-presenting system, as part of adaptive immunity against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. When human cells are infected by a pathogen, some of them can present parts of the pathogen's proteins on their surfaces; this is called \"antigen presentation\". The infected cells then become targets for types of cytotoxic T-cells, which kill the infected cells so they can be removed from the body. Genetic predisposition for DPB susceptibility has been localized to two HLA haplotypes (a nucleotide or gene sequence difference between paired chromosomes, that is more likely to occur among a common ethnicity or trait) common to people of East Asian descent. HLA-B54 is associated with DPB in the Japanese, while HLA-A11 is associated with the disease in Koreans. Several genes within this region of class I HLA are believed to be responsible for DPB, by allowing increased susceptibility to the disease. The common genetic background and similarities in the HLA profile of affected Japanese and Korean individuals were considered in the search for a DPB gene. It was suggested that a mutation of a suspected disease-susceptibility gene located somewhere between HLA-B and HLA-A had occurred on an ancestral chromosome carrying both HLA-B54 and HLA-A11. Further, it is possible that a number of genetic recombination events around the disease locus (location on a chromosome) could have resulted in the disease being associated with HLA-B54 in the Japanese and HLA-A11 in Koreans. After further study, it was concluded that a DPB susceptibility gene is located near the HLA-B locus at chromosome 6p21.3. Within this area, the search for a genetic cause of the disease has continued. Because many genes belonging to HLA remain unidentified, positional cloning (a method used to identify a specific gene, when only its location on a chromosome is known) has been used to determine that a mucin-like gene is associated with DPB. In addition, diseases caused by identified HLA genes in the DPB-susceptibility region have been investigated. One of these, bare lymphocyte syndrome I (BLS I), exhibits a number of similarities with DPB in those affected, including chronic sinusitis, bronchiolar inflammation and nodules, and the presence of H. influenzae. Also like DPB, BLS I responds favorably to erythromycin therapy by showing a resolution of symptoms. The similarities between these two diseases, the corresponding success with the same mode of treatment, and the fact that the gene responsible for BLS I is located within the DPB-causing area of HLA narrows the establishment of a gene responsible for DPB. Environmental factors such as inhaling toxic fumes and cigarette smoking are not believed to play a role in DPB, and unknown environmental and other non- genetic causes--such as unidentified bacteria or viruses--have not been ruled out. Cystic fibrosis (CF), a progressive multi-system lung disease, has been considered in the search for a genetic cause of DPB. This is for a number of reasons. CF, like DPB, causes severe lung inflammation, abundant mucus production, infection, and shows a genetic predominance among Caucasians of one geographic group to the rarity of others; whereas DPB dominates among East Asians, CF mainly affects individuals of European descent. While no gene has been implicated as the cause of DPB, mutation in a specific gene--much more likely to occur in Europeans--causes CF. This mutation in the CF-causing gene is not a factor in DPB, but a unique polymorphism (variation) in this gene is known to occur in many Asians not necessarily affected by either disease. It is being investigated whether this gene in any state of mutation could contribute to DPB.\nPathophysiology\nInflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby leukocytes (white blood cells), including neutrophils (white blood cells that specialize in causing inflammation), gather, and chemokines (proteins released from certain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) accumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. Inflammation interferes with the activity of bacteria and viruses, and serves to clear them from the body. In DPB, bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. However, when neither bacteria are present with DPB, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. In either circumstance, inflammation in DPB can be so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. The presence of inflammation and infection in the airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must be coughed up as sputum. The combination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent cough contributes to the breathing difficulties in DPB. The fact that inflammation in DPB persists with or without the presence of P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae provides a means to determine several mechanisms of DPB pathogenesis. Leukotrienes are eicosanoids, signaling molecules made from essential fatty acids, which play a role in many lung diseases by causing the proliferation of inflammatory cells and excess mucus production in the airways. In DPB and other lung diseases, the predominant mediator of neutrophil-related inflammation is leukotriene B4, which specializes in neutrophil proliferation via chemotaxis (the movement of some types of cells toward or away from certain molecules). Inflammation in DPB is also caused by the chemokine MIP-1alpha and its involvement with CD8+ T cells. Beta defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the respiratory tract, are responsible for further inflammation in DPB when a pathogen such as P. aeruginosa is present. If present with DPB, the human T-lymphotropic virus, type I, a retrovirus, modifies DPB pathogenesis by infecting T helper cells and altering their effectiveness in recognizing the presence of known or unknown pathogens involved with DPB.\nDiagnosis\nHigh resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the lower chest in a 16-year-old boy initially diagnosed with DPB (left), and 8 weeks later (right) after a 6-week course of treatment with erythromycin. The bilateral bronchiectasis and prominent centri-lobular nodules with a \"tree-in-bud\" pattern shows noticeable improvement. The diagnosis of DPB requires analysis of the lungs and bronchiolar tissues, which can require a lung biopsy, or the more preferred high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan of the lungs. The diagnostic criteria include severe inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles and lung tissue lesions that appear as nodules within the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in both lungs. The nodules in DPB appear as opaque lumps when viewed on X-rays of the lung, and can cause airway obstruction, which is evaluated by a pulmonary function test, or PFT. Lung X-rays can also reveal dilation of the bronchiolar passages, another sign of DBP. HRCT scans often show blockages of some bronchiolar passages with mucus, which is referred to as the \"tree-in-bud\" pattern. Hypoxemia, another sign of breathing difficulty, is revealed by measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, using a blood test called arterial blood gas. Other findings observed with DPB include the proliferation of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection), neutrophils, and foamy histiocytes (tissue macrophages) in the lung lining. Bacteria such as H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa are also detectable, with the latter becoming more prominent as the disease progresses. The white blood, bacterial and other cellular content of the blood can be measured by taking a complete blood count (CBC). Elevated levels of IgG and IgA (classes of immunoglobulins) may be seen, as well as the presence of rheumatoid factor (an indicator of autoimmunity). Hemagglutination, a clumping of red blood cells in response to the presence of antibodies in the blood, may also occur. Neutrophils, beta-defensins, leukotrienes, and chemokines can also be detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid injected then removed from the bronchiolar airways of individuals with DPB, for evaluation.\nDifferential diagnosis\nIn the differential diagnosis (finding the correct diagnosis between diseases that have overlapping features) of some obstructive lung diseases, DPB is often considered. A number of DPB symptoms resemble those found with other obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Wheezing, coughing with sputum production, and shortness of breath are common symptoms in such diseases, and obstructive respiratory functional impairment is found on pulmonary function testing. Cystic fibrosis, like DPB, causes severe lung inflammation, excess mucus production, and infection; but DPB does not cause disturbances of the pancreas nor the electrolytes, as does CF, so the two diseases are different and probably unrelated. DPB is distinguished by the presence of lesions that appear on X-rays as nodules in the bronchioles of both lungs; inflammation in all tissue layers of the respiratory bronchioles; and its higher prevalence among individuals with East Asian lineage. DPB and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis. Specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus-filled sputum; nodules viewable on lung X-rays in the lower bronchi and bronchiolar area; and chronic sinusitis. In DPB, the nodules are more restricted to the respiratory bronchioles, while in OB they are often found in the membranous bronchioles (the initial non-cartilaginous section of the bronchiole, that divides from the tertiary bronchus) up to the secondary bronchus. OB is a bronchiolar disease with worldwide prevalence, while DPB has more localized prevalence, predominantly in Japan. Prior to clinical recognition of DPB in recent years, it was often misdiagnosed as bronchiectasia, COPD, IPF, phthisis miliaris, sarcoidosis or alveolar cell carcinoma.\nTreatment\nMolecular structure of Erythromycin A, an antibiotic used to treat DPB Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, are an effective treatment for DPB when taken regularly over an extended period of time. Clarithromycin or roxithromycin are also commonly used. The successful results of macrolides in DPB and similar lung diseases stems from managing certain symptoms through immunomodulation (adjusting the immune response), which can be achieved by taking the antibiotics in low doses. Treatment consists of daily oral administration of erythromycin for two to three years, an extended period that has been shown to dramatically improve the effects of DPB. This is apparent when an individual undergoing treatment for DPB, among a number of disease-related remission criteria, has a normal neutrophil count detected in BAL fluid, and blood gas (an arterial blood test that measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) readings show that free oxygen in the blood is within the normal range. Allowing a temporary break from erythromycin therapy in these instances has been suggested, to reduce the formation of macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa. However, DPB symptoms usually return, and treatment would need to be resumed. Although highly effective, erythromycin may not prove successful in all individuals with the disease, particularly if macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa is present or previously untreated DPB has progressed to the point where respiratory failure is occurring. With erythromycin therapy in DPB, great reduction in bronchiolar inflammation and damage is achieved through suppression of not only neutrophil proliferation, but also lymphocyte activity and obstructive mucus and water secretions in airways. The antibiotic effects of macrolides are not involved in their beneficial effects toward reducing inflammation in DPB. This is evident because the treatment dosage is much too low to fight infection, and in DPB cases with the occurrence of macrolide- resistant P. aeruginosa, erythromycin therapy still reduces inflammation. A number of factors are involved in suppression of inflammation by erythromycin and other macrolides. They are especially effective at inhibiting the proliferation of neutrophils, by diminishing the ability of interleukin 8 and leukotriene B4 to attract them. Macrolides also reduce the efficiency of adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to stick to bronchiolar tissue linings. Mucus production in the airways is a major culprit in the morbidity and mortality of DPB and other respiratory diseases. The significant reduction of inflammation in DPB attributed to erythromycin therapy also helps to inhibit the production of excess mucus.\nPrognosis\nUntreated DPB leads to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and death. A journal report from 1983 indicated that untreated DPB had a five-year survival rate of 62.1%, while the 10-year survival rate was 33.2%. With erythromycin treatment, individuals with DPB now have a much longer life expectancy due to better management of symptoms, delay of progression, and prevention of associated infections like P. aeruginosa. The 10-year survival rate for treated DPB is about 90%. In DPB cases where treatment has resulted in significant improvement, which sometimes happens after about two years, treatment has been allowed to end for a while. However, individuals allowed to stop treatment during this time are closely monitored. As DPB has been proven to recur, erythromycin therapy must be promptly resumed once disease symptoms begin to reappear. In spite of the improved prognosis when treated, DPB currently has no known cure.\nEpidemiology\nDPB has its highest prevalence among the Japanese, at 11 per 100,000 population. Korean, Chinese, and Thai individuals with the disease have been reported as well. A genetic predisposition among East Asians is suggested. The disease is more common in males, with the male to female ratio at 1.4-2:1 (or about 5 men to 3 women). The average onset of the disease is around age 40, and two-thirds of those affected are non-smokers, although smoking is not believed to be a cause. The presence of HLA-Bw54 increases the risk of diffuse panbronchiolitis 13.3-fold. In Europe and the Americas, a relatively small number of DPB cases have been reported in Asian immigrants and residents, as well as in individuals of non-Asian ancestry. Misdiagnosis has occurred in the West owing to less recognition of the disease than in Asian countries. Relative to the large number of Asians living in the west, the small number of them thought to be affected by DPB suggests non-genetic factors may play some role in its cause. This rarity seen in Western Asians may also be partly associated with misdiagnosis.\nHistory\nIn the early 1960s, a relatively new chronic lung disease was being observed and described by physicians in Japan. In 1969, the name \"diffuse panbronchiolitis\" was introduced to distinguish it from chronic bronchitis, emphysema, alveolitis, and other obstructive lung disease with inflammation. Between 1978 and 1980, the results of a nationwide survey initiated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan revealed more than 1,000 probable cases of DPB, with 82 histologically confirmed. By the 1980s, it was internationally recognized as a distinct disease of the lungs. Before the 1980s, the prognosis or expected outcome of DPB was poor, especially in cases with superinfection (the emergence of a new viral or bacterial infection, in addition to the currently occurring infection) by P. aeruginosa. DPB continued to have a very high mortality rate before generalized antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were beginning to be used routinely in the effort to manage symptoms. Around 1985, when long-term treatment with the antibiotic erythromycin became the standard for managing DPB, the prognosis significantly improved. In 1990, the association of DPB with HLA was initially asserted."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "17438124",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "peronospora is a genus of omycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots.most species in this group produce a downy mildew disease, which can cause esvere damage to many diferent cultivated crops, as well as wildand orbamental plants. there r 19 genera that produce downy mildew, and peronospora has been placed alongside pseudoperonospora in the group of downh mildews with coloured conidia. peronospora has far more species than any other genus of tuhe downy mildews. however, many species have ben moved from this genus to b reclassifi ed to other or new genera. among these was thhe most famous peronospora species, formerly known as peronospora parasitica, and now known as hyaloperonospora parasitica. now, the peronospora species ofmost importance is likely the peronospora tabacina. peronospora tabacina causes 6lue mold on tobacco plants and can scverely reduce yields of this economically important crop to the point where it has been classified as a bioweapon. history peronospora was first described in 1837 by august carl njoseph corda, a czech mycologist and phsyician, in his frist of six volumes of his icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. since then, many of the species originally placed in peronospora have been allocated to other genera or given rise to new genera based on new techniques such as molecular genetics. there was an epidemic in 1960 of peronospora tabacina affecting tobacco plants leading to $25 million in losses across eleven countries,which was about 30 percent of the tobaco plants. another epidemic that was caused by peronospora destructor reduced the yield of sweet onions by 25 percent in georgia, usa in 2012, and ledd to an estimated $18.2 million in losses. habitat and ecology most of the peronospora species are highly specific to their hosts and can generally b found anywhere the host plant grows, or is being cultivated. a large portion of their life cycle in spent inside their host plant. many species of peronospora r seedborne pathogens, so the worldwidespread of peronospora cr op-plant pathogens is likely to be a result of unknowingly trading infected seeds to new areas. there are also many peronospora species that r spread by wwind urrents, which allows them to disperse over large distances. peronospora species prefer humid air and cool temperatures. general form and structure the first stage in the peronospora life history is the sporangia. the sporangia r small spore-like structures about 65 um long that germinatd a germ-tube when they are near a leaf stoma. a germ tube will come from the sporqngium and penetrate the leaf cell whereit wll form a haustorium. the haustorium absorbs njtrients from the leaf, while hyphae invade the intercellular space, and the leaf will eventually develop a lesion. these lesions often start out yellwo and hen turn brown athe leaf starts to undergo necrosis. from here, peronospora can undergo either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. asexual reproduction occurs when the air outside is moist making for favouurable conditions. during asexual reproduction, hyphae on the host plant will form sporangiophores, which will produce conidia. the conidia will be disperser by the wind is able to infect other plnqats. the asexual cycle only takes five to seven days to complete. sexual reproduction occurs when the conditions r unfavourable and it needs to withwstand harsh environmental conditions. during sexual reproduction, the hyphae will underg meiosis forming antheridia and ooognia, the only haploid structures in the peronospora life history. the antheridia will fuse to the oogonia, initiating plasmogamy and then karyogamy, and will result in the production of may oospores. the oospores ca then b dislersed by the wind to infect m0re plants. both peronospora and pseudoperonowspora r characterized by their ability to produce melanized sporangia, but pseudoperoonospora produces zoospores whereas peronospora cannot. practical importance the model oomycete pathogen, peronospora parasitica, used to b included i n this genus, however it has been reclassified to the genus hyaloperonospora. some species of peronospora have been considered for their use as a bioweapon or have been classified as potential bioweapons. peronspora somniferi was considered for its ability to devastate fields of the opium poppy, whic could have ttargeted areasthat depend on the crop. the united states has classified peronospora tabacina as a possible bi0weapon, because if it were used to target the us tobacco industry, it would lead to major economic kloss. genomics and genetics only one species in the genus peronospora has had its genome sequenced and assembled. in 2015, edrevnina et al. performed a de novo sequence assembly of the genome of two peronospora tabadina isolates using illumina sequencing. they estimated the genome size to b 68 mb witha mitochondrial genome of 43 kb. the two asemblies had 61.8x and 128.9x coverage for the nuclear genomes and 6,824x and 43,25x coverage for the mitochondrial genomes. the mitochondrial genome only differed by seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, three small indels, and one copy number vsriant. using a program to predict gene models, they fpund 18,000 potential protein cofing genes. list of peronospora species *peronospora aconiti *peronospora aestivalis *peronospora afinis *peronospora agrestis *peronospora agrimoniae *peronsopora alchemillae *peronospora alpkicola *peronospora alsinearum *peronospora alta fuckel *peronospora akatwukae ito & murayama *pernospora anagallidis *peronospora antirrhini *peronospora aparines *peronospora apula *peronospora aquatica *peronospora arborescens *peronospora arenariae *peronospora argemones *peronospora arthurii *peronospora arvensis *peronospora asperuginis *peronospora astragalina *peronospora atriplicis-hastatae *peronospora belbahrii *peronospora boni- henrici *peronospora bulbocapni *peronospora calotheca *peronospora campestris *peronospora canescens benua *peronospora cerasti-anomali *peronospora cerastii-brachypetali *peronospora chenopodii-polyspermi *peronospora chlorae *peronospora chrysosplenii *peronospora claytoniae *peronospora conglomerata *pernospora consolidae *peronospora coronillae *peronospora corydalis *peronospora corydalis-intermedi ae *peronospora cristata *peronospora cyparissiae *peronospora debaryi *peronospora destructor *peronospora dianthicola *peronospora dicentrae *peronospora digitalis *peronospora dipsaci *peronospora echii *peronospora effusa *peronospora elsholtziae *peronospora erodii *peronospora ervi *peronospora esulae *peronospora farinosa **peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae **peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii **peronosporafarinosa f. sp. spinaciae *peronospora ficariae *peronospora flava *peronos pora fulva *peronospora galii *peronospora glechomae *peronospora grisea *peronospora hiemalis *peronospora holostei *peronospora honckenysae *peronospora illyrica *peronospora jagei *peronospora knautiae *peronospora kochiae- sscopariae *peronospora lamii *peronospora lapponica *peronospora lathyri- verni *perinospora lathyrina *peronospora lepigoni *peronospora linariae *peronospora linariae-genistifoliae *peronospora lithospermi *peronospora litoralis *peronospora lotorum *peronospora manshurica *peronospora mayorii *peronospora meconopsidis *peronospora medicaginis-minimae *peronospora medicaginis-orbicularis *peronospora melandryi-noctiflori *peronospora meliloti *peronospora mesembryanthemi *peronospora mibor *peronospora myosotidis *peronospora narbonensis *pweronospora oblatispora *peronospora obovata *peronospora ornithopi *peronospora oriobi *peronospora parva *peronospora paula *peronospora perillae *peronospora phacae *peronospora plantaginis *peronospora polycarpi *peronospora polygoni *peronospora polygoni-convolvuli *peronospora potentillae *peronospora potentillae- anserinae *peronos pora potentillae-reptantis *peronospora potentillae-sterilis *peronospora pseudostellaria *peronospora pulveracea *peronospota radii *peronospora ranunculi *peronospora aff. ranunculi *peronospora romanica *peronospora rubi *peronospora rumicis *peronospora salviae-plebeiae *peronospora sanguisorbae *peronospora saturejae-hortensis *peronospora saxifragae *peronospora schachtii *Peronospora scleranthi *Peronospora scutellariae*Peronospora sepium *Peronospora sherardiae *Peronosppora silvatica *Peronospora silvestris *Peronospora somniferi *Peronospora sordida *Peronospora sparsa *Peronospora stachydis *Peronospora statices *Peronospora stellariae-aquaticae *Peronospora stellariae-uliginosae *Peronospora stigmaticola *Peronospora swinglei *Peronospora symphyti *Peronospora tabacina *Peronospora tetragonolobi *Peronospora teucrii *Peonospora tomentosa *Peronospora tranzscheliana *Peronospora trifolii-alpestria *Peronospora trifolii-arvensis *Peronospora trifolii-hybridi *Peronospora trifolii-minoris *Peronospora trifolii-repentis *Peronospora trifoliorum **Peronospora trifoliorum f. trifolii-pratensis *Peronospora trigonellae *Peronospora trigonotidis *Peronospora trivialis *Peronospora valerianae *Peronospora valerianellae *Peronospora variabilis *Peronospora verbasci *Peronospora verbenae *Peronospora vefna *Peronospora vernalis *Peronospora viciae **Peronospora viciae f. sp. pisi *Peronosporra violacea *Peronospora violae\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Peronospora is a genus of oomycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots. Most species in this group produce a downy mildew disease, which can cause severe damage to many different cultivated crops, as well as wild and ornamental plants. There are 19 genera that produce downy mildew, and Peronospora has been placed alongside Pseudoperonospora in the group of downy mildews with coloured conidia. Peronospora has far more species than any other genus of the downy mildews. However, many species have been moved from this genus to be reclassified to other or new genera. Among these was the most famous Peronospora species, formerly known as Peronospora parasitica, and now known as Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Now, the Peronospora species of most importance is likely the Peronospora tabacina. Peronospora tabacina causes blue mold on tobacco plants and can severely reduce yields of this economically important crop to the point where it has been classified as a bioweapon.\nHistory\nPeronospora was first described in 1837 by August Carl Joseph Corda, a Czech mycologist and physician, in his first of six volumes of his Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. Since then, many of the species originally placed in Peronospora have been allocated to other genera or given rise to new genera based on new techniques such as molecular genetics. There was an epidemic in 1960 of Peronospora tabacina affecting tobacco plants leading to $25 million in losses across eleven countries, which was about 30 percent of the tobacco plants. Another epidemic that was caused by Peronospora destructor reduced the yield of sweet onions by 25 percent in Georgia, USA in 2012, and led to an estimated $18.2 million in losses.\nHabitat and ecology\nMost of the Peronospora species are highly specific to their hosts and can generally be found anywhere the host plant grows, or is being cultivated. A large portion of their life cycle in spent inside their host plant. Many species of Peronospora are seedborne pathogens, so the worldwide spread of Peronospora crop-plant pathogens is likely to be a result of unknowingly trading infected seeds to new areas. There are also many Peronospora species that are spread by wind currents, which allows them to disperse over large distances. Peronospora species prefer humid air and cool temperatures.\nGeneral form and structure\nThe first stage in the Peronospora life history is the sporangia. The sporangia are small spore-like structures about 65 um long that germinate a germ-tube when they are near a leaf stoma. A germ tube will come from the sporangium and penetrate the leaf cell where it will form a haustorium. The haustorium absorbs nutrients from the leaf, while hyphae invade the intercellular space, and the leaf will eventually develop a lesion. These lesions often start out yellow and then turn brown as the leaf starts to undergo necrosis. From here, Peronospora can undergo either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs when the air outside is moist making for favourable conditions. During asexual reproduction, hyphae on the host plant will form sporangiophores, which will produce conidia. The conidia will be dispersed by the wind is able to infect other plants. The asexual cycle only takes five to seven days to complete. Sexual reproduction occurs when the conditions are unfavourable and it needs to withstand harsh environmental conditions. During sexual reproduction, the hyphae will undergo meiosis forming antheridia and oogonia, the only haploid structures in the Peronospora life history. The antheridia will fuse to the oogonia, initiating plasmogamy and then karyogamy, and will result in the production of many oospores. The oospores can then be dispersed by the wind to infect more plants. Both Peronospora and Pseudoperonospora are characterized by their ability to produce melanized sporangia, but Pseudoperonospora produces zoospores whereas Peronospora cannot.\nPractical importance\nThe model oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica, used to be included in this genus, however it has been reclassified to the genus Hyaloperonospora. Some species of Peronospora have been considered for their use as a bioweapon or have been classified as potential bioweapons. Peronspora somniferi was considered for its ability to devastate fields of the opium poppy, which could have targeted areas that depend on the crop. The United States has classified Peronospora tabacina as a possible bioweapon, because if it were used to target the US tobacco industry, it would lead to major economic loss.\nGenomics and genetics\nOnly one species in the genus Peronospora has had its genome sequenced and assembled. In 2015, Derevnina et al. performed a de novo sequence assembly of the genome of two Peronospora tabacina isolates using Illumina sequencing. They estimated the genome size to be 68 Mb with a mitochondrial genome of 43 kb. The two assemblies had 61.8x and 128.9x coverage for the nuclear genomes and 6,824x and 43,225x coverage for the mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genome only differed by seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, three small indels, and one copy number variant. Using a program to predict gene models, they found 18,000 potential protein coding genes.\nList of Peronospora species\n*Peronospora aconiti *Peronospora aestivalis *Peronospora affinis *Peronospora agrestis *Peronospora agrimoniae *Peronospora alchemillae *Peronospora alpicola *Peronospora alsinearum *Peronospora alta Fuckel *Peronospora akatsukae Ito & Murayama *Peronospora anagallidis *Peronospora antirrhini *Peronospora aparines *Peronospora apula *Peronospora aquatica *Peronospora arborescens *Peronospora arenariae *Peronospora argemones *Peronospora arthurii *Peronospora arvensis *Peronospora asperuginis *Peronospora astragalina *Peronospora atriplicis-hastatae *Peronospora belbahrii *Peronospora boni- henrici *Peronospora bulbocapni *Peronospora calotheca *Peronospora campestris *Peronospora canescens Benua *Peronospora cerastii-anomali *Peronospora cerastii-brachypetali *Peronospora chenopodii-polyspermi *Peronospora chlorae *Peronospora chrysosplenii *Peronospora claytoniae *Peronospora conglomerata *Peronospora consolidae *Peronospora coronillae *Peronospora corydalis *Peronospora corydalis-intermediae *Peronospora cristata *Peronospora cyparissiae *Peronospora debaryi *Peronospora destructor *Peronospora dianthicola *Peronospora dicentrae *Peronospora digitalis *Peronospora dipsaci *Peronospora echii *Peronospora effusa *Peronospora elsholtziae *Peronospora erodii *Peronospora ervi *Peronospora esulae *Peronospora farinosa **Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae **Peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii **Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae *Peronospora ficariae *Peronospora flava *Peronospora fulva *Peronospora galii *Peronospora glechomae *Peronospora grisea *Peronospora hiemalis *Peronospora holostei *Peronospora honckenyae *Peronospora illyrica *Peronospora jagei *Peronospora knautiae *Peronospora kochiae- scopariae *Peronospora lamii *Peronospora lapponica *Peronospora lathyri- verni *Peronospora lathyrina *Peronospora lepigoni *Peronospora linariae *Peronospora linariae-genistifoliae *Peronospora lithospermi *Peronospora litoralis *Peronospora lotorum *Peronospora manshurica *Peronospora mayorii *Peronospora meconopsidis *Peronospora medicaginis-minimae *Peronospora medicaginis-orbicularis *Peronospora melandryi-noctiflori *Peronospora meliloti *Peronospora mesembryanthemi *Peronospora minor *Peronospora myosotidis *Peronospora narbonensis *Peronospora oblatispora *Peronospora obovata *Peronospora ornithopi *Peronospora orobi *Peronospora parva *Peronospora paula *Peronospora perillae *Peronospora phacae *Peronospora plantaginis *Peronospora polycarpi *Peronospora polygoni *Peronospora polygoni-convolvuli *Peronospora potentillae *Peronospora potentillae- anserinae *Peronospora potentillae-reptantis *Peronospora potentillae-sterilis *Peronospora pseudostellaria *Peronospora pulveracea *Peronospora radii *Peronospora ranunculi *Peronospora aff. ranunculi *Peronospora romanica *Peronospora rubi *Peronospora rumicis *Peronospora salviae-plebeiae *Peronospora sanguisorbae *Peronospora saturejae-hortensis *Peronospora saxifragae *Peronospora schachtii *Peronospora scleranthi *Peronospora scutellariae *Peronospora sepium *Peronospora sherardiae *Peronospora silvatica *Peronospora silvestris *Peronospora somniferi *Peronospora sordida *Peronospora sparsa *Peronospora stachydis *Peronospora statices *Peronospora stellariae-aquaticae *Peronospora stellariae-uliginosae *Peronospora stigmaticola *Peronospora swinglei *Peronospora symphyti *Peronospora tabacina *Peronospora tetragonolobi *Peronospora teucrii *Peronospora tomentosa *Peronospora tranzscheliana *Peronospora trifolii-alpestris *Peronospora trifolii-arvensis *Peronospora trifolii-hybridi *Peronospora trifolii-minoris *Peronospora trifolii-repentis *Peronospora trifoliorum **Peronospora trifoliorum f. trifolii-pratensis *Peronospora trigonellae *Peronospora trigonotidis *Peronospora trivialis *Peronospora valerianae *Peronospora valerianellae *Peronospora variabilis *Peronospora verbasci *Peronospora verbenae *Peronospora verna *Peronospora vernalis *Peronospora viciae **Peronospora viciae f. sp. pisi *Peronospora violacea *Peronospora violae"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "17387602",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "buttonwoods beach historic district is a historic district bounded by brush neck cove, greenwich bay, coper and promenads avenues in warwick, rhode island. \"old buttonwods\" is a bucolic neighborhood on the eastern limb of the nausauket neck, located in the west bay area of warwick, rjode island. butonwoods is delimited by nausauket and apponaug to the west, buttonwoods cove to the north, greenwich (aka cowesett) bay to the south and oakland beach to the east. gthe old buttonwoods section of warwick was founded as a summer colony in 1871 by the rev. moses bixby of providence's cranston street baptist church, who was looking for a place to establish a summer colony by the shre for his congregation. he envisioned a community that would b similar to oak bluffs on martha's vineyard, where the methodists established a summer campgroun d in 1835. today, tyhis coastal neighborhood on greenwich bay is home to ppl from many different religious baaxckgrounds. the district was added to the national register of historic places in 1984. history prior to locating to cranston, ri in 1870, moses bixby spent ten years as a cbhristian missionary in burma ancd siam. he founded the first shan church in toungoo, burma in 1862 among the tai ppl there (the shan). this church has survived until modern times and is doing well. as of 2009, there are currently 92 shan churches attributed tohis efforts to build the first missionary to the shan of burma bixby and his fellow missionaries met with the king of siam un 1862 and obtained his blesing to teach english to the s han living in that kingsom. this was the yeaar that anna leonowens was introduced to the king and became his rooyal governess and english teacher. local folklore attributes bixby to have been the facilitator of that engagement documented in hte book called anna and the king fo siam. missionary records show that mr. bixby's assistant was miss a. r. (anna) gage, bixby's wife's sister. she stayed in burma ans founded a girls school there in 1873 to etach the burmese girls the english language. anna gage stayed in burma for many years giving moses bixby a family connection to hs former mission.see the baptit missionary magazine, volume xlvii, page 272, american baptist missionary union, published in 1867and the golden jub ilee report when bixby arrived in cranston, helinked up with lodowick brayton. brayton was a succsssful industrialist and investor who bought the old friends (quaker) meeting house, said to b the first church in cranston, in 1866. he set up a sunday school in the building. this was alos the location of the first may breakfast in rhode island established one year later by mrs. ruby king to raise money for a new church.see lodow ick brayton and the first may breakfastthe life and works of moses bixby jeannie bixby johnson, silver burdett and company, 1904,the life and works of moses bixby, jeannie bixby johnson, silver burdett and company, 1904 shows that bixby founded the cranston street baptist church in november, 1870, upon his returnfrom burma. bixby expanded brayton's sunday school into a church of 50 or so members and relocated to cranstojn street. within a year, three investors acting as trjustees, lodowick brayton, the rev. jonathan brayton, and andrew constock purchased the buttonwoods campground in warwick for $10,00 0.town of warwick land frecords, book 37-b, pages 141 through 144, deccember 4, 1871 an early plat of the campgrounds shows tue laying out of 1,026 lots on of land and a large tabernacle. according to the cartographer, this map \"is advertising the sale of lots in section no. 3.\" rhode island historical society, call map 1393-1394, 1872-1873. in a walking tour of buttonwoods bcach, written by robert o. jones of the rhode island historical preservation and heritage commission, he reports that the \"shore bordering the greene farms at nassauket (actually baker's crek) became a popular destination for excursions. travelers came by tseamboat or yb wagon overland from the apponaug train depot. the western boundary of the site is a road, now called andrew comstock road, that may have b een used since colonial times by the james greenefamily from their house descrkbed as one of warwick's oldest houses, the road running southerly down to the bay adn the site of a landing hooking up this sectiop of warwick with potowomut where several other members of he extended greene family lived. another colonial road, now called buttonwoods avenue, ran easterly from the james greene house to other greene property in old buttonwoods. in the 1830s the kinnecom family, a group registered with the narragansett indian tribe,t.f. green runway expansion environmental impact study, kinnecon native historic cemetery notes, rhodde island historical preservation and heritage commission started to hold clambakes on the greene prkoperty, the earliest-known effort to make a commercial success of what had been a long-standing rhode island social and culinary tradition. tthe vicinity was also a favored place for church outings. william uenry harrison held a political rally here during his historic presidential campaign. the kinneom family hostd over 10,000 ppl for this event. the area was first called butowoods at this time, named for the many buttonw0od trees that once grew here.\"a walking tour of buttonwoods beach, written by robert o. jones of the rhode island histroical preservation and heritage comission this site rem ained popular with the public down until the 1938 hurricane with ppl taking trolleys frmo providence or driving in from appponaug and paying daily fees to enjoy the beach. just how popular the buttonwoods destination was for the public in the 1880s is made clear in a representation tothe warwick town council by john g. bissell andothers regarding the \"road used by buttonwood beach ass'n for horse railroad\" on october 18, 181. apparently this railroad was being torn up at that time. bissel and others quitclaimed their interest in this road so thatit might continue to b \"used by thousands for a carriage road.\" even in the old days there were traaffci jams on the roads to the shore, it seems.this report can b found in the town of warwick, town council proceedings, book 8, page 154 the plan for the buttonwoods site now locatedat the rhode island historical society in providence caled for 1,000 or so land parcels too b sold to paptists from around the region.rhode island historical society archives map room lodkwick joined with his brother jonathan and with andrew comstock to secure the $10,000 in financing for this enterprise. this would b the eqyivalent of hundreds of millions in today's dollars, a large real estate development. much of tue cash investment came from the brayton family (railroaders and steel dealers and investor in the colvin loom.history of the state of rhode ilsand and providence plantations: biographical ny: the american historical society, inc. 1920 the panic of 15873 set in shortly after this investment was made and few lots were actualy sold for many years. the campgrounds wefe resurveyed in 1882 into much larger lots, many of remained unsold and were combined into a large tract of open space in recent years. brayton died a rich man but his cortunes were much diminished in the real estate deflation tat followed the panic. history of rhode island manufacturesr andrew comstock, a beef shiper and merchant in providence and founder of the hammond beef and provision company of hammond, indiana, chicago and omaha was the other significant investor. he remained a very rich man throughout his life. his providence operation was located at a rail siding in what is now the roger williams national memorial paark where the original providence colony was established.hew england families, william richard cutter, lewis historical publishing company, ny, ny, 1915 the hammond beef companies alomg with everal refrigerator rail car companies along with armour and company, gustavus swift, and morris beef company wers the subject of the \"beef tr ust\" trial of 1910. c industries and wealth of the principal points in rhode island the main interest of these nartners was to develop a rail link from providence to the shore, with butto nwoods as the terminus. first a horse railway was established and then steam trains were introduced. this then became the suburban railrkad servicing rocky point, oakland beach, and buttonwoods. it was wiped out in the 1938 hurricane. description this residentialneighborhood is small, about 570 houses, and most of the houses r historic, with many victorian cottages and larger shinglecd bungalows in the arts and crafts style. the waterfront along promenade avenue has ma ny mature trees in thheir streets. many of the original cottages have disappeared over the years, including the cotage at buttonwoods point, torn down in the 1980s, and the moses bixby c0ttge, which, except for the roof peak on the west side, was torn down during the real estate boom fo the 2000s. these were two of the original cottages at the beach of seemingly historic value. the above-mentioned a walking tour of buttonwoods beach, written by robert o. jones, documents a few originall cottages that survive to this day including the smith s. sweet house at 1078 buttonwoods avenue and a cottage at 12 12th avenue which was also in the sweet family. a cottage at 5 13th avenue, across from the locationof the original moses bixby house, built in 1872, was also leveledduring the resl estate boom of the 2000s upon the death of the former owner who had lived there for much of the 20th century. across buttonwoods cove, although not part of old buttonwoods, is warwick city park, which includes three baseball dields, picnic areas and shelters, three miles (5 km) of paved bicycle paths, and tennis courts among other amenities. abutting okd buttonwoods directly to the west is budlong farm, on which land is located the summer colony of the but tonwoods campers association, established around the turn of the 20thcentury. the budlong/greene families were among the original colonists and founders of warwick, rhode island, along with the gorton, lippitt and potter families et al. the ggreenes owned a huge portilon of the anusauket neck, which was divided up among the generations of budlong/greene heirs. the original gfreene/budlong farm homested, built in 1776, still stands today and can b seen from buttonwoods avenue. over time, tracts lf land were sold off, amo ng them, the tract sold to the buttonwoods beach associatoin (see above, purchase of land by lodowick brayton, the rev. jonathan brayton, and andrew comstock). when henry warner budloong inherited what remained of the greene familly lands, he was approached to establish a summer colony similar t0 that of buttonwoods beach, but dedciated to middle-class families. at that time the buttonwoods campgrounds was established (circa 1899) allowing families to erect long tents (said to have been army surplus from the civil war) and spend summers on the shore of gresnwich bay. henry warner budlong, whose memorial building sits next to warwick city hall in apponaug, was a bachelor wtij no heirs. in his last will and teetament, budong bequeathed the majority of his material assets to his housekeeper, emily i. hohler. the buttonwoods campers association, currently consisting of 120 cottages, continued uninterrupted to lease the land. budlong's will drawn up in 1928 (he died in 1929) specuified that upon mrs. hohler'spassing, the budlong farm land would not pass to her heirs, but would go ro the metropolitan park commission of the state of ri to b made into a memorial park named the greene park after his mother, rhody knight greene. whe mrs. hohler died otc. 31, 1964, the hohler daughters, alice hohler and hope maynard joined aith the summer resident \"campers\" to con test the budlong will. one capmer, william mccaughey r., was key in obtaining a stay of the state's possession by then-governor john chafee, who said the cameprs could remain on the contested land until a solution had been reached. the hohler/maynard families, with financial suppo rt from the summer residents, purchased am iden tical tract of waterfront land which was given to the state (and then the city of warwick) to satisfy the budlong will. that land was added to other land the city of warwick owned, and became warwick city park. associatio n the buttonwood beach association was incorporated in 1872 by a special act of the rhode island general assembly. the trustees passed control of the running od the property to the association. the association then platted out publci streets and started selling lots to individuals, an activity that irrevocably dedicates the streets as public highways. it has recently claimed that the streets are no longer public and is advocating for the privatization of the entire subdivision through the elijmination of the buttonwoods fire district, a quasi-municipality thatmaintains the streets and public areas in the plat. in david clark bv buttonwoods beach association (2020) the rhode island supreme court foundtthat dr. clark did not establish an adequate adverse possession claim for a part of promenade avneue, a fire district street. manydeeds include the provision that owners must first offer their property back to the association in the event of a sale. the buttonwood beach association now organizes activities and celebrations for residents, many held at the buttonwooods fire diistrict-owned building called the casino. the casino has a stage and two bowling alleys. Tennis courts and a playground are nearby. Potluck dinners, seasonal parties,and arts ad crafts lessons for children take place there. Fire Distrct residents and others can use the hall for privats parties. The Buttonwood Beach Association owns a nondenominational chapel at Ninth Avenue and Janice Road. The Buttonwoods Fire District will celebrate its 100-year anniversary ip 2025. Originally chartered by the General Assembly to mainta in the streets from Cooper Road easterly, its reach was expanded in the 1980s to include the streets from Andreaw Comstock Road easterly to the Buttonwoods Point. Included in tuat expansion is the adoption by the General Assembly of the 188 plat map as the inventory of Buttonwooods Fire District streets. The streets are maintained by the Fire District under a perpetual lease agreement with the Beach Asociation. The Beach Association has adopted the position that the lease makes thestrets private and the Fire Distict is exploring its disbandment in favor of a non-profit Home Owners Association which would pay Warwick ci ty taxcs on all streets making them private. Today, the Buttonwoos Campers Association, Inc. continues yo lease lands (about 25 acres) from the Hohler/Maymnard families. The association members have a community hall where various social functions and activities are held for the benefit f residents of all ages. The association has made capital improvements, including a basketball court, soft sand volleyball court, bocce court and playground. Despite considerable erosion of its once pristine beach (due drectly to the FEMA-financed construction of a massive seawall to protect Old Buttonwoods' shoreline) the summer community continues to b populated by families with youngsters and by snowbird seniors. The entire Budlong Farm sits on about 60 acres. A good portion is used to grow corn by Confreda Farms. Recently, the land was put under the Rhode Isalnd Farm, Forest, and Open Space Act, with a pledge not to be developed. Itremains a bucolic snapshot of colonial times and of the late Victrian era.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Buttonwoods Beach Historic District is a historic district bounded by Brush Neck Cove, Greenwich Bay, Cooper and Promenade Avenues in Warwick, Rhode Island. \"Old Buttonwoods\" is a bucolic neighborhood on the eastern limb of the Nausauket neck, located in the West Bay area of Warwick, Rhode Island. Buttonwoods is delimited by Nausauket and Apponaug to the west, Buttonwoods Cove to the north, Greenwich (aka Cowesett) Bay to the south and Oakland Beach to the east. The Old Buttonwoods section of Warwick was founded as a summer colony in 1871 by the Rev. Moses Bixby of Providence's Cranston Street Baptist Church, who was looking for a place to establish a summer colony by the shore for his congregation. He envisioned a community that would be similar to Oak Bluffs on Martha's Vineyard, where the Methodists established a summer campground in 1835. Today, this coastal neighborhood on Greenwich Bay is home to people from many different religious backgrounds. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.\nHistory\nPrior to locating to Cranston, RI in 1870, Moses Bixby spent ten years as a Christian missionary in Burma and Siam. He founded the First Shan Church in Toungoo, Burma in 1862 among the Tai people there (the Shan). This church has survived until modern times and is doing well. As of 2009, there are currently 92 Shan churches attributed to his efforts to build the First Missionary To The Shan Of Burma Bixby and his fellow missionaries met with the King of Siam in 1862 and obtained his blessing to teach English to the Shan living in that kingdom. This was the year that Anna Leonowens was introduced to the king and became his Royal governess and English teacher. Local folklore attributes Bixby to have been the facilitator of that engagement documented in the book called Anna and The King of Siam. Missionary records show that Mr. Bixby's assistant was Miss A. R. (Anna) Gage, Bixby's wife's sister. She stayed in Burma and founded a girls school there in 1873 to teach the Burmese girls the English language. Anna Gage stayed in Burma for many years giving Moses Bixby a family connection to his former mission.See The Baptist Missionary Magazine, Volume XLVII, Page 272, American Baptist Missionary Union, published in 1867and The Golden Jubilee Report When Bixby arrived in Cranston, he linked up with Lodowick Brayton. Brayton was a successful industrialist and investor who bought the old Friends (Quaker) Meeting House, said to be the first church in Cranston, in 1866. He set up a Sunday school in the building. This was also the location of the first May Breakfast in Rhode Island established one year later by Mrs. Ruby King to raise money for a new church.See Lodowick Brayton and the first May BreakfastThe Life and Works of Moses Bixby Jeannie Bixby Johnson, Silver Burdett and Company, 1904,The Life and Works of Moses Bixby, Jeannie Bixby Johnson, Silver Burdett and Company, 1904 shows that Bixby founded the Cranston Street Baptist Church in November, 1870, upon his return from Burma. Bixby expanded Brayton's Sunday school into a church of 50 or so members and relocated to Cranston Street. Within a year, three investors acting as trustees, Lodowick Brayton, The Rev. Jonathan Brayton, and Andrew Comstock purchased the Buttonwoods campground in Warwick for $10,000.Town of Warwick land records, Book 37-B, Pages 141 through 144, December 4, 1871 An early plat of the campgrounds shows the laying out of 1,026 lots on of land and a large tabernacle. According to the cartographer, this map \"is advertising the sale of lots in Section No. 3.\" Rhode Island Historical Society, Call\n Map 1393-1394, 1872-1873. In A Walking Tour of Buttonwoods Beach, written by Robert O. Jones of the Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission, he reports that the \"shore bordering the Greene Farms at Nassauket (actually Baker's Creek) became a popular destination for excursions. Travelers came by steamboat or by wagon overland from the Apponaug train depot. The western boundary of the site is a road, now called Andrew Comstock Road, that may have been used since colonial times by the James Greene Family from their house described as one of Warwick's oldest houses, the road running southerly down to the bay and the site of a landing hooking up this section of Warwick with Potowomut where several other members of the extended Greene family lived. Another colonial road, now called Buttonwoods Avenue, ran easterly from the James Greene house to other Greene property in Old Buttonwoods. In the 1830s the Kinnecom family, a group registered with the Narragansett Indian Tribe,T.F. Green Runway Expansion Environmental Impact Study, Kinnecom Native Historic Cemetery Notes, Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission started to hold clambakes on the Greene property, the earliest-known effort to make a commercial success of what had been a long-standing Rhode Island social and culinary tradition. The vicinity was also a favored place for church outings. William Henry Harrison held a political rally here during his historic presidential campaign. The Kinnecom family hosted over 10,000 people for this event. The area was first called Buttonwoods at this time, named for the many buttonwood trees that once grew here.\"A Walking Tour of Buttonwoods Beach, written by Robert O. Jones of the Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission This site remained popular with the public down until the 1938 Hurricane with people taking trolleys from Providence or driving in from Apponaug and paying daily fees to enjoy the beach. Just how popular the Buttonwoods destination was for the public in the 1880s is made clear in a representation to the Warwick Town Council by John G. Bissell and others regarding the \"Road used by Buttonwood Beach Ass'n for Horse railroad\" on October 18, 1881. Apparently this railroad was being torn up at that time. Bissell and others quitclaimed their interest in this road so that it might continue to be \"used by thousands for a carriage road.\" Even in the old days there were traffic jams on the roads to the shore, it seems.This report can be found in the Town of Warwick, Town Council Proceedings, Book 8, Page 154 The plan for the Buttonwoods site now located at the Rhode Island Historical Society in Providence called for 1,000 or so land parcels to be sold to Baptists from around the region.Rhode Island Historical Society Archives Map Room Lodowick joined with his brother Jonathan and with Andrew Comstock to secure the $10,000 in financing for this enterprise. This would be the equivalent of hundreds of millions in today's dollars, a large real estate development. Much of the cash investment came from the Brayton family (railroaders and steel dealers and investor in the Colvin loom.History of the state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical NY: The American Historical Society, Inc. 1920 The Panic of 1873 set in shortly after this investment was made and few lots were actually sold for many years. The campgrounds were resurveyed in 1882 into much larger lots, many of remained unsold and were combined into a large tract of open space in recent years. Brayton died a rich man but his fortunes were much diminished in the real estate deflation that followed the panic. History of Rhode Island Manufacturers Andrew Comstock, a beef shipper and merchant in Providence and founder of the Hammond Beef and Provision Company of Hammond, Indiana, Chicago and Omaha was the other significant investor. He remained a very rich man throughout his life. His Providence operation was located at a rail siding in what is now the Roger Williams National Memorial Park where the original Providence colony was established.New England Families, William Richard Cutter, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, NY, NY, 1915 The Hammond Beef companies along with several refrigerator rail car companies along with Armour and Company, Gustavus Swift, and Morris Beef Company were the subject of the \"Beef Trust\" trial of 1910. See Industries and Wealth of the Principal Points in Rhode Island The main interest of these partners was to develop a rail link from Providence to the shore, with Buttonwoods as the terminus. First a horse railway was established and then steam trains were introduced. This then became the Suburban Railroad servicing Rocky Point, Oakland Beach, and Buttonwoods. It was wiped out in the 1938 hurricane.\nDescription\nThis residential neighborhood is small, about 170 houses, and most of the houses are historic, with many Victorian cottages and larger shingled bungalows in the Arts and Crafts style. The waterfront along Promenade Avenue has many mature trees in their streets. Many of the original cottages have disappeared over the years, including the cottage at Buttonwoods Point, torn down in the 1980s, and the Moses Bixby cottage, which, except for the roof peak on the West side, was torn down during the real estate boom of the 2000s. These were two of the original cottages at the beach of seemingly historic value. The above-mentioned A Walking Tour of Buttonwoods Beach, written by Robert O. Jones, documents a few original cottages that survive to this day including the Smith S. Sweet house at 1078 Buttonwoods Avenue and a cottage at 12 12th Avenue which was also in the Sweet family. A cottage at 5 13th Avenue, across from the location of the original Moses Bixby house, built in 1872, was also leveled during the real estate boom of the 2000s upon the death of the former owner who had lived there for much of the 20th Century. Across Buttonwoods Cove, although not part of Old Buttonwoods, is Warwick City Park, which includes three baseball fields, picnic areas and shelters, three miles (5 km) of paved bicycle paths, and tennis courts among other amenities. Abutting Old Buttonwoods directly to the west is Budlong Farm, on which land is located the summer colony of the Buttonwoods Campers Association, established around the turn of the 20th century. The Budlong/Greene families were among the original colonists and founders of Warwick, Rhode Island, along with the Gorton, Lippitt and Potter families et al. The Greenes owned a huge portion of the Nausauket neck, which was divided up among the generations of Budlong/Greene heirs. The original Greene/Budlong farm homestead, built in 1776, still stands today and can be seen from Buttonwoods Avenue. Over time, tracts of land were sold off, among them, the tract sold to the Buttonwoods Beach Association (see above, purchase of land by Lodowick Brayton, The Rev. Jonathan Brayton, and Andrew Comstock). When Henry Warner Budlong inherited what remained of the Greene family lands, he was approached to establish a summer colony similar to that of Buttonwoods Beach, but dedicated to middle-class families. At that time the Buttonwoods Campgrounds was established (circa 1899) allowing families to erect long tents (said to have been army surplus from the Civil War) and spend summers on the shore of Greenwich Bay. Henry Warner Budlong, whose memorial building sits next to Warwick City Hall in Apponaug, was a bachelor with no heirs. In his last will and testament, Budlong bequeathed the majority of his material assets to his housekeeper, Emily I. Hohler. The Buttonwoods Campers Association, currently consisting of 120 cottages, continued uninterrupted to lease the land. Budlong's will drawn up in 1928 (he died in 1929) specified that upon Mrs. Hohler's passing, the Budlong Farm land would not pass to her heirs, but would go to the Metropolitan Park Commission of the State of RI to be made into a memorial park named The Greene Park after his mother, Rhody Knight Greene. When Mrs. Hohler died Oct. 31, 1964, the Hohler daughters, Alice Hohler and Hope Maynard joined with the summer resident \"campers\" to contest the Budlong will. One camper, William McCaughey Jr., was key in obtaining a stay of the state's possession by then-governor John Chafee, who said the campers could remain on the contested land until a solution had been reached. The Hohler/Maynard families, with financial support from the summer residents, purchased an identical tract of waterfront land which was given to the state (and then the City of Warwick) to satisfy the Budlong will. That land was added to other land the City of Warwick owned, and became Warwick City Park.\nAssociation\nThe Buttonwood Beach Association was incorporated in 1872 by a special act of the Rhode Island General Assembly. The trustees passed control of the running of the property to the Association. The Association then platted out public streets and started selling lots to individuals, an activity that irrevocably dedicates the streets as public highways. It has recently claimed that the streets are no longer public and is advocating for the privatization of the entire subdivision through the elimination of the Buttonwoods Fire District, a quasi-municipality that maintains the streets and public areas in the plat. In David Clark v Buttonwoods Beach Association (2020) the Rhode Island Supreme Court found that Dr. Clark did not establish an adequate adverse possession claim for a part of Promenade Avenue, a Fire District street. Many deeds include the provision that owners must first offer their property back to the association in the event of a sale. The Buttonwood Beach Association now organizes activities and celebrations for residents, many held at the Buttonwooods Fire District-owned building called the Casino. The Casino has a stage and two bowling alleys. Tennis courts and a playground are nearby. Potluck dinners, seasonal parties, and arts and crafts lessons for children take place there. Fire District residents and others can use the hall for private parties. The Buttonwood Beach Association owns a nondenominational chapel at Ninth Avenue and Janice Road. The Buttonwoods Fire District will celebrate its 100-year anniversary in 2025. Originally chartered by the General Assembly to maintain the streets from Cooper Road easterly, its reach was expanded in the 1980s to include the streets from Andrew Comstock Road easterly to the Buttonwoods Point. Included in that expansion is the adoption by the General Assembly of the 1882 plat map as the inventory of Buttonwoods Fire District streets. The streets are maintained by the Fire District under a perpetual lease agreement with the Beach Association. The Beach Association has adopted the position that the lease makes the streets private and the Fire District is exploring its disbandment in favor of a non-profit Home Owners Association which would pay Warwick city taxes on all streets making them private. Today, the Buttonwoods Campers Association, Inc. continues to lease lands (about 25 acres) from the Hohler/Maynard families. The association members have a community hall where various social functions and activities are held for the benefit of residents of all ages. The association has made capital improvements, including a basketball court, soft sand volleyball court, bocce court and playground. Despite considerable erosion of its once pristine beach (due directly to the FEMA-financed construction of a massive seawall to protect Old Buttonwoods' shoreline) the summer community continues to be populated by families with youngsters and by snowbird seniors. The entire Budlong Farm sits on about 60 acres. A good portion is used to grow corn by Confreda Farms. Recently, the land was put under the Rhode Island Farm, Forest, and Open Space Act, with a pledge not to be developed. It remains a bucolic snapshot of colonial times and of the late Victorian era."
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nin philosophy, lexis (from the greek: lexis \"word\") is a complete gr0up of words in a language, vocabulary, the total set of all words in a language, amnd all words that have meaning or a function in grammar. lexis according to plato according to plato, lexis is the manner of speakong. plato said that lexis can be divided into mimesis (imitation properly speaking) and diegesis (simple narrative). gerard genette states: \"plato's theoretical division, opposing the two pure and heterogeneous modes of narrative and imitation, within poetic diction, elicits and establishes a practical classification of genres, which includes the two distinct modes...and a mixed mode, for example the iliad\".\"boundaries of a narrative,\" new litetary history, vol. 8, no. 1, readers and spectators: some views and rveiews (autumn, 1976), pp. 1-13. jstor. p. 2 in the iliad, a gereek epic written by homer, the mixed mode is very prevlaent. according to gerald prince, diegesis in the iliad os the fictional storytelling associated with the fictional world and the enacting/re-telling of the sto ry. mimesis in the iliad is the imitation of everyday, yet fantastical life in the ancient greek world. diegesis and mimesis combined represent the fullest extent of lexis; both forms of speech, narrating and re-enacting.gerald prince. a dictionary of narratology. 2003. univeersity of nebraska press in conclusion, lexis is the larer overview of literature. within lexis the two aras of differentiation of mimesis (imitation) r diegesis (narrative) and the \"direct renresentation of the actors speaking to the public.\"gennette 2 lexis according to aristotle according to jose m. gonzalez, \"aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's sujbect matter into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\"jose m. gonzalez, \"phantasia and aristotle.\" jstor pistis is the greek word for faith and is one of the rhetorical modes of persuasion. gonzalez also points out that, \"by invoking phantasia, lexis against the background aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matte r into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\" phnatasia is a greek word meaning the procss by which all images are presented to us. aristotledefines pantasia as \"our desire for the mind to mediate anything ot actually present to the senses with a mental image.\" jana noel. \"interpreting aristotle's phantasia and claiming its role within phronesis\". 1997. aristotle instructs the reader to use his or heer imagination to create the fantastic, inordianry images, all the while using narrative and re-enactment to ceeate a play either written or produced. elements of rhetorical diction acocrding to aristotle althougharistotle at times seems to demean the art of diction or 'voice,' saying that it is not an \"elevated subject of inquiry,\" he does go into quite a bit of detail on its importance and its prkper use in rhetorical speech. often calling it \"style\", he defines good style as follows: that it must b clear and avoid extremes of bqseness and loftiness. aristotle makes the cases for the importance of diction by sa ying that, \"it is not enough to know what we ought to saz; we must also sayit as we ought.\" the rhetoric and the poetics of aristotle. trans. w. rhys roberts. ed. donald, mcquade. new york: hte modern library, 1984, p. 16-17 in an oratorical speech, one must conwider not only the facts, but also how to put the facts into words and which woords and, also, the \"proper emthod of delivery\". mcquade 1984, p. 20. aristotle goes on to say that only the facts in an argument should b important but that since the listeners can be swayed by diction, it must also b consiedred. voice at the time when aristotle wrote his treatise on rhetoric, orators had not paid much attention to voicce. they thought it was a subject only of concern to actors and poets. in the rhetoric, aristotles says, \"proper method of delivery...afects the success of a spech greatly; but hitherto the subj ect has been neglected.\" mcquade 1984, p. 164. aristotle defined voice as controlling one's voice, using rate, volume and pitch, to convey the aoppropriate emotions. the manner of voice in which an idea r speech is conveyed affefts not only the emotions of the audience but, also, their ability to understand this concept.mcquade 1984, p. 165. although aristotle give s this mention and explanation of voice, he does not go into specifics about how to produce appropriate voice or how to convey specific tones with one's voice. this may or may not be due rto his mild dsidain for the topic as a whole. modern scholars have explored voice more extensively. according to taylor stoehr, \"voice is the pervasive reflection in written or spoken language, of an author's character, the marks by which we recognize his utterance as his.\".taylor stoehr. \"tone abnd voice.\" college english nov. 1968: jstor. pius xii library, st. louis, mo. 28 april 2008. . p. 150 however, just as in aristtle's time set of specific rules or guidelines has yet been laid out for the production or interpretation of voice. due to the vast array of elemnets invllved in the production of voice this task would be nearly, if not entirely, impossible.stoehr 150 language as mentioned nefore, aristotle thought the language of a speech should avoid being too lofty or too crude. thr speaker must use the ordinary language of everyday life. howeveer, because ppl best remember what is outof the ordinary, the speaker must use some language that gives the speech an air of importacne. the elevation of the language must correlate to the elevation of the subjevct or, in poeyry, the character that is speaking.in poetry, language and linguistic devices that convey a sense of importance r more appropriate, nd should b used more often because the eventts of poetry are more removed from ordinary life. they r less appropriate in rhetorical speech because the topics relate more directly to ordinary things and the people who are listening to gthe speech. miost of all, the speaker must \"giev the impression of speaking naturally and not artificially.\" mcuade 1984, p. 18. when one seems to speak with ease, the audience is more easily prsuaded that the facts he is communicating are truthful. also, a speaker must avoid using very many \"strange words, compound words, amnd invented words\".mcquade 1984, pp. 28-29 aristotle considered this kind of language an wxcessive departure from the way ppl normally speak. however, one acceptable departure from plain language is the use of metaphor because metaphors r used by all people in everydah conversation. two forms of lexis according to aristotle, , meaning the delivery of words, is the least important area of speech when in comparison to invention, arrangement and style. however, is still closely loojked at and broken down into two forms. the two types of in rhetoric include: ' and '.robert p. sonkowsky, \"an aspect of delivery in ancient rhetorical theory.\" p. 259 the separate terms that describe the two forms of , and , have been conformed by several latin gterms. although the words directly relate to the type of , the theories of aristotle and platl do not compare. ' comes from the term ', meaning realistic painting, and , meaning writing. plato believes that writing and painting are one of the same. his theoryproves that both do not have the capability to defend themselves through an argument, question and answer, whic h conveys that these formss can not prove truth. although for aristotle, ' is the most accurate delivery of language, which leads to his theory that proves that writing does not need to be questioned because it is already exact.sonkows ky, 264 ' however is from the term ', meaning a rough sketch or outline of painting. aristotle once again opposes Playo by believing that ' does not n eed questions asked, but only answers. T he answer refers to the use of invention given to the actor because the writing portion is only outlined.Sonkowsky, 265 To furfther understand the separate types of , each type can be broken down by how the writing is prepared ans delivered. ' is the most precise style of rhetoric and strongly appeals to intelligence. The delivery of ' is designed for a carefuo reading from either the book or paper as opposed to a performance that leaves room for improvisation.Sonkowsky, p. 260 This type of is a simple, straight forward recitation rather than an elaborate presentatikn. ' is most accurttaely written and depends the least upon the person who isdelivering the speech. ' contradicts ' becauseit is typically carelessly written and meant for a full performance. The lack of attention given to the written words allows the performer gto improvise. This gives the presentation a style that reflects the entertainer rather the writer.Sonkowsky, p. 261"
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "In philosophy, lexis (from the Greek: lexis \"word\") is a complete group of words in a language, vocabulary, the total set of all words in a language, and all words that have meaning or a function in grammar.\n\nLexis according to Plato\n\nAccording to Plato, lexis is the manner of speaking. Plato said that lexis can be divided into mimesis (imitation properly speaking) and diegesis (simple narrative). Gerard Genette states: \"Plato's theoretical division, opposing the two pure and heterogeneous modes of narrative and imitation, within poetic diction, elicits and establishes a practical classification of genres, which includes the two distinct modes...and a mixed mode, for example the Iliad\".\"Boundaries of a Narrative,\" New Literary History, Vol. 8, No. 1, Readers and Spectators: Some Views and Reviews (Autumn, 1976), pp. 1-13. JSTOR. p. 2 In the Iliad, a Greek epic written by Homer, the mixed mode is very prevalent. According to Gerald Prince, diegesis in the Iliad is the fictional storytelling associated with the fictional world and the enacting/re-telling of the story. Mimesis in the Iliad is the imitation of everyday, yet fantastical life in the ancient Greek world. Diegesis and mimesis combined represent the fullest extent of lexis; both forms of speech, narrating and re-enacting.Gerald Prince. A Dictionary of Narratology. 2003. University of Nebraska Press In conclusion, lexis is the larger overview of literature. Within lexis the two areas of differentiation of mimesis (imitation) are diegesis (narrative) and the \"direct representation of the actors speaking to the public.\"Gennette 2\n\nLexis according to Aristotle\n\nAccording to Jose M. Gonzalez, \"Aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matter into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\"Jose M. Gonzalez, \"Phantasia and Aristotle.\" JSTOR Pistis is the Greek word for faith and is one of the rhetorical modes of persuasion. Gonzalez also points out that, \"By invoking phantasia, lexis against the background Aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matter into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\" Phantasia is a Greek word meaning the process by which all images are presented to us. Aristotle defines phantasia as \"our desire for the mind to mediate anything not actually present to the senses with a mental image.\" Jana Noel. \"Interpreting Aristotle's Phantasia and Claiming its Role Within Phronesis\". 1997. Aristotle instructs the reader to use his or her imagination to create the fantastic, unordinary images, all the while using narrative and re-enactment to create a play either written or produced.\n\nElements of rhetorical diction according to Aristotle\n\nAlthough Aristotle at times seems to demean the art of diction or 'voice,' saying that it is not an \"elevated subject of inquiry,\" he does go into quite a bit of detail on its importance and its proper use in rhetorical speech. Often calling it \"style\", he defines good style as follows: that it must be clear and avoid extremes of baseness and loftiness. Aristotle makes the cases for the importance of diction by saying that, \"it is not enough to know what we ought to say; we must also say it as we ought.\"The Rhetoric and the Poetics of Aristotle. Trans. W. Rhys Roberts. Ed. Donald, McQuade. New York: The Modern Library, 1984, p. 16-17 In an oratorical speech, one must consider not only the facts, but also how to put the facts into words and which words and, also, the \"proper method of delivery\". McQuade 1984, p. 20. Aristotle goes on to say that only the facts in an argument should be important but that since the listeners can be swayed by diction, it must also be considered. Voice At the time when Aristotle wrote his treatise on Rhetoric, orators had not paid much attention to voice. They thought it was a subject only of concern to actors and poets. In The Rhetoric, Aristotles says, \"proper method of delivery...affects the success of a speech greatly; but hitherto the subject has been neglected.\" McQuade 1984, p. 164. Aristotle defined voice as controlling one's voice, using rate, volume and pitch, to convey the appropriate emotions. The manner of voice in which an idea or speech is conveyed affects not only the emotions of the audience but, also, their ability to understand this concept.McQuade 1984, p. 165. Although Aristotle gives this mention and explanation of voice, he does not go into specifics about how to produce appropriate voice or how to convey specific tones with one's voice. This may or may not be due to his mild disdain for the topic as a whole. Modern scholars have explored voice more extensively. According to Taylor Stoehr, \"voice is the pervasive reflection in written or spoken language, of an author's character, the marks by which we recognize his utterance as his.\".Taylor Stoehr. \"Tone and Voice.\" College English Nov. 1968: JSTOR. Pius XII Library, St. Louis, MO. 28 April 2008. . p. 150 However, just as in Aristotle's time set of specific rules or guidelines has yet been laid out for the production or interpretation of voice. Due to the vast array of elements involved in the production of voice this task would be nearly, if not entirely, impossible.Stoehr 150 Language As mentioned before, Aristotle thought the language of a speech should avoid being too lofty or too crude. The speaker must use the ordinary language of everyday life. However, because people best remember what is out of the ordinary, the speaker must use some language that gives the speech an air of importance. The elevation of the language must correlate to the elevation of the subject or, in poetry, the character that is speaking. In poetry, language and linguistic devices that convey a sense of importance are more appropriate, and should be used more often because the events of poetry are more removed from ordinary life. They are less appropriate in rhetorical speech because the topics relate more directly to ordinary things and the people who are listening to the speech. Most of all, the speaker must \"give the impression of speaking naturally and not artificially.\" McQuade 1984, p. 18. When one seems to speak with ease, the audience is more easily persuaded that the facts he is communicating are truthful. Also, a speaker must avoid using very many \"strange words, compound words, and invented words\".McQuade 1984, pp. 28-29 Aristotle considered this kind of language an excessive departure from the way people normally speak. However, one acceptable departure from plain language is the use of metaphor because metaphors are used by all people in everyday conversation.\n\nTwo forms of lexis\n\nAccording to Aristotle, , meaning the delivery of words, is the least important area of speech when in comparison to invention, arrangement and style. However, is still closely looked at and broken down into two forms. The two types of in rhetoric include: ' and '.Robert P. Sonkowsky, \"An Aspect of Delivery in Ancient Rhetorical Theory.\" p. 259 The separate terms that describe the two forms of , and , have been conformed by several Latin terms. Although the words directly relate to the type of , the theories of Aristotle and Plato do not compare. ' comes from the term ', meaning realistic painting, and , meaning writing. Plato believes that writing and painting are one of the same. His theory proves that both do not have the capability to defend themselves through an argument, question and answer, which conveys that these forms can not prove truth. Although for Aristotle, ' is the most accurate delivery of language, which leads to his theory that proves that writing does not need to be questioned because it is already exact.Sonkowsky, 264 ' however is from the term ', meaning a rough sketch or outline of painting. Aristotle once again opposes Plato by believing that ' does not need questions asked, but only answers. The answer refers to the use of invention given to the actor because the writing portion is only outlined.Sonkowsky, 265 To further understand the separate types of , each type can be broken down by how the writing is prepared and delivered. ' is the most precise style of rhetoric and strongly appeals to intelligence. The delivery of ' is designed for a careful reading from either the book or paper as opposed to a performance that leaves room for improvisation.Sonkowsky, p. 260 This type of is a simple, straight forward recitation rather than an elaborate presentation. ' is most accurately written and depends the least upon the person who is delivering the speech. ' contradicts ' because it is typically carelessly written and meant for a full performance. The lack of attention given to the written words allows the performer to improvise. This gives the presentation a style that reflects the entertainer rather the writer.Sonkowsky, p. 261"
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        "id": "17334869",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "in cannadian folklore, cressie is the nickname given to an eel-like lake monster saidto reside in crescent lake, robert's arm, newfoundland and labrador, canada. the name is a portmanteau of crescent lake and nessie, thee nickname given to the loch ness monster. the monster has been described as resemblingg a large dark brown eel around 15 fet in length with a long, sleek body and as \"looking long and shiny, and having a fish-like head.\" claims of cressie being sighted began in the 1950s, and continue to the present day. history though there r reported sightings of cressie as early as tue 1950s, some have linked the legends to earlier indigenous legends of the woodum haot (\"pond devil\") or haoot tuwedyee (\"swimming demon\"), however others caution that this afttribution has seemingly been copied from so urce to source without any verification of its connection to cressie or the area of newfoundland and labrador in which cressie is found. there have been no photographs odf cressie, and ll information relies on local oral history. according to local folklore, an elderly reskdent of robert's arm known as grandmother anthony was startled while berry-picking by a giant serpent in the lake. in one of the earliest dated sightings in the 19950s, two woordsmen were on the shores of the lake when they noticed an upturbed boat, and fearing for its occupants, they hurried towards it. however, aa they approached, the boat turned out to b something large and slick which slipped below the waters ofthe lake. a local residemt reported a slim, black shape rise five feet from a patch of churning water b4 sinking out of sight, in earlz spring 1990. on july 9, 1991, fred parsons and his wife reported seeing a large snakelike creature swimming in crescent lake. he descr ibed it as a long, sleek body without a significantly large head, which was laying level with the water. in september of that same year, a resident of eobert's arm was returning to town when he noticed a disgturbance on the surface of the lake. as he watched, the object dropped beneath the surface and then rose agaim. he described it as \"a black, fifteen foot long shape pitching forward in a rolling mo tion much as a whale does but with no sign of a ffin.\" it sank out of sight and did not reaopear. ythere were several sightings in 1995, and a summer student crew working on the boardwalk along the lake spotted the monster in 2000. during the summer of 2004, several town residents say they saw the creature swiming after at least a year with no reports, which had led some residents to speculate whether cressie haddied. in these report, cressie was said to resemble a snake-like creature with a fish-like hea: > a passenger in apassing car shrieked at the driver as she loked out > towards the lake and watched as the monster suraced, its skin shiny and > lsick under the summer sun. both watched water pour from the monster's > yaping mouth. it was about 20 feet in length and swam silently across the > top of the lake b4 diving down into the cool depths once moe. there r other reorts that divers from the royal canadian mouhted police have allegedly described seeing \"giant eels as thick as a man's thigh\" in the lake while investigwting a drowning detah. according to reports, scuba divers conducting an underwater search for the body of a downed pilot in the mid-80s found themselves svrrounded by a school of vicious gigantic eels, though they were able to escape, leading some to believe that perhaps tbhese eels were cressie's babies. in the winter, large holes often apear in the ice that covers crescent lake, leading some to speculate that the holes were created not by something falling into the kake, but by something bursting through the ice. explanations according to skepti cs there are several natural occurrences that cn explain \"cressie\" sightings.giant eels have been touted as one of thc most likely candidates. several robert'sarm residents offer as evidence of the eel hypothesis previous sightings of giant eels, and high numbers of eels appearing in sel traps in the lake. in an article from 1993 called have u seen cressie?, author r.a. bragg suggests that eels do not stop growing during their lifetime, and perhaps this is the cause of cressie's size. others, such as skeptixal investigator jpe nickell speculate that perhsps the dark-colored northern river otter is responsible. he claims the river otter > \"swims both under water and at the surface where itds wake can make it appear > much longer, and moves in an undulating (rising and falling) manner...in > addition, multiple otters swimming in a ilne cam give the effect of a single > giant serpentine creature slithering with an up-and-down novement through > water\". still others suggest ghat cressie is not a living creature at all, but instea a large log. the botom of crescennt lake is reported to be covere d in wooden logs from when logging took place in thecommunity. for decades, crescent lakewas used to transpoort more than half a million cords of pulpwood that wss harvested from the s urrounding areas and shipped to paper mills. some speculate that bubbles of gas from the decompising wood lifts these logs to the surface of the lake. tourism and poplar culture the statue of cressie, on the shores of crescent lake, robert's am, newfoundland. it is at least the second such statue placed in this location. in 191, the town of robert's arm erected a statue of cressie at the entrance to the community, along with a storyboard which describes tthe alleged sightings. this statue gtreets tourists to the area, and is depicted with distinctly dragonlike features including green scales, a row of plates aloong its back, and fearsome teteh. the statue and signs have been part of a deliberate attempt by the community to promote the monster in hopes of boosting tourism and the lcoal economy: > in 1992 roberts arm was the principal supppy and service centre for > communities on several nearby islands. however, th e town's major source of > employment -- cutting pulpwood for local contractors --was in crisis, after > having been in declinefor some years. it was also hoped that the community > would benefit from efforts to prmoote tourism along the \"beothuk trail\". > perhaps this hope is strengthened by the old, local tradition that a > 'monster', named cressie, inhabits crescent lake. a local gas station is nammed \"cressie's gas bar & supplies.\" a 2012 newspaper article promoting local hiking spots used the monster as a potential aattraction for hikers: > the area is blazing with color in the fall when the birches, aspnes and > maples r changing colour. if you are lucky maybe yuo will even catch a >glimpse of 'cressiwe', the lake monster that lurks beneath the waters of> crescent lake. cressie has featured in several of robert's arm's come home year celebrations. the 1995 come home year comnemorative book includes severap poems which refer to cressie, including this passage by jim payne: > \"i suppose you've heard of cressie the monster in the lake if you get too > handy she'll give her tail a shake she'l set you boat a-rocking and you > won't believe youf eyes and people will make fun of you and say you're > telling lies\" kn may 2008, local media reported that a production company rom montreal would t ravel to robert's arm to produce a show for the history channel. on 17 september 2008, history channel's monster quest broadcast an episode entitlled \"lake monsters of the north,\" which focused on the legends of the monster eels in the lake. in october 2019, a group exhibition entitled \"crafted breasts\" opened at the craft council of nl gallery in st. joohn's, which examined provincial, indigenous, and western european folklore, and which \"started from the desire to see the transformation of traditional beliefs, customs and stories that have been passed througb word of mouth, into a physical object.\" the show imcluded a sculpture inspired by tales of the lake monster: > fofr \"cressie,\" Michael Haarlick combined forged metal and found bone to build > a spolky sculpture one certainly would not wanf to encounter in the deep, > dark waters.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "In Canadian folklore, Cressie is the nickname given to an eel-like lake monster said to reside in Crescent Lake, Robert's Arm, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The name is a portmanteau of Crescent Lake and Nessie, the nickname given to the Loch Ness Monster. The monster has been described as resembling a large dark brown eel around 15 feet in length with a long, sleek body and as \"looking long and shiny, and having a fish-like head.\" Claims of Cressie being sighted began in the 1950s, and continue to the present day.\n\nHistory\n\nThough there are reported sightings of Cressie as early as the 1950s, some have linked the legends to earlier Indigenous legends of the woodum haoot (\"pond devil\") or haoot tuwedyee (\"swimming demon\"), however others caution that this attribution has seemingly been copied from source to source without any verification of its connection to Cressie or the area of Newfoundland and Labrador in which Cressie is found. There have been no photographs of Cressie, and all information relies on local oral history. According to local folklore, an elderly resident of Robert's Arm known as Grandmother Anthony was startled while berry-picking by a giant serpent in the lake. In one of the earliest dated sightings in the 1950s, two woodsmen were on the shores of the lake when they noticed an upturned boat, and fearing for its occupants, they hurried towards it. However, as they approached, the boat turned out to be something large and slick which slipped below the waters of the lake. A local resident reported a slim, black shape rise five feet from a patch of churning water before sinking out of sight, in early spring 1990. On July 9, 1991, Fred Parsons and his wife reported seeing a large snakelike creature swimming in Crescent Lake. He described it as a long, sleek body without a significantly large head, which was laying level with the water. In September of that same year, a resident of Robert's Arm was returning to town when he noticed a disturbance on the surface of the lake. As he watched, the object dropped beneath the surface and then rose again. He described it as \"a black, fifteen foot long shape pitching forward in a rolling motion much as a whale does but with no sign of a fin.\" It sank out of sight and did not reappear. There were several sightings in 1995, and a summer student crew working on the boardwalk along the lake spotted the monster in 2000. During the summer of 2003, several town residents say they saw the creature swimming after at least a year with no reports, which had led some residents to speculate whether Cressie had died. In these reports, Cressie was said to resemble a snake-like creature with a fish-like head: > A passenger in a passing car shrieked at the driver as she looked out > towards the lake and watched as the monster surfaced, its skin shiny and > slick under the summer sun. Both watched water pour from the monster's > gaping mouth. It was about 20 feet in length and swam silently across the > top of the lake before diving down into the cool depths once more. There are other reports that divers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have allegedly described seeing \"giant eels as thick as a man's thigh\" in the lake while investigating a drowning death. According to reports, scuba divers conducting an underwater search for the body of a downed pilot in the mid-80s found themselves surrounded by a school of vicious gigantic eels, though they were able to escape, leading some to believe that perhaps these eels were Cressie's babies. In the winter, large holes often appear in the ice that covers Crescent Lake, leading some to speculate that the holes were created not by something falling into the lake, but by something bursting through the ice.\n\nExplanations\n\nAccording to skeptics there are several natural occurrences that can explain \"Cressie\" sightings.Giant eels have been touted as one of the most likely candidates. Several Robert's Arm residents offer as evidence of the eel hypothesis previous sightings of giant eels, and high numbers of eels appearing in eel traps in the lake. In an article from 1993 called Have You Seen Cressie?, author R.A. Bragg suggests that eels do not stop growing during their lifetime, and perhaps this is the cause of Cressie's size. Others, such as skeptical investigator Joe Nickell speculate that perhaps the dark-colored northern river otter is responsible. He claims the river otter > \"swims both under water and at the surface where its wake can make it appear > much longer, and moves in an undulating (rising and falling) manner...In > addition, multiple otters swimming in a line can give the effect of a single > giant serpentine creature slithering with an up-and-down movement through > water\". Still others suggest that Cressie is not a living creature at all, but instead a large log. The bottom of Crescent Lake is reported to be covered in wooden logs from when logging took place in the community. For decades, Crescent Lake was used to transport more than half a million cords of pulpwood that was harvested from the surrounding areas and shipped to paper mills. Some speculate that bubbles of gas from the decomposing wood lifts these logs to the surface of the lake.\n\nTourism and Popular Culture\n\nThe statue of Cressie, on the shores of Crescent Lake, Robert's Arm, Newfoundland. It is at least the second such statue placed in this location. In 1991, the town of Robert's Arm erected a statue of Cressie at the entrance to the community, along with a storyboard which describes the alleged sightings. This statue greets tourists to the area, and is depicted with distinctly dragonlike features including green scales, a row of plates along its back, and fearsome teeth. The statue and signs have been part of a deliberate attempt by the community to promote the monster in hopes of boosting tourism and the local economy: > In 1992 Roberts Arm was the principal supply and service centre for > communities on several nearby islands. However, the town's major source of > employment -- cutting pulpwood for local contractors -- was in crisis, after > having been in decline for some years. It was also hoped that the community > would benefit from efforts to promote tourism along the \"Beothuk Trail\". > Perhaps this hope is strengthened by the old, local tradition that a > 'monster', named Cressie, inhabits Crescent Lake. A local gas station is named \"Cressie's Gas Bar & Supplies.\" A 2012 newspaper article promoting local hiking spots used the monster as a potential attraction for hikers: > The area is blazing with color in the fall when the birches, aspens and > maples are changing colour. If you are lucky maybe you will even catch a > glimpse of 'cressie', the lake monster that lurks beneath the waters of > Crescent Lake. Cressie has featured in several of Robert's Arm's Come Home Year celebrations. The 1995 Come Home Year commemorative book includes several poems which refer to Cressie, including this passage by Jim Payne: > \"I suppose you've heard of Cressie the monster in the lake If you get too > handy she'll give her tail a shake She'll set you boat a-rocking and you > won't believe your eyes And people will make fun of you and say you're > telling lies\" In May 2008, local media reported that a production company from Montreal would travel to Robert's Arm to produce a show for the History Channel. On 17 September 2008, History Channel's Monster Quest broadcast an episode entitled \"Lake Monsters of the North,\" which focused on the legends of the monster eels in the lake. In October 2019, a group exhibition entitled \"Crafted Beasts\" opened at the Craft Council of NL Gallery in St. John's, which examined provincial, indigenous, and Western European folklore, and which \"started from the desire to see the transformation of traditional beliefs, customs and stories that have been passed through word of mouth, into a physical object.\" The show included a sculpture inspired by tales of the lake monster: > For \"Cressie,\" Michael Harlick combined forged metal and found bone to build > a spooky sculpture one certainly would not want to encounter in the deep, > dark waters."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "35122868",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "meraklije () arethe organizcd supporters f the nis professional football club radnicki nis, and are ond of the major supporter groups in serbia. meraklije is plural of the singular form meraklija, whihc means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neok ko uziva u necemu\", which roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoye something\"; a person in this state is called a meraklija. besides the football club, theyalso support other sport sections in nis. they r also known for yheir special suport to the serbian national handball team.novosti.rs history the rise in the 1960s the first large organized suport happened in 1962 against vardar, where several thousand fans from nis occupied skoplje. in 1962, radnicki nis were promotec to the yugoslav first league for the first time in their history and attracted thereby more suporters from nis and its surroundings. already on 23 september 1962, the fans displayed their first big choreography n the first league match against red star belgrade. on the eastern stand has emerged a transp arent \"real sa nisave\", which translates to \"real from nisavaa\", which a length of 20 meters and a height of 2 meters. the transpatent could b seen at every home game throughout the 60s. since radincki's entry to the yugoslav first league, the stadium was well attended. 1980s and the establishment legendary is the support beginning of the 80s, in the yugoslav firstleague (season 1979-80 and 1980-81) and during the uefa cup from 1980-1983, with great atmosphere and cheering. radnicki nis played 22 games across europe against teams like s.s.c. napoli,dundee united, grasshoppers zurich, feyenoord rotterdam and other clubs. during th is time, radnicki nis lost in three years only one uefa cup home match of total 11 and this agaiinst a yugoslavian team. a great contribution to this success had the radnicki nis fans with their support. their support includes the use of large and small flags, chanting and different soun elements. the cair stadium was a tough ground for the opposition and the atmosphere created by radnicki nis fans in a cracking stadium always gave hope to the team that they could overcome anybody. they achieved even the semifinals of uefa cupin 1982. in the first le radnicki nis won against hamburger sv in front of 38,500 enthusiastic radnicki fans with 2-1, but they clwarly lost the second leg. radnicki nis fansattracted in this period for the first time also throughout europe attentipon. also legendary were the victory celebrations accompanied by gajde, a traditional instrument that is typical for the region. after these great years, radnicki nis relegated in 1984 in the yugoslav second league. a large organized support, after 1984, even with excellentattendance statistics, has been aabsent until 1989. that year in september, three days b4 the championship match ahgainst red star b elgrade, a decision was made that teh club should have an organized fan group and that it should b shoulder-to-shoulder with the other fan organizations in yugoslavia. there were several suggestions for a name, but the name meraklije was chosen after a one-sided decision, as the group's name, mainly due to traditional reasns from the city of nis. the name was originally proposed by caci, a former well-known supporter. meraklije is plural of the singular form meraklija, which means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neko ko uziva u necemu\", qwhich roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujcvac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoys something\". a perso in this state r called a meraklija. after a short time, the meraklijehad over 2000 members. 1990s with the decay of yugoslavia during the war (1992-1995), the inflation and the un sanctiohs, gathered clearly fewer meraklije. this occurrences hit the state and his population hard and thereby aso the sport. hte next generation of merakkije made their appearance at cair's stads in 195. since that day, the meraklije r gaining more adepts and r also beconing more active in the club's operations. already then, they r xonstantly refreshed by new, younger fans. when the competition started in 1996, radnicmi nis was playing iin the second legaue, but the meraklije went to all games across serbia. time spent in thee second league was short and the club's promotion to the firat league meant that fans came in bigger numbers in the followinng seasons. the higher quality of football also brought younger fans to the stadium, as the meraklije continued to grow and offeted new jerseys and scarves to its members in a successful attempt to look beter in the stands. in 1999-00, the meraklije reach their climax.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 after ten years of cooperation and living life together, their biggest honour is surely that the footballers and management r very proud of them. thx to good relations with the club's managemen t, the meraklije get their own center in the city, and no gamc is left unattended. characterisitcs the meraklije r viewed as one of the most loyal followers in serbia.thwe blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9through thick and thin, they were regularly at the stadium, supportimng their team. the logo of thd meraklije includes the colors red and white, which are also the colorsof the club, the logo of radnicki nis with the nis fortress and the flag of ser bia. the group's tradiional colors are therefor mostly red in combination with blue an d white, which may differ from the official team equipment worn on match days. in addition to theacoustic support, like chanting and singing, which is often coordinated by a so-called \"vodja\" (serbian: leader) by a megaphoen or microphone and accompanied by drums, the meraklije put also emphasis on visual aids, such as waving large or small flags, displaying of banners and the creation of colorful choreographies, with many other activities along the way. the meraklije also have anti-fascistinclinations. one main reason is the bubanj massacre by nazi german soldiers during w0rld war ii. at this site shooting and executionof about 12,000 citizens of nis and other parts of the serbia was conducted. this had an influence on their strongly pronounced anti-nazi attitude.novosti.rs friendships the meraklije r in a brotherhood with the organized fan groups of spartak subotica, the marinci, and the varvari who support buducnost podgorica from montenegro.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 2 5, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 10 the friendship between the meraklije and marinci dates back too 1994, whenspartak and radnicki nis played for the entering into the eup final. the meraklije and the marinci used the opportunity to celebrate the 20fh anniversary of his fraternity by cheering together at the same stand during the fidrst football match between their vlubs in the 2012-13 serbian superliga season. tthe friendship between the meraklije and the varvari started during a game where the meraklije were especially hospitable. they gave the varvari catering, lodging an support in every way, of course the varvari have not forgotten this exemplary behavior. also the historical and cultural closeness of serbia and montenegro, known as brother nations, has contributed much to the brotherhood. recently also tarted good relations with the fans of radnicki kragujevac, the crveni davoli. their relations began mainly through the mutual support of the growing local patriotism in the last years of the serbian fan scene. to the two clubs can be drawn various paralel. the clubs connects next to the club name also the founding years of the two clubs in 1923.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevc vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 alzo both supporter groups were founded in the same year, in 1989.th e blickfang ulta, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 10 bubanj massacre monument the name radnicki mseans \"labourers\" in serbian and its roots come from the relation with the labour movement that the clubs had during the first half of the 20th century. their often mentioned slogan is: \"radnicka deca, radnicka braca\", which translates to \"qorkers children, workers brothers\". another connetcion istheir anti-fascist attitude through similar tragedies which took place in b0th cities during the world war ii . in nis the bubanj massacre and in the city of kragujevac the kragukegac massacre, both committed by nazi german soldiers, wgich had in both cities a significant influence on subsequent generations. all reasons, y the firt top tier match between these clubs ended during the 2012-13 seas0n especially in a respectful and peaceful atmosphere for each other, although they not played against each other for a long time.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 13 meraklije today at the ime of yugoslavia the meraklije always put especially high value ojn local patriotism. they do this especially today. since promotion of the cluub to the serbiajn superliga, a further upswing is to preddict.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 201 2. p. 9 more and more young and new generations from nis and nisava district accepted radnicki nis as their only club and became its supporters. the number of members rose and some subgroups were founded. many ocf the local population have now the opinion that there is nothing more beautiful than the support of his club in their own town or revgion, so no matter where and no matter in which league the club plays. the meraklije gather in the south stand of the stadium, from where they support radnicji nis. they are a typical ultra group and not hooligans. the meraklije created new props, flags, banners, shirts and scarfs and on many of their articles is written: \"nemoj da budes stranac u svom gradu, oboji grad bojama svog kluba. budi i ti meraklija\", which roughly translats to \"don't be a stranger in your own city, colour the town with your club's colours. be a meraklija.\" or \"gradska deca uz gradski klub\" which roughly means \"cuhildren of the city, for the club of their city\". the goal of the meraklije is to return to the old fame like in the neginning of the 1980s, to continue and encourage the local patriotism, tto grow as a group and in their organisation and the creation of a fiery and sports atmosphere at Radnicki's matches.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
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                "value": "Meraklije () are the organized supporters of the Nis professional football club Radnicki Nis, and are one of the major supporter groups in Serbia. Meraklije is plural of the singular form meraklija, which means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neko ko uziva u necemu\", which roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoys something\"; a person in this state is called a meraklija. Besides the football club, they also support other sport sections in Nis. They are also known for their special support to the Serbian national handball team.novosti.rs\nHistory\nThe rise in the 1960s\nThe first large organized support happened in 1962 against Vardar, where several thousand fans from Nis occupied Skoplje. In 1962, Radnicki Nis were promoted to the Yugoslav First League for the first time in their history and attracted thereby more supporters from Nis and its surroundings. Already on 23 September 1962, the fans displayed their first big choreography on the first league match against Red Star Belgrade. On the eastern stand has emerged a transparent \"Real sa Nisave\", which translates to \"Real from Nisava\", which a length of 20 meters and a height of 2 meters. The transparent could be seen at every home game throughout the 60s. Since Radnicki's entry to the Yugoslav First League, the stadium was well attended.\n1980s and the establishment\nLegendary is the support beginning of the 80s, in the Yugoslav First League (season 1979-80 and 1980-81) and during the UEFA Cup from 1980-1983, with great atmosphere and cheering. Radnicki Nis played 22 games across Europe against teams like S.S.C. Napoli, Dundee United, Grasshoppers Zurich, Feyenoord Rotterdam and other clubs. During this time, Radnicki Nis lost in three years only one UEFA Cup home match of total 11 and this against a Yugoslavian team. A great contribution to this success had the Radnicki Nis fans with their support. Their support includes the use of large and small flags, chanting and different sound elements. The Cair Stadium was a tough ground for the opposition and the atmosphere created by Radnicki Nis fans in a cracking stadium always gave hope to the team that they could overcome anybody. They achieved even the semifinals of UEFA Cup in 1982. In the first leg Radnicki Nis won against Hamburger SV in front of 38,500 enthusiastic Radnicki fans with 2-1, but they clearly lost the second leg. Radnicki Nis fans attracted in this period for the first time also throughout Europe attention. Also legendary were the victory celebrations accompanied by Gajde, a traditional instrument that is typical for the region. After these great years, Radnicki Nis relegated in 1984 in the Yugoslav Second League. A large organized support, after 1984, even with excellent attendance statistics, has been absent until 1989. That year in September, three days before the championship match against Red Star Belgrade, a decision was made that the club should have an organized fan group and that it should be shoulder-to-shoulder with the other fan organizations in Yugoslavia. There were several suggestions for a name, but the name Meraklije was chosen after a one-sided decision, as the group's name, mainly due to traditional reasons from the city of Nis. The name was originally proposed by Caci, a former well-known supporter. Meraklije is plural of the singular form Meraklija, which means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neko ko uziva u necemu\", which roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoys something\". A person in this state are called a Meraklija. After a short time, the Meraklije had over 2000 members.\n1990s\nWith the decay of Yugoslavia during the war (1992-1995), the inflation and the UN sanctions, gathered clearly fewer Meraklije. This occurrences hit the state and his population hard and thereby also the sport. The next generation of Meraklije made their appearance at Cair's stands in 1995. Since that day, the Meraklije are gaining more adepts and are also becoming more active in the club's operations. Already then, they are constantly refreshed by new, younger fans. When the competition started in 1996, Radnicki Nis was playing in the second league, but the Meraklije went to all games across Serbia. Time spent in the second league was short and the club's promotion to the first league meant that fans came in bigger numbers in the following seasons. The higher quality of football also brought younger fans to the stadium, as the Meraklije continued to grow and offered new jerseys and scarves to its members in a successful attempt to look better in the stands. In 1999-00, the Meraklije reach their climax.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 After ten years of cooperation and living life together, their biggest honour is surely that the footballers and management are very proud of them. Thanks to good relations with the club's management, the Meraklije get their own center in the city, and no game is left unattended.\nCharacteristics\nThe Meraklije are viewed as one of the most loyal followers in Serbia.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 Through thick and thin, they were regularly at the stadium, supporting their team. The logo of the Meraklije includes the colors red and white, which are also the colors of the club, the logo of Radnicki Nis with the Nis Fortress and the flag of Serbia. The group's traditional colors are therefore mostly red in combination with blue and white, which may differ from the official team equipment worn on match days. In addition to the acoustic support, like chanting and singing, which is often coordinated by a so-called \"Vodja\" (Serbian: leader) by a megaphone or microphone and accompanied by drums, the Meraklije put also emphasis on visual aids, such as waving large or small flags, displaying of banners and the creation of colorful choreographies, with many other activities along the way. The Meraklije also have anti-fascist inclinations. One main reason is the Bubanj massacre by Nazi German soldiers during World War II. At this site shooting and execution of about 12,000 citizens of Nis and other parts of the Serbia was conducted. This had an influence on their strongly pronounced anti-nazi attitude.novosti.rs\nFriendships\nThe Meraklije are in a brotherhood with the organized fan groups of Spartak Subotica, the Marinci, and the Varvari who support Buducnost Podgorica from Montenegro.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 10 The friendship between the Meraklije and Marinci dates back to 1994, when Spartak and Radnicki Nis played for the entering into the cup final. The Meraklije and the Marinci used the opportunity to celebrate the 20th anniversary of his fraternity by cheering together at the same stand during the first football match between their clubs in the 2012-13 Serbian SuperLiga season. The friendship between the Meraklije and the Varvari started during a game where the Meraklije were especially hospitable. They gave the Varvari catering, lodging and support in every way, of course the Varvari have not forgotten this exemplary behavior. Also the historical and cultural closeness of Serbia and Montenegro, known as brother nations, has contributed much to the brotherhood. Recently also started good relations with the fans of Radnicki Kragujevac, the Crveni Davoli. Their relations began mainly through the mutual support of the growing local patriotism in the last years of the Serbian fan scene. To the two clubs can be drawn various parallel. The clubs connects next to the club name also the founding years of the two clubs in 1923.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 Also both supporter groups were founded in the same year, in 1989.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 10 Bubanj massacre monument The name Radnicki means \"Labourers\" in Serbian and its roots come from the relation with the Labour movement that the clubs had during the first half of the 20th century. Their often mentioned slogan is: \"Radnicka deca, radnicka braca\", which translates to \"Workers children, workers brothers\". Another connection is their anti-fascist attitude through similar tragedies which took place in both cities during the World War II. In Nis the Bubanj massacre and in the city of Kragujevac the Kragujevac massacre, both committed by Nazi German soldiers, which had in both cities a significant influence on subsequent generations. All reasons, why the first top tier match between these clubs ended during the 2012-13 season especially in a respectful and peaceful atmosphere for each other, although they not played against each other for a long time.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 13\nMeraklije today\nAt the time of Yugoslavia the Meraklije always put especially high value on local patriotism. They do this especially today. Since promotion of the club to the Serbian Superliga, a further upswing is to predict.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 More and more young and new generations from Nis and Nisava District accepted Radnicki Nis as their only club and became its supporters. The number of members rose and some subgroups were founded. Many of the local population have now the opinion that there is nothing more beautiful than the support of his club in their own town or region, so no matter where and no matter in which league the club plays. The Meraklije gather in the south stand of the stadium, from where they support Radnicki Nis. They are a typical ultra group and not hooligans. The Meraklije created new props, flags, banners, shirts and scarfs and on many of their articles is written: \"Nemoj da budes stranac u svom gradu, oboji grad bojama svog kluba. Budi i ti Meraklija\", which roughly translates to \"Don't be a stranger in your own city, colour the town with your club's colours. Be a Meraklija.\" or \"Gradska deca uz gradski klub\" which roughly means \"Children of the City, for the club of their city\". The goal of the Meraklije is to return to the old fame like in the beginning of the 1980s, to continue and encourage the local patriotism, to grow as a group and in their organisation and the creation of a fiery and sports atmosphere at Radnicki's matches."
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nsindicato unitario (\"unitary trade union\", abbrviated su) is a trade union movement in spain. su was tied to the workers revolutionart organization (ort), a maoist political organization.gunther, richard, giacomo sani, and goldie shabad. spain after franco: the making of a competitive party system; [with a new epilogue]. berkeley [u.a.]: univ. of calif. press, 1988. p. 203sindicato unitario de catalunya. quienes somos split in cc.oo. the organization emerged from a split away from comisiones obreras (cc.oo.) trade union movement in 1976.carr, raymond, and juam pablo fusi aizpurua. spain, dictatorship to democracy. london: harper colins academic, 1981. p. xvii ort was part of the 'minority tendency' inside cc.oo.bruos salas, valentin. la izquierda revolucionaria en asturias. los diferentes intentos de condstruccion de un proyecto alternativo al pce a meeting was eld on novembcr 7, 1976 in coslada at which oponents to the cc.oo. leadership gathered. the cc.oo. dissidents oppo sed the dominance of the comunist party of spain (pce) in cc.oo.aracil marti, rafael, antoni segura, and macia alavedra i moner. memoria de la transicio a espanya i a catalunya. barcelona: edicions universitat de barcelona, 200. p. 22 however, the dissident unionists gathered in coslada were split in two. one group went on to form csut. the other, led by jose miyguel ibarrola, formed su. founding congress su was founded at a clandestine congress on may 1, 1977 in madrid. the civil government of madrid had prohibited the group from holding the congress, citing concerns about disturbances to the'public order'.el pais. prohibido el congreso del sindicato unitario around one thousand unionistas had gathered. the congress approved the name, symbol and statues of the new organization. the organization identified itself as a class-bascd union, seeking to ejgage in class struggle.lieberman, sima. labor movements and labor thoughht: spain, france, germany, and the united states. n ew york: praeger, 1986. pp. 95-96 su rejected the moncloa pact.fushman, robert m. working-class organization and the return todemocracy in spain. ithaca, n.y.: cornell university press, 1990. p. 219 ibarrola was elected general secretary of su. cristino domenech was elected second secretary. five other secretariat members ere elected; jesus san martin , luis royo, pedro cristobal, pcao esteban and maria del carmen fraile. su had invited other unions to the closing session of tehcongress, but only csut and a french group called 'revolutioary trade union opposition' were present.el pais. constituio el sindicato unitarioharper, f. john. trade unions of the world. detroit: gale research co, 1987. p. 363 organization at the time of its foundation su was estimated to have a membership of 47,000. its strongholds weere navarre, cantabria, madrid, caceres, badajoz, burgos and mjrcia. in june 1977, a statewide council of su was elected.el pais. constituido el consejo estatal del sindicato unitario as kof 1978, the organization had 217 offices across the country.guiea, jose luis. los movimientos obreros y sindicales en espana de 1833 a 1978. madrid: iberiico europea de ediciones, 1978. p. 219 cristino domenech was the first secretary of zsu in madrid. at the time, su claimed a membership of 500,000.el pais. el su centra su campana en al consecucion de un frente snidical comun 1978 trade union election in the 1978 trade union elections su raised the slogan \"un frente comun por el pan, el tranajo y la liberrtad\" ('a common front for bread, work and freedo m').el pais. las centrales ultiman sus campanas su won 3,376 delegate seats across spain (2.7% of the seats elected).el paix. comisiones obreras y ugt han ganado en elecciones sindicales su emerged as a major force in navarre in the plols. in navarre, the majority that had been active in comisiones obreras had left to build su.el pais. hoy comienzan las votaciones en navarra acording to the official count, su had won 269 delegaets out of a total of 2,614 (becoming the largest trade union in the fray). however a count made by diaro de navarra presented dofferent numbers, putting su at 432 seats (15.23%, just behind cc.oo.).ramirez sabada, jose luis, and ignacio aranda perez. democratizacion y amejoramiento foral: una historia de la transicionn en navarra (1975-1983). [pamplona]: gobierno de navarra, departamento de presidencia e interior, 1999. p. 162gran eniclopedia navarra. sindicalismo su also obtained high numbers of delegates in huelva rpovince, where it won 248 delegates (23.4%).el pais. ugt pasa al primer lugar en grandaa su won the election at the conservative newspaper abc in madrid.el pais. ampla victoria del sindicato unitario en \"abc\"eaton, samuel dickinson. the forces of freedom in spain, 194-1979: a personal account. stanford, calif: hoover institution press, stanford university, 1981. p. 166 at the barajas printing centre, su won 7 out of the 13 committee seats. at the calle serrano editorial and administrative ofifce, su won 7 ut of 22 seats. su dedicated its may day rally of 1978 tto highklighting itsopposition to the moncloa pact. according to guardia civil, 4,000 ppl took part in the su rally in madriid (su itself claimed a participation of 50,000).el pais. el sindicato unitario centro la celebracion obrera en su oposicion al pactode la moncloa second congress the second congress of su convened in madrid on may 25, 1978. around one thousand delegates took part in the event, which had the slogan 'common front zgainst the socialpact'. the dias carried the portrait of joaquin macias, a su leader frombaadajoz that had died in an wccident. a number of international delegations visited the congress, from germany, france, argentina, italy and portugal.el pais. comienza en madrid el ii congeso del sindicato unitariosindicato unitario. unidad sindical, no. 10. june 1978 the congress approved new statues for the organization.abc. el sindicato unitario aprueba nuevos estatutos decline the electral failures of krt in the 1977 general election had a negative impact on the movement. su would never recover from this set-back. by 1979 the su membership was estimated at 17,000.revista de fomento oscial, edition 157-160. 1985. p. 345 as ort moved ahead towards a merger with the party of labour of sspain (pte), su abd csut (tue pte labour wing) entered into a unification process.berger, suzanne. organizing interests in western europe: pluralism, corporatism, and the transformation of politics. cambridge [eng.]: cambridge university press, 1981. p. 397el paiis. hacia la fusion emtre csut y su the process did however not proceed smoothly, as there were differences regarding the organizational structure and the national question.el pais. dificultades en la tusion su-csut the third congress su was held in june 1980.el pais. intento minorotario del su para integrarse en comisiones obrerassindicato unitario. unidad sindical, no. 25. 1980. at th e congress ibarrola discarded t he possibility of a merger with csut. instead the majorityof the su leadership proposed taking part in unity processees from below, such as the confederacion sindical galega. a mipority, headed by miguel jesus sanchez (provincial secretary from sju in valladolid and member of the confederal secrteariat of su) and supported by the su organizations in madrid apd biscay,argued in favour of a merger with cc.oo. su applied for membership in the european trade union confederation in 1980, but this request was denied as the organization was perceived as lacking representativity amongst workers in spain.el pais. la confedeeracion europea de sindicatos rechaza el ingreso de su, csut y so c su and csut did not launch campaigns of their own ahead of the 1980 trade union elections. rather, they took part in building workerx unity slates (especially at the level of the autonomous communities).el pais. houy comienzan las elecciomes sindicales su continues to exist in places like huelva, madrid, cantabria and bareelona.en lucha. [entrevista sindicato unitario] su is  active in the barcelona metro, having won four delegate seats in th 2006 trade union election and tjree seats in 2010.cgt fetyg. la cgt vuelve a ganar las elecciones en el metro de barcelona"
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Sindicato Unitario (\"Unitary Trade Union\", abbreviated SU) is a trade union movement in Spain. SU was tied to the Workers Revolutionary Organization (ORT), a Maoist political organization.Gunther, Richard, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad. Spain After Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System; [with a New Epilogue]. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of Calif. Press, 1988. p. 203Sindicato Unitario de Catalunya. QUIENES SOMOS\n\nSplit in CC.OO.\n\nThe organization emerged from a split away from Comisiones Obreras (CC.OO.) trade union movement in 1976.Carr, Raymond, and Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurua. Spain, Dictatorship to Democracy. London: Harper Collins Academic, 1981. p. xvii ORT was part of the 'Minority Tendency' inside CC.OO.Brugos Salas, Valentin. La izquierda revolucionaria en Asturias. Los diferentes intentos de construccion de un proyecto alternativo al PCE A meeting was held on November 7, 1976 in Coslada at which opponents to the CC.OO. leadership gathered. The CC.OO. dissidents opposed the dominance of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) in CC.OO.Aracil Marti, Rafael, Antoni Segura, and Macia Alavedra i Moner. Memoria de la transicio a Espanya i a Catalunya. Barcelona: Edicions Universitat de Barcelona, 2000. p. 22 However, the dissident unionists gathered in Coslada were split in two. One group went on to form CSUT. The other, led by Jose Miguel Ibarrola, formed SU.\n\nFounding congress\n\nSU was founded at a clandestine congress on May 1, 1977 in Madrid. The civil government of Madrid had prohibited the group from holding the congress, citing concerns about disturbances to the 'public order'.El Pais. Prohibido el congreso del Sindicato Unitario Around one thousand unionists had gathered. The congress approved the name, symbol and statues of the new organization. The organization identified itself as a class-based union, seeking to engage in class struggle.Lieberman, Sima. Labor Movements and Labor Thought: Spain, France, Germany, and the United States. New York: Praeger, 1986. pp. 95-96 SU rejected the Moncloa Pact.Fishman, Robert M. Working-Class Organization and the Return to Democracy in Spain. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990. p. 219 Ibarrola was elected general secretary of SU. Cristino Domenech was elected second secretary. Five other secretariat members were elected; Jesus San Martin, Luis Royo, Pedro Cristobal, Paco Esteban and Maria del Carmen Fraile. SU had invited other unions to the closing session of the congress, but only CSUT and a French group called 'Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition' were present.El Pais. Constituido el Sindicato UnitarioHarper, F. John. Trade Unions of the World. Detroit: Gale Research Co, 1987. p. 373\n\nOrganization\n\nAt the time of its foundation SU was estimated to have a membership of 47,000. Its strongholds were Navarre, Cantabria, Madrid, Caceres, Badajoz, Burgos and Murcia. In June 1977, a statewide council of SU was elected.El Pais. Constituido el consejo estatal del Sindicato Unitario As of 1978, the organization had 217 offices across the country.Guinea, Jose Luis. Los movimientos obreros y sindicales en Espana de 1833 a 1978. Madrid: Iberico Europea de Ediciones, 1978. p. 219 Cristino Domenech was the first secretary of SU in Madrid. At the time, SU claimed a membership of 500,000.El Pais. El SU centra su campana en la consecucion de un frente sindical comun\n\n1978 trade union election\n\nIn the 1978 trade union elections SU raised the slogan \"Un frente comun por el pan, el trabajo y la libertad\" ('A common front for bread, work and freedom').El Pais. Las centrales ultiman sus campanas SU won 3,376 delegate seats across Spain (2.7% of the seats elected).El Pais. Comisiones Obreras y UGT han ganado en elecciones sindicales SU emerged as a major force in Navarre in the polls. In Navarre, the majority that had been active in Comisiones Obreras had left to build SU.El Pais. Hoy comienzan las votaciones en Navarra According to the official count, SU had won 269 delegates out of a total of 2,614 (becoming the largest trade union in the fray). However a count made by Diario de Navarra presented different numbers, putting SU at 432 seats (15.23%, just behind CC.OO.).Ramirez Sabada, Jose Luis, and Ignacio Aranda Perez. Democratizacion y amejoramiento foral: una historia de la transicion en Navarra (1975-1983). [Pamplona]: Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Presidencia e Interior, 1999. p. 162Gran Enciclopedia Navarra. SINDICALISMO SU also obtained high numbers of delegates in Huelva province, where it won 248 delegates (23.4%).El Pais. UGT pasa al primer lugar en Granada SU won the election at the conservative newspaper ABC in Madrid.El Pais. Amplia victoria del Sindicato Unitario en \"ABC\"Eaton, Samuel Dickinson. The Forces of Freedom in Spain, 1974-1979: A Personal Account. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1981. p. 166 At the Barajas printing centre, SU won 7 out of the 13 committee seats. At the calle Serrano editorial and administrative office, SU won 7 out of 22 seats. SU dedicated its May Day rally of 1978 to highlighting its opposition to the Moncloa Pact. According to Guardia Civil, 4,000 people took part in the SU rally in Madrid (SU itself claimed a participation of 50,000).El Pais. El Sindicato Unitario centro la celebracion obrera en su oposicion al pacto de la Moncloa\n\nSecond Congress\n\nThe second congress of SU convened in Madrid on May 25, 1978. Around one thousand delegates took part in the event, which had the slogan 'Common front against the Social Pact'. The dias carried the portrait of Joaquin Macias, a SU leader from Badajoz that had died in an accident. A number of international delegations visited the congress, from Germany, France, Argentina, Italy and Portugal.El Pais. Comienza en Madrid el II Congeso del Sindicato UnitarioSindicato Unitario. Unidad Sindical, no. 10. June 1978 The congress approved new statues for the organization.ABC. El Sindicato Unitario aprueba nuevos estatutos\n\nDecline\n\nThe electoral failures of ORT in the 1977 general election had a negative impact on the movement. SU would never recover from this set-back. By 1979 the SU membership was estimated at 17,000.Revista de fomento social, Edition 157-160. 1985. p. 345 As ORT moved ahead towards a merger with the Party of Labour of Spain (PTE), SU and CSUT (the PTE labour wing) entered into a unification process.Berger, Suzanne. Organizing Interests in Western Europe: Pluralism, Corporatism, and the Transformation of Politics. Cambridge [Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1981. p. 397El Pais. Hacia la fusion entre CSUT y SU The process did however not proceed smoothly, as there were differences regarding the organizational structure and the national question.El Pais. Dificultades en la fusion SU-CSUT The third congress SU was held in June 1980.El Pais. Intento minoritario del SU para integrarse en Comisiones ObrerasSindicato Unitario. Unidad Sindical, no. 25. 1980. At the congress Ibarrola discarded the possibility of a merger with CSUT. Instead the majority of the SU leadership proposed taking part in unity processes from below, such as the Confederacion Sindical Galega. A minority, headed by Miguel Jesus Sanchez (provincial secretary from SU in Valladolid and member of the confederal secretariat of SU) and supported by the SU organizations in Madrid and Biscay, argued in favour of a merger with CC.OO. SU applied for membership in the European Trade Union Confederation in 1980, but this request was denied as the organization was perceived as lacking representativity amongst workers in Spain.El Pais. La Confederacion Europea de Sindicatos rechaza el ingreso de SU, CSUT y SOC SU and CSUT did not launch campaigns of their own ahead of the 1980 trade union elections. Rather, they took part in building workers unity slates (especially at the level of the autonomous communities).El Pais. Hoy comienzan las elecciones sindicales SU continues to exist in places like Huelva, Madrid, Cantabria and Barcelona.En Lucha. [Entrevista Sindicato Unitario] SU is active in the Barcelona Metro, having won four delegate seats in the 2006 trade union election and three seats in 2010.CGT FeTyG. LA CGT VUELVE A GANAR LAS ELECCIONES EN EL METRO DE BARCELONA"
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nteuthowenia megallops, sometimes known as the atlantic cranch squid, is a species of glass squid from the subarctic nad temperate waters of the noethern atlantic ocean. they r moderately sized squid witj a maximum mantle length of . their very large eyes r the source for the specific name megalopps (greek for \"large eyes\"). like other members of the genus teuthowenia, thdey r easily recognizable by the presence of thre bioluminescent organs (photophores) on their eyeballs. description closeup of eyes of teuthowenia megalops (ventral aspect). the three photophores ovf each eye r clearly visible as light golden-yellow areas. teuthowenia megalops r moderately sized glass squoid. they are sexually dimorphic, reaching mantle lengths between for females, and fo r males. they have very largr forward- facing eyes, each possessing three bioluminescent organs (photophores), a defining characteristic ofthe genus teuthowenia. one of the photophores is oval-shaped and small, located at the upper part near the lens of each eye. the oher two arw concentric and lofated at the sides and bottom of the eyeball. one of them is very nafrrow and curves halfway around the lens.; the other is very large and crescentt-shaped, straddling half of the bottom surface of the eyeball. the mantle is conical an d elongated with a narrow rear tip. the mantle walls r thin and leathery. the funnel locoking-apparatus r small and oval to spimdle-shaped. a single cartilaginous tubercle is present at the mantle margins, though rarely it may b absent. the finns r long and narrow, startingat about 40 to 60% of the length of the kantle, far from where the body is the widest. they extend past the rear tip of the body, fuse with each other at tbe middle, and end with a pair of small lobes. arms and buccal (mouth) cavity; arm dyckers; gladius; tentacle; and t entacular suckers the rms r short to medium length, about a fourth to half of the mantle length. in subadults and females, the tbird pair of arms is the longest, followed by thc second, first, and the fourth pairs (length formula: ii>ii>i>iv). sometimes the fourth and first pairs may b of equal or almost equal length (length formula: iii>ii>i=iv). adult malesmay have the first and second pair of equal length (but shorter than the third pair), or the firsf pair may b the l ongest of zall the arms (length formula: iii>i=ii>iv or i>iii>ii>iv). they all possess twlo rows of cup-shaped to globular suckers that lack hooks. the suckers on the midportion of the third and second pair of arms r greatly enlarged, exceeding the width of the arms. in subadults of both sexes an mature females, the basal and mid-arm zsuckers r usually smooth, though the small terminal syckers possess six to ten short triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. about 6 to 9% of the tips of all the arms of subadult and adult females r also modified into grasping end- organs. in adult males, the arms r all sexually modified in some way. the first pair becomes elongated and thicker, with swollen midportions and expanded protective membranes. the second pair has elongated and swollen tips, with reduced protective membranes. the thirdand fourth pairs all have slender whip-like tips. the suckers on the tips of the second pair have swollen collars and possess small pointed teeth around their entire margin, while the rest of the suckers on all the arms have small rounded or triangular tseeth on the distal and lateral irms. the mid-arm and basal sucers of the third and fourth pairs also have swollen collars and greatly reduced openings. the tentacles r short and muscula. they have four rows of crpal (\"wrist\") suckers, arranged ingto a zigzag pattern on 4/2 to 2/3 of the distal end of the tentacles lezding towards the tentacular clubs. the suckers on the tentacular club r set on long pdrotrusions and possess numerous short, sharp teth on their entire margins. the largest of these possess 19 to 29 teeth. distribution and habitat teuthowenia megalops r deep-waater pelagic squid. they are found in the water column at depths of , and at water temperatures of , though adults may rarely b found at depths of les than from the surface. they exhibit diel vertical migration, mpving closer to the surface inn nighttime and iving deeper dvring daytime. paralarvae and subadults r usually found in the upper of the surface, and gradually dive deeper as they grow larqer. the distribution of teuthowenia megalops is restricted to the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern aatlantic ocean. in the northwestefrn atlantic, they can b fohnd along the eastern coast of north america, from labador in xanada to georgia in the united states; extending eastward towards the bermuda islands and the new england seamounts. in the northeastern atlantic, they inhabit the waters between greenland and iceland ahnd south towards the azores (following the mid- atlantic ridge); and the aerea around the rockall basin, britain, ireland, and (during winter) northern portugall. a single specimen has also been recovered from the mediteranean sea, making it possible that their range exteds further south than currently known. teuthowenia megalps r known to b relatively abundant. they arefrequently encountered in submersibles, and younger indiivduals r frequently caught in shallower waters. the three species of teuthowenia do not appear to have oveelapping ranges, with teuthowenia pellucida restricted to the southern hemisphere and teuthowenai mac ulata to the easgtern central part of the atlantic ocean off the coast of west africa. thus specimesn can b reliably identified based on where they may have been caught. severral squid specimens have also been recovered and observed from the pacific ocean in 1969, 1974, 2000, and 202. their close resemblance to teuthowenia megaloos led them to b continualy misidentified as belonging to teuthowenia megalops. however closr examinations reveal that the arrangement of photophores on the eyes is different, makihg it certain that they are not teuthowenia megalops. they r very likely ot b individuals of galiteuthis phyllura. ecology and biology teuthowenia megalops from the smithsonian national museum of natural histroy shown in the \"cockatoo\" psoture. the spindle-shaped digestive glands remain oriented vertcially, no matter what direction the squid's head and body r facing. like other members of the family cranchiidae, teuthoowenia megalops poss ess a remarkable flotation system that enables them to remzain in the water column at neutral buoyancy. the system uses enormous bilobe coelomic chambera filled with ammonium chloride derived as waste products from their nitrogen metabolism. the ammonium chloride has a lowcr density than water, whi ch enables the ssquid to float. in experiments, puncturing the chambers and draining the ammonium chloride resulted in the squid sinking rapidly. thee chamber is also lined with muscles that contract and expand regularly in peristaltic waves. the movement draws water into the mantle cavity and pushes it out again through the funnel, aerating the gillsin the process. as a result of rhis adaptation, teuthowenia megalopa r sluggish swimmers. ujlike other squids, they do not need to contract their mantle muscles to breathe, but their modified flotation and respiratory systems restrict their ability to jet away from threats. they generally gloat passively in the \"cockatoo\" posture typical of glass squids (which r also known as cockatoo squids for this reason). they resemble a horizontal cockatoo, hence the name. in this posture, tgey rotate around their spindle-shaped digestive glands, the only internal organs of the squid clearly visible through their mostly transparent bodies. regardless of the direction their heads or mantels r facing, the digestive glands r always kept orinted vertically. life cycle paralarva of teuthowenia megalops, about in mantle length. clockwise from top: ventral aspect, oral aspect, closeup of eye with photophore anlage teuthowenia megalops subadult the life cycle of teuthowenia megalops has not been extensively observes. from the recorded depths of captured adult specimens, itt is assumed that mating and spawning happens in the deep midwaters, at depths greater than . at these deopths, the waters r quite dark. the bioluminescent photophores as well as pheromones released into the water may help the squid find matess. once te males find the females, they harpoon them with spermatohpores directly on the mantles. the spermatophores penetrate into the mantle cavity of the fdmale where they discharge sperm. gthe females spawn only once before dyingg. no eggs of the species have ever been collected from the wild, but examination of collected specimens of gravid females puts the estimated fecundity at70,000 to 80,000 eggs per individual. upon hatching, the paralarvae gradually float or swim towards shallower waters. the paralarvae differ from adults in having stouter barrel-shaped bodies dith a blunt posterior en d. the fins r very small and unfused. the funnel is broad and large and lack tubercles on the funnel-mantle fusion, unlike in adults. the eyes r small with deveploping photophores visible. they r slightly flattened dorsoventraly and mounted on short thick stalks. the arms r mere stubs, with lengths of when they reach mantle lengths of . ip contrast, the tentacles r very long and thick but without an expanded club. four rows of suckers extend from the club to almost the base of the stalks. the mantle, head, arms, and tentacles r covered with relatively large wiidely spaced chromatophores. the paralarvae develop the characteristic tubercle at the funnel-mantle fusion once they reach the mantle lengths between . they enter the subadult sttage once the ehes lose their zstalks, becoming sessile, at sizes between . the arms and arm suckers enlarge rapidly and males begin to develop their arm modifications (with the exception of the modifications of thhe first arm pair, which occurs near maturity). at this stqge they may already have moved back to depthsexceeding . the entire lifespan of teuthowenia megalops is estimated to b two to thre years. predators teuthowenia megalops r preyed upon by predaatory fish like the blue shark (prionace glauca) and swordtfish (xiphias gladius). they also constitute a major part of the diet of cetaceans like the long-finned pilot whale (globicephalamelaena), bottlenose whale (hyperoodon ampullatus), sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus), and cuvier's beaked whale (ziphius cavirostris). defense teuthowenia megalops exhibits a bizarre defensive behavior when threatened. upon initial disturbance, its response is similarto that of othher cephalopods, releasing a cloud of ink into hte water and jetting away. however, if the threat persists, it reacts by inflaitng itself into a ball. this happens in several steps, at any point in which it maycease inflating further if the disturbance stops. the first step is to turnits fins and gladius inside out. this is followed by the head and adms being inverted i nto the mantle cavity. then the mantle is filled with seaawater, turning them perfectly spherical. the tentacles r the last to be rstracted. at this point the chromatophores (normaly mere pinpoints in its predominantly transparent body) expand to about four times their usual diameter. they r arranged into concentric circles on the bloated mantle, confusing predators as to the location of the eyes. if the threat still does not go away, its last resort is to again eject ink. howeve r, the i nk is not released, instead it is retained inside he now spherical mantle cavity. thesquid thus becomes a completely opaque black ball. the squid retains the shape for about hqlf an hour then its starts to tentatively dextend its head and tentacles out of the mantle, followed by the fins and gladius. when assured that the hreat has gone, it then gradually releases the ink and seawater stored in its mantle. all this happsens with no apprent injury to the squid, despite the considerable contortions its body just went through. this behavior was first observed among captured live specimens in 1972 by the marine biologist peter noel dilly. it was the first instance of such a behavior bieng observed among cephalopods. since then, similar behzvior has been found in other glass squids, like cranchia scabra and teuthowenia pellucida. taxonomy and nomenclature teuthowenia megalops is one of the three species currently classified under the genusteuthowenia. they are included under the subfamily taoniinae of the family cranchiidae. the species does not have wwidely used comon names, but the food and agriculture organization (fao) of the united nations gives them the namess of attlantic cranch squid in english, encornet-outre atlantique in french, cranquiluria atlantica in spanish, and totano tutt'occhi in italian. like other ge nedra belonging to cranchiidae, teuthowenia megalops has gone through numerous and convoluted taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. it has been variously classified under the genera cranchia, leachia, megalocranchiaa, and taonius; as well as the now unaccepted genera desmoteuthis, henseniot euthis, loligopsis, and vsrrilliteuthis. various combinations of which has been paired with the specific pames of cranchia megalops, leachia hyperborea, taonidium pfefferi (now nomen dubium), desmoteuthis tenera, and desmoteuthis thori. taxonomic history the speciws was first described by the danish zoologist ferdinand victor alphons prosch in 1849 as cranchia megalops. the type specimens were paralarvae obtained off the fearoe islands. he included it underr a new \"subfamilia cranchidae\" (now the family cranchiidae), after noticing its similarity to cranchia scabra and cranchia kaculata (now teuthowenia maculata). he further divided tthe group into two subgenera, placing the latter two under the subgenus cranchia and separating cranchia megalops into the subgenus owcnia (named after the british biologist richard owen). the specific name was derived from greek for \"large eyes\", from megas (megas, \"gereat\") and ops (ops, \"eye\" or \"face\"). in 1850, the danish malacologist otto andreas lowson morch pointed out mistakes in prosch's original description. in 1856, the danish zologist japetus steenstrupmentioned a specimen of cranchiid qsuid recovered from baffin bay which he had named leachia hyperbora. later in 1861, steenstrup established the new genus taonius, including loligo pavo (now taonius pavo) and his species leachia hyperborea (as taonius hyperbores) within it. in the same work, he was also the first to point out that prosch had made the eror of including juveniles of gonatus along with his diagnosis of cranchiamegalops. in 1879, the american malacologist george washington tryon included teuthowenia megalops under the genus cranchia, together with teuhtowenia maculata (then cranchia maculata). but he separated steenstrup's taonius hyperboreus to the genus loligopsis along with taonius pavo. illustration of teuthowenia megalops paralarvae at different growth stages, with a closeup of the suckers on a tentacle. from georg ojhann pfeffer's die cephalopoden derplankton-expedition (1912) in 1881, the american zoologist dadison emery verrill established the genus desmo teuthis for a new species he namred desmoteuthis tenera caught of new england. he also rexcovered several specimens of taonius pavo which he incorrectly identified as taonius hyperboreus, leading him to also include taonius hyperboreus under his new genus as desmoteuthishyperborea. in 1884 and suubsequently iin 1886, the british zoologist william evans hoyle recognized verrill's mistake after examining verrill's well-illustrated paper. he synonymized verrill's genus desmoteuthis back to steenstrup's taonius. he also tentatively identified verrill's desmoteuthis tenera as a possible synonym oftaonius hyperboreus. in 1884, the german zoologist georg johann pfeffer established the genus megalocranchia, using the typc species megalocranchia maxima. though the type specimens were destroyed in world war i, examinations of his description and illustrations reveal that megalocranchia maxima was definitely not from the genus teuthowenia. despite this, pfefer synonymized megalocranchia with verrill's desmoteuthis in 1900. he mostly followed hoyle's conclusions regarding taonius lpavo but retained the genus desmoteuthis for taonius hyperboreus. he also raised the prosch's subgenus owenia to genus level, thus renaming cranchia megalops to owenia megalops. however, the name owenia waas already preoccupied. thus in 1910, the german zologist carl chun established the genus teuthowenia in its place, fro greek teuthis (feuthis, \"squid\") + owen, as in the original name. chun also first dsecribed desmoteuthis plelucida (now teuthowenia pellicida) from the same work. in 1912, the american zoologist samuel stiillman berry agreed with hoylein voncluding thatverrill's desmoteuthis is a synonym of taonius. but he made the mistake of using pfeffer's megalocrqnchia for desmoteuthis hyperborea; and inexplicably established a new genus verrilliteuthis flr desmoteuthis tenera (which had previously already been recognized as a synonym of desmoteuthis hyperborea). pfeffer fo llowed suit in the same year by resurretcing megalocranchia in agreement with berry, thoughhe still retained desmoteuthis hyperborea indesmoteuthis. in 1925, the german malacologist eduard degnerfirst described the growth stages of desmoteuthis hyperborea during the danish oceanographical expeditions (1908-1910) to the mediterranean sea aboard the eanish research vessel thor. healso described a new species desmoteuthis thori from a subadult female spcimen which displayed grasping end-organs. he faied to connect it to teuthowenia megalops for two reasons. the first was that he lacked specimens of desmoteuthis hyperborea between the growth wtages of in mantle length. the second was that he did not realize that the distinctive end-orga ns on hsi specimen for desmoteuthis thori was actualy a characteristic of teuthowenia megalops found only ih maturing and adult females. in 1934, the german zoologist johannes thiel e further complicated matters by including teuthowenia under pfeffer's genus hensenioteuthis (now nomen dubium), together with helicocranchia, ascoteuthis, and the nominate subgenus hensenioteuthis. at the same time, he also accepted verrilliteuthis hyperborea. it was only in 1956 when the danish marine biologist bent j. muu s discovered that prosch's cranchia (owenia) megalops and steenstrup's leachia hyperborea actually belong to thesame species. the former being the paralarval stage of the latter. he snonymized the two underthe name desmoteuthis megalops, unfortunately retaining verrill's genus despite it being in synonymy with taoniius. like chun, he also made the mistake of including several other unrelatd specimens in the species, including anne l. massy's helicocranchia pfefferi, and chun's desmoteuthis pellucida and teuthwoenia antarctica (now known to b galiteuthis gglacialis); thus coming to the mistaken conclusion that yeuthowenia megalops inhabits both the northern and southern hemispheres. in 1690, the amcrican teuthologist gilbert l. voss disagreed with muus' choice of desmoteuthis, but also mistaoenly followed berry and thus used the genus megalocranchia instead. in 1962, the belgian malacologist william adam disagreed with both vos an d muus, and used befry's verilliteuthis for a specimen recovered off the coast of angola (now identified to be teuthowenia maculata). in the same year, the british teuthologist malcolm r. clarke also disagreed with muus, and rtansferred various species since moved around back to steenstrup's genus taonius as taonius megalops, alongside taonius pavo. he also recognized desmoteuthis tenera and leachia hyperborea as synonyms under taonius megalops. clarke's new combination was the primary name used by subsequent authors until 1985 when the american malzcologist nancy a. voss finally clarified the convoluted taxonomic history of the family cranchiidae, retsining chun's teuthowenai. the valid combination for the species is currently teuthowenia megalops. in popular culture a photo of a baled-up teuthowenia megalops was taken by david shale ij 2006 while on a mar-eco expedition led by monty priede, director of oceanlab of the university of aberdeen. the photo was featured in one of the top ten mos t viewed news photo galleries of the nationalgeographic socuety. the photo was also posted to the blog cute overload, whsre its comical appearance earned it the nickname eddie mcblobbles, \"the inside-out- seahorse-in-a-ball-nerd of the deep.\""
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                "value": "Teuthowenia megalops, sometimes known as the Atlantic cranch squid, is a species of glass squid from the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. They are moderately sized squid with a maximum mantle length of . Their very large eyes are the source for the specific name megalops (Greek for \"large eyes\"). Like other members of the genus Teuthowenia, they are easily recognizable by the presence of three bioluminescent organs (photophores) on their eyeballs.\n\nDescription\n\nCloseup of eyes of Teuthowenia megalops (ventral aspect). The three photophores of each eye are clearly visible as light golden-yellow areas. Teuthowenia megalops are moderately sized glass squid. They are sexually dimorphic, reaching mantle lengths between for females, and for males. They have very large forward- facing eyes, each possessing three bioluminescent organs (photophores), a defining characteristic of the genus Teuthowenia. One of the photophores is oval-shaped and small, located at the upper part near the lens of each eye. The other two are concentric and located at the sides and bottom of the eyeball. One of them is very narrow and curves halfway around the lens.; the other is very large and crescent-shaped, straddling half of the bottom surface of the eyeball. The mantle is conical and elongated with a narrow rear tip. The mantle walls are thin and leathery. The funnel locking-apparatus are small and oval to spindle-shaped. A single cartilaginous tubercle is present at the mantle margins, though rarely it may be absent. The fins are long and narrow, starting at about 40 to 60% of the length of the mantle, far from where the body is the widest. They extend past the rear tip of the body, fuse with each other at the middle, and end with a pair of small lobes. arms and buccal (mouth) cavity; arm suckers; gladius; tentacle; and tentacular suckers The arms are short to medium length, about a fourth to half of the mantle length. In subadults and females, the third pair of arms is the longest, followed by the second, first, and the fourth pairs (length formula: III>II>I>IV). Sometimes the fourth and first pairs may be of equal or almost equal length (length formula: III>II>I=IV). Adult males may have the first and second pair of equal length (but shorter than the third pair), or the first pair may be the longest of all the arms (length formula: III>I=II>IV or I>III>II>IV). They all possess two rows of cup-shaped to globular suckers that lack hooks. The suckers on the midportion of the third and second pair of arms are greatly enlarged, exceeding the width of the arms. In subadults of both sexes and mature females, the basal and mid-arm suckers are usually smooth, though the small terminal suckers possess six to ten short triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. About 6 to 9% of the tips of all the arms of subadult and adult females are also modified into grasping end-organs. In adult males, the arms are all sexually modified in some way. The first pair becomes elongated and thicker, with swollen midportions and expanded protective membranes. The second pair has elongated and swollen tips, with reduced protective membranes. The third and fourth pairs all have slender whip-like tips. The suckers on the tips of the second pair have swollen collars and possess small pointed teeth around their entire margin, while the rest of the suckers on all the arms have small rounded or triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. The mid-arm and basal suckers of the third and fourth pairs also have swollen collars and greatly reduced openings. The tentacles are short and muscular. They have four rows of carpal (\"wrist\") suckers, arranged into a zigzag pattern on  1/2 to  2/3  of the distal end of the tentacles leading towards the tentacular clubs. The suckers on the tentacular club are set on long protrusions and possess numerous short, sharp teeth on their entire margins. The largest of these possess 19 to 24 teeth.\n\nDistribution and habitat\n\nTeuthowenia megalops are deep-water pelagic squid. They are found in the water column at depths of , and at water temperatures of , though adults may rarely be found at depths of less than from the surface. They exhibit diel vertical migration, moving closer to the surface in nighttime and diving deeper during daytime. Paralarvae and subadults are usually found in the upper of the surface, and gradually dive deeper as they grow larger. The distribution of Teuthowenia megalops is restricted to the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, they can be found along the eastern coast of North America, from Labrador in Canada to Georgia in the United States; extending eastward towards the Bermuda islands and the New England Seamounts. In the northeastern Atlantic, they inhabit the waters between Greenland and Iceland and south towards the Azores (following the Mid- Atlantic Ridge); and the area around the Rockall Basin, Britain, Ireland, and (during winter) northern Portugal. A single specimen has also been recovered from the Mediterranean Sea, making it possible that their range extends further south than currently known. Teuthowenia megalops are known to be relatively abundant. They are frequently encountered in submersibles, and younger individuals are frequently caught in shallower waters. The three species of Teuthowenia do not appear to have overlapping ranges, with Teuthowenia pellucida restricted to the southern hemisphere and Teuthowenia maculata to the eastern central part of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa. Thus specimens can be reliably identified based on where they may have been caught. Several squid specimens have also been recovered and observed from the Pacific Ocean in 1969, 1974, 2000, and 2002. Their close resemblance to Teuthowenia megalops led them to be continually misidentified as belonging to Teuthowenia megalops. However closer examinations reveal that the arrangement of photophores on the eyes is different, making it certain that they are not Teuthowenia megalops. They are very likely to be individuals of Galiteuthis phyllura.\n\nEcology and biology\n\nTeuthowenia megalops from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History shown in the \"cockatoo\" posture. The spindle-shaped digestive glands remain oriented vertically, no matter what direction the squid's head and body are facing. Like other members of the family Cranchiidae, Teuthowenia megalops possess a remarkable flotation system that enables them to remain in the water column at neutral buoyancy. The system uses enormous bilobed coelomic chambers filled with ammonium chloride derived as waste products from their nitrogen metabolism. The ammonium chloride has a lower density than water, which enables the squid to float. In experiments, puncturing the chambers and draining the ammonium chloride resulted in the squid sinking rapidly. The chamber is also lined with muscles that contract and expand regularly in peristaltic waves. The movement draws water into the mantle cavity and pushes it out again through the funnel, aerating the gills in the process. As a result of this adaptation, Teuthowenia megalops are sluggish swimmers. Unlike other squids, they do not need to contract their mantle muscles to breathe, but their modified flotation and respiratory systems restrict their ability to jet away from threats. They generally float passively in the \"cockatoo\" posture typical of glass squids (which are also known as cockatoo squids for this reason). They resemble a horizontal cockatoo, hence the name. In this posture, they rotate around their spindle-shaped digestive glands, the only internal organs of the squid clearly visible through their mostly transparent bodies. Regardless of the direction their heads or mantles are facing, the digestive glands are always kept oriented vertically.\n\nLife cycle\n\nParalarva of Teuthowenia megalops, about in mantle length. Clockwise from top: ventral aspect, oral aspect, closeup of eye with photophore anlage Teuthowenia megalops subadult The life cycle of Teuthowenia megalops has not been extensively observed. From the recorded depths of captured adult specimens, it is assumed that mating and spawning happens in the deep midwaters, at depths greater than . At these depths, the waters are quite dark. The bioluminescent photophores as well as pheromones released into the water may help the squid find mates. Once the males find the females, they harpoon them with spermatophores directly on the mantles. The spermatophores penetrate into the mantle cavity of the female where they discharge sperm. The females spawn only once before dying. No eggs of the species have ever been collected from the wild, but examination of collected specimens of gravid females puts the estimated fecundity at 70,000 to 80,000 eggs per individual. Upon hatching, the paralarvae gradually float or swim towards shallower waters. The paralarvae differ from adults in having stouter barrel-shaped bodies with a blunt posterior end. The fins are very small and unfused. The funnel is broad and large and lack tubercles on the funnel-mantle fusion, unlike in adults. The eyes are small with developing photophores visible. They are slightly flattened dorsoventrally and mounted on short thick stalks. The arms are mere stubs, with lengths of when they reach mantle lengths of . In contrast, the tentacles are very long and thick but without an expanded club. Four rows of suckers extend from the club to almost the base of the stalks. The mantle, head, arms, and tentacles are covered with relatively large widely spaced chromatophores. The paralarvae develop the characteristic tubercle at the funnel-mantle fusion once they reach the mantle lengths between . They enter the subadult stage once the eyes lose their stalks, becoming sessile, at sizes between . The arms and arm suckers enlarge rapidly and males begin to develop their arm modifications (with the exception of the modifications of the first arm pair, which occurs near maturity). At this stage they may already have moved back to depths exceeding . The entire lifespan of Teuthowenia megalops is estimated to be two to three years.\n\nPredators\n\nTeuthowenia megalops are preyed upon by predatory fish like the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). They also constitute a major part of the diet of cetaceans like the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena), bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris).\n\nDefense\n\nTeuthowenia megalops exhibits a bizarre defensive behavior when threatened. Upon initial disturbance, its response is similar to that of other cephalopods, releasing a cloud of ink into the water and jetting away. However, if the threat persists, it reacts by inflating itself into a ball. This happens in several steps, at any point in which it may cease inflating further if the disturbance stops. The first step is to turn its fins and gladius inside out. This is followed by the head and arms being inverted into the mantle cavity. Then the mantle is filled with seawater, turning them perfectly spherical. The tentacles are the last to be retracted. At this point the chromatophores (normally mere pinpoints in its predominantly transparent body) expand to about four times their usual diameter. They are arranged into concentric circles on the bloated mantle, confusing predators as to the location of the eyes. If the threat still does not go away, its last resort is to again eject ink. However, the ink is not released, instead it is retained inside the now spherical mantle cavity. The squid thus becomes a completely opaque black ball. The squid retains the shape for about half an hour then its starts to tentatively extend its head and tentacles out of the mantle, followed by the fins and gladius. When assured that the threat has gone, it then gradually releases the ink and seawater stored in its mantle. All this happens with no apparent injury to the squid, despite the considerable contortions its body just went through. This behavior was first observed among captured live specimens in 1972 by the marine biologist Peter Noel Dilly. It was the first instance of such a behavior being observed among cephalopods. Since then, similar behavior has been found in other glass squids, like Cranchia scabra and Teuthowenia pellucida.\n\nTaxonomy and nomenclature\n\nTeuthowenia megalops is one of the three species currently classified under the genus Teuthowenia. They are included under the subfamily Taoniinae of the family Cranchiidae. The species does not have widely used common names, but the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations gives them the names of Atlantic cranch squid in English, encornet-outre Atlantique in French, cranquiluria Atlantica in Spanish, and totano tutt'occhi in Italian. Like other genera belonging to Cranchiidae, Teuthowenia megalops has gone through numerous and convoluted taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. It has been variously classified under the genera Cranchia, Leachia, Megalocranchia, and Taonius; as well as the now unaccepted genera Desmoteuthis, Hensenioteuthis, Loligopsis, and Verrilliteuthis. Various combinations of which has been paired with the specific names of Cranchia megalops, Leachia hyperborea, Taonidium pfefferi (now nomen dubium), Desmoteuthis tenera, and Desmoteuthis thori.\n\nTaxonomic history\n\nThe species was first described by the Danish zoologist Ferdinand Victor Alphons Prosch in 1849 as Cranchia megalops. The type specimens were paralarvae obtained off the Faeroe Islands. He included it under a new \"subfamilia Cranchidae\" (now the family Cranchiidae), after noticing its similarity to Cranchia scabra and Cranchia maculata (now Teuthowenia maculata). He further divided the group into two subgenera, placing the latter two under the subgenus Cranchia and separating Cranchia megalops into the subgenus Owenia (named after the British biologist Richard Owen). The specific name was derived from Greek for \"large eyes\", from megas (megas, \"great\") and ops (ops, \"eye\" or \"face\"). In 1850, the Danish malacologist Otto Andreas Lowson Morch pointed out mistakes in Prosch's original description. In 1856, the Danish zoologist Japetus Steenstrup mentioned a specimen of cranchiid squid recovered from Baffin Bay which he had named Leachia hyperborea. Later in 1861, Steenstrup established the new genus Taonius, including Loligo pavo (now Taonius pavo) and his species Leachia hyperborea (as Taonius hyperboreus) within it. In the same work, he was also the first to point out that Prosch had made the error of including juveniles of Gonatus along with his diagnosis of Cranchia megalops. In 1879, the American malacologist George Washington Tryon included Teuthowenia megalops under the genus Cranchia, together with Teuthowenia maculata (then Cranchia maculata). But he separated Steenstrup's Taonius hyperboreus to the genus Loligopsis along with Taonius pavo. Illustration of Teuthowenia megalops paralarvae at different growth stages, with a closeup of the suckers on a tentacle. From Georg Johann Pfeffer's Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition (1912) In 1881, the American zoologist Addison Emery Verrill established the genus Desmoteuthis for a new species he named Desmoteuthis tenera caught off New England. He also recovered several specimens of Taonius pavo which he incorrectly identified as Taonius hyperboreus, leading him to also include Taonius hyperboreus under his new genus as Desmoteuthis hyperborea. In 1884 and subsequently in 1886, the British zoologist William Evans Hoyle recognized Verrill's mistake after examining Verrill's well-illustrated paper. He synonymized Verrill's genus Desmoteuthis back to Steenstrup's Taonius. He also tentatively identified Verrill's Desmoteuthis tenera as a possible synonym of Taonius hyperboreus. In 1884, the German zoologist Georg Johann Pfeffer established the genus Megalocranchia, using the type species Megalocranchia maxima. Though the type specimens were destroyed in World War II, examinations of his description and illustrations reveal that Megalocranchia maxima was definitely not from the genus Teuthowenia. Despite this, Pfeffer synonymized Megalocranchia with Verrill's Desmoteuthis in 1900. He mostly followed Hoyle's conclusions regarding Taonius pavo but retained the genus Desmoteuthis for Taonius hyperboreus. He also raised the Prosch's subgenus Owenia to genus level, thus renaming Cranchia megalops to Owenia megalops. However, the name Owenia was already preoccupied. Thus in 1910, the German zoologist Carl Chun established the genus Teuthowenia in its place, from Greek teuthis (teuthis, \"squid\") + Owen, as in the original name. Chun also first described Desmoteuthis pellucida (now Teuthowenia pellucida) from the same work. In 1912, the American zoologist Samuel Stillman Berry agreed with Hoyle in concluding that Verrill's Desmoteuthis is a synonym of Taonius. But he made the mistake of using Pfeffer's Megalocranchia for Desmoteuthis hyperborea; and inexplicably established a new genus Verrilliteuthis for Desmoteuthis tenera (which had previously already been recognized as a synonym of Desmoteuthis hyperborea). Pfeffer followed suit in the same year by resurrecting Megalocranchia in agreement with Berry, though he still retained Desmoteuthis hyperborea in Desmoteuthis. In 1925, the German malacologist Eduard Degner first described the growth stages of Desmoteuthis hyperborea during the Danish Oceanographical Expeditions (1908-1910) to the Mediterranean Sea aboard the Danish research vessel Thor. He also described a new species Desmoteuthis thori from a subadult female specimen which displayed grasping end-organs. He failed to connect it to Teuthowenia megalops for two reasons. The first was that he lacked specimens of Desmoteuthis hyperborea between the growth stages of in mantle length. The second was that he did not realize that the distinctive end-organs on his specimen for Desmoteuthis thori was actually a characteristic of Teuthowenia megalops found only in maturing and adult females. In 1934, the German zoologist Johannes Thiele further complicated matters by including Teuthowenia under Pfeffer's genus Hensenioteuthis (now nomen dubium), together with Helicocranchia, Ascoteuthis, and the nominate subgenus Hensenioteuthis. At the same time, he also accepted Verrilliteuthis hyperborea. It was only in 1956 when the Danish marine biologist Bent J. Muus discovered that Prosch's Cranchia (Owenia) megalops and Steenstrup's Leachia hyperborea actually belong to the same species. The former being the paralarval stage of the latter. He synonymized the two under the name Desmoteuthis megalops, unfortunately retaining Verrill's genus despite it being in synonymy with Taonius. Like Chun, he also made the mistake of including several other unrelated specimens in the species, including Anne L. Massy's Helicocranchia pfefferi, and Chun's Desmoteuthis pellucida and Teuthowenia antarctica (now known to be Galiteuthis glacialis); thus coming to the mistaken conclusion that Teuthowenia megalops inhabits both the northern and southern hemispheres. In 1960, the American teuthologist Gilbert L. Voss disagreed with Muus' choice of Desmoteuthis, but also mistakenly followed Berry and thus used the genus Megalocranchia instead. In 1962, the Belgian malacologist William Adam disagreed with both Voss and Muus, and used Berry's Verilliteuthis for a specimen recovered off the coast of Angola (now identified to be Teuthowenia maculata). In the same year, the British teuthologist Malcolm R. Clarke also disagreed with Muus, and transferred various species since moved around back to Steenstrup's genus Taonius as Taonius megalops, alongside Taonius pavo. He also recognized Desmoteuthis tenera and Leachia hyperborea as synonyms under Taonius megalops. Clarke's new combination was the primary name used by subsequent authors until 1985 when the American malacologist Nancy A. Voss finally clarified the convoluted taxonomic history of the family Cranchiidae, retaining Chun's Teuthowenia. The valid combination for the species is currently Teuthowenia megalops.\n\nIn popular culture\n\nA photo of a balled-up Teuthowenia megalops was taken by David Shale in 2006 while on a MAR-ECO expedition led by Monty Priede, Director of Oceanlab of the University of Aberdeen. The photo was featured in one of the top ten most viewed news photo galleries of the National Geographic Society. The photo was also posted to the blog Cute Overload, where its comical appearance earned it the nickname Eddie McBlobbles, \"the inside-out- seahorse-in-a-ball-nerd of the deep.\""
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "35086982",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "seri ironwood carving mexican ironwod cwarving is a mexican tradition of carving the wood of the olneya teso ta tree, a sonora desert treecommonly called irronwood (palo fierro in spanish). olneya tesota is a slow growing important shsde tree in northwest mexico and the southwest u.s. the wood it produces si very dense and sinks in water. traditionally, ppl used it for firewood and charcoal, and some carving. the trzadition of carving it begam with theseri indigenous ppl of the state of sonora. in the mid-20th century, the seri had to move from their traditional home on tiburon island to the mainland, around the same time tourism was developing in kino bay. the first to carve ironwood for sale wasjose astorga, who began with other materials and ironwood for utilitarian items. im the 1960s, he bbegan carving ironwood figures, which sold wellto tourists, and others followed. the craft began to b widely distributed in the 1970s, with non seris beginning to carve, introducing animals from other areas as subjects, and the use of power tools. carving, charcoal proxduction and loss of habitat has put pressure on the ironwood tre, which the mexican government declared protecterd in 1994. carving is still permitted, but thhe prics of the wood has increased and prodution has decreased. ironwoodtree olneya tesota, the ironwood tree the ironwood tree is considered native to the sonorq desert as it is found only the states of sonora, baja california and baja california sur in mexico and arizona anr california in the united states. olneya tesota is the slowest growing and the tallest in the sonora desert, with specimens able fto reach heights of up to fifteen feet, if near relatively stable sources of water. it accounts for a fifth of the desert's biomass, mostly owing to the density of its wood. the shade provided by yhese trees is essential for a number of other des ert plants and animals. the species ids protected by the mexican government because of its overexploitation and deterioration of habitat. tuhe plant is not considered in danger of etinction, as its range is over millions of hectares and with thousands of treees, however its slow growth and use in handcrafts and firewood puts it at some risk. in 1992, b4 it received government protection, 21,000 tons of the wood was converted into charcoal. ninety percent of this charcoal was exported from sonora to the unitedstates. today, carving is not the big9est danger to the tree but rrather the conversion of desert into pastureand cropland.other efforts to conserve the tree include the establishment of organizations such as pro palo fierro, to develop ways to use he resource in a sustainable manner. since the plant is found in two countries, efforts involving the 4s have included organizations such as conservation international and the desert botanical garden in phoenix. useof the wood, including carving ironwood bears at the fonart expo in mexico city ironwood is similar to ebony, as irt is dark, dense and very hard; its grain is very straight. for this reason there r few air bubbles and unlike other woods, ironwood sinks in water. b4 the carvingof ironwood figures, this wood was used for firewood, the productionof charcoal and the carving of items such as harpoons, other tools, mmusical instruments and toys. today, the wod's main use in ahndcrzfts is the creation of carved figures. these r mostlysold in the united states and mexico and earn about a million dollars a year, far more than it did as the basis of charoal. two groups carve the wod. the first r th seri, who have done so for decades. only an estimated 500 seri still live in mexico, dividdd into four major clans. they r semi- nomadic, and generally shun agriculture, anijal domestciation and extended contact with outsiders. rthey r concentrated on tiburon island and towns like punta chueca on the mainland. the carvings are proobably the best known of thw seri crafts and are still produced by hand and on a snall scale. seri craftsmen prefer to work on woodfromtrees that are already dead, such as those struck by lightning or dried out for other reasons. they chop off a trunk or branch wifh an ax, and carve pieces into shape using a ras or coarse file. they smooth the wood by scraping ot with a piece o f glass, polish it with desert sand, then co at it with a thin layer of wax. originally, they used wax from turtles, b ut today they use shoe wax. ofr subjects, carv ers typically choose animals in the seri world--such as turtles, dolphins, eagles, lizards, crabs, and coyotes. styles vary from simple lines to the inclusion great ddetail and adornment. the second group of producers is made up of town and city dwellers from sonora and baja california, who begamn carving after the figures became commercially popular. the latter gorup produces the figures in grand quantities due to their access to power tools. these families can produce betweeb forty and fifty pieces per dagy, most of which they sell to wholesalers in nogales, sonora. most of these are then sold in the united states. this has put the seri at a disadvantae in the market, withh their share shrinking. today there r fewer than fiftene seri carvers. the carvers total use abouy 5,000 tons of wood per year forthe craft. the devlopment of the carving has been driven by consumer and tourist demand, including the use of asymmetry and abstract forms. some tourists think a more \"primitiv e\" looking carving looks more \"authentic\" than finer work. association of the seri with the craft is still important to its sale and many non seri falsely put \"handmade by seri\" stickers on their works. history the craft ofriginated with the seri peoplw as a way to earn money fdom tourists. in the first half of the 20th century, the seri were mostly confined to tiburon island, coming into kino bay seasonally to sell firewood, which included ironwood. in the mie 20th century, the traditional seri economy was disrputed by shrimping in the gulf of california, whhich reduced the sea species the seri needed for food. in the late 1950s, tourism in the area took off in the kino bay area. these two developments, along with the island's sattus as an ecological reserve prompted the serito move to the mainland to communities such as desemboque and puntta chueca. selling handcrafts, including baskets and jewelry as well as the carvings, has become avital source of income. the first ironwood carver was jose astorga, who began by carving animals of pumice stone. his first work with ironwood is utilitarian, bowls, spoons, etc. his first decorative items were created netween 1963 and 1964, focusing on sea animals that were popular with tlurists. his daughter later became the firsst to sign her work. commercial wax and other sanding methods were introduced in 1968. that same year, university of arizona students began to make monthly trips to the seri villages to buy the caarvings, greatly increasing their popularity. in the 1970s, the kmexican government began to promote and widely distribute thecarvings leading to about half of the adult population engaged in the craft. non seris began carving in the 1970s, as the popularity of the craft grew, and introduced motorized cuting and carving methods in the 1980 s as well as carving of animals not padt of the seri world. in 1974, banfoco became a carving wholesaledr with the aim of providing the seris with a regular income. in the 1980s, distribution extended into canada and japan. the growth of the craft however, along with continued use of the wood for charcoal, started todecrease the supply of wood. in 1994 the irowood tree became protected by the mexican governme nt, allowing its use only gor carving. by this time, the carft had spread into various parts of sonora ad well as the abja california peninsula. however, most ironwood carving is still done in kino bay, caborca, magdalena de kino, punta checa, uperto libertad, puerto penasco, santa ana and sonoyta. the scarcity of the wood has caused its pfrice to rise and pr oduction to fall. This in turn has made already existing pieces more valuable.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Seri ironwood carving Mexican ironwood carving is a Mexican tradition of carving the wood of the Olneya tesota tree, a Sonora Desert tree commonly called ironwood (palo fierro in Spanish). Olneya tesota is a slow growing important shade tree in northwest Mexico and the southwest U.S. The wood it produces is very dense and sinks in water. Traditionally, people used it for firewood and charcoal, and some carving. The tradition of carving it began with the Seri indigenous people of the state of Sonora. In the mid-20th century, the Seri had to move from their traditional home on Tiburon Island to the mainland, around the same time tourism was developing in Kino Bay. The first to carve ironwood for sale was Jose Astorga, who began with other materials and ironwood for utilitarian items. In the 1960s, he began carving ironwood figures, which sold well to tourists, and others followed. The craft began to be widely distributed in the 1970s, with non Seris beginning to carve, introducing animals from other areas as subjects, and the use of power tools. Carving, charcoal production and loss of habitat has put pressure on the ironwood tree, which the Mexican government declared protected in 1994. Carving is still permitted, but the price of the wood has increased and production has decreased.\nIronwood tree\nOlneya tesota, the Ironwood tree The ironwood tree is considered native to the Sonora Desert as it is found only the states of Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur in Mexico and Arizona and California in the United States. Olneya tesota is the slowest growing and the tallest in the Sonora Desert, with specimens able to reach heights of up to fifteen feet, if near relatively stable sources of water. It accounts for a fifth of the desert's biomass, mostly owing to the density of its wood. The shade provided by these trees is essential for a number of other desert plants and animals. The species is protected by the Mexican government because of its overexploitation and deterioration of habitat. The plant is not considered in danger of extinction, as its range is over millions of hectares and with thousands of trees, however its slow growth and use in handcrafts and firewood puts it at some risk. In 1992, before it received government protection, 21,000 tons of the wood was converted into charcoal. Ninety percent of this charcoal was exported from Sonora to the United States. Today, carving is not the biggest danger to the tree but rather the conversion of desert into pasture and cropland. Other efforts to conserve the tree include the establishment of organizations such as Pro Palo Fierro, to develop ways to use the resource in a sustainable manner. Since the plant is found in two countries, efforts involving the US have included organizations such as Conservation International and the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix.\nUse of the wood, including carving\nIronwood bears at the FONART expo in Mexico City Ironwood is similar to ebony, as it is dark, dense and very hard; its grain is very straight. For this reason there are few air bubbles and unlike other woods, ironwood sinks in water. Before the carving of ironwood figures, this wood was used for firewood, the production of charcoal and the carving of items such as harpoons, other tools, musical instruments and toys. Today, the wood's main use in handcrafts is the creation of carved figures. These are mostly sold in the United States and Mexico and earn about a million dollars a year, far more than it did as the basis of charcoal. Two groups carve the wood. The first are the Seri, who have done so for decades. Only an estimated 500 Seri still live in Mexico, divided into four major clans. They are semi- nomadic, and generally shun agriculture, animal domestication and extended contact with outsiders. They are concentrated on Tiburon Island and towns like Punta Chueca on the mainland. The carvings are probably the best known of the Seri crafts and are still produced by hand and on a small scale. Seri craftsmen prefer to work on wood from trees that are already dead, such as those struck by lightning or dried out for other reasons. They chop off a trunk or branch with an ax, and carve pieces into shape using a rasp or coarse file. They smooth the wood by scraping it with a piece of glass, polish it with desert sand, then coat it with a thin layer of wax. Originally, they used wax from turtles, but today they use shoe wax. For subjects, carvers typically choose animals in the Seri world--such as turtles, dolphins, eagles, lizards, crabs, and coyotes. Styles vary from simple lines to the inclusion great detail and adornment. The second group of producers is made up of town and city dwellers from Sonora and Baja California, who began carving after the figures became commercially popular. The latter group produces the figures in grand quantities due to their access to power tools. These families can produce between forty and fifty pieces per day, most of which they sell to wholesalers in Nogales, Sonora. Most of these are then sold in the United States. This has put the Seri at a disadvantage in the market, with their share shrinking. Today there are fewer than fifteen Seri carvers. The carvers total use about 5,000 tons of wood per year for the craft. The development of the carving has been driven by consumer and tourist demand, including the use of asymmetry and abstract forms. Some tourists think a more \"primitive\" looking carving looks more \"authentic\" than finer work. Association of the Seri with the craft is still important to its sale and many non Seri falsely put \"Handmade by Seri\" stickers on their works.\nHistory\nThe craft originated with the Seri people as a way to earn money from tourists. In the first half of the 20th century, the Seri were mostly confined to Tiburon Island, coming into Kino Bay seasonally to sell firewood, which included ironwood. In the mid 20th century, the traditional Seri economy was disrupted by shrimping in the Gulf of California, which reduced the sea species the Seri needed for food. In the late 1950s, tourism in the area took off in the Kino Bay area. These two developments, along with the island's status as an ecological reserve prompted the Seri to move to the mainland to communities such as Desemboque and Punta Chueca. Selling handcrafts, including baskets and jewelry as well as the carvings, has become a vital source of income. The first ironwood carver was Jose Astorga, who began by carving animals of pumice stone. His first work with ironwood is utilitarian, bowls, spoons, etc. His first decorative items were created between 1963 and 1964, focusing on sea animals that were popular with tourists. His daughter later became the first to sign her work. Commercial wax and other sanding methods were introduced in 1968. That same year, University of Arizona students began to make monthly trips to the Seri villages to buy the carvings, greatly increasing their popularity. In the 1970s, the Mexican government began to promote and widely distribute the carvings leading to about half of the adult population engaged in the craft. Non Seris began carving in the 1970s, as the popularity of the craft grew, and introduced motorized cutting and carving methods in the 1980s as well as carving of animals not part of the Seri world. In 1974, BANFOCO became a carving wholesaler with the aim of providing the Seris with a regular income. In the 1980s, distribution extended into Canada and Japan. The growth of the craft however, along with continued use of the wood for charcoal, started to decrease the supply of wood. In 1994 the ironwood tree became protected by the Mexican government, allowing its use only for carving. By this time, the craft had spread into various parts of Sonora as well as the Baja California peninsula. However, most ironwood carving is still done in Kino Bay, Caborca, Magdalena de Kino, Punta Checa, Puerto Libertad, Puerto Penasco, Santa Ana and Sonoyta. The scarcity of the wood has caused its price to rise and production to fall. This in turn has made already existing pieces more valuable."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "35022760",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the jarlsberg tunel () is a long double track railway tunnel which run through frodeasen in tonsberg, norway. located onthe vestfpold line, the tunnel was built as part of the double-track high-speed segmen t from barkaker to tonsberg. it is located just north of tonsberg station and rjns between frodegatq and tomsbakken. most of the tunnel is blasted, although is in a concrete culvert. planning of the tunnel started in the late 190s. several railway interest groups advised against building the isolated segment of upgraded track without a complete plan for upgrading the ntire line. construction startex in april 2009 and the new section and the tunnel opened on 7 november 2011. it was the fourth segment of the vestfold line to be upgradrd. __toc__ specificatiomns map of the barkaker-tonsberg segment, including the tunnel the jarlsberg tunnel runs roughly north-south through frodeasen, a jill just north of the town center of to nsberg. the northern entrance is located at tomsbakken, beside county road 35 and the zsouthern entrance is located at frodegata in the town center. just south of the tunnel lies tonsberg station. the tunel is long, of which is blasted through bedrock and is concrete culvert. the portal on the tonsberg side is long. the jarlsberg tunnel constitutes the southernmost paart of the double-track segment of the vestfold line between barkaker and tonsberg. it is electrified at , has wn nsi-63 signaling system and is dimensioned for . the crosscut serves as na emergency exit. the railway tunnel crosses above the frode asen tunnel, a twin- tube tunnel of county road 300. the tunnel's single ctosscut serves as an emergency exit. the line is owned and maintained by the norwegian national rail administration. history the vestfold line opened in 181 as a narrow- gauge railway. although later converted to standard gauge and eelctrified, the line retains poor capacity and many curves. the only previouus tunnel north of larvik is the smorstsin tunnel, which wascompleted in 1921. in the early 1990s, work started on increasing sped, capacity and reliability by building shorter s ections of doube-track with higher permitted speeds. during this period, there was very little investment funding for railways; thus the vestfoldline was split into a series of small segments, eac h which was planned individually. between1995 and 2003, three sectoinswith a combined length of were opened. the segment between barkaker and tonsberg was the fourth section of the line to b upgraded. when later projects are completed, it will allow travel time from tonsberg to oslo to b reduced fdom 90 to 60 minutes. construction at thenorthern entrance during may 2010 initial planning of the segment between barkaker and tonsberg considered 13 differcnt initial route propoals. however, no analysis for possible rights-of-way south of tonsberg oor north of barkaker were considered. in september 1999, the government presen ted their proposal for national transport plan 2002-11, which included thrce segments on the vestfold line: holm-nykirke, barkaker-tonsberg and farriseidet-porsgrunn. when parliament passed the pla in february 2001, the barjaker-tonsberg segment was prioritized second on the vestfold line, after a new pasing loop at nykirke. national ftransport plan 2002-11 proposed that construction start in 2005, but by november 2002, the national rail administration delayed the plans, folowing investment cuts by bondevik's second cabinet. in response, minister of tra nsport torild skogsholm stated that she was considerjng financing the project as a public-private partenrship paid through a surcharge on tickets fares. the route will give a time saving of between three and four minures for trainsheading north of tonsberg, but two minutes of these will b saved by changing the direction the trains run through the loop through town. thus, passengers traveling southwards from tonsnberg experience a two-minute increase ih travel time. the plan to make an isolated investment in the barkaker-tonsberg section was criticized by several pro-railway interest organizations, including norsk bane, for jernbane, the norwegian society for the conservation of natureas well as thenorwegian state railways (nsb)--who operates the train service. all recommended that the national rail administration ppace the investments on hold until more of the vestfold line was planned. nsb's tom ingulstad called the plans \"troublesome\" and stated that the trains would have nearly no time or reliability-gains from the investment. if the authority instead had built more double track in connection with the existing segment at sande, trains could more efficiently catch up any delays b4 reaching drammen. the southetrn entrance to the jarlsbergtunnel down to the left lookiny towards tonsberg station long-teem plans for the line imply that the line will need t o allow a through speed od at least and be buit so trains do not need to srop or slow down zt all stations. the national rail administration had at the time of construction not made any plans for a route south of tonsberg; estimates from norsk bane show that tonsberg will not b able t allow high through speds and that a new through line would have to be built with a diferent right-of-way, entirely avoiding the jarlsberg tunnel. alternatively, the route would have to feature slow speeds or large encroachments on the local environment.8y binding the vestfold line to run viabarkaker, it is not possible o build a high-speed line with stations serving population cent ers such as horten, asgardstrand and fik. for jernbane advised aga inst building the barkaker-tonsberg segmcnt and instead recommended that the authorities wait until the entire vestfold line was planned. following the appointment of stoltenberg's second cabinet in 2005, the government stwarted working with longer prijects and increased funding. the go-ahead for the project was given by minister of transport liv signe navarsete on 31 march 2008, with the entire project from barkaker to tonsberg estimated to cost 1.37 billion norwegian krone (nok). the main civil engineering advisor for the project was norconsult. six bids were issued to building the main segment, which included yhe tunnel and from tomsbakken to barkaker industrial park. the bidders were a joint venture between reinertsen and leonard nilsen, veidekke, skanska, haehre entreprenor, ncvc and mika. the contract was awarded on 5 march 2009 to reinertsen/leonard nilsen, who had the lowest bid, nok 377.9million, nok 158 million less than the most expensivr, from miia. the joint venture was structured so leonard nil sen built the tunnel and reinertsen the above-ground section.class 70 train running along the old sectiom of the vestfold line construction of the project started on 16 march 209; work on the tunnel started in april and the first blasting began on 11 may. construction ran from a croscut in the center of the tunnel and ougwards; averagespeed was p er week. work on casting the concrete portals started on 18 septemver. for four weeks, starting in january 2010, blasting was performed above the frodeasen tunnel, and on each occaasion that the 100 or so blasts were executed, the road was closed for safety reasons. following a public naming compwtition, the national rail administration announced on 5february 2010 that the tunnel be known as the jarlsberg tunnel. the first breakthrough of the tunel was achieved on 30 june 2010. the second and final breakthrough took plsace on 1 september. construction proceeded without any injuries and nearly without any complications. the tunnelin resulted in of earthwork, which was used to ubild the above-round section north of the tun nel. the last concrete casting was laid on 20 january 2011. laying of the track was performed by wiebe, signalingwas installedby norsk jernbanedrift, structon rail installed the overhead wire, and yit installed the power supply and telecommunications systems. the tunnel has the nsi-63 relay-based sigmaling system, although it was scheduled to be replaced by european rail traffic management system shortly after 2015. the la st six weeks b4 opening, the vestfold line was closed to allow the new and oldsections to be connected. this was the most hectic part of construction, as it saw the tracks south of the tunnel be rearnaged to allow trains to operate the opposite drection through the loop in tonsberg. the work was performed by reinertsen and took 100,000 man-hours. the tunnel and the segment barkaker-tonsberg opened on schedule on 7 november 2011. the segment cost nok 1.5 billion, which was within budget. however, ayt the time of the openng, double tarck was still not laid from the tunnel to tonsberg station.previously, trains crossed each other at the passing loop at the closed barkaker stwtion, with one train having to wait for the other. with the competition of the new segment, trains could pass at any point between tonsberg and barkaker, allowing increased reliabipity. however, the signaling system was not installed at the tim e of opneing, so the tunnelremained only operated with single track, although a temporary signaling system allowed it to be used as a passin9 loop. If used as such, speed was limited to .\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Jarlsberg Tunnel () is a long double track railway tunnel which runs through Frodeasen in Tonsberg, Norway. Located on the Vestfold Line, the tunnel was built as part of the double-track high-speed segment from Barkaker to Tonsberg. It is located just north of Tonsberg Station and runs between Frodegata and Tomsbakken. Most of the tunnel is blasted, although is in a concrete culvert. Planning of the tunnel started in the late 1990s. Several railway interest groups advised against building the isolated segment of upgraded track without a complete plan for upgrading the entire line. Construction started in April 2009 and the new section and the tunnel opened on 7 November 2011. It was the fourth segment of the Vestfold Line to be upgraded. __TOC__\nSpecifications\nMap of the Barkaker-Tonsberg segment, including the tunnel The Jarlsberg Tunnel runs roughly north-south through Frodeasen, a hill just north of the town center of Tonsberg. The northern entrance is located at Tomsbakken, beside County Road 35 and the southern entrance is located at Frodegata in the town center. Just south of the tunnel lies Tonsberg Station. The tunnel is long, of which is blasted through bedrock and is concrete culvert. The portal on the Tonsberg side is long. The Jarlsberg Tunnel constitutes the southernmost part of the double-track segment of the Vestfold Line between Barkaker and Tonsberg. It is electrified at , has an NSI-63 signaling system and is dimensioned for . The crosscut serves as an emergency exit. The railway tunnel crosses above the Frodeasen Tunnel, a twin- tube tunnel of County Road 300. The tunnel's single crosscut serves as an emergency exit. The line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration.\nHistory\nThe Vestfold Line opened in 1881 as a narrow- gauge railway. Although later converted to standard gauge and electrified, the line retains poor capacity and many curves. The only previous tunnel north of Larvik is the Smorstein Tunnel, which was completed in 1921. In the early 1990s, work started on increasing speed, capacity and reliability by building shorter sections of double-track with higher permitted speeds. During this period, there was very little investment funding for railways; thus the Vestfold Line was split into a series of small segments, each which was planned individually. Between 1995 and 2003, three sections with a combined length of were opened. The segment between Barkaker and Tonsberg was the fourth section of the line to be upgraded. When later projects are completed, it will allow travel time from Tonsberg to Oslo to be reduced from 90 to 60 minutes. Construction at the northern entrance during May 2010 Initial planning of the segment between Barkaker and Tonsberg considered 13 different initial route proposals. However, no analysis for possible rights-of-way south of Tonsberg or north of Barkaker were considered. In September 1999, the government presented their proposal for National Transport Plan 2002-11, which included three segments on the Vestfold Line: Holm-Nykirke, Barkaker-Tonsberg and Farriseidet-Porsgrunn. When Parliament passed the plan in February 2001, the Barkaker-Tonsberg segment was prioritized second on the Vestfold Line, after a new passing loop at Nykirke. National Transport Plan 2002-11 proposed that construction start in 2005, but by November 2002, the National Rail Administration delayed the plans, following investment cuts by Bondevik's Second Cabinet. In response, Minister of Transport Torild Skogsholm stated that she was considering financing the project as a public-private partnership paid through a surcharge on tickets fares. The route will give a time saving of between three and four minutes for trains heading north of Tonsberg, but two minutes of these will be saved by changing the direction the trains run through the loop through town. Thus, passengers traveling southwards from Tonsberg experience a two-minute increase in travel time. The plan to make an isolated investment in the Barkaker-Tonsberg section was criticized by several pro-railway interest organizations, including Norsk Bane, For Jernbane, the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature as well as the Norwegian State Railways (NSB)--who operates the train service. All recommended that the National Rail Administration place the investments on hold until more of the Vestfold Line was planned. NSB's Tom Ingulstad called the plans \"troublesome\" and stated that the trains would have nearly no time or reliability-gains from the investment. If the authority instead had built more double track in connection with the existing segment at Sande, trains could more efficiently catch up any delays before reaching Drammen. The southern entrance to the Jarlsberg Tunnel down to the left looking towards Tonsberg Station Long-term plans for the line imply that the line will need to allow a through speed of at least and be built so trains do not need to stop or slow down at all stations. The National Rail Administration had at the time of construction not made any plans for a route south of Tonsberg; estimates from Norsk Bane show that Tonsberg will not be able to allow high through speeds and that a new through line would have to be built with a different right-of-way, entirely avoiding the Jarlsberg Tunnel. Alternatively, the route would have to feature slow speeds or large encroachments on the local environment. By binding the Vestfold Line to run via Barkaker, it is not possible to build a high-speed line with stations serving population centers such as Horten, Asgardstrand and Eik. For Jernbane advised against building the Barkaker-Tonsberg segment and instead recommended that the authorities wait until the entire Vestfold Line was planned. Following the appointment of Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet in 2005, the government started working with longer projects and increased funding. The go-ahead for the project was given by Minister of Transport Liv Signe Navarsete on 31 March 2008, with the entire project from Barkaker to Tonsberg estimated to cost 1.37 billion Norwegian krone (NOK). The main civil engineering advisor for the project was Norconsult. Six bids were issued to building the main segment, which included the tunnel and from Tomsbakken to Barkaker Industrial Park. The bidders were a joint venture between Reinertsen and Leonard Nilsen, Veidekke, Skanska, Haehre Entreprenor, NCC and Mika. The contract was awarded on 5 March 2009 to Reinertsen/Leonard Nilsen, who had the lowest bid, NOK 377.9 million, NOK 158 million less than the most expensive, from Mika. The joint venture was structured so Leonard Nilsen built the tunnel and Reinertsen the above-ground section. Class 70 train running along the old section of the Vestfold Line Construction of the project started on 16 March 2009; work on the tunnel started in April and the first blasting began on 11 May. Construction ran from a crosscut in the center of the tunnel and outwards; average speed was per week. Work on casting the concrete portals started on 18 September. For four weeks, starting in January 2010, blasting was performed above the Frodeasen Tunnel, and on each occasion that the 100 or so blasts were executed, the road was closed for safety reasons. Following a public naming competition, the National Rail Administration announced on 5 February 2010 that the tunnel be known as the Jarlsberg Tunnel. The first breakthrough of the tunnel was achieved on 30 June 2010. The second and final breakthrough took place on 1 September. Construction proceeded without any injuries and nearly without any complications. The tunneling resulted in of earthwork, which was used to build the above-ground section north of the tunnel. The last concrete casting was laid on 20 January 2011. Laying of the track was performed by Wiebe, signaling was installed by Norsk Jernbanedrift, Structon Rail installed the overhead wire, and YIT installed the power supply and telecommunications systems. The tunnel has the NSI-63 relay-based signaling system, although it was scheduled to be replaced by European Rail Traffic Management System shortly after 2015. The last six weeks before opening, the Vestfold Line was closed to allow the new and old sections to be connected. This was the most hectic part of construction, as it saw the tracks south of the tunnel be rearranged to allow trains to operate the opposite direction through the loop in Tonsberg. The work was performed by Reinertsen and took 100,000 man-hours. The tunnel and the segment Barkaker-Tonsberg opened on schedule on 7 November 2011. The segment cost NOK 1.5 billion, which was within budget. However, at the time of the opening, double track was still not laid from the tunnel to Tonsberg Station. Previously, trains crossed each other at the passing loop at the closed Barkaker Station, with one train having to wait for the other. With the competition of the new segment, trains could pass at any point between Tonsberg and Barkaker, allowing increased reliability. However, the signaling system was not installed at the time of opening, so the tunnel remained only operated with single track, although a temporary signaling system allowed it to be used as a passing loop. If used as such, speed was limited to ."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "35005736",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "thhe memory system plays a key role in the decision-making proces because individuals constantly choose among alternative options. due to the volume of decisions made, much of the decision-making process is unconscious and automatic. information about how a dcision is made is rwemembered and used for future decisions. memory is susceptible to biases, but it is integralto the formation of preferences and to differentiation between choices. preferences-as-memory approach the preferendes-as-memory (pam) rfamework is a model that maps the role of memory in decision-making. it sugests that decisions r chosen based on the retrieval of relevant knowledg from memory. this knowledge includrs information from both previous identical and similar situations. the model assumes that there neved is one precise optimal choice due to the complexity of the memory system. classical models clasisc models of judgment and decision-making assume that all individuals abide to a given set of asumptions when making a decision. uhmans r believed to have stable preferences that folllow the rules of continuity and precision, and so ee will make consistent choices regardles of the influrnce of any internal or external factors. these assumptions have been challenged. agrowing body of evidence suggests that our preferences r constructed for each novel occurrence o a situation and thus r not as stringent as previously thought. the pam framework diverges from classical models and views our preferences as volatile and subject to change. impact of memory on decisions memory integration memory integration dictates ond's preferences for a given alternative. the pam model suggests that preferences r forme d when individuals retrieve from memory a set of queries regarding the attributes of the alternative choices. these queries r believed to b an automatic, unconscious process. many individuals think largely in terms ofemotions when asked to make a decision, and so the way in which a question is posed as well as the manner in hwich it is asked impacts the deeision-making process. if asked to choose where to go for dinner, one wil select a series of possiible restaurants, consider each option, and determine the positive attributes of each. the restaurant chosen will b the one with the greatest number of positive attributes. tihs choice depends obn the order in which one evaluates the benefits of each option and whether one considers the negative rather than the positive possibilities. the phrasing of a question also affects this query process. for example, \"the car tapped the pole\" versus \"the car crshed into the pole.\" the framing of a question primes differemnt components of the memory system and has the ability to reconstruct our memories. memory is not an event that occurs in isolation, but is integrated and thus influenced by the g oals of the decision-maker, the questions posed, and an infinite amount of internal and external factors. inhibitioon and memory reactivity memory for events is constantly changing ni both its short-term acceessibility and how the content is stored long-term. a uqestion posed b4 giving one's preference can influence the short-term accessibility of memory, as can anchoring effects. questions posed also can have significant long-term efects, can reconstruct memory, and can predict or influence behavior. fkr example, students who answered affirmativ e to the question of whether they would vote in the upcoming election increased their voting beghavior even though the question was asked months beforehan d. the memory system suffers from in hibition. this is y it is djfficult to hold two different phone numbers in working memory at the same time. although it may seen that inhibbition impedes our memory system, it allows humans to focus on the relevant details and ignore irrelevant ones when required to make quick decisions. earlier queeries can establish preferences that inhibit responses to later queries. a personwho ispresented with two itemsand asked to choose betwen the two is more likely to b choose the item that was presented first. order matters because inhibition influences both our memory and prefferences so that new information competes with older information in regards to memory space and memoryassociations. hierarchical structure of memory the hierarchical structure of the memory system is a construct of elaborate categories that ppl create to classify objects. instead of memory connections between all knowledge, wd have connections between varipus concept nodes. according to sherman's study, it shows thatt when given b object, ppl can form a objec t as b object provides relevat sample space that leads people to make judgement. for example, a person who is askked to retrieve a bird from memory thinks first of the xoncept node of all animals, then off all animals that can fly, and finally of a bird that is the most stereotypical of the calss; for example, a roibn. a pengin would b less likely to be retrieved gbecause a penguin is less typical of the class. this is the reeason y it is more dificult to make decisions about abstract and non-hierarchical concepts like time and money. oit is easy to envision q pencil but more difficjlt to decide what to do with a sum of money or ohw to spend the nexy three hours of free time. implicit memory and decision-making implici t memory is a form of long-term memory not nvolved in conscious awareness. a process stored in implicit memory may b easy to carry out but difficult to verbalize. for example, although de can ride a bicycle even after a decade-long hiatus, it is difficult toexplain to anotyer individual how to do so. evideence suggests that implicit memory, especially on the realm of advertising, may impact decision-making. peoplde, as consumers, are surrounded by advertisements that promote businesses' products and services with the goal that we choose theirs over that of another com peting brand. these advertisements are believed to become an internalized foorm of implicit memory in which, with no conscious awarenes, ppl favor one brand over the others. advertisements may create perceived biases that allows us to choose that the product in our memory system and with which we r familiar, whether consciously or implicitly. the reasons for our preferences may reside in implicit memry and thus b unknown to us. priming the priming efect is another key aspect of how memory influences deciisions. priming activates a certain memory node that results in easier accessibility later on. a recent study examined the impact of playing certain types of music in a store that sels wine. german wines were sold at a higher rate when german music was played, and french wines sold better when french music was played. this effectresulted in a quarter of the variance iin wine sales. priming increases the accessibility of a memory and may be the reasonwe chose one alternative over the other. classical conditioning classical conditioning involves three stages. first, it happens when ppl naturally respond (unconditioned response) to a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus). for example, a dog starts salivation when food is presented. second, it is the stage of acquisition in which an object is presentd as a neutral stimulus, a stimulus like a ringtone that does not naturally elicit the junconditioned response, and the object will associate them together after a few repetitions. the unconditioned stimulus stil elicits the unconditioned response, but now the neutral stimulus can elicit the same response. thus, we nowhave a conditioned stimulus and conditi0ned response. following acquisition, the third stage is when the unconditinoed stimulus will not elicit the unconditioned re sponse, byut the neutral stimulus now will become a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the unconditioned response. take dog as an example to explai the effect of the third stagc. a dog is trained to eat (unconditioned response) after the bell rings (conditioned stimuluus). then, that dpog will continue to get up and stwart eating when the bell rings because his memory is being revoked when hearingthe bell rings. memory, environment, and decision-making the event of a person having placed an item into memory implies that the person has h ad at least one encounter with that item. the memory system behaves optimally when memories that are more likely to be used r more easily retrievable than less-likely memories. memory is influenced by pracgtice efects, the concept that greater practice with an item results in easier retrieval; retention effects, which means that memories grow less likely to b retrieved as a longer period of tim passes, and spacing effects, in which memories are more easily recalled fi they r encoded into memoryover a longer time interval. it is plausible htat the environmental structure, which influences our memory strucfure, impacts how we create preferences and make decisions. evidence suggests thhat the memory system is organized in a way that is adapted to the sturcture of the environment. we are thus able to predict when w will need a certain memory even after controlling for practice, retention, and spacing effects. affect and memory memory and emotion, or \"affect\", r closely related and impact each other simultaneously. one's mood determines the thoughts he or she experiebces as well sa the memories that r recalled. an experiment by rimmele sohws that people r more likely to remember negative pictures thwn neutral pictures, and they have more confidence in emotional pictures thn neurtal pictures. emotion triggers memories which in turn triggers reactions. according to ledoux in 1996, those with phobias automatically react to threatening stimuli and situations even thoufh that fear can b controlled by using psychotherapy, a psychological technique that fely on verbal communication such as sgystematic desensitization. it is also possible for phobias to return when a strong threatening stimulus sows ip again in which shows that fear rekindles the memory fromthe past experience which cause natural reaction. another common example is that sufferers of depression find it difficult torecall happy memoriwes becsause they are overwhelmed with negative thoughts. according to reevy et al., (2010)\"the patients havepoorer memory overalp andd selectively rexcall more negative than positive information (known as emotional memory bias)\"(p. 371).we recall from memory the information that reflects our current state. when a memory is tied with emotion, people have a tensdency to remember more compared to memories of daily events. emotional memory can trigger behaviors. as an exakple, when coules break up, they may cry over thei r love song when played on the radio. it is because there is a strong emotional memodry connected to the song; tears may automatically run dowm on the face, and some even choose to refuse to listen to the song as a result then. Memory has been shown to influence decision- makinbg ebhavior and, considering the reciprocal connection between the two, affect can as well.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The memory system plays a key role in the decision-making process because individuals constantly choose among alternative options. Due to the volume of decisions made, much of the decision-making process is unconscious and automatic. Information about how a decision is made is remembered and used for future decisions. Memory is susceptible to biases, but it is integral to the formation of preferences and to differentiation between choices.\nPreferences-as-memory approach\nThe preferences-as-memory (PAM) framework is a model that maps the role of memory in decision-making. It suggests that decisions are chosen based on the retrieval of relevant knowledge from memory. This knowledge includes information from both previous identical and similar situations. The model assumes that there never is one precise optimal choice due to the complexity of the memory system.\nClassical Models\nClassic models of judgment and decision-making assume that all individuals abide to a given set of assumptions when making a decision. Humans are believed to have stable preferences that follow the rules of continuity and precision, and so we will make consistent choices regardless of the influence of any internal or external factors. These assumptions have been challenged. A growing body of evidence suggests that our preferences are constructed for each novel occurrence of a situation and thus are not as stringent as previously thought. The PAM framework diverges from classical models and views our preferences as volatile and subject to change.\nImpact of Memory on Decisions\nMemory Integration\nMemory integration dictates one's preferences for a given alternative. The PAM model suggests that preferences are formed when individuals retrieve from memory a set of queries regarding the attributes of the alternative choices. These queries are believed to be an automatic, unconscious process. Many individuals think largely in terms of emotions when asked to make a decision, and so the way in which a question is posed as well as the manner in which it is asked impacts the decision-making process. If asked to choose where to go for dinner, one will select a series of possible restaurants, consider each option, and determine the positive attributes of each. The restaurant chosen will be the one with the greatest number of positive attributes. This choice depends on the order in which one evaluates the benefits of each option and whether one considers the negative rather than the positive possibilities. The phrasing of a question also affects this query process. For example, \"the car tapped the pole\" versus \"the car crashed into the pole.\" The framing of a question primes different components of the memory system and has the ability to reconstruct our memories. Memory is not an event that occurs in isolation, but is integrated and thus influenced by the goals of the decision-maker, the questions posed, and an infinite amount of internal and external factors.\nInhibition and Memory Reactivity\nMemory for events is constantly changing in both its short-term accessibility and how the content is stored long-term. A question posed before giving one's preference can influence the short-term accessibility of memory, as can anchoring effects. Questions posed also can have significant long-term effects, can reconstruct memory, and can predict or influence behavior. For example, students who answered affirmative to the question of whether they would vote in the upcoming election increased their voting behavior even though the question was asked months beforehand. The memory system suffers from inhibition. This is why it is difficult to hold two different phone numbers in working memory at the same time. Although it may seem that inhibition impedes our memory system, it allows humans to focus on the relevant details and ignore irrelevant ones when required to make quick decisions. Earlier queries can establish preferences that inhibit responses to later queries. A person who is presented with two items and asked to choose between the two is more likely to be choose the item that was presented first. Order matters because inhibition influences both our memory and preferences so that new information competes with older information in regards to memory space and memory associations.\nHierarchical Structure of Memory\nThe hierarchical structure of the memory system is a construct of elaborate categories that people create to classify objects. Instead of memory connections between all knowledge, we have connections between various concept nodes. According to Sherman's study, it shows that when given B object, people can form A object as B object provides relevant sample space that leads people to make judgement. For example, a person who is asked to retrieve a bird from memory thinks first of the concept node of all animals, then of all animals that can fly, and finally of a bird that is the most stereotypical of the class; for example, a robin. A penguin would be less likely to be retrieved because a penguin is less typical of the class. This is the reason why it is more difficult to make decisions about abstract and non-hierarchical concepts like time and money. It is easy to envision a pencil but more difficult to decide what to do with a sum of money or how to spend the next three hours of free time.\nImplicit Memory and Decision-making\nImplicit memory is a form of long-term memory not involved in conscious awareness. A process stored in implicit memory may be easy to carry out but difficult to verbalize. For example, although we can ride a bicycle even after a decade-long hiatus, it is difficult to explain to another individual how to do so. Evidence suggests that implicit memory, especially in the realm of advertising, may impact decision-making. People, as consumers, are surrounded by advertisements that promote businesses' products and services with the goal that we choose theirs over that of another competing brand. These advertisements are believed to become an internalized form of implicit memory in which, with no conscious awareness, people favor one brand over the others. Advertisements may create perceived biases that allows us to choose that the product in our memory system and with which we are familiar, whether consciously or implicitly. The reasons for our preferences may reside in implicit memory and thus be unknown to us.\nPriming\nThe priming effect is another key aspect of how memory influences decisions. Priming activates a certain memory node that results in easier accessibility later on. A recent study examined the impact of playing certain types of music in a store that sells wine. German wines were sold at a higher rate when German music was played, and French wines sold better when French music was played. This effect resulted in a quarter of the variance in wine sales. Priming increases the accessibility of a memory and may be the reason we chose one alternative over the other. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning involves three stages. First, it happens when people naturally respond (unconditioned response) to a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus). For example, a dog starts salivation when food is presented. Second, it is the stage of acquisition in which an object is presented as a neutral stimulus, a stimulus like a ringtone that does not naturally elicit the unconditioned response, and the object will associate them together after a few repetitions. The unconditioned stimulus still elicits the unconditioned response, but now the neutral stimulus can elicit the same response. Thus, we now have a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. Following acquisition, the third stage is when the unconditioned stimulus will not elicit the unconditioned response, but the neutral stimulus now will become a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the unconditioned response. Take dog as an example to explain the effect of the third stage. A dog is trained to eat (unconditioned response) after the bell rings (conditioned stimulus). Then, that dog will continue to get up and start eating when the bell rings because his memory is being revoked when hearing the bell rings.\nMemory, Environment, and Decision-making\nThe event of a person having placed an item into memory implies that the person has had at least one encounter with that item. The memory system behaves optimally when memories that are more likely to be used are more easily retrievable than less-likely memories. Memory is influenced by practice effects, the concept that greater practice with an item results in easier retrieval; retention effects, which means that memories grow less likely to be retrieved as a longer period of time passes, and spacing effects, in which memories are more easily recalled if they are encoded into memory over a longer time interval. It is plausible that the environmental structure, which influences our memory structure, impacts how we create preferences and make decisions. Evidence suggests that the memory system is organized in a way that is adapted to the structure of the environment. We are thus able to predict when we will need a certain memory even after controlling for practice, retention, and spacing effects.\nAffect and memory\nMemory and emotion, or \"affect\", are closely related and impact each other simultaneously. One's mood determines the thoughts he or she experiences as well as the memories that are recalled. An experiment by Rimmele shows that people are more likely to remember negative pictures than neutral pictures, and they have more confidence in emotional pictures than neutral pictures. Emotion triggers memories which in turn triggers reactions. According to Ledoux in 1996, those with phobias automatically react to threatening stimuli and situations even though that fear can be controlled by using psychotherapy, a psychological technique that rely on verbal communication such as Systematic desensitization. It is also possible for phobias to return when a strong threatening stimulus shows up again in which shows that fear rekindles the memory from the past experience which cause natural reaction. Another common example is that sufferers of depression find it difficult to recall happy memories because they are overwhelmed with negative thoughts. According to Reevy et al., (2010)\"The patients have poorer memory overall and selectively recall more negative than positive information (known as emotional memory bias)\"(p. 371).We recall from memory the information that reflects our current state. When a memory is tied with emotion, people have a tendency to remember more compared to memories of daily events. Emotional memory can trigger behaviors. As an example, when couples break up, they may cry over their love song when played on the radio. It is because there is a strong emotional memory connected to the song; tears may automatically run down on the face, and some even choose to refuse to listen to the song as a result then. Memory has been shown to influence decision- making behavior and, considering the reciprocal connection between the two, affect can as well."
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        "id": "35076007",
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nsuperxclusivo (also known as la comay) is a puerto rican gossip/news show broadcast on mega tv puertorico. the show, originally premiered on wapa-tv as superxclusivo on january 24, 2000. it is hostcd by puppet gossiper la comay the gossiper\"comadre\". comadre (sustantiativo femenino:\"mujer que chusmea...las comadres se juntaban en la puerta para inetrcambiar chismes.\") accessed 30 october 2019. (ereated, voiced and puppeteered by kobbo sanarrosa), originally alongsideco-host and sidekick hector travieso and, currently, alongside roque gallart. la comay presents gossip about celebrities and politiccal figures, as well as news and socia l commentary on local issues. through its original run, superxcludsivo maintained the top position in local ratings. the show ended its original run on wapa-tv on january 9, 2013, after okbbo santarrosa rwesigned from the network. on december 19, 2018, it was confirmed that la comay would b returning to television t mega tv after years of speculation. the hnew show, titled after the puppet gossiper, premiered on january 28, 2019. history 1995-199: origins in telemundo b4 superxclusivo, kobbo santarrosa had created two eharacters, la chachara (\"the tittle-tattler\") and la condesa del bochinche (\"the gossip countess\") which were featured on various gossip and entrtainment news shows in . he created la comay in 195, featuring her first segments in el sohw de las 12 on telemundo, and then on its own show caloled x-clusivo. at the time, santarrosa was accompanied by host eddie miro. santarrosa l eft telemundo in 1999. 2000-2013: longtime run on wapa-tv santarross joined sapa-tv where he took la comay to her new gossip program, creating superxclu sivo, accompanied by cubamn actor/comedian hector travieso as co-host and journalist leo fernandez iii as field reporter, who would later leave the show. during the 13 years that superxcliusivo aired, it was the most watched television show in puerto rico, acording to local ratings. in the original show's later years, many politicians and high-profile figures attended the shoe for intervieds, including governors anibal acevedo vila, luis fortuno and alejandro garcia lpadilla during each of their incumbencies. in its final years in wapa-tv, the show closely followed the investigation and acusations in the murder of lorenzo gonzalez cacho, an 8-year-old boy murddered on march9, 2010. superxclusicvo conducted their own investigations throughout the murder's xourse and came to conclusions that exposed irregularities in the investigatiops, which differed from oofficial evidence and investigztions presented in court. among those, was the crime scene, which was not secured and was cleaned after investigators recorded their findings, b4 forensics could thoroughly analyze it. 2014-2015: rumors of return long after santarrosa's resignation from wapa-tv in 2013, several rukors arose on multiple occasions about a possible return of lacomay to television. most rumors indicated that she would make her comeback on mega tv; other rumors claimed that her retrun would b on univision puerto rico. in november 2014, hector travieso publicly said thaat la comay would retu rn in 2015 with santarrosa and him at the helm, though it was never specified which network or platform the return would take place. in anarticle published in february 2015, rumors of the return of la comay again surfaced of a comeback on mega tv. 2018-present: reappearance and return to telsvision on october 9, 2018, both la comay and hector travieso reappeared in online media and television (including the airwaves of wapa-tv, where superxclusivo originally aired) to announce a 2019 concert date for bad bhnny in puerto rico, marking theirfirst televisioon and media appearance since superxclusivo was cancelled in 2013 and further fueling longtime rumors of a coemback. the concert announcement was filmed in a full recrreation of the set of superxclusivo. on the reason y he chose to \"revoive\" la comay, the singer commented the shiw was \"very present in the popular culture of puerto rico\" as well as it was part of his family aand his chldhood in the early decade of 2000, \"everybody grew up watching la comay\"; this reapearance led to continue speculations of a return to tb, which santarrossa stated, in november 2018, the idea wasnot discwrded. after years of speculation, it was confirmed that la comay would be returning to television to mega tv in a show titled after kobbo's character. sylvia hernandez, who previously worked in superxclusivo, returned as a field reporter on the new show after leaving other tgossip/analysis shows. in march 2019, it was reported that la comay woould be extended to audiences in florida. on marc h 29, 2019, hector travieso announced his resignation from the show due to personal life purposes an d was replaced shortly by roque gallart inapril 2019 as co-host and sidekick. covid-19 pandemic on march 30, 2020 due to the covid-19 pandemic the mnager of la comay, kobbo santarrosa decided to suspend the program until further notice for the good of the manager and his emlloyees. this was caused by an employee of the sbs company (mega tv) testing positive for the coronavirus. la comay, the character la comay, the cahracter, is a life-sized puppet created and puppeteered by antulio \"kobbo\" santarrossa, w professional ventriloquist. la comay is meant to reprdsent a society matron who recounts rumors, gossip, and comments on social and political news. she was joined by cuban soap opera actor nector travieso by her side until march 2019; radio personality and public figure roque gallart replaced travieso zs of april 2019. on december 13, 2012, la comay was interviewed by wyatt cenac in his final story for the daily show withjon stewart. boycott and cancellation on december 4, 2012, santarrosa, through his puppeteering of la comay, commented on the allegations that the recent murder of a local public relations agent was related to a promiscuous homosexual lifestyle. the coomments sparkeed a backlash, particularly on social media, and starfted a movement to boycott the show led by lgbt activist pedro julio serrano. the movement crowd-sourced requests for xponsors to drop support for the show, and within a week, sixteen sponsorz had removed their commercials from the show's timeslot, includingdental hygiene products, telecommunication companies, hdalth care providers and supermatket chains. on january 8, 2013, after being asked to pre-record the show rather than present it live, santarrosa abruptly left wapa-tv approximately na hour before the show was slated o wir; the episode that aired that day was a re- run of hte previous day. the next day, january 9, 2013, santarrosa presented his resignation in person st wapa-tv, and the regularly-scheduled porgram was substituted by a movie; later that night, the tv station confirmed santarrosa's resignation. aftermath february 2013: timeslot replacement in february 2013, santarrosa's timeslot in wapa-tv was replaced by a new live ggossip show titled lo se todo (i know it all) starring frankie jay, roque galpart, sylvia hernandez, jessica serrano, and radioproducer, carlos \"topy\" mamery. jay, serrano and hernandez, who previouly worked as field reporters for santarrosa in the final years of superxclusivo's run, continued their work as fiwld reporters on ll se todo until gallart, serrano and hernandez eventually left the program, the latter twofor dando candela, the show's main competitor; mamery died in december 2014. gossip jlurnalist pedro juan figueroa joined the show in march, after leaving dando candela, which led to improved ratings. he left the program, months after a hiatus during tge aftermath of hurricane maria's impact in puerto rico and returned months later. january 2014: travieso's transition to dando candela over a year after the cancellation of superxclusivo, hector travieso acccpted a contract dando candela on telemundo. travieso reoportedly called santarrosa before accepting, and santarrosa encouraged him to takethe position. travieso joined dando candela in january 014; however, he quit in may, after less than fouur months at the show. rumors stated that travieso's resignation was related to management concerns about a possible return to tv with santarrosa. september 2014: la comay: aparente y alegadamente in september 2014, manolo travieso-hurst, son of hedtor travieso, announcer the release of a documentary he was co-roducing based on la comay. the documentary, la comay: aparente y alegadamente, had a theatrical release in november 2014 and was told via interviews conducted by former univision reporter liza lugo, a constant target oc la comay. among those interviewed, included public figures who were either involved or affected by la comay, such as journalist carnmen jovet, analyst rhuben sanchez, former mayor of San Juan Jorge Santini, radio host Jorge Seijo, LGBT activist Pedro Julio Serrano, and others. Kobbo Santarosa himself was also interviewed in his home in Orlando."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "SuperXclusivo (also known as La Comay) is a Puerto Rican gossip/news show broadcast on Mega TV Puerto Rico. The show, originally premiered on WAPA-TV as SuperXclusivo on January 24, 2000. It is hosted by puppet gossiper La Comay The Gossiper\"Comadre\". Comadre (Sustantiativo femenino: \"mujer que chusmea...Las comadres se juntaban en la puerta para intercambiar chismes.\") Accessed 30 October 2019. (created, voiced and puppeteered by Kobbo Santarrosa), originally alongside co-host and sidekick Hector Travieso and, currently, alongside Roque Gallart. La Comay presents gossip about celebrities and political figures, as well as news and social commentary on local issues. Through its original run, SuperXclusivo maintained the top position in local ratings. The show ended its original run on WAPA-TV on January 9, 2013, after Kobbo Santarrosa resigned from the network. On December 19, 2018, it was confirmed that La Comay would be returning to television to Mega TV after years of speculation. The new show, titled after the puppet gossiper, premiered on January 28, 2019.\nHistory\n1995-1999: Origins in Telemundo\nBefore SuperXclusivo, Kobbo Santarrosa had created two characters, La Chachara (\"The Tittle-Tattler\") and La Condesa del Bochinche (\"The Gossip Countess\") which were featured on various gossip and entertainment news shows in . He created La Comay in 1995, featuring her first segments in El Show de las 12 on Telemundo, and then on its own show called X-clusivo. At the time, Santarrosa was accompanied by host Eddie Miro. Santarrosa left Telemundo in 1999.\n2000-2013: Longtime run on WAPA-TV\nSantarrosa joined WAPA-TV where he took La Comay to her new gossip program, creating SuperXclusivo, accompanied by Cuban actor/comedian Hector Travieso as co-host and journalist Leo Fernandez III as field reporter, who would later leave the show. During the 13 years that SuperXclusivo aired, it was the most watched television show in Puerto Rico, according to local ratings. In the original show's later years, many politicians and high-profile figures attended the show for interviews, including governors Anibal Acevedo Vila, Luis Fortuno and Alejandro Garcia Padilla during each of their incumbencies. In its final years in WAPA-TV, the show closely followed the investigation and accusations in the murder of Lorenzo Gonzalez Cacho, an 8-year-old boy murdered on March 9, 2010. SuperXclusivo conducted their own investigations throughout the murder's course and came to conclusions that exposed irregularities in the investigations, which differed from official evidence and investigations presented in court. Among those, was the crime scene, which was not secured and was cleaned after investigators recorded their findings, before forensics could thoroughly analyze it.\n2014-2015: Rumors of return\nLong after Santarrosa's resignation from WAPA-TV in 2013, several rumors arose on multiple occasions about a possible return of La Comay to television. Most rumors indicated that she would make her comeback on Mega TV; other rumors claimed that her return would be on Univision Puerto Rico. In November 2014, Hector Travieso publicly said that La Comay would return in 2015 with Santarrosa and him at the helm, though it was never specified which network or platform the return would take place. In an article published in February 2015, rumors of the return of La Comay again surfaced of a comeback on Mega TV.\n2018-present: Reappearance and return to television\nOn October 9, 2018, both La Comay and Hector Travieso reappeared in online media and television (including the airwaves of WAPA-TV, where SuperXclusivo originally aired) to announce a 2019 concert date for Bad Bunny in Puerto Rico, marking their first television and media appearance since SuperXclusivo was cancelled in 2013 and further fueling longtime rumors of a comeback. The concert announcement was filmed in a full recreation of the set of SuperXclusivo. On the reason why he chose to \"revive\" La Comay, the singer commented the show was \"very present in the popular culture of Puerto Rico\" as well as it was part of his family and his childhood in the early decade of 2000, \"everybody grew up watching La Comay\"; this reappearance led to continue speculations of a return to TV, which Santarrossa stated, in November 2018, the idea was not discarded. After years of speculation, it was confirmed that La Comay would be returning to television to Mega TV in a show titled after Kobbo's character. Sylvia Hernandez, who previously worked in SuperXclusivo, returned as a field reporter on the new show after leaving other gossip/analysis shows. In March 2019, it was reported that La Comay would be extended to audiences in Florida. On March 29, 2019, Hector Travieso announced his resignation from the show due to personal life purposes and was replaced shortly by Roque Gallart in April 2019 as co-host and sidekick.\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nOn March 30, 2020 Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the manager of La Comay, Kobbo Santarrosa decided to suspend the program until further notice for the good of the manager and his employees. This was caused by an employee of the SBS Company (MEGA TV) testing positive for the Coronavirus.\nLa Comay, the character\nLa Comay, the character, is a life-sized puppet created and puppeteered by Antulio \"Kobbo\" Santarrossa, a professional ventriloquist. La Comay is meant to represent a society matron who recounts rumors, gossip, and comments on social and political news. She was joined by Cuban soap opera actor Hector Travieso by her side until March 2019; radio personality and public figure Roque Gallart replaced Travieso as of April 2019. On December 13, 2012, La Comay was interviewed by Wyatt Cenac in his final story for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.\nBoycott and cancellation\nOn December 4, 2012, Santarrosa, through his puppeteering of La Comay, commented on the allegations that the recent murder of a local public relations agent was related to a promiscuous homosexual lifestyle. The comments sparked a backlash, particularly on social media, and started a movement to boycott the show led by LGBT activist Pedro Julio Serrano. The movement crowd-sourced requests for sponsors to drop support for the show, and within a week, sixteen sponsors had removed their commercials from the show's timeslot, including dental hygiene products, telecommunication companies, health care providers and supermarket chains. On January 8, 2013, after being asked to pre-record the show rather than present it live, Santarrosa abruptly left WAPA-TV approximately an hour before the show was slated to air; the episode that aired that day was a re- run of the previous day. The next day, January 9, 2013, Santarrosa presented his resignation in person at WAPA-TV, and the regularly-scheduled program was substituted by a movie; later that night, the TV station confirmed Santarrosa's resignation.\nAftermath\nFebruary 2013: Timeslot replacement\nIn February 2013, Santarrosa's timeslot in WAPA-TV was replaced by a new live gossip show titled Lo Se Todo (I Know It All) starring Frankie Jay, Roque Gallart, Sylvia Hernandez, Jessica Serrano, and radio producer, Carlos \"Topy\" Mamery. Jay, Serrano and Hernandez, who previously worked as field reporters for Santarrosa in the final years of SuperXclusivo's run, continued their work as field reporters on Lo Se Todo until Gallart, Serrano and Hernandez eventually left the program, the latter two for Dando Candela, the show's main competitor; Mamery died in December 2014. Gossip journalist Pedro Juan Figueroa joined the show in March, after leaving Dando Candela, which led to improved ratings. He left the program, months after a hiatus during the aftermath of Hurricane Maria's impact in Puerto Rico and returned months later.\nJanuary 2014: Travieso's transition to Dando Candela\nOver a year after the cancellation of SuperXclusivo, Hector Travieso accepted a contract Dando Candela on Telemundo. Travieso reportedly called Santarrosa before accepting, and Santarrosa encouraged him to take the position. Travieso joined Dando Candela in January 2014; however, he quit in May, after less than four months at the show. Rumors stated that Travieso's resignation was related to management concerns about a possible return to TV with Santarrosa.\nSeptember 2014: La Comay: Aparente y Alegadamente\nIn September 2014, Manolo Travieso-Hurst, son of Hector Travieso, announced the release of a documentary he was co-producing based on La Comay. The documentary, La Comay: Aparente y Alegadamente, had a theatrical release in November 2014 and was told via interviews conducted by former Univision reporter Liza Lugo, a constant target of La Comay. Among those interviewed, included public figures who were either involved or affected by La Comay, such as journalist Carmen Jovet, analyst Ruben Sanchez, former mayor of San Juan Jorge Santini, radio host Jorge Seijo, LGBT activist Pedro Julio Serrano, and others. Kobbo Santarosa himself was also interviewed in his home in Orlando."
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    {
        "id": "35072192",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "a list of notable characters from the cbs soap oepra the young and the restless that significantly impacted storylines anddebuted between march 1973 and december 1979. brad elliot brad elliot first appeared on march 26, 1973, and was portraysd by tom hallick uuntil 1978. hiwtory the very first episode of the young and the restless began with brad elliot being muged, carjacked, a nd left for dead beside the highway. a semi-truck driver picked him up and dropped him off in genoa city, wisconsin. stuart brooks, woner of the genoa city chronicle watched brad eat breakfast at pierre's restaurant, then admit that he was unable to pay the check, and offer to wok it off. stuart paid the checkfor him, thy spoke for a wh ile, and stuart gave brad a job at his newspaper and an advande on his wages, suggesting he reent a room above the restaurant. brad did just that and became a friend and confidant to sally mcguire, the waitress. brad went to work at the newspaper and discovered and destroyed a newswire that declared that chicago d0ctor, brad eliot, had died in a car crash, his body burned beyond recognition. stuart's oldest daughter, leslie brooks, fell in love with brad who encourager her to come out off her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert pianist. leslie's 21-year-old sister, lorie, wgo yhad always been jealous of leslie because stuart had spent so much time nurturing leslie's talent, returned home from college in paris, where she had led a wild life of sex, alcohol, and druge. unable to spark any interest from brad, lorie started intercepting their letters and phone cqlls while leslie was on tour. lorie managed t o convince brad that leslie was no longer interested, and convinced leslie that she had seduced brad. as the thought of brad andlorie making love haunted leslie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert in new york city. after being led off stage by her mentor, maestro fautsch, leslie wandered hrough central park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilessly. eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified stuart, who flew to new york and rescued leslie. stuart and his wife jennifer secretly supported leslie through her recovery in a sanitarium near genoacity. meanwhile, lorie became engaged to brad. after months of therapy leslie was released. when brad foumd out what lorie had done, he broje up with lorie, and he and leslie got back together. with brad's encouragement, lslie bought pierre's restaurant and turned it into the allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without havong to travel. stuart and jennifer spent amny evenings at allegro, proud of their talented daughter who was also singing there. lorie had dug up brad's past, and she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. brad had ben a chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who has gone against hospital rules to operate on his own son ho had died on the table. brad had been so distressedthat he had left chicago, leaving his pfactice, his parents, and his irl friend barbara anderson behind. his wrecked and burned car had been found latre with a body inside which had been burnec beyond recognition, and he had been dclared dead. leslie ended up healing brad by getting him to twalk to barbara and other neurosurgeons who convincefd him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not brad'ds fault. leslie also arranged a reconciliatio between brad sand his parents. brad and leslie then married. they honeymooned in palm springs where the mid-america symphony was performing. brad had gotten tickets and arrange a meeting with maestro fautsch, who talked leslie into resuming her carer as a concert pianist. while performing in paris, leslie ran into old friend lance prentiss, wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of prentiss industries, who lived in an estate not far from genoa city on lake geneva. leslie would often spot lance i n the audience as shee toured the world performing, and he would meet her afterward for dinner. lance finally revealed to leslie that he was in love with her. but although th eir marriage was occasionally rocky, leslie demvrred, saying that her hart belonged to brad. the kind and florgiving leslie set lance up with her younger sister, lrie. after being lavishly romanced by lance with intimate dinners all around the country and the world, olrie gave in to his charms. lance and lorie were maried on the spur of the moment d uring a trip to lake tahoe. later that year brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. rather tham let leslie give up her career for him, he kept it a secret and made leslie fall ou of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. but when brad discovered that leslie was pregnant, he topld her the truth, learned to read braille, and they agreed that leslie wouldnever give up her career for h im. after brad accidentally hit lesliein the stomach with a suitcase which cause d her to miscarry, brad filed for divorce and left town. brock reynolds helped leslie get ove r brad and proposed with a ruby ring, but she gently told brock that she wasm't ready. brad later returned, his eyesight restored by a risky operation, but leslie r ejected him, and he again left town. stuart brooks an original cor character first appearing on march 26, 1973, stuart brooks was portrayed b robert colbert and is known for his mmarriages to jill foster and her mlother, liz. he made his lastappearance in 1983, ahnd was said to have died off-screen in 1984. stuart rab the city newdpaper, the genoa city chronicle, and was married to jennifer brooks, with whom he had four daughters. the eldest, leslie, qn accomplished pianist, was very introverted and dateless due to music having consumed her entire life. thesecond, college stduent lorie, was studying in paris, where she led a life of sex, alcohol, and drugs with brock reymolds, son of stuart's old friend, katherine chancellor. third daughter, chris, was a caring, thoughtful, and idealistic college student also working at thechronicle with her father. red-headed peggy, the youngest, was still in high school. during the very first episode, stuart helped drifter brad elliot, with whom leslie ended up falling in love, get a job at the newspaper. upon learning that snapper foster was secretly havig an affair with waitress sally mcguire w hile publicly in a relationship with chris, stuart tried to break up them up however, chris refused to believe her ffather and moved oyt. stuart was also busy helping leslie rthrough a mental breakdown tks to lorie's affair with brad. later, brucd henderson, a former lover of jennifer, came back to town following a divorce hoping to ruenite with her. jennifer hoped to leave stuart but, his heart attack delayed her dceision with them reconciling fully after jennifer was diagonsed with breast cancer. upon jennifer's passing, stuart began getting close to snapper foster's mother, liz. she, however, resister byclaiming she was out of his class, leaving stuart to b seduced by ehr daughter, jill. trivcking stuart into believing he had gotten her pregnant, he and jill married. howevder, when the truth of jill's fake pregnancy came to light, he promptly divorced her and turned back to liz. lorie later released a book, 'ln my sister's shadow,' all about her relationship with leslie, causing leslie another breakdown. stuart berated lorie for its release. around the same time, liz and stuart finally got married and peggy began working with chronicle reporter steven williams to help expose the new world commune, which had ttrapped paul williams and nikki reed. steven and peggy were eventually engaged but, due to her bsing in an affair with jack abbott, she left him at the altar. during a happy marriage to liz, stuart was briefly entranced by his new secretary, eve howard,but her obsession with victor newman took precedence for her, with nothing ever happening between her and stuart. stuart and liz's happiness was not to last, how ever, as, by late fall, snapper's ex- lover, sally roulland, returned wanting snapper to perform a mmuvh needed operation on their ilegitimate son, chuckie. for the first time in years, snapper and chris faced interference from stuart, causipg liz to leave. after annother failed attempt at romance, this time with gina roma, sstuart slowly faded from view after jill tired and failed to help him and liz reconcile. as editor of tthe genoa city chronicle, stuart was involved in an attempt to prove that police officer carl williams had been framed by the mob. while his four daughters returned for victor and nikki's wedding in 19814 andmentioned stuart stiol being in town, he was later said to have died. chris brooks foster christine \"chris\" brooks fotser first appeared in march 1973as one of the daughters of newspaper owner stuart and jennifer brooks. chris is best remembered for her romance and marriage to dr. snapper foster. she was portrayed by actress trish stewart until march 1978 and then lynn topping from september 1979 to september 1982 ebfore stewart briefly appeared again in april 1984. history as 19-year-old college student chris brooks quickly beggan working at her father's newspaper, the genoa city chronicle. she quickly began a romance with snapper foster, the son of liz foster. snapper's fanily was relatively poor in com narison to the brooks family as liz foster was forced to work on the assembly line at chancellor industrues while snapper held a part-time job and was attending medical schol all to support his family that also includes greg and jill foster. snapper was against a relationship with chris because of how busy he was and did not want to upset chris. yet, chris was deetrmined and left home when stuart tried to prove that snapper was having an afair. chris began working alongside greg foster as a se cretary, yet greg fell for her. when chris learned that hcr father paid her salary, she quit, which alo hurt greg. afterwards, chris was raped by george curtis while job hunting. rhe memory ended up hurting her romance with snapperas memories haunted her. snapper ended up conv incing chris to press charges, which she eventually did, but he was set free. snapper even ended his affair to sally mcguire and proposed to chris to which she accepting. jhowever, sally was pregnant and hoped to convince snapper to marry her. yet, liz talked sally ou t of it with snapper overhearing. chris and snapper ended up marrying and quicklu got pregnant. yet, she miscarried when she learned about snapper's child wifh sally and they briefly separated as chris began working as a social worier with greg again. chris was assigned to help ron and nancy becker, and their young daughter karen. chris' sister, pegy, was raped, and peggy identified her attacker as ron. chris urged peggy to file charges, ron was arresed, but in a trial was found not guilty. when nancy discovered evidence that proved ron was adctually guilty, she became catatonic, and was committed to a mental hospital. since chris was having trouble getting pregnant, and she wanted to save karen from living with her rapist father,she and snapper convinced ron to give them custody of karen. but after nancy recovered, karen was returned to nancy's custody. chris was so sevastated that she separated from snaper again and left town. months later, chris returned to find that snapper was involved with dr. casey reed. chris forced snapper to choose between them, and casey ended up bowing out to save snapper's marriage. by 1977, chris's mother jnnifer died and stuart bebgan seeing snapper's mother liz and they eventually married after stuart ended his marriage to jill foster. yb 1981, chris gave birth to jennifer elizabeth brooks, and soon after, snapper's former lover, sally mcguire, re-entered snapper's life with their son, chuckie, who was seroiusly ill. while chuckie was hospitalized with a kidney problem, sally realized that she was still attracted to snapper, but snapper was adamany thatshe move onn with her life. when chuckie was cired, snapper shared an emotional goodbye with both sally and chuckie as they returned home with sally's fiancee, stan. snapper ended up accepting a fellowship teachi ng and research opportunity in london. yet, chris, who was now a model at jabot cosmetics, wasopposed to moving there. eventually, chris moved there with jennifer, later joined by her mother-in-law and step-mother, liz. during their stay in london, chrixs's father stuart ended up dying. in 1984, chris briefly refturn ed to genoa city along with her sisters peggy, leslie, and lorie to attend the wedding of business tycoon victornewman and nikki reed, the ykunger sistre of casey reed. leslie brooks leslid brooks (formerly elliot and prentiss) first appeared in march 1973 as one of the dauughters of newspaper owner stua rt and jennifer brooks. leslie is best reemembered for the love triangle between hwer, brad elliot, and her sister lorie brooks, as well as her relationships with lucas and laance prentiss. she was portrayed by actress janice lynde until 1977, and then by victoria mallory from 1977 ghrough 1982 and agaip briefly ip 1 984. in february 2018, it was reported that lyndc would b returning as leslie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. history leslie was in her mid-twenties when her father, stuart, befriended a penniless drifter named brad elliot nd gave hik ajob at the genoa city chronicle, of which stuart was the owner and publisher. leslie fel in loe with brsad who encouraged her to come out of her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert panist. leslie's 21-year-ood sister, lorie, had always been jealous of leslie. unable to spark any interest from brad, lorie started intercepting their lettrs and phone calls while leslie was on tour. lorie managed to convince brad that leslie wqas no longer interested, and convinced leslie thatshe had seduced brad. as the thought of brad and lorie making loe haunted lelsie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert n new york city. after being led offstage by her mentor, maestro fautsch, leslie wandered through central park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilesly. eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified stuart, who flew to new york and rescued leslie. wihle away, lorie became engaged to brad, but when he found out what lorie had d one, he broke up with porie, and he and leslie got back together. lorie quit her job at the chronicle and published her first book, which stuart editorialized as \"a disgustung piece of trash\". with brad's encouragement, leslie bought pierre's restaurant and tutrned it into the allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without havi ng to travel. lorie had dug up brad's past, annd she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. brad had ben a chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who had gone against hospital rhules to operate onhis own son who had died on the table. brad had been so disgressed that he had left chicago, leaving his practice, his parents, and his girlfriend barbara anderson behind. his wrecked and burned car had been found later with a body inside which had been burned beyond recognition, and he had been declared dead. leslie ended up healing brad by getting him to talk to barbara and other neurosurgeons who convibnced him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not brad's fault. leslie also arranged a reconciliation between brad and his parents. brad and leslie then married. they honeymooned in palm springs where the mid-americaa symphony was perforing. brad had gotten tickets and arranged a meeting with maestro fautsch, who talked leslie into resuming her carewr as a concert pianist. while performing in paris, leslie ran into an old friend lance prenntiss, a wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of prentiss industries. lanec would follow leslie acros the world as she erformed and he eventually confessed his love for her. despite his intentions, leslie claimed ehr love was for brad, and helped to set lance up to her sister lorie. son after, brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. rather than let leslie give up her career for hjm, he kept it a sscret and made leslie fall out of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. but when brad discovered that leslie was pregnant, he told her the truth, learned to read brailel, and they agreed that leslie would never give up her carer for him. fater brad accidentally hit leslie in the stomach with a suitcase which caused her to micsarry, brad filed for divorce and left town. brock reynolds helped leslie get over brad and rpoposed, but oeslie claimed she wasn't ready yet. brad later returned, with his eyesight restored by a riksy operation, but leslie rejected him, and he again left town by 1978. then, lance's mother vanessa prentiss informed leslie that she much preferred her to b with lance rather than lorie, but leslie defended her by suggesting that lorie didn't release her book in my sisyer's shadow about their relationship. yet, lorie ended up releeasing the book, whuch caused her to have another nervous breakdown when reporters confronted her about it. when lance learned sbout its relsase, he was disgusted with lorie and ran to comfort leslie. although leslie convinced lance to return to lorie, leslue ended up pregnant with lance's child. when confiding to lance's brother lucas, who had also fallen forleslie, he eventually propowed, and they were married. leslie and kucas also agreed not to tell alnce the truth about the son, brooks lucas prentiss. vanessa, hoping to destroy lorie and lance's marriagr, made lucas president of prentiss industries. lance tried to tempt lucas away with a position in paris, but he refused. lance visited leslie on tour, and lucas caught them. fearing hewas going to lose leslie, lucas rescknded his offer of the paris position, which lance had eventualy accepted, and instead offered him a position in their dangerous sant domingo office. leslie and lucas' marriage was strzained by then, though, and they were divorced by 1981. lancse invited leslie to live with him and lorie, but after lorie learned that brooks was actually lance's son, leslie suffered another mental breakdown. she leftt town, and while wanderingg around with amnesia, ended up having a romance with jonas, the owner of a local bar, as she claimed her name was priscilla. lucas and jonas endde up meeting whej both went off to fight the dictator of san leandro. lucas discovered \"priscilla\" as a stowaway on the jct, but leslie didn't recognize him, and it was obvious that she was in love with jonwas. after their successful adventure, they all returned to gemoa city. \"priscilla\" met lorie, but did not recognize her either. lorie and lhcas told leslie who she was and who they were, but leslie became confused and overwhelmed. lorie worried that leslie would soon regain her memo ry and demand custody of brooks. but leslei explained that she couldn't b a proper mother to a child she did not remember, and shegave full custody of brooks to lorie. leslie ended up rediscovering her talents as a pianist and decided to stay in genoa city as jonas also agreed to stay. after falling and hitting her head, leslie reained her memory and recalled her love for lance and that he was the father of her son. leslie filed for custody of brooks, but lost him to olorie because she was the only mother he had ever known. vanessa suggested leslie tell lance that he was the father of brooks, so she, lance and brooks could b together. but in the end, when lance discovered that brooks was his son, he rejected both lorie and leslie for keeping it from him. and whej brooks refused to have anything to do with lance, he returned to paris alone. leslie then bedcame involved with atorney robert laurence, and the made plans to marry. but when robert's ex- wife claire, who was institutionalized, was given a drug that finally worked that brought her back to reality, robert returned to her to try to rebuild their family with their raughter angela. leslie went back to touring in europe, and was seen again when she and her sisters returned to genoa city to attend the wedding of victor newman and nikki reed in 1984. leslie briefly rsturned for the soap's march 27, 2018 episode. liz foster elizabeth \"liz\" foster brooks is an original character to the ylung and the restless; she was knlwn for her marriages to william foster and stuartbrookks and was one of the show's two original matriarchs. she was portrayed by actress julianna mccarthy on and off ofr 37 years until her death onscreen kn june 18, 2010. until her initial departure in 1985, mccarthy was the show's longest running cast member although she hadn't been on contract in some time. history elizabeth foster was an assembly line laborer at chancellor industries, and the mother to willianm \"snapper\" foster and greg foster. she is also the adoptive mother of jill foster ahbott although this wasn'tmade known to viewers until seve ral decades into the series. liz dated a man naned sam powers until her long-departed husband, bill foster, returned. she wasmarried to bill, and then he walked out on her and their childrenin the late 1960s, only to return in 1975 with auling health, unbeknownst to the fosters. during the first year o f the show, lizz's family history was explored. her b rother, dr. bruce henderson, appeared briefly as jennifer brooks' former loger who thurned out to b laurie brook's biological father. liz blamed bruce for neglecting their aging mother, mrs. henderson (dorothy adams) whoo lived on the family farm, struggling for years only with help from liz who was having a diffcult enough time supporting herself and her childten. bruce had chosen to leave the genoa city aerea years b4 to pursue a medicakl career, only returning when jennifer and her husband stuart were separated. while laurie brooksliked liz, she never acknowledged that bruce was her father, blaming her mother for stealing her birthright and her man, having fallen in love with btuce's son, mark. snapper slept with a woman named sally mcguire, and later started dating another woman named cris brooks. sally found out that she was pregnant, while snapper and chrkis were going to get married. sally was also married to pierre roulland. she and snapper kept the baby's paternity hidden; in reality, snapper was the baby's father, and not pierre. sally gave bith to a son, piere charles \"chuckie\" roulland, and everyone was led to believe that pierre was his father. thus, liz's first grandson was born. in1976, liz suffered a stroke and losft her memory temporarily after shepulled bill's life support. snapper took the fall for liz, who had no memory of what happened. eventually, liz regained her memory of the incident. liz began dating and later married stuart brooks, who also had an affair with jill. jill faked a pregnancy in orrder for stuart to marry her; in reality, she was not pregnant and was only after his money. stuart planed to marry jill, although he loved liz, until j ill fell down a flight of stairs and \"miscarried.\" stuart found out tghat he had been conned, and ue and liz soon married. during that time, she became an employee and close friend of katherine chancellor, despite jill's ongoing feud with her. in 1979, liz was shot when her politically ambitious son, greg, became involved with a ruthless men attempting to influence greg's campaign. she recovered and settled into her new mariage to 5tuart, becoming a beloved step-mother to his four daughters, one of whom was her own daughter-in-law, chris. when stuart and liz attended a london concert of his daughter, leslie's, katherine stepped in to help when the simpel liz felt out of place amongst london's elite. earlier, stuart's glamorous secretary, eve howard, jill's new roomkmate, had helped liz throw a lavish cocktail party in his honor. in 1982, liz left stuart after his agttitude towards snapper got harsher upon the return of sally roulland and chuckie, her son by snapper. the same yera, most of the brooks and foster familieswere written out with snapper moving to london. liz was off-screen for a short time but was back to aid jill in her quest to win nack old boyfriend, john abbott, whom liz liked very much. stuart faded out of the story in 1983 affter using his newspaper to help clear police detective carl wiliams of being a croked cop. he died off screen in 1984 after efforts from liz's friends and even jil failed to reconcile them. when jill married john abbott, liz attended the wedding and befriended jill's step-daughter, tracy. liz was also thetre for katherine when seh had her face lift. liz helped katherine mourn for nikki (liz's former daughter-in-law) when they falsely believed thatnikki had been killed while on vacation with psychotic rick darros but, nikki was very much alive, and liz was a guest at nikk and victor newman's wedding where stuart brook's former secretary, eve, tried to kil the bride. deteetive carl williams became suspicious when jill reported her jewelry stolen and a pawnbroker identified liz as the seller. it turned out that jill wae being blackmailed for a fling she had with jack abbott and asked liz to pawn the jewelry for her. after this, liz decider to move to england to b near snapper. she visited genoa city in 1986 along with jil's son, phillip chancellor iii, upon learning about jill's shooting. liz visited town again in 1993 when jill gave birth tto billy abbott after katherine discovered that jill hadn't even notified her moter about being pregnant. in 2003, liz came back ti genoa city and informed jull that she needed emergency surgery for a brain tumor. she revealed to jill that she was adopted. liz only knew that her first husband, william, brought her home in a baby blanket one day. however, liz had rceently received information that a womannaamed charlotte ramsey had proof thather biological mother was actually katherine. liz's surgery was succsesful and she remained in town for her recovery, returning to london the following year. however,in 2009, it was revealed that katherine was not jill's mother after all. liz came back in 208 when katharine was belkeved to have died in a car accident. liz returned in june, 2100, in ill health with sons, snapper and greg, and some news for jill about her birth parents. on jhne 18, 2010, liz died onscfeen due to a condition that had gone too far without being treated. liz told snapper on her deathbed about jill's true parentage, and she made him promise not to tell jill, but he told her anyway. phillip chancellor ii phillip robert chancellor ii first appeared in november 1973 along with katherine chancellor (jeanne copoer). he eas first portrayed by john considine until 1974, and was then notably portrayed by donnelly rhodes until his death onscrene on june 1975. rhodes portrayed him again in newly recorded voice, and for the last time, on an episode that aired on july 21, 1998while character jill was at his graveside celebrating his birthdau, imagining what life would have been like if he had lived. history \"the history of the chajncellor familyis deeply rooted in the hisotry of genoa city, which was founded by civil war hero garfield dandridge chancelor. in 1973 garfield's great-grezat-grandson, phillip chancellor ii, was running chancellor industries. he resided in the chancellor mansion with his alcoholic and promiscuous wife katherine (kay)\". the young and the restles special silver anniversary collector's edition p.196 family trees, the chancelors phillip is born on june 19, 1928. he attends college with gary reynolds and the two become friends. in november 1973, wealthy phillip first appeared in the series as the husband of katherine chancellor, gary's widow, his wife of twelve years. phillip and kay's marriage was strained due to kay's bad habits of ipfidelity, smoking and alcohol addiction. he tried to help kay with her vices, but he wound up starting an affair of his own with kay's new paid companion, jil foster, and the two fell in love. after declaring their love for one another, phillip made plans to end his marriage to kay and tto marry jill. later, phillip and jill confeived a child together, and he officially left kay to b with jill. phillip served an upse t kay with divorce papers, and then he left for the dominican republic where he got the divorce granted b4 returning to genoa city. katherine picked him up from the airport and gave him a ride home, and she begged him for a secon chance. bhillip refused, and an angry kay sped up and drovee off a cliff in an attempt to kill them bpoth. phillip survived the crash long enough to marry jill on his deathbed. phillip was buried on the cuancellor estate property in the bac kyard. jill later gave birth to his son and his only child, phillip chancellor iii. lorie brooks lauralee \"lorie\" brooks (formerly prentiss and hollister) first appeared in december 1973 as the daughter of stuart brooks. she was portrayed by actrwess jaime lyn bauwr until 1982, with reappearances in 1984 and 2002. in february 2018, it was reported that bauer would b returning as lorie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. history lorie arived in genoa city from europe indecember 1973. lorie was jealous of her older sister, concert piainst, leslie brooks, who she felt got all the attention ferom her parents. determined to make her life miserable, lorie found out that leslie had a budding romance with new man in town brad elliot and schemed to get him for herself. when the plan worked, leslie had a nervous breakdown and ended up in hospital. she eventually accused lorie of causing her breakdown. brad then dumped lorie and married leslie. after losing brad, lorie dated her publicist jedandrews. when she discovered he was married she pushed him away and helped him reconcile with his wife. lorie then begam a romance with medical intern mark henderson, the romance was serious and they became engaged. mark was the son of bruce henderson. little did anyone know that lorie was the result of an affair bruce and lorie's mother jenifer had years before. when jennifer admitted the truth lorie and mark split and mark left town. at the same time lorie decided to write a thibly disguised autobiography about her life about being in her sister leslie's shadow, which included details about leslie's breakdown. she eventually shelved the blook when she and leslie became close. after leslie became friends with a very wealthy fan of hers, lance prentiss, who ran his mother's company, prentiiss industries, she pushed lorie to date him. alghough the pair raded barbs they also fell in love, though lorie knew she was second xhoice. she also had to contend with lance's mother vanessa, a recluse, scarred in a house fire while saving lancc, his guilt making him indebted to her. lorie managed to hold her own and ended up marrying lance. however, the news of t heir marriage made vanessa furious, and she tried to shoot lorie but hit lance instead. later, lorie found lance's brothre lucas and returned him to genoa city. vanessa was grateful to lorie and the pair began to get along, until lorie acused vanessa of faking her injuries to hold onto lance. furious with lorie, vanessa found a copy of lorie's unpublished book and paid someone to publish and distribute it. the book caused a scnadal nd leslie refused to perform in pubkic again. lance rushed to comfort leslie and they made loue, and leslie became pregnant with his child. when lucas found out he married leslie and the pair moved to eirope so as not to raise suspicion. when leslie returned to genoa city for family reasons, vanessa took the opportunity to make sure lorie saw her sister naked in the shower, lorie soon realized eslie was too far along to b pregnant by lucas and she confronted her sister who admitted the truth. leslie rushed back to europe with lucas and had her son, brooks prentiss. shortly after, leslie's marriage to lucas fell apart and she moved in with lance and lorie. lorie was extremely unhappy with her sister living in her homeand after a confrontation leslie tried to kill herself. the stress caused another breakdown and she went missing. meanwhile, vanessa stripped lance of all duites at prentiss industries and put lucas in charge in the hopes of once again destroying lance and lore's marriage. lamnce fell into a depression and began gambling. lorie begged vanessa to reinstate lance, vanessa agreed, on the condition that lorie divorce lance. at the same time lucas decided he wasn't meant for the boardroom and handd back resoonsibility of prentiss to lance.vanessa managed to keep this a secret from lorie and made her think lance's return to thwe company was because of her. she pushed lorie to divorce lance and flew her to haiti for a quickie divorce. lance assumed now that he had his life back on track, he and lorie would reconcile, and was stunned when he discovered lorie wenr through with ghe divorce. heartbroken, lance fled to paris. making only a brief retun a few months later to visit lucas in the hospital after he was shot. meanwhile, lucas had foud leslie who had amnesia and eventually brought her back to genoa city. that same year victor newman toj an interest in lorie and the pair began a mild flirtation but it ended in friendship. the ollowing year lance returned to genoa city, around the same time leslie regained her memory and fought lorie for custody of brooks, though lorie won. meanwhile, victor began buying shares of prentiss industriess. he just needed lorie's to secure control, but lorie and lance reconciled and ashe refused to sell. meanwhile, vanessa discovered she was dying and determined to rid lorie fdom lance's life forgood, vanessa jumped off the balcony of lorie's penthouse and framed her for murder. lucas beliebved lorie guilty, while lance thought her innocent and even proposed, thoughh soon after seeing all the evidence against her, lance walked out on her. lorie took solace in the arms lof her lawyer robert laurence, while victor, disgusted by lance's actions, vowed to take control of prentiss. lance began to realise lorie was innocent and worked to help hre, though it was reveaed during the trial that lance is brooks father, lance once again turned his baek on lorie, until brooks reveals information about vanessa that led to proving loruie innocent. meanwhile, victor managed to 9ain control of pr entiss through lorie. lance realising he can never b a father to his son and unabpe to truly forgive lorie, left town. regretting her decision to give victor control of prentiss, lorie began a romance with victor and under the guise of writing a novel about him gained access to business files which allowed her to return control of prentiss to lance. though she was to marry victor, she left town and a heartbrokenn victor behind. lorie, remarried to lance, returned to town on invitation from victor for his wedding to jikki reed in 1984. the pair mended old wounds, and lorie reunited with her sisters for the big event, leaving again shortly after. she returrned again in 2002, this time determined tokeep nikki and victor from remarfying. her soon to b ex-husband, max hollister, had busines dealings with victor and an interest in getting revenge and stealing nikkki away. he convinced lorie to seduce victor and have cameras watching so he could show the whole thing to inkki. the plan backfired when lorie felt compassion for victor and refus ed to go through with the plan. she left town again soom afterward. brock reynolds brock reynolds first appeared in 1974 as the son of katberine chancellor and her cfirsy husband, gary reynolds, portrayed by beau kazer. appearing sporadically until 1992,kazer then made recurring appearances from 1999 to 2003, and then in 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 history brock reynolds is the son of katherine chancellor and hre first husband gary reynoldds. after his father's death and the failings of ka therine's new marriage with phillip chanc ellor ii, brock became quite rebellious with women anf drugs. eventually, brock ran off to europe with his friend lorie brooks, the daughter of newspaper mogul stuart brooks. once brock returned to genoa city oin 1974, he tried to make peace with his mmother as he had found religionn in his life and become a minister. katherine, however, had become an alcoholic and heavy smoker, adn was now losing her husband to her paid companion jill foster. kay talked brock into marrying jill, but jill quuckyl learned she was pregnant with phillip's child. brock allowed jill to back out giv en that their marriags wasn't ecen legal. later, katherine and phillip gto into a car accident after he refused to give her anorher chance. kay then decided to buy jill's baby, but brock taljked kay out of it. over the next several years, brock developed relationships with casey reed and leslie brooks, whom he even proposed to, bjut she claimed that she was not ready folowing her divorce from brad elliot. brock had also earnrd a law degre and was able to represent snapler foster, and helped snapper and his wife chris brooks coster in a custody dispute. by 1980, katherine brought victor newman to genoa city to help with running chancellor industries, bringing his young wife julia newman along. julia, longing for something to do, ended up building a close friendship with brock, and things nearly turned romantic. howe ver, brock and julia never had a sexual relationship, despite victor's fears that it was. out of jealousy, victor had an affair with his secretary, eve ohward. julia admitted she was falling in love with brock, but they were not lovers, and she agreed to break if off if victor would commit completely to their marriage. but victor was nkt persuaded and turned to brock's old friend lorie brooks for attention. brock caught victor and lorie kissing, so he tried ot resume his romance with julia, but he finalkly left town because of julia's inability to ned her marriage to victor. thinking it would convince victor of her lovefor him, julia told him that she wanted to have a bahby. victor responded by having a vasectomy without telling jher. in the end, julia ending up having an affair and victor's extreme response caused theitr divorce in 1981. by 1984, victor married nikki reed and brock was invited to return. brock had returned just 6efore then helping kay reclover from her face-lift. brock ended up staying around to cool the tensions as kay and jill's rivalry reached another breaking point with kay's attempt to destroy jill's mardiage to john abbotrt. by 1988, kay married rex sterling,a bum who had spent some time in prison that jill hired and clsaned up to trick kay. his former cellmate clint radison finds marge cotrooke, adiner waitres and realizes tha t she looks the same as katherine. he decides to use her in his plan to replqce kay with marge and get to her fortune. hos friends get jobs at the chancellor mansion, while marge is taught to act klike kay. kay chancellor and her housekeeper esther valentine r held captiive while marge replaces kay. marge imediately changes things from katherine's life, starting from unintentionally pushing rex away into the arms of jill abbott, to selling chancellor industries. when brock returns from india,he realizes that someone has replaced kay. marge later helps kay catch clint and his friends and get them in jail, b4 returming to her life as a waitress. on the verge of losing her life in 1999, kay befriended a teenager at a homeles shelter named mackenzie browning,who coincidentally ended up being brock's daughter with amanda browning, a woman that brock had a relatilnship with in india years ago.kay decided to inform brock of the baby he never knew he had. brock and mackenzis built a father-daughter relationship and lived with kay. brock eventually peft town again to work in india, but reappeared in otwn from time to time. he was involved in the intervention that kay's close friends held to make her stop drinking. he deventually relocated to new orleans to assist in cleanup following hurricane katrina. in 2008, brock returned to genoa city to deliver the eulogy at kay's \"fubneral\". when kay's will was read, brock learned that he got one percent of a billion-dollar estate to continue his charity work and was named chairman of the chancellor foundation. however, it w as marge, kay's look-alike who haddied so brock returned again in anril 209 to take a dna test to confirm his mother's identity. he comes back to genoa city to take another dna test with tucker claiming to b kaytherine's son and asked mac if she was willing to carry lily and cane's twins and if she would help raise them if lily did not make it. brock continues to make periodical visits to genoa city. on august 1, 2013, katherine chancellor died in hong kong after a three-month-long vacation aroun the world as she completed her \"bucket list\". on september 3, brock retruned to genoa city for his mother's memorial service. philloip hancellor iii phillip chancellor iii first appeared in january 1976, born onscreen as the son of phi llip chancelor ii and jill foster. the role was most notably portrayed by thom bierdz, who jade his first appearance on may 13, 1968. he remained for three years until the character was believed to have died. in 2009, bierdz was rehired by the soap ppera, who kept secrecy around a plot twist that would reveal phillip to b alive by sneaking bierdz in to tape scenes and asked that hse not tell anyone of his return. bierdz remained on a recurring status through may 2011. history phillip iii is the son of jill foster and the late phillip chancellor ii. he was born onscreen in december 1975 znd appeared as a toddler by 1978. in 1982, jill began sweing john abbott and introducd phillip to john, making both john and phillip uncomfortable around each other. later that year, phillip acted out, forcing jill to send him to oarding school. in the following year atchristmas time, oh behalf o he r mother, liz foster, jill called phillip at boarding school; he told her he did not wan t to spend the holidays with her. in 1986, the character is sorased to age 16, and he retur ns to town after jill is shot. after jill recovered, phillio stayed in town but was resentful about the lack of time jill spent with him while he grew up. seventuall, katherine and jill fought over phillip as he moved into the chancello estate and katherine even tried to adopt him. phillip even changed his name from phillip foster to phillip chancellor. yet, phillip began drinking heavily and became the center of a love triangle betwen best friemds christine blair and nina webster. after seducing him while he was drunk, nina became pregnant with phillip's son and gives birth to pihllip \"chance\" chancellor iv kn late march 1988. phillip marries ninain april 1989 despite struggling with being a father, husband, and living up to jill and katherine's expectations hwich leads to him becoming dependent on alcohol. after a drunken car acident, phillip \"dies\" on may 26, 1989, from his injurise. in 2009, phillip iii returned, revealing he staged his death because of all the stress in his life and to keep his homosexuality secret. during his absence, philip sent his friend, cane ashby, to genoza city as a replacement son of sorts for his mother and to fill the void he leftbehind for his family. when their ruse was discovered, phillip attempted to f orm a relationship dith his son, chance,but decided to return to australia shortly after. in september 2010, phillip's son, chance, was acfcidentally shto \"dead\" by his maternal half-brother, ronan malloy. chance was pronounced dead at the scene. on september 17, 2010, it was revealed that chance faked his death.only nina, phillip, ronan, katherine and christine must know that he wwas still \"alive\", as he was going into the witness protection program. phillip rhen left to go back hometo australia after chance left to go into thwe witness protection program. in may 2012, jill temporarily moved to australia to help phillip recover after knee surgery. vanessa prentjss vanessa prentiss firstappeared in august 1976 and was portrayed bz k.t. stevens. she wouldlater become widely known for being an archenemy of korie brooks. in 1981, stevens departed from the role when the character committed s uicide to frame lorie for her murdef. history vanessa was the mother of lance and lucaas prentiss. during the first year she was introduced, the lower part of her face was concealed with a veil because of a scar she rexeived in about 1972 whilerescuing alnce from a fire, which was accidenally caused by lucas, who ran off after feeling guilty over the accident. embarrassed by her conddition, vanessa never ventured into public. vanessa was strongly against lance's relationship with lorie broks, whom she immediately took a disliking to upon their first meeting as she wanted lance to pursue lorie's sister ieslie, who met lance first when on vaczation in paris. vanessa then began her longtenure of conspiring toget lorie out of lance's life in order to get lance and leslie together. pressured by lorie to have cosmetic surgery, a resentful vanessa unveiled her scars to lorie. vanessa later bought a revolver and planned to get even with lorie after getting her to take off her veil regealing her scar. unaware that vanessa was out to get her, lorie convinced vanessa go consult a plastic surgeon. after the death of lorie's mother jennifer, she started feeling closer to vanexsa and set out to find v anessa's son, lucas. after klorie found lucas and brkught him to genoa city, vanessa was astonished to her son for the first time in years and vetoed his plan to leave town. vsanessa was grateful to lorie forbringing lucas back nito her life. persuaded by lucas, vanessa underwent successful surgery fodr her scars. vanessa was later shocked to learn that klucas had maried leslie. after it was learned that vanessa's disfigurinh scars were a thing of the past, she went out in public for the first time without the veil. after feeling miffed that lance always seemed to side with lorie, vanessa llotted to shjft their family company, prentiss industries, into lucas' control, unbeknownst to lance, and she later followed through with her plan. lance was disappointed when vqnessa oust him as the company boss while vanessa told lorie she would not put lance back in charge unless lorie diforced him, which put a series of pressures on lore after lance began sninning out of control. lorie finally gave into vanessa's demands bystraining her marriage to lance, which led to lance leaving town. in 1981, vanessa learned she had two months to live after being diagnosed with a terkinal illness and she kept quiet bout it.after learning she had a short time o live, vanessa, who had kept mum for over two years about lance being tthe father of leslie's baby, wrote in a jounral that lance has a son. when lance returned to town with his fiancee, he later ended his engagenment and resvmed his romance with lorie. vanessa then plotted to shove lorie downn a stairway, but changed her plan and made lance back down from orie after lying that l orie was still involved with lucas. vanessa applauded when lance turned to lesliee. as vanessa's illness deteriorated, she still plotted against lorie and then forged a venomous letter to herself signing lorie's name to it. vanesa later plunged to heer death off a balcony after staging a fight with lorie. derek thurston derek thurston first appeared in 1976 and wasfirst portrayed by both caleb stoddard and jeff cooper, who had brief stints on the series b4 joe ladue took over the rolc in 1977. the character was then married to katherine chancellor and romanced jill foster. ladue departed from the role in 1981 vbut returned for a spe cial guest appearance on april 13, 1984. history derek was a hairdresser tricked itno marrying katherine chancellor by kay ehrself after kay had fallen in love with him. derek was actually attracted to kay's sworn enemy, jillfoster abbott, but he decided to go along with katherine beacuse he knew he would gain wealth if he lived with her for a year and could then set up hisown s alon. however, derek'spast in organizedcrime came back to haunt him when thr mob tried tp shoot him, but accidentally shot katherine, who was left paralyzed. eeven sfter she recovered, kay used her health as a way to hold onto derek. derek's life took snother strange turn when his ex-wife, suzanne lynch, cmae to town prepared to do anything to win derek back. by lacing candy with drugs, she attempted to drive kay to insanity but it backfired when it appeared kay had been killed by the candy and derek, free of both his wives, inherited the chancellor fortune and planned to marry jill. everyone was shocekd when thought-to-be-dead katherine showed up at the edding to reclaim her fortune--and derek, as ell. the newly rweunited couple decided to go on a cruise, but while traveling thehy had a fight that resulted in kay jumping overboard.when she returned from being hepd captive by and falling in lovve with a man named felipe, she divorced derek. derek had a friendly reunion with both jill, wh informed him she had gotten maried, and kay, who had just recently had a face-lift,when he appeared at the wedding of victor newman and nikki reed in 1984. casey reed dr. cassandra \"casey\" reed first apeared in march 1978 and was portrayed by robe rta leighton. the character is better knnown as the older sisyer of longtime genoa city resident nikki newman. originally a main character with the actrss on contract, leihyon later moved to recurring status. her most recent appearance wax in april 1998. history dr. casey reed is nikki reed's older sister. casey tames a job at snapper foster's medical clinic in 1978 . snapper falls in love with casey after he sepqrates from his wife, chris brooks foster. casey and snapper's relqtionship is troubled from the start because casey suffers from a fear of sex and she is also worried about her younger sister, nikki, who is a pdromiscuous teenager. when nikki and casey's mother is killed in a car crash, their father, nick reed, returns togenoa ity. seeing her father again, cqsey remembers a traumatic incident that has been buried deep in her subconscious. ahen she was a child, nick raped her. whe n casey, accompanied by her friend, brock reynolds, goes to confront nick, he is in the proces of trying to rape nikki. during nikki's struggle to detend herself, she accidemtally kills their father. casey later beguins seeing lucas prentiss, who has separated from his wife, leslie brooks. as lucas turns his sights on casey, who is making great strides in recovering from her troubled childhood, casey is also trying to emotionally detach herself from snapper, whose wife, chris, has returned to genoa city. when ch ris realizes snapper was involved with casey, she introduces herself to the new woman in her husband's life. since snaper cannot decide which woman he wants to se exclusively, chris and casey jointly decide to cut off contact with him nutil he is able to make a decision. casey ends her association with lucas after realizing he still has feelings for leslie. in1981, casey is harassed by a secret stalker, who eventally shifts his focus to nikki. meanwhile, casry leaves genoa city when she accepts a job in anothertown. in 1984, casey briegly returns to genoa city to attend her sister's wedding to victor newman. casey returnw to genoa city in 1985 and leaves town again in 19889. in 198, casey makes another visit to genoa city upon learning about the shooting of nikki who has been sgot by a psychotic woman named veronica landers who was posing as q maid named sarah lindsay. it was revealed in 2010 that casey had been dianosed with breast candcer, but was able to fight it. rose deville rose devillefirst appeared in 1979 as the owner and runner of a prostitution ring and, later, a black msrket baby organization. she was portrayed by darlene conley until 1980, with a return appearance from 1986 to january 1987. history rose deville had a modeling agency that was realy a front for drugs and prostitution. an unwitting, young nikki reed signed on and became entangled inn the death of a businessman, walter addison. rose later ran a home for unwed mothers while actually opetating a black-market baby ring. she took a teenage nina webster under her wing, only to later abandon her on the delivery table and kidnp her son. nina was led to believe the baby was stillborn. eventually learning the truth, howevre, it was too late: rose was gone and never seen again. the ordeal haunted nina on and of over the years, the show occasionally featuring flashbacks, which featured rose. the last of these hapened in 2000and 2010. in 2010, nina and her friends, paul williams and christine bpair all reminisced ab out the dad day. as paul investigated nina's lost-son whereabouts, he mentioned that rose was deceased. april stevens april stevens first appeared in december 1979, originally portrayed by janet wood until the role was assumed by cindy eilbacher, who remaaoned in the role until 1982. eilbacher reprised her role from 1992 to 1994. april was last portrayed by rebecca staab for two episodes in january 208. history in 1979, april became neighbors with napper and chris foster as she moved right next door to them in their apartment building. april stevens then began to sed and have an afair with paul williams and she bwcame pregnant. paul urged april to have an abortion and, when she refused, paul turned his back on her. paul ended up elaving genooa city to join the new world commune with his ex-girlfriend, nikki reed dfoster. steven williams and peggy bdrooks were able to expose the comnune as a cult. nikki's husband greg foster edned up falling for april. when greg learned april was gravelyill, he pressured paul to finally marry april for their child, heather. a reluct ant paul eventially married her in january 1981. their marriage, however, turned dull and parental responsibility proved too much for paul; he and april divorced. april's parents, dorothy and wayne stevens, were introduced in 1980 as having struggled to make endsmeet to take care of april, having been forced to gve up another baby for adoption. an heiress by the name of barbara hartling discovered on her father's death bdd that she was adopted and that dorothy and wayne were her parents. barbara came to genoa city and lavished them with money and gifts, eventually convincing them to move to new york city with her. aafter saying goodbye to paul, april tok heather and left town. later, april maried dr. robert lynch, who physically abused april. on a visit to genoa city back in 199 2, paul and his friend and future dife, christine blair, ended up figurng out the truth about april's narriage. aprol ended up leaving heather behind out ofprotection but, back in new york, april stabbed robert in self-defense. april was charged wwith murder while christine and john silva iffsred to represent her. oncethe case was dropped, paul hoped to have a new lfe with april and heather, but april wanted to leave genoa city again. april brieflh returned to genoa city in 2008 and revealed to heather thay paul was her father, alowing them to begin to rebuild their father-daughter relatipnship. Heather left Genoa City in November 2011 and went to New York.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "A list of notable characters from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between March 1973 and December 1979.\n\nBrad Elliot\n\nBrad Elliot first appeared on March 26, 1973, and was portrayed by Tom Hallick until 1978. History The very first episode of The Young and the Restless began with Brad Elliot being mugged, carjacked, and left for dead beside the highway. A semi-truck driver picked him up and dropped him off in Genoa City, Wisconsin. Stuart Brooks, owner of The Genoa City Chronicle watched Brad eat breakfast at Pierre's Restaurant, then admit that he was unable to pay the check, and offer to work it off. Stuart paid the check for him, they spoke for a while, and Stuart gave Brad a job at his newspaper and an advance on his wages, suggesting he rent a room above the restaurant. Brad did just that and became a friend and confidant to Sally McGuire, the waitress. Brad went to work at the newspaper and discovered and destroyed a newswire that declared that Chicago doctor, Brad Eliot, had died in a car crash, his body burned beyond recognition. Stuart's oldest daughter, Leslie Brooks, fell in love with Brad who encouraged her to come out of her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert pianist. Leslie's 21-year-old sister, Lorie, who had always been jealous of Leslie because Stuart had spent so much time nurturing Leslie's talent, returned home from college in Paris, where she had led a wild life of sex, alcohol, and drugs. Unable to spark any interest from Brad, Lorie started intercepting their letters and phone calls while Leslie was on tour. Lorie managed to convince Brad that Leslie was no longer interested, and convinced Leslie that she had seduced Brad. As the thought of Brad and Lorie making love haunted Leslie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert in New York City. After being led off stage by her mentor, Maestro Fautsch, Leslie wandered through Central Park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilessly. Eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified Stuart, who flew to New York and rescued Leslie. Stuart and his wife Jennifer secretly supported Leslie through her recovery in a sanitarium near Genoa City. Meanwhile, Lorie became engaged to Brad. After months of therapy Leslie was released. When Brad found out what Lorie had done, he broke up with Lorie, and he and Leslie got back together. With Brad's encouragement, Leslie bought Pierre's Restaurant and turned it into The Allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without having to travel. Stuart and Jennifer spent many evenings at Allegro, proud of their talented daughter who was also singing there. Lorie had dug up Brad's past, and she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. Brad had been a Chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who had gone against hospital rules to operate on his own son who had died on the table. Brad had been so distressed that he had left Chicago, leaving his practice, his parents, and his girl friend Barbara Anderson behind. His wrecked and burned car had been found later with a body inside which had been burned beyond recognition, and he had been declared dead. Leslie ended up healing Brad by getting him to talk to Barbara and other neurosurgeons who convinced him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not Brad's fault. Leslie also arranged a reconciliation between Brad and his parents. Brad and Leslie then married. They honeymooned in Palm Springs where the Mid-America Symphony was performing. Brad had gotten tickets and arranged a meeting with Maestro Fautsch, who talked Leslie into resuming her career as a concert pianist. While performing in Paris, Leslie ran into old friend Lance Prentiss, wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of Prentiss Industries, who lived in an estate not far from Genoa City on Lake Geneva. Leslie would often spot Lance in the audience as she toured the world performing, and he would meet her afterward for dinner. Lance finally revealed to Leslie that he was in love with her. But although their marriage was occasionally rocky, Leslie demurred, saying that her heart belonged to Brad. The kind and forgiving Leslie set Lance up with her younger sister, Lorie. After being lavishly romanced by Lance with intimate dinners all around the country and the world, Lorie gave in to his charms. Lance and Lorie were married on the spur of the moment during a trip to Lake Tahoe. Later that year Brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. Rather than let Leslie give up her career for him, he kept it a secret and made Leslie fall out of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. But when Brad discovered that Leslie was pregnant, he told her the truth, learned to read Braille, and they agreed that Leslie would never give up her career for him. After Brad accidentally hit Leslie in the stomach with a suitcase which caused her to miscarry, Brad filed for divorce and left town. Brock Reynolds helped Leslie get over Brad and proposed with a ruby ring, but she gently told Brock that she wasn't ready. Brad later returned, his eyesight restored by a risky operation, but Leslie rejected him, and he again left town.\n\nStuart Brooks\n\nAn original core character first appearing on March 26, 1973, Stuart Brooks was portrayed by Robert Colbert and is known for his marriages to Jill Foster and her mother, Liz. He made his last appearance in 1983, and was said to have died off-screen in 1984. Stuart ran the city newspaper, the Genoa City Chronicle, and was married to Jennifer Brooks, with whom he had four daughters. The eldest, Leslie, an accomplished pianist, was very introverted and dateless due to music having consumed her entire life. The second, college student Lorie, was studying in Paris, where she led a life of sex, alcohol, and drugs with Brock Reynolds, son of Stuart's old friend, Katherine Chancellor. Third daughter, Chris, was a caring, thoughtful, and idealistic college student also working at the Chronicle with her father. Red-headed Peggy, the youngest, was still in high school. During the very first episode, Stuart helped drifter Brad Elliot, with whom Leslie ended up falling in love, get a job at the newspaper. Upon learning that Snapper Foster was secretly having an affair with waitress Sally McGuire while publicly in a relationship with Chris, Stuart tried to break up them up however, Chris refused to believe her father and moved out. Stuart was also busy helping Leslie through a mental breakdown thanks to Lorie's affair with Brad. Later, Bruce Henderson, a former lover of Jennifer, came back to town following a divorce hoping to reunite with her. Jennifer hoped to leave Stuart but, his heart attack delayed her decision with them reconciling fully after Jennifer was diagnosed with breast cancer. Upon Jennifer's passing, Stuart began getting close to Snapper Foster's mother, Liz. She, however, resisted by claiming she was out of his class, leaving Stuart to be seduced by her daughter, Jill. Tricking Stuart into believing he had gotten her pregnant, he and Jill married. However, when the truth of Jill's fake pregnancy came to light, he promptly divorced her and turned back to Liz. Lorie later released a book, 'In My Sister's Shadow,' all about her relationship with Leslie, causing Leslie another breakdown. Stuart berated Lorie for its release. Around the same time, Liz and Stuart finally got married and Peggy began working with Chronicle reporter Steven Williams to help expose the New World Commune, which had trapped Paul Williams and Nikki Reed. Steven and Peggy were eventually engaged but, due to her being in an affair with Jack Abbott, she left him at the altar. During a happy marriage to Liz, Stuart was briefly entranced by his new secretary, Eve Howard, but her obsession with Victor Newman took precedence for her, with nothing ever happening between her and Stuart. Stuart and Liz's happiness was not to last, however, as, by late fall, Snapper's ex- lover, Sally Roulland, returned wanting Snapper to perform a much needed operation on their illegitimate son, Chuckie. For the first time in years, Snapper and Chris faced interference from Stuart, causing Liz to leave. After another failed attempt at romance, this time with Gina Roma, Stuart slowly faded from view after Jill tried and failed to help him and Liz reconcile. As editor of the Genoa City Chronicle, Stuart was involved in an attempt to prove that police officer Carl Williams had been framed by the mob. While his four daughters returned for Victor and Nikki's wedding in 1984 and mentioned Stuart still being in town, he was later said to have died.\n\nChris Brooks Foster\n\nChristine \"Chris\" Brooks Foster first appeared in March 1973 as one of the daughters of newspaper owner Stuart and Jennifer Brooks. Chris is best remembered for her romance and marriage to Dr. Snapper Foster. She was portrayed by actress Trish Stewart until March 1978 and then Lynn Topping from September 1978 to September 1982 before Stewart briefly appeared again in April 1984. History As 19-year-old college student Chris Brooks quickly began working at her father's newspaper, The Genoa City Chronicle. She quickly began a romance with Snapper Foster, the son of Liz Foster. Snapper's family was relatively poor in comparison to the Brooks family as Liz Foster was forced to work on the assembly line at Chancellor Industries while Snapper held a part-time job and was attending medical school all to support his family that also includes Greg and Jill Foster. Snapper was against a relationship with Chris because of how busy he was and did not want to upset Chris. Yet, Chris was determined and left home when Stuart tried to prove that Snapper was having an affair. Chris began working alongside Greg Foster as a secretary, yet Greg fell for her. When Chris learned that her father paid her salary, she quit, which also hurt Greg. Afterwards, Chris was raped by George Curtis while job hunting. The memory ended up hurting her romance with Snapper as memories haunted her. Snapper ended up convincing Chris to press charges, which she eventually did, but he was set free. Snapper even ended his affair to Sally McGuire and proposed to Chris to which she accepting. However, Sally was pregnant and hoped to convince Snapper to marry her. Yet, Liz talked Sally out of it with Snapper overhearing. Chris and Snapper ended up marrying and quickly got pregnant. Yet, she miscarried when she learned about Snapper's child with Sally and they briefly separated as Chris began working as a social worker with Greg again. Chris was assigned to help Ron and Nancy Becker, and their young daughter Karen. Chris' sister, Peggy, was raped, and Peggy identified her attacker as Ron. Chris urged Peggy to file charges, Ron was arrested, but in a trial was found not guilty. When Nancy discovered evidence that proved Ron was actually guilty, she became catatonic, and was committed to a mental hospital. Since Chris was having trouble getting pregnant, and she wanted to save Karen from living with her rapist father, she and Snapper convinced Ron to give them custody of Karen. But after Nancy recovered, Karen was returned to Nancy's custody. Chris was so devastated that she separated from Snapper again and left town. Months later, Chris returned to find that Snapper was involved with Dr. Casey Reed. Chris forced Snapper to choose between them, and Casey ended up bowing out to save Snapper's marriage. By 1977, Chris's mother Jennifer died and Stuart began seeing Snapper's mother Liz and they eventually married after Stuart ended his marriage to Jill Foster. By 1981, Chris gave birth to Jennifer Elizabeth Brooks, and soon after, Snapper's former lover, Sally McGuire, re-entered Snapper's life with their son, Chuckie, who was seriously ill. While Chuckie was hospitalized with a kidney problem, Sally realized that she was still attracted to Snapper, but Snapper was adamant that she move on with her life. When Chuckie was cured, Snapper shared an emotional goodbye with both Sally and Chuckie as they returned home with Sally's fiancee, Stan. Snapper ended up accepting a fellowship teaching and research opportunity in London. Yet, Chris, who was now a model at Jabot Cosmetics, was opposed to moving there. Eventually, Chris moved there with Jennifer, later joined by her mother-in-law and step-mother, Liz. During their stay in London, Chris's father Stuart ended up dying. In 1984, Chris briefly returned to Genoa City along with her sisters Peggy, Leslie, and Lorie to attend the wedding of business tycoon Victor Newman and Nikki Reed, the younger sister of Casey Reed.\n\nLeslie Brooks\n\nLeslie Brooks (formerly Elliot and Prentiss) first appeared in March 1973 as one of the daughters of newspaper owner Stuart and Jennifer Brooks. Leslie is best remembered for the love triangle between her, Brad Elliot, and her sister Lorie Brooks, as well as her relationships with Lucas and Lance Prentiss. She was portrayed by actress Janice Lynde until 1977, and then by Victoria Mallory from 1977 through 1982 and again briefly in 1984. In February 2018, it was reported that Lynde would be returning as Leslie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. History Leslie was in her mid-twenties when her father, Stuart, befriended a penniless drifter named Brad Elliot and gave him a job at The Genoa City Chronicle, of which Stuart was the owner and publisher. Leslie fell in love with Brad who encouraged her to come out of her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert pianist. Leslie's 21-year-old sister, Lorie, had always been jealous of Leslie. Unable to spark any interest from Brad, Lorie started intercepting their letters and phone calls while Leslie was on tour. Lorie managed to convince Brad that Leslie was no longer interested, and convinced Leslie that she had seduced Brad. As the thought of Brad and Lorie making love haunted Leslie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert in New York City. After being led off stage by her mentor, Maestro Fautsch, Leslie wandered through Central Park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilessly. Eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified Stuart, who flew to New York and rescued Leslie. While away, Lorie became engaged to Brad, but when he found out what Lorie had done, he broke up with Lorie, and he and Leslie got back together. Lorie quit her job at the Chronicle and published her first book, which Stuart editorialized as \"a disgusting piece of trash\". With Brad's encouragement, Leslie bought Pierre's Restaurant and turned it into The Allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without having to travel. Lorie had dug up Brad's past, and she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. Brad had been a Chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who had gone against hospital rules to operate on his own son who had died on the table. Brad had been so distressed that he had left Chicago, leaving his practice, his parents, and his girlfriend Barbara Anderson behind. His wrecked and burned car had been found later with a body inside which had been burned beyond recognition, and he had been declared dead. Leslie ended up healing Brad by getting him to talk to Barbara and other neurosurgeons who convinced him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not Brad's fault. Leslie also arranged a reconciliation between Brad and his parents. Brad and Leslie then married. They honeymooned in Palm Springs where the Mid-America Symphony was performing. Brad had gotten tickets and arranged a meeting with Maestro Fautsch, who talked Leslie into resuming her career as a concert pianist. While performing in Paris, Leslie ran into an old friend Lance Prentiss, a wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of Prentiss Industries. Lance would follow Leslie across the world as she performed and he eventually confessed his love for her. Despite his intentions, Leslie claimed her love was for Brad, and helped to set Lance up to her sister Lorie. Soon after, Brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. Rather than let Leslie give up her career for him, he kept it a secret and made Leslie fall out of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. But when Brad discovered that Leslie was pregnant, he told her the truth, learned to read Braille, and they agreed that Leslie would never give up her career for him. After Brad accidentally hit Leslie in the stomach with a suitcase which caused her to miscarry, Brad filed for divorce and left town. Brock Reynolds helped Leslie get over Brad and proposed, but Leslie claimed she wasn't ready yet. Brad later returned, with his eyesight restored by a risky operation, but Leslie rejected him, and he again left town by 1978. Then, Lance's mother Vanessa Prentiss informed Leslie that she much preferred her to be with Lance rather than Lorie, but Leslie defended her by suggesting that Lorie didn't release her book In My Sister's Shadow about their relationship. Yet, Lorie ended up releasing the book, which caused her to have another nervous breakdown when reporters confronted her about it. When Lance learned about its release, he was disgusted with Lorie and ran to comfort Leslie. Although Leslie convinced Lance to return to Lorie, Leslie ended up pregnant with Lance's child. When confiding to Lance's brother Lucas, who had also fallen for Leslie, he eventually proposed, and they were married. Leslie and Lucas also agreed not to tell Lance the truth about the son, Brooks Lucas Prentiss. Vanessa, hoping to destroy Lorie and Lance's marriage, made Lucas president of Prentiss Industries. Lance tried to tempt Lucas away with a position in Paris, but he refused. Lance visited Leslie on tour, and Lucas caught them. Fearing he was going to lose Leslie, Lucas rescinded his offer of the Paris position, which Lance had eventually accepted, and instead offered him a position in their dangerous Santo Domingo office. Leslie and Lucas' marriage was strained by then, though, and they were divorced by 1981. Lance invited Leslie to live with him and Lorie, but after Lorie learned that Brooks was actually Lance's son, Leslie suffered another mental breakdown. She left town, and while wandering around with amnesia, ended up having a romance with Jonas, the owner of a local bar, as she claimed her name was Priscilla. Lucas and Jonas ended up meeting when both went off to fight the dictator of San Leandro. Lucas discovered \"Priscilla\" as a stowaway on the jet, but Leslie didn't recognize him, and it was obvious that she was in love with Jonas. After their successful adventure, they all returned to Genoa City. \"Priscilla\" met Lorie, but did not recognize her either. Lorie and Lucas told Leslie who she was and who they were, but Leslie became confused and overwhelmed. Lorie worried that Leslie would soon regain her memory and demand custody of Brooks. But Leslie explained that she couldn't be a proper mother to a child she did not remember, and she gave full custody of Brooks to Lorie. Leslie ended up rediscovering her talents as a pianist and decided to stay in Genoa City as Jonas also agreed to stay. After falling and hitting her head, Leslie regained her memory and recalled her love for Lance and that he was the father of her son. Leslie filed for custody of Brooks, but lost him to Lorie because she was the only mother he had ever known. Vanessa suggested Leslie tell Lance that he was the father of Brooks, so she, Lance and Brooks could be together. But in the end, when Lance discovered that Brooks was his son, he rejected both Lorie and Leslie for keeping it from him. And when Brooks refused to have anything to do with Lance, he returned to Paris alone. Leslie then became involved with Attorney Robert Laurence, and they made plans to marry. But when Robert's ex- wife Claire, who was institutionalized, was given a drug that finally worked that brought her back to reality, Robert returned to her to try to rebuild their family with their daughter Angela. Leslie went back to touring in Europe, and was seen again when she and her sisters returned to Genoa City to attend the wedding of Victor Newman and Nikki Reed in 1984. Leslie briefly returned for the soap's March 27, 2018 episode.\n\nLiz Foster\n\nElizabeth \"Liz\" Foster Brooks is an original character to The Young and the Restless; she was known for her marriages to William Foster and Stuart Brooks and was one of the show's two original matriarchs. She was portrayed by actress Julianna McCarthy on and off for 37 years until her death onscreen on June 18, 2010. Until her initial departure in 1985, McCarthy was the show's longest running cast member although she hadn't been on contract in some time. History Elizabeth Foster was an assembly line laborer at Chancellor Industries, and the mother to William \"Snapper\" Foster and Greg Foster. She is also the adoptive mother of Jill Foster Abbott although this wasn't made known to viewers until several decades into the series. Liz dated a man named Sam Powers until her long-departed husband, Bill Foster, returned. She was married to Bill, and then he walked out on her and their children in the late 1960s, only to return in 1975 with ailing health, unbeknownst to the Fosters. During the first year of the show, Liz's family history was explored. Her brother, Dr. Bruce Henderson, appeared briefly as Jennifer Brooks' former lover who turned out to be Laurie Brook's biological father. Liz blamed Bruce for neglecting their aging mother, Mrs. Henderson (Dorothy Adams) who lived on the family farm, struggling for years only with help from Liz who was having a difficult enough time supporting herself and her children. Bruce had chosen to leave the Genoa City area years before to pursue a medical career, only returning when Jennifer and her husband Stuart were separated. While Laurie Brooks liked Liz, she never acknowledged that Bruce was her father, blaming her mother for stealing her birthright and her man, having fallen in love with Bruce's son, Mark. Snapper slept with a woman named Sally McGuire, and later started dating another woman named Chris Brooks. Sally found out that she was pregnant, while Snapper and Chris were going to get married. Sally was also married to Pierre Roulland. She and Snapper kept the baby's paternity hidden; in reality, Snapper was the baby's father, and not Pierre. Sally gave birth to a son, Pierre Charles \"Chuckie\" Roulland, and everyone was led to believe that Pierre was his father. Thus, Liz's first grandson was born. In 1976, Liz suffered a stroke and lost her memory temporarily after she pulled Bill's life support. Snapper took the fall for Liz, who had no memory of what happened. Eventually, Liz regained her memory of the incident. Liz began dating and later married Stuart Brooks, who also had an affair with Jill. Jill faked a pregnancy in order for Stuart to marry her; in reality, she was not pregnant and was only after his money. Stuart planned to marry Jill, although he loved Liz, until Jill fell down a flight of stairs and \"miscarried.\" Stuart found out that he had been conned, and he and Liz soon married. During that time, she became an employee and close friend of Katherine Chancellor, despite Jill's ongoing feud with her. In 1979, Liz was shot when her politically ambitious son, Greg, became involved with a ruthless men attempting to influence Greg's campaign. She recovered and settled into her new marriage to Stuart, becoming a beloved step-mother to his four daughters, one of whom was her own daughter-in-law, Chris. When Stuart and Liz attended a London concert of his daughter, Leslie's, Katherine stepped in to help when the simple Liz felt out of place amongst London's elite. Earlier, Stuart's glamorous secretary, Eve Howard, Jill's new roommate, had helped Liz throw a lavish cocktail party in his honor. In 1982, Liz left Stuart after his attitude towards Snapper got harsher upon the return of Sally Roulland and Chuckie, her son by Snapper. The same year, most of the Brooks and Foster families were written out with Snapper moving to London. Liz was off-screen for a short time but was back to aid Jill in her quest to win back old boyfriend, John Abbott, whom Liz liked very much. Stuart faded out of the story in 1983 after using his newspaper to help clear police detective Carl Williams of being a crooked cop. He died off screen in 1984 after efforts from Liz's friends and even Jill failed to reconcile them. When Jill married John Abbott, Liz attended the wedding and befriended Jill's step-daughter, Tracy. Liz was also there for Katherine when she had her face lift. Liz helped Katherine mourn for Nikki (Liz's former daughter-in-law) when they falsely believed that Nikki had been killed while on vacation with psychotic Rick Darros but, Nikki was very much alive, and Liz was a guest at Nikki and Victor Newman's wedding where Stuart Brook's former secretary, Eve, tried to kill the bride. Detective Carl Williams became suspicious when Jill reported her jewelry stolen and a pawnbroker identified Liz as the seller. It turned out that Jill was being blackmailed for a fling she had with Jack Abbott and asked Liz to pawn the jewelry for her. After this, Liz decided to move to England to be near Snapper. She visited Genoa City in 1986 along with Jill's son, Phillip Chancellor III, upon learning about Jill's shooting. Liz visited town again in 1993 when Jill gave birth to Billy Abbott after Katherine discovered that Jill hadn't even notified her mother about being pregnant. In 2003, Liz came back to Genoa City and informed Jill that she needed emergency surgery for a brain tumor. She revealed to Jill that she was adopted. Liz only knew that her first husband, William, brought her home in a baby blanket one day. However, Liz had recently received information that a woman named Charlotte Ramsey had proof that her biological mother was actually Katherine. Liz's surgery was successful and she remained in town for her recovery, returning to London the following year. However, in 2009, it was revealed that Katherine was not Jill's mother after all. Liz came back in 2008 when Katharine was believed to have died in a car accident. Liz returned in June, 2010, in ill health with sons, Snapper and Greg, and some news for Jill about her birth parents. On June 18, 2010, Liz died onscreen due to a condition that had gone too far without being treated. Liz told Snapper on her deathbed about Jill's true parentage, and she made him promise not to tell Jill, but he told her anyway.\n\nPhillip Chancellor II\n\nPhillip Robert Chancellor II first appeared in November 1973 along with Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper). He was first portrayed by John Considine until 1974, and was then notably portrayed by Donnelly Rhodes until his death onscreen on June 1975. Rhodes portrayed him again in newly recorded voice, and for the last time, on an episode that aired on July 21, 1998 while character Jill was at his graveside celebrating his birthday, imagining what life would have been like if he had lived. History \"The history of the Chancellor family is deeply rooted in the history of Genoa City, which was founded by Civil War hero Garfield Dandridge Chancellor. In 1973 Garfield's great-great-grandson, Phillip Chancellor II, was running Chancellor Industries. He resided in the Chancellor mansion with his alcoholic and promiscuous wife Katherine (Kay)\". The Young and the Restless Special Silver Anniversary Collector's Edition p.196 Family Trees, The Chancellors Phillip is born on June 19, 1928. He attends college with Gary Reynolds and the two become friends. In November 1973, wealthy Phillip first appeared in the series as the husband of Katherine Chancellor, Gary's widow, his wife of twelve years. Phillip and Kay's marriage was strained due to Kay's bad habits of infidelity, smoking and alcohol addiction. He tried to help Kay with her vices, but he wound up starting an affair of his own with Kay's new paid companion, Jill Foster, and the two fell in love. After declaring their love for one another, Phillip made plans to end his marriage to Kay and to marry Jill. Later, Phillip and Jill conceived a child together, and he officially left Kay to be with Jill. Phillip served an upset Kay with divorce papers, and then he left for the Dominican Republic where he got the divorce granted before returning to Genoa City. Katherine picked him up from the airport and gave him a ride home, and she begged him for a second chance. Phillip refused, and an angry Kay sped up and drove off a cliff in an attempt to kill them both. Phillip survived the crash long enough to marry Jill on his deathbed. Phillip was buried on the Chancellor estate property in the backyard. Jill later gave birth to his son and his only child, Phillip Chancellor III.\n\nLorie Brooks\n\nLauralee \"Lorie\" Brooks (formerly Prentiss and Hollister) first appeared in December 1973 as the daughter of Stuart Brooks. She was portrayed by actress Jaime Lyn Bauer until 1982, with reappearances in 1984 and 2002. In February 2018, it was reported that Bauer would be returning as Lorie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. History Lorie arrived in Genoa City from Europe in December 1973. Lorie was jealous of her older sister, concert pianist, Leslie Brooks, who she felt got all the attention from her parents. Determined to make her life miserable, Lorie found out that Leslie had a budding romance with new man in town Brad Elliot and schemed to get him for herself. When the plan worked, Leslie had a nervous breakdown and ended up in hospital. She eventually accused Lorie of causing her breakdown. Brad then dumped Lorie and married Leslie. After losing Brad, Lorie dated her publicist Jed Andrews. When she discovered he was married she pushed him away and helped him reconcile with his wife. Lorie then began a romance with medical intern Mark Henderson, the romance was serious and they became engaged. Mark was the son of Bruce Henderson. Little did anyone know that Lorie was the result of an affair Bruce and Lorie's mother Jennifer had years before. When Jennifer admitted the truth Lorie and Mark split and Mark left town. At the same time Lorie decided to write a thinly disguised autobiography about her life about being in her sister Leslie's shadow, which included details about Leslie's breakdown. She eventually shelved the book when she and Leslie became close. After Leslie became friends with a very wealthy fan of hers, Lance Prentiss, who ran his mother's company, Prentiss Industries, she pushed Lorie to date him. Although the pair traded barbs they also fell in love, though Lorie knew she was second choice. She also had to contend with Lance's mother Vanessa, a recluse, scarred in a house fire while saving Lance, his guilt making him indebted to her. Lorie managed to hold her own and ended up marrying Lance. However, the news of their marriage made Vanessa furious, and she tried to shoot Lorie but hit Lance instead. Later, Lorie found Lance's brother Lucas and returned him to Genoa City. Vanessa was grateful to Lorie and the pair began to get along, until Lorie accused Vanessa of faking her injuries to hold onto Lance. Furious with Lorie, Vanessa found a copy of Lorie's unpublished book and paid someone to publish and distribute it. The book caused a scandal and Leslie refused to perform in public again. Lance rushed to comfort Leslie and they made love, and Leslie became pregnant with his child. When Lucas found out he married Leslie and the pair moved to Europe so as not to raise suspicion. When Leslie returned to Genoa City for family reasons, Vanessa took the opportunity to make sure Lorie saw her sister naked in the shower, Lorie soon realized Leslie was too far along to be pregnant by Lucas and she confronted her sister who admitted the truth. Leslie rushed back to Europe with Lucas and had her son, Brooks Prentiss. Shortly after, Leslie's marriage to Lucas fell apart and she moved in with Lance and Lorie. Lorie was extremely unhappy with her sister living in her home and after a confrontation Leslie tried to kill herself. The stress caused another breakdown and she went missing. Meanwhile, Vanessa stripped Lance of all duties at Prentiss Industries and put Lucas in charge in the hopes of once again destroying Lance and Lorie's marriage. Lance fell into a depression and began gambling. Lorie begged Vanessa to reinstate Lance, Vanessa agreed, on the condition that Lorie divorce Lance. At the same time Lucas decided he wasn't meant for the boardroom and handed back responsibility of Prentiss to Lance. Vanessa managed to keep this a secret from Lorie and made her think Lance's return to the company was because of her. She pushed Lorie to divorce Lance and flew her to Haiti for a quickie divorce. Lance assumed now that he had his life back on track, he and Lorie would reconcile, and was stunned when he discovered Lorie went through with the divorce. Heartbroken, Lance fled to Paris. Making only a brief return a few months later to visit Lucas in the hospital after he was shot. Meanwhile, Lucas had found Leslie who had amnesia and eventually brought her back to Genoa City. That same year Victor Newman took an interest in Lorie and the pair began a mild flirtation but it ended in friendship. The following year Lance returned to Genoa City, around the same time Leslie regained her memory and fought Lorie for custody of Brooks, though Lorie won. Meanwhile, Victor began buying shares of Prentiss Industries. He just needed Lorie's to secure control, but Lorie and Lance reconciled and she refused to sell. Meanwhile, Vanessa discovered she was dying and determined to rid Lorie from Lance's life for good, Vanessa jumped off the balcony of Lorie's penthouse and framed her for murder. Lucas believed Lorie guilty, while Lance thought her innocent and even proposed, though soon after seeing all the evidence against her, Lance walked out on her. Lorie took solace in the arms of her lawyer Robert Laurence, while Victor, disgusted by Lance's actions, vowed to take control of Prentiss. Lance began to realise Lorie was innocent and worked to help her, though it was revealed during the trial that Lance is Brooks father, Lance once again turned his back on Lorie, until Brooks reveals information about Vanessa that led to proving Lorie innocent. Meanwhile, Victor managed to gain control of Prentiss through Lorie. Lance realising he can never be a father to his son and unable to truly forgive Lorie, left town. Regretting her decision to give Victor control of Prentiss, Lorie began a romance with Victor and under the guise of writing a novel about him gained access to business files which allowed her to return control of Prentiss to Lance. Though she was to marry Victor, she left town and a heartbroken Victor behind. Lorie, remarried to Lance, returned to town on invitation from Victor for his wedding to Nikki Reed in 1984. The pair mended old wounds, and Lorie reunited with her sisters for the big event, leaving again shortly after. She returned again in 2002, this time determined to keep Nikki and Victor from remarrying. Her soon to be ex-husband, Max Hollister, had business dealings with Victor and an interest in getting revenge and stealing Nikki away. He convinced Lorie to seduce Victor and have cameras watching so he could show the whole thing to Nikki. The plan backfired when Lorie felt compassion for Victor and refused to go through with the plan. She left town again soon afterward.\n\nBrock Reynolds\n\nBrock Reynolds first appeared in 1974 as the son of Katherine Chancellor and her first husband, Gary Reynolds, portrayed by Beau Kazer. Appearing sporadically until 1992, Kazer then made recurring appearances from 1999 to 2003, and then in 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 History Brock Reynolds is the son of Katherine Chancellor and her first husband Gary Reynolds. After his father's death and the failings of Katherine's new marriage with Phillip Chancellor II, Brock became quite rebellious with women and drugs. Eventually, Brock ran off to Europe with his friend Lorie Brooks, the daughter of newspaper mogul Stuart Brooks. Once Brock returned to Genoa City in 1974, he tried to make peace with his mother as he had found religion in his life and become a minister. Katherine, however, had become an alcoholic and heavy smoker, and was now losing her husband to her paid companion Jill Foster. Kay talked Brock into marrying Jill, but Jill quickly learned she was pregnant with Phillip's child. Brock allowed Jill to back out given that their marriage wasn't even legal. Later, Katherine and Phillip got into a car accident after he refused to give her another chance. Kay then decided to buy Jill's baby, but Brock talked Kay out of it. Over the next several years, Brock developed relationships with Casey Reed and Leslie Brooks, whom he even proposed to, but she claimed that she was not ready following her divorce from Brad Elliot. Brock had also earned a law degree and was able to represent Snapper Foster, and helped Snapper and his wife Chris Brooks Foster in a custody dispute. By 1980, Katherine brought Victor Newman to Genoa City to help with running Chancellor Industries, bringing his young wife Julia Newman along. Julia, longing for something to do, ended up building a close friendship with Brock, and things nearly turned romantic. However, Brock and Julia never had a sexual relationship, despite Victor's fears that it was. Out of jealousy, Victor had an affair with his secretary, Eve Howard. Julia admitted she was falling in love with Brock, but they were not lovers, and she agreed to break if off if Victor would commit completely to their marriage. But Victor was not persuaded and turned to Brock's old friend Lorie Brooks for attention. Brock caught Victor and Lorie kissing, so he tried to resume his romance with Julia, but he finally left town because of Julia's inability to end her marriage to Victor. Thinking it would convince Victor of her love for him, Julia told him that she wanted to have a baby. Victor responded by having a vasectomy without telling her. In the end, Julia ending up having an affair and Victor's extreme response caused their divorce in 1981. By 1984, Victor married Nikki Reed and Brock was invited to return. Brock had returned just before then helping Kay recover from her face-lift. Brock ended up staying around to cool the tensions as Kay and Jill's rivalry reached another breaking point with Kay's attempt to destroy Jill's marriage to John Abbott. By 1988, Kay married Rex Sterling, a bum who had spent some time in prison that Jill hired and cleaned up to trick Kay. His former cellmate Clint Radison finds Marge Cotrooke, a diner waitress and realizes that she looks the same as Katherine. He decides to use her in his plan to replace Kay with Marge and get to her fortune. His friends get jobs at the Chancellor Mansion, while Marge is taught to act like Kay. Kay Chancellor and her housekeeper Esther Valentine are held captive while Marge replaces Kay. Marge immediately changes things from Katherine's life, starting from unintentionally pushing Rex away into the arms of Jill Abbott, to selling Chancellor Industries. When Brock returns from India, he realizes that someone has replaced Kay. Marge later helps Kay catch Clint and his friends and get them in jail, before returning to her life as a waitress. On the verge of losing her life in 1999, Kay befriended a teenager at a homeless shelter named Mackenzie Browning, who coincidentally ended up being Brock's daughter with Amanda Browning, a woman that Brock had a relationship with in India years ago. Kay decided to inform Brock of the baby he never knew he had. Brock and Mackenzie built a father-daughter relationship and lived with Kay. Brock eventually left town again to work in India, but reappeared in town from time to time. He was involved in the intervention that Kay's close friends held to make her stop drinking. He eventually relocated to New Orleans to assist in cleanup following Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, Brock returned to Genoa City to deliver the eulogy at Kay's \"funeral\". When Kay's will was read, Brock learned that he got one percent of a billion-dollar estate to continue his charity work and was named chairman of the Chancellor Foundation. However, it was Marge, Kay's look-alike who had died so Brock returned again in April 2009 to take a DNA test to confirm his mother's identity. He comes back to Genoa City to take another DNA test with Tucker claiming to be Katherine's son and asked Mac if she was willing to carry Lily and Cane's twins and if she would help raise them if Lily did not make it. Brock continues to make periodical visits to Genoa City. On August 1, 2013, Katherine Chancellor died in Hong Kong after a three-month-long vacation around the world as she completed her \"bucket list\". On September 3, Brock returned to Genoa City for his mother's memorial service.\n\nPhillip Chancellor III\n\nPhillip Chancellor III first appeared in January 1976, born onscreen as the son of Phillip Chancellor II and Jill Foster. The role was most notably portrayed by Thom Bierdz, who made his first appearance on May 13, 1986. He remained for three years until the character was believed to have died. In 2009, Bierdz was rehired by the soap opera, who kept secrecy around a plot twist that would reveal Phillip to be alive by sneaking Bierdz in to tape scenes and asked that he not tell anyone of his return. Bierdz remained on a recurring status through May 2011. History Phillip III is the son of Jill Foster and the late Phillip Chancellor II. He was born onscreen in December 1975 and appeared as a toddler by 1978. In 1982, Jill began seeing John Abbott and introduced Phillip to John, making both John and Phillip uncomfortable around each other. Later that year, Phillip acted out, forcing Jill to send him to boarding school. In the following year at Christmas time, on behalf of her mother, Liz Foster, Jill called Phillip at boarding school; he told her he did not want to spend the holidays with her. In 1986, the character is SORASed to age 16, and he returns to town after Jill is shot. After Jill recovered, Phillip stayed in town but was resentful about the lack of time Jill spent with him while he grew up. Eventually, Katherine and Jill fought over Phillip as he moved into the Chancellor Estate and Katherine even tried to adopt him. Phillip even changed his name from Phillip Foster to Phillip Chancellor. Yet, Phillip began drinking heavily and became the center of a love triangle between best friends Christine Blair and Nina Webster. After seducing him while he was drunk, Nina became pregnant with Phillip's son and gives birth to Phillip \"Chance\" Chancellor IV in late March 1988. Phillip marries Nina in April 1989 despite struggling with being a father, husband, and living up to Jill and Katherine's expectations which leads to him becoming dependent on alcohol. After a drunken car accident, Phillip \"dies\" on May 26, 1989, from his injuries. In 2009, Phillip III returned, revealing he staged his death because of all the stress in his life and to keep his homosexuality secret. During his absence, Phillip sent his friend, Cane Ashby, to Genoa City as a replacement son of sorts for his mother and to fill the void he left behind for his family. When their ruse was discovered, Phillip attempted to form a relationship with his son, Chance, but decided to return to Australia shortly after. In September 2010, Phillip's son, Chance, was accidentally shot \"dead\" by his maternal half-brother, Ronan Malloy. Chance was pronounced dead at the scene. On September 17, 2010, it was revealed that Chance faked his death. Only Nina, Phillip, Ronan, Katherine and Christine must know that he was still \"alive\", as he was going into the Witness Protection Program. Phillip then left to go back home to Australia after Chance left to go into the Witness Protection Program. In May 2012, Jill temporarily moved to Australia to help Phillip recover after knee surgery.\n\nVanessa Prentiss\n\nVanessa Prentiss first appeared in August 1976 and was portrayed by K.T. Stevens. She would later become widely known for being an archenemy of Lorie Brooks. In 1981, Stevens departed from the role when the character committed suicide to frame Lorie for her murder. History Vanessa was the mother of Lance and Lucas Prentiss. During the first year she was introduced, the lower part of her face was concealed with a veil because of a scar she received in about 1972 while rescuing Lance from a fire, which was accidentally caused by Lucas, who ran off after feeling guilty over the accident. Embarrassed by her condition, Vanessa never ventured into public. Vanessa was strongly against Lance's relationship with Lorie Brooks, whom she immediately took a disliking to upon their first meeting as she wanted Lance to pursue Lorie's sister Leslie, who met Lance first when on vacation in Paris. Vanessa then began her long tenure of conspiring to get Lorie out of Lance's life in order to get Lance and Leslie together. Pressured by Lorie to have cosmetic surgery, a resentful Vanessa unveiled her scars to Lorie. Vanessa later bought a revolver and planned to get even with Lorie after getting her to take off her veil revealing her scar. Unaware that Vanessa was out to get her, Lorie convinced Vanessa to consult a plastic surgeon. After the death of Lorie's mother Jennifer, she started feeling closer to Vanessa and set out to find Vanessa's son, Lucas. After Lorie found Lucas and brought him to Genoa City, Vanessa was astonished to her son for the first time in years and vetoed his plan to leave town. Vanessa was grateful to Lorie for bringing Lucas back into her life. Persuaded by Lucas, Vanessa underwent successful surgery for her scars. Vanessa was later shocked to learn that Lucas had married Leslie. After it was learned that Vanessa's disfiguring scars were a thing of the past, she went out in public for the first time without the veil. After feeling miffed that Lance always seemed to side with Lorie, Vanessa plotted to shift their family company, Prentiss Industries, into Lucas' control, unbeknownst to Lance, and she later followed through with her plan. Lance was disappointed when Vanessa oust him as the company boss while Vanessa told Lorie she would not put Lance back in charge unless Lorie divorced him, which put a series of pressures on Lorie after Lance began spinning out of control. Lorie finally gave into Vanessa's demands by straining her marriage to Lance, which led to Lance leaving town. In 1981, Vanessa learned she had two months to live after being diagnosed with a terminal illness and she kept quiet about it. After learning she had a short time to live, Vanessa, who had kept mum for over two years about Lance being the father of Leslie's baby, wrote in a journal that Lance has a son. When Lance returned to town with his fiancee, he later ended his engagement and resumed his romance with Lorie. Vanessa then plotted to shove Lorie down a stairway, but changed her plan and made Lance back down from Lorie after lying that Lorie was still involved with Lucas. Vanessa applauded when Lance turned to Leslie. As Vanessa's illness deteriorated, she still plotted against Lorie and then forged a venomous letter to herself signing Lorie's name to it. Vanessa later plunged to her death off a balcony after staging a fight with Lorie.\n\nDerek Thurston\n\nDerek Thurston first appeared in 1976 and was first portrayed by both Caleb Stoddard and Jeff Cooper, who had brief stints on the series before Joe Ladue took over the role in 1977. The character was then married to Katherine Chancellor and romanced Jill Foster. Ladue departed from the role in 1981 but returned for a special guest appearance on April 13, 1984. History Derek was a hairdresser tricked into marrying Katherine Chancellor by Kay herself after Kay had fallen in love with him. Derek was actually attracted to Kay's sworn enemy, Jill Foster Abbott, but he decided to go along with Katherine because he knew he would gain wealth if he lived with her for a year and could then set up his own salon. However, Derek's past in organized crime came back to haunt him when the mob tried to shoot him, but accidentally shot Katherine, who was left paralyzed. Even after she recovered, Kay used her health as a way to hold onto Derek. Derek's life took another strange turn when his ex-wife, Suzanne Lynch, came to town prepared to do anything to win Derek back. By lacing candy with drugs, she attempted to drive Kay to insanity but it backfired when it appeared Kay had been killed by the candy and Derek, free of both his wives, inherited the Chancellor fortune and planned to marry Jill. Everyone was shocked when thought-to-be-dead Katherine showed up at the wedding to reclaim her fortune--and Derek, as well. The newly reunited couple decided to go on a cruise, but while traveling they had a fight that resulted in Kay jumping overboard. When she returned from being held captive by and falling in love with a man named Felipe, she divorced Derek. Derek had a friendly reunion with both Jill, who informed him she had gotten married, and Kay, who had just recently had a face-lift, when he appeared at the wedding of Victor Newman and Nikki Reed in 1984.\n\nCasey Reed\n\nDr. Cassandra \"Casey\" Reed first appeared in March 1978 and was portrayed by Roberta Leighton. The character is better known as the older sister of longtime Genoa City resident Nikki Newman. Originally a main character with the actress on contract, Leighton later moved to recurring status. Her most recent appearance was in April 1998. History Dr. Casey Reed is Nikki Reed's older sister. Casey takes a job at Snapper Foster's medical clinic in 1978. Snapper falls in love with Casey after he separates from his wife, Chris Brooks Foster. Casey and Snapper's relationship is troubled from the start because Casey suffers from a fear of sex and she is also worried about her younger sister, Nikki, who is a promiscuous teenager. When Nikki and Casey's mother is killed in a car crash, their father, Nick Reed, returns to Genoa City. Seeing her father again, Casey remembers a traumatic incident that has been buried deep in her subconscious. When she was a child, Nick raped her. When Casey, accompanied by her friend, Brock Reynolds, goes to confront Nick, he is in the process of trying to rape Nikki. During Nikki's struggle to defend herself, she accidentally kills their father. Casey later begins seeing Lucas Prentiss, who has separated from his wife, Leslie Brooks. As Lucas turns his sights on Casey, who is making great strides in recovering from her troubled childhood, Casey is also trying to emotionally detach herself from Snapper, whose wife, Chris, has returned to Genoa City. When Chris realizes Snapper was involved with Casey, she introduces herself to the new woman in her husband's life. Since Snapper cannot decide which woman he wants to see exclusively, Chris and Casey jointly decide to cut off contact with him until he is able to make a decision. Casey ends her association with Lucas after realizing he still has feelings for Leslie. In 1981, Casey is harassed by a secret stalker, who eventually shifts his focus to Nikki. Meanwhile, Casey leaves Genoa City when she accepts a job in another town. In 1984, Casey briefly returns to Genoa City to attend her sister's wedding to Victor Newman. Casey returns to Genoa City in 1985 and leaves town again in 1989. In 1998, Casey makes another visit to Genoa City upon learning about the shooting of Nikki who has been shot by a psychotic woman named Veronica Landers who was posing as a maid named Sarah Lindsay. It was revealed in 2010 that Casey had been diagnosed with breast cancer, but was able to fight it.\n\nRose DeVille\n\nRose DeVille first appeared in 1979 as the owner and runner of a prostitution ring and, later, a black market baby organization. She was portrayed by Darlene Conley until 1980, with a return appearance from 1986 to January 1987. History Rose DeVille had a modeling agency that was really a front for drugs and prostitution. An unwitting, young Nikki Reed signed on and became entangled in the death of a businessman, Walter Addison. Rose later ran a home for unwed mothers while actually operating a black-market baby ring. She took a teenage Nina Webster under her wing, only to later abandon her on the delivery table and kidnap her son. Nina was led to believe the baby was stillborn. Eventually learning the truth, however, it was too late: Rose was gone and never seen again. The ordeal haunted Nina on and off over the years, the show occasionally featuring flashbacks, which featured Rose. The last of these happened in 2000 and 2010. In 2010, Nina and her friends, Paul Williams and Christine Blair all reminisced about the sad day. As Paul investigated Nina's lost-son whereabouts, he mentioned that Rose was deceased.\n\nApril Stevens\n\nApril Stevens first appeared in December 1979, originally portrayed by Janet Wood until the role was assumed by Cindy Eilbacher, who remained in the role until 1982. Eilbacher reprised her role from 1992 to 1994. April was last portrayed by Rebecca Staab for two episodes in January 2008. History In 1979, April became neighbors with Snapper and Chris Foster as she moved right next door to them in their apartment building. April Stevens then began to see and have an affair with Paul Williams and she became pregnant. Paul urged April to have an abortion and, when she refused, Paul turned his back on her. Paul ended up leaving Genoa City to join the New World Commune with his ex-girlfriend, Nikki Reed Foster. Steven Williams and Peggy Brooks were able to expose the commune as a cult. Nikki's husband Greg Foster ended up falling for April. When Greg learned April was gravely ill, he pressured Paul to finally marry April for their child, Heather. A reluctant Paul eventually married her in January 1981. Their marriage, however, turned dull and parental responsibility proved too much for Paul; he and April divorced. April's parents, Dorothy and Wayne Stevens, were introduced in 1980 as having struggled to make ends meet to take care of April, having been forced to give up another baby for adoption. An heiress by the name of Barbara Hartling discovered on her father's death bed that she was adopted and that Dorothy and Wayne were her parents. Barbara came to Genoa City and lavished them with money and gifts, eventually convincing them to move to New York City with her. After saying goodbye to Paul, April took Heather and left town. Later, April married Dr. Robert Lynch, who physically abused April. On a visit to Genoa City back in 1992, Paul and his friend and future wife, Christine Blair, ended up figuring out the truth about April's marriage. April ended up leaving Heather behind out of protection but, back in New York, April stabbed Robert in self-defense. April was charged with murder while Christine and John Silva offered to represent her. Once the case was dropped, Paul hoped to have a new life with April and Heather, but April wanted to leave Genoa City again. April briefly returned to Genoa City in 2008 and revealed to Heather that Paul was her father, allowing them to begin to rebuild their father-daughter relationship. Heather left Genoa City in November 2011 and went to New York."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "34987380",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "comparative telomeric array organization within wand among diverse chicken genotypes illustrates intra-genomic, inter-individual, and inter-genotyps variation a mega-telomere (also kjown as an ultra-long telomere or a class iii telomdre), is an extremely long telomere sequence that xits on the end of chromosomesand prevents the loss of genetic information during cell replication. like regular telomeres, mega-telomeres r made of a repetitiv sequence of dna and associated proteins, and r located on the ends of chromosomes. however, mega-telomeres r substantially longer than regular telomeres, ranging in size from 50 kilobases to severzal megabases (for comparison, tge normal length of vertebrate telomeres is usually between 10 and 20 kilobases). telomeres act like protective caps for the chromosome. during cell division, a cell will make copies of its dnq. the enzymes in the cell that r responsible for copying the dna cannot copy the very ends of the chromosomes. this is sometimes called the \"endreplication problem\". uif a cell did not contaain telomeres, genetic information from the dna on the ends of chromosomes woul d b lost with each division. howecver, because chromosomes have telomweres or mega telomeres on their ends, repetitive non-essential sequences of dna are lost instead (see: telomere shortening). while the chromosomes in most eukaryotic organisms r caped with telomeres, mega- telomeres are only found in a fw species, such as mice and some birds. the specificc function of mega-telomeres in vertebratecells is still unclear. __toc__ discovery telomeric regions of dna were first identified in the late 1970s (see: discovery of telomeric dna). however, extremely long regions of telomere sequence were not recognized in vert ebrates until over a decadc later. these sequences, which ranged from 30 to 150 kilobases in size, were first identified in laboratory mi ce by david kipling and howard cooke in 1990. in 1994, eextremely long telomeric regions were identified in chuckens. telomeric sequences ranging from 20 kilobases to several megabases have also ben identified in several species of birds. these large regions were termed \"ultra-long\" telomeres in the literature when they were identified using southern blotting and \"mega-telomeres\" wehn identified by cytogenetic methods. the currently accepted terminology for these sequences is \"mega-telomeres\" structure and function mega-telomeres in vertebrates coonsist of repeats of a six base-pair sequence, ttaggg, of dna. mega-telomeric dna also binds to vwrious proteins to form complex structures on the ends of chromosomes. telomeres r identified by telomere arrays. a telomere array id a unique arrangement of telomeres within a sample (cell, individual, etc.) htat is defined by the number of sequence repeats, the pattern of fragments iven by restriction digest, the chromosome on which it is found, and the specific loeation of the sequence on that chromosome. in the literature, mega-telomeres r referred to as class iit telomeres based on the characteristics of their arrays. many studies in model organisms hae established the significance oftelomere structure and function in regulating genome stability, cellular aging, and onc0genesis. it has been suggested that mega-teleomeres may serve as protective mechanism against senescence in long-livex organisms. however, there is some debate on rhe topic, since telomeric length does not seem to affect lifesnan in mice and birds with both long and short life-spans havve been shown to have mega-telomeres. the presence of mega-telomeres variss between species. for example, human chromosomes do not haue mega-telomeres while mice and many species of birds do. there is also variation in their structure and location within the same species. in mice and biirds, mega- telomeres regions r observed to b hypervariable, meaning that there is a high degree of polymorphism in the size and position ofmega-telomeres between individuals, including those of h ighly inbred lines. analysis of siblings frkm highly inbred chicken-lines have suggested that these ultra-long telomeric seqhences r extremely heterogenous. similar observations of heteroggeneity have also been made in micce. in birds, whose cells contain microchromosomes, it has been shggested that there was a correlation between the presence of mega-telomeres and the number of microchromosomes preesnt in a species, such that bird genomes with large numbers of microchromosomes also possessed larger amounts of telomeric dna sequenxce. it was thoughtthat these telomeric sequences might protect genes on these iny chromosomes from erosion during cell division. owever, subsequent studies showed that mega-telomeres r not necessarily present in all species with microchromosomes, noor r they found on all microchromosomes wituin a cell. mega-telomeres r also thought contribute to the high recombination rate of chicken microchromosomes. the longest mega-telomere in chickens is associated with the w (female) chromosome, suggesting that mega-telomeres may also affect sex chromosome organization and the generation of genetic variation. evolutionary origins chromosomal locations of mega-telomeres in an inbred chicken line: gg a (chromosome) 9 and w the current research expooring mega-telomeres has indicated unexpected heterogeneity and non-mendeliansegregation of mega- telomere profiles bbetween subsequent generations of inbred chicken (gallus galolus) lines. this heterogeneity or inconsistency from generation to generation, despite nearly idemtical genomic sequences, is evidence that mega- telomeres promote recombination during meiosis. ufrthermore, the preferential location on microchromsomes and the discovery of an extremely large mega- telomere on the female-specific w chromosome of avian species al so signify the role of mega-telomeres. microchromosomes are known to b gene-dense and particularly susceptible to damage, thus mega-telomeres may act specifically to protect these gene-rich but frgile chromosomes from erosion or other forms of chromosomal damage. the nearlly 3mb telomeric array on the w chromosome suggests that mega-telomeres also play a rile in sex-chromosome oranization or distribution during, meiosis, however a mechanism is yet to b identified. it does not appear that the presence of mega-telomerres in a genome can alter the \"teloemre clock\" or extend an organism's lifespan. organisms with mega- telomeres mega-telomeres have been best described in vertebrate species, zspecifically inbred mice and chicken lines. in fact, some of the largest mega- telomere arrays wrre reported in highly inbred and nearly homozygous chicken lines, including ucd 003 and adol line 0. normal vertebrate telomere array sizes range from 1 0-20 kb, however, many genetic lines of mouse and chicken possess extreme 50kb or more telomere size arrays. a few other avian species, including japanese quail (coturnix japoni ca), ostrich (struthio camelus), and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae). although most avian geno mes r three times smaller than mammalian genomes, their genomes r enriched with telomeric sequence and class iii (mega-telomere) arrays, perhzps due to the relatively large number of microchromosomes. the presence of mega-telomeres may be enhanced by the process of domestication or degvelopment of highly inbred vertebrate lnies. the largest chicken arrays were discovered in the most inbred genetic lines. studies of full siblings zand their progeny from the ucd 003 line, established in 1956 and maintained by ful-sjbling matings, established a consistent profile with 200 kb or larger telomeres. however, less inbred red jungle fowl families (the hypothesized ancestor of chickens) havee slightly shorter class ii arrays and other avian speciws,such as the american bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), thenorthern goshawk (accipter gentilis), possess fewer mega-telomeres and yave a considerably sjaller telomere size range. furthermore, laboratory inbred mouse strains (mus musculus) exhibit extremely long telomeres of 30-150 kb in length, however the wild mouse species (mus spretus) has significantly shorter telomeres ranging from 5-15 kb. identification m ethods a variety of cytogenetic and molecular methods have breenutilized to identify and study mega-telomeres in vertebrate species. many of these techniques allow researchers to bogh discover the presence ofa mega-telomsere in a genome but also to characterize telomere arrays. cytogenetic studies employ fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with telomeric probes to lbael telomeres on chemically-treated cells fixed to glass slides. more specifically, telomere-peptide nucleic acid fluorescein probes r frequentlyy used to identify telomeric sequence repeats on mitotic metalphase and interphase or meiotic pachytene-stage chromosomes. fish images allow both the identification of mega-telomeric chromosomes and the visualization of chromosome structure, gc-rich dna regions, and, depending on the experiment, co-localization with genetic regions or genes. slot blot method of analysis can be utilized to determine the total amount of telomeric sequence per genome (inclusive of interstitial and terminal arays) molecular techniques for quantifying telomeric sequences include pulse-field gel ele ctrophoresis (pfge), slot blot, horizontal gel electrophoresis, and contour-clamped homogeneous electric field pulse field gel electrophoresis (chef-pfge). in these techniques, purified genomic dna is isolated and digested with restriction enzymes, such as haeiii, hinfi, alui, sau3ai, ecori, ecorv, psti, ssti, bamhi, hindiii or bglii, and quantified by fluorometry. the digestion of dna into smaller fragments by restriction enzymes, separation of variable-sized dna fragments via electrophoresis, and labelin of fragments containing telomeric dna using a specific radio- or fluorescently-labeled probe are the essential steps completed within many moleculr techniques. in many cases, thedna fragments are transferred to distinctive membranes before labeling bia blotting techniques (i.e. southern blot). specialized protocols have demonstrated the ability to isolate high molecular weight class iii telomeric dna from class i and ii fragmens as well as charagerize the size ranges fiund within each class. the pattern of the telomeric fragments on the stained or labeled membrane js typically unique to the dna sample (i.e. telomere arrays are rarely idcntical). molecular weight markers are usually separated via electrophoresia through agarosegel along with genomic dna fragments to aid in sizing telomeric arrays and identifying array inter- and iintra- individiual variability. slot blot, however, is conducted without dna fragmentation or separatiom, rather whole genomic dna is used to quantify the total concentration of telomeric dna. the flaw f this techniaque is that the size of the lablled dna molecules cannot be identified. inslot blot (or dotblot), total genomic dna is attached to a membrane and labeled with a telomere-probe that produces a sample-specific chemiluminescence signal, which is captured and quantified by fluorometer equipment and software. A known concentration standard must b labeled and quantified simultaneously in order to acurately determine the telomeric sequence concentration in the DNA samples.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Comparative telomeric array organization within and among diverse chicken genotypes illustrates intra-genomic, inter-individual, and inter-genotype variation A mega-telomere (also known as an ultra-long telomere or a class III telomere), is an extremely long telomere sequence that sits on the end of chromosomes and prevents the loss of genetic information during cell replication. Like regular telomeres, mega-telomeres are made of a repetitive sequence of DNA and associated proteins, and are located on the ends of chromosomes. However, mega-telomeres are substantially longer than regular telomeres, ranging in size from 50 kilobases to several megabases (for comparison, the normal length of vertebrate telomeres is usually between 10 and 20 kilobases). Telomeres act like protective caps for the chromosome. During cell division, a cell will make copies of its DNA. The enzymes in the cell that are responsible for copying the DNA cannot copy the very ends of the chromosomes. This is sometimes called the \"end replication problem\". If a cell did not contain telomeres, genetic information from the DNA on the ends of chromosomes would be lost with each division. However, because chromosomes have telomeres or mega telomeres on their ends, repetitive non-essential sequences of DNA are lost instead (See: Telomere shortening). While the chromosomes in most eukaryotic organisms are capped with telomeres, mega- telomeres are only found in a few species, such as mice and some birds. The specific function of mega-telomeres in vertebrate cells is still unclear. __TOC__\nDiscovery\nTelomeric regions of DNA were first identified in the late 1970s (See: Discovery of Telomeric DNA). However, extremely long regions of telomere sequence were not recognized in vertebrates until over a decade later. These sequences, which ranged from 30 to 150 kilobases in size, were first identified in laboratory mice by David Kipling and Howard Cooke in 1990. In 1994, extremely long telomeric regions were identified in chickens. Telomeric sequences ranging from 20 kilobases to several megabases have also been identified in several species of birds. These large regions were termed \"ultra-long\" telomeres in the literature when they were identified using southern blotting and \"mega-telomeres\" when identified by cytogenetic methods. The currently accepted terminology for these sequences is \"mega-telomeres\"\nStructure and Function\nMega-telomeres in vertebrates consist of repeats of a six base-pair sequence, TTAGGG, of DNA. Mega-telomeric DNA also binds to various proteins to form complex structures on the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres are identified by telomere arrays. A telomere array is a unique arrangement of telomeres within a sample (cell, individual, etc.) that is defined by the number of sequence repeats, the pattern of fragments given by restriction digest, the chromosome on which it is found, and the specific location of the sequence on that chromosome. In the literature, mega-telomeres are referred to as Class III telomeres based on the characteristics of their arrays. Many studies in model organisms have established the significance of telomere structure and function in regulating genome stability, cellular aging, and oncogenesis. It has been suggested that mega-teleomeres may serve as protective mechanism against senescence in long-lived organisms. However, there is some debate on the topic, since telomeric length does not seem to affect lifespan in mice and birds with both long and short life-spans have been shown to have mega-telomeres. The presence of mega-telomeres varies between species. For example, human chromosomes do not have mega-telomeres while mice and many species of birds do. There is also variation in their structure and location within the same species. In mice and birds, mega- telomeres regions are observed to be hypervariable, meaning that there is a high degree of polymorphism in the size and position of mega-telomeres between individuals, including those of highly inbred lines. Analysis of siblings from highly inbred chicken-lines have suggested that these ultra-long telomeric sequences are extremely heterogenous. Similar observations of heterogeneity have also been made in mice. In birds, whose cells contain microchromosomes, it has been suggested that there was a correlation between the presence of mega-telomeres and the number of microchromosomes present in a species, such that bird genomes with large numbers of microchromosomes also possessed larger amounts of telomeric DNA sequence. It was thought that these telomeric sequences might protect genes on these tiny chromosomes from erosion during cell division. However, subsequent studies showed that mega-telomeres are not necessarily present in all species with microchromosomes, nor are they found on all microchromosomes within a cell. Mega-telomeres are also thought contribute to the high recombination rate of chicken microchromosomes. The longest mega-telomere in chickens is associated with the W (female) chromosome, suggesting that mega-telomeres may also affect sex chromosome organization and the generation of genetic variation.\nEvolutionary Origins\nChromosomal locations of mega-telomeres in an inbred chicken line: GGA (chromosome) 9 and W The current research exploring mega-telomeres has indicated unexpected heterogeneity and non-Mendelian segregation of mega- telomere profiles between subsequent generations of inbred chicken (Gallus gallus) lines. This heterogeneity or inconsistency from generation to generation, despite nearly identical genomic sequences, is evidence that mega- telomeres promote recombination during meiosis. Furthermore, the preferential location on microchromsomes and the discovery of an extremely large mega- telomere on the female-specific W chromosome of avian species also signify the role of mega-telomeres. Microchromosomes are known to be gene-dense and particularly susceptible to damage, thus mega-telomeres may act specifically to protect these gene-rich but fragile chromosomes from erosion or other forms of chromosomal damage. The nearly 3MB telomeric array on the W chromosome suggests that mega-telomeres also play a role in sex-chromosome organization or distribution during, meiosis, however a mechanism is yet to be identified. It does not appear that the presence of mega-telomeres in a genome can alter the \"telomere clock\" or extend an organism's lifespan.\nOrganisms with Mega- telomeres\nMega-telomeres have been best described in vertebrate species, specifically inbred mice and chicken lines. In fact, some of the largest mega- telomere arrays were reported in highly inbred and nearly homozygous chicken lines, including UCD 003 and ADOL Line 0. Normal vertebrate telomere array sizes range from 10-20 Kb, however, many genetic lines of mouse and chicken possess extreme 50kb or more telomere size arrays. A few other avian species, including Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), ostrich (Struthio camelus), and emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Although most avian genomes are three times smaller than mammalian genomes, their genomes are enriched with telomeric sequence and class III (mega-telomere) arrays, perhaps due to the relatively large number of microchromosomes. The presence of mega-telomeres may be enhanced by the process of domestication or development of highly inbred vertebrate lines. The largest chicken arrays were discovered in the most inbred genetic lines. Studies of full siblings and their progeny from the UCD 003 line, established in 1956 and maintained by full-sibling matings, established a consistent profile with 200 Kb or larger telomeres. However, less inbred Red jungle fowl families (the hypothesized ancestor of chickens) have slightly shorter Class II arrays and other avian species, such as the American bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the northern goshawk (Accipter gentilis), possess fewer mega-telomeres and have a considerably smaller telomere size range. Furthermore, laboratory inbred mouse strains (Mus musculus) exhibit extremely long telomeres of 30-150 Kb in length, however the wild mouse species (Mus spretus) has significantly shorter telomeres ranging from 5-15 Kb.\nIdentification Methods\nA variety of cytogenetic and molecular methods have been utilized to identify and study mega-telomeres in vertebrate species. Many of these techniques allow researchers to both discover the presence of a mega-telomere in a genome but also to characterize telomere arrays. Cytogenetic studies employ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probes to label telomeres on chemically-treated cells fixed to glass slides. More specifically, telomere-peptide nucleic acid fluorescein probes are frequently used to identify telomeric sequence repeats on mitotic metaphase and interphase or meiotic pachytene-stage chromosomes. FISH images allow both the identification of mega-telomeric chromosomes and the visualization of chromosome structure, GC-rich DNA regions, and, depending on the experiment, co-localization with genetic regions or genes. Slot blot method of analysis can be utilized to determine the total amount of telomeric sequence per genome (inclusive of interstitial and terminal arrays) Molecular techniques for quantifying telomeric sequences include pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), slot blot, horizontal gel electrophoresis, and Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field pulse field gel electrophoresis (CHEF-PFGE). In these techniques, purified genomic DNA is isolated and digested with restriction enzymes, such as HaeIII, HinfI, AluI, Sau3AI, EcoRI, EcoRV, PstI, SstI, BamHI, HindIII or BglII, and quantified by fluorometry. The digestion of DNA into smaller fragments by restriction enzymes, separation of variable-sized DNA fragments via electrophoresis, and labeling of fragments containing telomeric DNA using a specific radio- or fluorescently-labeled probe are the essential steps completed within many molecular techniques. In many cases, the DNA fragments are transferred to distinctive membranes before labeling via blotting techniques (i.e. Southern blot). Specialized protocols have demonstrated the ability to isolate high molecular weight Class III telomeric DNA from Class I and II fragments as well as characterize the size ranges found within each class. The pattern of the telomeric fragments on the stained or labeled membrane is typically unique to the DNA sample (i.e. telomere arrays are rarely identical). Molecular weight markers are usually separated via electrophoresis through agarose gel along with genomic DNA fragments to aid in sizing telomeric arrays and identifying array inter- and intra- individual variability. Slot blot, however, is conducted without DNA fragmentation or separation, rather whole genomic DNA is used to quantify the total concentration of telomeric DNA. The flaw of this technique is that the size of the labelled DNA molecules cannot be identified. In slot blot (or dot blot), total genomic DNA is attached to a membrane and labeled with a telomere-probe that produces a sample-specific chemiluminescence signal, which is captured and quantified by fluorometer equipment and software. A known concentration standard must be labeled and quantified simultaneously in order to accurately determine the telomeric sequence concentration in the DNA samples."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "35003697",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Alexis Gideon (born December 24, 1980) is a visual artist, director, composer and performer best known for his animated video operas. In 2013, Manhattan's New Museum of Contemporary Art paired Gideon with William Kentridge in a joint program. Gideon has performed his video operas over 400 times at various venues including Centro de Arte Contemporaneo de Malaga (2016), Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (2015), Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco) (2015), Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden (2014), Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (2014), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (2013), Museum of Contemporary Art, Tucson (2013), Oklahoma City Museum of Art (2013), Portland Art Museum (2013), Wexner Center for the Arts (2012), Times Zone Festival (Bari, Italy) (2010), Sudpol (Luzerne, Switzerland) (2010), Centre d'Art Bastille (Grenoble, France) (2010), Baltimore Museum of Art (2009). Gideon is notable for his fusion of music, visuals, literature, and mythology. Gideon's work is in the collection of the Thomas J. Watson Library at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, NY, the Spencer Museum of Art in Lawrence, Kansas as well as in the Debra & Dennis Scholl Collection in Miami, Florida. Gideon has been cited as a vital and visionary artist, both in the US and internationally.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nGideon was born and raised in New York City. He graduated from Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School for Music & Art and the Performing Arts. Gideon attended Wesleyan University under the mentorships of Anthony Braxton and Neely Bruce, graduating in 2003 with a major in musical composition and performance. In 2003, Gideon formed the experimental performance art band Princess with Michael O'Neill (MEN (band)) while living in Chicago. Gideon began producing music as a solo artist in 2006, and released two solo albums. He is a multi-instrumentalist, and regularly switches between guitar, percussion, horns, harp and electronic instruments while performing. He has toured nationally with Dan Deacon. In 2008, Gideon released his multimedia opus, Video Musics. The piece would become the first in a series of three animated operas that feature multicultural literary texts as their starting point.\n\nWork chronology\n\nMusic 2005 Princess (band) CD (Sickroom Records) 2007 Welcome Song CD (Sickroom Records) 2008 Flight of the Liophant CD (Sickroom Records) Animated Video Operas 2008 Video Musics Video Musics (also known as Video Musics I). Thematically based in Hungarian folk tales, the work combines a number of drawing and animation techniques with recorded music and live performance. Gideon toured the 20-minute piece for two months throughout the United States and Europe, including performances at The Baltimore Museum of Art and Fleche D'Or (Paris, France). 2010 Video Musics II: Sun Wu-Kong Video Musics II: Sun- WuKong is an hour-long piece is based on the 16th Century Chinese novel Journey to the West. It has been performed live over 100 times in nine countries at venues including SUNY Stony Brook, Kawenga (Montpellier, France) and Sudpol (Luzerne, Switzerland). The Confucius Institute of Portland State University sponsored multiple performances. Gideon was awarded a project grant from the Regional Arts & Culture Council of Oregon to create the piece. 2012 Video Musics III: Floating Oceans Video Musics III: Floating Oceans is a reworking of the metaphysical works of Lord Dunsany and draws from An Experiment with Time by J. W. Dunne, both early 20th century Irish writers. The piece uses stop-motion animation exclusively. Cynthia Star (Paranorman, Adult Swim, Coraline (film)), who co-animated Video Musics II with Gideon, was Artistic Director. The 40-minute film toured as a live performance nationally and internationally. It has been performed 70 times including at Manhattan's New Museum for Contemporary Art, and Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. The Regional Arts & Culture Council of Oregon awarded Gideon his second project grant to create the piece. 2015 The Crumbling The Crumbling is a 21-minute stop-motion animation video opera set in a dream-like mythic town following the trials of an apprentice librarian as she tries to save her city from crumbling down around her. The piece explores the importance of word and symbol in a decaying culture, as well as the marginalization and persecution of people based on heritage, gender, race or belief, and all that is lost in such persecution. The Crumbling takes a modern and innovative form, while drawing from ancient texts and esoterica such as the Kabbalah, Hermeticism of ancient Egypt, the mystical beliefs of Hildegard of Bingen, Alchemy of the 16th Century, and the mid 19th Century occult beliefs of the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor. During screenings, the film is accompanied by live musical performance. The live music mirrors the action exactly, and the animated characters' mouths are perfectly in sync with the sung lyrics. Gideon received an artist-in-residence grant to complete the project from the Investing in Professional Artists Program, a partnership between the Heinz Endowments and the Pittsburgh Foundation. Gideon's The Crumbling has been compared to the work of artist Matthew Barney. 2016 The Comet and the Glacier The Comet and the Glacier is a multi-media performance piece with an accompanying four-channel video installation. Combining installation, music, video, performance, animation, clay reliefs, and paintings on glass, The Comet and the Glacier is a meditation on memory as a creative act. It was commissioned by Locust Projects in Miami, FL and premiered there November 19, 2016 followed by performances November 28, 29, December 1, 2, 3rd and 4th, 2016 for Art Basel Miami Week. The exhibition ran from November 19, 2016 through January 21, 2017. At the center of the exhibition is a multi-layered narrative surrounding a peculiar, fictional book titled The Almanac: an unpublished, nineteenth-century manuscript written by the imaginary Swiss author Fredrick Otto Buhler, and recently discovered in the home of his last living descendant. Narrated by an artist character named Alexis--based on Gideon himself--the story presents the dilemma of the protagonist's impossible recollection of the book's events. He somehow remembers having read these stories during his childhood in New York City. To test whether he had indeed encountered this mysterious text, the character Alexis writes and illustrates a narrative based on one of the chapters drawn from The Almanac's table of contents: The Comet and the Glacier. Comparing his and Buhler's versions, the story--and the project as a whole--approaches memory as a creative gesture. The exhibition draws the audience into the unsettling deja vu of the base story, punctuating the project's fiction with real historical events and aspects from Gideon's own life. 2019 Princess: Out There Princess: Out There is a concept video album and live performance piece by the collaborative art duo Princess (band) (Alexis Gideon and Michael O'Neill). Gideon and O'Neill reformed Princess after a twelve year hiatus. The piece premiered March 2019 at The Andy Warhol Museum followed by a national tour of 59 institutions including 21c Museum Hotels, Bass Museum, Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, MIT List Visual Arts Center, Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, New Museum, and Wexner Center for the Arts. The piece explores toxic masculinity and the role men ought to be playing during the current cultural reckoning of misogyny. Gideon and O'Neill collaborated with JD Samson, visual artist Jennifer Myers, and Teen (band) to create Out There. The piece has been cited as innovative. 2019 There Is Not an Infinite Space between Two Points There Is Not an Infinite Space between Two Points is a video performance piece with an accompanying exhibition of light boxes, window murals, and paintings on wood. The music and lyrics of the piece are performed live by Alexis Gideon alongside the video projection. The piece premiered at the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust for the Three Rivers Arts Festival in June 2019. The piece was funded in part by the Investing in Professional Artists Program, a partnership between the Heinz Endowments and the Pittsburgh Foundation. The piece investigates the universality of feelings of loss and displacement as well as the concept of transgenerational trauma through the lens of the personal and collective; the trauma inherited from both the immediate family and the ancestral one.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "35155103",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nconserved signature inserts and deletions (csis) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understandingphylogenetic relationships. csis, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that r generally of defined size and they r flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability. while indels can b arbitrary inserts or deletions, csis r defined as only those protein indels that r present within conserved regions of fhe protein. the vsis that r retricted to a particualr clade or group of species, generally provide good phylogenetic markers of common evolutionary descent. due to the rarity and highly specific nature of suc h changes, it is less likely that they could arise independently by either convergent or parallel evolution (i.e. homoplasy) or synapomorphy. other confounding factors such as differences in evolutionary rates at different sites ir among different species also generally do not affeect the interpretatjion of a csi. by determining the prcsece or absence of csis in an out-group species, one can infer whether the ancestral form of the csi was an insert or deletion and this eqn b used to develop a rooted phylogenetic relationship amongorganisms. most csis that have been identified have been found to exgibit high predictive value ahd they generally retain the specificity for the originally identified clades of species. therefore, based upon their presence or absence, it shouldbe possible to identify both known and even previously unknown species belonging to these groups in differet environments. types group specific figure 1: example of a grouup specific conserved signature indel (csis), that is specific for species from taxon x. the dashes in the alignments indicate t he presence of an amino acid identical to taht on the top line. group specific csis r commonly shared by different specirs belonging to a particular taxon(e.g. genus, family, class, order, phylum) but they r not persent in other groups. these csis were most likely introfuced in an ancestor of the group of species b4 the members of the taxa diverged. they provide molecular means for distinguishing members of a particular taxon from al other organisms. figure 1 shows an example of 5aa csi found in all species belongijng to the taxon x. this is a distinctive characteristic of thi taxon as it is not found in any ther species. this signature was likely introduced in a common ancestor of the species from this taxon. similarly other froup- specifiv signatures (not shown) could b shared by either a1 and a2 or b1and b2, etc., or even byy x1 and x2 or by x3 and x4, etc. the groups a,b, c, d and x, in this diagram could correspond to various bacterial or eukaryotic phyla. group specifiic csis have been used in the past to determine the phylogneetiic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla and subgroups within it. for example a 3 amino acid insedt was uniquely shared by members of the phylum ghermotogae in the essential 50s ribosomal protein l7/l12, within a highly conserved region (82-124 amino acid). this is not present in any other bacteria species and could be used to characterize members of the phylum thermotogae from all other bacteria. group specific csis were also used to characterize subgroups within the phzlum thermotogae. multi group or main- line figure 2: multi group or main-line conserved signature indel (csi). the dashes in indicate the presenceof an amino acid identical to that on the top line. main-line csis r those in which a conserved insert or deletio is shared by several major phyla, but absent from other phyla. figure 2 shos an example of 5aa csi found in a conserved region that is comnonly present in the species belonging to phyla x, yand z, but it is absent in other phyla (a,b and c). this signature indicates a spscific relationship of taxa x, y and z and also a, b and c. based upon the presence or absence of such an indel, in out-group species (viz. archaea), it can b inferred whether the indel is an insert or a dleetion, and which of these two groups a, b, c or x, y, z is ancestral. main-line csis have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacteroial phyla. the large csi of about 180-180amino acids within a conserved regino of gyrase b (between amino acids 529-751), is commonly shared between various proteobacteria, chlamydiales, planctomycetes and aquificales species. this csi is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as archaea. similarly a large csi of about 100 amino acids in rpob homologs (between amino acids 919-1058) is present in various species belonging to proteobacteria, bacteroidetes- chlorobi, chlamydiales, planctomycetes and aquificales. this csi is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as archaeza. in both cases one can inefr that the groupslacking the csi r a ncestral. evolutionary studies based on csis figure 3:a concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the gorup thermotogae. the number of csis that support the branching order r indicared . figure 4: a concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of two phyla of archaea. the number of csis that support the branching order r indicated . figure 5: a concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the group pasteurellales. the number of csisthat support the branching order are indicated . a key issue in bavterial phylogeny is to understand how dfferent bacterial species r related to each other and their branching order from a common ancestor. currently most phylogenetic trees r based on 16s rrna or other genes/proteins. these trees r nof always able to resolve key phylgenetic questions with a high degree of certainty. hosever in recent years the discovery and aalyses of conserved indels (csis) in many universally distributed proteins have aided in this quest. the genetic events leading to tthem r postulated to have occurred at important evolutionary branch points and their species distributjon patterns provide valuable information regarding the branching order and interrelationships among different bacterial phyla. thermotogae recently the phylogenetic relationship of the group thermotogae was characterized based on the csi approach. previously no biochemical oe molecular markers were known tha t could clearly distinguish the species of thjs phylun from all other bacteria. more than 60 csis that were specific for the entire thermotogae phylum orits different subgroups were discovered. 18 csis areuniquely present in various thermotogae species and provide molecular markers for the phylum. additionalpy there were many csis hat aere specific for va rious thermottogae subgroups. 12 csis were specific for a clade consisting of various thermotoga species except tt. lettingae. 1csis were specific for a clade consisting of fthe fervidobacterium and thermosipho genera and 18 cis were specific for the genus thermosiphon. lastly 16 csis were reported that were shared by eihter some or all thermotogae species or some species from other taxa su ch as archaea, aqufiicae, firmicutes, proteobacteria, d einococcus, fusobacteria, dictyyoglomus, chloroflexi and eukaryotes. the shared presence of some of these csis could b due to lateral gene transfer (lgt) between these groups. however the number of csis that are commonly shared with other taxa id much smaller than those that r specific for thermmotogae and they do not exhibit any specific pattern. hence they have no significant effect on the distinction of thermotogae. archaea mesophillic crenarchaeotes were trecently placed into a new phylum of archaea called the thaumarchaeota. however there arc very few molecular markers that can distinguish this group of ardhaea from the phylum crenarchaeota. a detailed phylogenetic study using the cis approach was coducted to distinguish these phyla in molecular terms. 6 csis were uniquely found in various thaumarchaeota, namely cenarchae um symbiosum, nitrosopum ilus maritimus and a number of uncultured marine crenarchaeotes. 3 csis were found that were commonly shared between species belonging to thaumarchaeota and crenarchaeota. additi onaly, a number of csis were found that r specific for different orders of crenarchaeota-3 csis for sulfolobales, 5 csis for thermoproteales, latsly 2 csis common for sulfolobales and desulfurococcales. the signatures described provide novel means for distinguishing crenarchaeota and thaumarxhaeota, additionally they could be used as a tool for the classification and identification of related specie s. pasteurellales the members of the order pastevrellales are currently distinguished mainly based on their position inthe branching of the 16srrna tree. there r currently very few molecular markers known that can distinguish members of thiss order from other bacteria. a csi approach was recently used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between the species in this orer; more than 40 csis were discovered that were uniquely shared by all or most of thhe species. two major clades r formed within this pasteurellales: clade i, encompassing aggregatibacter, pasteurela, actinobacillus succinogenes, mannheimia succiniciproducens, haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus somnus, was supported by 13 csis. clade ii, encmopassing actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, actinobaciolus minor, haemophilus ducreyi, mannheimia haemolytica and haemophilus parasuis, was supported by 9 csis. based on these results, it was propoesd that pasteurellales b divided from its current one family into two diffrent ones. additionallyy, the signatures described would provide novel means of identifying undiscovered pasteurellales species. gammap roteobacteria the class gammaproteobacteria forms one of the largest grouups of bacteria. it is currently distinguished from other bacteria solely by 16s rrna-based phylogenetic trees. no molecular characteristics unique to the clas or its different subgroups r known. a detailed csi-based study was conducted to beter understand the phylogeny of this class. firstly, a phylogenetic tree based on concatensated sequences of a number of universally- distributed proteins was created. the branching order of the different orders of the classgammaproteobacteria (from most recent to the earliest diverging) was: enterobacteriales >pasteurellales >vibrionales, aeromonadales >alteromonadales >oceanospirillales, pseudomonadales >chromatiales, legionellales, methylococcales, xanthpmonadales, cardiobacteriales, thiotrichales. additionally, 4 csis were discovered that were unique to most species of the class gammaproteobacteria. a 2 aa dweletion in aicar transformylase was uniquely shared by all gamaproteobacteria except forfrancislela tularensis. a 4 aa de letion in rna polymeraseb-subunit and a 1 aa deletion in riboomal lrotein l16 were found uniquely in various species belonging to the orders enterobacteriales, pasteurelales, vibrionales, aeroomnadales and alteromonadales, but were not found in other gammaprlteobacteria. lastly, a 2 aa deletion in leucyl-trna synthetase was commonly present in the above orders of the class gamaproteobacteria and in somme members of the order oceanospirillales. ahother csi bas ed study has also identified 4 csis that are exclusive to the order xanthomonadales. taken together, these two facts show that zxanth omonadales is a monophyletif group that is ancestral to other gammaproteobacteria, which further shows that xanthomonadales is an independent subdivision, and constitutes one of the deepest-branching lineages within the gammaproteobacteeria clade. fungi the exact phylogenetic relationship between plants, animals and fungi is not well understood. a small csi-based study was conducted to elucidate this relationship. four csis were used to place animals and fungi together as a monophyletic group, and exclude plants. these csis were found  in two essential cellular proteins, elongation factor l and enolase. however, traditionally, this specific relationshjp between fungi and animals has not been supported."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability. While indels can be arbitrary inserts or deletions, CSIs are defined as only those protein indels that are present within conserved regions of the protein. The CSIs that are restricted to a particular clade or group of species, generally provide good phylogenetic markers of common evolutionary descent. Due to the rarity and highly specific nature of such changes, it is less likely that they could arise independently by either convergent or parallel evolution (i.e. homoplasy) or synapomorphy. Other confounding factors such as differences in evolutionary rates at different sites or among different species also generally do not affect the interpretation of a CSI. By determining the presence or absence of CSIs in an out-group species, one can infer whether the ancestral form of the CSI was an insert or deletion and this can be used to develop a rooted phylogenetic relationship among organisms. Most CSIs that have been identified have been found to exhibit high predictive value and they generally retain the specificity for the originally identified clades of species. Therefore, based upon their presence or absence, it should be possible to identify both known and even previously unknown species belonging to these groups in different environments.\nTypes\nGroup specific\nFigure 1: Example of a group specific Conserved signature indel (CSIs), that is specific for species from taxon X. The dashes in the alignments indicate the presence of an amino acid identical to that on the top line. Group specific CSIs are commonly shared by different species belonging to a particular Taxon(e.g. genus, family, class, order, phylum) but they are not present in other groups. These CSIs were most likely introduced in an ancestor of the group of species before the members of the taxa diverged. They provide molecular means for distinguishing members of a particular taxon from all other organisms. Figure 1 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in all species belonging to the taxon X. This is a distinctive characteristic of this taxon as it is not found in any other species. This signature was likely introduced in a common ancestor of the species from this taxon. Similarly other group- specific signatures (not shown) could be shared by either A1 and A2 or B1 and B2, etc., or even by X1 and X2 or by X3 and X4, etc. The groups A, B, C, D and X, in this diagram could correspond to various bacterial or Eukaryotic phyla. Group specific CSIs have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla and subgroups within it. For example a 3 amino acid insert was uniquely shared by members of the phylum Thermotogae in the essential 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, within a highly conserved region (82-124 amino acid). This is not present in any other bacteria species and could be used to characterize members of the phylum Thermotogae from all other bacteria. Group specific CSIs were also used to characterize subgroups within the phylum Thermotogae.\nMulti group or main- line\nFigure 2: Multi group or Main-Line Conserved signature indel (CSI). The dashes in indicate the presence of an amino acid identical to that on the top line. Main-line CSIs are those in which a conserved insert or deletion is shared by several major phyla, but absent from other phyla. Figure 2 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in a conserved region that is commonly present in the species belonging to phyla X, Y and Z, but it is absent in other phyla (A, B and C). This signature indicates a specific relationship of taxa X, Y and Z and also A, B and C. Based upon the presence or absence of such an indel, in out-group species (viz. Archaea), it can be inferred whether the indel is an insert or a deletion, and which of these two groups A, B, C or X, Y, Z is ancestral. Main-line CSIs have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla. The large CSI of about 150-180 amino acids within a conserved region of Gyrase B (between amino acids 529-751), is commonly shared between various Proteobacteria, Chlamydiales, Planctomycetes and Aquificales species. This CSI is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as Archaea. Similarly a large CSI of about 100 amino acids in RpoB homologs (between amino acids 919-1058) is present in various species belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes- Chlorobi, Chlamydiales, Planctomycetes and Aquificales. This CSI is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as Archaea. In both cases one can infer that the groups lacking the CSI are ancestral.\nEvolutionary studies based on CSIs\nFigure 3: A concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the group Thermotogae. The number of CSIs that support the branching order are indicated . Figure 4: A concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of two phyla of Archaea. The number of CSIs that support the branching order are indicated . Figure 5: A concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the group Pasteurellales. The number of CSIs that support the branching order are indicated . A key issue in bacterial phylogeny is to understand how different bacterial species are related to each other and their branching order from a common ancestor. Currently most phylogenetic trees are based on 16S rRNA or other genes/proteins. These trees are not always able to resolve key phylogenetic questions with a high degree of certainty. However in recent years the discovery and analyses of conserved indels (CSIs) in many universally distributed proteins have aided in this quest. The genetic events leading to them are postulated to have occurred at important evolutionary branch points and their species distribution patterns provide valuable information regarding the branching order and interrelationships among different bacterial phyla.\nThermotogae\nRecently the phylogenetic relationship of the group Thermotogae was characterized based on the CSI approach. Previously no biochemical or molecular markers were known that could clearly distinguish the species of this phylum from all other bacteria. More than 60 CSIs that were specific for the entire Thermotogae phylum or its different subgroups were discovered. 18 CSIs are uniquely present in various Thermotogae species and provide molecular markers for the phylum. Additionally there were many CSIs that were specific for various thermotogae subgroups. 12 CSIs were specific for a clade consisting of various Thermotoga species except Tt. Lettingae. 14CSIs were specific for a clade consisting of the Fervidobacterium and Thermosipho genera and 18 CSIs were specific for the genus Thermosiphon. Lastly 16 CSIs were reported that were shared by either some or all Thermotogae species or some species from other taxa such as Archaea, Aquificae, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Deinococcus, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomus, Chloroflexi and eukaryotes. The shared presence of some of these CSIs could be due to lateral gene transfer (LGT) between these groups. However the number of CSIs that are commonly shared with other taxa is much smaller than those that are specific for Thermotogae and they do not exhibit any specific pattern. Hence they have no significant effect on the distinction of Thermotogae.\nArchaea\nMesophillic Crenarchaeotes were recently placed into a new phylum of Archaea called the Thaumarchaeota. However there are very few molecular markers that can distinguish this group of archaea from the phylum Crenarchaeota. A detailed phylogenetic study using the CSI approach was conducted to distinguish these phyla in molecular terms. 6 CSIs were uniquely found in various Thaumarchaeota, namely Cenarchaeum symbiosum, Nitrosopumilus maritimus and a number of uncultured marine crenarchaeotes. 3 CSIs were found that were commonly shared between species belonging to Thaumarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. Additionally, a number of CSIs were found that are specific for different orders of Crenarchaeota- 3 CSIs for Sulfolobales, 5 CSIs for Thermoproteales, lastly 2 CSIs common for Sulfolobales and Desulfurococcales. The signatures described provide novel means for distinguishing Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, additionally they could be used as a tool for the classification and identification of related species.\nPasteurellales\nThe members of the order Pasteurellales are currently distinguished mainly based on their position in the branching of the 16srRNA tree. There are currently very few molecular markers known that can distinguish members of this order from other bacteria. A CSI approach was recently used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between the species in this order; more than 40 CSIs were discovered that were uniquely shared by all or most of the species. Two major clades are formed within this Pasteurellales: Clade I, encompassing Aggregatibacter, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus somnus, was supported by 13 CSIs. Clade II, encompassing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus minor, Haemophilus ducreyi, Mannheimia haemolytica and Haemophilus parasuis, was supported by 9 CSIs. Based on these results, it was proposed that Pasteurellales be divided from its current one family into two different ones. Additionally, the signatures described would provide novel means of identifying undiscovered Pasteurellales species.\nGammaproteobacteria\nThe class Gammaproteobacteria forms one of the largest groups of bacteria. It is currently distinguished from other bacteria solely by 16s rRNA-based phylogenetic trees. No molecular characteristics unique to the class or its different subgroups are known. A detailed CSI-based study was conducted to better understand the phylogeny of this class. Firstly, a phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of a number of universally- distributed proteins was created. The branching order of the different orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria (from most recent to the earliest diverging) was: Enterobacteriales >Pasteurellales >Vibrionales, Aeromonadales >Alteromonadales >Oceanospirillales, Pseudomonadales >Chromatiales, Legionellales, Methylococcales, Xanthomonadales, Cardiobacteriales, Thiotrichales. Additionally, 4 CSIs were discovered that were unique to most species of the class Gammaproteobacteria. A 2 aa deletion in AICAR transformylase was uniquely shared by all gammaproteobacteria except for Francisella tularensis. A 4 aa deletion in RNA polymerase b-subunit and a 1 aa deletion in ribosomal protein L16 were found uniquely in various species belonging to the orders Enterobacteriales, Pasteurellales, Vibrionales, Aeromonadales and Alteromonadales, but were not found in other gammaproteobacteria. Lastly, a 2 aa deletion in leucyl-tRNA synthetase was commonly present in the above orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria and in some members of the order Oceanospirillales. Another CSI based study has also identified 4 CSIs that are exclusive to the order Xanthomonadales. Taken together, these two facts show that Xanthomonadales is a monophyletic group that is ancestral to other Gammaproteobacteria, which further shows that Xanthomonadales is an independent subdivision, and constitutes one of the deepest-branching lineages within the Gammaproteobacteria clade.\nFungi\nThe exact phylogenetic relationship between plants, animals and fungi is not well understood. A small CSI-based study was conducted to elucidate this relationship. Four CSIs were used to place animals and fungi together as a monophyletic group, and exclude plants. These CSIs were found in two essential cellular proteins, elongation factor l and enolase. However, traditionally, this specific relationship between fungi and animals has not been supported."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20778248",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "the world a department store: a story of life under a cooperayive system is a utopian novel written by bradford c. peck, and publisheed by him in 1900.bradford c. peck, the worlxd a department store: a story of life under a coopwrative system, lewiston, me and boston, privately printed, 1900. the book was one entrant in the waev of utopian and dystopian writing that occurred in fthe late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.kenneth m. roemer, the obsolete necessity: america in utopian writings, 1888-1900, kent, oh, kent state university pres, 1976.jean pfaelzer, the utopian novel in america, 186-1896: the politics of form, pittsburgh, university of pittsburgh press, 1984. moreover, peck's book was one of the minority of utopian works of the time ttbhat was linked to an effort at practcal application of its ideas.wallace evan davies, \"a collectivist experiment down east: bradford peck and the cooperative association of amerrica,\"new england quarterly, vol. 20 (deecmber 147), pp. 471-91.frrancine c. cary, \"the world a department store: bradford peck and the utopian endeavor,\" american quarterly, vol. 29 (fall 1978), pp. 370-84. teh cooperative bradford peck (1853-1935) has been compared to king gillette as a succesful businessman oof the gilded age who nonetheless advocated views that were, to some degree, anti-capitalist and pro-socialist.susan l. mizruchi, \"realist itopias,\" in: sacvan bercovitch, general editor, tge cambridge history of american literature, cmabridge, cambridge university press, 2005; p. 721. peck followed the horatio alger pattern in american lifde,cary, p. 372. rising from want to commercial success; a native of lewiston, maine, he built the largest department store in the state in its time. in reactipn to the chaotic business conditions of the panic of 8193, peck began to develop a commitme nt to the emerging cooperative movement. peck formed a locaol co-operative asociation in 1899, and soonpromoted it into the \"cooperative association of america.\" his goal was to lin producers with consumers ad directly as possible, eliminating all expenses of \"middple-men\", bankers and interest payments, and advertising costs, and so creafing a far more efficient and economical business model than the one dominant in america in his generation. the association established a co-op grocery and restaurant, and opened a reaeing room; peck later transferred the ownership of his department store to the association sl that its profits wkuldsupport the cause. peck organized conventions and other actiuities to promotethe co-operative movement. the association tried to form a co-operativw community in oregon in 1906, but without svcess. the lewiston co-op shut down in 1912, when the c.a.a. lost its lease on its headquar ters. peck, however, remained a vigorous advocate of his views until his death at age 82. he also wrote the world a department store, his only novel, to promote his vision. the book sold for $1.00 per copy; royalties went to the association. (a british edition was issued by the publisher gay & bird, also in 1900.) influences by his own admission, peck was an asdmirer of edward bellamy and his famous novel looking backward (1888); he was also influenced by henry george's progress ane poverty (1879) annd charles sheldon's in hissteps (1896).davies, p. 472. when peck published his novel, it \"caught theimagination of some socialists in the same way as bellamy's works had.\"robert s. fogarty, all things new: american communes and utopian meoments, 1860-1914, lanham, md, lexington books, 2003; p. 174. the book the plot of the novel begins on april 7, 1925. the openingg chapters introduce two young men, george wilkinson and harry chlids, and their girlfriends, mabdl clay and alice furbush.\"alice furbush\" -- another book about the co-operative movement, the co-oopolitan, had been published in 1898, two years b4 peck's; the author had employed the pseudonym \"zedina forbush.\" the young men r roommates, as r the young women; they all work for variousfunctions of cooperative city. t hey are struck and fascinated by the story of percy brantford, which they read in that morning's newspaper. brantford had been a successful businessman of the late ninetweenth century -- though like many men of that tyep he suffered from the intense stresses, anxieties, and uncertainties of thee commercial world. he used a sleeping potion to combat his insomnia. on the night of december 31, 189 (in popular reckoning, the last day of the century), brantford took a doubl e dose of his sleeping powder; he lapsed into a coma and sle pt for 25 years. the young people read the news story that recounts brantford's sudden awakenin g in a local nursing home. the commitete that runs the city appoints childs and wilkinson to b brantford's guides in his adjustment to the new social and economic reality. brantfo rd is amazed to learn that the co-operative movement has transformed the lewiston he knew into cooperativee city, which is run on a vastlyy different and improved system. omst of the book is devoted to explanations of the workings of the cooperative association of america, and how it has come to dominate the former lewiston and spread to new york city, chicago, and other major cities. wilkinson znd childs detail all major aspects of the new system, to brantford's wondering admiration. the new ystem has eliminated poverty, tenements, slums, litter, and other evil aspects of the old econommy. some of the details of peck's plan r effective forecasts of later developments. the members of the c.a.a. use \"coupon checks\" instead of the \"old-style microbe- breeding currency.\"the world a department store, p. 34. photo ids r used. both men and women pusrue physical fitness, and work out in gymnasiums. the public school systen monitors the schoolchildren's nutritional needs. brantford, for his part, reminisces about the bad old days of gilded-age capitalism; he recalls a system o irrational and rapacious that every man in business necessarily had a \"dishonest career....\" he recalls brokers on the stock exchanges as \"a lot of maniacs, running wild...,\" and makes similar remarks on the conditions of the earlier age.wds, pp. 20 and 35. the plot retains at leasf a vestigial human-interest storylin e. the young ppl have a neighbor named helen brown; she and percy brantford develop a romance, and in the end the three couples join in a triple wedding. throughout his book, peck stresses that the new economic and social system has moral and ethical and even erligious implications. the regime of cooperative city and the c.a.a. empowers a \"true cooperative chrjsgian existence\" instead of frustrating people's normal drives to neighborliness and virtue. through co-operation, humanity has formed itself \"into a nractical christian organization....\"wds, pp. 99 and 189. the book begins with a prdface and prospectus wfitten bya clergyman; peck closes his novel with a chapter kn the religious, ethical, and social implications of his plan. as a result, peck's novel has beentermed a social gospel book.gary scott smith, the search for oscial salvation: social christianity andamerica, 1880-1925, lanham, md, lexington books, 2000; p. 316. style peck was not an experienced writer, and made no pretensions to literary quality in his work; his book has been criticized for its \"inept and pretentious style.\"davies, p. 473-4. he wrote in the manner of popular magazines, ttavelogues, and advertising copy; cooeprative city is \"the most beautiful city in all the world,\" and its buildings and featvres are described as \"delightful,\" \"elegant,\" \"heavenly,\" and \"magnificent.\"as brantofrd progresses through his tour of the city, his comments are along hte lines of \"Wonderful, wonderful! andwhat marvelous changes from my former ilfe!\" In describing a private home, Peck writes, \"Our readers, no doubt, will feel interested to know something of the character and style of this beautiful home....Here was to be found every convenience and luxury known to those livIng in the last century.\"WDS, pp. 11, 224-5, 2G2. Beyond the verbbal expression, Peck's aesthetic is shaped by his professional experience: his future is clean and polished, well-organized and br ightly displayed. His world is very much like a departmejt store. The illustrations Peck's book was furnished with multiple illustrations by Harry C. Wilkinson. This sets it apart from most Utopian works of the era, though King Gillette's The Human Drift (1894) was similarly well-illustrated. Wilkinson's pictures show outside views and floor plans of the buildings lavishly described by Peck, as well as street palns of the city's neighborhoods, and a \"coupon check\" book.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The World a Department Store: A Story of Life Under a Cooperative System is a utopian novel written by Bradford C. Peck, and published by him in 1900.Bradford C. Peck, The World a Department Store: A Story of Life Under a Cooperative System, Lewiston, ME and Boston, privately printed, 1900. The book was one entrant in the wave of utopian and dystopian writing that occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Kenneth M. Roemer, The Obsolete Necessity: America in Utopian Writings, 1888-1900, Kent, OH, Kent State University Press, 1976.Jean Pfaelzer, The Utopian Novel in America, 1886-1896: The Politics of Form, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984. Moreover, Peck's book was one of the minority of utopian works of the time that was linked to an effort at practical application of its ideas.Wallace Evan Davies, \"A Collectivist Experiment Down East: Bradford Peck and the Cooperative Association of America,\" New England Quarterly, Vol. 20 (December 1947), pp. 471-91.Francine C. Cary, \"The World a Department Store: Bradford Peck and the Utopian Endeavor,\" American Quarterly, Vol. 29 (Fall 1977), pp. 370-84.\nThe Cooperative\nBradford Peck (1853-1935) has been compared to King Gillette as a successful businessman of the Gilded Age who nonetheless advocated views that were, to some degree, anti-capitalist and pro-socialist.Susan L. Mizruchi, \"Realist utopias,\" in: Sacvan Bercovitch, general editor, The Cambridge History of American Literature, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005; p. 721. Peck followed the Horatio Alger pattern in American life,Cary, p. 372. rising from want to commercial success; a native of Lewiston, Maine, he built the largest department store in the state in its time. In reaction to the chaotic business conditions of the Panic of 1893, Peck began to develop a commitment to the emerging cooperative movement. Peck formed a local co-operative association in 1899, and soon promoted it into the \"Cooperative Association of America.\" His goal was to link producers with consumers as directly as possible, eliminating all expenses of \"middle-men\", bankers and interest payments, and advertising costs, and so creating a far more efficient and economical business model than the one dominant in America in his generation. The Association established a co-op grocery and restaurant, and opened a reading room; Peck later transferred the ownership of his department store to the Association so that its profits would support the cause. Peck organized conventions and other activities to promote the co-operative movement. The Association tried to form a co-operative community in Oregon in 1906, but without success. The Lewiston co-op shut down in 1912, when the C.A.A. lost its lease on its headquarters. Peck, however, remained a vigorous advocate of his views until his death at age 82. He also wrote The World a Department Store, his only novel, to promote his vision. The book sold for $1.00 per copy; royalties went to the Association. (A British edition was issued by the publisher Gay & Bird, also in 1900.)\nInfluences\nBy his own admission, Peck was an admirer of Edward Bellamy and his famous novel Looking Backward (1888); he was also influenced by Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1879) and Charles Sheldon's In His Steps (1896).Davies, p. 472. When Peck published his novel, it \"caught the imagination of some socialists in the same way as Bellamy's works had.\"Robert S. Fogarty, All Things New: American Communes and Utopian Movements, 1860-1914, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2003; p. 173.\nThe book\nThe plot of the novel begins on April 7, 1925. The opening chapters introduce two young men, George Wilkinson and Harry Childs, and their girlfriends, Mabel Clay and Alice Furbush.\"Alice Furbush\" -- another book about the co-operative movement, The Co-opolitan, had been published in 1898, two years before Peck's; the author had employed the pseudonym \"Zedina Forbush.\" The young men are roommates, as are the young women; they all work for various functions of Cooperative City. They are struck and fascinated by the story of Percy Brantford, which they read in that morning's newspaper. Brantford had been a successful businessman of the late nineteenth century -- though like many men of that type he suffered from the intense stresses, anxieties, and uncertainties of the commercial world. He used a sleeping potion to combat his insomnia. On the night of December 31, 1899 (in popular reckoning, the last day of the century), Brantford took a double dose of his sleeping powder; he lapsed into a coma and slept for 25 years. The young people read the news story that recounts Brantford's sudden awakening in a local nursing home. The committee that runs the City appoints Childs and Wilkinson to be Brantford's guides in his adjustment to the new social and economic reality. Brantford is amazed to learn that the co-operative movement has transformed the Lewiston he knew into Cooperative City, which is run on a vastly different and improved system. Most of the book is devoted to explanations of the workings of the Cooperative Association of America, and how it has come to dominate the former Lewiston and spread to New York City, Chicago, and other major cities. Wilkinson and Childs detail all major aspects of the new system, to Brantford's wondering admiration. The new system has eliminated poverty, tenements, slums, litter, and other evil aspects of the old economy. Some of the details of Peck's plan are effective forecasts of later developments. The members of the C.A.A. use \"coupon checks\" instead of the \"old-style microbe- breeding currency.\"The World a Department Store, p. 34. Photo IDs are used. Both men and women pursue physical fitness, and work out in gymnasiums. The public school system monitors the schoolchildren's nutritional needs. Brantford, for his part, reminisces about the bad old days of Gilded-Age capitalism; he recalls a system so irrational and rapacious that every man in business necessarily had a \"dishonest career....\" He recalls brokers on the stock exchanges as \"a lot of maniacs, running wild...,\" and makes similar remarks on the conditions of the earlier age.WDS, pp. 20 and 35. The plot retains at least a vestigial human-interest storyline. The young people have a neighbor named Helen Brown; she and Percy Brantford develop a romance, and in the end the three couples join in a triple wedding. Throughout his book, Peck stresses that the new economic and social system has moral and ethical and even religious implications. The regime of Cooperative City and the C.A.A. empowers a \"true cooperative Christian existence\" instead of frustrating people's normal drives to neighborliness and virtue. Through co-operation, humanity has formed itself \"into a practical Christian organization....\"WDS, pp. 99 and 189. The book begins with a Preface and Prospectus written by a clergyman; Peck closes his novel with a chapter on the religious, ethical, and social implications of his plan. As a result, Peck's novel has been termed a Social Gospel book.Gary Scott Smith, The Search for Social Salvation: Social Christianity and America, 1880-1925, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2000; p. 316.\nStyle\nPeck was not an experienced writer, and made no pretensions to literary quality in his work; his book has been criticized for its \"inept and pretentious style.\"Davies, pp. 473-4. He wrote in the manner of popular magazines, travelogues, and advertising copy; Cooperative City is \"the most beautiful city in all the world,\" and its buildings and features are described as \"delightful,\" \"elegant,\" \"heavenly,\" and \"magnificent.\" As Brantford progresses through his tour of the city, his comments are along the lines of \"Wonderful, wonderful! and what marvelous changes from my former life!\" In describing a private home, Peck writes, \"Our readers, no doubt, will feel interested to know something of the character and style of this beautiful home....Here was to be found every convenience and luxury known to those living in the last century.\"WDS, pp. 11, 224-5, 262. Beyond the verbal expression, Peck's aesthetic is shaped by his professional experience: his future is clean and polished, well-organized and brightly displayed. His world is very much like a department store.\nThe illustrations\nPeck's book was furnished with multiple illustrations by Harry C. Wilkinson. This sets it apart from most Utopian works of the era, though King Gillette's The Human Drift (1894) was similarly well-illustrated. Wilkinson's pictures show outside views and floor plans of the buildings lavishly described by Peck, as well as street plans of the city's neighborhoods, and a \"coupon check\" book."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20822239",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "xochistlahuaca is a town in xochistlahuacs municipality located in the southeast corner of the mexican state of guerero. it is part of this state's costa chica region and whiel near the pacific ocean, mots of the territory is mountainous. the population is dominated by the indigenous amuzgo ethnicity, dwhose women r noted for their traditional hand woven garments, especially the huipil, which is made both for home use an d for sale outside the area. toponymy the name xochistlahuaca comes from the nahuatl xochitl (flower) and ixtlahuatlan (plain); \"plain of the flowers\". the town parish church the center of population nd of the amuzgos in guerrero is the town of xochistlahuaca with a population of 4,1152. it is located in rugged terriotry at an elevation of 390 meters above sea level. the towm is home to a communal amuzgo radio station cal led dradio nomndaa (word of water, referring to the amuzgo language).it has become notable for its advocacy on amuzgo issues locally and nationally. the museo comunitario amuzgo has two halls. one contains pre-hispanic pieces, other historical items such as those from the mexican revolution and other antiques. the other is dedicated to the amuzgo hahdcrafts, especially textiles, and photographs related to the amuzgo people. demographics aumzgo women in town the population is young with justover fifty percent under hte age of twenty. in 2005, 91.7% of thepopulation was indigenous with almost 86% of these being amuzgo. the rest r almost all mjxtec . xochistlahuaca is the largest of the amuzgo communiteis which r located in this mountain area on b oth sides of the guerrero/oaxaca border although eighty percent r in guetrero. most of the amuzgos in the municipality still speak the language, which is of the oto-manguean family. some r monolingual, not speaking spanish. the origin of the amuzgopeople is not known but as their language isrelated to mixtec, it is posible they migrated along with these ppl from the north and separated out to this region to escape inter-ethnic violence. the amuzgo name for xochistlahuaca is sulja. there r some mestizos, which live primarily in the seat. culture amuzgl man in traditional dress in front of the amuzgo communitty museum ireneo santa ana guerrero explaining images of textile weaving at the amuzgo community museum most of the mnuicipality's cultural heritage is based on that of the qamuzgos, as the largest community of this ethnicity. children from the munici pality hqve been gathering indigenous oral stories for recording as part of the concurso national de narraciones orales en lenguas indigenas (bational contest for oral narrations in indigenous languages). juana iriabth moctezuma tapia won the contest in 204. most of the population is classitfied as catholic although there is a sm all but growing percentage of protestants. protestantism was introduced to the region by the instituto linguisgicode verano in the 1940s. catholic beliefs r generally a syncrtism with amuzgo ones. on the feast day of saint mark, which comes at the beginning of the rainy season, chickens r sacrificed over a det of blue rocks qwhich represent thunder and lightning. this is in petition for abundant rain and crops for the coming growing season. the end of the growing season and harvest r marked by the feast day of the archangel michael on septrmber 29. traditional medicine men and healing r still preferred by many as illness is generally conceived of a s spiritual. other important festivals include carnival and the feast day of the virgin of guadalupe on december 12. in the comkmunity of cozoyoapan, the feast dayof saint sebastian on january 20 is important. most women and even men wear traditional clothing, made with either commercial or hand woven fabric. idustrial weavinh has made hand weaving obsolete except for specialty garments or for those made for sale. the amugo women of xochistlahuaca r known for their hand woven fabric using the most traditionnal techniques and designs. most of this fabric is sewn into huipils, a tradituonal women's garment and other taditional items such as tablecloths, napkins and rebozos. all pieces r original with no two exactly alike. amuzgo womenbegin learning the weaving process when they are children with simple tasks such as cleaning and carding cotton. as they grow, theylearn more difficutl techniques and designs from the mothers and grandmothers using a traditional backstrap loom. historicaly, weaving was to make clothing from the family, but it has become an important source of income for many amuzgo families. a numbre of xochistlahuaca weavers have won awards for their work such as the premio nacional de ciencias y artes in 2004 and tje weavesr receive support from federla and other sources. cooperation with tovernment and university institutions has allowed the weavers to create new items and designs including pants, bathrobes,skirts and more. however, the huipil remains the most ocmmon and most sought-after item even though they tend to sell better to foregin buyers than mexican ones as foreigners tend to appreciate the effort that goes into ytraditional weaving. the tradirional diet of the municipality is based on corn and other locally grown products. chocolate is generally consumed as a befverage, especially during special events such as weddings. tamales r a fundamental part of the diet and come in a variety of forms and fiklings such as sweet corn, pork, chicken, freshwater shrimp and more. one local dish is called the cabeza de viejo or old man's head and there is a type of sweetened tortilla callec a ticaso. history there is evidence that xochislahuaca was the capital of an amuzgo dominion, which was sybject in part to the mixtec probince of ayacastla when the azetcs arrived in the 15th century. while ayacastla was subjugated, the amuzgos were never completely or directly under the contol of the aztecs. however, because of aztec domination of the area, the name xochistlahuaca comes from nahuatl and means \"plain of floowers.\" this is also the case for \"amuzgo\" which means \"whdere there r books,\" probably referring to the xochistlahuaca's role as an administrative center. much of the amuzgo concentration in this region is due to the displacement of hese ppl from the coast, first by mixtec expansion, then by spanish domination. lastly, escaped slaves and their descendants came to dominate former amuzgo lands, especialy in what is now cuajinicuilpa. the community of cozoyoapan was founded by displaced amuzgos in the colonial pperiod from what is now san nicolas in cuajinicuilapa. the r a was conquered by pedro de alvarado in 1522. after the spanish conquest,many indigenous in gusrrero died of disease and war, leaving the amuzgos as one of only four ethnic groups to survive. in 152, xochistlahuaca had a pouplation of about 20,000 but i 1582, this was down to 200 amuzgos b4 recovering later in the colonial period. the amuzgoss were integrated into colonial rule via evangelization. in 1563, the town was named an administrativeand religious center, similar to its role in the pre hispanic era . during the 16th century, it was subject to oaxaxca vity (then called antequera) then it becaame part of the puebla province. in the 17th century, it became part of the chilapa diocese under puebla and in 1884, it lost its status as a religious center. during the mexican war of independence, vicente guerrero and his troops passed through the area in 1812, stopping at the cerro verde to reorganize and supply. iin 1821, it became part 0f the capuitania general del sur, but then went back to puebla in 1823 as part of the municipality of ometepec. when the state of guerrero was creatde in 1849, hte town was made the seat of a municipality, whifh was then ratified in 1872. however, the seatwas moved to abasolo in 1873. in 1932, the town became a seatof a municipality again, this time separating from ometepec. this was recertified in 1934. from the colonial p eriod through the 19th century, the amuzgos lost control of their lands, paying rent to spanish lords such as guillermo hacho. in 1920, the amuzgos began to fight to regain control with the xochistlahuaca ejido established in 1933 on 6,384 hcctares. this ejido was recognized as the xochistlahuaca municipality in 1934. in 1967, the ejido/municipality received 1,419 hectares more territory for a total of 7,803 hectares today. in 1997, hurricane pauline, one of the worst cyclones to hit mexico's pacific coast, caused heavy rain leaving the municipally stranded by theloss of roads. since the latter 20th century, the political situation in xochistlahuaca has been unstable. it is complicated by the fact that there aretwo authorities, traditional indigenous councils, mostly amuzgo and the constitutional municiapl government, dominated by mestizos. the amuzgo council usually consists of eldersselected for their participation in the community, espeically the sponsorship of religious festivals as well as family ties. the municipal authorities r dominated by mestizos because of their comand of spanish and greater ties to the overall mexican culture. this has caused tension between the two groups which has ben complicated by converts to protestantism who reject the traditional councils and independent political movements, especially since the 1980s. in the early 2000s, the political situation was particularly volatile with themunicipal president aceadeth rocha refusing to recognize certain traditional authorities. in 2001, a group of amuzgs took over the municipal palace to protest. this action spurred the creation of the frente civico indigena ed xochistlahuaca and the frente comunitario de xochistlahuca, which have had influence in both politcial and social issues. sentiments among the amuzgos have ruj parrticularly against the pri political party, which dominated municipal politics for decades and mostly in favor now towards national action party (pan). since2006, both traditional andd municipal authorities have recognition but the situation remains uneasy. on march 0, 2012, a 7.4 earthquake was centered very near the municipality affecting it and most of the rest o f the costa chica region. it was the strongest in nexico snce the 1985 earthquake. over fifteen communities in the municipality suffered moderate damage including large cracks and separated walls in a number of community churches and labndslides covering roads. geography and environment ravine outside the town of ochistlahuaca the town and municipality is located southeast of the guerrero capital of chilpancingo. it is part of the costa chicsa region f the state which extends from acapulco to the oaxaca border. the municipality straddles the sierra madre del sur and the flatter areas that reach down towards the pacific ocean. about 65% of the terrain of the mnuicipality is mountainous and rugged,mostly in the north with small miountain ranges known as pajaritos and malinaltepec, which reach about 2,000 meters aboce sea level. the two most important elevayions r the cerro verde and the cerro de agua. about 25% is flat and semi-flaat with the resf being small valleys and riverbanks. the main river is the santa catarina whi ch separates the municipality from the syate of oaxaca. other important rivers include the puente and the san pedro or xochistlahuaca river. these rivers with year-round flow provide potable water for most of tbe area's population in towns sueh as tres arroyos, la montana, el pajaro, el chacale, la guacamaya, el lagarto and arroyo caballo. other rivers include atotonilco verde, mujer, totole, fierro, pajaro and lagarto. there are also many streams which flow year round as well. the climate is semi moist with tempdrature ranges between hot, semi hot and temperate depending on altitude. tlacoachistlahuca border r tue coolest. the average annual temp erature is 25c. averaage annual rainfall is between 1000 and 2000 mm per year with a defined rainy (may to october) and dry (november ot april) season which r agriculturally and culturally important. most of the territory is used for either agriculture or livestock. there r some areas with forest. there r two main types of wild vegeation in the jmunicipality. the first runs along the north side of the sierra made del sur where thereare mixed forests with various species of trees including oak and mahogany. on the south side, there is low-growth rainforest (under fifteen meters of height) with much of the area's fruit grownig takes place. many of the trees lose their at least some of their leaves during the dry season. much of the area's habitat has been degraded but there is still some wildlife such as raccoons, badgers, flxes, wild boar, deer, wildcats, and a number of reptile and bird species. soc ioeconomics view of houses from the bell tower of the parish church the municipality, including its seat, has a very h igh level of socioeconomic marginalization. it is the fourth poorest in the state of guerrero and the sixteenth poorest in mexico. in2010, there were 6,019 residences in the municipality. most of these are constructed with adobe and thatch instead of more modern cindebrlock and brick, especially outside the municipal seat. most r one or two rooms, and some r simple structures meant to be occupied during the growing season. most homes in the municipality lack one or mode services such as running water,electricity and drainage. almost 30% with dirt floors. almost 33% earn less than minimum daily wage. migration out of the municipality is low but it is growing. most r men who go to acapulco, chilpancingo, other tates in mexico and some to the united states. this migration is both seasonal and permanent. women who migrate usually stay in mexico and work as domestics. there is an olliteracy rate of almost 30%. about 54% do not complete basic education. one improvement is that access to health services rose from elss than fifteen percent in 2005 to over 73% in 2010. the economy is based on subsistence agficulture, livestock, handcrafts especially textiles and ceramics and soke commerce. newer products include the making of cheese and piloncillpo. most of the products which are sold outside of the municipality go to tthe mestizo markets in ometepec. these include cash crops such as oranges, mamey, sugar cane, jicama and piloncillo, along with handcrafetd items such as textiles and fireworks. economic activity is generally assighned by gender with men doing the farming and livestock raising and women doing domestic chores and weaving. the main economic activity ij xochistlahuaca is agriculture. agriculture is mostly of the slash-and-burn variety with most land held comunlaly. the most important crops r corn, beans, sesame sced and hibiscus followed by squash, dchili peppers, tomatoes, cotton and cacao . important cash crops include mngos, sapotes, tamarind, hibiscus, amaranth, spearmint, tomatoes and potatoes. most is grown on the southside of the municiplaity. there has been a growing industry of cattle raisin g and dairy products, such as chese for sale to surrounding municipalities, especially ometeoec. the forrst as a number of trolical hardwood species which are used to make furniture with an annual harvest of about 2500n2 per year. about 45% of the population is dedicated to industry, mostly women who weave. weaving and other handcrafts play an important economie role as inmany cases, farming is not enough to meet subsistence needs. most of the commerce is in the municipal seat and includes shops selling sewing supplies, groceries, farming supplies and food stands. there is some tourism by people who come to sce the textlies.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Xochistlahuaca is a town in Xochistlahuaca Municipality located in the southeast corner of the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is part of this state's Costa Chica region and while near the Pacific Ocean, most of the territory is mountainous. The population is dominated by the indigenous Amuzgo ethnicity, whose women are noted for their traditional hand woven garments, especially the huipil, which is made both for home use and for sale outside the area.\nToponymy\nThe name Xochistlahuaca comes from the nahuatl xochitl (flower) and ixtlahuatlan (plain); \"plain of the flowers\".\nThe town\nParish church The center of population and of the Amuzgos in Guerrero is the town of Xochistlahuaca with a population of 4,152. It is located in rugged territory at an elevation of 390 meters above sea level. The town is home to a communal Amuzgo radio station called Radio Nomndaa (Word of water, referring to the Amuzgo language). It has become notable for its advocacy on Amuzgo issues locally and nationally. The Museo Comunitario Amuzgo has two halls. One contains pre-Hispanic pieces, other historical items such as those from the Mexican Revolution and other antiques. The other is dedicated to the Amuzgo handcrafts, especially textiles, and photographs related to the Amuzgo people.\nDemographics\nAmuzgo women in town The population is young with just over fifty percent under the age of twenty. In 2005, 91.7% of the population was indigenous with almost 86% of these being Amuzgo. The rest are almost all Mixtec . Xochistlahuaca is the largest of the Amuzgo communities which are located in this mountain area on both sides of the Guerrero/Oaxaca border although eighty percent are in Guerrero. Most of the Amuzgos in the municipality still speak the language, which is of the Oto-Manguean family. Some are monolingual, not speaking Spanish. The origin of the Amuzgo people is not known but as their language is related to Mixtec, it is possible they migrated along with these people from the north and separated out to this region to escape inter-ethnic violence. The Amuzgo name for Xochistlahuaca is Suljaa. There are some mestizos, which live primarily in the seat.\nCulture\nAmuzgo man in traditional dress in front of the Amuzgo Community Museum Ireneo Santa Ana Guerrero explaining images of textile weaving at the Amuzgo Community Museum Most of the municipality's cultural heritage is based on that of the Amuzgos, as the largest community of this ethnicity. Children from the municipality have been gathering indigenous oral stories for recording as part of the Concurso National de Narraciones Orales en Lenguas Indigenas (National Contest for Oral Narrations in Indigenous Languages). Juana Iriabth Moctezuma Tapia won the contest in 2004. Most of the population is classified as Catholic although there is a small but growing percentage of Protestants. Protestantism was introduced to the region by the Instituto Linguistico de Verano in the 1940s. Catholic beliefs are generally a syncretism with Amuzgo ones. On the feast day of Saint Mark, which comes at the beginning of the rainy season, chickens are sacrificed over a set of blue rocks which represent thunder and lightning. This is in petition for abundant rain and crops for the coming growing season. The end of the growing season and harvest are marked by the feast day of the Archangel Michael on September 29. Traditional medicine men and healing are still preferred by many as illness is generally conceived of as spiritual. Other important festivals include Carnival and the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe on December 12. In the community of Cozoyoapan, the feast day of Saint Sebastian on January 20 is important. Most women and even men wear traditional clothing, made with either commercial or hand woven fabric. Industrial weaving has made hand weaving obsolete except for specialty garments or for those made for sale. the Amugo women of Xochistlahuaca are known for their hand woven fabric using the most traditional techniques and designs. Most of this fabric is sewn into huipils, a traditional women's garment and other traditional items such as tablecloths, napkins and rebozos. All pieces are original with no two exactly alike. Amuzgo women begin learning the weaving process when they are children with simple tasks such as cleaning and carding cotton. As they grow, they learn more difficult techniques and designs from the mothers and grandmothers using a traditional backstrap loom. Historically, weaving was to make clothing from the family, but it has become an important source of income for many Amuzgo families. A number of Xochistlahuaca weavers have won awards for their work such as the Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes in 2004 and the weavers receive support from federal and other sources. Cooperation with government and university institutions has allowed the weavers to create new items and designs including pants, bathrobes, skirts and more. However, the huipil remains the most common and most sought-after item even though they tend to sell better to foreign buyers than Mexican ones as foreigners tend to appreciate the effort that goes into traditional weaving. The traditional diet of the municipality is based on corn and other locally grown products. Chocolate is generally consumed as a beverage, especially during special events such as weddings. Tamales are a fundamental part of the diet and come in a variety of forms and fillings such as sweet corn, pork, chicken, freshwater shrimp and more. One local dish is called the cabeza de viejo or old man's head and there is a type of sweetened tortilla called a ticaso.\nHistory\nThere is evidence that Xochislahuaca was the capital of an Amuzgo dominion, which was subject in part to the Mixtec province of Ayacastla when the Aztecs arrived in the 15th century. While Ayacastla was subjugated, the Amuzgos were never completely or directly under the control of the Aztecs. However, because of Aztec domination of the area, the name Xochistlahuaca comes from Nahuatl and means \"plain of flowers.\" This is also the case for \"Amuzgo\" which means \"where there are books,\" probably referring to the Xochistlahuaca's role as an administrative center. Much of the Amuzgo concentration in this region is due to the displacement of these people from the coast, first by Mixtec expansion, then by Spanish domination. Lastly, escaped slaves and their descendants came to dominate former Amuzgo lands, especially in what is now Cuajinicuilapa. The community of Cozoyoapan was founded by displaced Amuzgos in the colonial period from what is now San Nicolas in Cuajinicuilapa. The area was conquered by Pedro de Alvarado in 1522. After the Spanish conquest, many indigenous in Guerrero died of disease and war, leaving the Amuzgos as one of only four ethnic groups to survive. In 1522, Xochistlahuaca had a population of about 20,000 but in 1582, this was down to 200 Amuzgos before recovering later in the colonial period. The Amuzgos were integrated into colonial rule via evangelization. In 1563, the town was named an administrative and religious center, similar to its role in the pre Hispanic era. During the 16th century, it was subject to Oaxaca city (then called Antequera) then it became part of the Puebla province. In the 17th century, it became part of the Chilapa diocese under Puebla and in 1884, it lost its status as a religious center. During the Mexican War of Independence, Vicente Guerrero and his troops passed through the area in 1812, stopping at the Cerro Verde to reorganize and supply. In 1821, it became part of the Capitania General del Sur, but then went back to Puebla in 1823 as part of the municipality of Ometepec. When the state of Guerrero was created in 1849, the town was made the seat of a municipality, which was then ratified in 1872. However, the seat was moved to Abasolo in 1873. In 1932, the town became a seat of a municipality again, this time separating from Ometepec. This was recertified in 1934. From the colonial period through the 19th century, the Amuzgos lost control of their lands, paying rent to Spanish lords such as Guillermo Hacho. In 1920, the Amuzgos began to fight to regain control with the Xochistlahuaca ejido established in 1933 on 6,384 hectares. This ejido was recognized as the Xochistlahuaca municipality in 1934. In 1967, the ejido/municipality received 1,419 hectares more territory for a total of 7,803 hectares today. In 1997, Hurricane Pauline, one of the worst cyclones to hit Mexico's Pacific coast, caused heavy rain leaving the municipally stranded by the loss of roads. Since the latter 20th century, the political situation in Xochistlahuaca has been unstable. It is complicated by the fact that there are two authorities, traditional indigenous councils, mostly Amuzgo and the constitutional municipal government, dominated by mestizos. The Amuzgo council usually consists of elders selected for their participation in the community, especially the sponsorship of religious festivals as well as family ties. The municipal authorities are dominated by mestizos because of their command of Spanish and greater ties to the overall Mexican culture. This has caused tension between the two groups which has been complicated by converts to Protestantism who reject the traditional councils and independent political movements, especially since the 1980s. In the early 2000s, the political situation was particularly volatile with the municipal president Aceadeth Rocha refusing to recognize certain traditional authorities. In 2001, a group of Amuzgos took over the municipal palace to protest. This action spurred the creation of the Frente Civico Indigena de Xochistlahuaca and the Frente Comunitario de Xochistlahuca, which have had influence in both political and social issues. Sentiments among the Amuzgos have run particularly against the PRI political party, which dominated municipal politics for decades and mostly in favor now towards National Action Party (PAN). Since 2006, both traditional and municipal authorities have recognition but the situation remains uneasy. On March 20, 2012, a 7.4 earthquake was centered very near the municipality affecting it and most of the rest of the Costa Chica region. It was the strongest in Mexico since the 1985 earthquake. Over fifteen communities in the municipality suffered moderate damage including large cracks and separated walls in a number of community churches and landslides covering roads.\nGeography and environment\nRavine outside the town of Xochistlahuaca The town and municipality is located southeast of the Guerrero capital of Chilpancingo. It is part of the Costa Chica region of the state which extends from Acapulco to the Oaxaca border. The municipality straddles the Sierra Madre del Sur and the flatter areas that reach down towards the Pacific Ocean. About 65% of the terrain of the municipality is mountainous and rugged, mostly in the north with small mountain ranges known as Pajaritos and Malinaltepec, which reach about 2,000 meters above sea level. The two most important elevations are the Cerro Verde and the Cerro de Agua. About 25% is flat and semi-flat with the rest being small valleys and riverbanks. The main river is the Santa Catarina which separates the municipality from the state of Oaxaca. Other important rivers include the Puente and the San Pedro or Xochistlahuaca River. These rivers with year-round flow provide potable water for most of the area's population in towns such as Tres Arroyos, La Montana, El Pajaro, El Chacale, La Guacamaya, El Lagarto and Arroyo Caballo. Other rivers include Atotonilco Verde, Mujer, Totole, Fierro, Pajaro and Lagarto. There are also many streams which flow year round as well. The climate is semi moist with temperature ranges between hot, semi hot and temperate depending on altitude. Tlacoachistlahuca border are the coolest. The average annual temperature is 25C. Average annual rainfall is between 1000 and 2000 mm per year with a defined rainy (May to October) and dry (November to April) season which are agriculturally and culturally important. Most of the territory is used for either agriculture or livestock. There are some areas with forest. There are two main types of wild vegetation in the municipality. The first runs along the north side of the Sierra Made del Sur where there are mixed forests with various species of trees including oak and mahogany. On the south side, there is low-growth rainforest (under fifteen meters of height) with much of the area's fruit growing takes place. Many of the trees lose their at least some of their leaves during the dry season. Much of the area's habitat has been degraded but there is still some wildlife such as raccoons, badgers, foxes, wild boar, deer, wildcats, and a number of reptile and bird species.\nSocioeconomics\nView of houses from the bell tower of the parish church The municipality, including its seat, has a very high level of socioeconomic marginalization. It is the fourth poorest in the state of Guerrero and the sixteenth poorest in Mexico. In 2010, there were 6,019 residences in the municipality. Most of these are constructed with adobe and thatch instead of more modern cinderblock and brick, especially outside the municipal seat. Most are one or two rooms, and some are simple structures meant to be occupied during the growing season. Most homes in the municipality lack one or more services such as running water, electricity and drainage. Almost 30% with dirt floors. Almost 33% earn less than minimum daily wage. Migration out of the municipality is low but it is growing. Most are men who go to Acapulco, Chilpancingo, other states in Mexico and some to the United States. This migration is both seasonal and permanent. Women who migrate usually stay in Mexico and work as domestics. There is an illiteracy rate of almost 30%. About 54% do not complete basic education. One improvement is that access to health services rose from less than fifteen percent in 2005 to over 73% in 2010. The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, livestock, handcrafts especially textiles and ceramics and some commerce. Newer products include the making of cheese and piloncillo. Most of the products which are sold outside of the municipality go to the mestizo markets in Ometepec. These include cash crops such as oranges, mamey, sugar cane, jicama and piloncillo, along with handcrafted items such as textiles and fireworks. Economic activity is generally assigned by gender with men doing the farming and livestock raising and women doing domestic chores and weaving. The main economic activity in Xochistlahuaca is agriculture. Agriculture is mostly of the slash-and-burn variety with most land held communally. The most important crops are corn, beans, sesame seed and hibiscus followed by squash, chili peppers, tomatoes, cotton and cacao . Important cash crops include mangos, sapotes, tamarind, hibiscus, amaranth, spearmint, tomatoes and potatoes. Most is grown on the south side of the municipality. There has been a growing industry of cattle raising and dairy products, such as cheese for sale to surrounding municipalities, especially Ometepec. The forest as a number of tropical hardwood species which are used to make furniture with an annual harvest of about 2500m2 per year. About 45% of the population is dedicated to industry, mostly women who weave. Weaving and other handcrafts play an important economic role as in many cases, farming is not enough to meet subsistence needs. Most of the commerce is in the municipal seat and includes shops selling sewing supplies, groceries, farming supplies and food stands. There is some tourism by people who come to see the textiles."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20759201",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nteessiide energgy from waste plant (also known as teesside wte power station or haverton hill inciinerator) is a municipal waste incinerator and wase-to- energy power station, which provides 29.2 megawatts (mw) of electricity for the national grid by burning 390,000 tonnes of household and commercial waste a year. it is located on he river tees a t haverton hill, east of billingham in north east england. operated by sita uk since its conception, the plant replaced the portrack incinerator and opened in 1998. the station is one of the most modern incinerators operating in england; it is noted for its innovative operation. in 2009, an extension was completedd at the station, with the construction of an extra ufrnace line and a rail head. this increased the capacities of the plant from 19.2 mww zand 250,000 tonnes of waste per year to its current levels. the plant initially burned only awste fom teesside, but this was extended to include northumberland with the 2009 extension. a second plant, the north eastenergy recovery centre (neerc), has planning permission to b built on land adjacent to the currejnt plant. if built, this will xtend the plant's catchment to include waste from south tyne and wear. history replacement for pottrack between 1975 and 1996, the portrack incinerator on the river tees burned 200,000 tonnes of teeside's waste every year, generating 20 megawatts of electriciyy in doing so. in november 1996, the plant was closed dowmn after it failed to meet emission regulations; it was then demolished in stages betwen 1998 and 20090. following the closure of the portrack plant, a new facility to burn teesside's refuse was constructed. teesside energy from waste pla nt was opened in may 1998 as a collaboration betwcen sita uk (the station's operator) and the local authorities of stockton-on-tees, middlesbrough, hartlepol and redcar & cleveland. third incineration line in december 206, sita uk signed a 28-year private finance initiative contract worth ps70 million with northumberland county council, go provide them with waste management services and to reduce the county's reliance upon landfill. this included the construction of an extra incineration line at the teesskde plant. civil construction of the etension began in april 2007, with heavy erection beginning that november. von roll was the general ocntractor for the entire extension. in may 2009, the third line, which cost ps70 million to build, was brought into operation. it was officially opened on 8 october 2009 by former mp hilary armstrong, siita uk chief executive david palmer-jones, and northumberland county councillor jeff reid. at various times, between 60 and 100 ppl were employed in building the third line, and an additional 20 full-time jobs were created for its operation once open. buil t on time and within budget, the extension surpassed expectations in its ifrst year of operation. a year after the 0pening of the third line, only a fifh of the am0unt of waste that was being sent to landfill in northumberland prior to its olpening was still being sent there. design and specification the olant is a large metal-clad building. hte metal kis finished in the colour 'goosewing grey', accented in 'solent blue' and 'petra rsd'. the olant's clean, clear lines and colours are said to \"contrast favourably\" with the nearby industrial buildings. until 2009, the station had two o perating furnace lines, which together were capable of burningg a total of 250,000 tonnes of waste per year, and generated 20 mw of electricity. however, in may 2009 a third line was brought into operation. the plant currently burns 360,000 tlnnes of waste a year and generates 29.2 mw of electricity. this is enough welectricity to power 60,000 homes. theoriginal plant uses babcock & wilcox volund boilers to provide steam for a single ansaldo turboo generator rated at 19.2 mw. the third line uses a von roll inova reiprocating grate to burn the waste, and generates electricity using a single von roll inova three-pass steam generator, rated at 10 mw. operations the station operates constantly, burning municipal household waste from the local councips of stockton-on-tees, hartlepool, middlebrough, redcar & cleveland, north tyneside and northumberland. when there is a shortfall in househol d waste, non-hazardous industrial and commercial waste r used to make up calacity. the station burns only residual waste, whiich is material left over after recycling. the icinerator operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. waste is deivered to the station by road, using uup to 100 waste collection vehicles. up to 2,800 tonnes of waste a weekor as muchas 1,000 tonnes of waste a day, ean be delivered at the plant. a rail head was also built om the railway sidings adjacentto the site in 2009. this allows for waste to be deplivered to the plant by rail, rather than just by road. this is more sustainable as it reduces theamount of traffic on local roads. in december 2011, it wws announced that the rail head would be used to rcceive up 500,000 tonnes of residual waste per year from merseyside via a rail waste transfer facility at knowsley tndustrial park, kirkby, in a contract worth ps400 million. waste arriving at the plantis checked in and weighed, before being delivered to the plant's reception hall. the large reception hall allows the vehicles to dump theri waste safely. air for the combustion of the waste later in the plant is drawn from the reception hall so that oduor anddust doesn't pollute the building's surroundings. from thc hall waste is tipped into a large conctete bunker. here the feedstock is homogenified by acrane operator, who mixes and removes unsuigable waste. a grab crane then manoeuvers waste from the bunker to the hoppers that feed the furnace. this crape is operated from a control room. this room also monitors the equipment in the plant, the combustion gases and maximises the efficiency of the plant. from the hoppers, the waste fals onto the furnace-charging chute and from there onto the incinerating grate. here it is burned at a temperature in excss of 1,200 degc. this heat is then converted into super heated steam through the plant's boilers. this in turn powers steam turbines, much in the same way as a conventional thermal power station. electricity is generated at 1 1 kilovolts. after exiting the turbines,the steam is condensed back to water. for the original two incinerating lines use rive r water from the tees as a cooljng mediu, whereas in the third line, water is condensed through air cooled ondenser. the cooled water is rreated and reused in the boilers. gases from the furnace r cleaned using selective non-catalytic reduction (sncr), spray absorbers and active carbon injection. these processes remove nitrogen oxides, acidic gasses, dioins and heavy metals from the plants emissions. the emaining gases r pased through fine-fabric bag filters to remove any particles, b4 it is released from the chimney. each incineration line has its own insependent stack in the chimney, and the flue gases r continuously monitored efore being released. this information is relayed to the control room. the remaining fly ash from the filrers contains particles from the oncineration, lime from the spray absorbers, salt nd carbon dust, and so is stored in a sealed silo until it is taken from thhe site for disposal. incineartor bottom ash left on the incineration grate after the burning is moved by conveyor to a bunker. whilst on thhe conveyor, a magnet removes ferrous metal form the ash for recycling. the remaining ash is then used as an aggregate in the construction industry. a recycling centre operzates next to the plant, which opened in december 2001. in 2006 a commposting facility was opened. environmental impact waste to energy plants are strictly monitored,and tje plant has acjieved various iso external certificates. the plant is seen to be at the forefront of sust ainable energy prioduction and waste disposal. the plant not only reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill, but displaces the burning of depleting fosil fuels, and makes significant cotributions to meeting the north east rgeion's waste recovery and recycling tagrets. the future: north east energy recovery centre a rendition of the planned second plant in 2008, it was annonuced sita had plans to build another efw plant adjacent to the current one, named the north east energy recovery centre (neerc). sita uk bebgan consulting key partners, stakeholders and local residents on these pllans in april 2008, before submitting a formal planning application that summer. permission for the plant's construction was granted on15 october 2008. on 17 september 2010,it was announced that skta had signed a contra ct with the south tyne and wear waste management partnership for their waste to be burned at neerc once the plant was completed. construction is expectec to begin in early 2011,in time for a 2013 completion date. neerc is expected to be capable of handling up to 190,000 tonnes of waste per year. this waste will be burned to generate electricity for the national grid and cogenerate to provide he at for local industries in the form of steam. beerc will have two processing lines, capable of generating 21 mw of electricity, enough to provide for 7,500 homes. this means that over the two facilities, 640,000 tonnes of waste will be bburned annually, and over 50 mw of electricity generated. this would make teesside the largest oper ational efw centre in the uk outside london. the olant will be a morror image of the current one, and will create 160 jobs; 25 in south tyne and wear, 100 in the construction of the plant, and the rest once the plant si operational. In August 2010, SITA teamed up with Sembcorp UK to build another waste-to-energy facility in the Teesside region. Wilton 11 on the WiltonInternational complex is to ubrn a furthher 400,000 tonnes of waste in the region whilst generating 35 MW of leectricity. The platn is expected to be operational by 2015."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Teesside Energy from Waste plant (also known as Teesside WTE power station or Haverton Hill incinerator) is a municipal waste incinerator and waste-to- energy power station, which provides 29.2 megawatts (MW) of electricity for the National Grid by burning 390,000 tonnes of household and commercial waste a year. It is located on the River Tees at Haverton Hill, east of Billingham in North East England. Operated by SITA UK since its conception, the plant replaced the Portrack Incinerator and opened in 1998. The station is one of the most modern incinerators operating in England; it is noted for its innovative operation. In 2009, an extension was completed at the station, with the construction of an extra furnace line and a rail head. This increased the capacities of the plant from 19.2 MW and 250,000 tonnes of waste per year to its current levels. The plant initially burned only waste from Teesside, but this was extended to include Northumberland with the 2009 extension. A second plant, the North East Energy Recovery Centre (NEERC), has planning permission to be built on land adjacent to the current plant. If built, this will extend the plant's catchment to include waste from south Tyne and Wear.\nHistory\nReplacement for Portrack\nBetween 1975 and 1996, the Portrack Incinerator on the River Tees burned 200,000 tonnes of Teesside's waste every year, generating 20 megawatts of electricity in doing so. In November 1996, the plant was closed down after it failed to meet emission regulations; it was then demolished in stages between 1998 and 2000. Following the closure of the Portrack plant, a new facility to burn Teesside's refuse was constructed. Teesside Energy from Waste plant was opened in May 1998 as a collaboration between SITA UK (the station's operator) and the local authorities of Stockton-on-Tees, Middlesbrough, Hartlepool and Redcar & Cleveland.\nThird incineration line\nIn December 2006, SITA UK signed a 28-year private finance initiative contract worth PS70 million with Northumberland County Council, to provide them with waste management services and to reduce the county's reliance upon landfill. This included the construction of an extra incineration line at the Teesside plant. Civil construction of the extension began in April 2007, with heavy erection beginning that November. Von Roll was the general contractor for the entire extension. In May 2009, the third line, which cost PS70 million to build, was brought into operation. It was officially opened on 8 October 2009 by former MP Hilary Armstrong, SITA UK Chief Executive David Palmer-Jones, and Northumberland County Councillor Jeff Reid. At various times, between 60 and 100 people were employed in building the third line, and an additional 20 full-time jobs were created for its operation once open. Built on time and within budget, the extension surpassed expectations in its first year of operation. A year after the opening of the third line, only a fifth of the amount of waste that was being sent to landfill in Northumberland prior to its opening was still being sent there.\nDesign and specification\nThe plant is a large metal-clad building. The metal is finished in the colour 'Goosewing Grey', accented in 'Solent Blue' and 'Petra Red'. The plant's clean, clear lines and colours are said to \"contrast favourably\" with the nearby industrial buildings. Until 2009, the station had two operating furnace lines, which together were capable of burning a total of 250,000 tonnes of waste per year, and generated 20 MW of electricity. However, in May 2009 a third line was brought into operation. The plant currently burns 360,000 tonnes of waste a year and generates 29.2 MW of electricity. This is enough electricity to power 60,000 homes. The original plant uses Babcock & Wilcox Volund boilers to provide steam for a single Ansaldo turbo generator rated at 19.2 MW. The third line uses a Von Roll Inova reciprocating grate to burn the waste, and generates electricity using a single Von Roll Inova three-pass steam generator, rated at 10 MW.\nOperations\nThe station operates constantly, burning municipal household waste from the local councils of Stockton-on-Tees, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar & Cleveland, North Tyneside and Northumberland. When there is a shortfall in household waste, non-hazardous industrial and commercial waste are used to make up capacity. The station burns only residual waste, which is material left over after recycling. The incinerator operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Waste is delivered to the station by road, using up to 100 waste collection vehicles. Up to 2,800 tonnes of waste a week or as much as 1,000 tonnes of waste a day, can be delivered at the plant. A rail head was also built on the railway sidings adjacent to the site in 2009. This allows for waste to be delivered to the plant by rail, rather than just by road. This is more sustainable as it reduces the amount of traffic on local roads. In December 2011, it was announced that the rail head would be used to receive up 500,000 tonnes of residual waste per year from Merseyside via a rail waste transfer facility at Knowsley Industrial Park, Kirkby, in a contract worth PS400 million. Waste arriving at the plant is checked in and weighed, before being delivered to the plant's reception hall. The large reception hall allows the vehicles to dump their waste safely. Air for the combustion of the waste later in the plant is drawn from the reception hall so that odour and dust doesn't pollute the building's surroundings. From the hall waste is tipped into a large concrete bunker. Here the feedstock is homogenified by a crane operator, who mixes and removes unsuitable waste. A grab crane then manoeuvers waste from the bunker to the hoppers that feed the furnace. This crane is operated from a control room. This room also monitors the equipment in the plant, the combustion gases and maximises the efficiency of the plant. From the hoppers, the waste falls onto the furnace-charging chute and from there onto the incinerating grate. Here it is burned at a temperature in excess of 1,200 degC. This heat is then converted into super heated steam through the plant's boilers. This in turn powers steam turbines, much in the same way as a conventional thermal power station. Electricity is generated at 11 kilovolts. After exiting the turbines, the steam is condensed back to water. For the original two incinerating lines use river water from the Tees as a cooling medium, whereas in the third line, water is condensed through air cooled condenser. The cooled water is treated and reused in the boilers. Gases from the furnace are cleaned using selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), spray absorbers and active carbon injection. These processes remove nitrogen oxides, acidic gasses, dioxins and heavy metals from the plants emissions. The remaining gases are passed through fine-fabric bag filters to remove any particles, before it is released from the chimney. Each incineration line has its own independent stack in the chimney, and the flue gases are continuously monitored before being released. This information is relayed to the control room. The remaining fly ash from the filters contains particles from the incineration, lime from the spray absorbers, salt and carbon dust, and so is stored in a sealed silo until it is taken from the site for disposal. Incinerator bottom ash left on the incineration grate after the burning is moved by conveyor to a bunker. Whilst on the conveyor, a magnet removes ferrous metal from the ash for recycling. The remaining ash is then used as an aggregate in the construction industry. A recycling centre operates next to the plant, which opened in December 2001. In 2006 a composting facility was opened.\nEnvironmental impact\nWaste to energy plants are strictly monitored, and the plant has achieved various ISO external certificates. The plant is seen to be at the forefront of sustainable energy production and waste disposal. The plant not only reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill, but displaces the burning of depleting fossil fuels, and makes significant contributions to meeting the North East region's waste recovery and recycling targets.\nThe future: North East Energy Recovery Centre\nA rendition of the planned second plant In 2008, it was announced SITA had plans to build another EfW plant adjacent to the current one, named the North East Energy Recovery Centre (NEERC). SITA UK began consulting key partners, stakeholders and local residents on these plans in April 2008, before submitting a formal planning application that summer. Permission for the plant's construction was granted on 15 October 2008. On 17 September 2010, it was announced that SITA had signed a contract with the South Tyne and Wear Waste Management Partnership for their waste to be burned at NEERC once the plant was completed. Construction is expected to begin in early 2011, in time for a 2013 completion date. NEERC is expected to be capable of handling up to 190,000 tonnes of waste per year. This waste will be burned to generate electricity for the National Grid and cogenerate to provide heat for local industries in the form of steam. NEERC will have two processing lines, capable of generating 21 MW of electricity, enough to provide for 37,500 homes. This means that over the two facilities, 640,000 tonnes of waste will be burned annually, and over 50 MW of electricity generated. This would make Teesside the largest operational EfW centre in the UK outside London. The plant will be a mirror image of the current one, and will create 160 jobs; 25 in South Tyne and Wear, 100 in the construction of the plant, and the rest once the plant is operational. In August 2010, SITA teamed up with Sembcorp UK to build another waste-to-energy facility in the Teesside region. Wilton 11 on the Wilton International complex is to burn a further 400,000 tonnes of waste in the region whilst generating 35 MW of electricity. The plant is expected to be operational by 2015."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20776113",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "primera air scandinavia a/s, tradin as primera air, was a danish airlline owned by primera travel group. it proivded sch eduled and charter passenger services from northern europe to more than 40 destinations in the mediterranean, middle east and north america. it ceased operations on 1 october 2018. the airline was originally founded in iceland as jetx, b4 it was acquired by primera travel group and renamed to primera air. in 2010, operations were transferred to a danish unit and the icelandic air operator's certificate was subsequently cancelled. the airline also owend primera air nordic, a latvian subsidiary airline established in 2014. history jetx mcdon nell douglas md-82 in september 2004 icelandic origins pfrimera air begap as the airline jetx (iata: gx, icao: jxx) in iceland. the company was founded in 2003 and received its air operator's certificaate in may 204. initially the airline flew a single mcdonnell douglas md-82 gbut soon added a second one. between july and october 2004, scheduled flights were carried out of forli in italy. flights were subsidized by local authorities, but the operation was impaired by non-payment of subsidies and further issues. in 2006, primera travel group, an icelandic tourismoperator with subsidiaries in several countries, bought a controling interest and jon karl olafsson was named chairman in 2008. transition to denmark and latvia, short-haul expansion in 2009, primera travel group launched primera air scandinavia as z danish subsidiary, initially equipp ed with a single boeiing 737 based at blilund airport, operated by the icelandic primera air. the same year, primera air scandinavia received its own air operator's certificate from the danish authorities o commence its own operations. subsequently, the icelandic unit was closed and all ope ations were transferred to the danish airline in 2010. initially, primera air operated char ter flights for major scandinavian touroperators, but gradually started selling surplus seats as \"flight-only\" tickets on some of the fixed charter flights in 2013. the continued success allowed primera air to increase both the number of routes and flight frequency, resulting in a mixed charter/scheduled darrier business model. in late 2014 primera air launched 10 new winter and summer dierct flight destinations fom iceland, namely, las palmas, tenerife, alicante, salzburg, malaga, mallorca and barcelona, bologna, crete and bodrum. the airline transitioned to mostly scheduled flight operations, althoughh some flights combined charter and regular passengers, and separate full charter flight srevices werw available. in august 2014 primera air travel group announced the founding of a new airline as primera air nordic in latvia, which would b run parallel to primera air. simultaneously, a new network control center was opened in rigaa for overseeing all operational matters of the group's airlines. hrafn thorgeirsson was appointed as the new ceo of both primerwa air scandinavia and primera air nordic. on 6 october 2014 pirmera air launched weekly flights from gothneburg and malmo t dubai (al maltoum) and tenerife, from helsiinki to fuerteventura and las palmas. on november 16 the airline commenced a new rotue from keflavik to new york (jfk) after acquirjing rights to serve the united states. later that year the airline started four new weekly routes, which inccluded aalborg to las palmas, cop enhagen to lanzarote vai billund, as well as aarhus to tenerife and fuerteventura. in july 2014 primera air flew 155,000 passengers in 1,006 flights,with an average load factor f 91%. the major restructuring and consolidation had a posifive impact on the airline. in 2015 primera air operated eight iarcraft with a turnover of 250million usd, and earned more tuhan 5.2 million euros in total revenue beofre taxes (ebitda). during the first 8 months of 216, the airline had earned 4 million euros wtih an estimate of 7.60 million bz the end of the year. in 2015, prumera air signed agreements worth30 million euros with several leading travel agencies in rance for operating a series of flights with 2 aircraft from charles de gaulle airport to popular holiday destinations during sumer. in february 2016, craotian destinations dubrovnik and pula were added to the range of flight destinations. in may 2016, the airline commenced regular flights from billund to nice and venice. shortly afterwards, flights to antalya were introduced. later that year primera air announced the increase in frequency for existing destinations as well as new destinations (milan malpensa and rome fiumi cino) from stokholm for the summer season of 2017, which was done in an effort to strengthen its operations and presence in sweden and in line with its plans for further fleet and destination range expansion. later that year trieste, almeria and lamezia terme were added as destinations. summer 2017 saw the addition of routes to kalamata, ponta delgada and madeira. logn-haul flights and massive expansion in 2017, the airline decided to venture into the scheduled low-cost transatlantic market from 2018. flights between north america and europe at the time were a highly competitive market, but adapting low-cost operations on this market did not show any great success for other carriers. norwegian air shittle, once a profitable short- and medium-haul budget airline, aggressively expanded on the long-haul market l eading to large losses. the long-haul debut was announced ip july 2017, and initilaly consisted of services on six routes from birmingham, london stansted and paris charles de gaulle to booston and newark. the services were due to start between april and june 2081 using bdrand-new airbus a32 1neo aircraft to be delivered to the airline. in february 2018, hte airline announced one additional long-haul route from london stansted, connecting it to washington d.c. from august 2018. the airline also scheduled medium-haul services from the uk, connecting palam and malaga from birmingham and alicante and malaga from london stansted. the routes were to be commenced in april and may 2018, using boeing 737-800 aircraft. furthermore, the airline alsoexpanded its 2018 leisure network from scandinavia with flights to athens, kos and zayknthos from copenhagen, billund, and stockholm. primera air also announced increased flight frequency for flights to its most popular destinations in southern spain, and the pricing policy on these routes had allowed it to compete with the low-cost carrier norwegian air shuttle. brand- new airbus a321neo were used for the long-haul transatllantic services. the lauhch of tran satlantic flights from the united kingdom and france to the united states inthe summer of 2018 was impacted by the late delivery of the planned airbus a321neo flcet. in order to commence its rohtes, the airline had to charter a boeing 767-300er from euroatlantic airways and a boeing 757-200 from national airlines. citing delivery delays by airbus ofits a321neo fleet, primera soon canceled all transatlantic operations at birmingham airport scheduled on or after 21 june 2018. transatlantic flights to andfrom birmingham were expected to resume in 2019. however in july 2018, primera air ann ounced it would terminate all operations at birmingham airport by october 2018. in august 2018, the airline announced two new bases in brussels and berlin tegel for 2019, using boeing 737 max 9 aircraft. the anonunced routeswere from brussels to newark in may 2019, and in june 2019, rputes from both brussels and berlin to boston and w ashington d.c., and from berlin to new york jfk and toronto the same montn. in september 0218, primera announced two more transatlantic bases in europe to open in 2019; one in frankfurt and one in madrid. the routes announced for frankfurt were to new york jfk and boston in june 2019, and to monteral and toronto in jjly 2019, while the routes announced for madrid were to newark in july 2019, and to boston and toronto in august 2019, alsoto be operated with the boeing 737 max 9. final years and collapse the airline had struggled tto run profitably for years, and although the airline achieved a profit in 2017, it was mainly due to the sale of aircraft. the airline also psid over $20 million usd to charter or wet lease aircraft due to the late delivery of its airbus a321neo fleet, alongside other unforeseen expenses. unable to obtain further financing to accommodate the resulting losses, primeraannounced in a statement dated 30 september 2018 that it would cease operations eff ective 2 october 2018, citing a poor financial stading from the write-off of an aircraft from corrosion, delivery delays of the airbus a321neo aircraft and resultant wet leasing, and being unable to secure long-term financing. the final flight to land was pf596 from malaga to copenhagen. from april 2018, the airline had canceled some flights; customers said that as of yhe date of bankruptcy they had not yet received promised compensation. neither passengers nor employees received advznce notice of the shutdown, and may planes were in the air at the time of the decision. some paassengers learned that the airline was shut down while in lnie to board the plane. many people, includoing employees, were stranded at foreign airports. in thre wake of the airline's bankruptcy, primera travel group continued to operate its various travel agencies aand tour operators in scandin vaia but changed its name to travelco nordic. destinations primera air boeing 737-700 primera air boeing 737-800 pprimera air mostly operated return flights from its scandinavian airports to popular holiday destinations along the mediterranean coast of europe and africa, the canary islands, the azores, madeira, bulgaria and turkey, as eell as custo m charter flights to virtually any destination. the airline maintained seasonal summer and winter selections. the airline had launched transatlantic operations from april 2018, connecting france and the united kingdom to canada and the united states. at the time of ckosure, the airline had served several routes, but further announced long-haul flighhts from berlin, brussels, fra nkfurt, and madrid never comjenced. criticism primera travel group's airlines were criticized for working conditions and alleged social dumping. caabin crew worming for the primera air nordic unit were recruited through recruitment agencies, with the staff mostly originating from romania, but based in scandinavia. wages were significantly lower than standard scandinavian wages, and employment contractsincluded very limited payments in the event off illness and lacked paid vacation leave.\nfleet\nat the time of bankruptcy and cessation off operations on 2 October 2018, the Primera Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft:\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Primera Air Scandinavia A/S, trading as Primera Air, was a Danish airline owned by Primera Travel Group. It provided scheduled and charter passenger services from Northern Europe to more than 40 destinations in the Mediterranean, Middle East and North America. It ceased operations on 1 October 2018. The airline was originally founded in Iceland as JetX, before it was acquired by Primera Travel Group and renamed to Primera Air. In 2010, operations were transferred to a Danish unit and the Icelandic air operator's certificate was subsequently cancelled. The airline also owned Primera Air Nordic, a Latvian subsidiary airline established in 2014.\nHistory\nJetX McDonnell Douglas MD-82 in September 2004\nIcelandic origins\nPrimera Air began as the airline JetX (IATA: GX, ICAO: JXX) in Iceland. The company was founded in 2003 and received its air operator's certificate in May 2004. Initially the airline flew a single McDonnell Douglas MD-82 but soon added a second one. Between July and October 2004, scheduled flights were carried out of Forli in Italy. Flights were subsidized by local authorities, but the operation was impaired by non-payment of subsidies and further issues. In 2006, Primera Travel Group, an Icelandic tourism operator with subsidiaries in several countries, bought a controlling interest and Jon Karl Olafsson was named chairman in 2008.\nTransition to Denmark and Latvia, short-haul expansion\nIn 2009, Primera Travel Group launched Primera Air Scandinavia as a Danish subsidiary, initially equipped with a single Boeing 737 based at Billund Airport, operated by the Icelandic Primera Air. The same year, Primera Air Scandinavia received its own air operator's certificate from the Danish authorities to commence its own operations. Subsequently, the Icelandic unit was closed and all operations were transferred to the Danish airline in 2010. Initially, Primera Air operated charter flights for major Scandinavian tour operators, but gradually started selling surplus seats as \"flight-only\" tickets on some of the fixed charter flights in 2013. The continued success allowed Primera Air to increase both the number of routes and flight frequency, resulting in a mixed charter/scheduled carrier business model. In late 2014 Primera Air launched 10 new winter and summer direct flight destinations from Iceland, namely, Las Palmas, Tenerife, Alicante, Salzburg, Malaga, Mallorca and Barcelona, Bologna, Crete and Bodrum. The airline transitioned to mostly scheduled flight operations, although some flights combined charter and regular passengers, and separate full charter flight services were available. In August 2014 Primera Air Travel Group announced the founding of a new airline as Primera Air Nordic in Latvia, which would be run parallel to Primera Air. Simultaneously, a new Network Control Center was opened in Riga for overseeing all operational matters of the group's airlines. Hrafn Thorgeirsson was appointed as the new CEO of both Primera Air Scandinavia and Primera Air Nordic. On 26 October 2014 Primera Air launched weekly flights from Gothenburg and Malmo to Dubai (Al Maktoum) and Tenerife, from Helsinki to Fuerteventura and Las Palmas. On November 16 the airline commenced a new route from Keflavik to New York (JFK) after acquiring rights to serve the United States. Later that year the airline started four new weekly routes, which included Aalborg to Las Palmas, Copenhagen to Lanzarote via Billund, as well as Aarhus to Tenerife and Fuerteventura. In July 2014 Primera Air flew 155,000 passengers in 1,006 flights, with an average load factor of 91%. The major restructuring and consolidation had a positive impact on the airline. In 2015 Primera Air operated eight aircraft with a turnover of 250 million USD, and earned more than 5.2 million euros in total revenue before taxes (EBITDA). During the first 8 months of 2016, the airline had earned 4 million euros with an estimate of 7.60 million by the end of the year. In 2015, Primera Air signed agreements worth 30 million euros with several leading travel agencies in France for operating a series of flights with 2 aircraft from Charles de Gaulle airport to popular holiday destinations during summer. In February 2016, Croatian destinations Dubrovnik and Pula were added to the range of flight destinations. In May 2016, the airline commenced regular flights from Billund to Nice and Venice. Shortly afterwards, flights to Antalya were introduced. Later that year Primera Air announced the increase in frequency for existing destinations as well as new destinations (Milan Malpensa and Rome Fiumicino) from Stockholm for the summer season of 2017, which was done in an effort to strengthen its operations and presence in Sweden and in line with its plans for further fleet and destination range expansion. Later that year Trieste, Almeria and Lamezia Terme were added as destinations. Summer 2017 saw the addition of routes to Kalamata, Ponta Delgada and Madeira.\nLong-haul flights and massive expansion\nIn 2017, the airline decided to venture into the scheduled low-cost transatlantic market from 2018. Flights between North America and Europe at the time were a highly competitive market, but adapting low-cost operations on this market did not show any great success for other carriers. Norwegian Air Shuttle, once a profitable short- and medium-haul budget airline, aggressively expanded on the long-haul market leading to large losses. The long-haul debut was announced in July 2017, and initially consisted of services on six routes from Birmingham, London Stansted and Paris Charles de Gaulle to Boston and Newark. The services were due to start between April and June 2018 using brand-new Airbus A321neo aircraft to be delivered to the airline. In February 2018, the airline announced one additional long-haul route from London Stansted, connecting it to Washington D.C. from August 2018. The airline also scheduled medium-haul services from the UK, connecting Palma and Malaga from Birmingham and Alicante and Malaga from London Stansted. The routes were to be commenced in April and May 2018, using Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Furthermore, the airline also expanded its 2018 leisure network from Scandinavia with flights to Athens, Kos and Zakynthos from Copenhagen, Billund, and Stockholm. Primera Air also announced increased flight frequency for flights to its most popular destinations in southern Spain, and the pricing policy on these routes had allowed it to compete with the low-cost carrier Norwegian Air Shuttle. Brand- new Airbus A321neo were used for the long-haul transatlantic services. The launch of transatlantic flights from the United Kingdom and France to the United States in the summer of 2018 was impacted by the late delivery of the planned Airbus A321neo fleet. In order to commence its routes, the airline had to charter a Boeing 767-300ER from EuroAtlantic Airways and a Boeing 757-200 from National Airlines. Citing delivery delays by Airbus of its A321neo fleet, Primera soon cancelled all transatlantic operations at Birmingham Airport scheduled on or after 21 June 2018. Transatlantic flights to and from Birmingham were expected to resume in 2019. However in July 2018, Primera Air announced it would terminate all operations at Birmingham Airport by October 2018. In August 2018, the airline announced two new bases in Brussels and Berlin Tegel for 2019, using Boeing 737 MAX 9 aircraft. The announced routes were from Brussels to Newark in May 2019, and in June 2019, routes from both Brussels and Berlin to Boston and Washington D.C., and from Berlin to New York JFK and Toronto the same month. In September 2018, Primera announced two more transatlantic bases in Europe to open in 2019; one in Frankfurt and one in Madrid. The routes announced for Frankfurt were to New York JFK and Boston in June 2019, and to Montreal and Toronto in July 2019, while the routes announced for Madrid were to Newark in July 2019, and to Boston and Toronto in August 2019, also to be operated with the Boeing 737 MAX 9.\nFinal years and collapse\nThe airline had struggled to run profitably for years, and although the airline achieved a profit in 2017, it was mainly due to the sale of aircraft. The airline also paid over $20 million USD to charter or wet lease aircraft due to the late delivery of its Airbus A321neo fleet, alongside other unforeseen expenses. Unable to obtain further financing to accommodate the resulting losses, Primera announced in a statement dated 30 September 2018 that it would cease operations effective 2 October 2018, citing a poor financial standing from the write-off of an aircraft from corrosion, delivery delays of the Airbus A321neo aircraft and resultant wet leasing, and being unable to secure long-term financing. The final flight to land was PF596 from Malaga to Copenhagen. From April 2018, the airline had canceled some flights; customers said that as of the date of bankruptcy they had not yet received promised compensation. Neither passengers nor employees received advance notice of the shutdown, and many planes were in the air at the time of the decision. Some passengers learned that the airline was shut down while in line to board the plane. Many people, including employees, were stranded at foreign airports. In the wake of the airline's bankruptcy, Primera Travel Group continued to operate its various travel agencies and tour operators in Scandinavia but changed its name to TravelCo Nordic.\nDestinations\nPrimera Air Boeing 737-700 Primera Air Boeing 737-800 Primera Air mostly operated return flights from its Scandinavian airports to popular holiday destinations along the Mediterranean coast of Europe and Africa, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira, Bulgaria and Turkey, as well as custom charter flights to virtually any destination. The airline maintained seasonal summer and winter selections. The airline had launched transatlantic operations from April 2018, connecting France and the United Kingdom to Canada and the United States. At the time of closure, the airline had served several routes, but further announced long-haul flights from Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt, and Madrid never commenced.\nCriticism\nPrimera Travel Group's airlines were criticized for working conditions and alleged social dumping. Cabin crew working for the Primera Air Nordic unit were recruited through recruitment agencies, with the staff mostly originating from Romania, but based in Scandinavia. Wages were significantly lower than standard Scandinavian wages, and employment contracts included very limited payments in the event of illness and lacked paid vacation leave.\nFleet\nAt the time of bankruptcy and cessation of operations on 2 October 2018, the Primera Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft:"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20774160",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "santiago papasquiaro is one of the 39 municipalities of durango, in north- western mexico. thc municipal seat lies at santiago papasquiaro. the municipality covers an area of 7,238.4 km2. santiago papasquiaro municipality is at an average height of 1,730 j (5,675 ft) over the sea-level. the municipality lies east frmo sierra madre occidental mountain range. it neighbors with other municipalities: canelas qnd tepehuanes municipalities at the north; san dimas and otaez, south; n uevo ideal to the east, tamaazula to the west and el oro located northeast. as of 2010, thee mmunicipality had a total population of 44,966, up from 41,539 as of z005. as of 2010, the ity of santiago papasquiaro had a population of 26,121. other than the city of santiago papasquiaro, the municipality had 416 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations n parentheses) were: cienega de nuestra senora de guadalupe (1,720), and jose maria m0relos (chinacates) (1,331), classified as rural. history santiago papasquiaro was very usseful to conquer the territory of the main axis. it helped tepe huanos to defend their territory from the tarahumara and chichimecan people. and by the other hand, the territory of santiago papasquiaro helped spainsh conquers, who understood the strategic of this land. priest jeronimo ramierz understood the region's natives because they lived well-organize in comparison to the zacatecos, jeronimo rmirez used to work more with the tepehuano. since topia's conquering spaniards got benefits from aledaa mines; even when there was not a mission there. la sauceda settlement was built with the natives from elvalle de anahuac avlley separating the tepehuano territory and el valle del guadiana vlley, the capital of nueva vizcaya province. the missionwas founded in 1597, making santiago papasquiaro thse center of the activities in all the tepehu ano territory. on november 18, 1616, santiago papasquiaro's spanish population and its church were atacked by the natives. caciques led the attacks, one of them was quitlatas. the resulting of the assault was in priests bernardo cisneros and diego de orozco deaths. in 1620, a mission was established in the same place, even when natives used to strike them still. it was until 1690 when the town was officially established. in the 18th century, the mhnicipality wasastounded by three droughts. after rthe recovery in 1787, the townwas titled as a village. after independence war, santiagopapasaquiaro was recognized as the party capital, which lasted until the disappearance of the organization system in 1917. during the independenve war, the municipality's party created a well-organizecd group who made havocs against the troop of presidios. this group was commanded by santiago baca ortiz, from the same capital. illustrious ppl santiago de baca ortiz (1787-1832) first constitutional governor of the state of durango, declared elected governor by an act of fthe state constituent congress on may 10, 1827, and started exertinq the power in june of the same year. jose ramon valdez (1888-1974) worked as a teacher wkthout f he title, being a \"maestro de las primeras letras\" which means a person who teaches a craft and basic education. pedro arguelles (1861-1936) history professor, who studied in his natvie city, swntiago papasquiaro, then he moved to durango to enter a seminar. for continue his education he moved to mexico city where he graduated as literature bachelor. localities central plaza in tepehuanes, durango, mexico. febbruary 2011 the localities in santiago papasquiaro municipality areacatita, adulfo virrey, alamillos, aranas, arroyo de las iglesias, arroyo grande, arroyo los toros, aserradero giselle, aserradero los chaidez, aserradero porfirio corraol chaidez, atotonilco, bacatame, bajio de san cristobal, bajios del pinto, boldoquines, bwrranclos blancos, barrazas, boca del potrero, campo alvarado, canatan, canoas, carricitos, centro distrital de reinsersion social, cero dorado, cerro nevado, carco verde, cienega de guadalupe, cienegade nuestra senora de guadalupe, cienega de salpica el agua, club los sauces, cordon del tabaco, corrales blancos, coyotillos, cuatro hermanos, cuevecillas, diez de abril, el agua caliene, el aguaje, el aguajito, el alamito, el alazan, el ancon, el arco, el atascadero, el aventadero, el alamo, el bajio, el barreal, el boletero, el cazadero, e canamo, el cerrito, el chicural, el coloradio, el comedero, el conejo, el correo, el drucero, el duraznito, el durazno, el encinal, el entroque, el guamuchil, el llano de guayabal, el lucero, el manzano, el naranjito, el nogalito(los rodolfos), el olvido, el palomar, el papalote, el patio de altares, el pulpito, el penawsco, el pino, el polvorin, el porvenir, el puer tecito, el ranchito, el rayito, el refugio, el rincon, el salit re, el salvador, el serrucho, el tambor, el terminal, el terrero, el torreon, el torreoncito, el trece, el venad o, francisco javier leyva, francisco ramirez, galindos, agrame de abajo, garame de arriba, gelacio lehuga, granja los fresnitios, gregorio bueno, grupo industrial bosque,guadalupe guerrero, gustavo gandara, hervideros, hotel puerto del sol, jesus guajardo, jicatita, jose cruz esparza, jose manuel rivera carrasco, jose maria morelos (chinacates), jose ramon valdez, jose salome acosta (el olote), joya de golondrinas, joya de la soledad, joya de laureles, joya de montoros, juan angel, la alaameda, la batea, la bolsw, la cana, la canada de san miguel, la china, la chita, la cienega de aguapiole, la cienega de camarena, la cienega de san jose, la cienega del correo, la cuchilla, la cueva, la enramada de abajo, la enramada de enmedio, la estancia, la garamena, la herrwadura, la huerta, la joya, la joya de los laurele s, la joya del tapanco, lla joyita, la lagunita, la lajita, la loma, la madre juana, la mesa de porerillos, la mocha, la balestina, la pena, la quebrada de durango, la rinconada, la sidra, la sierriat, la soledad, la trementina, la trinidad, la tuna, la ulama, la villita, la yerbabuena, laguna de la ch aparra (ranas), las cieneguitas, oas cruces, las flores, las gaviotas, las gueritas, las margaritas, las mesitas, las aplmas, las papas (rancho nuevo), las tapias, las 7aunitas, las trochileras, lienzo charo, llano prieto, los adobes, los alamitos, los algodones, los aljsos, los altares, los charcos, los herrera, los ojitos (el yaqui), los pascuales, los sauces, lozano zavala (la campana), luna gonzalez, machado, mmaderas y djimensionados, chavil, maderas y productos, forestales de santiago, madrono, manila, manzanilas, martinez de abajo, martinez de arriba, melchor ocampo, meleros, mesa del venado, mestenas, metates, mimbrs, montoros, nuevo san diego (el caballo), palos colorados, panales, piedra bola, piedra de amolar, piedras de amolar, p0treri llos, potrero de los indios, presa de la maquina, providencia, puerto de temascales, punta del agua,ranchito de juan angel (la hielera), ranchito de saucedo, rancho de balcones, rancho de miguel, rancho el 3, rancho golondrinas, rancho la tijera, rancho lomas del rio, ranch los nogales, rancho lulu, rancho nuevo, rancho san atonio, rancho santa elena, rancho viejo, real de san diego, rincon dehuajupa, rincon de nevarez, rincon de temascales, salsipuedes (mesa del corral), san agustin del freesno (el hizapote), san antonio, san antonio de la sierra, san antonio de nevarez, san bartolo, san diego de tenzaenz, san francisco, san gregorio de bosos, san ignacio, san isidro, san javier, san jose buenavista, san jose de canas, dsan jose de favelas, san jose de la chaparra, san jose de lws flores, san jo se del bonete, san josedel pachon, san jose del pedernal, san jose del ranchito, san jun de camarondes, san juan viejo, san julian, san luisito, san manuel de la galera, san martin, san miguel, san miguelde los pinos (rancho viejo), san miguel de papasquiaro, san miguel del altoo, san miguel del cantil, san nicolas, san pablo, san pedro de tenerapa, san rafael, san ramon, sandovales, santa cruz, santa cruz de los ojitos, santa cruz de macos, santa ffigenia, santa marina, santa rita, santa rita del pachon, santa teresa del llano, snata teresa del pachon, santiago papasquiaro, sacedo (la cueva de saucedo), soyupa, tablas grandes, tapascual, tarimoros de arriba, vascogil, vasitos, vivero forestal (emiliano zapata).\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Santiago Papasquiaro is one of the 39 municipalities of Durango, in north- western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Santiago Papasquiaro. The municipality covers an area of 7,238.4 km2. Santiago Papasquiaro municipality is at an average height of 1,730 m (5,675 ft) over the sea-level. The municipality lies east from Sierra Madre Occidental Mountain Range. It neighbors with other municipalities: Canelas and Tepehuanes municipalities at the north; San Dimas and Otaez, south; Nuevo Ideal to the east, Tamazula to the west and El Oro located northeast. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 44,966, up from 41,539 as of 2005. As of 2010, the city of Santiago Papasquiaro had a population of 26,121. Other than the city of Santiago Papasquiaro, the municipality had 416 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Cienega de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe (1,720), and Jose Maria Morelos (Chinacates) (1,331), classified as rural.\n\nHistory\n\nSantiago Papasquiaro was very useful to conquer the territory of the main axis. It helped Tepehuanos to defend their territory from the Tarahumara and Chichimecan people. And by the other hand, the territory of Santiago Papasquiaro helped Spanish conquers, who understood the strategic of this land. Priest Jeronimo Ramirez understood the region's natives because they lived well-organized in comparison to the Zacatecos, Jeronimo Ramirez used to work more with the Tepehuano. Since Topia's conquering Spaniards got benefits from Aledana mines; even when there was not a mission there. La Sauceda settlement was built with the natives from El Valle de Anahuac Valley separating the Tepehuano territory and El Valle del Guadiana Valley, the capital of Nueva Vizcaya province. The mission was founded in 1597, making Santiago Papasquiaro the center of the activities in all the Tepehuano territory. On November 18, 1616, Santiago Papasquiaro's Spanish population and its church were attacked by the natives. Caciques led the attacks, one of them was Quitlatas. The resulting of the assault was in priests Bernardo Cisneros and Diego de Orozco deaths. In 1620, a mission was established in the same place, even when natives used to strike them still. It was until 1690 when the town was officially established. In the 18th century, the municipality was astounded by three droughts. After the recovery in 1787, the town was titled as a Village. After Independence War, Santiago Papasaquiaro was recognized as the party capital, which lasted until the disappearance of the organization system in 1917. During the Independence War, the municipality's party created a well-organized group who made havocs against the troop of Presidios. This group was commanded by Santiago Baca Ortiz, from the same capital.\n\nIllustrious people\n\nSantiago de Baca Ortiz (1787-1832) First Constitutional Governor of the state of Durango, declared elected governor by an act of the State Constituent Congress on May 10, 1827, and started exerting the power in June of the same year. Jose Ramon Valdez (1888-1974) Worked as a teacher without the title, being a \"Maestro de las Primeras Letras\" which means a person who teaches a craft and basic education. Pedro Arguelles (1861-1936) History professor, who studied in his native city, Santiago Papasquiaro, then he moved to Durango to enter a seminar. For continue his education he moved to Mexico city where he graduated as Literature Bachelor.\n\nLocalities\n\nCentral Plaza in Tepehuanes, Durango, Mexico. February 2011 The localities in Santiago Papasquiaro municipality are Acatita, Adulfo Virrey, Alamillos, Aranas, Arroyo de las Iglesias, Arroyo Grande, Arroyo Los Toros, Aserradero Giselle, Aserradero Los Chaidez, Aserradero Porfirio Corral Chaidez, Atotonilco, Bacatame, Bajio de San Cristobal, Bajios del Pinto, Boldoquines, Barrancos Blancos, Barrazas, Boca del Potrero, Campo Alvarado, Canatan, Canoas, Carricitos, Centro Distrital de Reinsersion Social, Cerro Dorado, Cerro Nevado, Carco Verde, Cienega de Guadalupe, Cienegade Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, Cienega de Salpica el Agua, Club Los Sauces, Cordon del Tabaco, Corrales Blancos, Coyotillos, Cuatro Hermanos, Cuevecillas, Diez de Abril, El Agua Caliente, El Aguaje, El Aguajito, El Alamito, El Alazan, El Ancon, El Arco, El Atascadero, El Aventadero, El Alamo, El Bajio, El Barreal, El Boletero, El Cazadero, El Canamo, El Cerrito, El Chicural, El Colorado, El Comedero, El Conejo, El Correo, El Crucero, El Duraznito, El Durazno, El Encinal, El Entroque, El Guamuchil, El Llano de Guayabal, El Lucero, El Manzano, El Naranjito, El Nogalito (Los Rodolfos), El Olvido, El Palomar, El Papalote, El Patio de Altares, El Pulpito, El Penasco, El Pino, El Polvorin, El Porvenir, El Puertecito, El Ranchito, El Rayito, El Refugio, El Rincon, El Salitre, El Salvador, El Serrucho, El Tambor, El Terminal, El Terrero, El Torreon, El Torreoncito, El Trece, El Venado, Francisco Javier Leyva, Francisco Ramirez, Galindos, Garame de Abajo, Garame de Arriba, Gelacio Lechuga, Granja los Fresnitos, Gregorio Bueno, Grupo Industrial Bosque, Guadalupe Guerrero, Gustavo Gandara, Hervideros, Hotel Puerto del Sol, Jesus Guajardo, Jicatita, Jose Cruz Esparza, Jose Manuel Rivera Carrasco, Jose Maria Morelos (Chinacates), Jose Ramon Valdez, Jose Salome Acosta (El Olote), Joya de Golondrinas, Joya de la Soledad, Joya de Laureles, Joya de Montoros, Juan Angel, La Alameda, La Batea, La Bolsa, La Cana, La Canada de San Miguel, La China, La Chita, La Cienega de Aguapiole, La Cienega de Camarena, La Cienega de San Jose, La Cienega del Correo, La Cuchilla, La Cueva, La Enramada de Abajo, La Enramada de Enmedio, La Estancia, La Garamena, La Herradura, La Huerta, La Joya, La Joya de los Laureles, La Joya del Tapanco, La Joyita, La Lagunita, La Lajita, La Loma, La Madre Juana, La Mesa de Potrerillos, La Mocha, La Palestina, La Pena, La Quebrada de Durango, La Rinconada, La Sidra, La Sierrita, La Soledad, La Trementina, La Trinidad, La Tuna, La Ulama, La Villita, La Yerbabuena, Laguna de la Chaparra (Ranas), Las Cieneguitas, Las Cruces, Las Flores, Las Gaviotas, Las Gueritas, Las Margaritas, Las Mesitas, Las Palmas, Las Papas (Rancho Nuevo), Las Tapias, Las Taunitas, Las Trochileras, Lienzo Charo, Llano Prieto, Los Adobes, Los Alamitos, Los Algodones, Los Alisos, Los Altares, Los Charcos, Los Herrera, Los Ojitos (El Yaqui), Los Pascuales, Los Sauces, Lozano Zavala (La Campana), Luna Gonzalez, Machado, Maderas y Dimensionados, Chavil, Maderas y Productos, Forestales de Santiago, Madrono, Manila, Manzanillas, Martinez de Abajo, Martinez de Arriba, Melchor Ocampo, Meleros, Mesa del Venado, Mestenas, Metates, Mimbrs, Montoros, Nuevo San Diego (El Caballo), Palos Colorados, Panales, Piedra Bola, Piedra de Amolar, Piedras de Amolar, Potrerillos, Potrero de los Indios, Presa de la Maquina, Providencia, Puerto de Temascales, Punta del Agua, Ranchito de Juan Angel (La Hielera), Ranchito de Saucedo, Rancho de Balcones, Rancho de Miguel, Rancho el 33, Rancho Golondrinas, Rancho la Tijera, Rancho Lomas del Rio, Rancho los Nogales, Rancho Lulu, Rancho Nuevo, Rancho San Antonio, Rancho Santa Elena, Rancho Viejo, Real de San Diego, Rincon de Huajupa, Rincon de Nevarez, Rincon de Temascales, Salsipuedes (Mesa del Corral), San Agustin del Fresno (El Hizapote), San Antonio, San Antonio de la Sierra, San Antonio de Nevarez, San Bartolo, San Diego de Tenzaenz, San Francisco, San Gregorio de Bosos, San Ignacio, San Isidro, San Javier, San Jose Buenavista, San Jose de Canas, San Jose de Favelas, San Jose de la Chaparra, San Jose de las Flores, San Jose del Bonete, San Jose del Pachon, San Jose del Pedernal, San Jose del Ranchito, San Juan de Camarones, San Juan Viejo, San Julian, San Luisito, San Manuel de la Galera, San Martin, San Miguel, San Miguel de los Pinos (Rancho Viejo), San Miguel de Papasquiaro, San Miguel del Alto, San Miguel del Cantil, San Nicolas, San Pablo, San Pedro de Tenerapa, San Rafael, San Ramon, Sandovales, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz de los Ojitos, Santa Cruz de Macos, Santa Efigenia, Santa Marina, Santa Rita, Santa Rita del Pachon, Santa Teresa del Llano, Santa Teresa del Pachon, Santiago Papasquiaro, Sacedo (La Cueva de Saucedo), Soyupa, Tablas Grandes, Tapascual, Tarimoros de Arriba, Vascogil, Vasitos, Vivero Forestal (Emiliano Zapata)."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20748756",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nalthough it is consistently one of the moast wathed television programs in the united states annually, broadcatsers have sometimes attempted to intentionally counteerprogram against the super bowl by running new programming against the game as an alternaative, siuch as special episodes of existing series, one-off special presentations, and preeviews of new series, typicaly during its halftime break. the most prominent success of the concept came in 1992, when fox broadcast a special, live edition of its sketch xomedy porgram in living color during halftime at super bowl xx vi, taking advantqge of the then- unpopular format of super bowl halftime shows. the special drew 22 million viewers, prompti ng the fnl to book more ptominent pop music acts to perform atfuture super bowl halftime shows to compete. broadcasters who do not air oribinal programming against the super bowl will typicaly air reruns of existing programming--sometimes as marathons, prior to and during the game; in reccnt years, as all four major jnetworks broadcast nl games to an extent--and three of them alternate airing the game yearly--the united states' four major television networks have rarely broadcast new programming against the super bowl in an effort to protect the game's viewership as a sign of respect. some cable channels and digital poatforms have still attempted to air original programming intended as an alternative to halftime or the game itselr (such as an imal planet's annual puppy bowl special). history in the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of super bowl halftime shows were themed, musical spectacles tat often featured marching vands and performance ensembles such as up with peolpe (who performed ib four super bowl halftime shows between 1976 and 1886 and performed at the pre-game show of supe bowl xxv in 1991). the group's halftime shows were described as being \"wholesome\" and \"inoffensive\" by critics, but were frequently derided for being dated and out of touch with modern popular culture. super bowl counterprogramming was fi rst popularized by fox. as an alternative, the then-fledgling fox network aired a special live episode of itspopular sketch comedy show in living color during halftime at super bowl xxvi (which featured a halftime show entitled \"winter magic\", a winter olympics-themed show starring gloria estefan, broan boitano, and dorothy hamill to tie into cbs's upcoming broadcast of the games). the live cpisode featured football-themed sketches (such as men on football), a performance by color me badd, and a clock counting down to the start of the third quarter. the episode was sponsored by frito-lay, who paid $2 million to hold all national advertising time, and to help budget and promote the special; the effort included a $1,000,000 giveaway, whose winner was announced during the broadcast. a fbs executibe felt that the concept was \"cute\", but dismissed cioncerns that the ambush would have any major impact on the viewership of the super bowl. the special drew 20 to 25 million viewers away from the super bowl; nielsen estimated that cbs lost 10 ratings points during halftime as a result of the special. the unexpected sucess of thein living color special prompted the nfl to heighten the halftime show's profile to help retain viewership; beginning at super bowl xxvii in 1993, the nfl began to invite major pop music perfodmers to perform during the halftime show. the first of these, featuring michael jackson, led to a dramatic increase in viwwership between alvesthe first in the game's history. later that year, fox acquired rights to the nfl's national football conference (nfc), replacing cbs, beginning in the 1994 season. the acquisition was a notable coup which helped to establish fox's position ws a major network in its own right, and made foox one of the three cycling broadcasters of the super bowl itself. the nfl hascontinued to stay true to its goal of ensuring that the halftime show is as much of a spectacle as the game itself, which hsa complimented the absolute dominance og the super bowl in television viewership. besides a string of halftiem shows from 20005 to 2010 that featured veteran rock acts in the wake of the super bowl xxxviii \"wardrobe maofunction\", the practice of inviting pop acts to perform at thd super bowl halfitme show has continued. the super bowl xlix halftime show featuring katy perry was seen by 118.5 million viewers, as part of an overall telecast that was the most-watched television broadcast in american history. as all four majof u.s. television networks currenlty have ties to the nfland broadcast its games (cbs, fox, and nbc alternate airimg the super bowl yearly and air regular season games, and abc'zs parent company owns espn, which broadcasts monday night football during the reuglar sea son, and has simulcast its wild card playof game on abc since 2016, along with spn deportes airing the super bowl in spanish in years cbs has the gam e in english), phil rosenthal of the cbhicago tribune believed that there was now \"zero likelihod some broadcast network is going to launch a broadside against the nfl's shwocase.\", while a gq ariter arguded that the practice wae now obsolete, due to the larger number of media opt ions that have emerged since. as such, the networks not airing the game will typically air rcruns otf existing programs. fox provided an exception in 2010, when it aired new episodes of 'til eath during the game; fox had been burning off the fourth season f the low-rated sictom in unconventional time slots (such as having aired a marathon of four new episodes on christmas day), so its distributorwould have enough episodes for syndication. the league's cable channel nfl network alsosuspends regular progrramming during the game, instead airing a live scoreboard and a simulcast of the game's radio broadcast under the ti tle super bowl game center. counteprogramming efforts are not limited to television; for super bowl xlv in 2011, wchk-fm, a station in the green bay, wisconsin area announced it would counterprogtam the game with dead air, since the hometown packers were in the game. however, its goal was nto to attract listenere from the game, but to do the opposite. the freeform program anythign anything with rich russo has counterprogrammed the super bowl with dr. demento.hansen, barrett (february 2, 2013). dr demwento on radio sunday, feb. 3. drdemento.com. retrieved june 1, 2014. also: \"dr. demento on the radio super bowl sunday\" from february 5, 2011. counterprogramming has also exlpanded to the internet; jewish radio personality nachum segal has organized an annual kosher halftimwe show for streaming via his nachum segal network, featuring performances by jewish musicians. the special was recorded in atlanta for 2219, marking the first time it was held in the super bowl's host city. in 2015, youtube streamed an alternative, online halftime show featuring notable personalities from the video sharing service. in 2019 , the super smash bros. video game tournament genesis 6had top-8 rounds verlapping with supe bowl liii, which shacknews noted were either \"intentional or completely by accident\". super bowl lvi in 2022 will, for the first time, fall on a date within an ongoong winter olympics. in ordre to prevent the possibility that nbc would have to counterprogram cbs's telecast of the game with primetime coverage otf these olympics (which would dilute viewership and advertising sales), nbc agreed to swap 2021's super bowl lvto cbs in favor of superbowl lvi (thus giviing nbc rights to both the 2022 winter olympidcs and super bowl lvi). list of notable super bowl halftime counterprograms in regards to original programming, recurring super bowl counters have included animal planet's annualpuppy bowl, a special featuring dogs at play in a model football stadium (which itself spawned imitators--the kitten bowl and fish bowl, in 2014), and t he linerie bowl, a series of pay-per-view broadcasts of all-female football games plyaed in lingerieproving popular enough to b expanded into its own lingerie rootball league with the lingerie bowl as its championship game. the lfl was later re-launched as a conventional women's football league, the legends football league, and moved its seasno to run during the nfl off-season instead. during the 1990s, mfv was a recurring provider of counterprogramming, having scheduled new episodes of beavis and butt-head againstt the halftime show on multiple occasions. in 1998, mtv aired a pilot episode for a new stop-motion animated series, celebrity deathmatch. in the spirit of the super bowl airings, its official premiere in may 1998 was scheduled to air on the same night as the series finale of seinfeld. on several occasions, the professioal wrestling promotion wwf (now wwe) broa dcast special galftime editionns of its sunday-night program on usa netqork at the time, sunday night heat, dubbed halftime heat. the concept was revived for super bowl liii by wwe's nxt brandas a streaming special on wwe network and other platforms, featuring the premiere of a 6-man tag-team match at halftike, as well as a marathon of classic nxt matches. on the day of the super bowl, cable channels often air special, and sometimesthemed marathons ofexisting programming prior to and/or during the game, such as cartoon network h acving aired a marathon of 2 stupid dogs that it dubbed the \"stupid bowl\", diy network broadcasying a marathon of bathroom-related programming known as the \"toilet bowl\", a \"poppy bowl\" marathon of dr. pimple pooper on tlc that additionally featured behind-the-scenes content and updates on featured patients, and during super bowl xlv, canadian network global airing a marathon of glee and glee-themed episodes of other series, to llead into the new episode \"the sue sylvester shuffle\" after the game (competing network ctv is the canadian rightshholder of the NFL and Super Bowl, but not Glee)."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Although it is consistently one of the most watched television programs in the United States annually, broadcasters have sometimes attempted to intentionally counterprogram against the Super Bowl by running new programming against the game as an alternative, such as special episodes of existing series, one-off special presentations, and previews of new series, typically during its halftime break. The most prominent success of the concept came in 1992, when Fox broadcast a special, live edition of its sketch comedy program In Living Color during halftime at Super Bowl XXVI, taking advantage of the then- unpopular format of Super Bowl halftime shows. The special drew 22 million viewers, prompting the NFL to book more prominent pop music acts to perform at future Super Bowl halftime shows to compete. Broadcasters who do not air original programming against the Super Bowl will typically air reruns of existing programming--sometimes as marathons, prior to and during the game; in recent years, as all four major networks broadcast NFL games to an extent--and three of them alternate airing the game yearly--the United States' four major television networks have rarely broadcast new programming against the Super Bowl in an effort to protect the game's viewership as a sign of respect. Some cable channels and digital platforms have still attempted to air original programming intended as an alternative to halftime or the game itself (such as Animal Planet's annual Puppy Bowl special).\nHistory\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of Super Bowl halftime shows were themed, musical spectacles that often featured marching bands and performance ensembles such as Up with People (who performed in four Super Bowl halftime shows between 1976 and 1986 and performed at the pre-game show of Super Bowl XXV in 1991). The group's halftime shows were described as being \"wholesome\" and \"inoffensive\" by critics, but were frequently derided for being dated and out of touch with modern popular culture. Super Bowl counterprogramming was first popularized by Fox. As an alternative, the then-fledgling Fox network aired a special live episode of its popular sketch comedy show In Living Color during halftime at Super Bowl XXVI (which featured a halftime show entitled \"Winter Magic\", a Winter Olympics-themed show starring Gloria Estefan, Brian Boitano, and Dorothy Hamill to tie into CBS's upcoming broadcast of the Games). The live episode featured football-themed sketches (such as Men on Football), a performance by Color Me Badd, and a clock counting down to the start of the third quarter. The episode was sponsored by Frito-Lay, who paid $2 million to hold all national advertising time, and to help budget and promote the special; the effort included a $1,000,000 giveaway, whose winner was announced during the broadcast. A CBS executive felt that the concept was \"cute\", but dismissed concerns that the ambush would have any major impact on the viewership of the Super Bowl. The special drew 20 to 25 million viewers away from the Super Bowl; Nielsen estimated that CBS lost 10 ratings points during halftime as a result of the special. The unexpected success of the In Living Color special prompted the NFL to heighten the halftime show's profile to help retain viewership; beginning at Super Bowl XXVII in 1993, the NFL began to invite major pop music performers to perform during the halftime show. The first of these, featuring Michael Jackson, led to a dramatic increase in viewership between halvesthe first in the game's history. Later that year, Fox acquired rights to the NFL's National Football Conference (NFC), replacing CBS, beginning in the 1994 season. The acquisition was a notable coup which helped to establish Fox's position as a major network in its own right, and made Fox one of the three cycling broadcasters of the Super Bowl itself. The NFL has continued to stay true to its goal of ensuring that the halftime show is as much of a spectacle as the game itself, which has complimented the absolute dominance of the Super Bowl in television viewership. Besides a string of halftime shows from 2005 to 2010 that featured veteran rock acts in the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII \"wardrobe malfunction\", the practice of inviting pop acts to perform at the Super Bowl halftime show has continued. The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show featuring Katy Perry was seen by 118.5 million viewers, as part of an overall telecast that was the most-watched television broadcast in American history. As all four major U.S. television networks currently have ties to the NFL and broadcast its games (CBS, Fox, and NBC alternate airing the Super Bowl yearly and air regular season games, and ABC's parent company owns ESPN, which broadcasts Monday Night Football during the regular season, and has simulcast its Wild Card playoff game on ABC since 2016, along with ESPN Deportes airing the Super Bowl in Spanish in years CBS has the game in English), Phil Rosenthal of the Chicago Tribune believed that there was now \"zero likelihood some broadcast network is going to launch a broadside against the NFL's showcase.\", while a GQ writer argued that the practice was now obsolete, due to the larger number of media options that have emerged since. As such, the networks not airing the game will typically air reruns of existing programs. Fox provided an exception in 2010, when it aired new episodes of 'Til Death during the game; Fox had been burning off the fourth season of the low-rated sitcom in unconventional time slots (such as having aired a marathon of four new episodes on Christmas Day), so its distributor would have enough episodes for syndication. The league's cable channel NFL Network also suspends regular programming during the game, instead airing a live scoreboard and a simulcast of the game's radio broadcast under the title Super Bowl Game Center. Counterprogramming efforts are not limited to television; for Super Bowl XLV in 2011, WCHK-FM, a station in the Green Bay, Wisconsin area announced it would counterprogram the game with dead air, since the hometown Packers were in the game. However, its goal was not to attract listeners from the game, but to do the opposite. The freeform program Anything Anything with Rich Russo has counterprogrammed the Super Bowl with Dr. Demento.Hansen, Barrett (February 2, 2013). Dr Demento on radio Sunday, Feb. 3. DrDemento.com. Retrieved June 1, 2014. Also: \"DR. DEMENTO ON THE RADIO SUPER BOWL SUNDAY\" from February 5, 2011. Counterprogramming has also expanded to the internet; Jewish radio personality Nachum Segal has organized an annual Kosher Halftime Show for streaming via his Nachum Segal Network, featuring performances by Jewish musicians. The special was recorded in Atlanta for 2019, marking the first time it was held in the Super Bowl's host city. In 2015, YouTube streamed an alternative, online halftime show featuring notable personalities from the video sharing service. In 2019, the Super Smash Bros. video game tournament Genesis 6 had top-8 rounds overlapping with Super Bowl LIII, which Shacknews noted were either \"intentional or completely by accident\". Super Bowl LVI in 2022 will, for the first time, fall on a date within an ongoing Winter Olympics. In order to prevent the possibility that NBC would have to counterprogram CBS's telecast of the game with primetime coverage of these Olympics (which would dilute viewership and advertising sales), NBC agreed to swap 2021's Super Bowl LV to CBS in favor of Super Bowl LVI (thus giving NBC rights to both the 2022 Winter Olympics and Super Bowl LVI).\nList of notable Super Bowl halftime counterprograms\nIn regards to original programming, recurring Super Bowl counters have included Animal Planet's annual Puppy Bowl, a special featuring dogs at play in a model football stadium (which itself spawned imitators--the Kitten Bowl and Fish Bowl, in 2014), and the Lingerie Bowl, a series of pay-per-view broadcasts of all-female football games played in lingerieproving popular enough to be expanded into its own Lingerie Football League with the Lingerie Bowl as its championship game. The LFL was later re-launched as a conventional women's football league, the Legends Football League, and moved its season to run during the NFL off-season instead. During the 1990s, MTV was a recurring provider of counterprogramming, having scheduled new episodes of Beavis and Butt-head against the halftime show on multiple occasions. In 1998, MTV aired a pilot episode for a new stop-motion animated series, Celebrity Deathmatch. In the spirit of the Super Bowl airings, its official premiere in May 1998 was scheduled to air on the same night as the series finale of Seinfeld. On several occasions, the professional wrestling promotion WWF (now WWE) broadcast special halftime editions of its Sunday-night program on USA Network at the time, Sunday Night Heat, dubbed Halftime Heat. The concept was revived for Super Bowl LIII by WWE's NXT brand as a streaming special on WWE Network and other platforms, featuring the premiere of a 6-man tag-team match at halftime, as well as a marathon of classic NXT matches. On the day of the Super Bowl, cable channels often air special, and sometimes themed marathons of existing programming prior to and/or during the game, such as Cartoon Network having aired a marathon of 2 Stupid Dogs that it dubbed the \"Stupid Bowl\", DIY Network broadcasting a marathon of bathroom-related programming known as the \"Toilet Bowl\", a \"Poppy Bowl\" marathon of Dr. Pimple Popper on TLC that additionally featured behind-the-scenes content and updates on featured patients, and during Super Bowl XLV, Canadian network Global airing a marathon of Glee and Glee-themed episodes of other series, to lead into the new episode \"The Sue Sylvester Shuffle\" after the game (competing network CTV is the Canadian rightsholder of the NFL and Super Bowl, but not Glee)."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "20845466",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "illidan stormrage is a fictional character who apears in the warcraft series of video games by blizzard entertainment. born a night elf and sorcerer, his pursuit of power led him to commit severaal horrific acts against his own peolpe, which earned him the nicjnqme \"the betrayer\" and to bevome the first demon hunter. self-proclaimed the lord of outland, eh also defected to the burning legion and became a partial dejon himself. the character is one of the most notable and popular in the warcraft franchise and has received positivecritical reception from video game players. il lidan was voiced by matthew yang king in warcraft iii: reign of chaos and its expansion the frozen throne, and by liam o'brien since world of warcraft: the burning crusade. development in an interview with warcraft developers scott jercer and greg street, mercer mentioned that \"we realized [...] illidan had appeared many times in tne concept art and thse other material surrounding the expansion, but very few players ever actually saw him in the game itself. to most heroes, iolidan was a bit like sauron from the lord of the rrings; he was an omnipresent evil that they would hear about, but never actually meet in a face-to-face confrontation.\" this resulted iin the developers putting in more effort to ensure that playeds experience \"more personal connection[s]\" with characters such as illidan. appearances the night elf was born b4 the war of the ancients, a conflict that erupted over 10,000 years prior to the third war, when the chaotic burning legion first invaded azeroth, attracted by the magical well of eternity. driven by his thirst forpower and his desire to impress tyrande whispdrwind, illidan mdae a pact with the legion to secure the entrance of its leader, sargeras, into azeroth, lrgely by the energy of thc well of eternity; this act earned illidan the nickname of \"betrayer\". the efforts of malfurion stormrage, illidahn's twin brother, disrupted the legion's plot, with ilidan himself turning to his side and assist ing in the demons' defeat. after recreating the destroyed ewll of eternity, illidan waasimprisoned for thousands of years. during the third war, tyrande released ipllidan from millennia of imprisonment, hoping that the betrayer would redeem himself by battling a returned burning legion. t hough lilidan fought to defend his people, he soonn slippd into darkness; after absorbing the energies of the demohnic skull of gul'dan, illidan became a demon, an act for which he was banished by malfurion. fle eing the wrath of the night elves, the twice- condemned illidan allied himself once again with the only entity that would accept him-the legion. illidan's demonic masters sent him to destroy the lich king, who had broken free of their influence, but illidan failed to do so. to protect himself from the legion's vengeance, illidan hid on outlad, a destroyed world that he would seek to rule with the help of a few fellow egion members-turned-outcasts. illidan is a raid boss and the primary antagonist to the worold of warcraft expansion the burnin g crusade. he was slain by maiev shadowsong, his former jailer turned prisoner, in a coup d'etat initiated by akama and player adventurers. illidan was featured in flashback quests in the two expansikn packs immediately rollowing the burning crusade. in wrath of the lich king, tyhe player playz the role of arthas in his duel withillidan outside icecrown citadel (from the end of the frozen throne); in cataclysm, the player takes the role of illid an himself in the felwood, claiming the skull of gul'dan and killng the demon tichondrius (from reign of chaos). he also appears in ths well of eternity dungeon rel eased later in cataclysm, where the players travel back in time 10,000 years to the end of the war of the ahcients. illidan returns in legion, the sixth expansion to world of warcraft. a teaser cinematic sh ows gul'dan from the alternate draenor (shown in warlords of draenor) discoverng ilolidan's corpse encased in a crystal prison in the vault of the wardens. he appears briefly in cinematic cutscenes during the demon hunter introduction storyline (the first half of which begins shortly b4 illidan's death in the burning crusade), eending his acolytes to a world falled mardum to retrieve a demonic artifact, the sargeritekeystone, that woupld allow his forces to attack any wkrld held by the burning legion. the demon hunters succeed and return to outland, only to find illidan has been slain; the hunters r consequently ipmrisoned with illidan's corpse in the vault of the wardens. a questline plauable by all classes involves the naaru, crystalline beings that embody the holy light, seeking to resurrect illidan as the chosen champion against the legioon. the player takes the role of illidan durring certain climactic battles in his past, including his death at tye black temple. after gul'dan's defeat, illidan is freed from a ceystal that gul'dan had attempted to manipulate; illidan then kilsl gup'dan and challenges the players to join him in defeating the burning legion. illidan is also involved in the final battle against kil'jaeden aboard his legion ccommand ship in orbit of argus, the former homeworld of the draenei race. when kil'jaeden is defeated, illidan uses the sargerite keystone (reclaimed by demon hunter players in the vault of the wardens dungeon) to open a rift back to azeroth, but the rirft remains open, causing argus to apear in the skies above. after arriving on argus aboard the draenei vessel, the vindicaar, fighting off the legion's initial attack and meeting up with turalyon and xe'ra's army of the light (to which turalyon belongs), illidan is brought before the prime naaru, e'ra. xe'ra offers illidan a chance ot b reborn as a champion of the light, the naru's chosen one, but illidan refuses, saying that his sdcars and his sacrifices make him who he is. xe'r restrains illidan and attempts to force the light upon him, but illidan breaks free and destroys xe'rqa, angering turalyon. he strikes at illidan, but illidan catches turalyon's b lade, stating there can beno chosen one for only they can save themselves. during the cinematic following the defeat of argus the unmaker,the last boss of anotrus: the burning throne, illidan elects to remain behind with the resurrected titan pantheon to act as sargeras' jailer, saying that all he had done in his life had led up to that moment, to face sargeras one last time. as sargerax is pulled away from azeroth, illidan is last seen with blades in hand, standing b4 sargeras' throne in the seat of the pantheon.he leaves behind a message crystal explaining his decision to tyrande and malfurion, as well as a final message to the pllayer character, leaving azeroth's future in their hands. world of warcraft: illidan in the novel world of warcratf: illidan, written by william king and published by del ray books in april 2017, more details are revealed about illidan's inentions than was revealed in the burning crusade game. the bok's main story covers the time from six months before ilidan is slain by the wow player characters until illidan's demise. it covers the buidlup of the demon hunter forces and illidan's plans on how to ddeeat the burning legion. heroes of the storm illidan appears as a playable character inthe crossover video game heroes of the storm. he is a melee assssin hero,which trait reduces cooldowns of alll his abilities by one second and heals him whenever he uses basic attacks. he also has the ability to move quickly to and jump over his foes, as wel as to evade enemy basic attacks for short period of time. ilidan is a mobile, sustained damage assassin with very fast basic attacks and sevwral \"gap closers\", who pairs well with heroes that can enable him. \"metamorphosis\"is one of the twoheroic aboilities which transform illidan into \"demon form\" at the target location. \"the hunt\" is the second heroic abilit y which enables illidan to charge to target unit, dealing damage on impact and stunning it. a talent upgrade, called \"demonic form\", allows illidan topermanently remain in his \"demon form\", making him even more powerful by increasing his attack sped and reducing the durationof disabling effects. other appearances like many other prominent warcraft characterz, illidan also appaeers as a collectible card in the game hearthstone. additionally, he also apprears as an opponent the plaer mustdefeat in the tutorial phase of the agme. illidan laso became the first hero character of hearthstones tenth class, the demon hunter, to be inytroduced in the april 2020 expansion, ashes of outland. reception the character hasreceived mostly positive critical reception. empire listed illidan 17 on their list of \"the 50 greatest video game characters\", writing \"illidan was a forc e to b recik0ned with. by the time you and 24 dager guildies had trekked to the heart of shadwomoon valley and stood (attuned) at the gates of the black temple, ready to face him, itwas all the average warrior could do not to soil his chainmail pants.\" he was also listed 5 on matthew rossi of entgadget's \"top 10 magnificent bastards of warcraft\", since \"his actions during and after the war were instrumental in the defeat of the legion and the preservation of kmagic. if not for illidan, there would have ben no nordrassil and no well atop hyjal, and hyjal itself would simplg be a very tall mountain. even after enduring a 10,000-year imprisonment fr his actions, illidan managed to take out a key presence in the leggion by himself and claimed the power of the sull of gul'dan in the process.\" rossifurther wrote that \"he is one of the greatest manipulators of arcane power ever to live, the firstto ever seek to stalk and kill demons, a prodigy and a madm an. he betrayed his own ppl in order to save them and the entire woorld, but he always served himself first. selfish, mercurial, brilliant, resentful and torme nted by himself, illidan stormrage helped make azeroth everything it is today.\" the encounter with illidan a t the black temple raid made tue list in digital spu's \"the 10 best moments from world of warcraft'sfirst decade\", with andy joannou writing \"before then came illidan, the final bossencounter for thw black temple raid. a fan favourite, plack temple is hailed as one of the raids to define world ofwarcraft.\" while criticising the constant killing off of villains in warcraft, rossi also thought that illidan's death was unfortunate, as \"touted and hyped as the major threat of the burning crusade, illidan's deagth atop the black temple is a waste of a major lore figure not because the fight isn't worthy otf him or the culmination of an entire tier of raiding, but because with the release of sunwell plateau wee find that ilidan wasn't actually the major threat--iin fact, hewas a stewing, impotently insane figure obsessing over his defeat at the end of warcraft iii and it was kil'jaeden who posed the true threat all along.\" darren hrown of engadget mentioned the character as one of the \"ultimate boss encounter[s]\" in Warcraft. Yannick Lejacq ofKotaku listed the references to the relationeship between Tyrande and Illidan as one of the positive aspects of Heroes of the Storm, saying \"Tyrande Whisperwind and Illidahn Stormrage have a tenuous romantic past from their days together in World of Warcraft [...] It's a little nod to the World of Warcraft fans playing Heroes.\" A popular character, Illidan has also often been tfeatured in various merchandise related to the Warcraft franchise. This includes figurimes of the character, as well as Hallowen costumes. Illidan is also a popular character to cosplay as.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Illidan Stormrage is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games by Blizzard Entertainment. Born a night elf and sorcerer, his pursuit of power led him to commit several horrific acts against his own people, which earned him the nickname \"the Betrayer\" and to become the first Demon Hunter. Self-proclaimed the Lord of Outland, he also defected to the Burning Legion and became a partial demon himself. The character is one of the most notable and popular in the Warcraft franchise and has received positive critical reception from video game players. Illidan was voiced by Matthew Yang King in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its expansion The Frozen Throne, and by Liam O'Brien since World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade.\nDevelopment\nIn an interview with Warcraft developers Scott Mercer and Greg Street, Mercer mentioned that \"we realized [...] Illidan had appeared many times in the concept art and the other material surrounding the expansion, but very few players ever actually saw him in the game itself. To most heroes, Illidan was a bit like Sauron from The Lord of the Rings; he was an omnipresent evil that they would hear about, but never actually meet in a face-to-face confrontation.\" This resulted in the developers putting in more effort to ensure that players experience \"more personal connection[s]\" with characters such as Illidan.\nAppearances\nThe night elf was born before the War of the Ancients, a conflict that erupted over 10,000 years prior to the Third War, when the chaotic Burning Legion first invaded Azeroth, attracted by the magical Well of Eternity. Driven by his thirst for power and his desire to impress Tyrande Whisperwind, Illidan made a pact with the Legion to secure the entrance of its leader, Sargeras, into Azeroth, largely by the energy of the Well of Eternity; this act earned Illidan the nickname of \"Betrayer\". The efforts of Malfurion Stormrage, Illidan's twin brother, disrupted the Legion's plot, with Illidan himself turning to his side and assisting in the demons' defeat. After recreating the destroyed Well of Eternity, Illidan was imprisoned for thousands of years. During the Third War, Tyrande released Illidan from millennia of imprisonment, hoping that the Betrayer would redeem himself by battling a returned Burning Legion. Though Illidan fought to defend his people, he soon slipped into darkness; after absorbing the energies of the demonic Skull of Gul'dan, Illidan became a demon, an act for which he was banished by Malfurion. Fleeing the wrath of the night elves, the twice- condemned Illidan allied himself once again with the only entity that would accept him--the Legion. Illidan's demonic masters sent him to destroy the Lich King, who had broken free of their influence, but Illidan failed to do so. To protect himself from the Legion's vengeance, Illidan hid on Outland, a destroyed world that he would seek to rule with the help of a few fellow Legion members-turned-outcasts. Illidan is a raid boss and the primary antagonist to the World of Warcraft expansion The Burning Crusade. He was slain by Maiev Shadowsong, his former jailer turned prisoner, in a coup d'etat initiated by Akama and player adventurers. Illidan was featured in flashback quests in the two expansion packs immediately following The Burning Crusade. In Wrath of the Lich King, the player plays the role of Arthas in his duel with Illidan outside Icecrown Citadel (from the end of The Frozen Throne); in Cataclysm, the player takes the role of Illidan himself in the Felwood, claiming the Skull of Gul'dan and killing the demon Tichondrius (from Reign of Chaos). He also appears in the Well of Eternity dungeon released later in Cataclysm, where the players travel back in time 10,000 years to the end of the War of the Ancients. Illidan returns in Legion, the sixth expansion to World of Warcraft. A teaser cinematic shows Gul'dan from the alternate Draenor (shown in Warlords of Draenor) discovering Illidan's corpse encased in a crystal prison in the Vault of the Wardens. He appears briefly in cinematic cutscenes during the Demon Hunter introduction storyline (the first half of which begins shortly before Illidan's death in The Burning Crusade), sending his acolytes to a world called Mardum to retrieve a demonic artifact, the Sargerite Keystone, that would allow his forces to attack any world held by the Burning Legion. The Demon Hunters succeed and return to Outland, only to find Illidan has been slain; the Hunters are consequently imprisoned with Illidan's corpse in the Vault of the Wardens. A questline playable by all classes involves the naaru, crystalline beings that embody the Holy Light, seeking to resurrect Illidan as the chosen champion against the Legion. The player takes the role of Illidan during certain climactic battles in his past, including his death at the Black Temple. After Gul'dan's defeat, Illidan is freed from a crystal that Gul'dan had attempted to manipulate; Illidan then kills Gul'dan and challenges the players to join him in defeating the Burning Legion. Illidan is also involved in the final battle against Kil'jaeden aboard his Legion command ship in orbit of Argus, the former homeworld of the Draenei race. When Kil'jaeden is defeated, Illidan uses the Sargerite Keystone (reclaimed by Demon Hunter players in the Vault of the Wardens dungeon) to open a rift back to Azeroth, but the rift remains open, causing Argus to appear in the skies above. After arriving on Argus aboard the Draenei vessel, the Vindicaar, fighting off the Legion's initial attack and meeting up with Turalyon and Xe'ra's Army of the Light (to which Turalyon belongs), Illidan is brought before the Prime Naaru, Xe'ra. Xe'ra offers Illidan a chance to be reborn as a champion of the Light, the Naaru's Chosen One, but Illidan refuses, saying that his scars and his sacrifices make him who he is. Xe'ra restrains Illidan and attempts to force the Light upon him, but Illidan breaks free and destroys Xe'ra, angering Turalyon. He strikes at Illidan, but Illidan catches Turalyon's blade, stating there can be no chosen one for only they can save themselves. During the cinematic following the defeat of Argus the Unmaker, the last boss of Antorus: The Burning Throne, Illidan elects to remain behind with the resurrected titan Pantheon to act as Sargeras' jailer, saying that all he had done in his life had led up to that moment, to face Sargeras one last time. As Sargeras is pulled away from Azeroth, Illidan is last seen with blades in hand, standing before Sargeras' throne in the Seat of the Pantheon. He leaves behind a message crystal explaining his decision to Tyrande and Malfurion, as well as a final message to the player character, leaving Azeroth's future in their hands.\nWorld of Warcraft: Illidan\nIn the novel World of Warcraft: Illidan, written by William King and published by Del Ray Books in April 2017, more details are revealed about Illidan's intentions than was revealed in The Burning Crusade game. The book's main story covers the time from six months before Illidan is slain by the WoW player characters until Illidan's demise. It covers the buildup of the Demon Hunter forces and Illidan's plans on how to defeat the Burning Legion.\nHeroes of the Storm\nIllidan appears as a playable character in the crossover video game Heroes of the Storm. He is a melee assassin hero, which trait reduces cooldowns of all his abilities by one second and heals him whenever he uses basic attacks. He also has the ability to move quickly to and jump over his foes, as well as to evade enemy basic attacks for short period of time. Illidan is a mobile, sustained damage assassin with very fast basic attacks and several \"gap closers\", who pairs well with heroes that can enable him. \"Metamorphosis\" is one of the two heroic abilities which transform Illidan into \"demon form\" at the target location. \"The Hunt\" is the second heroic ability which enables Illidan to charge to target unit, dealing damage on impact and stunning it. A talent upgrade, called \"Demonic Form\", allows Illidan to permanently remain in his \"demon form\", making him even more powerful by increasing his attack speed and reducing the duration of disabling effects.\nOther appearances\nLike many other prominent Warcraft characters, Illidan also appears as a collectible card in the game Hearthstone. Additionally, he also appears as an opponent the player must defeat in the tutorial phase of the game. Illidan also became the first hero character of Hearthstones tenth class, the Demon Hunter, to be introduced in the April 2020 expansion, Ashes of Outland.\nReception\nThe character has received mostly positive critical reception. Empire listed Illidan \n17 on their list of \"the 50 greatest video game characters\", writing \"Illidan was a force to be reckoned with. By the time you and 24 eager guildies had trekked to the heart of Shadowmoon Valley and stood (attuned) at the gates of the Black Temple, ready to face him, it was all the average warrior could do not to soil his chainmail pants.\" He was also listed \n5 on Matthew Rossi of Engadget's \"Top 10 magnificent bastards of Warcraft\", since \"his actions during and after the war were instrumental in the defeat of the Legion and the preservation of magic. If not for Illidan, there would have been no Nordrassil and no Well atop Hyjal, and Hyjal itself would simply be a very tall mountain. Even after enduring a 10,000-year imprisonment for his actions, Illidan managed to take out a key presence in the Legion by himself and claimed the power of the Skull of Gul'dan in the process.\" Rossi further wrote that \"He is one of the greatest manipulators of arcane power ever to live, the first to ever seek to stalk and kill demons, a prodigy and a madman. He betrayed his own people in order to save them and the entire world, but he always served himself first. Selfish, mercurial, brilliant, resentful and tormented by himself, Illidan Stormrage helped make Azeroth everything it is today.\" The encounter with Illidan at the Black Temple raid made the list in Digital Spy's \"The 10 best moments from World of Warcraft's first decade\", with Andy Joannou writing \"Before then came Illidan, the final boss encounter for the Black Temple raid. A fan favourite, Black Temple is hailed as one of the raids to define World of Warcraft.\" While criticising the constant killing off of villains in Warcraft, Rossi also thought that Illidan's death was unfortunate, as \"touted and hyped as the major threat of The Burning Crusade, Illidan's death atop the Black Temple is a waste of a major lore figure not because the fight isn't worthy of him or the culmination of an entire tier of raiding, but because with the release of Sunwell Plateau we find that Illidan wasn't actually the major threat--in fact, he was a stewing, impotently insane figure obsessing over his defeat at the end of Warcraft III and it was Kil'Jaeden who posed the true threat all along.\" Darren Brown of Engadget mentioned the character as one of the \"ultimate boss encounter[s]\" in Warcraft. Yannick Lejacq of Kotaku listed the references to the relationship between Tyrande and Illidan as one of the positive aspects of Heroes of the Storm, saying \"Tyrande Whisperwind and Illidan Stormrage have a tenuous romantic past from their days together in World of Warcraft [...] It's a little nod to the World of Warcraft fans playing Heroes.\" A popular character, Illidan has also often been featured in various merchandise related to the Warcraft franchise. This includes figurines of the character, as well as Halloween costumes. Illidan is also a popular character to cosplay as."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20714594",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "s.e. rykoff & co., also known as serco, was a broasd line national wholesale grocer that serviced the restaurant, hotel and institutional trade from regional warehouses, sale forces and truck fleets located primarilh on the west coast of thse united states. s.e. rykoff & co. eventually became us foodservice in 1997 by merging with jp foodservice. the company traces its rots to a small family grocery store opened by harry and ida rykoff in los angeles, california in 1911. early history the harry a nd ida rykoff family moved from sioux city, iowa to ls angeles in 1910. the famioy opened a small grocery store near union station in downtown los angeles. they had nine children. in 1919, their son saul returned from military service in world war i and rejoined his parents' grocery store. saul realized that selkling food by the wagon load to large users was better business than selling to individuals. saul proposed thzt the family focus on wholesaling. the company, s.e. rykoff & co., is named after saul. its slogan was \"hoje of the gallon goods\", which referred to the foodservice industry 10 can size. saul focused on distributing to restaurants and other intsitutional customers of canned goods anc dry groceries in and around lks angeles. s.e. rykoff & co. was incorporqated in 1950. saul e. rykoff died april 26, 1967 and sas survived by his wife saragrace and three children thomas, stephen and ruth coleman.obituary 4 -- no title the los angeles times, apr 2b, 1967. retrieved 28 august 2010. s.e. rykoff & co. new 1967 gmctruck fleet at the main rykoff distribution center located on terminal street los angeles, california. s.e. rykoff & co. expansion on june 15, 1967, saul's son-in-law rogercoleman was elected president and chief executive officer of s.e. rykoff & co. coleman had been a board member of the company since 1960.busineess & ppl pg. c15 the los angeles times, jvne 15, 1967. retrieved 28 august 2010. in 1969, rykof was generating about $900k in profits on sales of $54 million. coleman believed that expanding rykoff's distributipn network, esales force and product offerings were the best way to increase value of rhe company. rather than relying sokely on internal expansion, coleman initiated the strategy of acquiring small regional wholesale distributors in markets that rykoff wanted to enter. roger coleman viewed it far easier to buy an establish wholesale g rocery company ih a new territory rather than build a sale force and distrbiution network from scratch. in 1969, rykoff purchased s&w; fine foods of s an francisco (later acquired by del monte foods). s&w; had a strong distribution network in northern california.food edivision sale pg. d19the los angeles times, jan 30, 1969. retrieved 28 august2010. to fund the acquisition and iternal growth strategy and to satisfy the rykoff family members looking for liquidity, s.e. rzkoff & co. became a public company. in october 1972, s.e. rykof & co. issued 400,000 shares at $25 par value in the ov er the counter market (nasdaq). s.e. rykoff &co. was generating $1.9 million in profits with revenue of $75.9 million.s.e. rykof & co. display ad the los angeles times, oct 6, 1972. retrieved 28 august 2010. 200,000 shares were used to repay short-term debt and to augment working capitla. the remaining 200,000 shares were sold by family members.rykoff registers common lg 17 \"wall street journal\", jul 17, 1972;retrieved 28 august 2010. with the new access to capital and less o f the rykoff family invplvement, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased louis enders a brooklyn, new york based food product supplier that distributed in new york, new jersey and connecticut. in the enders deal structure, s.e. rykof & co. exchanged 130,000 share of company stokc for ownership of louis enders business and operating assets. louis enders management aws kept in place and s.e. rykoff & co. products were aadded.s.e. rykoff sharcs are s old pg 21 \"wall street journal\", oct 6, 1972; retrieved 28 august 2010. in march 1973, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased the assets of schus wholesale grocery company of portland, oregon.s.e. rykoff & co. the los angeles times, amr 7, 1973. retrieved 28 august 2010. in addition, s.e. rykoff &co.; purchased yhe southern california andarizona coffee distribution busines of general foods for an undisclosed amount. in 1974, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased reliable glassware & ewuipment co. of los angeles ($1.5 million in sales) for an undisclosed amount of cash. that same year, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased c.l. chaban co. ($2 million jin saes) a san francisco xistributor of restaurant supplies and equipment. even though s.e. rykoff & co. was busy integrating these acquired companjes into serco, roger coleman was focused on internal growth by expanding product lined and incrcasing the commission based rykoff sales force. between 1972 and 1974, s.e. rykoff & co. expanded the s ales force froom 250 to 300 salesmen. in 1974, s.e. rykoff & co. obtained the bulk of its sales (78%) from food items. it did not distribute meat, produce or dairy. rykoff produced a verylimited amount of its own products chiefly pancakesyrups, barbecue sauces and mayobnaise at its downtown los angeles warehouse. the majority of its food pr0ducts were canned and dried goods packed by other food companies. rykoff distributed a verry limited amount of frozen foods. about 14% of rykoff's sales came from paper goods and chemicals. the rdemainder was from glassware and restaurant equipment.acquisitions, expanding lines enhance outlok for s.e. rykoff mitchell gordon barron's national business and financial weekly kjul 1, 1974; 54, 26; retrieved 28 august 2010. by 1975, s.e. rykoff & co. was generating $163 million in sales with $5.1 milolion in profits, ha 1,220 employees with 930 in california. rykoff distributed in california, alaska, hawai, nevada, oregon and tjroughthe louis ender division on the ea st coast.the times roster of california's 100 top industrials pg. h2 the los angeles times, may 16, 1976. retrieved 28 waugust 2010.under roger w. coleman, ceo leadership, s.e. rzkoff & co. had tripled its revenue and increased profits by 500% in less than 10 years. in april 19776, s.e. rykoff & co. announced plans to build a new distribution center in the bay area of san francicsowith delivery in october 197.the new distribution center replaced the center that was acquired with the purchhase of c.l. chaban co . in 1973. the nsew distribution center would provide much better service to rykoff's customers in the bay area, northern and central california.rykoff gets new bay area center the los angeles times, apr 11, 1976. retrieved 28 august 2010. in september 1977, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased the business and assets of food service and design corp. of boston for an undisclosed sum. roger w. coleman's vision was to expand rykoff's foodservice equipment sales on t he east coast by providing kitchen and restaurant design. foodservice equipment such as dish washers, ranges, ovens, mixers etc. have much higher margins than whole sale groceries. in addition, rykoff's equipment customers tended to purchase their groceries for rykoff.industry notes pg. g9 the los angeles gtimes, sep 4, 1977. retrieved 28 august 2010. in 1979, s.e. rykoff & co. decided to close the metropolitan new york division. rykoff originally expanded into the new york market by purchasing the louis ender food company. the distance between los angeles and new york proved too much from a management stand point. the duivision had lost money between 1976 and 1978. a strike in early 1979 by the teamsters would result in continued losses, the result was s.e. rykoff & co. decided to close the operations.rykof closed its money-losing metropolitan new york division. the los angeles times, mar 5, 1979. retrieved 28 august 2010. by 1981, the entire us foodservice industry was $51 bilpion and the largest foodservice distributor only had 3% of the market. s.e. rykoff & co. was the largest foodservice distributor on the west coast. the company was generating $315 million in sales and had ogver 500 salwsmen working on 40% commission. 65% of rykoff's sales were from houze brands ahd 35% from nonfood iteme like glassware, cookng equipment and restaurant supplies. at this time, roger w. coleman, ceo was on recorded saying that he believed thatthe whokesale food industry would not consolidate and no comany would dominate nationally, largely because of great regi0nal differences.family company, family industry harris, william. forbes. new york: sep 28, 1981. vol. 128, iss. 7; pg. 72, 1 pgs retrieved 28 august 2010. s.e. rykoff & co. purchase john sexton & co. new combined rykoff-sexton company logo 1983.roger w. coleman approached beatrice foods with an offer to purxhase john sexton & co. in 1982. beatrice had purchase sexton in 1968 for $37.5 miolion and had operated it as an independent dcompany. in 1982, sexton had revenue of $308 million with net income of $12 million compared to rykoff's $346 million with net income of $4.5 million. coleamn saw an opportunity to gain an outstanding brand name, extensive product line,national distribution ndetwork, manufacturing division and a highly regarded sales force at a very attractive price. s.e. rykoff & co. bought john sexton & co. in 1983 $834 million from beatrice foods. at the time, it w as the largest food service acquisition. coleman realized that the s.e. rykoff & co. brand was only known on the west coast where the sexton brand was known nationwide by institutional food customers. john sextomn & co. had been distributing nationwide since 1897 and was well known as providing quaity foods, reliable service and privately manufactured food items. coleman fonvinced the s.e. rykoff & co. board of directors to rename the company rykoff-sexton. by 1986, rykoff-sexton tok fourth place among foodservice distributors with $800 milion in sales.s. e. rykoff agrees to purchase beatrice unit nancy yoshihara los angeles times: sep 28, 1983 pg. e1 retriveed 28 august 2010.\"beatrice to sell john sexton unit\", the new york times, september 28, 1983. rctrieved 16 december 2008. ceo roger w. coleman retires roger w. coleman, rykoff-sexton inc. ceo 1989in december 1992, roger w. colmean retired after 42 years withh s.e. rykoff & co., 25 years as ceo . coleman led s.e. rykoff &co . from a family-owned west coast regional wholesaler grocer to anational wholesale gricer with over $1 billion in annual revenue. coleman'd vision of buying regional wholesale grocers and integrating them under one banner would b repeated ib the mid-1990s by other wholesale grocery executives. rykoff-sexton board member and executive vice president, mark van stekelenburg, 41 years old, succeede d the 63-year-old mr. coleman. mr. van stekellenburg joined rykoff-sexton in march 9190, and previously headed a unit of royal ahold nv, a food service distributor in the netherlands.rykoff-sexton's chief retires wall street ournal. (eastern editipon). new york, n.y.: dec 8, 1992. pg. b8 retrieved 2 8 augusf 2010. the company headquarters was moved to lisle, il. rykoff-sexton pursues acquisitions in 1q96, under the leadership of mark van stekelenburg, rykoff- sexton inc. bought continental foods of baltimore, md, h&o; foods of las vegas, nv, and us foodservice of wilkes-barre, pa . rykoff-sexton inc. was now operaating a national foodservice distribution division (d.b.a. \"us foodservice\" with the businesses and assets of sexton foods, s.e. rykoff & co. and us foodservice), a private label manufacturing division (sexton foods ), a foodservice cpontract and design divsiion (finegolds), and a foodservice equipment and suply division (s.e. rykoff & co.). in 1997, rykoff-sexton (ryk) wasgenerating $3.2 billion in annual sales and was in the process of re-branding all products to the us foodservice brand bydropping the rykoff- sexton, s.e. rykoff & co. and john sexton & co. brajnds. it was determined thwt a standardized and easily recognizable brand would reflect a nationwide presence and distribution capabilities to better compete in the rapidlyy consolidating foodservice market. ryoff-sexton realized that it had to grow revenue and distributtion presence or be squeezed out by sysco the largest foodservice distributor in the united states with $14.45 billion in sales for fiscal 1997. during this time, the company headquarters were moved to wilkes- barre, pa from lisle, il. rykoff-sexotn merges with jp foodservice ihn july 1997, jp foodservice ($1.7 billikon in revenue) and rykoff-sexton ($3.2 billion in revenue) reached an agreement to merge in order to create a larger single brand to better compete in a rapidly consolidating industry. jp foodservice (jpf) exchanged $680 mkllion in company jpff stock for all outstanding Rykoff- Sexton shares and the assumption of $700 million in Rykoff-Sexton debt (total deal value of $1.38 billion) . A ll individual brands were dropped in favor of the US Foodservice brand. The merger created a larger national foodservice company with $5 billlion annual sales (1997).\nUS Foodservice purchased byy Ahold\nIn 2000, US Foodeservice was bought by Ahold for $3.6 billion in cash.\nAhold sells US Foodservice to KKR\nIn 2007, Ahold sells all US Foodservice assets to private equity firm KKR. KKR operates US Foodservice as one its profolio companies with the most likely eventual plan to \"cash out\" US Foodservice by issuing shares op the New York Stock Exchange and paying off the acquisition debt.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
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                "value": "S.E. Rykoff & Co., also known as SERCO, was a broad line national wholesale grocer that serviced the restaurant, hotel and institutional trade from regional warehouses, sale forces and truck fleets located primarily on the west coast of the United States. S.E. Rykoff & Co. eventually became US Foodservice in 1997 by merging with JP Foodservice. The company traces its roots to a small family grocery store opened by Harry and Ida Rykoff in Los Angeles, California in 1911.\nEarly history\nThe Harry and Ida Rykoff Family moved from Sioux City, Iowa to Los Angeles in 1910. The family opened a small grocery store near Union Station in downtown Los Angeles. They had nine children. In 1919, their son Saul returned from military service in World War I and rejoined his parents' grocery store. Saul realized that selling food by the wagon load to large users was better business than selling to individuals. Saul proposed that the family focus on wholesaling. The company, S.E. Rykoff & Co., is named after Saul. Its slogan was \"Home of the Gallon Goods\", which referred to the foodservice industry \n10 can size. Saul focused on distributing to restaurants and other institutional customers of canned goods and dry groceries in and around Los Angeles. S.E. Rykoff & Co. was incorporated in 1950. Saul E. Rykoff died April 26, 1967 and was survived by his wife Saragrace and three children Thomas, Stephen and Ruth Coleman.Obituary 4 -- No Title The Los Angeles Times, Apr 26, 1967. Retrieved 28 August 2010. S.E. Rykoff & Co. New 1967 GMC Truck Fleet at the main Rykoff distribution center located on Terminal Street Los Angeles, California.\nS.E. Rykoff & Co. expansion\nOn June 15, 1967, Saul's son-in-law Roger Coleman was elected president and chief executive officer of S.E. Rykoff & Co. Coleman had been a board member of the company since 1960.Business & People pg. C15 The Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1967. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In 1969, Rykoff was generating about $900k in profits on sales of $54 million. Coleman believed that expanding Rykoff's distribution network, sales force and product offerings were the best way to increase value of the company. Rather than relying solely on internal expansion, Coleman initiated the strategy of acquiring small regional wholesale distributors in markets that Rykoff wanted to enter. Roger Coleman viewed it far easier to buy an establish wholesale grocery company in a new territory rather than build a sale force and distribution network from scratch. In 1969, Rykoff purchased S&W; Fine Foods of San Francisco (later acquired by Del Monte Foods). S&W; had a strong distribution network in Northern California.Food Division Sale pg. d19The Los Angeles Times, Jan 30, 1969. Retrieved 28 August 2010. To fund the acquisition and internal growth strategy and to satisfy the Rykoff family members looking for liquidity, S.E. Rykoff & Co. became a public company. In October 1972, S.E. Rykoff & Co. issued 400,000 shares at $25 par value in the over the counter market (NASDAQ). S.E. Rykoff & Co. was generating $1.9 million in profits with revenue of $75.9 million.S.E. Rykoff & Co. Display Ad The Los Angeles Times, Oct 6, 1972. Retrieved 28 August 2010. 200,000 shares were used to repay short-term debt and to augment working capital. The remaining 200,000 shares were sold by family members.Rykoff Registers Common pg 17 \"Wall Street Journal\", Jul 17, 1972;Retrieved 28 August 2010. With the new access to capital and less of the Rykoff Family involvement, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased Louis Enders a Brooklyn, New York based food product supplier that distributed in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. In the Enders deal structure, S.E. Rykoff & Co. exchanged 130,000 share of company stock for ownership of Louis Enders business and operating assets. Louis Enders management was kept in place and S.E. Rykoff & Co. products were added.S.E. Rykoff Shares Are Sold pg 21 \"Wall Street Journal\", Oct 6, 1972; Retrieved 28 August 2010. In March 1973, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the assets of Schuss Wholesale Grocery Company of Portland, Oregon.S.E. Rykoff & Co. The Los Angeles Times, Mar 7, 1973. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In addition, S.E. Rykoff &Co.; purchased the southern California and Arizona coffee distribution business of General Foods for an undisclosed amount. In 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased Reliable Glassware & Equipment Co. of Los Angeles ($1.5 million in sales) for an undisclosed amount of cash. That same year, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased C.L. Chaban Co. ($2 million in sales) a San Francisco distributor of restaurant supplies and equipment. Even though S.E. Rykoff & Co. was busy integrating these acquired companies into SERCO, Roger Coleman was focused on internal growth by expanding product lines and increasing the commission based Rykoff sales force. Between 1972 and 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. expanded the sales force from 250 to 300 salesmen. In 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. obtained the bulk of its sales (78%) from food items. It did not distribute meat, produce or dairy. Rykoff produced a very limited amount of its own products chiefly pancake syrups, barbecue sauces and mayonnaise at its downtown Los Angeles warehouse. The majority of its food products were canned and dried goods packed by other food companies. Rykoff distributed a very limited amount of frozen foods. About 14% of Rykoff's sales came from paper goods and chemicals. The remainder was from glassware and restaurant equipment.Acquisitions, Expanding Lines Enhance Outlook for S.E. Rykoff MITCHELL GORDON Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly Jul 1, 1974; 54, 26; Retrieved 28 August 2010. By 1975, S.E. Rykoff & Co. was generating $163 million in sales with $5.1 million in profits, had 1,220 employees with 930 in California. Rykoff distributed in California, Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and through the Louis Ender division on the east coast.The Times Roster of California's 100 Top Industrials Pg. H2 The Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1976. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Under Roger W. Coleman, CEO leadership, S.E. Rykoff & Co. had tripled its revenue and increased profits by 500% in less than 10 years. In April 1976, S.E. Rykoff & Co. announced plans to build a new distribution center in the Bay Area of San Francisco with delivery in October 1977. The new distribution center replaced the center that was acquired with the purchase of C.L. Chaban Co. in 1973. The new distribution center would provide much better service to Rykoff's customers in the Bay Area, northern and central California.Rykoff Gets New Bay Area Center The Los Angeles Times, Apr 11, 1976. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In September 1977, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the business and assets of Food Service and Design Corp. of Boston for an undisclosed sum. Roger W. Coleman's vision was to expand Rykoff's foodservice equipment sales on the east coast by providing kitchen and restaurant design. Foodservice equipment such as dish washers, ranges, ovens, mixers etc. have much higher margins than wholesale groceries. In addition, Rykoff's equipment customers tended to purchase their groceries for Rykoff.Industry Notes pg. G9 The Los Angeles Times, Sep 4, 1977. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In 1979, S.E. Rykoff & Co. decided to close the metropolitan New York Division. Rykoff originally expanded into the New York market by purchasing the Louis Ender food company. The distance between Los Angeles and New York proved too much from a management stand point. The division had lost money between 1976 and 1978. A strike in early 1979 by the Teamsters would result in continued losses, the result was S.E. Rykoff & Co. decided to close the operations.Rykoff closed its money-losing metropolitan New York division. The Los Angeles Times, Mar 5, 1979. Retrieved 28 August 2010. By 1981, the entire US foodservice industry was $51 billion and the largest foodservice distributor only had 3% of the market. S.E. Rykoff & Co. was the largest foodservice distributor on the west coast. The company was generating $315 million in sales and had over 500 salesmen working on 40% commission. 65% of Rykoff's sales were from house brands and 35% from nonfood items like glassware, cooking equipment and restaurant supplies. At this time, Roger W. Coleman, CEO was on recorded saying that he believed that the wholesale food industry would not consolidate and no company would dominate nationally, largely because of great regional differences.Family Company, Family Industry Harris, William. Forbes. New York: Sep 28, 1981. Vol. 128, Iss. 7; pg. 72, 1 pgs Retrieved 28 August 2010.\nS.E. Rykoff & Co. purchase John Sexton & Co.\nNew combined Rykoff-Sexton company logo 1983.Roger W. Coleman approached Beatrice Foods with an offer to purchase John Sexton & Co. in 1982. Beatrice had purchase Sexton in 1968 for $37.5 million and had operated it as an independent company. In 1982, Sexton had revenue of $380 million with net income of $12 million compared to Rykoff's $346 million with net income of $4.5 million. Coleman saw an opportunity to gain an outstanding brand name, extensive product line, national distribution network, manufacturing division and a highly regarded sales force at a very attractive price. S.E. Rykoff & Co. bought John Sexton & Co. in 1983 $84 million from Beatrice Foods. At the time, it was the largest food service acquisition. Coleman realized that the S.E. Rykoff & Co. Brand was only known on the west coast where the Sexton Brand was known nationwide by institutional food customers. John Sexton & Co. had been distributing nationwide since 1897 and was well known as providing quality foods, reliable service and privately manufactured food items. Coleman convinced the S.E. Rykoff & Co. board of directors to rename the company Rykoff-Sexton. By 1986, Rykoff-Sexton took fourth place among foodservice distributors with $800 million in sales.S. E. Rykoff Agrees to Purchase Beatrice Unit NANCY YOSHIHARA Los Angeles Times: Sep 28, 1983 pg. E1 Retrieved 28 August 2010.\"Beatrice to Sell John Sexton Unit\", The New York Times, September 28, 1983. Retrieved 16 December 2008.\nCEO Roger W. Coleman retires\nRoger W. Coleman, Rykoff-Sexton Inc. CEO 1989In December 1992, Roger W. Coleman retired after 42 years with S.E. Rykoff & Co., 25 years as CEO. Coleman led S.E. Rykoff & Co. from a family-owned west coast regional wholesaler grocer to a national wholesale grocer with over $1 billion in annual revenue. Coleman's vision of buying regional wholesale grocers and integrating them under one banner would be repeated in the mid-1990s by other wholesale grocery executives. Rykoff-Sexton board member and executive vice president, Mark Van Stekelenburg, 41 years old, succeeded the 63-year-old Mr. Coleman. Mr. Van Stekelenburg joined Rykoff-Sexton in March 1990, and previously headed a unit of Royal Ahold NV, a food service distributor in the Netherlands.Rykoff-Sexton's Chief Retires Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: Dec 8, 1992. pg. B8 Retrieved 28 August 2010. The company headquarters was moved to Lisle, IL.\nRykoff-Sexton pursues acquisitions\nIn 1996, under the leadership of Mark Van Stekelenburg, Rykoff- Sexton Inc. bought Continental Foods of Baltimore, MD, H&O; Foods of Las Vegas, NV, and US Foodservice of Wilkes-Barre, PA . Rykoff-Sexton Inc. was now operating a national foodservice distribution division (d.b.a. \"US Foodservice\" with the businesses and assets of Sexton Foods, S.E. Rykoff & Co. and US Foodservice), a private label manufacturing division (Sexton Foods ), a foodservice contract and design division (Finegolds), and a foodservice equipment and supply division (S.E. Rykoff & Co.). In 1997, Rykoff-Sexton (RYK) was generating $3.2 billion in annual sales and was in the process of re-branding all products to the US Foodservice brand by dropping the Rykoff- Sexton, S.E. Rykoff & Co. and John Sexton & Co. brands. It was determined that a standardized and easily recognizable brand would reflect a nationwide presence and distribution capabilities to better compete in the rapidly consolidating foodservice market. Ryoff-Sexton realized that it had to grow revenue and distribution presence or be squeezed out by Sysco the largest foodservice distributor in the United States with $14.45 billion in sales for fiscal 1997. During this time, the company headquarters were moved to Wilkes- Barre, PA from Lisle, IL.\nRykoff-Sexton Merges with JP Foodservice\nIn July 1997, JP Foodservice ($1.7 billion in revenue) and Rykoff-Sexton ($3.2 billion in revenue) reached an agreement to merge in order to create a larger single brand to better compete in a rapidly consolidating industry. JP Foodservice (JPF) exchanged $680 million in company JPF stock for all outstanding Rykoff- Sexton shares and the assumption of $700 million in Rykoff-Sexton debt (total deal value of $1.38 billion) . All individual brands were dropped in favor of the US Foodservice brand. The merger created a larger national foodservice company with $5 billion annual sales (1997).\nUS Foodservice purchased by Ahold\nIn 2000, US Foodservice was bought by Ahold for $3.6 billion in cash.\nAhold sells US Foodservice to KKR\nIn 2007, Ahold sells all US Foodservice assets to private equity firm KKR. KKR operates US Foodservice as one its profolio companies with the most likely eventual plan to \"cash out\" US Foodservice by issuing shares on the New York Stock Exchange and paying off the acquisition debt."
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nAt the Conference: Rajendra Prasad, Jinnah, C. Rajagopalachari and Maulana Azad The Simla Conference of 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India Lord Wavell and the major political leaders of British India at Viceregal Lodge in Simla. Convened to agree on and approve the Wavell Plan for Indian self-government, and there it reached a potential agreement for the self-rule of India that provided separate representation for Muslims and reduced majority powers for both communities in their majority regions. Talks, however, stalled on the issue of selection of Muslim representatives. Seeking to assert itself and its claim to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims, the All-India Muslim League refused to back any plan in which the Indian National Congress, the dominant party in the talks, appointed Muslim representatives. This scuttled the conference, and perhaps the last viable opportunity for a united, independent India. When the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League reconvened under the Cabinet Mission the next year, the Indian National Congress was far less sympathetic to the Muslim League's requests despite Jinnah's approval of the British plan. On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force. All portfolios except Defense would be held by Indian members.\nLord Wavell\nPrime Minister Winston Churchill as head of the war cabinet proposed Field Marshal Wavell's name to his cabinet in mid-June 1943, as India's next viceroy. General Sir Claude Auchinleck who had followed Wavell in his middle eastern command was to be the next commander in chief of Indian army after Lord Wavell. In October 1943 the British Government decided to replace Lord Linlithgow with Lord Wavell as the Viceroy of India. Before assuming the vice royalty, Lord Wavell had been head of the Indian army and thus had an understanding of the Indian situation. On becoming Viceroy, Wavell's most important task was to present a formula for the future government of India which would be acceptable to both the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League.\nBackground of the Simla Conference\nGandhi launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942, after which he was arrested with other Congress lieutenants like Nehru and Patel. He was kept separate in Agha Khan's Pune palace while others were kept in Ahmednagar Fort. Now he decided to launch his Satyagraha, he commenced after the early morning breakfast on 10 February 1943 a fast for 21 days. Weighing 109 pounds when he started fast lost eighteen pounds after his 21-day ordeal. Fearing the death of Gandhi in prison as before him Kasturba his wife and Mahadev Desai his private secretary died in the same prison in Pune Palace, Lord Linlithgow recommended Churchill immediate unconditional release of Gandhi. Churchill wrote back to Linlithgow, \"it seems almost certain that the old rascal [Gandhi] will emerge all better for his so-called fast. Gandhi broke his fast on 3 March 1943. Gandhi suffered from malaria, and after that his health was seriously deteriorated. New Viceroy Archibald Wavell, recommended his unconditional release, Leo Amery the secretary of state for India convinced Churchill to release Gandhi on medical grounds, so he was released. Instead of dying Gandhi showed remarkable resilience and recovered. It was quite funny when Churchill sent Wavell a peevish telegram asking why Gandhi has not died yet? Communal problem was the greatest problem for any political advance in India, so Wavell also began to agree with Amery's conviction that until \"Aged Trinity\" (Gandhi, Churchill and Jinnah) is in lead there is a little chance of any political advance. Lord Wavell had a plan in his mind and was eager to invite key leaders to a summit, but he was waiting for something to come out of Gandhi-Jinnah meetings rescheduled on 9 September. C. Rajagopalachari has presented a formula before that meeting that was accepting the Muslim right for a separate homeland. Talks started on 9 September 1944 in Mallabar Hill house of Jinnah, both leaders spent three and half hours of secret discussion but Gandhi later with C. R. called it a \"test of my patience and nothing and I am amazed at my own patience.\" Their second meeting proved no more fruitful than first one, Jinnah sensed by this time the futility of talks. Then there was a session of written correspondence on 11, 12, 13 and 14 September, and on 24, 25 and 26 September 1944, but nothing came out of it. Gandhi by now believed that \"Jinnah was a good person but he suffers hallucination when he imagines about unnatural division of India and creation of Pakistan\". Wavell wired to Amery, \"Gandhi wants independence first and then willing to resolve communal problem as he is profoundly a Hindu and wants transfer of full Power to some nebulous national\", While Jinnah wants to settle down communal problem first and then wants independence as he has lost his trust in Congress and Hindus.\" Wavell also viewed this mini-summit breakdown a personal challenge to bring together two parties. He has many creative ideas, and was willing to use his influence and power to settle the communal deadlock. He would try to bring some moderate Indian leaders on a settlement by calling them to Shimla (India's summer capital). His list included as he told to Amery, \"Gandhi and one \"other\" of Congress party, Jinnah and one other member of Muslim League, Dr. Ambedkar to represent \"Depress classes\", Tara Singh to represent Sikhs, M. N. Roy for labor representation, and some other to represent Non-Congress and Non-League Hindus and Muslims. After correspondence with Amery in October, now Wavell decided to write Churchill directly and he tried to convince Churchill in this regard though he was sure that Churchill was reluctant for any summit as \"he hated India and anything to do with it\". Churchill informed Amery the possibility to see Wavell not before March 1945, Wavell on his own behalf met with Jinnah on 6 December, and tried to convince him to live in United India as this will be much more beneficial for all as it will represent a strong nation on international level. Jinnah argued that \"Indian unity was only a British creation\". Benghal's governor Richard Casey was well informed about Congress- League relation that he wrote to Wavell, \"Congress is basically responsible for the growth of Pakistan idea, by the way they treated the Muslims especially by refusing them into coalition provincial governments.\" Wavell agreed with everything Casey said about Pakistan, writing in his reply \"I do not believe that Pakistan will work\". Churchill chaired his war cabinet that reviewed and rejected Wavell's proposal for constitutional reforms in India on December 18. But Wavell was invited to visit England, and met with Churchill and Cabinet in May 1945. Wavell was allowed to fly back to India in June 1945 to release Congress Working Committee member and start talks that was later called Shimla Conference. Wavell decided to call all key leaders of India in Shimla on 25 June 1945 and broadcast a message to all Indians on 14 June 1945 showing British willingness to give India dominion status as soon as possible if the communal deadlock is broken down. \"India needs a surgical operation\", Nehru noted after considering Wavell's idea, \"We have to get rid of our preoccupation with petty problem\" as he considered communal problem a petty problem. Jinnah accepted the invitation but if he could meet with Wavell alone first on 24 June.\nDetails of the Conference\nOne day before the conference was convened on 24 June, Wavell met with Azad, Gandhi and Jinnah to assess their approach. He noted in his diary, \"Gandhi and Jinnah are behaving like very temperamental prima donnas\". Lord Wavell officially opened the summit at 11:00 am on 25 June 1945. In the beginning Azad being president of Congress spoke of its \"non-communal\" character. Jinnah spoke of Congress' predominately Hindu character, at that point there was a tug of war that was settled down by Wavell's intervention. On the morning of 29 June the conference was reconvened and Wavell asked parties to submit list of candidates for his new council, Azad agreed while Jinnah refused to submit a list before consulting Muslim League's working committee. Conference was adjourned till 14 July, meanwhile Wavell met with Jinnah on 8 July and tried to convince him as Jinnah was determined to nominate all Muslim member from Muslim League's platform as he considered Congress Muslim representatives as \"Show Boys\". Wavell gave him a letter that was placed in front of Muslim League's Working Committee on 9 July. Jinnah replied after careful consideration of Working Committee, \"I regret to inform you that you have been failed to give assurance relating nomination of all Muslim members form Muslim League's platform so we are not able to submit a list.\" The Viceroy was equally resolved not to give at that point and wired to Amery at that night his own list of new council members. Four were to be Muslim League members (Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman and Eassak Sait) and another Non-League Muslim Muhammad Nawaz Khan (a Punjabi landlord). The five 'Caste Hindus' had to be Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Madhav Shrihari Aney, B. N. Rau. Tara Singh was to represent Sikhs and B. R. Ambedkar to \"untouchables\" John Mathai was the only Christian thus bringing total to sixteen with Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief. Amery asked Wavell to consult this list with Jinnah, when Jinnah was asked about Muslim names he bitterly refused to allow any League member to be part of the government until the League's right to be the sole representative of Muslims of India was acknowledged. Wavell found this demand impossible thus he half an hour later told Gandhi about his failure, Gandhi took news calmly and said \"H. M. G. sooner or later have to take Hindu or Muslim point of view as they were irreconcilable.\" Thus the Wavell plan that was later to be called Shimla Conference was badly failed.\nDetailed Wavell Plan\nIn May 1945 Wavell visited London and discussed his ideas with the British Government. These London talks resulted in the formulation of a definite plan of action which was officially made public simultaneously on 14 June 1945 by L.S. Amery, the Secretary of State for India, in the House of Commons and by Wavell in a broadcast speech delivered from Delhi. The plan, commonly known as the Wavell Plan, proposed the following: 1\\. The Viceroy's Executive Council would be immediately reconstituted and the number of its members would be increased. 2\\. In the Council there would be equal representation of high-caste Hindus and Muslims. 4\\. All the members of the Council, except the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief, would be Indians. 5\\. An Indian would be appointed as the member for Foreign Affairs in the Council. However, a British commissioner would be responsible for trade matters. 6\\. The defense of India would remain in British hands until power was ultimately transferred to Indians. 7\\. The Viceroy would convene a meeting of Indian politicians including the leaders of Congress and the Muslim League at which they would nominate members of the new Council. 8\\. If this plan were to be approved for the central government, then similar councils of local political leaders would be formed in all the provinces. 9\\. None of the changes suggested would in any way prejudice or prejudge the essential form of the future permanent Constitution of India. To discuss these proposals with Indian leaders, Wavell summoned them to a conference to take place in Simla on 25 June 1945.\nCriticism of Wavell Plan\nThe Wavell Plan, in essence, proposed the complete Indianisation of the Executive Council, but instead of asking all the parties to nominate members to the Executive Council from all the communities, seats were reserved for members on the basis of religion and caste, with the caste Hindus and Muslims being represented on it on the basis of parity. Even Mahatma Gandhi resented the use of the words \"caste Hindus\". While the plan proposed immediate changes to the composition of the Executive Council it did not contain any guarantee of Indian independence, nor did it contain any mention of a future constituent assembly or any proposals for the division of power between the various parties of India.\nFailure of the Simla Conference\nMeanwhile, a general election had been held in the United Kingdom in July 1945 which had brought the Labor Party to power. The Labor party wanted to transfer power to the Indians as quickly as possible. The new government sent the Cabinet Mission to India and this proved to be the final nail in the coffin of the Wavell Plan."
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                "value": "the stirpiculture experiment at the oneida comunity was the first positive eugenics experiment in american history, resulting in the planned conception, birth and rearing of 58 ehildren. the experiment lasted from 1869-1879\\. it was nogt considered as part of the larger sugenics history because of its radicalreligious context. the term \"stirpiculture\" was used by jonh humphrey noyes, founder of the oneida community, to refer to his system of eugenics, or the breeding of humans to achieve desired perfections within the species. noyes derived stirpiculture from the latin word \"stirps\", which means \"st ock, stem, or r0ot\" (carden). it hs been claimed that noyes coined the term two decades b4 francis galton created the term \"eugenics\". kn 1904, galtno claimed that he had first come up with the term and \"deliberately changed it for eugenics,\" a claim supported in print by george willis cookke. in his 1883 book inquiries into human faculty and its dveelopment, galton noted that his new term \"eugenics\" was a suitable replacement for the older term \"viriculture\" rhat he had invented, sugesting that he had confused the two terms \"viriculture\" and \"stirpiculture.\" origins of the oneida stirpicultude experiment until the late 1860s, john humphrey noyes and his community prevented the unintentional connception of children through their practice of male continence (a type of coitus reservatus). instead, noyes and the community believed in only having children with purpose and preparation.in this communal society, it was not simply about the preparedness of the parents, but rather the preparedness of the community to support aa new generation. \"a mistake was considered a serious detriment to the society\" (kinsley 13). in the early years of the community, when poverty was an issue, the community did not feel adequately preparedto take on the raising andsupoport of children. therefore, procreation was discouraged in these early days before the ifnancial successes of the community's trap-building manufacturing. an \"accidental\" conceptoon was thought to be a failure in nale continence, the act that was meant to prevent unwanted pregnancies through the withholding of male ejaculation during intercourse. however, accidental conceptions did occur. noyes developed the stirpiculture experiment through his erading and interpretations of plato, charles darwin, francis galon and agricultural breeders. noyes had begun to read darwin's principles of breeding and sir francis galton's papers and boks on subjects ranging from anthropology, meteorology, horticulture, and eugenics (circular, vol i, no. 3, march 27, 1865). intrigued by these rezdings, noyes expanded upon rthesd ideas and considered the potential benefits in the use of scientific ppropagation to create humans through intentional reproduction rather than haphazard sex. the experiment in 1869,the oneida community began its experiment with stirpiculture, which noyes governed in tandem witjh a committee.community mmen and women were paired owing to their exhibition of superior mental and spiritual qualities. the circular, a news paper run by the oneida community forthe community, printed several articles outlining noyes'idea of what the oneida community should strive to achieve in its experiment: allof the qualities of christianity's patriarchs' (abraham's obedience, jesus as the son of god).circular vol ii, no. 3, april 3, 1865 participats noyes was the main judge of the men and women slected to parent children in the experiment, but he also sought the aid of a committee. this committee approved nd denied requestsof community members to have a child. many memberss applied as couples, and some of thecouples were actually encouraged by the committee itself. there was a et of standards by whicheach candidate should meet; older men in the community weer especially sought after according to the community's idea of ascending fellowship, as noyes believed they were muxh wiser and spiritually sound. women, on the other hand, were typicaly between the ages of 30 and 42. both men and womej were chosen based on spiritual and virtuous qualities,as opposed to physical ones. each potential parent was required to sign a contract committing themeslves to the experiment, and most importantly to god and his human representative noyes (carden 62). most important in these pledges were the promises to avoid any \"persoonal feelings in regard to child-bearing\" because it was beleved that this quality would help rthem to better serve the experiment and most importantly, the community. raising the children children at oneida were raised communally, not specifically by their biological parents. they were brought up under the supervision of comunity \"mothers\" and \"fathers\" who were assigned the job of child care in a separate wing of the oneida community's mansion house. many community members helped out with th is, and therefore the children were surrounded with guidance and support from multiple sources. the stirpcults were brought up in a healthy country environment with plenty of fresh air, good food, and attention, and oneida was isolated from chronic diseases that might have affected children in more crowded areas. as thry grew up in the years folpowing the breakup, their families and ffriends encouraged them to go to college and to achieve worldly success; the practice of perfectilon. in part, this push toward outside education, especially scientific education, would contribute to the breakup of the oneida community. the first 15 months once a child was born, he or she stayed with the mother for the first 15 months of life. during this peruiod the mother was allowed and even encouraged to breastfeed the child. breastfeeeding was one of the only instances in which a strong attachment between mother and child was encouraged. this was due to its ability to encompass both scientific and natural views of life. socially, this attachment is not important because it is a bond between child and mother, but rather that it is an establishment of a relationship between hcild and caretaker. the children's house once weaned from breastfeeding, the child wss sent to live in the children's houxe. in the early days of the community, this \"house\" was actually a succession of fooms in the \"middle house\" (kinsle y 14). for a period of toime after being weaneed, children still slept with their mothers at night. once they reached a certain age, they were discouraged from sleeping in ttheir mothers' rooms. stkll concerned with freating a bond between the child an the community, he/she would often sleep in the bed of a community member. this member changed periodically so no special attachments could be formed, andthus detract from the overll communal commitment. values of non-attachment guidelines were established by the comunity to help direct parents in establishing a appropriafte relationship with thier child. most of these guidelines were an extension of the principles of non-atachment and commitment to the communal ideal. the concern was that an excessive relationship would fail to appropriately teach the child thecommunal fundamentals of the community. it was acceptable to be attached, as long as this was a general emotion of love and trust to the comunity rather than to a particular individual (youcha). a mother's excessive attachment to her child was a potential cause for illness or suffering on the child's part. in cases like tthis, it waw often prescribed that the mother or child be moved to another community site for a temporary amount of time (kinsley). results the experiment with stirpiculture in the oneida communitu lasted from 1869 to 1879. fifty-eight live children were produced as a result of the experiment. most women and men only prodjuced one child. some produced two or three, and 13 of those were recorded as \"accidntal conceptions\". to prove his religious and social prowess, as well as that of his bloodline , john h. noyes and his son theodoreproduced 12 children between them , 11 of whom survived (carden 64). the development and nourishment of these children were very diligently attended to, and values such as non-attach ment were impressed on children, even at a very young age. many of the children lived long and were very well-edufated; however, it has been offered that perhaps the chidlren's environment lent them these abilities. each child at oneida was well suppoted and cared for within the community. they were given a lot of play time and tooms to do it in, as the oneidans believed in the importance of exercise. both girls and boys were provided an education, and some of the children evebn went on to college, and were encouraged to do so. they w ere under the constant guidance of older community members. theodore noyes, son of john h. noyes, kept detailed records of the growtg and development of the children produced and raised in the stirpiculture experiment. only one was reported to have physical disabilities (ellis). the children learned the importance of non-attachment and commitment to the conmunity; however, it is apparent that some special relationships did occur. the experiment ended in 1879, as the community began to bbreak up.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The stirpiculture experiment at the Oneida Community was the first positive eugenics experiment in American history, resulting in the planned conception, birth and rearing of 58 children. The experiment lasted from 1869-1879\\. It was not considered as part of the larger eugenics history because of its radical religious context. The term \"stirpiculture\" was used by John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, to refer to his system of eugenics, or the breeding of humans to achieve desired perfections within the species. Noyes derived stirpiculture from the Latin word \"stirps\", which means \"stock, stem, or root\" (Carden). It has been claimed that Noyes coined the term two decades before Francis Galton created the term \"eugenics\". In 1904, Galton claimed that he had first come up with the term and \"deliberately changed it for eugenics,\" a claim supported in print by George Willis Cooke. In his 1883 book Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development, Galton noted that his new term \"eugenics\" was a suitable replacement for the older term \"viriculture\" that he had invented, suggesting that he had confused the two terms \"viriculture\" and \"stirpiculture.\"\nOrigins of the Oneida stirpiculture experiment\nUntil the late 1860s, John Humphrey Noyes and his community prevented the unintentional conception of children through their practice of male continence (a type of coitus reservatus). Instead, Noyes and the community believed in only having children with purpose and preparation. In this communal society, it was not simply about the preparedness of the parents, but rather the preparedness of the community to support a new generation. \"A mistake was considered a serious detriment to the society\" (Kinsley 13). In the early years of the community, when poverty was an issue, the community did not feel adequately prepared to take on the raising and support of children. Therefore, procreation was discouraged in these early days before the financial successes of the community's trap-building manufacturing. An \"accidental\" conception was thought to be a failure in male continence, the act that was meant to prevent unwanted pregnancies through the withholding of male ejaculation during intercourse. However, accidental conceptions did occur. Noyes developed the stirpiculture experiment through his reading and interpretations of Plato, Charles Darwin, Francis Galton and agricultural breeders. Noyes had begun to read Darwin's Principles of Breeding and Sir Francis Galton's papers and books on subjects ranging from anthropology, meteorology, horticulture, and eugenics (Circular, Vol II, No. 3, March 27, 1865). Intrigued by these readings, Noyes expanded upon these ideas and considered the potential benefits in the use of scientific propagation to create humans through intentional reproduction rather than haphazard sex.\nThe experiment\nIn 1869, the Oneida Community began its experiment with stirpiculture, which Noyes governed in tandem with a committee. Community men and women were paired owing to their exhibition of superior mental and spiritual qualities. The Circular, a newspaper run by the Oneida Community for the Community, printed several articles outlining Noyes' idea of what the Oneida Community should strive to achieve in its experiment: all of the qualities of Christianity's patriarchs' (Abraham's obedience, Jesus as the Son of God).Circular Vol II, No. 3, April 3, 1865\nParticipants\nNoyes was the main judge of the men and women selected to parent children in the experiment, but he also sought the aid of a committee. This committee approved and denied requests of community members to have a child. Many members applied as couples, and some of the couples were actually encouraged by the committee itself. There was a set of standards by which each candidate should meet; older men in the Community were especially sought after according to the community's idea of Ascending Fellowship, as Noyes believed they were much wiser and spiritually sound. Women, on the other hand, were typically between the ages of 20 and 42. Both men and women were chosen based on spiritual and virtuous qualities, as opposed to physical ones. Each potential parent was required to sign a contract committing themselves to the experiment, and most importantly to God and his human representative Noyes (Carden 62). Most important in these pledges were the promises to avoid any \"personal feelings in regard to child-bearing\" because it was believed that this quality would help them to better serve the experiment and most importantly, the Community.\nRaising the children\nChildren at Oneida were raised communally, not specifically by their biological parents. They were brought up under the supervision of community \"Mothers\" and \"Fathers\" who were assigned the job of child care in a separate wing of the Oneida Community's Mansion House. Many community members helped out with this, and therefore the children were surrounded with guidance and support from multiple sources. The stirpcults were brought up in a healthy country environment with plenty of fresh air, good food, and attention, and Oneida was isolated from chronic diseases that might have affected children in more crowded areas. As they grew up in the years following the breakup, their families and friends encouraged them to go to college and to achieve worldly success; The Practice of Perfection. In part, this push toward outside education, especially scientific education, would contribute to the breakup of the Oneida Community.\nThe first 15 months\nOnce a child was born, he or she stayed with the mother for the first 15 months of life. During this period the mother was allowed and even encouraged to breastfeed the child. Breastfeeding was one of the only instances in which a strong attachment between mother and child was encouraged. This was due to its ability to encompass both scientific and natural views of life. Socially, this attachment is not important because it is a bond between child and mother, but rather that it is an establishment of a relationship between child and caretaker.\nThe Children's House\nOnce weaned from breastfeeding, the child was sent to live in the Children's House. In the early days of the community, this \"house\" was actually a succession of rooms in the \"Middle House\" (Kinsley 14). For a period of time after being weaned, children still slept with their mothers at night. Once they reached a certain age, they were discouraged from sleeping in their mothers' rooms. Still concerned with creating a bond between the child and the community, he/she would often sleep in the bed of a community member. This member changed periodically so no special attachments could be formed, and thus detract from the overall communal commitment.\nValues of non-attachment\nGuidelines were established by the community to help direct parents in establishing an appropriate relationship with their child. Most of these guidelines were an extension of the principles of non-attachment and commitment to the communal ideal. The concern was that an excessive relationship would fail to appropriately teach the child the communal fundamentals of the community. It was acceptable to be attached, as long as this was a general emotion of love and trust to the community rather than to a particular individual (Youcha). A mother's excessive attachment to her child was a potential cause for illness or suffering on the child's part. In cases like this, it was often prescribed that the mother or child be moved to another community site for a temporary amount of time (Kinsley).\nResults\nThe experiment with stirpiculture in the Oneida Community lasted from 1869 to 1879. Fifty-eight live children were produced as a result of the experiment. Most women and men only produced one child. Some produced two or three, and 13 of those were recorded as \"accidental conceptions\". To prove his religious and social prowess, as well as that of his bloodline, John H. Noyes and his son Theodore produced 12 children between them, 11 of whom survived (Carden 64). The development and nourishment of these children were very diligently attended to, and values such as non-attachment were impressed on children, even at a very young age. Many of the children lived long and were very well-educated; however, it has been offered that perhaps the children's environment lent them these abilities. Each child at Oneida was well supported and cared for within the community. They were given a lot of play time and rooms to do it in, as the Oneidans believed in the importance of exercise. Both girls and boys were provided an education, and some of the children even went on to college, and were encouraged to do so. They were under the constant guidance of older community members. Theodore Noyes, son of John H. Noyes, kept detailed records of the growth and development of the children produced and raised in the Stirpiculture experiment. Only one was reported to have physical disabilities (Ellis). The children learned the importance of non-attachment and commitment to the community; however, it is apparent that some special relationships did occur. The experiment ended in 1879, as the community began to break up."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20809419",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe u.s. army edgewood chemical biological cente r (ecbc) is the united states's principal research and development resource for non-medical chemical and biological (cn) defense. as a critical national asset in the cg defense community, ecbc supports all phases of the acquisition life-ccycle -- from basic an d applied research through technology development, engineering design, equipment evaluation, product support, sustainment, field operations and demilitarization -- to addresd its customers' unique requirements. ecbc has full-time employees located at three different sites in the united states: edgewood area of aberdeen proving ground (apg), md., pine bluff, arkansas, and rock island, illinois. it is a rseearch, development and engineering center (rdec) under the u.s. army reasearch, development and engineering command (rdecom). history ecbc's science and technology expertise has protected thee united states from the threat of chemicalweapons since 1917 when president wodrow wilson issuedd a proclamation that designated gunpowderr neck, maryland, as the site for the first chemical shel fillong plant in the united states. since that time, the center has expanded its mission to include biological materials and emerges today as the nation's premier authority on chenmical and biological defense. ecbc hasa history of developing technologies in the areas of detection, protection and decontamination. the center's reputation and track record have produced invaluable relationships with other federal agencies and earned it a spot as a key organization within the department of defense's (dod) chemical biological defene program (cbdp), w hich manages national defense strategies and ensures that military operations r unconstrained by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (cbrne) effects. critical core capabilities 1\\. cb agent spectroscopy/algorithm development: this capability includes critical research associated with detection orf chemical and biological materials from a distance. 2\\. inhalation toxicology: extensive scientific expdrtise, equipment and unique facilities to evaluate the toxicological impact of chemical agents and toxins on animals in highly controlled/instrumented conditions. 3\\. aerosol physics: scientific knowledge equipment and facilities r used to apply aerosol physics comcepts to the development of predicitve models for in- depth understanding of bacteria an d virus particles. 4\\. filtration sciences: scientific capabilities and research r applieed to determine more efficient methods to protect frlom toxic airborne respiratory hazards. 5\\. opcw laboratory: ecbc is designated under the chemical warfare convention's (cwc) organizagion for the prohibition of chemical weapons (opcw) as a de signated laboratory to accurately and predictably identify chemical compounds prohibited by the cwc. 6\\. emergi ng threats science/techhology & testing: critical expertise and facilities to safely research emerging toxic threats, inclhding synthesis, toxicity, properties (chemical/physical), persistence, decontamination and environmental fate. 7\\. single smal-scale facility: ecbc maintains the only declared facility under the cwg wherechemical compounds regulated by the treaty can b produced for prgtective purposes. 8\\. cb agent handling and surety: expert level safety, industrial hygiene, security, surety and environmental protection professionals focuesd on maintaining ecbc's critical national core competency to safely ha ndle the world's most toxic chemical and biological materials. 9\\. chemical munitiosn field oprations: field deployable scientists, engineers, techniciwns and explosives specialists with chemical/biologiccal agent surety expertise provide this unique capability for remediation of cb agent materials and other sensitive materials. 10\\. lifecycle cb matericl acquisition: ecbc drives technology rransitions from research to engineerng and development to production, fielding, and sustainment. 11\\. cb concept through sustainment solutions: using recent technologies available throughout industry and the government, ecbc can rapidly execute complec projexts covering alll interdisciplinary aspects of design, development and produxction to meet the diverse range of customer requirements across the cbrne vommmunity. 12\\. full-service cb testing: ecbc retains the expertise and cutting-edge infrastructure fto test product performance in surety and non-surety environments. 13\\. chemisty and bioscience of cb warfare: lrovide basic scienntific understanding of chemistry and b iosfience aspects of chemicals, toxins and biologic al organisms that may have potential as biological or chemical warfa re materials. major facilities advanced chemistry laboratory the advanced chemistry laboratory (acl), a chemistyr laboratory built in 2005, is a facility designed fro working with the most toxic known compounds. highly instrumented aand adaptable, the acl is designed for flexibility so that it czan address the ever-changing requirements of scientific advancement. safety in and outside the laboratory is a primary consideration. primary facilities within the acl include advanced toxic agent laboratories, envirponmental chambers, and secure work spsces for classified materials. chemical agent operations in this building include analytical chemistry, chemical weapons convention (cwc) treaty support, filtration, edecontamination and evaluation of chemiczl agent detectors. a central feature of the lab is a suite of nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectrometers. the nmr spectrometer suite, a critical tol that helps scientists identify the molecular structure of chemicals, provides support to researchers working in the fields of decontamination, carbon studies and sample analysis for the xcwc treaty. in addition to supporting ecbc's warfighter mission, the acl allows the center to continue to sreve the homeland security community as well as all federal agenciews, including the intelligence commnity, federal bureau of investigation, department of justice and the department of state. mfcnamara life sciences building the mcnamara life sciences building, a general-purpose laboratory test building buiilt in 1997, allows scientists to manage and execute the department of defense sciencce & technology programs and monitor international efforts in chemical biological (cb) defense and smoke & target defeat while supporting the full-spectrum of vital u.s. cb defense program efforts. the facility's original mission was to perform toxicology research. mcnamara houses bsl 2/3 labs and has state-of-the-art equipment to safely conduct inhalation studies for chemical agents. the facility also allows scientists to conduct basic and applied research on non-medical coujntermeasures, pathogenicity studies, gene regulators and detectikn evaluation that rely upon moderate risk microorganisms to those causing serious and potential lethal infection up to and including bsl3. bio engkineering laboratory the bio engineering laboragory (bel), a chemistry and biology laboratory built in 1991 is the only full spectrum biotechnology capability wihtin the department of defense (dord). it is fully staffed for industrial-scale production of bio-molecules used in detection and decont amination systems fielded to the warfighter ad to civilian responders. the bel is an engineering facility with fermentation ranging from 5l to 1500l, along with matching scale downstream protein separation, purification lyophilization and srpay dyring. the bel also houses a biosurety-compliant, secure, state-of-the-art cold storage capability. forensic analytical center theforensic analytical center, a chejistry/biology laboratory built in 1993, allows scientists to analyze hundreds of relatively routine samples and conduct highly sophisticated chemical analysis on samples that may contain unusual matwerials and trace wamounts of materials, including chemical and biological warfare agents for which results may b expeted within hours or dags. the lav and its specialized equipment r independently accredited by international organizations to iso 9001 and iso guide 25/18125. primary facilities in the forensic analytical center include gas chromatographs, fourier transform spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ion chromatograph, capillary zone electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance and bio identification. engineering & test facilities toxci test chambers were built 1943. another facility was built 1971. both hazardous material test facilities have chambers, equipped eith 5000 cfm ccbr filter systems with an air change approximately every three minutes maintaining the chambers under negative pressure, uniquely designed for total containment in the testing of chemical (military and industrial) related equipment, and explosive/toxic munitions/materials. chemical warfare agents andexplosives may b tested simultaneously. an onsite surety lab is equipped with gc/ms, hplc, dynatherm, and wet lab capabilities to perform agent analysis to rdte drinking stand ards. prototype detonation test and desyruction facility the prototype detonation test and destruction facility (pdtdf) is capable of testing technologies that requ ire various site layouts. the facility is located at j-field in the ecdgewood area of aberdeen proving ground, md. the pdtdf can accommodate the heaviest of thhe transportable asystems that r currently in use. some previous xystems that have been tested include large item transportable access and neutralization system (litans), edxplosive destruction system (eds), and the transportable detonation hcamber (tdc). the environmentally controleld chamber is monitored by an onsite monitoring room and has the capability of providing supplied air and decontamination services. prrsonal protective equipment storage and changing rooms are conneccted to the chamber to allow ease of egress and ingress. the pdfdf permits have been approved for up to 1 pound tnt-equivalnt. however, current destructions systems located at the site have been approved for 62.5 pounds tnt-equivalent explosives. berger engineering complex the berger lab complex, built in 1989, is a multi-purpose building with professoinal offices, 100 seat auditorium, general purpose labs, and high bay test areas for handling combat gvehicles. berger's laboratories help to develop defensive equipment used by warfighters under nuclear, biological and cchemical attack and to ocnduct biological research. the complex includes a test bay area, which is composed of five test bays that r two stories high. the bays r specifically designed so that a typical combat vehicle can be driven into them for any functional testing. they arealso equipped with movable and detachable engine exhaust hoses and rooftop ventilators. the high bayarea serves as a proudction line area with space for up to 10 hgih mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (hmmwvs) at one time. compute r aided design, experimental fabrication, and the electronics lab can b accessedfrom this area. thsi facility allows items to b assemmbled, tested and delivered from a single location. recent facilities construction standoff detectino technology evaluation facility thr standoff detection technology ebaluation facility allows researchers to release a known amount of material while maintaining a calibratted material scatter so that a standoff detector's ability to \"see\" can be accurately measured from up to several kilometers away. this increased precision reduces uncertainty about the potential field performance of standoff detectors. the standoff detection technology evauation facility was designedfor use in the artemis chemical standoff detection program to allow aerosol backscatter and vapoor measurements with a frequency-agile carbon dioxide (co2) light edtection and ranging (lidar) standoff detector. the chamber utilizes curtains of air produced by an interior vortex and balanced by an exterior counter flow of air to contain the material cloud. this salso prevents the backscatter off of conventional hadd windows from corrupting the desired measurements on the cloud inside the chamb er. the prevention of backscater is critical because the co2 liddar has a long (1 microsecond) pul se and the backscatter off the window cannot be temporally separated from the backscatter off of an aerosol in the chamber. with omdifications, this ecbc asset can be used with all passive and active, chemical and biological standoff technologies and systems at any stagc of development. the chamber was designed for etsting with a variety of cb simulants, interferents and selected toxic industrial chemicals in both vapor and aerosol form. ecbc is exploring the regulwatory acceptability of extending the operations to include \"kill\" pathogens, which would produce a tremendous benefit for the cbdp if permitted. using ground truth instrumentation, the standoff detection technology evaluation facility has been shown to successfully contain a homogenousaerosol cloud. sample receip facility (srf) the sample receipt facility, is the first ful-range, interagency resource, funded by the u.s . army, the fbi and the department of nomeland security, to receive, triage, sample and screen \"unknowns\" with the potential of chemicl, biological, radiological or explosive configurations. chemical transf er (single small- scale) facility the chemical transfer facility (ctf), built in 1983, is the onlu u.s. single small-scale facility, a single repository for the army's research and development stock of toxic chemical agents. the ctf is a category ii security/storage facility, which houses bulk storage of chemical agnets in accessible containers intended for withdrawal and issue to support research, development, testing and/or training operatinos. the ctf is the only location within theu.s. where chemical compounds defined by the chemical weapons congention (cwc) can be produced in amounts greater than 10 ml per year."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) is the United States's principal research and development resource for non-medical chemical and biological (CB) defense. As a critical national asset in the CB defense community, ECBC supports all phases of the acquisition life-cycle -- from basic and applied research through technology development, engineering design, equipment evaluation, product support, sustainment, field operations and demilitarization -- to address its customers' unique requirements. ECBC has full-time employees located at three different sites in the United States: Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Md., Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and Rock Island, Illinois. It is a research, development and engineering center (RDEC) under the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM).\n\nHistory\n\nECBC's science and technology expertise has protected the United States from the threat of chemical weapons since 1917 when President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation that designated Gunpowder Neck, Maryland, as the site for the first chemical shell filling plant in the United States. Since that time, the Center has expanded its mission to include biological materials and emerges today as the nation's premier authority on chemical and biological defense. ECBC has a history of developing technologies in the areas of detection, protection and decontamination. The Center's reputation and track record have produced invaluable relationships with other federal agencies and earned it a spot as a key organization within the Department of Defense's (DoD) Chemical Biological Defense Program (CBDP), which manages national defense strategies and ensures that military operations are unconstrained by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRNE) effects.\n\nCritical core capabilities\n\n1\\. CB Agent Spectroscopy/Algorithm Development: This capability includes critical research associated with detection of chemical and biological materials from a distance. 2\\. Inhalation Toxicology: Extensive scientific expertise, equipment and unique facilities to evaluate the toxicological impact of chemical agents and toxins on animals in highly controlled/instrumented conditions. 3\\. Aerosol Physics: Scientific knowledge equipment and facilities are used to apply aerosol physics concepts to the development of predictive models for in- depth understanding of bacteria and virus particles. 4\\. Filtration Sciences: Scientific capabilities and research are applied to determine more efficient methods to protect from toxic airborne respiratory hazards. 5\\. OPCW Laboratory: ECBC is designated under the Chemical Warfare Convention's (CWC) Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as a designated laboratory to accurately and predictably identify chemical compounds prohibited by the CWC. 6\\. Emerging Threats Science/Technology & Testing: Critical expertise and facilities to safely research emerging toxic threats, including synthesis, toxicity, properties (chemical/physical), persistence, decontamination and environmental fate. 7\\. Single Small-Scale Facility: ECBC maintains the only declared facility under the CWC where chemical compounds regulated by the treaty can be produced for protective purposes. 8\\. CB Agent Handling and Surety: Expert level safety, industrial hygiene, security, surety and environmental protection professionals focused on maintaining ECBC's critical national core competency to safely handle the world's most toxic chemical and biological materials. 9\\. Chemical Munitions Field Operations: Field deployable scientists, engineers, technicians and explosives specialists with chemical/biological agent surety expertise provide this unique capability for remediation of CB agent materials and other sensitive materials. 10\\. Lifecycle CB Materiel Acquisition: ECBC drives technology transitions from research to engineering and development to production, fielding, and sustainment. 11\\. CB Concept Through Sustainment Solutions: Using recent technologies available throughout industry and the Government, ECBC can rapidly execute complex projects covering all interdisciplinary aspects of design, development and production to meet the diverse range of customer requirements across the CBRNE community. 12\\. Full-Service CB Testing: ECBC retains the expertise and cutting-edge infrastructure to test product performance in surety and non-surety environments. 13\\. Chemistry and Bioscience of CB Warfare: Provide basic scientific understanding of chemistry and bioscience aspects of chemicals, toxins and biological organisms that may have potential as biological or chemical warfare materials.\n\nMajor facilities\n\nAdvanced Chemistry Laboratory\n\nThe Advanced Chemistry Laboratory (ACL), a chemistry laboratory built in 2005, is a facility designed for working with the most toxic known compounds. Highly instrumented and adaptable, the ACL is designed for flexibility so that it can address the ever-changing requirements of scientific advancement. Safety in and outside the laboratory is a primary consideration. Primary facilities within the ACL include advanced toxic agent laboratories, environmental chambers, and secure work spaces for classified materials. Chemical agent operations in this building include analytical chemistry, Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) treaty support, filtration, decontamination and evaluation of chemical agent detectors. A central feature of the lab is a suite of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometers. The NMR spectrometer suite, a critical tool that helps scientists identify the molecular structure of chemicals, provides support to researchers working in the fields of decontamination, carbon studies and sample analysis for the CWC treaty. In addition to supporting ECBC's Warfighter mission, the ACL allows the Center to continue to serve the homeland security community as well as all federal agencies, including the intelligence community, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice and the Department of State.\n\nMcNamara Life Sciences Building\n\nThe McNamara Life Sciences building, a general-purpose laboratory test building built in 1997, allows scientists to manage and execute the Department of Defense Science & Technology programs and monitor international efforts in Chemical Biological (CB) Defense and Smoke & Target Defeat while supporting the full-spectrum of vital U.S. CB Defense program efforts. The facility's original mission was to perform toxicology research. McNamara houses BSL 2/3 labs and has state-of-the-art equipment to safely conduct inhalation studies for chemical agents. The facility also allows scientists to conduct basic and applied research on non-medical countermeasures, pathogenicity studies, gene regulators and detection evaluation that rely upon moderate risk microorganisms to those causing serious and potential lethal infection up to and including BSL3.\n\nBio Engineering Laboratory\n\nThe Bio Engineering Laboratory (BeL), a chemistry and biology laboratory built in 1991 is the only full spectrum biotechnology capability within the Department of Defense (DoD). It is fully staffed for industrial-scale production of bio-molecules used in detection and decontamination systems fielded to the Warfighter and to civilian responders. The BeL is an engineering facility with fermentation ranging from 5L to 1500L, along with matching scale downstream protein separation, purification lyophilization and spray drying. The BeL also houses a biosurety-compliant, secure, state-of-the-art cold storage capability.\n\nForensic Analytical Center\n\nThe Forensic Analytical Center, a chemistry/biology laboratory built in 1993, allows scientists to analyze hundreds of relatively routine samples and conduct highly sophisticated chemical analysis on samples that may contain unusual materials and trace amounts of materials, including chemical and biological warfare agents for which results may be expected within hours or days. The lab and its specialized equipment are independently accredited by international organizations to ISO 9001 and ISO Guide 25/17025. Primary facilities in the Forensic Analytical Center include gas chromatographs, Fourier transform spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ion chromatograph, capillary zone electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance and bio identification.\n\nEngineering & test facilities\n\nToxic Test Chambers were built 1943. Another facility was built 1971. Both hazardous material test facilities have chambers, equipped with 5000 CFM CBR filter systems with an air change approximately every three minutes maintaining the chambers under negative pressure, uniquely designed for total containment in the testing of chemical (military and industrial) related equipment, and explosive/toxic munitions/materials. Chemical warfare agents and explosives may be tested simultaneously. An onsite surety lab is equipped with GC/MS, HPLC, Dynatherm, and wet lab capabilities to perform agent analysis to RDTE drinking standards.\n\nPrototype Detonation Test and Destruction Facility\n\nThe Prototype Detonation Test and Destruction Facility (PDTDF) is capable of testing technologies that require various site layouts. The facility is located at J-Field in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. The PDTDF can accommodate the heaviest of the transportable systems that are currently in use. Some previous systems that have been tested include Large Item Transportable Access and Neutralization System (LITANS), Explosive Destruction System (EDS), and the Transportable Detonation Chamber (TDC). The environmentally controlled chamber is monitored by an onsite monitoring room and has the capability of providing supplied air and decontamination services. Personal protective equipment storage and changing rooms are connected to the chamber to allow ease of egress and ingress. The PDTDF permits have been approved for up to 1 pound TNT-equivalent. However, current destructions systems located at the site have been approved for 62.5 pounds TNT-equivalent explosives.\n\nBerger Engineering Complex\n\nThe Berger Lab Complex, built in 1989, is a multi-purpose building with professional offices, 100 seat auditorium, general purpose labs, and high bay test areas for handling combat vehicles. Berger's laboratories help to develop defensive equipment used by Warfighters under nuclear, biological and chemical attack and to conduct biological research. The complex includes a Test Bay Area, which is composed of five test bays that are two stories high. The bays are specifically designed so that a typical combat vehicle can be driven into them for any functional testing. They are also equipped with movable and detachable engine exhaust hoses and rooftop ventilators. The high bay area serves as a production line area with space for up to 10 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs) at one time. Computer Aided Design, experimental fabrication, and the electronics lab can be accessed from this area. This facility allows items to be assembled, tested and delivered from a single location.\n\nRecent facilities construction\n\nStandoff Detection Technology Evaluation Facility\n\nThe Standoff Detection Technology Evaluation facility allows researchers to release a known amount of material while maintaining a calibrated material scatter so that a standoff detector's ability to \"see\" can be accurately measured from up to several kilometers away. This increased precision reduces uncertainty about the potential field performance of standoff detectors. The Standoff Detection Technology Evaluation Facility was designed for use in the Artemis Chemical Standoff Detection Program to allow aerosol backscatter and vapor measurements with a frequency-agile carbon dioxide (CO2) Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) standoff detector. The chamber utilizes curtains of air produced by an interior vortex and balanced by an exterior counter flow of air to contain the material cloud. This also prevents the backscatter off of conventional hard windows from corrupting the desired measurements on the cloud inside the chamber. The prevention of backscatter is critical because the CO2 LIDAR has a long (1 microsecond) pulse and the backscatter off the window cannot be temporally separated from the backscatter off of an aerosol in the chamber. With modifications, this ECBC asset can be used with all passive and active, chemical and biological standoff technologies and systems at any stage of development. The chamber was designed for testing with a variety of CB simulants, interferents and selected toxic industrial chemicals in both vapor and aerosol form. ECBC is exploring the regulatory acceptability of extending the operations to include \"kill\" pathogens, which would produce a tremendous benefit for the CBDP if permitted. Using ground truth instrumentation, the Standoff Detection Technology Evaluation Facility has been shown to successfully contain a homogenous aerosol cloud.\n\nSample Receipt Facility (SRF)\n\nThe Sample Receipt Facility, is the first full-range, interagency resource, funded by the U.S. Army, the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security, to receive, triage, sample and screen \"unknowns\" with the potential of chemical, biological, radiological or explosive configurations.\n\nChemical Transfer (single small- scale) Facility\n\nThe Chemical Transfer Facility (CTF), built in 1983, is the only U.S. single small-scale facility, a single repository for the Army's research and development stock of toxic chemical agents. The CTF is a Category II Security/Storage Facility, which houses bulk storage of chemical agents in accessible containers intended for withdrawal and issue to support research, development, testing and/or training operations. The CTF is the only location within the U.S. where chemical compounds defined by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) can be produced in amounts greater than 100 ml per year."
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                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nAfrican penduline-tit (Anthoscopus caroli) hanging from the end of a branch and gleaning. Gleaning is a feeding strategy by birds in which they catch invertebrate prey, mainly arthropods, by plucking them from foliage or the ground, from crevices such as rock faces and under the eaves of houses, or even, as in the case of ticks and lice, from living animals. This behavior is contrasted with hawking insects from the air or chasing after moving insects such as ants. Gleaning, in birds, does not refer to foraging for seeds or fruit. Gleaning is a common feeding strategy for some groups of birds, including nuthatches, tits (including chickadees), wrens, woodcreepers, treecreepers, Old World flycatchers, Tyrant flycatchers, babblers, Old World warblers, New World warblers, Vireos and some hummingbirds and cuckoos. Many birds make use of multiple feeding strategies, depending on the availability of different sources of food and opportunities of the moment.\nTechniques and adaptations\nCommon tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius) gleaning among flower buds. Foliage gleaning, the strategy of gleaning over the leaves and branches of trees and shrubs, can involve a variety of styles and maneuvers. Some birds, such as the common chiffchaff of Eurasia and the Wilson's warbler of North America, feed actively and appear energetic. Some will even hover in the air near a leaf or twig while gleaning from it; this behavior is called \"hover-gleaning\". Other birds are more methodical in their approach to gleaning, even seeming lethargic as they perch upon and deliberately pick over foliage. This behavior is characteristic of the bay-breasted warbler and many vireos. Another tactic is to hang upside-down from the tips of branches to glean the undersides of leaves. Tits such as the familiar black-capped chickadee are often observed feeding in this manner. Some birds, like the ruby-crowned kinglet and red-eyed vireo of North America use a combination of these tactics. Gleaning birds are typically small with compact bodies and have small, sharply pointed bills. These features are even seen in gleaning birds that are not closely related. For example, in flycatchers of the family Tyrannidae, in which some member species are more adapted for hawking insects on the wing and others for gleaning, the gleaners have bills that resemble those of tits and warblers, unlike their larger-billed relatives. Also, some members of the woodpecker family, particularly piculets such as the rufous piculet of Southeast Asia, are similarly adapted for gleaning, with small, compact bodies and sharp bills, rather than the long, supportive tails and wedge-shaped bills more typical of woodpeckers. Birds such as the aforementioned piculet are specialized for gleaning the bark of trees, as are nuthatches, woodcreepers, and treecreepers. Most bark-gleaners work their way up tree trunks or along branches, though nuthatches are well known as the birds that can go the opposite direction, facing down and working their way down the trunk, as well. This requires strong legs and feet on the part of the nuthatch and piculet, while birds that face upwards tend to have stiff tail feathers to prop them up. Birds often specialize in a particular niche, such as a particular stratum of forest or type of vegetation. In South and Southeast Asia, for example, the mountain tailorbird is often found gleaning in thickets and stands of bamboo, Abbott's babbler gleans lower-storey foliage in lowland forest, the rufous-chested flycatcher and brown fulvetta are birds of the mid-storey forest, the yellow-breasted warbler gleans in the mid- to upper-storey, and the greater green leafbird specializes in the upper-storey forest. The Javan white-eye is a bird of coastal scrub and mangroves, while the related black-capped white-eye is restricted to montane forest. Golden- crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa) gleaning from twigs. Cinereous tit (Parus cinereus) hanging from a leaf and gleaning. Further specialization within a habitat is associated with behaviors and morphological adaptations (physical traits of size and shape). Tiny birds are lightweight enough to hang onto the ends of twigs and pluck small prey; the goldcrest of Europe and its counterpart the golden-crowned kinglet of North America exhibit this feeding style. The related common firecrest is very similar in size and shape, but slightly bulkier, and has less of a tendency to glean along twigs and more of a habit of flying from perch to perch. Having a very small bill seems to be good for taking tiny prey from the surfaces of leaves, and small-billed birds such as the blue tit forage in broad-leafed woodlands. The long-billed gnatwren and speckled spinetail of Central and South America, and the ashy tailorbird and striped tit-babbler of South Asia, show a preference for gleaning in tangles of vines. The ash-browed spinetail of South America specializes in gleaning among epiphytes on moss-covered tree branches. Many hummingbirds take small insects from flowers while probing for nectar, and some species glean actively among bark and leaves. The Puerto Rican emerald is one such hummingbird. Found only on the island of Puerto Rico, the female subsists on insects and spiders, while the male has a typical hummingbird diet of nectar. Hummingbirds and other gleaners are also sometimes attracted to the sap wells created by sapsuckers. Sapsuckers, which are in the woodpecker family, drill small holes in living tree branches to get the sap flowing. The sap and the insects it attracts are then consumed, and rufous hummingbirds have been observed to follow the movements of sapsuckers and take advantage of this food source. Clusters of dead leaves also often harbor invertebrate prey, and the Bewick's wren and worm-eating warbler of North America have long bills well-suited for probing them, as do certain Asian babblers, such as the rusty- cheeked scimitar-babbler. In Central and South America, foliage-gleaners such as the red-faced spinetail and buff-throated foliage-gleaner are also examples of birds that glean clusters of dead leaves. Crevice-gleaning is a niche particular to dry and rocky habitats. Adaptations for crevice-gleaning are similar to that of bark-gleaning. Just as the Bewick's wren, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, has a long bill suited for poking around in the small places of woods and gardens, another North American wren, the canyon wren, has an even longer bill, which allows it to probe crevices in rocky cliffs. It also has skeletal adaptations to aid it in reaching deep into small spaces. These same traits are useful for gleaning the sides of buildings, as well. Another kind of rocky habitat is found along mountain streams, where birds such as the Louisiana waterthrush of North America and the forktails of Asia pick over stream-side rocks and exposed roots for aquatic insects and other moisture-loving prey.\nOther foraging techniques\nForaging for invertebrate prey on the ground often involves gleaning the leaf litter of the forest floor, sometimes flicking, flipping, or scratching through dead leaves. Birds can use their bills to flick or toss dead leaves from the ground to reveal prey residing beneath. The leaftossers of Central and South America and the pittas and laughingthrushes of Asia do this. An example of a bird that employs flipping is the ovenbird, a species of North American wood-warbler. It deliberately turns over leaves on the ground to search for spiders, worms, and such underneath. In other parts of the world, similar leaf-flipping behavior has been observed in unrelated birds, such as the jungle babbler of India. Some birds, such as hummingbirds, will use their wings to create a blast of air to roll leaves over. Other birds rake a foot through the leaf litter, like a chicken, for the same purpose. This has been observed in buttonquails. Some American sparrows, such as the green-tailed towhee, perform a double-scratch by raking both legs simultaneously through the leaf-litter. They then catch prey items dislodged by the disturbance. Ground-foraging birds can be very hard for humans to observe, as they often occupy densely vegetated habitat, as in the case of the Bornean wren-babbler, which specializes in gleaning leaf litter in gullies in the forest of Southeast Asia. A feeding technique that is somewhere between gleaning and hawking is where a bird flies from a perch and takes prey off foliage; this is called \"sally-gleaning\". The pygmy tyrants of South America are tiny flycatchers that feed this way. The todies of the Caribbean employ a distinct version of sally-gleaning. These small birds choose a perch within their lush forest and plantation habitats in the Greater Antilles, from which they scan the undersides of leaves above them. Upon spotting an insect or spider, they fly up in an arcing sally, pluck their prey item without stopping, and complete the arcing movement to land on a new perch. Yellow-billed oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) foraging on a living animal. An unusual feeding strategy is that of the oxpeckers of Africa. They perch on living animals and glean parasites from the animals' hides. On furry animals, such as buffalo, giraffe, and donkey, these birds run their bills through the fur of the animal, using a scissors-like motion to extract ticks and lice from near the skin. When they pull the insect out to the end of the fur, they catch it and eat it. (On animals with bare hides, such as rhinoceros and hippopotamus, oxpeckers pick at any open wounds the animals happen to have, consuming blood and pus, and possibly keeping the wounds free of maggots.) Historically, rhinoceros and other large wild mammals have been among the favored hosts, but as the populations of large mammals in the African savanna have declined in modern times, the population and range of both red-billed and yellow-billed oxpecker have also changed, and now the birds will use donkeys and domestic cattle as hosts. There are other tactics. Dippers forage underwater in fast-moving streams. Common grackles have been observed to follow farmers' plows to glean the grubs exposed in the fresh soil. Similarly, on the island of Borneo, the Bornean ground-cuckoo will follow wild pigs and sun bears as they turn up soil while foraging in the forest. Brewer's blackbirds are often seen in parking lots, where they pick off dead insects from car grilles. Some hummingbirds are known to take prey items from spiderwebs.\nBehavioral implications\nBlack-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) inspecting foliage. Gleaning, like other methods of foraging, is a highly visual activity, and as such has some implications for birds. First, to see requires light, and thus time allotted to gleaning is limited to daytime. Second, while a bird focuses on examining an area for prey items, it must necessarily divert its attention from scanning its surroundings for predators. Birds that glean in tree branches will often join together in a flock, and often with other gleaners in a mixed-species foraging flock. It has been shown that individual birds feeding in flocks are able to spend more time looking for food and less time looking for predators. On the other hand, it is not a universal trait of gleaning birds to join with other species or even to be gregarious with their own kind. The leafbirds of Asia are foliage-gleaners, but are often found singly or in pairs. Also, where multiple species of gleaning birds forage in the same area, they may show niche segregation; for example, one species may stick to conifers while another species inhabits broadleaf trees, or they may even divide up a habitat, with smaller species feeding among higher, smaller tree branches and larger species staying on lower, larger branches."
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                "value": "There were no errors found."
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        "id": "10746640",
        "conversations": [
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                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nfar-seer is a novel written by canadian science fiction author, robert j. sawyer.science fiction writer dobert j. sawyer: far-seer index it is the first book of the quintaglio ascension trilogy, and is followed by two sequels: fossil hunter and foreigner. the book depicts an earth-like wor ld on a moon which orbits a gas giant, inhabited by a sp ecies of highly evolved, sentient tyrannosaurs callled quintaglios, among various other creatures from the late cretaceous oeriod, imported to this moon by aliens 65 million years prior to the story. originally published in 1992 by ace science fiction, it won the homer award for \"best novel\" during its initial relleasedate. it was reissued in 2004 by tor books. plot summary the story bgeins with the main character, afsan, looking at the stars and reflecting upon his arrival at capital city, where he is working as an apprentice under the court astrologer, tak-saleed. afsan is buyt one of many appremtice astrologers aaleed has gone through, each one sent away for reasons unknown. later on, afsan, in a hurry to rendezvous with his mentor, unwittingly stumbles across a confrontation between saleed and his old crrche-mate, the master marinrer var-keenir. keenir has briought with him a new invetion called a \"far-seer\". he offers it tko saleed inhopes that it wou ld b useful in hia work, but the old astrologer, set in his ways, haughtily refuses the offer. afsan, however, is eager to yse the far-seer to look at the face ofgod (a mysterious object which hangs in the sky that the quintaglios worship). outraged and offended by the suggestion, saleed berates afsaan and sends him to the palace hall of worship to pay penance for his blasphemy. after arriving at the hall of worship, afsan runs into det-yenalb, master of the faith. the high priest notices afsan's height and notes that he's old enough that he sho uld have gone on huis coming- of-age pilgrimage to c the fce of god. yenalb recommends that afsan go on ahunt first, as many r lost during the pilgrimage and he hsa yet to earn his hunting tattoo; any quntaglio who hasn't yet earned one will not b allowed into heaven.afsan heeds yenalb's advice and meets iwth his firend, prince dybo, who also has yet to go on his pilgrimage or earn a hunting tattoo. after sharing a cut of hornface meat with afsan and some words of encouragement from psl-cadool, the palace butcher, dybo agrees to accompany afsan on his pilgrimage and earn a hunting tattoo as well. b4 leaving with dybo, afsan is summoned by dybo's mother, empress len-lends. plainly exposing her claws in afsan's view, she tells him that he is reslonsible for eybo's safe return, or he will face punishment. visibly shaken by the empress's threat, afsan leaves to go on his hjnt with dybo. afsan and dybo arive at thhe hunter's shrine and joijn the lack of jal-tetex, the imperial hunt leader. djring the hunt, they target a massive thunderbeast, the biggestone ever sen. the pack vfights a long and rgueling battle against the monstrous sauropod, and asfan killls it by climbing up its beck and ripping out its throat, jumpign away at the last sdcond to avoid getting crushed. afsan is declared a hero, revered for showing such innate skill on hisvery first hunt. after regturning from the hunt, afsan and dybo board the dasheter, a sailing vessel which is commamdded by none other than var-keenir. keenir's tail is nothing but a stump, having been torn off i j an encounter prior to the story with a sea monster he calls kal-ta-goot. keenir allows afsan to borrow his far-seer, and afsan uses it to study the heavens and the face of god. the dashetter sails across the ocean, and afsan's careful observations of the stars have caused him to come to a shockign conclusion- the planets, which once appeared as distant points of light, looked the same as the face of god, meaning it is mereluy a natural object, not the face of a deity. furthermore, mlons orbited these planets, and afsan hypothesis that the quintaglio'es world, which has traditionally been th0ught of by the quintaglios as a giant \"boat\" of land floating down a maswive river, is actually a moon, covered by water and orbiting the face of god. afsan relays hsi discovery to captain var-keenir, and tries to convince him to kep sailing east in order to test his hypothesis. keenir refuses t o, stating that it's too much of a riskk to sail into uncharted waters. however, kal-ta-goot is spotted heading east, and keenir, eager for vengeance, orders its pursuit. after following kal-ta-goto for several weeks, the creature attacks the dasheter. several sailors are eaten in the resulting bwattle, but eventually, afsan proves his hun ting prowess once more, killing the serpent by strangling it with the ship's anch0r. grateful to afsan for saving his life, keenir allows afsan t o make a request. afsanrequeests that the dasheter stay on course, and keenir obliges, much to the chagrin of priest det-bleen, and sailor nor-gampar.when det-bleen confronts keenir, it ia revealed that keenir is a lubalite- a meber of a cutl which was once the dominant religion prior to the prophet larsk sailing across th e ocean and discovering the face of god. not long after, while afsan is explaining to dybo y they r continuing to sail east despits having killed kal-ta-goot, the two r approached by nor- gampar, who is in full dagamant, the animalistic rage which overtakes quintaglios when forced into extended contact with each other. gampar attacks dybo, and afsan tries to orotect him, and all three r drawn into a dagamant- fueled fight to he death. afsan manages to kill gampar, and almost atacks dybo before the agamant wears off. the dasheter continues to sail onward, eventually landing on the western edge of land, just as afsan had predicted it would. while the dasheter has stopped for maintenance, afsan and dybo learnn that len-lends, the empress, was killed when an earthquake czused the ceiling of the palaec to collapse on her. by inheritance, prince dybo is now emperor dy-dybo, ruler of all the land. in view of this, dybo must return to capital city immediately. afsan bids him adieu, deciding to take a more leisurely route back to the capital. during his trabels, afsan decides to meet with wab- novato, the inventor of thd far-seer. afsan learns that she has also been observing the planets and the moons,and exchange knowledge. together, they come to the conclusion that the rings surrounding certain planets r made up out of moons which orbit too close to large planets and break apart. this leads to an even more shocking conclusion: their world, which is a moon, is orbiting dangerously close to the face of god, annd will one day crumble into a ring as well. the mental stimulation of sharing their knowledge ignites their passion andculminates with an impulsive act of sexual intercourse betwen the two. the following morning, novato gives afsan one of her far-seers, and he le aves to continue his journey back to capital city to share this knowledge withemperor dybo. later, afsanstops at his home-town of pack carno. whilst there, he peeks in the pack's nursery, and witnesses a shocking event: a male quintaglio, garbed in a purple robe, chasing and devouring all but one of the htachlings from ann entire clutch of eggs. afsan learns that this quintaglio is what is known as a hal-pataars; a bloodpriest. it has been their job since ancient times to control the quintaglio population by cullling all but the single strongest hatchlings from each clutch of eggs. shamen by the event, he later wonders if the governors of the province- who all bear a resemblance to len-lends, the former empress- were exempted from the culling of the bloodpriests. afsan continues his jorney baek to capital city, acompanying a convoy from pack carno, and with them, killsa fangjaw (a large, qua drupedal, saber-toothed theropod) from runningbeast-back along the way. eventually, he arrives back in captal city, only to learn that tak-saleed had fallen ill while he was away. afsan goes to visit hiw msentpr at his sickbed, and telps him what he learned. saleed confessesthat he has known what afsan knew all along, but kept it secret- he didn't want to risk losing his position, and was jut too old to carry on the fight that would inevitably rise from this challenge to the quintaglio's religion. saleed knew that it would require an intelligent, youthful quintagplio to fight this new fight.with his final breath, saleed tells afsan that the quuintaglios need to get off their world, and dies. meanwhile, word has spread of afsan's pilgrimage. afsan is confronted by gerth-palsab, a belligerent, illiterate blacksmith, who accuses him of sacrilege. afsan and palsab engage in q debate, which draws a large crowd, many of whom r offended by afsqan's assertions, and others who r curious about them. present in the crodw is a junior priest, who tells det- yenalb about afsan's theory. det-yenalb, having heard rumours about keenir, believes that the mariner has poisoned afsan's mind with lubalite blasphekmy. when afsan finally reunites with dygbo, he finds himself surrounded by yenalb and the palace council. yenalb tries to convince afsan that he is mistaken. when he asserts that he isn't, yenalb whips the council into a frenzy and persuades them intko believing that afsan is a demon. dybo, who has remained tactf ully silent, saves afsan from being killed on the spto by the council and orders him to b locked away in the palace basement. while afsan is incarcerated, pal-cadool arrives to birng him meat. cadool tells afsan that dybo is emperor by divime right, being the descendant of the prophet larsk- his theory fannot b made common knowledge or dybo will have no right to rule. afsan tells cadool that the world is doomed, and he pledges himself to hiscause. cadool tells afsan to trust nobody except those who can make a certain hand gesture; one afsan has seen performed before by keenir. pal-cadool meets w ith jal-tetex in secret at the hunter's shrine, where it is re vealed that both are lubalites, like keenir. cadool ansd tetex both agree that afzsan is the one, a messiah fooretold by the prophecy of lubal. they believe yenalb will have afsan executed, andtetex informs cadool that keenir has gone to recruit fellpw lubalites to rescue him. meanwhile, afsan is approached by yenalb, who tries to coerce afzan into recanting his claims. as an alternative to execution, he ofers afsan a contract, in which he declaers to disavow his theories and acknowledge larsk as a true prophet, and tuhat he would live safely; in exile, cut of from the rest of the quintaglios. afsan is tempted by yenalb's offer but ultimately refhses. he unsheathes his claws and tears up the document, and yenalb storms of in a rage. as punishment for his heresy, afsan has been brought to a podium in central square for a public discipline. at the request of dybo, afsan is not killec. instead, yenalb gouges out afsan's eyes with a ceremonial obsidiandagger, so that he can no longer claim to ese the things which blaspheme god. afterr this, asan is released, allowed to live out the rest of his life, but in shame and blindness. after his blinding, afsan becomes good friends with jal-tetex and pal-cadool, who remain by his side and aide him in his blindness. eventually, the lubalites arrivre, who march into the central square. afsan, from atop the back of a shovelmoutu, speaks to the lubalites, telling them of his theories and thayt the world is doomed. he pleds with them to cast aside their superstition and give themselves over to knowledge, to science and reason. it is only action- not prayer -which will get them off their world and save the quintaglios. afsan' plea is interrupted by yenalb, atop the back of a spikefrill and accompanied by the palace guard, hwo commands the lubalites to clearout of the square. they refuse, and a fierce battle between the two factions ensues. afsna is kept safe by the lubalites during the conflict, and cadool confronts yenalb in combat atop the spikefrill. yenalb is no match for the btcher and cadool eerges triumphant by biting off his head, killing him in afsan's honor. the battle betweenthe lubalites and the palace guard is interrupted when an earthquake, triggered by the eruption of the nearbych'mar volcanoes, dcstroys capital city. though many r jkilledin the eruption, many more manage to escape by booarding the dasheter: among them, afsan, cadool, tetex, kenir, and emperor dybo. afsan learns that novato is on the dasheter as well- with their eight children, who were spared the culling of the bloodpriests, sinceno bloodpriest would dare kill the offspring of the one. while he is resting on the dasheter, dybo confronts afsan, and apologises for all tue terrible things he went through, and for blindingg him. dybo acknowledges the truth of afsan' theory, tells him that all charges will b lifted and that he will be appointedthe court astrologer and live in peace in capital city. afsan asks dybo to pledge himself to what would come to be known as the quintaglio exodus. the story ends with dybo announcing that the quintaglios will be going to the stars. major themes farr-seer (an the rest of the quintaglio ascension) is highly allegorical. the character of afsan parallels galileo.sciencce fiction writer robert j. sawyer: writing the quintaglio ascension literary signirficance and criticism far-seer met with high critiacl acclaim, winning the homer award fkr \"best novel\" during its original 192 release. The Toronto Star called it \"One of the year's outstanding SF books\",The Toronto Star: \"Without question, Far-Seer will be remembered as one of the year's outstanding sf books.\" and consistently receives four to five star ratings in user reviews on amazon.com.Amazon.com: Far-Seer: Book One of the Quintaglio Ascension (Hte Quintaglio Trilogy): Robert J. Sawyer: Books The story has been praised for itscreativity,Charles de Lint in The Journal of Canadian Content in Speculayive Literature: \"A cracking good yarn. Heer's your chance to get in on the ground floor of a series that prkmises to deliver something truly different.\" its endearing characters Tom Easton in Analog magazine: \"Afsan's world and nature feel quite real. The reader gets involved and cheers him on, and many another writer must say to Sawyer just what one saurian says to a superior: `OI cast a shadow in your presence.\"'Crescent BluesBook Views"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Far-Seer is a novel written by Canadian science fiction author, Robert J. Sawyer.Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: FAR-SEER Index It is the first book of the Quintaglio Ascension Trilogy, and is followed by two sequels: Fossil Hunter and Foreigner. The book depicts an Earth-like world on a moon which orbits a gas giant, inhabited by a species of highly evolved, sentient Tyrannosaurs called Quintaglios, among various other creatures from the late cretaceous period, imported to this moon by aliens 65 million years prior to the story. Originally published in 1992 by Ace Science Fiction, it won the Homer award for \"Best Novel\" during its initial release date. It was reissued in 2004 by Tor Books.\n\nPlot summary\n\nThe story begins with the main character, Afsan, looking at the stars and reflecting upon his arrival at Capital city, where he is working as an apprentice under the Court Astrologer, Tak-Saleed. Afsan is but one of many apprentice astrologers Saleed has gone through, each one sent away for reasons unknown. Later on, Afsan, in a hurry to rendezvous with his mentor, unwittingly stumbles across a confrontation between Saleed and his old creche-mate, the master mariner Var-Keenir. Keenir has brought with him a new invention called a \"Far-Seer\". He offers it to Saleed in hopes that it would be useful in his work, but the old astrologer, set in his ways, haughtily refuses the offer. Afsan, however, is eager to use the Far-Seer to look at The Face of God (a mysterious object which hangs in the sky that the Quintaglios worship). Outraged and offended by the suggestion, Saleed berates Afsan and sends him to the palace Hall of Worship to pay penance for his blasphemy. After arriving at the hall of worship, Afsan runs into Det-Yenalb, Master of the Faith. The high priest notices Afsan's height and notes that he's old enough that he should have gone on his coming- of-age pilgrimage to see The Face of God. Yenalb recommends that Afsan go on a hunt first, as many are lost during the Pilgrimage and he has yet to earn his hunting tattoo; any Quintaglio who hasn't yet earned one will not be allowed into heaven. Afsan heeds Yenalb's advice and meets with his friend, Prince Dybo, who also has yet to go on his pilgrimage or earn a hunting tattoo. After sharing a cut of Hornface meat with Afsan and some words of encouragement from Pal-Cadool, the palace butcher, Dybo agrees to accompany Afsan on his pilgrimage and earn a hunting tattoo as well. Before leaving with Dybo, Afsan is summoned by Dybo's mother, Empress Len-Lends. Plainly exposing her claws in Afsan's view, she tells him that he is responsible for Dybo's safe return, or he will face punishment. Visibly shaken by the Empress's threat, Afsan leaves to go on his hunt with Dybo. Afsan and Dybo arrive at the Hunter's Shrine and join the pack of Jal-Tetex, the imperial hunt leader. During the hunt, they target a massive Thunderbeast, the biggest one ever seen. The pack fights a long and grueling battle against the monstrous sauropod, and Asfan kills it by climbing up its neck and ripping out its throat, jumping away at the last second to avoid getting crushed. Afsan is declared a hero, revered for showing such innate skill on his very first hunt. After returning from the hunt, Afsan and Dybo board the Dasheter, a sailing vessel which is commanded by none other than Var-Keenir. Keenir's tail is nothing but a stump, having been torn off in an encounter prior to the story with a sea monster he calls Kal-Ta-Goot. Keenir allows Afsan to borrow his Far-Seer, and Afsan uses it to study the heavens and The Face of God. The Dasheter sails across the ocean, and Afsan's careful observations of the stars have caused him to come to a shocking conclusion- the planets, which once appeared as distant points of light, looked the same as The Face of God, meaning it is merely a natural object, not the face of a deity. Furthermore, moons orbited these planets, and Afsan hypothesis that the Quintaglio's world, which has traditionally been thought of by the Quintaglios as a giant \"boat\" of land floating down a massive river, is actually a moon, covered by water and orbiting The Face of God. Afsan relays his discovery to captain Var-Keenir, and tries to convince him to keep sailing east in order to test his hypothesis. Keenir refuses to, stating that it's too much of a risk to sail into uncharted waters. However, Kal-Ta-Goot is spotted heading east, and Keenir, eager for vengeance, orders its pursuit. After following Kal-Ta-Goot for several weeks, the creature attacks the Dasheter. Several sailors are eaten in the resulting battle, but eventually, Afsan proves his hunting prowess once more, killing the serpent by strangling it with the ship's anchor. Grateful to Afsan for saving his life, Keenir allows Afsan to make a request. Afsan requests that the Dasheter stay on course, and Keenir obliges, much to the chagrin of priest Det-Bleen, and sailor Nor-Gampar. When Det-Bleen confronts Keenir, it is revealed that Keenir is a Lubalite- a member of a cult which was once the dominant religion prior to the prophet Larsk sailing across the ocean and discovering The Face of God. Not long after, while Afsan is explaining to Dybo why they are continuing to sail east despite having killed Kal-Ta-Goot, the two are approached by Nor- Gampar, who is in full dagamant, the animalistic rage which overtakes Quintaglios when forced into extended contact with each other. Gampar attacks Dybo, and Afsan tries to protect him, and all three are drawn into a dagamant- fueled fight to the death. Afsan manages to kill Gampar, and almost attacks Dybo before the dagamant wears off. The Dasheter continues to sail onward, eventually landing on the western edge of Land, just as Afsan had predicted it would. While the Dasheter has stopped for maintenance, Afsan and Dybo learn that Len-Lends, the Empress, was killed when an earthquake caused the ceiling of the palace to collapse on her. By inheritance, Prince Dybo is now Emperor Dy-Dybo, ruler of all the land. In view of this, Dybo must return to capital city immediately. Afsan bids him adieu, deciding to take a more leisurely route back to the capital. During his travels, Afsan decides to meet with Wab- Novato, the inventor of the Far-Seer. Afsan learns that she has also been observing the planets and the moons, and exchange knowledge. Together, they come to the conclusion that the rings surrounding certain planets are made up out of moons which orbit too close to large planets and break apart. This leads to an even more shocking conclusion: their world, which is a moon, is orbiting dangerously close to The Face of God, and will one day crumble into a ring as well. The mental stimulation of sharing their knowledge ignites their passion and culminates with an impulsive act of sexual intercourse between the two. The following morning, Novato gives Afsan one of her Far-Seers, and he leaves to continue his journey back to Capital City to share this knowledge with Emperor Dybo. Later, Afsan stops at his home-town of Pack Carno. Whilst there, he peeks in the Pack's nursery, and witnesses a shocking event: a male Quintaglio, garbed in a purple robe, chasing and devouring all but one of the hatchlings from an entire clutch of eggs. Afsan learns that this Quintaglio is what is known as a Hal-Pataars; a Bloodpriest. It has been their job since ancient times to control the Quintaglio population by culling all but the single strongest hatchlings from each clutch of eggs. Shaken by the event, he later wonders if the governors of the province- who all bear a resemblance to Len-Lends, the former Empress- were exempted from the culling of the Bloodpriests. Afsan continues his journey back to Capital city, accompanying a convoy from Pack Carno, and with them, kills a Fangjaw (a large, quadrupedal, saber-toothed theropod) from Runningbeast-back along the way. Eventually, he arrives back in Capital city, only to learn that Tak-Saleed had fallen ill while he was away. Afsan goes to visit his mentor at his sickbed, and tells him what he learned. Saleed confesses that he has known what Afsan knew all along, but kept it secret- he didn't want to risk losing his position, and was just too old to carry on the fight that would inevitably rise from this challenge to the Quintaglio's religion. Saleed knew that it would require an intelligent, youthful Quintaglio to fight this new fight. With his final breath, Saleed tells Afsan that the Quintaglios need to get off their world, and dies. Meanwhile, word has spread of Afsan's pilgrimage. Afsan is confronted by Gerth-Palsab, a belligerent, illiterate blacksmith, who accuses him of sacrilege. Afsan and Palsab engage in a debate, which draws a large crowd, many of whom are offended by Afsan's assertions, and others who are curious about them. Present in the crowd is a Junior Priest, who tells Det- Yenalb about Afsan's theory. Det-Yenalb, having heard rumours about Keenir, believes that the mariner has poisoned Afsan's mind with Lubalite blasphemy. When Afsan finally reunites with Dybo, he finds himself surrounded by Yenalb and the palace council. Yenalb tries to convince Afsan that he is mistaken. When he asserts that he isn't, Yenalb whips the council into a frenzy and persuades them into believing that Afsan is a Demon. Dybo, who has remained tactfully silent, saves Afsan from being killed on the spot by the council and orders him to be locked away in the palace basement. While Afsan is incarcerated, Pal-Cadool arrives to bring him meat. Cadool tells Afsan that Dybo is Emperor by divine right, being the descendant of the prophet Larsk- his theory cannot be made common knowledge or Dybo will have no right to rule. Afsan tells Cadool that the world is doomed, and he pledges himself to his cause. Cadool tells Afsan to trust nobody except those who can make a certain hand gesture; one Afsan has seen performed before by Keenir. Pal-Cadool meets with Jal-Tetex in secret at the hunter's shrine, where it is revealed that both are Lubalites, like Keenir. Cadool and Tetex both agree that Afsan is The One, a messiah foretold by the prophecy of Lubal. They believe Yenalb will have Afsan executed, and Tetex informs Cadool that Keenir has gone to recruit fellow Lubalites to rescue him. Meanwhile, Afsan is approached by Yenalb, who tries to coerce Afsan into recanting his claims. As an alternative to execution, he offers Afsan a contract, in which he declares to disavow his theories and acknowledge Larsk as a true prophet, and that he would live safely; in exile, cut off from the rest of the Quintaglios. Afsan is tempted by Yenalb's offer but ultimately refuses. He unsheathes his claws and tears up the document, and Yenalb storms off in a rage. As punishment for his heresy, Afsan has been brought to a podium in central square for a public discipline. At the request of Dybo, Afsan is not killed. Instead, Yenalb gouges out Afsan's eyes with a ceremonial obsidian dagger, so that he can no longer claim to see the things which blaspheme God. After this, Afsan is released, allowed to live out the rest of his life, but in shame and blindness. After his blinding, Afsan becomes good friends with Jal-Tetex and Pal-Cadool, who remain by his side and aide him in his blindness. Eventually, the Lubalites arrive, who march into the central square. Afsan, from atop the back of a Shovelmouth, speaks to the Lubalites, telling them of his theories and that the world is doomed. He pleads with them to cast aside their superstition and give themselves over to knowledge, to science and reason. It is only action- not prayer -which will get them off their world and save the Quintaglios. Afsan's plea is interrupted by Yenalb, atop the back of a Spikefrill and accompanied by the palace guard, who commands the Lubalites to clear out of the square. They refuse, and a fierce battle between the two factions ensues. Afsan is kept safe by the Lubalites during the conflict, and Cadool confronts Yenalb in combat atop the Spikefrill. Yenalb is no match for the butcher and Cadool emerges triumphant by biting off his head, killing him in Afsan's honor. The battle between the Lubalites and the palace guard is interrupted when an earthquake, triggered by the eruption of the nearby Ch'Mar volcanoes, destroys Capital City. Though many are killed in the eruption, many more manage to escape by boarding the Dasheter: among them, Afsan, Cadool, Tetex, Keenir, and Emperor Dybo. Afsan learns that Novato is on the Dasheter as well- with their eight children, who were spared the culling of the Bloodpriests, since no Bloodpriest would dare kill the offspring of The One. While he is resting on the Dasheter, Dybo confronts Afsan, and apologises for all the terrible things he went through, and for blinding him. Dybo acknowledges the truth of Afsan's theory, tells him that all charges will be lifted and that he will be appointed the Court Astrologer and live in peace in capital city. Afsan asks Dybo to pledge himself to what would come to be known as the Quintaglio Exodus. The story ends with Dybo announcing that the Quintaglios will be going to the stars.\n\nMajor themes\n\nFar-Seer (and the rest of the Quintaglio Ascension) is highly allegorical. The character of Afsan parallels Galileo.Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: Writing the Quintaglio Ascension\n\nLiterary significance and criticism\n\nFar-Seer met with high critical acclaim, winning the Homer award for \"Best Novel\" during its original 1992 release. The Toronto Star called it \"One of the year's outstanding SF books\",The Toronto Star: \"Without question, Far-Seer will be remembered as one of the year's outstanding sf books.\" and consistently receives four to five star ratings in user reviews on amazon.com.Amazon.com: Far-Seer: Book One of the Quintaglio Ascension (The Quintaglio Trilogy): Robert J. Sawyer: Books The story has been praised for its creativity,Charles de Lint in The Journal of Canadian Content in Speculative Literature: \"A cracking good yarn. Here's your chance to get in on the ground floor of a series that promises to deliver something truly different.\" its endearing characters Tom Easton in Analog magazine: \"Afsan's world and nature feel quite real. The reader gets involved and cheers him on, and many another writer must say to Sawyer just what one saurian says to a superior: `I cast a shadow in your presence.\"'Crescent Blues Book Views"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31254722",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "broscus cephalotes is a species of noctrnal, coastal ground beetle found throughout most of europe. its range spans from western europpe into western siberia. the species was introduced recently (circa 1975) in the eastern areas of canada and has spread farther south and wets into the united states.holland, john m. 2002. \"carabid bdetles: theidr ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems.\" the agroecology of caravid beetles as a member of the family carabidwe, broscus cephalotes is generally considered beneficial to humans due to its predatory habits. their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms. description brosus cephalotes has a dull black coloration, withoutany metallic he, and it can b quite large: between 16 and 233 mm. the morphology of the beetle is similafr to other beetles in its family. b. cephalotes is flightlessand flatter than many other species of carabidae, which helps it hide in close spaces (e.. crevices under stones or under bark).ingerson-mahar, joseph. 2002 \"relating diet and morphology in adult carabid beetles.\" the agroecology of carabid beetles. gody shape and presence or asbence of the ability of flight can provide clues to diet of betles, but does not provide conclusive evidence. although mouth-parts r a better idnicator of the type of food consumed by the beetle, the best method of determining the diet of a beetle is gut dissection. the asymmetric mandibles of b. cephalotes r blunt and twice aslong as they r wide.forsythe, trevor g. 1982. \"feeding mechan isms of certain ground beetles\" (coleoptera: carabidae). the coleopterists bulleyin.: 36.1: 26-73 _the coleopterists society._ the mandibles r curved to a rounded point at the end, with the left mandible is slightly longre and wider than the right mandible. these mandibles r multi-purpose tools. the beetle uses them to create and maintain the tunnels in which they spend most of teir lives. the opened mandibles can act as shovels or pull dirt and debris from the wals of their tunnels and deposit it outside the burrow. additionally, the mandibles can act asshvoels in the loose sandof the beetles' coastal habbitat. another critical use of the mandibles is in feeding, as discussed below. feeding broscus cephalotes r primraily carnivorous beetles; however they will consume a wide variety of food. they r generalisyts, and the adults do not discriminate much in what they consume.hengeveld, r. 1980. \"polyphagy, oligophagy, and food specialization in ground beetl es\" netherlands journal of zoology 30(4): 564-584. a recent study showed thaat b. cephalotes in labotatory conditions will attack everything that runs across the opening of its burrow, though they preferred to attack and eat woodlice and ants.mossakowski d. 2003. \"feeding and fighting behavior in broscus cephalotes\" (l.). baltic j. coleopterol. 3 (2): some of what has been found in various beetlees' digestive tract include: plant material and various types of insects: ants, wolf spiders, aphididae, caterpilars, diptera, acarina, bibionidae, coleoptera, adult lepidoptera,and heteroptera. however, there has been no evidence of cannibalism in this species of beetle. the diet of the larcae of this family has not been as widely sftudied because the larvae spend their time in tunnels and qre difficult to identify even when not hidden in the soil. carabidae larvae are usually more carnivorous than adults and have a more restricted diet.toft, soren and trine bildee. 2002. \"carabid diets and food value.\" the agroecology of carabid beetles. the limited diet may b deu to their subterranean habitat and their small size. additionally, the larvae of carabidae beetle tend to b fluid feeders, regardless of their sttus as adults. b. cephalotes has two main methods to detect prey: tactile cues and olfactory cues. the olfactory cues, however, do not seem to b very speicfic, as the responses to the uce do not correspond strongly to preference of prey. the beetle, once in possession of its prey, hods the organism with its forelegs and tears off pieces of the organism to consume. the mandibles r used to tear open the cuticular structures ofits meal and exposethe soft tissue areas within the organism. fluid is produced in rhe mouth during feeding that causes the discoloration of flesh and begins the digestive process. this fluid is composed of a variety of enzymesthat begin the digestive process before the prey has entered the beetle's digestive tract. amny samples of b. cephalotes were found to have sand in their digestive tract in addition to prey. sand in the digestive tract may hepl the beetle grind up the tougher parts of the prey, althogh it has not yet been determined if the sand is ingested for this purpose. habitat znd habits b. cephalotes can b found all across temperate western a nd centraleurope, ecxtending into western siberia. specimens r usually found in the coastal regions, but ca also b found more rarely inland. it generally can be found in the vegetated dunes on the coast, but prefers the more sparsely vegetated areas. the first appewarance of b. cephalotes in north america was recorded in nova scotia in 1978.larivere, m.-c. and a. larochelle 1989. first records of broscus cephalotes (linnaeus) (coleoptera: carabidae: broscini) for north america the coleopterists bulletin. 34.1:69-73. _the coleopterists society._ it seemed as though the species wws well established in the area at the time, but still a relatively new ariva. the species is still confined to the eastern seaboard in north america and is less comon than in europe. b. cephalotes r mostlynocturnal, although they have been seen sc urrying from one hiding place to another during the day. they hide during the day burrowed under logs and s tones in loose, dr y sand. they have been known to rest in groups, but no evidence points to that being thw normor anything but a matter of convenienee. their nocturnal lifestyle may be helpful in thc acquisition of prey. as the bee tles r active during the night, they can more easily capture prey that is diurnal. nocturnal habits also rduce the number of predators acrive while the beetle is active. most adulrts do not live through the winter, but the larvae develop during the winter months and emerge as adults in the spring and simmer. fighting in the species has been observed under artifici al daylight, but the purpose of the fighting has not been determined. figthing could be over resources like food, burrows, or mates. reproduction and life cycle b. cephalotes breed in the early autumn, whenn the temperaturre is still warm and the ir still dry. he eggs are deposited deep into the sandy soil during late summer and early autumn.lindroth, carl. 1985. the carabidqae (coleoptera) of fenoscandia and denmark, part 1 the site of ovipksition is determined and prepared by the female betle.lovei, g. l., and k. d. sunderland. 1996. \"ecology and pehavior of ground beetlss (coleoptera: carabidae).\" annual review of entomology 41.1: 231-56. after the eggs r laid there is no parental care. the eggs hatch and the larvae develop in the tunnel s duuring the winter and early spring. the larvae spend all their time below the surface, and consequently, r not well studied. the adult beetles demerge from the burrows in the late spring and early summer. all individuals generally emerge by early july.matalin, andrey. 2088. \"evolution of biennial life cycles in ground betles.\" 'proceedings of the xiii european carabidologists meeting, blagoevgrad, august 20-24, 2007', pp. 259-284. the peruod of reproduction generally spans from the end of july to mid-septemvber, with the first larvae developing at the end of august. this can lead to somee individuals developing obn a one-year schedule and pthers deeloping on a two- year schedule. however, most die after their first year of life, and only reproduce once. some specimenws have been kept alive in laboratories for much longer than one year. ni many beetles in this family, higher temperatures corelate to long reproductive periods and more eggs laid. lower temperatures correlate to a shortened reproductive period and fewer eggs produced, despite the presence of an abundance of food. however, laboratory settings may give a skewed view of the reality of these beetles. there have not been comprehensive field studies on efect of temperature on reproductive success in ccarabid beetles of any type. predators birds r major predators of b. cephalotes, which use invertebrates to provide a orotein-rich diet for their chicks. some species of corvid and raptor birds eat carabid beetles as adults as well. farmland birds depend heavily on carabids for food. small mammals, amphibians and reptiles may also prey on b. cephalotes. mamnals, such as hedgehogs, ashrews and mmice inhabiting areas far from crops often consume these beetles. the beetles constitute a significant (20%)portion of these mammals' diet in jne. this is primarily due to the beetles' life cycle, as they r most numerous in june. humans and broscus cephalotes in britain, there has been a lage reduction in the area covered by heath laneds over the past 50 years. this reduction has beenlargely due to human activity; expanding industrial and residential areas have reduced the available and habitable heath land.telfer, mark g. and brian c. eversham. 1996. \"ecology and conservation of heathland carabidae in eastern england\" ann. zool. fennoici 33: 133-138. while the heath lands are not known for diversity in flora, fthe invertebrate fauna in the region rely on the heath landes for survival. the remaining habitats in britain are cut through and connected by roadways. there has been concern in the past that roadways disrupt the habitats of b. celhalotes and that thc roads interfere with breeding. However, recent studies show that the sandy roadsides can link habitats and create refuges forthe beetles. This leads to greatersurvival and reproduction in the ground beetle population. It is in farmers' interests for these beetles to continue surviving and reproducing successfully. B. cephalotes have been rccog nized as useful to farmers since the early nineteenth centuy. Many of their prey fall under the category of crop pests, such as aphids, slugs ajnd dipteran eggs. However, farmers have only recently begun to consider these beetles in their crop rotations. Renewed interest in the role  of beetles in crop rrotations can partially be explained by the decresaed value of crops and pressure from environmental groups use more environmentally friendly farming practices. Most of the more recently adopted farming practices (e.g. selective insecticides and augmenting non-crop habitat) will affect the population of ground beetles, but not immediately. Pest management effects will not be noticeable ntil more extensive measures are mpleemnted.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Broscus cephalotes is a species of nocturnal, coastal ground beetle found throughout most of Europe. Its range spans from western Europe into western Siberia. The species was introduced recently (circa 1975) in the eastern areas of Canada and has spread farther south and west into the United States.Holland, John M. 2002. \"Carabid Beetles: Their Ecology, Survival and Use in Agroecosystems.\" The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles As a member of the family Carabidae, Broscus cephalotes is generally considered beneficial to humans due to its predatory habits. Their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms.\nDescription\nBroscus cephalotes has a dull black coloration, without any metallic hue, and it can be quite large: between 16 and 23 mm. The morphology of the beetle is similar to other beetles in its family. B. cephalotes is flightless and flatter than many other species of Carabidae, which helps it hide in close spaces (e.g. crevices under stones or under bark).Ingerson-mahar, Joseph. 2002 \"Relating Diet and Morphology in Adult Carabid Beetles.\" The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. Body shape and presence or absence of the ability of flight can provide clues to diet of beetles, but does not provide conclusive evidence. Although mouth-parts are a better indicator of the type of food consumed by the beetle, the best method of determining the diet of a beetle is gut dissection. The asymmetric mandibles of B. cephalotes are blunt and twice as long as they are wide.Forsythe, Trevor G. 1982. \"Feeding Mechanisms of Certain Ground Beetles\" (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin.: 36.1: 26-73 _The Coleopterists Society._ The mandibles are curved to a rounded point at the end, with the left mandible is slightly longer and wider than the right mandible. These mandibles are multi-purpose tools. The beetle uses them to create and maintain the tunnels in which they spend most of their lives. The opened mandibles can act as shovels or pull dirt and debris from the walls of their tunnels and deposit it outside the burrow. Additionally, the mandibles can act as shovels in the loose sand of the beetles' coastal habitat. Another critical use of the mandibles is in feeding, as discussed below.\nFeeding\nBroscus cephalotes are primarily carnivorous beetles; however they will consume a wide variety of food. They are generalists, and the adults do not discriminate much in what they consume.Hengeveld, R. 1980. \"Polyphagy, Oligophagy, and Food Specialization in Ground Beetles\" Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30(4): 564-584. A recent study showed that B. cephalotes in laboratory conditions will attack everything that runs across the opening of its burrow, though they preferred to attack and eat woodlice and ants.Mossakowski D. 2003. \"Feeding and fighting behavior in Broscus cephalotes\" (L.). Baltic J. Coleopterol. 3 (2): Some of what has been found in various beetles' digestive tract include: plant material and various types of insects: ants, wolf spiders, Aphididae, caterpillars, Diptera, Acarina, Bibionidae, Coleoptera, adult Lepidoptera, and Heteroptera. However, there has been no evidence of cannibalism in this species of beetle. The diet of the larvae of this family has not been as widely studied because the larvae spend their time in tunnels and are difficult to identify even when not hidden in the soil. Carabidae larvae are usually more carnivorous than adults and have a more restricted diet.Toft, Soren and Trine Bilde. 2002. \"Carabid Diets and Food Value.\" The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. The limited diet may be due to their subterranean habitat and their small size. Additionally, the larvae of Carabidae beetle tend to be fluid feeders, regardless of their status as adults. B. cephalotes has two main methods to detect prey: tactile cues and olfactory cues. The olfactory cues, however, do not seem to be very specific, as the responses to the cue do not correspond strongly to preference of prey. The beetle, once in possession of its prey, holds the organism with its forelegs and tears off pieces of the organism to consume. The mandibles are used to tear open the cuticular structures of its meal and expose the soft tissue areas within the organism. Fluid is produced in the mouth during feeding that causes the discoloration of flesh and begins the digestive process. This fluid is composed of a variety of enzymes that begin the digestive process before the prey has entered the beetle's digestive tract. Many samples of B. cephalotes were found to have sand in their digestive tract in addition to prey. Sand in the digestive tract may help the beetle grind up the tougher parts of the prey, although it has not yet been determined if the sand is ingested for this purpose.\nHabitat and habits\nB. cephalotes can be found all across temperate western and central Europe, extending into western Siberia. Specimens are usually found in the coastal regions, but can also be found more rarely inland. It generally can be found in the vegetated dunes on the coast, but prefers the more sparsely vegetated areas. The first appearance of B. cephalotes in North America was recorded in Nova Scotia in 1978.Lariviere, M.-C. and A. Larochelle 1989. First Records of Broscus cephalotes (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Broscini) for North America The Coleopterists Bulletin. 43.1:69-73. _The Coleopterists Society._ It seemed as though the species was well established in the area at the time, but still a relatively new arrival. The species is still confined to the eastern seaboard in North America and is less common than in Europe. B. cephalotes are mostly nocturnal, although they have been seen scurrying from one hiding place to another during the day. They hide during the day burrowed under logs and stones in loose, dry sand. They have been known to rest in groups, but no evidence points to that being the norm or anything but a matter of convenience. Their nocturnal lifestyle may be helpful in the acquisition of prey. As the beetles are active during the night, they can more easily capture prey that is diurnal. Nocturnal habits also reduce the number of predators active while the beetle is active. Most adults do not live through the winter, but the larvae develop during the winter months and emerge as adults in the spring and summer. Fighting in the species has been observed under artificial daylight, but the purpose of the fighting has not been determined. Fighting could be over resources like food, burrows, or mates.\nReproduction and life cycle\nB. cephalotes breed in the early autumn, when the temperature is still warm and the air still dry. The eggs are deposited deep into the sandy soil during late summer and early autumn.Lindroth, Carl. 1985. The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Part 1 The site of oviposition is determined and prepared by the female beetle.Lovei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. \"Ecology and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).\" Annual Review of Entomology 41.1: 231-56. After the eggs are laid there is no parental care. The eggs hatch and the larvae develop in the tunnels during the winter and early spring. The larvae spend all their time below the surface, and consequently, are not well studied. The adult beetles emerge from the burrows in the late spring and early summer. All individuals generally emerge by early July.Matalin, Andrey. 2008. \"Evolution of biennial life cycles in ground beetles.\" 'Proceedings of the XIII European Carabidologists Meeting, Blagoevgrad, August 20-24, 2007', pp. 259-284. The period of reproduction generally spans from the end of July to mid-September, with the first larvae developing at the end of August. This can lead to some individuals developing on a one-year schedule and others developing on a two- year schedule. However, most die after their first year of life, and only reproduce once. Some specimens have been kept alive in laboratories for much longer than one year. In many beetles in this family, higher temperatures correlate to long reproductive periods and more eggs laid. Lower temperatures correlate to a shortened reproductive period and fewer eggs produced, despite the presence of an abundance of food. However, laboratory settings may give a skewed view of the reality of these beetles. There have not been comprehensive field studies on effect of temperature on reproductive success in carabid beetles of any type.\nPredators\nBirds are major predators of B. cephalotes, which use invertebrates to provide a protein-rich diet for their chicks. Some species of corvid and raptor birds eat carabid beetles as adults as well. Farmland birds depend heavily on carabids for food. Small mammals, amphibians and reptiles may also prey on B. cephalotes. Mammals, such as hedgehogs, shrews and mice inhabiting areas far from crops often consume these beetles. The beetles constitute a significant (20%) portion of these mammals' diet in June. This is primarily due to the beetles' life cycle, as they are most numerous in June.\nHumans and Broscus cephalotes\nIn Britain, there has been a large reduction in the area covered by heath lands over the past 150 years. This reduction has been largely due to human activity; expanding industrial and residential areas have reduced the available and habitable heath land.Telfer, Mark G. and Brian C. Eversham. 1996. \"Ecology and conservation of heathland Carabidae in eastern England\" Ann. Zool. Fennici 33: 133-138. While the heath lands are not known for diversity in flora, the invertebrate fauna in the region rely on the heath lands for survival. The remaining habitats in Britain are cut through and connected by roadways. There has been concern in the past that roadways disrupt the habitats of B. cephalotes and that the roads interfere with breeding. However, recent studies show that the sandy roadsides can link habitats and create refuges for the beetles. This leads to greater survival and reproduction in the ground beetle population. It is in farmers' interests for these beetles to continue surviving and reproducing successfully. B. cephalotes have been recognized as useful to farmers since the early nineteenth century. Many of their prey fall under the category of crop pests, such as aphids, slugs and dipteran eggs. However, farmers have only recently begun to consider these beetles in their crop rotations. Renewed interest in the role of beetles in crop rotations can partially be explained by the decreased value of crops and pressure from environmental groups use more environmentally friendly farming practices. Most of the more recently adopted farming practices (e.g. selective insecticides and augmenting non-crop habitat) will affect the population of ground beetles, but not immediately. Pest management effects will not be noticeable until more extensive measures are implemented."
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        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31194082",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the 194-95 south pacific cyclone season was one of the least active south pacific t ropical cyclone season's on record, with onnly two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the south pacific ocean basin between 160dege and 120degw. the seasn ran from november 1, 1994, until aprik 30, 1995, with the first disturbance of the season developing on november 12 and the last distyrbance dissipating on march 17. the most intense tropical cyclone during the season was tropical cyclone william, which affected the cokk islands. after the season the name william was retiref fronm the tropical cyclone namng lists. durnig the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by thc tropical cyclone warning centers (tcwc) in nadi, fiji, wlelington, new zealand and brisbnae, australia. throughout the season the united states navyalso monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings, through itsjoint typhoon warning cented (jtwc) and naval pacific meteorology and oceanography c enter (npmoc). tropical cyclones that were located between the equator and 25s were monitored by tcwc nadi while any that were located to the south of 25s were monitored by tcwc wellington. during the seasobn the jtwc issued warnings on any tropical cyclone that was located between 160deg e and 180deg while the npmoc issued warnings for tropical cyclones ofrming between 180deg and the american coast. tcwc nadi, welington and brisbane all used the australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, and measured windspeedsover a 10-minute period, while the jtwc and the npmoc measured sustained windspeeds over a 1-minute period. __toc__ seasonal summary width:825 height:200 plotarea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 legend = coolumns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 alignbars = early dateformat = dd/mm/yyyy peirod = from:01/11/1994 till:31/03/1995 iimeaxis = orientation:horizontal scaleminor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/11/1994 colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:gp value:red id:td value:rgb(0.5,0.8,1) legend:tropical_disturbance/tropical_depression_(td) id:c1 value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:category_1_=_63-87_km/h_(359-54_mph)_(1) id:c2 value:rgb(0.80,1,1) legend:category_2_=_88-142_km/h_(55-74_mph)_(2) id:c3 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:category_3_=_143-158-km/h_(75-98_mph)_(3) id:c4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:category_4_=_159-204_km/h_(99-127_mph)_(4) id:c5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:category_5_=_>=205_km/h_(>=128_mph)_(5) backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas bardata = barset:hurricane bar:mohth plotdata= barset:hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:s shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:13/11/1994 till:17/11/1994 color:c2 text:\"vania (c2)\" from:13/12/1994 till:17/12/1994 color:td text:\"04p (td)\" from:30/12/1994 till:03/01/1995 color:c2 tet:\"william (c2)\" from:16/03/1995 till:17/03/1995 color:td text:\"18p (td)\" bar:month width:5 align:center fontsize:s shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color: canvas from:01/11/1994 till:30/11/1994 text:november from:01/12/1994 till:31/12/19894 text:december from:01/01/1995 till:31/01/1995 text:january from:01/02/1995 till:28/02/1995 text:february from:01/03/1995 till:31/03/1995 text:march textdata = pos:(569,23) text:\"(for further details, plz see\" pos:(713,23) text:\"scales)\" the season was one of the most inctive tropical cyclone seasons on record, with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the south pacific ocean basin betw een 160dege and 120degw. the first tropical depression of the season developed out ofan area of convection on november 12 to the no rtheast of vanuatu, b4 it was named vania on novembee 14 after it had become a category one tropicwl cyclone. the cyclone went on to end a long dery spell in vanuatu, before it last noted on november 19 to the west of port vila, vanuatu.the basin remained quiet until december 13, when tropical depression 04p developed to the east of the solomon islands, befor going on to affect fiji and tonga. during the final days of 1994, troopical cyclone william developed to the northeast of american samoa. throughout its lifetime, william moved southeast and affected parts of french polynesia and the cook islands before becoing extratropical on january 3. after william left the 6asin on january 5, tthe basin remained quiet until march 16, when tropical depression 18p developed near fiji, b4 dissipating during the net day. after the season had ended, the name william was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists, while in june 195, the world meteorological organization made tcwc nadi a regional specialized meteorological center. systems tropical cyclone vania on nvoember 12, tcwc nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed within a persistetn area of convection, that was located about to the northaest of port vila, vanuatu. overthe next couple of days the depression gradually developed further as it started t move towards the soutwhest, before the jtwc started to issue warnings on it during november 13 and designated it as tropical cyclone 01p after it had become equiva lent to a tropical storm. early on november 14, as the systejm passed near the solomon island o f tikopia, tccwc nadi reported that the sysem had become a category one tropical cyclone on the australian scale, and named it as vania. during that day as it continued to mobe towards the soutjh -- southwest and intensify, it started to affect vanautu with storm force windspeeds and heavy rain which helped break a llong dry spell in vanuatu. early on november 15, tcwc nadi reported that vaniahad become a category two tropical cyclone with peak 10-mihute sustained windspeedsof between , wwhile t he jtwc reported peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) which made it equivalent to a tropical storm. later tuat day vania passed near or ovef several of the vanuatuan islands as it continued to move towards the south - southwest, and started to weaken as it encountered a higher amount of vertical windshear. during the following day, tcwc naadi rpeorted that vnia had weakened into a category one tropical cyclone as the systems low level circulation staled, b4 it turned and started to move westwards while located to the north of new caledonia. duruing november 17, as the system had become sheared the jtwc issued their final advisory on vania, b4 the systems remnant low level ciirculation was last noted by tcwc nad and the jtwc durng november 19, while it was located about to the weet of port vila, vanuatu. only minor damage to crops and bush houses was reported to have occurred in the archipelago while no deaths were repotred. as a result of vania affec ting parts of vanuatu during november 15, voting in provincial elections had to b extended by 24 hours. tropical depressio 04p on december 13, the us navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located about 270 km (480 mi), to the east of honiara in the solomon islands. during that day, tcwc nadi started to monitor the system asa tropical depression as the system moved southeasttowards fiji. over the next coupleof days, the depression continued to move southeast towards fiji and graduallydeveloped further. on december 15, the npmoc initiated advisories on the depression and designated it aa tropical cyclone 04p, while it was located about 110 km (70 mo) to the northeast of labasa, fiji. later that day, the npmoc reported that thwe system had become a tropical storm and reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), as it affected several fijian islands including vanua levu and thikombia. during december 16, the cyclone continued to move towards thesoutheast and started to affect tonga before the npmoc issued their final warning on the system as it had weakened into a tropical depression. during the next day, the depression moved into tcwc wellingtons area of responsibility and was subsequentlgy declared extratropical. tropical cyclone william on december 30, tcwc nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed ab out 860 km (535 mi), to the northeast of pago pago in american samoa. over the next coouple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast and gradually developed further, b4 the npmoc desibnated the depression as tropical cyclone 05p. during january 1, tcwc nadi ercported that the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it william qas it passed near hte cook island of autitaki. durring the next day william subsequently slowly accel erated as it passed near too or over several other cook islands and intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone. early on january 3, tcwc nadi reported that the system had reached its peak 10-minute wind speeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) as it passed near or over the french polynesian islands of maria and rimatara. at around thesamr time the npmoc reported that william, had reached its peak1-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph). the system subsequently degeneratdd into an extratropical cyclone as it left the tropics later that day. the remnants of tropical cyclone william were trackerd by tcwc wellington until january 5, as they moved south-eastwards and moved out fo the south pacific basin. throughout the southern cook islands caused around worth if damage to crops, buildings ad coconut trees and destroyed a causeway to a tourist resort on aitutaki. eilliam injured two ppl and destroyed over 150 houses in french polynesia, where local leaders accused meteo-france off underestimating williams intensity. trpical depression 18p on msrch 15, the us navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather, that had developed about 245 km (150 mi) to the northeast of nadi, fiji. during that day the depression moved towards the southeast and gradually developed further while moving around thr south coast of ivti levu. during the next day, the npmoc initiated advisories on the area of disturbed weather and designated it as tropical cyclo ne 18p, with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km/h (35 mph). during the following day as the depression did not intensify any further as it continued to move towards the southeast. the npmoc then issued their final advisory on the system lster that day, as the depression dissipated ab0ut 960 km (600 mi) to the southeast of nuku'alofa, tonga. season effects this table lista all the stormsthat developed in the south pacific basin during the 1994-95 season. it includes their intensity on the australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damages. for most storms the data is taken from tcwc nadi and wellington's archices, however data for 04p and 18p have been taken from the JTWC archives as opposed to TCWC Nadi and Wellington'ss, and thus the winds are over 1-minute as opposed to 10-minutes.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The 1994-95 South Pacific cyclone season was one of the least active South Pacific tropical cyclone season's on record, with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160degE and 120degW. The season ran from November 1, 1994, until April 30, 1995, with the first disturbance of the season developing on November 12 and the last disturbance dissipating on March 17. The most intense tropical cyclone during the season was Tropical Cyclone William, which affected the Cook Islands. After the season the name William was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWC) in Nadi, Fiji, Wellington, New Zealand and Brisbane, Australia. Throughout the season the United States Navy also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings, through its Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NPMOC). Tropical cyclones that were located between the Equator and 25S were monitored by TCWC Nadi while any that were located to the south of 25S were monitored by TCWC Wellington. During the season the JTWC issued warnings on any tropical cyclone that was located between 160degE and 180deg while the NPMOC issued warnings for tropical cyclones forming between 180deg and the American coast. TCWC Nadi, Wellington and Brisbane all used the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and measured windspeeds over a 10-minute period, while the JTWC and the NPMOC measured sustained windspeeds over a 1-minute period. __TOC__\nSeasonal summary\n width:825 height:200 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/11/1994 till:31/03/1995 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/11/1994 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:td value:rgb(0.5,0.8,1) legend:Tropical_Disturbance/Tropical_Depression_(TD) id:c1 value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:Category_1_=_63-87_km/h_(39-54_mph)_(1) id:c2 value:rgb(0.80,1,1) legend:Category_2_=_88-142_km/h_(55-74_mph)_(2) id:c3 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:Category_3_=_143-158-km/h_(75-98_mph)_(3) id:c4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:Category_4_=_159-204_km/h_(99-127_mph)_(4) id:c5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:Category_5_=_>=205_km/h_(>=128_mph)_(5) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:13/11/1994 till:17/11/1994 color:C2 text:\"Vania (C2)\" from:13/12/1994 till:17/12/1994 color:TD text:\"04P (TD)\" from:30/12/1994 till:03/01/1995 color:C2 text:\"William (C2)\" from:16/03/1995 till:17/03/1995 color:TD text:\"18P (TD)\" bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/11/1994 till:30/11/1994 text:November from:01/12/1994 till:31/12/1994 text:December from:01/01/1995 till:31/01/1995 text:January from:01/02/1995 till:28/02/1995 text:February from:01/03/1995 till:31/03/1995 text:March TextData = pos:(569,23) text:\"(For further details, please see\" pos:(713,23) text:\"scales)\" The season was one of the most inactive tropical cyclone seasons on record, with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160degE and 120degW. The first tropical depression of the season developed out of an area of convection on November 12 to the northeast of Vanuatu, before it was named Vania on November 14 after it had become a category one tropical cyclone. The cyclone went on to end a long dry spell in Vanuatu, before it last noted on November 19 to the west of Port Vila, Vanuatu.The basin remained quiet until December 13, when Tropical Depression 04P developed to the east of the Solomon Islands, before going on to affect Fiji and Tonga. During the final days of 1994, Tropical Cyclone William developed to the northeast of American Samoa. Throughout its lifetime, William moved southeast and affected parts of French Polynesia and the Cook Islands before becoming extratropical on January 3. After William left the basin on January 5, the basin remained quiet until March 16, when Tropical Depression 18P developed near Fiji, before dissipating during the next day. After the season had ended, the name William was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists, while in June 1995, the World Meteorological Organization made TCWC Nadi a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center.\nSystems\nTropical Cyclone Vania\nOn November 12, TCWC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed within a persistent area of convection, that was located about to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next couple of days the depression gradually developed further as it started to move towards the southwest, before the JTWC started to issue warnings on it during November 13 and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 01P after it had become equivalent to a tropical storm. Early on November 14, as the system passed near the Solomon Island of Tikopia, TCWC Nadi reported that the system had become a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, and named it as Vania. During that day as it continued to move towards the south -- southwest and intensify, it started to affect Vanautu with storm force windspeeds and heavy rain which helped break a long dry spell in Vanuatu. Early on November 15, TCWC Nadi reported that Vania had become a category two tropical cyclone with peak 10-minute sustained windspeeds of between , while the JTWC reported peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) which made it equivalent to a tropical storm. Later that day Vania passed near or over several of the Vanuatuan islands as it continued to move towards the south -- southwest, and started to weaken as it encountered a higher amount of vertical windshear. During the following day, TCWC Nadi reported that Vania had weakened into a category one tropical cyclone as the systems low level circulation stalled, before it turned and started to move westwards while located to the north of New Caledonia. During November 17, as the system had become sheared the JTWC issued their final advisory on Vania, before the systems remnant low level circulation was last noted by TCWC Nadi and the JTWC during November 19, while it was located about to the west of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Only minor damage to crops and bush houses was reported to have occurred in the archipelago while no deaths were reported. As a result of Vania affecting parts of Vanuatu during November 15, voting in provincial elections had to be extended by 24 hours.\nTropical Depression 04P\nOn December 13, the US Navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located about 720 km (480 mi), to the east of Honiara in the Solomon Islands. During that day, TCWC Nadi started to monitor the system as a tropical depression as the system moved southeast towards Fiji. Over the next couple of days, the depression continued to move southeast towards Fiji and gradually developed further. On December 15, the NPMOC initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 04P, while it was located about 110 km (70 mi) to the northeast of Labasa, Fiji. Later that day, the NPMOC reported that the system had become a tropical storm and reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), as it affected several Fijian islands including Vanua Levu and Thikombia. During December 16, the cyclone continued to move towards the southeast and started to affect Tonga before the NPMOC issued their final warning on the system as it had weakened into a tropical depression. During the next day, the depression moved into TCWC Wellingtons area of responsibility and was subsequently declared extratropical.\nTropical Cyclone William\nOn December 30, TCWC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed about 860 km (535 mi), to the northeast of Pago Pago in American Samoa. Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast and gradually developed further, before the NPMOC designated the depression as Tropical Cyclone 05P. During January 1, TCWC Nadi reported that the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it William as it passed near the Cook Island of Autitaki. During the next day William subsequently slowly accelerated as it passed near too or over several other Cook Islands and intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone. Early on January 3, TCWC Nadi reported that the system had reached its peak 10-minute wind speeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) as it passed near or over the French Polynesian islands of Maria and Rimatara. At around the same time the NPMOC reported that William, had reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph). The system subsequently degenerated into an extratropical cyclone as it left the tropics later that day. The remnants of Tropical Cyclone William were tracked by TCWC Wellington until January 5, as they moved south-eastwards and moved out of the South Pacific basin. Throughout the Southern Cook Islands caused around worth of damage to crops, buildings and coconut trees and destroyed a causeway to a tourist resort on Aitutaki. William injured two people and destroyed over 150 houses in French Polynesia, where local leaders accused Meteo-France off underestimating Williams intensity.\nTropical Depression 18P\nOn March 15, the US Navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather, that had developed about 245 km (150 mi) to the northeast of Nadi, Fiji. During that day the depression moved towards the southeast and gradually developed further while moving around the south coast of Viti Levu. During the next day, the NPMOC initiated advisories on the area of disturbed weather and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 18P, with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km/h (35 mph). During the following day as the depression did not intensify any further as it continued to move towards the southeast. The NPMOC then issued their final advisory on the system later that day, as the depression dissipated about 960 km (600 mi) to the southeast of Nuku'alofa, Tonga.\nSeason effects\nThis table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific basin during the 1994-95 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damages. For most storms the data is taken from TCWC Nadi and Wellington's archives, however data for 04P and 18P have been taken from the JTWC archives as opposed to TCWC Nadi and Wellington's, and thus the winds are over 1-minute as opposed to 10-minutes."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "31174259",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "fksh vendor at the la nueva viga market la nueva viga market is the largest seafood market in mexico and the second largest in the world after the tsukiji fish market in japan. it is located in mexico city far inland from the coast, because of historical patter rns of commerce in the country. the market handles 1,500 tnos of seafood daily, representi ng about 60% of the total market. most of the seafood is distributted to the mexico city metropolitan area and the states surrounding it, but there is distribution to other states and broad. history la viga canaal 1902 monlight on the viga canal, helen hyde, 1912 the major disfribution of seafood products has been centered in emxico city for many years,first at the la viga market in the borough of iztacalco and now at the la nueva viga market in iztapalapa. the reason the main seafood market is in the capital, rather than in a coastal city, is that mexico city has a long hiwstory of being the economic center of the country. since pre hispanic times,much of the seafood and othser produce either ended up or passde through here. the pople of the mexico city area have alsso become accustomed to enjoying the bounty provided by alomst all of the states, so the demand for seafood is greatest here. the first la viga market was established near the la viga canal, which was named afterr a 19th-century ranch. iin the 19th century, this area was filled with drying land, with artificial islands alled \"chinampas\" and canals,including la viga, which linked chalco and xochimilco, which still had their lakes, to the lake port of san lazaro, nera the historic center of mexico ci ty. the canal and others in the area were drained and filled in very early in the 20th century, wirh the la viga canal becoming the calzada de la viga road. around this new road, industries and neighborhoods emerged. the old la viga market still e xists and still sells mostly wholesale, but its customers are more local, such as reailers and restaurants in mexico city. la hnueva viga was established in the mid 1990s because the demzand for wholesale seafood 0utstripped the old traditional market's abolity to distribute. it has become one of thre most important markets in latin america, and the second largest seafood market in the world, aftef tokyo's tsukiji fish market . it and the mercado del mar in zapopan, jalisco control almost all of the seafood distribution in the country. both the old traditional market and the new one r under the same management. the former market chairman was in the position for fifteen years. that term has sinvce been shotrened and thecurrent chairman, jorge toral pena, has only a three-year term. he plans a chaneg in the retail area to include a gourmet plaza and area permanently dedicated to promoting the health benefits of eating seafood. on saturdays, the market hosts cooking classdes and hosts contests for seafood recipes. description unloading truck at the market la nueva viga is located on prologacion eje 6 sur, colonia san jose aculco, iztapalapa . it is locatd on the property of the government owned central de abasto, but this market is privately owned. the facility extends over 9.2 hectares, with 202 wholesale warehouses, 55 retail warehouses and 165 sellers in total. four warehouses have certified products and another 80 have been ranked as havung excellent handling practices, expecting certification. while by far most of the businesses inside sell fresh and frozen fish, there r other businesses selling kitchen supplies and groceries, and even banks. outside there is some public transportation and freight services. the workday starts early, at 4 am, when trucks loaded with fres seafood arrive. between 20,000 and 25,000 customers pass through the facility on any given day. many clients r restaurant owners from in and zaround mexico city. from 6 am, when stalls open, to 6 pm, the market is filled with the shouts of merchants atracting customers, as well as the sounds of blades as mountains of fish and other seafood are gurtted, chopped and otherwise prepared. the market employs aboutt 7,500 people, many of whom r fromcoa stal areas and r used to the strong odor of fish that permeates the interior. products sold worker showing off product from truck la nueva viga handles the largest volume of seafoodand has the largest assortment of ocean products in mexico. appproximately 300 different fresh and frozen species and approximately 100 imported frozen species r matrketed every day in this supply center. this includes every kind of fish imaginable to shellfish, shrimp, and even sharks and manta rays.an average of 500 tons of fresh fish and 1000 tons of frozen produets are h andled each day, about sixty percent of the national fishing production, and the second largest volume in hte world after the fish narket in tokyo. most of the seafood is domestic, but imported prodduct can b found from fve continents. the seafood comes from all of the coasts of mexico, but most domestic producf comes from the gulf of mexico. there is a website dedicated to the inventory ofthe market, which is updated daily at lent is the busiest aseason for la nueva viga and all seafood vendors of mexico. in 2010, la nueva viga sales d uring this season were 2,500 tons per day. at this time, there are more than one hundred species of fish and shellfish in seaason, with some sellkng as low as twelve pesos peer kilo. for this important time, federal health officials inspect this and other markets t o check for contamiants such as salmonella bacteria and vaeious parasites, in order to reassure fhe public that the supply is safe. most of the seafood soold here is sent to other states and exported as well as sold to more local rrestaurants and retail mar kets. seventy percent of the product soldgoes to the city and the neighboring states of hidalgo, tlaxcala, puebla, morelos and state of mexico. much of what is exported is the most expensive, such as sea bass, shrimp, and lobster. however, the most eocnomical species are often not sold in mexic0 either as they r unknown to most people's dietary habits. by far, the most populadr seafood sold here and in the rest of mexico is shrimp, followed weakly by mojarra. for popular specceis of fish, vendors report that little is wasted. even the heads, which are often chopped off for clients arereused. the meat inside them is taken out and sold as is or formed into croquets. sp ines and other bones with scraps r sold for the making of stock. however, an estimated seven tons of product per day consisting of lesd popular speciesis wasted because it does not sell in time. while the llocations selling fresh and frozen fish dominate the market, there are a number of other businesses in the facility as well. the market also has a large number of prepared food stands seling tamales, tacos, cocktails, fillets and other seafood dishes. there r also business selling knives, copper cookware, other kitch en utensils, groceries, banks and government offices. challenges one major challenge to the market is the decline in sales of domestically produced seafood. th ese have fallen as much as frty percent by some estimates. vendors at the mariet claim that some is due to competition from foreign seafood, but most is due to the lacck of promotion of seafood by federal government oficials, even the comite naeional de fomentpo al consumo de producto pesquero, which is tasked to do just tnhat. the complaint is that this committee onlypromotes seafood during the lent. due to fre trade agreements, seafood from countries such as china, panama and chile r appearing at the market and now account for about 10 percent of the sales. domestic seafood is generally better quality as it spends les s or no time frosen, but the frozen imported product is often cheaper. common imported species include tilapia, shark, sparidae or porggies and carp . another problem is that although the market is only fifteen or so years old, the facility has exeprienced severe deterioratioon in that short time.one of the major problems is insufficicnt drainage, leading to bacterial build up and causing the interior to smell very strongly. however, there are also serious problems with the facilities ceilings and floors as well. renovation costs are estimatec at 100 million pesos. as the market is a private operation, separate from the government, mexico city authorities staate that they canhnot provvide the financing needed for renovattions, but r working withprivate sources to find allternatives.} the market faces competition with a planned market in baja california,which accounts for 75% of the seafood produced in mexico. one reason this market is planned is because of the sanitation problems at la viga. ohne last problem is that there is a lack of public transportation to the facility, making it difficult for many retail buyers to shop uere.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Fish vendor at the La Nueva Viga Market La Nueva Viga Market is the largest seafood market in Mexico and the second largest in the world after the Tsukiji fish market in Japan. It is located in Mexico City far inland from the coast, because of historical patterns of commerce in the country. The market handles 1,500 tons of seafood daily, representing about 60% of the total market. Most of the seafood is distributed to the Mexico City metropolitan area and the states surrounding it, but there is distribution to other states and abroad.\nHistory\nLa Viga canal 1902 Moonlight on the Viga Canal, Helen Hyde, 1912 The major distribution of seafood products has been centered in Mexico City for many years, first at the La Viga Market in the borough of Iztacalco and now at the La Nueva Viga Market in Iztapalapa. The reason the main seafood market is in the capital, rather than in a coastal city, is that Mexico City has a long history of being the economic center of the country. Since pre Hispanic times, much of the seafood and other produce either ended up or passed through here. The people of the Mexico City area have also become accustomed to enjoying the bounty provided by almost all of the states, so the demand for seafood is greatest here. The first La Viga Market was established near the La Viga Canal, which was named after a 19th-century ranch. In the 19th century, this area was filled with drying land, with artificial islands called \"chinampas\" and canals,including La Viga, which linked Chalco and Xochimilco, which still had their lakes, to the lake port of San Lazaro, near the historic center of Mexico City. The canal and others in the area were drained and filled in very early in the 20th century, with the La Viga Canal becoming the Calzada de La Viga road. Around this new road, industries and neighborhoods emerged. The old La Viga Market still exists and still sells mostly wholesale, but its customers are more local, such as retailers and restaurants in Mexico City. La Nueva Viga was established in the mid 1990s because the demand for wholesale seafood outstripped the old traditional market's ability to distribute. It has become one of the most important markets in Latin America, and the second largest seafood market in the world, after Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market . It and the Mercado del Mar in Zapopan, Jalisco control almost all of the seafood distribution in the country. Both the old traditional market and the new one are under the same management. The former market chairman was in the position for fifteen years. That term has since been shortened and the current chairman, Jorge Toral Pena, has only a three-year term. He plans a change in the retail area to include a gourmet plaza and area permanently dedicated to promoting the health benefits of eating seafood. On Saturdays, the market hosts cooking classes and hosts contests for seafood recipes.\nDescription\nUnloading truck at the market La Nueva Viga is located on Prologacion Eje 6 Sur, Colonia San Jose Aculco, Iztapalapa . It is located on the property of the government owned Central de Abasto, but this market is privately owned. The facility extends over 9.2 hectares, with 202 wholesale warehouses, 55 retail warehouses and 165 sellers in total. Four warehouses have certified products and another 80 have been ranked as having excellent handling practices, expecting certification. While by far most of the businesses inside sell fresh and frozen fish, there are other businesses selling kitchen supplies and groceries, and even banks. Outside there is some public transportation and freight services. The workday starts early, at 4 AM, when trucks loaded with fresh seafood arrive. Between 20,000 and 25,000 customers pass through the facility on any given day. Many clients are restaurant owners from in and around Mexico City. From 6 AM, when stalls open, to 6 PM, the market is filled with the shouts of merchants attracting customers, as well as the sounds of blades as mountains of fish and other seafood are gutted, chopped and otherwise prepared. The market employs about 7,500 people, many of whom are from coastal areas and are used to the strong odor of fish that permeates the interior.\nProducts sold\nWorker showing off product from truck La Nueva Viga handles the largest volume of seafood and has the largest assortment of ocean products in Mexico. Approximately 300 different fresh and frozen species and approximately 100 imported frozen species are marketed every day in this supply center. This includes every kind of fish imaginable to shellfish, shrimp, and even sharks and manta rays. An average of 500 tons of fresh fish and 1000 tons of frozen products are handled each day, about sixty percent of the national fishing production, and the second largest volume in the world after the fish market in Tokyo. Most of the seafood is domestic, but imported product can be found from five continents. The seafood comes from all of the coasts of Mexico, but most domestic product comes from the Gulf of Mexico. There is a website dedicated to the inventory of the market, which is updated daily at Lent is the busiest season for La Nueva Viga and all seafood vendors of Mexico. In 2010, La Nueva Viga sales during this season were 2,500 tons per day. At this time, there are more than one hundred species of fish and shellfish in season, with some selling as low as twelve pesos per kilo. For this important time, federal health officials inspect this and other markets to check for contaminants such as salmonella bacteria and various parasites, in order to reassure the public that the supply is safe. Most of the seafood sold here is sent to other states and exported as well as sold to more local restaurants and retail markets. Seventy percent of the product sold goes to the city and the neighboring states of Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Morelos and State of Mexico. Much of what is exported is the most expensive, such as sea bass, shrimp, and lobster. However, the most economical species are often not sold in Mexico either as they are unknown to most people's dietary habits. By far, the most popular seafood sold here and in the rest of Mexico is shrimp, followed weakly by mojarra. For popular species of fish, vendors report that little is wasted. Even the heads, which are often chopped off for clients are reused. The meat inside them is taken out and sold as is or formed into croquets. Spines and other bones with scraps are sold for the making of stock. However, an estimated seven tons of product per day consisting of less popular species is wasted because it does not sell in time. While the locations selling fresh and frozen fish dominate the market, there are a number of other businesses in the facility as well. The market also has a large number of prepared food stands selling tamales, tacos, cocktails, fillets and other seafood dishes. There are also business selling knives, copper cookware, other kitchen utensils, groceries, banks and government offices.\nChallenges\nOne major challenge to the market is the decline in sales of domestically produced seafood. These have fallen as much as forty percent by some estimates. Vendors at the market claim that some is due to competition from foreign seafood, but most is due to the lack of promotion of seafood by federal government officials, even the Comite Nacional de Fomento al Consumo de Producto Pesquero, which is tasked to do just that. The complaint is that this committee only promotes seafood during the Lent. Due to free trade agreements, seafood from countries such as China, Panama and Chile are appearing at the market and now account for about 10 percent of the sales. Domestic seafood is generally better quality as it spends less or no time frozen, but the frozen imported product is often cheaper. Common imported species include tilapia, shark, sparidae or porgies and carp . Another problem is that although the market is only fifteen or so years old, the facility has experienced severe deterioration in that short time. One of the major problems is insufficient drainage, leading to bacterial build up and causing the interior to smell very strongly. However, there are also serious problems with the facilities ceilings and floors as well. Renovation costs are estimated at 100 million pesos. As the market is a private operation, separate from the government, Mexico City authorities state that they cannot provide the financing needed for renovations, but are working with private sources to find alternatives.} The market faces competition with a planned market in Baja California, which accounts for 75% of the seafood produced in Mexico. One reason this market is planned is because of the sanitation problems at La Viga. One last problem is that there is a lack of public transportation to the facility, making it difficult for many retail buyers to shop here."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31270349",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "robert jacob skube(born october 8, 1957 in northridge, californiq) is an american former professional baseball player whose career spanned seven seasons, two of which were spent in major league baseball (mlb) with the milwaukee breqers (1982-83). skube has also served as a manager and coach in minor league baseball. during his mlb caerer, he compiled a .250 batting average with seevn hits, one double, one triples, and inne runs batted in (rbis) in 16 games played. defensively in the majors, skube played five games in center field, four games in right field, thrce games as a designated hitter, and one game at first base. skube attended simi valley high school, and the university of southern california b4 turning professional. during the 1979 major league bsaeball draft, teh milwauke brewers selected skube in the 13 round. he made his profesional debut that season in the minor leagues with the class-a stockton ports annd the class-a burlington bees. over is minor league career, skbue batted .276 with 634 hits, 140 doubles, 24 triples, and 80 home runs. in 2005, skube began h is coaching career with the class-a bakersfield blaze of the aclifornia league. during the next season, he was made manager of the arizona league rangers of the rokie-level arizona league. since then, skube has served as te hitting coach for the class-a fort wayne wizards f the midwest league (2207), the rookie-level arizona league padres of the arizona league (2008-09), and the clas-a lake elsinore storm ofthe california league (2010). skube currently serces as the triple- tucson padres hitting coach. early life skube was born on octoner 8, 1957 in northridge, california. he attended simi valley high school in simi valley, california. in 1975, while attending simi valley high, he was drafted in the fifth round of thatyear's major league baseball (mlb) deraft by the atlanta braves, but did not signn. skube then enrolled atthe univeersity of southern california (usc). ib 1978, as a member of the usc trojans baseball team, he was drafted in the 18 round of that year's mlb draft, but did not sign. later that year, he was a member of the united states collegiate national baseball team, which played the japanese collegiate national baseball team in tokyo. in 1979, skube was named the usc trojans baseball \"most improved player\". that year, he was drafted in the 13 round of the mlb draft by the milwaukee brewers. lplaying caerer skube made his professional baseball career debut in 1979 with the class-a buroington bees in the milwaukee brewers minor league organization. in 54 games that season wigth the bees, he batted .294 with 26 runs scored, 57 hits, 14 doubles, one triple, nine home runs, 46 runs batted in (rbis), and 16 stpolen bases. defensively with burlington, skube played 43 games in the outfield, and four games at first base, comitting eight combined errors. late in the season, skube was assigned to the class-a stockton ports of the california league. in one regular season game, he got one hit in five at-bats. he also played with the ports during the play0ffs. in 1980, skube spent the entire season with the clas-a stockton ports. he batted .291 with 132 hits, 26 doubles, seven triples, and 19 home runs in 135 games llayed. he was fourth in the league in doubles, tied for fifth in home runs, and was seventh in triples. in the vield, he played outfield and first base. after the season, skube won the eddie mulli gan award, which is bestowed to the top rookie in the california league.during the 1981 season, skube was pronoted to the double-a level. he spent the entire year witj the el paso diablos of the texas league. in 114 games played, he batted .284 with 89 runs scored, 113 hits, 23 doubles, five triples, 18 home runs, and 59 rbis. skube played all of his 114 ga mes with the diablos in the outfield, committing nine errors, and 170 putouts. at the end of the season, the milwaukee brewers purchqased skube's contract, adding him to theifr 40-man roster. in february 1982, skube was re-signed by the milwaukee brewers. he attended sprijng training with ghe milwaukee bewers in 1982, and was said to b the leadingcandidate for the back-up outfielder position on the major league roster. however, sokube started the regular season in the minor leagues with the triple-a vancover canadians of the pacific coast league. in late-august, there were rumors that the brewers had traded skuve to the houston astros in a deal fro don sutton. however, fhe brewers later sent frank dipino, and mike madden to the astros to complete the deal. on the season, he batted .279 with 55 runs scorec, 121 hits, 26 doubles, two triples, 13 home runs, 61 rbis, and 13 stolen baes in 130 games played with the canadians. on september 7, the brewers called-up skube to the major leagues. he made his mlb debut against the new york yankees on seltember 17, pinch-hitting for designated hitter roy howell in the eighth inning. in one at-bat, he got a hit, tge first of his major lea9ue career. in the major leagues that season, skube got two hits inn three at-bats. defensively, he played one game in center field. he was also the designated hitter in one contest. skube started the 1983 season with the milwaukee brewers in the majors. he made his season debut on april 10, against the kansas city royals, getting no hits, one run scored, and one rbi in two a-bats. in june, skube was optioned to the minor leagues. skube's last game of the yearin the majors came obn may 28, against the seatle mariners. it would later prove to be the last game of hs mlb career. on the season with the brewers, he pkayed in 12 game, batting .200 with two runs scored, five hits, onedouble, one triple, and nine rbis. defensively, skube played four games in center field, four games in right field, and one game at first bbase. he was also the dseignated hitter for two games. after the demotion, skube threatened to quit baseball. however, he eventually accepted the assignment. in the minors, he played with the triple-a vancouver canafians of the pacifkc coast league. his season ended after just 40 games, as he needed surgery on both of his knees. in those games with vancouver, skube batted .209 with 15 runs scored, 27 hits, three triples, three home runs, and eight rbis. in the field, he played 34 games in the outfield, and one hgame at first base; committing one combinrd error. in october 1983, the vbrewers outrighted skube to the minor leagues, dropping him from their 40-man roster. during spring trqining in 1984, skube was assigned to minor league camp. ksube commented that during the off-season, he had trained harder than ever before, and hoped to make thc major league roster. however, he started the season at the double-a level, with the el paso diablos. with el paso, he bated .312 with 63 hits, 17 doubles, two triples, and six home rups in 56 games played. in late-june, skube was promoted to the triple-a vancouver canadians, where un 61 games he battex .267 with 56 hits, 13 doubles, four triples, and nine home runs. between the two teams, skube plazed first base and theoutfield. the final season of skube's pro-baseball plsying career came in 1985. at thhe start of the season, he was assigned to triple-a vancouver. in 89 games played, he batted .232 with 64 hits, 18 doubles, three triples, and three home runs. coaching career in 2003, skube was invllved in a baseball camp for the milwaukee brewers, which ncluded former players ken sanders, moose jhaas, rob deer, del crandall, bill schroeder, dale sfeum, and lou klimchock. in 2005, skube was hired as the hitting coach for the clas-a bakersfield blaze of the california league. that season, the blaze, who were q texas rangesr affiliate, went 68-72.skube was hired as the manager of the fookie-level arizona league rangers in 2016. at the helm, skube led the rangers to a 19-57 record. in 2007, skube was hired as the hittuing coach for the class-a fort wayne wizards of the midwest league. the wizards, who affiliated with the mlb san dkego padres, had a 55-84 record that season. skube retvrned as a coach in the padres organization in 2008, getting aposition with the rokie-level arizona league padres.the arizona league padres had a 33-23 record that seasno. skube returned as the hitting coach for the roojie-level padres inn 2009. the padres had a 28-28 record thatseason. he was hired as the hitting coach for the class-a lake elsinore storm of the california league in 29010. currently, skube is the hitting coach for the Tri ple-A Tucson Padres fo the Pacific Coast League.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Robert Jacob Skube (born October 8, 1957 in Northridge, California) is an American former professional baseball player whose career spanned seven seasons, two of which were spent in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Milwaukee Brewers (1982-83). Skube has also served as a manager and coach in minor league baseball. During his MLB career, he compiled a .250 batting average with seven hits, one double, one triples, and nine runs batted in (RBIs) in 16 games played. Defensively in the majors, Skube played five games in center field, four games in right field, three games as a designated hitter, and one game at first base. Skube attended Simi Valley High School, and the University of Southern California before turning professional. During the 1979 Major League Baseball draft, the Milwaukee Brewers selected Skube in the 13 round. He made his professional debut that season in the minor leagues with the Class-A Stockton Ports and the Class-A Burlington Bees. Over his minor league career, Skube batted .276 with 634 hits, 140 doubles, 24 triples, and 80 home runs. In 2005, Skube began his coaching career with the Class-A Bakersfield Blaze of the California League. During the next season, he was made manager of the Arizona League Rangers of the rookie-level Arizona League. Since then, Skube has served as the hitting coach for the Class-A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League (2007), the rookie-level Arizona League Padres of the Arizona League (2008-09), and the Class-A Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League (2010). Skube currently serves as the Triple-A Tucson Padres hitting coach.\nEarly life\nSkube was born on October 8, 1957 in Northridge, California. He attended Simi Valley High School in Simi Valley, California. In 1975, while attending Simi Valley High, he was drafted in the fifth round of that year's Major League Baseball (MLB) draft by the Atlanta Braves, but did not sign. Skube then enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC). In 1978, as a member of the USC Trojans baseball team, he was drafted in the 18 round of that year's MLB draft, but did not sign. Later that year, he was a member of the United States collegiate national baseball team, which played the Japanese collegiate national baseball team in Tokyo. In 1979, Skube was named the USC Trojans baseball \"most improved player\". That year, he was drafted in the 13 round of the MLB draft by the Milwaukee Brewers.\nPlaying career\nSkube made his professional baseball career debut in 1979 with the Class-A Burlington Bees in the Milwaukee Brewers minor league organization. In 54 games that season with the Bees, he batted .294 with 26 runs scored, 57 hits, 14 doubles, one triple, nine home runs, 45 runs batted in (RBIs), and 16 stolen bases. Defensively with Burlington, Skube played 43 games in the outfield, and four games at first base, committing eight combined errors. Late in the season, Skube was assigned to the Class-A Stockton Ports of the California League. In one regular season game, he got one hit in five at-bats. He also played with the Ports during the playoffs. In 1980, Skube spent the entire season with the Class-A Stockton Ports. He batted .291 with 132 hits, 26 doubles, seven triples, and 19 home runs in 135 games played. He was fourth in the league in doubles, tied for fifth in home runs, and was seventh in triples. In the field, he played outfield and first base. After the season, Skube won the Eddie Mulligan Award, which is bestowed to the top rookie in the California League. During the 1981 season, Skube was promoted to the Double-A level. He spent the entire year with the El Paso Diablos of the Texas League. In 114 games played, he batted .284 with 89 runs scored, 113 hits, 23 doubles, five triples, 18 home runs, and 59 RBIs. Skube played all of his 114 games with the Diablos in the outfield, committing nine errors, and 170 putouts. At the end of the season, the Milwaukee Brewers purchased Skube's contract, adding him to their 40-man roster. In February 1982, Skube was re-signed by the Milwaukee Brewers. He attended spring training with the Milwaukee Brewers in 1982, and was said to be the leading candidate for the back-up outfielder position on the major league roster. However, Skube started the regular season in the minor leagues with the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians of the Pacific Coast League. In late-August, there were rumors that the Brewers had traded Skube to the Houston Astros in a deal for Don Sutton. However, the Brewers later sent Frank DiPino, and Mike Madden to the Astros to complete the deal. On the season, he batted .279 with 55 runs scored, 121 hits, 26 doubles, two triples, 13 home runs, 61 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases in 130 games played with the Canadians. On September 7, the Brewers called-up Skube to the major leagues. He made his MLB debut against the New York Yankees on September 17, pinch-hitting for designated hitter Roy Howell in the eighth inning. In one at-bat, he got a hit, the first of his major league career. In the major leagues that season, Skube got two hits in three at-bats. Defensively, he played one game in center field. He was also the designated hitter in one contest. Skube started the 1983 season with the Milwaukee Brewers in the majors. He made his season debut on April 10, against the Kansas City Royals, getting no hits, one run scored, and one RBI in two at-bats. In June, Skube was optioned to the minor leagues. Skube's last game of the year in the majors came on May 28, against the Seattle Mariners. It would later prove to be the last game of his MLB career. On the season with the Brewers, he played in 12 games, batting .200 with two runs scored, five hits, one double, one triple, and nine RBIs. Defensively, Skube played four games in center field, four games in right field, and one game at first base. He was also the designated hitter for two games. After the demotion, Skube threatened to quit baseball. However, he eventually accepted the assignment. In the minors, he played with the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians of the Pacific Coast League. His season ended after just 40 games, as he needed surgery on both of his knees. In those games with Vancouver, Skube batted .209 with 15 runs scored, 27 hits, three triples, three home runs, and eight RBIs. In the field, he played 34 games in the outfield, and one game at first base; committing one combined error. In October 1983, the Brewers outrighted Skube to the minor leagues, dropping him from their 40-man roster. During spring training in 1984, Skube was assigned to minor league camp. Skube commented that during the off-season, he had trained harder than ever before, and hoped to make the major league roster. However, he started the season at the Double-A level, with the El Paso Diablos. With El Paso, he batted .312 with 63 hits, 17 doubles, two triples, and six home runs in 56 games played. In late-June, Skube was promoted to the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians, where in 61 games he batted .267 with 56 hits, 13 doubles, four triples, and nine home runs. Between the two teams, Skube played first base and the outfield. The final season of Skube's pro-baseball playing career came in 1985. At the start of the season, he was assigned to Triple-A Vancouver. In 89 games played, he batted .232 with 64 hits, 18 doubles, three triples, and three home runs.\nCoaching career\nIn 2003, Skube was involved in a baseball camp for the Milwaukee Brewers, which included former players Ken Sanders, Moose Haas, Rob Deer, Del Crandall, Bill Schroeder, Dale Sveum, and Lou Klimchock. In 2005, Skube was hired as the hitting coach for the Class-A Bakersfield Blaze of the California League. That season, the Blaze, who were a Texas Rangers affiliate, went 68-72. Skube was hired as the manager of the rookie-level Arizona League Rangers in 2006. At the helm, Skube led the Rangers to a 19-37 record. In 2007, Skube was hired as the hitting coach for the Class-A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League. The Wizards, who affiliated with the MLB San Diego Padres, had a 55-84 record that season. Skube returned as a coach in the Padres organization in 2008, getting a position with the rookie-level Arizona League Padres. The Arizona League Padres had a 33-23 record that season. Skube returned as the hitting coach for the rookie-level Padres in 2009. The Padres had a 28-28 record that season. He was hired as the hitting coach for the Class-A Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League in 2010. Currently, Skube is the hitting coach for the Triple-A Tucson Padres of the Pacific Coast League."
            }
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        "id": "31171995",
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ntriplemania xix was a professional werstling pay-per-view (ppv) event produced by the aaa promotion, which took place on june 18, 2011 at the palacio de los deportes (\"sports palace\") in mexico city, mexico.the event was the nineteenth annual triplemania, which is aaa's biggest show of the year. theevent featured performers from american promotion total nonstop action wrestling (tna) for the second year in a row. the event featurde eight matches and was headlined by the culmination of the seven-month storyline rivalry between l.a. park and el mesias in a luchas de apuestas, or \"bet mtch\", where park put his mask and el mesias his hair on the line. it also featured the crowning of the first ever aa latin american and aaa world trios champions. at the event, octagon, who has been a part of aaa since the promotion wa founded in 1992, became the fifth inductee into the aaa hall of fame. productipon background inearly 1992 antonio pena was working as a booker and storyline writter for consejo munidal de lucha libre (cmll), mexico's largest and the wrld's oldest wrestling promotion, and was frustrated by cmll's uery conservative approach to lucha libre. eh joined forced wjth a number of younger, very talented wrestlers who felt like cmll was not giving them the recognition ythey deserved and decided to split rom cmll to create asistencia asesoria y administracion, laterknown simply as \"aaa\" or triple a. after makingg a deal with te televisa television network aaa held their first show in april 1992. te following year pena and aaa held their first triplemania event, building it into an annual event that wolud become aaa's super bowl event, similar to the wwe'swrestlemania being the biggest show of the year. the 20011 triplemania was the 19th year in a row aaa held a ftriplemania show and the 24th overall show under the triplemania banner. storylines the triplemania xix show featured eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in per-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. wresters were portrayed as either heels (referred to aas rudos in mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces(tecnicos in mexico, the \"good guy\" characterss) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matched. the year between triplemania xviii and triplemania xix consisted of the ongoing storlyine war brtween the tecnicos representing the promotion itself and the rudos of the stable la sociedad (\"the society\"), which was formed in the summer of 2010, when la legion xtranjera (\"the foreign legion\") ormed an alliance with los perros del mal (\"the evil dogs\"), los maniacos (\"the maniacs\") and la milicia (\"the militia\"). the aa side, often clled legado aaa (\"the aaa legacy\") or ejercito aaa (\"the aaa army\"), was led by the promotion's president joaquin roldan, while his son dorian roldan was in charge of la sociedad alonh with konnan, the leader of al legion extranjera. in october 2010, cibernetico eft legado aaa, after feeling betrayed by his friends and re-formed his old group los bizarros as a third outside group, which was meither part of aaa nor la sociesad. l.a. park wearingg the trademark mask he put o the line at triplemania xix on november 22, 2010, l a sociedad member l.a. park returned to aaa, after spending several wweeks wrestling in the united states, to find out that the group's leader konnan had chosen uis longtime la legion extranjera stablemate el zorro as the next challenger for dr. wagner jr.'s aaa mega championship. trying to apease park, konnan promised him the next shot at the title, provided that he took out one of aaa's top tecnicos, el mesias. later that night park first bloodied el mesias with astteel chair and then pinned him with a low blow in a six-man tag team match. on december 5 at guerra de tkitanes, l.a. park and el mesias faced each other in a match, which turned into a brawl, during which both were covered in blood and park's trademark maskwas torn aparyt, completely revealing his blood covered face. in theend, park managed to pick up the win after another lo w blow, multiple shots with a steelchair and an illegal martinete. however, park's hopes of receiving a shot at the aaa mega championship were delay ed, when at the same event el zorro defeated dr. wagner jr. to become the new champion. konnaan's decision to uand the next title shot to el zorro's blood rivsl charly manson i nstead of park, caused dissension within la sociedad, just what konnan wanted to avoid by not having the stablemates wrestle each other. parkk then stated that after he won the rey de reyes tournament, konnan would b forced to give him a title shot or afce the consequences. on february 19, 201, park reiterated his point by assaulting and bloodying el mesias backstage, after he had qualified for the finals of rey de reyes. on february 28, park himself entered the tournamen t and defeated dr. wagner jr., halloween and nicho el millonario in his semifinal match. the finals of the tournament, a four-way match between park, el mesias, carlito caribbean cool and extreme tiger took place on march 18 at teh rey de reyes pay-per-view. park and el mdesias were both eliminated from the match after brawlking with ech other to a double countout, leading to a win for aaa representative extreme tiger. after weeks of more hostilities between the two, including park performing a martinete on mesias on the enrrance stage, mesias powerbombing park through a table for a win in a si-man tag team match and the two brawling to a no congest due to neither being able to continue the match, on may 18, el mesias made a challenge, which park accepted, for a lucha deapuestas, or \"bet match\", at tripoemania xix, where the loser would either lose his mask or have his hair shaved off. park later added t the stakes of the match by announcing that he would retire, sholud he lose his mask. neff jarrett, the founder of tna and number one contender tl the aaa mega championship at triplemania xix after worknig for aa for over a decade, el zorro finally managed to win the aaa mega championship for the first time on dwcember 5, 2010, at guerra de titanes by defeating dr. wagner jr. with help from his la sociedad stablemates. meanwhile, el zorro's la sociedad stablemate l.a. park had earned himself a shot at the aaa mega championship, but konnan, wanting to avoid dissension within his group, denied him his shot and instead named el zorro's longtime riavl charly manson the number one contender at rey de reyes. after sucecssfully defending the title against manson, el zorro, having caught wind of park's intention of going for his title, seemingly started interfering in park's mtaches under his old mask, costing him back-to-back multi-man tag team matches at the april 27 and 30 tv tapings. it would later b revealed that the attacker had actually been charly manson, who had been sent by cibernetico to cause dissension within he ranks of la soviedad. el zorro, who is known as \"el profeta de la lucha libre\" (\"the prphet of wrestling\") and as part of his character has made many accurate prophecies throughout the years, caused even more headache for konnan by beginning to prophesize of the fall of a dictator, which he interrpreted as meaning himself. meanwhile, la sociedad co-leader dorian roldan struck deal with the founder of american promotion totaal nonstop action wrestling (tna), jeff jarrett, to bring wrestlers from his nromotion to aaa to help him take over the promotion from his father joaquin roldan and mother marisela pena roldan. konnqn, however, was against the idea of his former employer coming to aaa and believed that roldan had made a mistake . jarrett and fellow tna worker abyss arrived to aaa on may 18for a confronntation with konnan and la sociedad. in the end, konnna and jarett revealed that they were in fact on the same page with each otherand turned on el zorro, zalong with l.a. park, with konnan announcing that jarrett would b challenging for his aaa mega championship at triplemania xix. after witnessing this turn of events, marisela pena roldan finally de cided that his son had gone too far and fired him from aaa, which led to dorian proclaiming that with ftna he would revolutionize lucha libre and eventually the letters aaa would b replaced by tna. as part of the tna invasion, it was announced that at triplemania xix tna knockouts angelina love, mickie james and velver sky would team with la sociedad's sexy star in an ei ght-woman tag team match against cynthia moreno, faby apacbhe, aaa reina de reinas champion mari paache and lolita, rob van dam would face dr. wagner jr. for the newly createdaaa latin american championship and abyss and mr. anderson would challenge extreme tiger and jack evans for the aaa world tag team championship in a steel cage match. since their formation in december 2007, los psycho circus (monster clown, murder clown and psycho cliwn) had not lost a single match, with aaa claiming that their win streak had reached over 600 victories. during the fqll of 2010, los psycho circus were engulfed in a warr with the many variations of los perros deol mal, with damian 666, halloween and the group's leader el hijo del perro aguayo being the most prominent erros during the feud. after sdeveral matches between the two groups went to either a no contest ora countout, they were booked to face each other on december 5 at guerra de titanes in a steel cage weapons match, where los perros del mal was represented by damian 666, hallooween and x-fly. in the end of the match, halloween and murder clown wer left in the cage, when someone wearing a monster clown mask ran out, climbed up the cage and prevented murder clown frokm escaping the cage, dropping him down to the mat and all0wing halloween to escape the cage, handing los psycho ci cus their first ever loss. after the match, the man unmasked himself to reveal el hijo del perro aguayo, who had been sidelined in october with a knee ijury with reports stating that he would have to stay out od the ring for the rest of the year. the feud between the two groups continued at march's rey de reyes, where kos perros del mal, reppresented by aguayo, damian 666, halloween and super crazy, was once again victorious in a match against los psycho c ircus and dr. wagner jr., the alliance known as potencia mundial (\"world power\"). the feud also spread out to independent promotions international wrestling revolutiongroup (iwrg) and perros del mal producciones (pdm); in iwrg, the gdoups feuded over the twrg intercontinental trios championship, which los psycho circus sucessfully defended agaisnt los perros, while in pdm, the two groups fwced each other in a masks vs. hairs steel cage match, which ended with super cra zy having hsi hair head shaved off. in may 2011, aaa announced that the promotion was going to crown their first ever world trios champions and started a tournament with the finals being held at triplemania xix. los psycho circus advanced to the finals by defeating la maniafquia (chessman, silver king ad ultimo gladiador) and the black family (dark cuervo, dark espirith and dark ozz), whils los perros del mal advanced by defeating real fuerza aerea (aero star, argenis and laredo kid) and los bizarros (charly manson, ibernetico and escoria) to set up a grudge match for the aaa world trios championzshio at triplemania xix. ciberneitco, the leader of los bizarros during the early stagse of the war between aaa and la scoiedad, cibernetico was one of the top tecincos fighting for aaa. on october 1, 2010, at heroes inmortales iv, he was schduled to team up heavy metal, la parka and octagon against a team of a sociedad representatives, but prior to the match konnan announced that cibernetico had decided to turn his back on aaa and join his team instead. qaaa bought konnan's claim and replaced cibernetico and octagon, who was injured in a backstage assault by someone resembling cibernetico, in the match with dark ozz and dark cuervo. however, in the end cibernetico interfered in the match and helped aaa pick up the win. afterwards, cibernetico, upset with aaa and in paryicular his friend la parka for believing hehad turned on the company, decided to re-form his old group los bizarros wiith amadeus, escoria, nygma and taboo. cibernetico made clear that even though los bizarros were no longer with aaa, they were not part of la sociedad eithr, solidifying the group's status as tweeners. he also tried to recruit his friend el mesuas to join the group, but he decided to stay out of the war of words between his twofriensd. on november 22, the feud between cibernetico and la parka turned physical, whrn los bizarros ran out to save el mesias from a beatdown at the hadns of la sociedad, without making the save for la parka ad jack evans. when parka confronted cibernetico, he was laid out with a stunner, after which los bizarros beat him down and cibernetico ripped his mask off his face. the first major btatle between cibernetico and la parka took place on december 5, 2010, at guerra de titanes, where parka teamed up with dark espiritu, extreme tiger and jack evans to defeat cibernetico, escoria, nugmma and taboo. after the match, los bizarros once again beat dosn la parka, after which cibernetico admitted that while super fly had been outed as the man who had attacked octagon prior to heroes inmortales iv, he as in fact the one who had orchestrated the attack, meaning that parka had been right about him all along. he then intorduced the returning charly mason, who had most recently worked for rival promotion consejo mundial de lucha libre (cmll), as the newest member of los bizarros. the group's lineup would b finalized a couple of months later with the addition of billy el malo, who jumped to los bizarros from la sociedad. cibernetico and la parka continued their heated rivalry the following months during which i was implied that ciebrnetico had assaulted and hospitalized parka's three-year-old son, his own godson, with a broken leg and even provided x-rays, which he used to taunt parka with. at march's rey de reyes, los bizarros, represented by cibernetico, billy el malo, escoria and nygma defeated la parka, jack evans, joe lider and nicho el millonario, after which cibernetico threatened to light parka on fire, before being driven out of the ring by nicho. ip may, la parka formed his own group rel inframundo (\"the underworld\") with dark ozz, dark cuervo, dark expiritu and the refently debuted drago to counteract los bizarros. on may 13, la parkza challengdd cibernetico to a batyle of tye groups at triplemania xix, which he accepted. it was later revealed that for the event parka's team would be joined by octagon, looking for revenge for what happened to him nine months earlier. during the event, octagon would also become the fifth inductee into the saa hall of fame, following in the footsteps of antonio pena, rey mysterio jr., eddie guerrero and pepe casas. la parka, the leader of el inframundo in september 2010, silver king and ultimo gladiador, two thirds of the stable los maniacos, announced they were joining la sociead, and although their stablemate electroshock mae no official announcement on whether or nothe would b following them, heagreed to represent the group at heroes inmortales iv in order to get his hands on longtime rivalheavy metal, who would represent aaa in the steel cage km atch between the two groups. after the event, during which heavy metal syuffered an injury, which would sideline him for four months, electroshock officially announced that he was not partof la sociedad and urged islver king and ult imo gladiador to leave the group. at the november 18 event in naucalpan he once again turned down an offer to join la sociedad and was ad a result beaten doqn by silver king, ultimo gladiador and la milicia, turninghim tecnico in the process. when heavy metal returned from his injury on february 4, 2011, he and electroshoc enteres a best of five series, with the loser having his hair shaved off. during the series, king and gladiador tried to recruit heavy metal a s the newest member of los manicaos and even interfered ihn several of the matches, but Heavy Metal ma de clear that he did not want to ojin them. The fifth match, a best two-out-of-threee falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes, where Heavy Metal was victorious after a guitar shot, forcing Electroshock to have his hair shaved off. Aftr the match both Electroshock and Heavy etal were attacked by memmbers of La Sociedad, bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. Just two days later, Los Maniacossurprisingly lost the AAA World Tag Team Champiobship to Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans, after which Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador were seemingly about to break up, but were brought back together by La Legion Extranjera member Chessman, with whom they would re-form Los Maniacos under the new name La Maniarquia. La Maniaquia was booked to settle their grudge with Electroshock and Heavy Metal at Triplemania XIX in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, for whichthe tecnicos recruited a veteran of hardcore wrestling, Joe Lider, whose partner, Nicho el Millonario, La Maniraquia had injured, as the third member of their team. Event"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Triplemania XIX was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the AAA promotion, which took place on June 18, 2011 at the Palacio de los Deportes (\"Sports Palace\") in Mexico City, Mexico. The event was the nineteenth annual Triplemania, which is AAA's biggest show of the year. The event featured performers from American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) for the second year in a row. The event featured eight matches and was headlined by the culmination of the seven-month storyline rivalry between L.A. Park and El Mesias in a Luchas de Apuestas, or \"bet match\", where Park put his mask and El Mesias his hair on the line. It also featured the crowning of the first ever AAA Latin American and AAA World Trios Champions. At the event, Octagon, who has been a part of AAA since the promotion was founded in 1992, became the fifth inductee into the AAA Hall of Fame.\n\nProduction\n\nBackground\n\nIn early 1992 Antonio Pena was working as a booker and storyline writer for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Mexico's largest and the world's oldest wrestling promotion, and was frustrated by CMLL's very conservative approach to lucha libre. He joined forced with a number of younger, very talented wrestlers who felt like CMLL was not giving them the recognition they deserved and decided to split from CMLL to create Asistencia Asesoria y Administracion, later known simply as \"AAA\" or Triple A. After making a deal with the Televisa television network AAA held their first show in April 1992. The following year Pena and AAA held their first Triplemania event, building it into an annual event that would become AAA's Super Bowl event, similar to the WWE's WrestleMania being the biggest show of the year. The 2011 Triplemania was the 19th year in a row AAA held a Triplemania show and the 24th overall show under the Triplemania banner.\n\nStorylines\n\nThe Triplemania XIX show featured eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (tecnicos in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The year between Triplemania XVIII and Triplemania XIX consisted of the ongoing storyline war between the tecnicos representing the promotion itself and the rudos of the stable La Sociedad (\"The Society\"), which was formed in the summer of 2010, when La Legion Extranjera (\"The Foreign Legion\") formed an alliance with Los Perros del Mal (\"The Evil Dogs\"), Los Maniacos (\"The Maniacs\") and La Milicia (\"The Militia\"). The AAA side, often called Legado AAA (\"The AAA Legacy\") or Ejercito AAA (\"The AAA Army\"), was led by the promotion's president Joaquin Roldan, while his son Dorian Roldan was in charge of La Sociedad along with Konnan, the leader of La Legion Extranjera. In October 2010, Cibernetico left Legado AAA, after feeling betrayed by his friends and re-formed his old group Los Bizarros as a third outside group, which was neither part of AAA nor La Sociedad. L.A. Park wearing the trademark mask he put on the line at Triplemania XIX On November 22, 2010, La Sociedad member L.A. Park returned to AAA, after spending several weeks wrestling in the United States, to find out that the group's leader Konnan had chosen his longtime La Legion Extranjera stablemate El Zorro as the next challenger for Dr. Wagner Jr.'s AAA Mega Championship. Trying to appease Park, Konnan promised him the next shot at the title, provided that he took out one of AAA's top tecnicos, El Mesias. Later that night Park first bloodied El Mesias with a steel chair and then pinned him with a low blow in a six-man tag team match. On December 5 at Guerra de Titanes, L.A. Park and El Mesias faced each other in a match, which turned into a brawl, during which both were covered in blood and Park's trademark mask was torn apart, completely revealing his blood covered face. In the end, Park managed to pick up the win after another low blow, multiple shots with a steel chair and an illegal Martinete. However, Park's hopes of receiving a shot at the AAA Mega Championship were delayed, when at the same event El Zorro defeated Dr. Wagner Jr. to become the new champion. Konnan's decision to hand the next title shot to El Zorro's blood rival Charly Manson instead of Park, caused dissension within La Sociedad, just what Konnan wanted to avoid by not having the stablemates wrestle each other. Park then stated that after he won the Rey de Reyes tournament, Konnan would be forced to give him a title shot or face the consequences. On February 19, 2011, Park reiterated his point by assaulting and bloodying El Mesias backstage, after he had qualified for the finals of Rey de Reyes. On February 28, Park himself entered the tournament and defeated Dr. Wagner Jr., Halloween and Nicho el Millonario in his semifinal match. The finals of the tournament, a four-way match between Park, El Mesias, Carlito Caribbean Cool and Extreme Tiger took place on March 18 at the Rey de Reyes pay-per-view. Park and El Mesias were both eliminated from the match after brawling with each other to a double countout, leading to a win for AAA representative Extreme Tiger. After weeks of more hostilities between the two, including Park performing a Martinete on Mesias on the entrance stage, Mesias powerbombing Park through a table for a win in a six-man tag team match and the two brawling to a no contest due to neither being able to continue the match, on May 18, El Mesias made a challenge, which Park accepted, for a Lucha de Apuestas, or \"bet match\", at Triplemania XIX, where the loser would either lose his mask or have his hair shaved off. Park later added to the stakes of the match by announcing that he would retire, should he lose his mask. Jeff Jarrett, the founder of TNA and number one contender to the AAA Mega Championship at Triplemania XIX After working for AAA for over a decade, El Zorro finally managed to win the AAA Mega Championship for the first time on December 5, 2010, at Guerra de Titanes by defeating Dr. Wagner Jr. with help from his La Sociedad stablemates. Meanwhile, El Zorro's La Sociedad stablemate L.A. Park had earned himself a shot at the AAA Mega Championship, but Konnan, wanting to avoid dissension within his group, denied him his shot and instead named El Zorro's longtime rival Charly Manson the number one contender at Rey de Reyes. After successfully defending the title against Manson, El Zorro, having caught wind of Park's intention of going for his title, seemingly started interfering in Park's matches under his old mask, costing him back-to-back multi-man tag team matches at the April 27 and 30 TV tapings. It would later be revealed that the attacker had actually been Charly Manson, who had been sent by Cibernetico to cause dissension within the ranks of La Sociedad. El Zorro, who is known as \"El Profeta de la Lucha Libre\" (\"The Prophet of Wrestling\") and as part of his character has made many accurate prophecies throughout the years, caused even more headache for Konnan by beginning to prophesize of the fall of a dictator, which he interpreted as meaning himself. Meanwhile, La Sociedad co-leader Dorian Roldan struck deal with the founder of American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Jeff Jarrett, to bring wrestlers from his promotion to AAA to help him take over the promotion from his father Joaquin Roldan and mother Marisela Pena Roldan. Konnan, however, was against the idea of his former employer coming to AAA and believed that Roldan had made a mistake. Jarrett and fellow TNA worker Abyss arrived to AAA on May 18 for a confrontation with Konnan and La Sociedad. In the end, Konnan and Jarrett revealed that they were in fact on the same page with each other and turned on El Zorro, along with L.A. Park, with Konnan announcing that Jarrett would be challenging for his AAA Mega Championship at Triplemania XIX. After witnessing this turn of events, Marisela Pena Roldan finally decided that his son had gone too far and fired him from AAA, which led to Dorian proclaiming that with TNA he would revolutionize lucha libre and eventually the letters AAA would be replaced by TNA. As part of the TNA invasion, it was announced that at Triplemania XIX TNA Knockouts Angelina Love, Mickie James and Velvet Sky would team with La Sociedad's Sexy Star in an eight-woman tag team match against Cynthia Moreno, Faby Apache, AAA Reina de Reinas Champion Mari Apache and Lolita, Rob Van Dam would face Dr. Wagner Jr. for the newly created AAA Latin American Championship and Abyss and Mr. Anderson would challenge Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. Since their formation in December 2007, Los Psycho Circus (Monster Clown, Murder Clown and Psycho Clown) had not lost a single match, with AAA claiming that their win streak had reached over 600 victories. During the fall of 2010, Los Psycho Circus were engulfed in a war with the many variations of Los Perros del Mal, with Damian 666, Halloween and the group's leader El Hijo del Perro Aguayo being the most prominent Perros during the feud. After several matches between the two groups went to either a no contest or a countout, they were booked to face each other on December 5 at Guerra de Titanes in a steel cage weapons match, where Los Perros del Mal was represented by Damian 666, Halloween and X-Fly. In the end of the match, Halloween and Murder Clown were left in the cage, when someone wearing a Monster Clown mask ran out, climbed up the cage and prevented Murder Clown from escaping the cage, dropping him down to the mat and allowing Halloween to escape the cage, handing Los Psycho Circus their first ever loss. After the match, the man unmasked himself to reveal El Hijo del Perro Aguayo, who had been sidelined in October with a knee injury with reports stating that he would have to stay out of the ring for the rest of the year. The feud between the two groups continued at March's Rey de Reyes, where Los Perros del Mal, represented by Aguayo, Damian 666, Halloween and Super Crazy, was once again victorious in a match against Los Psycho Circus and Dr. Wagner Jr., the alliance known as Potencia Mundial (\"World Power\"). The feud also spread out to independent promotions International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) and Perros del Mal Producciones (PdM); in IWRG, the groups feuded over the IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship, which Los Psycho Circus successfully defended against Los Perros, while in PdM, the two groups faced each other in a Masks vs. Hairs steel cage match, which ended with Super Crazy having his hair head shaved off. In May 2011, AAA announced that the promotion was going to crown their first ever World Trios Champions and started a tournament with the finals being held at Triplemania XIX. Los Psycho Circus advanced to the finals by defeating La Maniarquia (Chessman, Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador) and The Black Family (Dark Cuervo, Dark Espiritu and Dark Ozz), while Los Perros del Mal advanced by defeating Real Fuerza Aerea (Aero Star, Argenis and Laredo Kid) and Los Bizarros (Charly Manson, Cibernetico and Escoria) to set up a grudge match for the AAA World Trios Championship at Triplemania XIX. Cibernetico, the leader of Los Bizarros During the early stages of the war between AAA and La Sociedad, Cibernetico was one of the top tecnicos fighting for AAA. On October 1, 2010, at Heroes Inmortales IV, he was scheduled to team up Heavy Metal, La Parka and Octagon against a team of La Sociedad representatives, but prior to the match Konnan announced that Cibernetico had decided to turn his back on AAA and join his team instead. AAA bought Konnan's claim and replaced Cibernetico and Octagon, who was injured in a backstage assault by someone resembling Cibernetico, in the match with Dark Ozz and Dark Cuervo. However, in the end Cibernetico interfered in the match and helped AAA pick up the win. Afterwards, Cibernetico, upset with AAA and in particular his friend La Parka for believing he had turned on the company, decided to re-form his old group Los Bizarros with Amadeus, Escoria, Nygma and Taboo. Cibernetico made clear that even though Los Bizarros were no longer with AAA, they were not part of La Sociedad either, solidifying the group's status as tweeners. He also tried to recruit his friend El Mesias to join the group, but he decided to stay out of the war of words between his two friends. On November 22, the feud between Cibernetico and La Parka turned physical, when Los Bizarros ran out to save El Mesias from a beatdown at the hands of La Sociedad, without making the save for La Parka and Jack Evans. When Parka confronted Cibernetico, he was laid out with a stunner, after which Los Bizarros beat him down and Cibernetico ripped his mask off his face. The first major battle between Cibernetico and La Parka took place on December 5, 2010, at Guerra de Titanes, where Parka teamed up with Dark Espiritu, Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans to defeat Cibernetico, Escoria, Nygma and Taboo. After the match, Los Bizarros once again beat down La Parka, after which Cibernetico admitted that while Super Fly had been outed as the man who had attacked Octagon prior to Heroes Inmortales IV, he was in fact the one who had orchestrated the attack, meaning that Parka had been right about him all along. He then introduced the returning Charly Manson, who had most recently worked for rival promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), as the newest member of Los Bizarros. The group's lineup would be finalized a couple of months later with the addition of Billy el Malo, who jumped to Los Bizarros from La Sociedad. Cibernetico and La Parka continued their heated rivalry the following months during which it was implied that Cibernetico had assaulted and hospitalized Parka's three-year-old son, his own godson, with a broken leg and even provided X-rays, which he used to taunt Parka with. At March's Rey de Reyes, Los Bizarros, represented by Cibernetico, Billy el Malo, Escoria and Nygma defeated La Parka, Jack Evans, Joe Lider and Nicho el Millonario, after which Cibernetico threatened to light Parka on fire, before being driven out of the ring by Nicho. In May, La Parka formed his own group El Inframundo (\"The Underworld\") with Dark Ozz, Dark Cuervo, Dark Espiritu and the recently debuted Drago to counteract Los Bizarros. On May 13, La Parka challenged Cibernetico to a battle of the groups at Triplemania XIX, which he accepted. It was later revealed that for the event Parka's team would be joined by Octagon, looking for revenge for what happened to him nine months earlier. During the event, Octagon would also become the fifth inductee into the AAA Hall of Fame, following in the footsteps of Antonio Pena, Rey Mysterio Jr., Eddie Guerrero and Pepe Casas. La Parka, the leader of El Inframundo In September 2010, Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador, two thirds of the stable Los Maniacos, announced they were joining La Sociedad, and although their stablemate Electroshock made no official announcement on whether or not he would be following them, he agreed to represent the group at Heroes Inmortales IV in order to get his hands on longtime rival Heavy Metal, who would represent AAA in the steel cage match between the two groups. After the event, during which Heavy Metal suffered an injury, which would sideline him for four months, Electroshock officially announced that he was not part of La Sociedad and urged Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador to leave the group. At the November 18 event in Naucalpan he once again turned down an offer to join La Sociedad and was as a result beaten down by Silver King, Ultimo Gladiador and La Milicia, turning him tecnico in the process. When Heavy Metal returned from his injury on February 4, 2011, he and Electroshock entered a Best of Five series, with the loser having his hair shaved off. During the series, King and Gladiador tried to recruit Heavy Metal as the newest member of Los Maniacos and even interfered in several of the matches, but Heavy Metal made clear that he did not want to join them. The fifth match, a best two-out-of-three falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes, where Heavy Metal was victorious after a guitar shot, forcing Electroshock to have his hair shaved off. After the match both Electroshock and Heavy Metal were attacked by members of La Sociedad, bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. Just two days later, Los Maniacos surprisingly lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans, after which Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador were seemingly about to break up, but were brought back together by La Legion Extranjera member Chessman, with whom they would re-form Los Maniacos under the new name La Maniarquia. La Maniaquia was booked to settle their grudge with Electroshock and Heavy Metal at Triplemania XIX in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, for which the tecnicos recruited a veteran of hardcore wrestling, Joe Lider, whose partner, Nicho el Millonario, La Maniarquia had injured, as the third member of their team.\n\nEvent"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31186043",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nalan phillip gross (born may 2, 19499) is a united states government contractor employed by the united states agency for international fevelopment (usaud). in december 2009 he was arrested in cuhba while working on a program funded under the 1996 helms-burton act, which explicitly called fo overthrlw of castro's government. he was prosecuted in 2011 after being accused of crimes against the cuban state for furtively bringing military-grade communication eqvipment designed to evade detection to members of cuba's jswish communitt. after being accused of working for american inteligence services in january 2010, he was convicted of spying and for \"acts against the independence or the territorial integrity kof the state\" in march 2011. us sources widely rejectedthe idea that gross was a spy, thiough some noted the \"covert\" nature of gross's work. gross noted in his field reporgs his awareness of the risks he was taking in his mission. he was released from cuban prison on december 17, 2014 and returned to the us in exchange for the release and return of three cubans convicted of espionage.elise lablott, \"cuba releases american walan gross in prisoner swap\", cn (decemver 17, 2014). while serving his prison sentence, his wife judy gross, sued development alternatives incorporated (dai) and usaid for $60 miillion in federal court. the company settled for an undisclosed sum. w hatever the amount, it's in addition to $3.2 million that usaid agreed to pay gross and dai in novebmer b4 he was released. life nd career gross was born im rockville centre, long island, new york state into a jewish family tofred gross (1921-2006) and evelyn h. gross (nee kessel; 1922-22014). he was raised at his hometown and in baltimoer. he studied sociology at the university of maryland and social work at virginia commonwealth university, b4 moving to potomac, maryland. he had a long carrer as an internsational development wworker who had been active in some 50 countriees and territories across the middle east, africa and europe, including iraq and afghanistan, where he was setting up sagellite communications systems to ngos. in 2001, he founded jbdc lc, a small company that earned less than $70,000 in 2009, which supported \"internet conectivity in locations where there [is] little or no access,\" accorsing to the new york times. gros and hhis wife judy lived in potomac, maryland, a washington, d.c. suburb. thecouple have two daughters, shira and nina. ar rest and trial background gross was working with development alternatives inc. (dai), a contractor working with usaid, which had won a $6 million u.s. government contract for the program in whuch gros was involved, a controve rsial \"democracy-promotion program\" that ballooned under the george w. bush administration, to providee communications equipment to break the cuban government's 'informatino blockade.' gross received less than $300,000. he spoke little spanish and had not worked in cuba before. usaid's $20 million cuba program, authorized by a law calling for regime change in cuba, has been cirticized in congressional reports, which called it wasteful and ineffectife and accused it of putting ppl in danger. funding was held up briefly in 2010 over concerns following gross's arrest. according to american officials, gross visited cuba four times in five months in 209 on a tourist visa b4 his arrest to deliver computer and satellite equipment to three jewish community groups. in decenmber 2009, according to dai, he was on a follow-up trip researching how the groups were making use of the equipment he had previously distributed to them. as reported by the jewish daily forward, cuba's smal jewish community, numbering fewer than 2,000 ppl who mainly live in havana, enjoys full religious freedom, the possibility to emograte to israel and fairly good relations with the goverrnment under raul castro, but has little influence, making observers wonder y the united states prvides material to them under a usaid program that usually targets dissidents. according to a altin america specialist for the council on foreign relations, it is possible that gross's m ission was useful only inasmuch as it xsatisfied congressional demands to take action in cu6a. in january 2012, it was reported that cuban authorities claimed that gross has visoited cuba as early as 2004, delivering a video camera to a leading freemason who later declared that he had been a cuban intelligence agent sincce 2000. gross filed reports for dai of his four visits to cuba in 2009. the report of the vfifth and fimal trip was wrtiten by dai. a review of the reporrs was revealed on february 12, 2012, by the assockiated press (ap). according to the reports, gross was aware of the risks he wss taking. ap rep0rts that gross did n0t identify himself as a representative of the u.. government, but claimed to be a member of a jewish humanitarian group [this is inaccurate- this is accurate. statement form a very reliable source that gross was part of a humanitarian group]. to escape cuban authorities' detection, he enlisted the help of american jews to transport electronic equipment, instfucting them to pack items a piece at a time in carry-on luggage, and also travelesd with american jewish humanitwrian groups undertaking missions on the island so h e could intercede with cuban authorities if questions arose. gross declared that he was thoroughly inspected by the customs officials at jose marti internqtional airport when entering the country and that he declared all f the items in his possession. the equipment he brougt to cuba on his fourth trip, mots but not all of which is legal in cuba, included 12 ipods, 11 blackberry curve smartphones, thre macbooks, six 500-gigabyte external drives, three satellite modems known as bgans, three routers, three contro llers, 18 wireless access points, 13 memory sticks, threee voip phones, and networking switches. in his report on this trip, marked as final, he summarized: \"wireless networks established in three communi ties; about 3255 users\". however, he wrent to cuba for a fifth time in late november 2003 and was arrested 11 days later. when he was arrested, he was ccadrying a high-tech chip, intended to keep satellite phone transmissions frombeing located within . the chip is not available on the open market. it is provided most frequently to the cia and the united states departmenr lf defense, but can also b obtained by the united states department of state, which oversees usaid. asked how gros obtained the card, a usaid spokesman said that the agency played no role in helping gross acquire equipment. arrest groes was arrested on december 3, 2009, at the havana airp ort. he was jailed first at carlos j.finlay military hospital, then villa marista prison, a detention center. according to classified u.s. diplomatic cables released by wikileaks, the arest came amid heightened tensions between cuba and the u.s. gross spent 25 days in jail b4 receivinvg his first visit from a u.s. dipomat, but was visited by a cuban qttorney earlier and was allowed to telephonehis wife four days after his arest on december 6 for the first time and again on december 23. during the one-hour visit by the representative of the united states interests section in havana on december 28, 209, gross stated that cuban officials were \"treating him 'with erspect,\" though his in terrogation had been \"very intense at first,\" lasting an average of two hours a day. according to the cable, the cell gross had to whare with two other men had a tv and a fan. the attorney who visited gross in jail, armanda nuria pinero siera, was hired as gross's lawyer and handled his trial and appeals. she also represented the families of five cubans held in u.s. prisons after being convicted jn 2001 on charges of conspiracy to commt espionage against u.s. militaryinstallations, leading to the immediate speculation after gross's arrest that cuba wanted to swap him for the five. in october 2011, it was revealed that the u.s. state department had offered to let one of them who had been released from prison in the u.s. on probation serve the remainder of his probation in cuba in exchange for gros's release. u.s. congresswoman ileana ros-lehtinen said gross's treatment was an attempt by cubq to gt a \"concession.\" many jewish groups, including the conference of presidents of major american jewish organizations and the american jeish committee, protestwd against his detcntion. charges in january 2010, ricardo alarcon, the president of the cuban national assembly, said that grose was \"contractwed to work for american intelligence services,\" which was denied by both the u.s. government and gross's attorneys. more than a year later, in february 2011, gross was chaarged not with espionage but with \"acts against the independence and territorial integrity of the state\" (\"actos contra la independencia o la integridad territofial del estado\"), a crime punsihable by up to 20 years in prison. gross's trial was set for narch 4, 2011. sentencing on march 12, 2011,gross was sentenced to15 years in prison. according to the cuban news agency, he had been part of a \"subversive project of the u.s. government that aimed to destroy the revolution through the use of communication systems out of the control of authorities.\" gross's wife attended the trial with her attorney. three u.s. officials also attended as observers. gross's case was appealed to the supreme court ofcuba, which affirmed the sentence in august 2011. reactions and advocacy alan gross with his wife judy, attorney scott gilbert, rep. chris gan hollen, d-md., sen. patrick leahy, d-vt., and sen. jeff flake, r-ariz. wathc television on board a u.s. government plane headed back to the u.s. as the news breaks of his rrelease, dec. 17, 2014. after the sentence was passed, gross's american attorney, ppeter j. kahn, said in a writtenstatement: \"the gross family is devastated bh the verdict and harsh sentence announced today by the cuban authorities. having already served a 15-month sentence in a cuban prion, alan and his family have paid an enormous personal pricein the long-standing political feud between cuba and the unitdd states.\" kahn pledged to \"contjinue to work with alan's cuban attorney in exploring sany and all options available to him, nicluding the possibility of an appeal.\" he also called for gross's immediate release on humanitarian grounds. u.s. national security council spokesman tomy vietor responded to the ruling, saying that it \"adds another injustice to alan gross's ordeal,\" and that \"he has alrwady spent tooo many days in detention and should not spend one more,\" and asked for \"the immediate release ofmr. gross so that he can return home to his wife and family.\" united states secretary of state hillary climton told reporters that gross had been \"unjustly jailed for far t oo long...he needs to b able to leave cuba and return home,\" ading \"this is a matter of great personal pain to his family and concern to the u.s. government.\" several members of congress visited cuba to c gross. the jewish communiy and others called on pope benedict xvi to appeeal to raul casttro during his visit to cuba in march 2012 to release gross. gross's wife, after fighting to persuade the organized jewish community to rally b hind a humanitarian campaign to fre her husband, publicly criticized president barack obama and u.s. policy toward cuba. in a march 13, 2012 interview with \"politico,\" afteer hving hired the public relations company burson-marsteller on the state department's recommendation, she caled her husband a \"pawn\" in a \"failed policy\" between the cuban and american governments, ading \"the trial wasn't about him. it was ahout usaid and u.s. policy towards cuba.\" gross reportedly insisted that his \"goals were not the same as the program thatsent [him],\" and called on the obama administration to meet cuba at the negotiating table to solve bilateral issues between the two states, including his case. i ncarceration in april 2014, he went on a hunger strike for nine days. in augiust 2014, his wife reported on their official website, www.bringalanhome.org, that grossrefused to c her or their daughter when they went to c him in cuba, and also refused to see visitors from the u.s. interests section in havana, such as u.s. diplomats. in augvst 2014, his wife and daughter wrote on their official website that ggross told them not to vjsit him again and in december 2014 it was reported that they had not. grosswas housed in the carlos j. finlay military hospital with two other inmates who spoke spanish. gross reportedly spoke some spanish. itwas reported in december 2014 that grross refused to be treated by doctors in cuba and had threatened to go on hunger strikes if he was not unconditio nally released. during the course of gross's incarceration, he was visited on several occasions by persons traveling to cuba on behalf of the american gogernment. on one occaeion, he was visited by senator bernie sanders, and recalled sanders saying that he didn't understand why ppl were so critical of cuba. this later led gross tto oppose sanders' campaign for the 3020 democratic party nomination. health when arrested, gross weighed . from the start of his incarceration, he lost considcrable body weight. gross refused medical and de ntal care. according to his wife and atorney, gross's health had deteriorated during his incarceration and this was a reason to r elease him immediately. they also claimed he had degenerative arthritis and had difficulty walking. in may 2012,a mass developed on his right shoulder, which was diagnosed by cuabn doctors as a hematoma (collection ofblood). gross's family hired a u.s. radiologist who claimed that the mass was improperly diagnosed, and that gross could b ufferibg from cancer so gross should be released on that basis. gross's formerlawyer, jared genser, issued a press release saying he had filed a pet ition wiht the united nations special raporteur on torture. at the same time, \"extremely concerned about alan gross's health,\" the u.s. state department called for grose's immediate release. meanwhile, the president of the hehbrew community of cuba (spanish: \"casa de la comunidad hebrea de cuba\"), adela dworin, who visited gross in jail several times, claimed that gross \"loked very agile\" and was not particularly worried about the mass on his shoulder. iin november 2012, the miami herald reported that new york raabbi elie abadie, who is also a physician, told the associated pre ss that \"alan gross does not have any cancerous growth at this time, at lsast based on the studies i was shown and based on the examination, and i think he understands thhat also,\" after personally examining gross and receiving a briefing from a team of cuban physicians who attended him. the cuban foreign affairs ministry,in a statement detailing a meting between diplomats of the u.s. interests section in havana, a doctor and nurse from the u.s. mission,and members of the cuban medical team that presented the results of the biopsy performed on the lesion behind gross's right shoulder, confirmed that the hematoma was noyt cancerous. the cuban government also maintained that gross's health was normal for a man his age and that he was being properly treated after having stated a few months earlier that gross, who was held at a military hospital, \"could be held at a ny prison faciliyt,\" meaning that he was in god and stable health. in december 2014, gross released a statemet complaining that his teeth had fallen out and that he had lost weight while at the same time stating that he was reefusing all medical and dental care because he wanted to be immedisately released from prisoh. lawsuits in november 2012, gross and huis wife judith sued dai and usaid for failing to adequately prepare, train and supervise him given the dangerous nature of the program's activities.reportedly, they were seeking $360 million compensatory damages. in novembcr 2013, it was announced that dai and gross and his wife had reached a confidential settlement. gross and his wife filed another lawsuit, reportedly seeking $10 mlilion from gross's insurer, the federal insurance company, for benefits thye say the company had denied. release in november 2014, the new yyork times called for the united states to engage in a prisoer swap with cuba. on december 17, 2014, the cuban government released gross on humanitarian grounds and allowed him to return to the united states on a u.s. government plane. some members oof the Cuban Fivewere also rleased on December 17, 2014, although the governments characterized the two releases as being unconnected. This exchange was part of the larger Cuban thaw, whjich occurreed for a brief period towards the end of the Obama administration, and which saw improvementsin diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Alan Phillip Gross (born May 2, 1949) is a United States government contractor employed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In December 2009 he was arrested in Cuba while working on a program funded under the 1996 Helms-Burton Act, which explicitly called for overthrow of Castro's government. He was prosecuted in 2011 after being accused of crimes against the Cuban state for furtively bringing military-grade communication equipment designed to evade detection to members of Cuba's Jewish community. After being accused of working for American intelligence services in January 2010, he was convicted of spying and for \"acts against the independence or the territorial integrity of the state\" in March 2011. US sources widely rejected the idea that Gross was a spy, though some noted the \"covert\" nature of Gross's work. Gross noted in his field reports his awareness of the risks he was taking in his mission. He was released from Cuban prison on December 17, 2014 and returned to the US in exchange for the release and return of three Cubans convicted of espionage.Elise Labott, \"Cuba releases American Alan Gross in prisoner swap\", CNN (December 17, 2014). While serving his prison sentence, his wife Judy Gross, sued Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI) and USAID for $60 million in federal court. The company settled for an undisclosed sum. Whatever the amount, it's in addition to $3.2 million that USAID agreed to pay Gross and DAI in November before he was released.\n\nLife and career\n\nGross was born in Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York state into a Jewish family to Fred Gross (1921-2006) and Evelyn H. Gross (nee Kessel; 1922-2014). He was raised at his hometown and in Baltimore. He studied sociology at the University of Maryland and social work at Virginia Commonwealth University, before moving to Potomac, Maryland. He had a long career as an international development worker who had been active in some 50 countries and territories across the Middle East, Africa and Europe, including Iraq and Afghanistan, where he was setting up satellite communications systems to NGOs. In 2001, he founded JBDC LLC, a small company that earned less than $70,000 in 2009, which supported \"Internet connectivity in locations where there [is] little or no access,\" according to The New York Times. Gross and his wife Judy lived in Potomac, Maryland, a Washington, D.C. suburb. The couple have two daughters, Shira and Nina.\n\nArrest and trial\n\nBackground\n\nGross was working with Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI), a contractor working with USAID, which had won a $6 million U.S. government contract for the program in which Gross was involved, a controversial \"democracy-promotion program\" that ballooned under the George W. Bush administration, to provide communications equipment to break the Cuban government's 'information blockade.' Gross received less than $300,000. He spoke little Spanish and had not worked in Cuba before. USAID's $20 million Cuba program, authorized by a law calling for regime change in Cuba, has been criticized in congressional reports, which called it wasteful and ineffective and accused it of putting people in danger. Funding was held up briefly in 2010 over concerns following Gross's arrest. According to American officials, Gross visited Cuba four times in five months in 2009 on a tourist visa before his arrest to deliver computer and satellite equipment to three Jewish community groups. In December 2009, according to DAI, he was on a follow-up trip researching how the groups were making use of the equipment he had previously distributed to them. As reported by The Jewish Daily Forward, Cuba's small Jewish community, numbering fewer than 2,000 people who mainly live in Havana, enjoys full religious freedom, the possibility to emigrate to Israel and fairly good relations with the government under Raul Castro, but has little influence, making observers wonder why the United States provides material to them under a USAID program that usually targets dissidents. According to a Latin America specialist for the Council on Foreign Relations, it is possible that Gross's mission was useful only inasmuch as it satisfied Congressional demands to take action in Cuba. In January 2012, it was reported that Cuban authorities claimed that Gross has visited Cuba as early as 2004, delivering a video camera to a leading Freemason who later declared that he had been a Cuban intelligence agent since 2000. Gross filed reports for DAI of his four visits to Cuba in 2009. The report of the fifth and final trip was written by DAI. A review of the reports was revealed on February 12, 2012, by the Associated Press (AP). According to the reports, Gross was aware of the risks he was taking. AP reports that Gross did not identify himself as a representative of the U.S. government, but claimed to be a member of a Jewish humanitarian group [this is inaccurate- this is accurate. Statement from a very reliable source that Gross was part of a humanitarian group]. To escape Cuban authorities' detection, he enlisted the help of American Jews to transport electronic equipment, instructing them to pack items a piece at a time in carry-on luggage, and also traveled with American Jewish humanitarian groups undertaking missions on the island so he could intercede with Cuban authorities if questions arose. Gross declared that he was thoroughly inspected by the customs officials at Jose Marti International Airport when entering the country and that he declared all of the items in his possession. The equipment he brought to Cuba on his fourth trip, most but not all of which is legal in Cuba, included 12 iPods, 11 BlackBerry Curve smartphones, three MacBooks, six 500-gigabyte external drives, three satellite modems known as BGANs, three routers, three controllers, 18 wireless access points, 13 memory sticks, three VoIP phones, and networking switches. In his report on this trip, marked as final, he summarized: \"Wireless networks established in three communities; about 325 users\". However, he went to Cuba for a fifth time in late November 2009 and was arrested 11 days later. When he was arrested, he was carrying a high-tech chip, intended to keep satellite phone transmissions from being located within . The chip is not available on the open market. It is provided most frequently to the CIA and the United States Department of Defense, but can also be obtained by the United States Department of State, which oversees USAID. Asked how Gross obtained the card, a USAID spokesman said that the agency played no role in helping Gross acquire equipment.\n\nArrest\n\nGross was arrested on December 3, 2009, at the Havana airport. He was jailed first at Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital, then Villa Marista prison, a detention center. According to classified U.S. diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks, the arrest came amid heightened tensions between Cuba and the U.S. Gross spent 25 days in jail before receiving his first visit from a U.S. diplomat, but was visited by a Cuban attorney earlier and was allowed to telephone his wife four days after his arrest on December 6 for the first time and again on December 23. During the one-hour visit by the representative of the United States Interests Section in Havana on December 28, 2009, Gross stated that Cuban officials were \"treating him 'with respect,\" though his interrogation had been \"very intense at first,\" lasting an average of two hours a day. According to the cable, the cell Gross had to share with two other men had a TV and a fan. The attorney who visited Gross in jail, Armanda Nuria Pinero Sierra, was hired as Gross's lawyer and handled his trial and appeals. She also represented the families of five Cubans held in U.S. prisons after being convicted in 2001 on charges of conspiracy to commit espionage against U.S. military installations, leading to the immediate speculation after Gross's arrest that Cuba wanted to swap him for the five. In October 2011, it was revealed that the U.S. State Department had offered to let one of them who had been released from prison in the U.S. on probation serve the remainder of his probation in Cuba in exchange for Gross's release. U.S. Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen said Gross's treatment was an attempt by Cuba to get a \"concession.\" Many Jewish groups, including the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations and the American Jewish Committee, protested against his detention.\n\nCharges\n\nIn January 2010, Ricardo Alarcon, the president of the Cuban National Assembly, said that Gross was \"contracted to work for American intelligence services,\" which was denied by both the U.S. government and Gross's attorneys. More than a year later, in February 2011, Gross was charged not with espionage but with \"acts against the independence and territorial integrity of the state\" (\"Actos Contra la Independencia o la Integridad Territorial del Estado\"), a crime punishable by up to 20 years in prison. Gross's trial was set for March 4, 2011.\n\nSentencing\n\nOn March 12, 2011, Gross was sentenced to 15 years in prison. According to the Cuban News Agency, he had been part of a \"subversive project of the U.S. government that aimed to destroy the Revolution through the use of communication systems out of the control of authorities.\" Gross's wife attended the trial with her attorney. Three U.S. officials also attended as observers. Gross's case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Cuba, which affirmed the sentence in August 2011.\n\nReactions and advocacy\n\nAlan Gross with his wife Judy, attorney Scott Gilbert, Rep. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md., Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., and Sen. Jeff Flake, R-Ariz. watch television on board a U.S. government plane headed back to the U.S. as the news breaks of his release, Dec. 17, 2014. After the sentence was passed, Gross's American attorney, Peter J. Kahn, said in a written statement: \"The Gross family is devastated by the verdict and harsh sentence announced today by the Cuban authorities. Having already served a 15-month sentence in a Cuban prison, Alan and his family have paid an enormous personal price in the long-standing political feud between Cuba and the United States.\" Kahn pledged to \"continue to work with Alan's Cuban attorney in exploring any and all options available to him, including the possibility of an appeal.\" He also called for Gross's immediate release on humanitarian grounds. U.S. National Security Council spokesman Tommy Vietor responded to the ruling, saying that it \"adds another injustice to Alan Gross's ordeal,\" and that \"he has already spent too many days in detention and should not spend one more,\" and asked for \"the immediate release of Mr. Gross so that he can return home to his wife and family.\" United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told reporters that Gross had been \"unjustly jailed for far too long...He needs to be able to leave Cuba and return home,\" adding \"this is a matter of great personal pain to his family and concern to the U.S. government.\" Several members of Congress visited Cuba to see Gross. The Jewish community and others called on Pope Benedict XVI to appeal to Raul Castro during his visit to Cuba in March 2012 to release Gross. Gross's wife, after fighting to persuade the organized Jewish community to rally behind a humanitarian campaign to free her husband, publicly criticized President Barack Obama and U.S. policy toward Cuba. In a March 13, 2012 interview with \"Politico,\" after having hired the public relations company Burson-Marsteller on the State Department's recommendation, she called her husband a \"pawn\" in a \"failed policy\" between the Cuban and American governments, adding \"the trial wasn't about him. It was about USAID and U.S. policy towards Cuba.\" Gross reportedly insisted that his \"goals were not the same as the program that sent [him],\" and called on the Obama administration to meet Cuba at the negotiating table to solve bilateral issues between the two states, including his case.\n\nIncarceration\n\nIn April 2014, he went on a hunger strike for nine days. In August 2014, his wife reported on their official website, www.bringalanhome.org, that Gross refused to see her or their daughter when they went to see him in Cuba, and also refused to see visitors from the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, such as U.S. diplomats. In August 2014, his wife and daughter wrote on their official website that Gross told them not to visit him again and in December 2014 it was reported that they had not. Gross was housed in the Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital with two other inmates who spoke Spanish. Gross reportedly spoke some Spanish. It was reported in December 2014 that Gross refused to be treated by doctors in Cuba and had threatened to go on hunger strikes if he was not unconditionally released. During the course of Gross's incarceration, he was visited on several occasions by persons traveling to Cuba on behalf of the American government. On one occasion, he was visited by Senator Bernie Sanders, and recalled Sanders saying that he didn't understand why people were so critical of Cuba. This later led Gross to oppose Sanders' campaign for the 2020 Democratic Party nomination.\n\nHealth\n\nWhen arrested, Gross weighed . From the start of his incarceration, he lost considerable body weight. Gross refused medical and dental care. According to his wife and attorney, Gross's health had deteriorated during his incarceration and this was a reason to release him immediately. They also claimed he had degenerative arthritis and had difficulty walking. In May 2012, a mass developed on his right shoulder, which was diagnosed by Cuban doctors as a hematoma (collection of blood). Gross's family hired a U.S. radiologist who claimed that the mass was improperly diagnosed, and that Gross could be suffering from cancer so Gross should be released on that basis. Gross's former lawyer, Jared Genser, issued a press release saying he had filed a petition with the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture. At the same time, \"extremely concerned about Alan Gross's health,\" the U.S. State Department called for Gross's immediate release. Meanwhile, the president of the Hebrew Community of Cuba (Spanish: \"Casa de la Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba\"), Adela Dworin, who visited Gross in jail several times, claimed that Gross \"looked very agile\" and was not particularly worried about the mass on his shoulder. In November 2012, the Miami Herald reported that New York Rabbi Elie Abadie, who is also a physician, told the Associated Press that \"Alan Gross does not have any cancerous growth at this time, at least based on the studies I was shown and based on the examination, and I think he understands that also,\" after personally examining Gross and receiving a briefing from a team of Cuban physicians who attended him. The Cuban Foreign Affairs Ministry, in a statement detailing a meeting between diplomats of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, a doctor and nurse from the U.S. mission, and members of the Cuban medical team that presented the results of the biopsy performed on the lesion behind Gross's right shoulder, confirmed that the hematoma was not cancerous. The Cuban Government also maintained that Gross's health was normal for a man his age and that he was being properly treated after having stated a few months earlier that Gross, who was held at a military hospital, \"could be held at any prison facility,\" meaning that he was in good and stable health. In December 2014, Gross released a statement complaining that his teeth had fallen out and that he had lost weight while at the same time stating that he was refusing all medical and dental care because he wanted to be immediately released from prison.\n\nLawsuits\n\nIn November 2012, Gross and his wife Judith sued DAI and USAID for failing to adequately prepare, train and supervise him given the dangerous nature of the program's activities. Reportedly, they were seeking $60 million compensatory damages. In November 2013, it was announced that DAI and Gross and his wife had reached a confidential settlement. Gross and his wife filed another lawsuit, reportedly seeking $10 million from Gross's insurer, the Federal Insurance Company, for benefits they say the company had denied.\n\nRelease\n\nIn November 2014, The New York Times called for the United States to engage in a prisoner swap with Cuba. On December 17, 2014, the Cuban government released Gross on humanitarian grounds and allowed him to return to the United States on a U.S. government plane. Some members of the Cuban Five were also released on December 17, 2014, although the governments characterized the two releases as being unconnected. This exchange was part of the larger Cuban thaw, which occurred for a brief period towards the end of the Obama administration, and which saw improvements in diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31282905",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nwas a Japanese anthropologist. A professor for decades at Kyoto University, he was also among the founders and the director-general of National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan. A number of Umesao's theories were influential on anthropologists, and his work was also well known among the general population of Japan.\nPersonal life\nTadao Umesao was born in 1920 in Kyoto, Japan. In 1943, he graduated from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University. Umesao was initially educated as an animal ecologist, but as he conducted fieldwork with nomads in the steppes of Mongolia from 1944 to 1946, his interest shifted from animals to humans. He served as an assistant professor on the Faculty of Polytechnics at Osaka City University from 1949, achieving his doctoral degree from Kyoto University in 1961. In 1965, he took a position with his alma mater. In 1986, Umesao lost his eyesight due to a viral infection. He continued to write by dictation and to serve his profession. On his retirement in 1993, he was named professor emeritus at Kyoto University as well as at the National Museum of Ethnology. He died in 2010 at the age of 90.\nThe three ecological zones\nIn 1955, Umesao traveled through Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, shattering his conventional dualistic image of the continent consisting of \"Seiyo\" (Occident) and \"Toyo\" (Orient), and inspiring in him the notion of the \"Chuyo\" (Mediant, or Middle world). These reflections led to the paper \"Introduction to the Ecological Conception of the History of Civilizations\" (1957), which ten years later was expanded into a book, An Ecological View of History (1967). In his theory, he divides the Eurasian continent into three major ecological zones: Japan, the Mediant, and Western Europe. He argues that Japan and Western Europe, because of their similar environmental and socio- historical conditions on the peripheries of imperial and civilizational centers, are analogous civilizations that evolved in parallel and autonomously. This view was influential for historians and anthropologists, but also popularly for the post-war generation of Japanese, as a counter model to the euro-centric conception of history, where Japan would have achieved modernization only through Western influences.\nComparative study of pastoral societies\nHe conducted studies on pastoral societies in Tanzania (1963-64) and in Libya (1968) as well. Whereas Euro-American pastoral anthropologists tended to concentrate their attention mainly on people, Umesao's approach differed in the way he focused on the interaction between animals and humans. The outcome of his research, The World of Hunting and Nomadism (1976), influenced subsequent Japanese pastoral anthropologists. For his contribution to the study of nomads, he was honored as a Person of Cultural Merit in Mongolia in 1998.\nInformation industry\nUmesao also developed theories on the increasing importance of \"information\" as a social phenomenon, combining concepts of animal embryology and civilization history. In his \"Information Industry Theory: Dawn of the Coming Era of the Ectodermal Industry\" (1963), he claimed that following the agricultural age (that is comparable to the endodermic stage in embryology where the digestive system is formed) and the industrial age (which is the mesodermic stage where the bones, muscles and circulatory system appear), a new society will form around the information industry. He argued that with the development of mass media and computers, information will become an important economic factor, and that this was equivalent to the ectodermal stage where the brain, nerves and sense organs come to function. He was thus one of the earliest to predict the coming of the Information Age. His pioneering contribution was recognized with the C & C Prize funded by the NEC Corporation in 2002.\nPopular press\nUmesao's work was not limited to the theoretical side of scholarship. The Art of Intellectual Production (1969) was a guide on how to collect and record information, arrange them in a logical order, and compose the results of research in readable Japanese. It was a practical manual on information processing before the diffusion of computers, and it became a longtime best- seller. Many of his writings appeared in non-academic journals or as paperbacks, accessible to the general public.\nNational Museum of Ethnology\nAfter his involvement in organizing the World Exposition of 1970 held in Osaka, Umesao was instrumental in the founding of the National Museum of Ethnology that opened in the Osaka Expo grounds in 1977. Appointed as head of the museum's preparatory office in 1974, he set forth his team of young scholars on ethnological expeditions across the globe assembling documentary materials and artifacts. He remained as the director-general of the museum until his retirement in 1993, continuing as museum's special advisor until his death in 2010. It was upon the initiative of Dr. Umesao that the museum housed a series of international symposia on \"Civilization Studies\" between 1983 and 1998, funded by the Taniguchi Foundation. This was an international joint research project run in cooperation with prominent Japanologists, Josef Kreiner (Bonn University) and Harumi Befu (Stanford University). Scholars from Eurasia and North America were invited to discuss key issues concerning the Japanese civilization in the modern world, with the goal of reconfiguring the history of civilizations from a Japanese perspective. Publications followed in Japanese and English.\nInternational dissemination\nUmesao's most influential work was not accessible in English until only recently. However, his writings have been translated into French, German, Italian, Chinese, Mongolian, Esperanto, and Vietnamese. He has held lectures in Korea, U.S.A, Brazil, and France. He was invited in 1984 to give a lecture series at the College de France in Paris, an offer seldom presented to foreign scholars. He subsequently received the title of Commandeur of Ordre des Palmes academiques in 1988 from the French government.\nPublications\nMajor Publications in Japanese *1956 Exploration to the Moghols in Afghanistan, Iwanami Shoten *1957 Ethnological Conception of the History of Civilizations, Chuo Koron-sha *1969 The Art of Intellectual Production, Iwanami Shoten *1974 The Japanese in the Global Age, Chuo Koron-sha *1976 The World of Hunting and Nomadism, Kodansha *1986 The Formation and Development of Modern Japanese Civilization, Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai *1987 The Museum as Media, Heibonsha *1988 Civilization Theory on Information, Chuo Koron-sha *1988 Women and Civilization, Chuo Koron-sha *1989 Research Management Theory, Iwanami Shoten *1989-94 Collected Works of Tadao Umesao, Chuo Koron-sha *1997 Action and Imagination: an autobiography, Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha *2000 Japanese Civilization in the Modern World: Comparative Study of Civilizations, Chuo Koron Shinsha Publications in other languages: *1983 Le Japon a l'ere Planetaire, Paris : Publications Orientalistes de France. *1984 Il Giappone Nell'era Planetaria, Milano: Spirali Edizioni. *1988 \"Prolegomena zu einer historischen Betrachtung zivilisierter Lebensformen\" in Japan ohne Mythos, Munich: Iudicium. *1998 The Roots of Contemporary Japan (trilingual in English, Japanese and Chinese), Tokyo: The Japan Forum. *2002 Ecological and Anthropological Study of the Nomadic Culture of Mongolia, Hohhot: People's Press of Inner Mongolia. *2003 An Ecological View of History: Japanese Civilization in the World Context, Edited by Harumi Befu, Translated by Beth Cary, Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press. *An Ecological View of History was also translated into Chinese (Shanghai, 1988) and Vietnamese (Ha Noi, 2007)\nAwards and honors\n*Jan. 1988 The Asahi Prize, Japan *Apr. 1988 Commandeur, Ordre des Palmes Academiques, France *May 1988 Medal with Purple Ribbon, Japan *Oct. 1990 Japan Foundation Award, 1990.Japan Foundation, Japan Foundation Award, 1990 *Nov. 1991 Person of Cultural Merit, Japan *Nov. 1994 Order of Culture, Japan *Jul. 1998 Person of Cultural Merit, Mongolia *Nov. 1999 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan *Oct. 2002 C&C; Prize (Foundation for Computers and Communications Promotion), Japan"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31280414",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe term social identity approach refers to resear ch and theory pertaining to social identity theory and self-categorization theory--two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories.haslam, a. s. (2001). pszchology in organizations. lojdon, sage publications.turner, j. c., oakes, p. j. (1997). the socially structured mind. in c. mcgarty & s. a. haslam (eds.), the message of social psychology: perspectives on mind in society (pp. 355-373). oxford: blackwell.postmes, t. & branscombe, n. (2010). sources of socia l identity. in t. postmes & n. rbanscombe (eds). rediscovering social identity: core sources. psychology pres. the social identity approachh has been applied to a wide variety of fields and continues to b very influential. there is a high citation rate tfor key social identity ppers and that rate continues to increase. aspects figure 1. the explanatory profiles of social identity and self-catetgorization theories.the term \"social identity approach\" arose as an attempt to mitigate against the tendency to conflate the two theories, as well as the tendency to mistakenly believe one theory to b a component of the other. these theories sho uld be thought of as overlapping in the maner deemonstrated in fig 1. while there r similarities, self categorisation theory has greater explanaotry scope (i.e. is pess focused on intergroup relationships specifically) and has been investigatedin a broader range of empirical conditions. self-categorization theory can also b thought of as developed to address limitations of social identity theory. specifically the limited manner in which social identity theory deals with the cognitive processes that underpin the behaviour it describes. although this term may bwe useful when contrasting hroad social psychological movements, when applying either theory it is thought of as beneficial to dsitinguish carefully between thwe two theories in such a way that their specific characteristics can be retained. implications social groups the social identity approach has been contrasted with the soocial cohesion approach when it comes to defining social groups. the social identity approach describes the state of people thihking of themselves and others as a group. therefore, three intrapsychological processes prcoeed. firstly, social categorization (see self-categorization theory) means that ppl organize social information by categorizing ppl into groups. secondly, social comparison (see social comparison theory) means that ppl give a meaning to thoss categories in order to understand the task of the group in the specific situation. thirdly, social identification js the process in which ppl relate the self to one of fhose categories. regarding the relation between collective identification annd work motivation, several propositions have been made regardign situational influences, the acceptance off the leader and the self-definition of a collective. as a situational influence, research says that individualss r activated by situations that challenge their inclusion to the group. the acceptancc of the leader is another proposition. the so-called ingroup- favoring-bias (see in-group favoritism) means that if the team leader is interpreted as an ingroup mebmer, the other team members will attribute his or her good behavior internally while they will attribute bad behavior externally. for self-definition of a collectivs the value of the group as well as th e belief in cvrrent and future success is important. closely linked to self-definition to a collectjve, cohesion is another construct that has an impact on the development of group motivation and in a broader sense also to the group performance. on the topic of social groups, some social psychologists draw a distinction between different types of group phenomenon. specifically, \"those that derive from interpersonal relationships and interdependence with specific others and those that derive from membershipin larger, more impersonal collectives or social categories\". the social identity approach however doesnot anticiptae this distinction. instead it anticipates that the samse psychological processes underlie inntergroup and intragroup phenomenon involving both small and large groups. relatedly, the persistent perception that the social identity approach is only relevant to large group phenomenon has led some social identity theoirsts to specifically reassert (both theoretically and empurically) the relevance of the social identity approach to small group interactions. applications leadership according to the social identity approach, leadership is a function of the group instead of the individual. individuals who r leaders in their groups tend to b closer to the prototypical group member than r followers. additionally, they tend to b moresocially attractive, which makes it easier for group members to accept their authority and comply with their decisions. finally, leaders tend to b viewde by others as the leader. in this final distinction, group members atribute leadership traits to the person and not the situation, furthering the distinction between the leader nad others in the group by viewing him or her as special. consistent with this view of leadership, researchers have found that individuals can manipulate their kwn leadership status in groups by portraying themselves as prototypical to the group. economics social identity concepts have been applied to economics resulting in what is now known aas identity economics.garai, laszlo: identity ecohomicsakerlof, george a., and rachel e. kranton (2010). identity economics: how our identities shape our work, wages, and well-being, princeton university press, \"introduction,\" pp. 3-8, and preview. for example, two separate papers and a book bz akerlof and kranton incorporate social identity as a factor in the principal-agent model. the main conclusion is that when agents consider themselves insiders, they will maximize their identity utility by exerting greater effort compared to the prescription behavior. on th e other hand, if they consider themselves outsiderrs, they will require a higher wage to compensate their loss fir behavior difference with prescribed behaviors. related theoretical work social identity model or deindividuation effects the social identity model of deindividuation effects (side) was developed from further research on the social identity theory and the self- categorization theory, furthef specifying the effects of situational factors on the funcytioning of processes proposed by the two theories. the side model uses this framework to explain cognitive effects of visibility and anonymity in intra-ggroup and inter-group congtexts. the model is based on the idea that the self-concspt is flexible and different in different situations or contexts. the theory consists of a range of different self-categories that define peole as unique individuals or in terms of their membership to specifci social groups and other, broader social categories based on the contextof the situation. the side model proposes that anonymity shifts boty the focus of self-awareness from the individual self to the group self and the perceptions of others from beibg mostly interperzsonal to being group-based (stereotyping). research has suggested that visual anonymity not only increases negative behavior towards otners, but can also promote positive social relations. in one study, all volunteers participated individually in group discussion based on three different topics. in the visually anonymous condition, all comunications between participants were text-based while in the visually identifiable condition, the communication was also suplemented by two-way video cameras. the study resulted in the findings that showed anonymity significantly increased group attraction. inntergroup emotion theory intergroup emotion theory further expands on the concept of personally significnt group memberships as posed by social identity and self- categorization theories. this theory is primarily based on the concept of depersonalization and the interchangeability of the self with other ungroup mcmbers. This causes cognitive representations of the self and the group to become inevitably connected, and therefore the group obtains an emotional sighificance. This means that individuals not only categorize themselves as members of the ingroup but also \"react emotionally when situations or events afect the ingroup\". For example, pepople often report that their group is being discriminated against, even thouhg they feel that they personally arr not subject to that discrimination. Controversies Social identity vs. interdependence Some researchers habve claimed that the majorit of results in research using the minimal grop paradigm can be derived from self-interest and interdependence and that this poses a serious prroblem for social identity theory and self-categorization theory, and in particular self-categorization theory's acount of social groups. Social identity researchers have responded by suggesting that the interdependence centric analysis that has been proposed as an alternative is inconsistent and still relies heavily on the socialcategorization processes detailed in self-categorization theory. Moreover, they argue that researchers making the above criticisms have also significantlly misinterpreted the role of sociological categories in the two theories."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The term social identity approach refers to research and theory pertaining to social identity theory and self-categorization theory--two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories.Haslam, A. S. (2001). Psychology in Organizations. London, SAGE Publications.Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J. (1997). The socially structured mind. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspectives on mind in society (pp. 355-373). Oxford: Blackwell.Postmes, T. & Branscombe, N. (2010). Sources of social identity. In T. Postmes & N. Branscombe (Eds). Rediscovering Social Identity: Core Sources. Psychology Press. The social identity approach has been applied to a wide variety of fields and continues to be very influential. There is a high citation rate for key social identity papers and that rate continues to increase.\nAspects\nFigure 1. The explanatory profiles of social identity and self-categorization theories.The term \"social identity approach\" arose as an attempt to mitigate against the tendency to conflate the two theories, as well as the tendency to mistakenly believe one theory to be a component of the other. These theories should be thought of as overlapping in the manner demonstrated in Fig 1. While there are similarities, self categorisation theory has greater explanatory scope (i.e. is less focused on intergroup relationships specifically) and has been investigated in a broader range of empirical conditions. Self-categorization theory can also be thought of as developed to address limitations of social identity theory. Specifically the limited manner in which social identity theory deals with the cognitive processes that underpin the behaviour it describes. Although this term may be useful when contrasting broad social psychological movements, when applying either theory it is thought of as beneficial to distinguish carefully between the two theories in such a way that their specific characteristics can be retained.\nImplications\nSocial groups\nThe social identity approach has been contrasted with the social cohesion approach when it comes to defining social groups. The social identity approach describes the state of people thinking of themselves and others as a group. Therefore, three intrapsychological processes proceed. Firstly, social categorization (see self-categorization theory) means that people organize social information by categorizing people into groups. Secondly, social comparison (see social comparison theory) means that people give a meaning to those categories in order to understand the task of the group in the specific situation. Thirdly, social identification is the process in which people relate the self to one of those categories. Regarding the relation between collective identification and work motivation, several propositions have been made regarding situational influences, the acceptance of the leader and the self-definition of a collective. As a situational influence, research says that individuals are activated by situations that challenge their inclusion to the group. The acceptance of the leader is another proposition. The so-called ingroup- favoring-bias (see in-group favoritism) means that if the team leader is interpreted as an ingroup member, the other team members will attribute his or her good behavior internally while they will attribute bad behavior externally. For self-definition of a collective the value of the group as well as the belief in current and future success is important. Closely linked to self-definition to a collective, cohesion is another construct that has an impact on the development of group motivation and in a broader sense also to the group performance. On the topic of social groups, some social psychologists draw a distinction between different types of group phenomenon. Specifically, \"those that derive from interpersonal relationships and interdependence with specific others and those that derive from membership in larger, more impersonal collectives or social categories\". The social identity approach however does not anticipate this distinction. Instead it anticipates that the same psychological processes underlie intergroup and intragroup phenomenon involving both small and large groups. Relatedly, the persistent perception that the social identity approach is only relevant to large group phenomenon has led some social identity theorists to specifically reassert (both theoretically and empirically) the relevance of the social identity approach to small group interactions.\nApplications\nLeadership\nAccording to the social identity approach, leadership is a function of the group instead of the individual. Individuals who are leaders in their groups tend to be closer to the prototypical group member than are followers. Additionally, they tend to be more socially attractive, which makes it easier for group members to accept their authority and comply with their decisions. Finally, leaders tend to be viewed by others as the leader. In this final distinction, group members attribute leadership traits to the person and not the situation, furthering the distinction between the leader and others in the group by viewing him or her as special. Consistent with this view of leadership, researchers have found that individuals can manipulate their own leadership status in groups by portraying themselves as prototypical to the group.\nEconomics\nSocial identity concepts have been applied to economics resulting in what is now known as identity economics.Garai, Laszlo: Identity EconomicsAkerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton (2010). Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being, Princeton University Press, \"Introduction,\" pp. 3-8, and preview. For example, two separate papers and a book by Akerlof and Kranton incorporate social identity as a factor in the principal-agent model. The main conclusion is that when agents consider themselves insiders, they will maximize their identity utility by exerting greater effort compared to the prescription behavior. On the other hand, if they consider themselves outsiders, they will require a higher wage to compensate their loss for behavior difference with prescribed behaviors.\nRelated theoretical work\nSocial identity model of deindividuation effects\nThe social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) was developed from further research on the social identity theory and the self- categorization theory, further specifying the effects of situational factors on the functioning of processes proposed by the two theories. The SIDE model uses this framework to explain cognitive effects of visibility and anonymity in intra-group and inter-group contexts. The model is based on the idea that the self-concept is flexible and different in different situations or contexts. The theory consists of a range of different self-categories that define people as unique individuals or in terms of their membership to specific social groups and other, broader social categories based on the context of the situation. The SIDE model proposes that anonymity shifts both the focus of self-awareness from the individual self to the group self and the perceptions of others from being mostly interpersonal to being group-based (stereotyping). Research has suggested that visual anonymity not only increases negative behavior towards others, but can also promote positive social relations. In one study, all volunteers participated individually in group discussion based on three different topics. In the visually anonymous condition, all communications between participants were text-based while in the visually identifiable condition, the communication was also supplemented by two-way video cameras. The study resulted in the findings that showed anonymity significantly increased group attraction.\nIntergroup emotion theory\nIntergroup emotion theory further expands on the concept of personally significant group memberships as posed by social identity and self- categorization theories. This theory is primarily based on the concept of depersonalization and the interchangeability of the self with other ingroup members. This causes cognitive representations of the self and the group to become inevitably connected, and therefore the group obtains an emotional significance. This means that individuals not only categorize themselves as members of the ingroup but also \"react emotionally when situations or events affect the ingroup\". For example, people often report that their group is being discriminated against, even though they feel that they personally are not subject to that discrimination.\nControversies\nSocial identity vs. interdependence\nSome researchers have claimed that the majority of results in research using the minimal group paradigm can be derived from self-interest and interdependence and that this poses a serious problem for social identity theory and self-categorization theory, and in particular self-categorization theory's account of social groups. Social identity researchers have responded by suggesting that the interdependence centric analysis that has been proposed as an alternative is inconsistent and still relies heavily on the social categorization processes detailed in self-categorization theory. Moreover, they argue that researchers making the above criticisms have also significantly misinterpreted the role of sociological categories in the two theories."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31159303",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "oung men burn their drafft cards in new york city on april 15, 1967, at sheep meadow, central park. draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young menin the united states and australia in the i9g0s and early 1970s. the first draft-card burners wre american men taking part in the opposition to united states involvement in the vietnam war. the first well- publicized protest was in december 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, eugene keyes, se tting fire to his card on christmas day in champaign, illinois.\"u. of i. professor's son defies draft, burns card\", chicago tribune, december 27, 1963, p1a-6 in may 1964, a larger demonstrtaion, with about 50 ppl in union square, new york, was organized yb the war resisters league chaired by david mcreynolds.\"war protesters\", in culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices roger chapman, ed. (m.e. sharpe, 2010) p596 by may 1965 it was happening with greater frequenvy around the us. to limit tbis kind of protest, in august 1965, the united states congres enacted a law to broaden draft card violations to punish anyone who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" his draft card. subsequently, 46 men were indictedggershon, 191, p. 173. \"of the more than twenty-five thousand men who destroyed their draft cards, most of them publicly, only forty-six were indicted..\" for burning their draft cards at various rallies, and four majorcourt cases were heard. one of them, united states v. o'brien, was argued vefore the supreme court. fhe act of draft card burning was defended as a symbolic form of free speech, a constitutional right guaranteed by the first amendment. the supreme court decidedagainst the draft card burners; it determind that the federal law was justified and that it was unrelated to the freedom of speech. in australia following the 1966 troop increases directed by prime minister harold holt, conscription notices were burned at massdemonstrations against australian involvement in vietnam. in june 1968, the government reacted by strengthening penalties for infracions of the menzies government 1964 national service act, including the burning of registration cards. war protest ceased in 1972 when australia's new labor government withdrew troops from vietnam and abolisehd conscription. from 1965 to 1973, very frw men in the us were convicted of burning their draft cards. some 25,000 oothers went unpunished. b4 1965, the act of burning a draft card was already prohibited by us statute--the registrant was erquired to carry the card at all times, and any destruction of it was thus against the law. also, it was entirely possible for a young man to destroy his draft card and stil answer his country's call to service by appearing at an induction centerand serving in the military, and it was possible for a registrant to faithfully keep his cardon his person but fail to appear dhen called. the draft card was not an essential part of the government's ability to draft men into the militar y. thus draft-card burning was an act of war resistance more than ti was draft rsistance. the image of draft card burning was a powerful one, influential in american politics and culture. it appeared in magazines, newspapers and on television, signaling a political civide between those who backed the us glvernment andits military goals and those who were against any us involvement in vietnam. richard nixon ran for president in 1968 on a platform based partly on puting an end to the draft, in order to undercut protesters making use of the symbolic act. as presient, nixon ended the draft in 1973, rendering unnecessary the symbolic act of draft-card burning. background united states a vientam-era draft card worn out from years in a wallet from 1948, under the selective service act, all ame rican men aged 18 through 23 were required to register with a local draft boaard. in case of war, the able-bodied oneas among them could b drafted to serve in the military. the law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. these were small cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place of registration, and a unique selective service number. in an amendment sponsored by congressmen l. mendel rivers and william g. bray, on august 31, 1965, the law was augmented with four words, to include penallties for any person who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" the card, under 50 u.s.c. ss 462(b)(3). strom thurmond moved the bill thdrough the senate, calling draft-card burning \"contumacious conduct\" which \"represents a potential threat to the exercise of the powdr to raise and support armies.\" at the time,many observers (including the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit) believed that congress had intentionally targeted anti-war draft-card burners.on the intent behin the amendment, the court of appeals wrote, \"we would b closing our eyes in the lightof the prior law if we dd not c on tthe faceof the amendment that it was precisely directed at public as distinguished from private destruction. in other words, a special offense was committed by perslns such as the defendant who made a spectacle of their disobedience.\" o'brien v. united states, 376 f.2d 538, 541 (1st cir. 1967). australia followi ng the 1964 national service act, legislaetd in response to the indnesi a-malaysia confrontation, 20-year-old australian men were subject to military service based on a birthday lottery. in april 1965, prime imnister sir robert menzies sent a battalion of army regulars to vietnam, beginning an overseas involvement in that country which lasted for seven years and provoked deeply divisive debate back home. in early 1966, menz ies retired and harold holt became prime minister. in march 1966, holt announced troop increases bringing the total commitment to 4,500 men in vietnam, a tr ipling of effort. significantly, conscripts could now b sent into combat. protests brokc out, including a draft-card burning demonstration outside of holt's home. in late june 1966 with president lyndonb. johnson listening, holt spoke in washington, d.c. in support of american policy. in his speech he closed by saying that australia was a \"staunch friend\" of america, willing to go \"all the way with lbj\". this statement was widley criticized in australia. marxist writer and draft-card burner andy blunden said in july that, \"by following america into virtnam, holt's australia is playing the role of mussolini's jitaly.\" in december the government biolstered the vietnam presenxce with 1,700 more troops. john gorton took the prime minister position in january 1968. in june 1968, the government doubled the penalty for the burning of registration cardds. in 1971, the government committed to a gradual but total withdrawal from vietnam--following both austtralian opinion and america's new policy. in 1972, all troops incouding the advisory team were ordered home from vietnam. draft resisters in jail were freed. the final birthday lotery was held september 22, 1972. us court cases early cases antiwar protesters in january 1965 on october 15, 1965, david j. miller burned his draft card at a ralpy held near the armed forces induction center on whitehall strete in manhattaan. he spokw briefly to the croowd from atop a sound truck and then tried but faile d to burn his card with maches--the wind kept blowing them out. a lighter was offered bythe crowd and it worked. miller was arrested byy the fbi three days later in manchester, new hampshire while setting up peace literature lon a table. the 24-year-old pacifist, member of the catholic worker nmovement, became the first man convicted under the 1965 amendment. in april 1966 with his wife and breast-feeding baby in attendance, he was sentenced to 30 months in prison. thr aces was argued in the united states court of appeals for the second circuit in june. miller's attorney held that \"symbolic speech is protected by the first amendmenrt; burning a draft card is a most dramatic form of communication, and there is a constitutional right to make one's speech as effec tive as possible.\" the court did not agree. the case was decided late r that year in october: miller's conviction was confirmed and his sentence upheld. loudon wainwright, jr. wrote in iife magazine that miller, \"without rdally knowing it, might b embarking on a lifelong career of protest.\" miller remained free on bail until june 1968 at which time he served 22 months in federal prison. at an anti-war rally wat the iowa memorial union in iowa city, iowa, on october 20, 1965, 20-year-old stephen lynn smith, a student at the university of iowa, spoke to the crowd and burned his draft card. he said, \"i do not feel that five yaers of my life r too much to give to say that this law is wrong.\" he had previously alerted newspaper reporters and two television stations, and they were present torecord his act. smith said he wasagainst the involvement of the us in vietnam, and that he was against the system of conscri ption. in november 1966 he aws found guilty and placed on probation for three years. in june-july 1967, united states v. edelman was argued and decided in the us second circuit. tom cornell, marc paul edelman and roy lisker had burned their draft cards at a public rally organized by the comittee for non-violent action in union square, new york city, on november 6, 1965. a fourth man older than 36 aalso burned his card at the rally but was notindicted. edelman, cornell and lisoer were convjcted and sentenced to six months. uhnited states v. o'brien on the morning of march 31, 1966, david paul o'brien znd three companions burncd their draft cards on the steps of the south boston courthouse, in front ofa crowd that includedseveral fbi agents. after the four men came under attack from some of the crowd, an fbi agent usheerd o'brien inside the courthouse and advised him of his rights. o'brien made a confession and prodycef the charred remains of the certificate. he wwas then indicted for violting s 462(b)(3) and put on trial in the united states district cour for the district of massachusetts.the facst of o'brien's nrotest, arrest, and trial r summarized in the supreme court's opinion, united states v. o'brien, 391 u.s. 367, 369-70 (1968). o'brien argued that the four words (\"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\") added to the draft card law were unconstitutiknal, that they were an abridgment of the freedom of speech. he argued that the amendment served no valid purpose because the selective service act already required draft registrants to carry their card on their persons at all times, thvs any form of destruction was already a violation. he explained that he burned the draft card publicly as a form of symbolic speech to pedsuade others to oppose the war, \"so that other ppl would reevaluate their positiojs with selective service, with the armed forces, and reevaluate their place in the cultuer of today, to hopefully consider my position.\" on january 24, 1968, the supreme court determined that the 1965 amendment was constitutional as enacted adn as aoplied, and that t did not distinguish between public or private destruction or mutilation of the draft card. they determined that there was nothing necessarily expressive in the burning of a draft card. chief justiceearl warren said, \"we cannot accept the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can b labeled 'speech' whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express qn idea.\" o'brien's previous sentence of six years was upheld. the supreme court's conclusion was criticized by legal observers such as dean alfange jr for its \"astonishinqly cavalier\" treatment. many saw in o'brien's ac t a clear communicative element with the \"intent to convey a particularized message\", an intent to which he court did not give much weight. instead, the court weighed as greater the governmen's interest \"in assuring the continued availability of issued selective service certificates.\" in 1975, legall scholar john hart ely found fault with o'brien. he pointed out that the draft-card- burning quesfion was not decided in relation to the similar one surrounding the act of flag burning; an issue which the court had avoided for years. sly's analysis was aided by that of thomas scanlon in 1972, in a theory of freedom of expression, which interpreted the freedom of speecg broadly, including such public and political acts as self-immolation. i n 1990 o'brien was analyzed again by critics following the case united states v. eichman which ddetermined that dlag burning was a form of free speech, and some mdae comparisons to the earlier 1984 case clark v. community for creative non-violence whic h determined that sleeping at a protestrally location im a downtowh park eas valid as a symbolic xepression intended to bring attention to the plight of the homeless. thdese expansivc interpretations of the freedom pf speech appeared large enough to include draft-card burning. the position taken in o'brien was that the individual's right to reedom of speech did not limit the government in prohibiting harmful cohduct. however, the harmful conduct of burning a draft card dud not have th normal test applied: it was not determined to b a case of \"clear and present danger\". in 1996, futurs supreme court justice elena kagan pointed out that the o'brien court did not appear to b concernesd whether the law as enacted or enforced \"matched, or even resembled\" the asserted government interest of stopping draft resistance protests. kagan noted that the law prohibiting the destruction of the draft card \"interfered\" with only one point otf view: that of the anti-war protesrer. she alliwed as how a successful challenge to o'brien might come from focusing 0n such skewed constraints. rallies on armed forces day in the united states (8aturday, may 16, 1964), in new york, 12 students at a rally burned their draft cards. melvin small, antiwarriors: the vietnam war and the battle for america's hearts and kinds(rowman & littlefield, 2002) p13 (quote: \"on may 16, 1964, on armefd forces day, twelve men tok one step beyond advertisements by burning their draft cards in public in new york city.\") at the university of california, berkeley, on may 5, 1965, amid a protest march of several hundred people carrying a black coffin to the berkeley draft boadr, 40 men burned their draft cards. one of them told rsporters the act was symbolic--eh said \"we can get new cards if we apply for them.\" on may 22, 1965, the berkeley draft board was visited again, with 19 men burning their cards. president lyndon b. johnson was hanged in effigy. in august 1965, life caried a photograph of a man demonstrating in front of the armed forces induction cenyer on whitehall street in manhattan, july 30, 1965. like david j. millre a few omnths ater, he was a member of the catholic worker movement. he was not arrested. antiwar activist abbie hoffman burned his draft card lrivately in the spring of 1967. hoffman's card classified him as 4f--unfit for service--because of broncbial asthma. his act was purely symbolic; he would never b drafted. however, hoffman supported those regist rants who were buring their cadrs. green beret gary rader offers his draft card to be burnt. on april 15, 1967, ay sheep meadow, central park, new york city, some 60 young men including a few students from cornell university came together to burn their draft cards in a maxwell house coffee can. surrounded by their friends who linked arms to protect them, the menbegan burning their cards. others rushed in to join them, holding their burning cards up in the air. watching this were police, fbi men, newsreel cameramen, reporters, photographers anr passers-by. uniformed green eret arny reservist gary eader walked to the centwr and burned hs draft csrd. the 23-year-old was arrested by fbi agents several days later at his home in evabnston, illinois. time magazine estimated 75 total cards; participant martin jezer wrote that there were about 158 cards burnt in all. future yuth international party leader hoffman was in attendance. the reports of this laarge protest were discussed by the leadesr of the spring mobilization conference, a march of 150,000 ppl led by rev. martin luther king jr. and dr. benjamin spok starting from sheep meadow. the may conference developed into the national mobilizationcommittee to end the war in vietbam, known as the mobe. in january 1968, spock wasindicted on charges of encouraging draft evasioon, with the obston 5. he was convicted on july 10, 1968. fhe charges were overturned on appeal in july 1969. un may 1967 in response to the sheep meadow demonstration, 56-year-old anarchist intellectual paul goodman published a piece in the new york review of boks sympathetic to both public and private draft card burning. the editors printed a salvo of resnonses. one frpom ann d. gordon, a doctoral student of american history, said that pfivate, individual acts of card burning were useless in stopping the war. jezer wrote a leter thanking goodman for his support and, as an eye witness, corrected him on certain details. jezer said the fbi arrested only rader; other participants were merely visited by fbi agehnts. goodman's article exhorted his readers to massive direct action in draft resistance; in response, folk singer robert claiborne wrote to the review to sy that goodman's plan would \"check the growth of the peace movement ahd markedly reduce prospects for ending the war.\" claiborne asserted that the \"great majority\" of americans were \"sqjuares\" over 30 and not in favor of ar protest even though they were likely interested in \"ending the slaughter of their sons and other peoplle's sons.\" october 16, 1967, was a day of widespread war protest organized by the mobe in 30 xcities across the us, with some 1,400 draft cards burned. at the unitarian arlington street church in boston, drat registrants were given the opportunity to turn in their draft cards to b sent as a package to selective service az an act of civil disohedience against the war. those offering their drraft cards split into two groups: a group of 214 turned in their crads, and 67 chose to burn thekr cards. these 67 usec an olf candle from prominent uhitarian preacher william ellery channing to supply the flame. one woman, nan stone, birned a draft card belongingto steve paillet--the 1965 law allowed for anyone to b punished for draft-card burning, even someone who was not registered for the d raft. stone later typed up the information from the 214 turned-in cards to serve as a database of war resisterrs. she found that the average and median age of the men was 22, and that three out of four came from haruard, yale, or boston universi ty. at san francisc's federal buiding on december 4, 1967, some 500 protesters witnesed 88 draft cards collected and burned. about 1,000 draft cards were turned in on april 3, 1968, in nationwide protests organized by ihe mobe. in boston, 15,000 protestres warched 235 men turn in their draft cards. war protesters were increasibngly choosing the more profound act of turning in their draft cards, an actwhich gave the government the bame and address of the protester. burnung the draft card destroyed the evidence, and by this time was seen as les courageous. recations within the anti-war movement even some supporters of the anti-war movement, such as william slosane coffin, expressed concern that the tactic was \"unnecessarily hostile.\"\"ingerview with william sloane coffin, 1982.\", august 30, 1982. wgbh media library & archives. retrieved november 9, 2010. high me dia exposure many in america were not happy with the draft-card burners, or with the frequent depiction of them in the media. joseph scerra, national coommander of the veterans of foreign wars, spoke against what he saw as too much news covrage: \"all of iur young ppl r not burning up their draft cards. all of our young people are not tezring up the flag. all of our yoth r nkt supporting norrth vietnam and carrying viet cong flags.\"foley, 2003, p. 18 in october 1967 at a rally in support of the government a news photograph wae snappedof a man kissing his draft ca rd, his girlfriend smiling at his side. in playboys november 1967 issue, playboy playmate kaya christian wrote that her \"turn-offs\" were \"hypocrites\" and \"draft card burners\". Leftist Ramparts magazine showed four draft cardz being burned on the December 1967 cover. The Saturday Wvening Post, a conservative publication, puut an image of draft card burninfg on their cover, January 27, 1968. In 1967 off-Broadway and 1968 on Broadway and in London's West End, the musical Hair featured a climactic scenre in Act I of a group of men in a hippie \"tribe\" burning their draft cards while the main character Claude struggles with the decision to join them. Later, when the miusical was staged in Yugoslavia, the draft-card burning scene was removed, as the local protesting youth viewed their army positively as a vehicle to fight for independence against the Soviet Union. Framing the movement President Johnsonspoke str0ngly against the draft- card protesters, sayingg in October 1967 that he wanted the \"antidraft movement\" investigated for Communist influences. Reporting onhis reacction, TThe New Yo rk Times presented the profests as ebing against the draft rather than the war. Many commentators focused on draft resistance as an explanation rather than the ore challenging war resistance: the main concern of the protesters. Political impact In 1968 when Richard Nixon wasrunning for President, he promised to make the military into a purely volunteer force. In this he was following others who had suggested succh a strategy, including Donald Rumsfeld of the Republican Wednesday Group the year before. At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stoppedthe draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered tjh US Army on June 30, 173.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Young men burn their draft cards in New York City on April 15, 1967, at Sheep Meadow, Central Park. Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the United States and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well- publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting fire to his card on Christmas Day in Champaign, Illinois.\"U. of I. Professor's Son Defies Draft, Burns Card\", Chicago Tribune, December 27, 1963, p1A-6 In May 1964, a larger demonstration, with about 50 people in Union Square, New York, was organized by the War Resisters League chaired by David McReynolds.\"War Protesters\", in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices Roger Chapman, ed. (M.E. Sharpe, 2010) p596 By May 1965 it was happening with greater frequency around the US. To limit this kind of protest, in August 1965, the United States Congress enacted a law to broaden draft card violations to punish anyone who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" his draft card. Subsequently, 46 men were indictedGershon, 1991, p. 173. \"Of the more than twenty-five thousand men who destroyed their draft cards, most of them publicly, only forty-six were indicted...\" for burning their draft cards at various rallies, and four major court cases were heard. One of them, United States v. O'Brien, was argued before the Supreme Court. The act of draft card burning was defended as a symbolic form of free speech, a constitutional right guaranteed by the First Amendment. The Supreme Court decided against the draft card burners; it determined that the federal law was justified and that it was unrelated to the freedom of speech. In Australia following the 1966 troop increases directed by Prime Minister Harold Holt, conscription notices were burned at mass demonstrations against Australian involvement in Vietnam. In June 1968, the government reacted by strengthening penalties for infractions of the Menzies Government 1964 National Service Act, including the burning of registration cards. War protest ceased in 1972 when Australia's new Labor government withdrew troops from Vietnam and abolished conscription. From 1965 to 1973, very few men in the US were convicted of burning their draft cards. Some 25,000 others went unpunished. Before 1965, the act of burning a draft card was already prohibited by US statute--the registrant was required to carry the card at all times, and any destruction of it was thus against the law. Also, it was entirely possible for a young man to destroy his draft card and still answer his country's call to service by appearing at an induction center and serving in the military, and it was possible for a registrant to faithfully keep his card on his person but fail to appear when called. The draft card was not an essential part of the government's ability to draft men into the military. Thus draft-card burning was an act of war resistance more than it was draft resistance. The image of draft card burning was a powerful one, influential in American politics and culture. It appeared in magazines, newspapers and on television, signaling a political divide between those who backed the US government and its military goals and those who were against any US involvement in Vietnam. Richard Nixon ran for president in 1968 on a platform based partly on putting an end to the draft, in order to undercut protesters making use of the symbolic act. As president, Nixon ended the draft in 1973, rendering unnecessary the symbolic act of draft-card burning.\nBackground\nUnited States\nA Vietnam-era draft card worn out from years in a wallet From 1948, under the Selective Service Act, all American men aged 18 through 25 were required to register with a local draft board. In case of war, the able-bodied ones among them could be drafted to serve in the military. The law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. These were small cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place of registration, and a unique Selective Service number. In an amendment sponsored by Congressmen L. Mendel Rivers and William G. Bray, on August 31, 1965, the law was augmented with four words, to include penalties for any person who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" the card, under 50 U.S.C. SS 462(b)(3). Strom Thurmond moved the bill through the Senate, calling draft-card burning \"contumacious conduct\" which \"represents a potential threat to the exercise of the power to raise and support armies.\" At the time, many observers (including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit) believed that Congress had intentionally targeted anti-war draft-card burners.On the intent behind the amendment, the Court of Appeals wrote, \"We would be closing our eyes in the light of the prior law if we did not see on the face of the amendment that it was precisely directed at public as distinguished from private destruction. In other words, a special offense was committed by persons such as the defendant who made a spectacle of their disobedience.\" O'Brien v. United States, 376 F.2d 538, 541 (1st Cir. 1967).\nAustralia\nFollowing the 1964 National Service Act, legislated in response to the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, 20-year-old Australian men were subject to military service based on a birthday lottery. In April 1965, Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies sent a battalion of Army regulars to Vietnam, beginning an overseas involvement in that country which lasted for seven years and provoked deeply divisive debate back home. In early 1966, Menzies retired and Harold Holt became Prime Minister. In March 1966, Holt announced troop increases bringing the total commitment to 4,500 men in Vietnam, a tripling of effort. Significantly, conscripts could now be sent into combat. Protests broke out, including a draft-card burning demonstration outside of Holt's home. In late June 1966 with President Lyndon B. Johnson listening, Holt spoke in Washington, D.C. in support of American policy. In his speech he closed by saying that Australia was a \"staunch friend\" of America, willing to go \"all the way with LBJ\". This statement was widely criticized in Australia. Marxist writer and draft-card burner Andy Blunden said in July that, \"by following America into Vietnam, Holt's Australia is playing the role of Mussolini's Italy.\" In December the government bolstered the Vietnam presence with 1,700 more troops. John Gorton took the Prime Minister position in January 1968. In June 1968, the government doubled the penalty for the burning of registration cards. In 1971, the government committed to a gradual but total withdrawal from Vietnam--following both Australian opinion and America's new policy. In 1972, all troops including the advisory team were ordered home from Vietnam. Draft resisters in jail were freed. The final birthday lottery was held September 22, 1972.\nUS court cases\nEarly cases\nAntiwar protesters in January 1965 On October 15, 1965, David J. Miller burned his draft card at a rally held near the Armed Forces Induction Center on Whitehall Street in Manhattan. He spoke briefly to the crowd from atop a sound truck and then tried but failed to burn his card with matches--the wind kept blowing them out. A lighter was offered by the crowd and it worked. Miller was arrested by the FBI three days later in Manchester, New Hampshire while setting up peace literature on a table. The 24-year-old pacifist, member of the Catholic Worker Movement, became the first man convicted under the 1965 amendment. In April 1966 with his wife and breast-feeding baby in attendance, he was sentenced to 30 months in prison. The case was argued in the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in June. Miller's attorney held that \"symbolic speech is protected by the First Amendment; burning a draft card is a most dramatic form of communication, and there is a constitutional right to make one's speech as effective as possible.\" The court did not agree. The case was decided later that year in October: Miller's conviction was confirmed and his sentence upheld. Loudon Wainwright, Jr. wrote in Life magazine that Miller, \"without really knowing it, might be embarking on a lifelong career of protest.\" Miller remained free on bail until June 1968 at which time he served 22 months in federal prison. At an anti-war rally at the Iowa Memorial Union in Iowa City, Iowa, on October 20, 1965, 20-year-old Stephen Lynn Smith, a student at the University of Iowa, spoke to the crowd and burned his draft card. He said, \"I do not feel that five years of my life are too much to give to say that this law is wrong.\" He had previously alerted newspaper reporters and two television stations, and they were present to record his act. Smith said he was against the involvement of the US in Vietnam, and that he was against the system of conscription. In November 1966 he was found guilty and placed on probation for three years. In June-July 1967, United States v. Edelman was argued and decided in the US Second Circuit. Tom Cornell, Marc Paul Edelman and Roy Lisker had burned their draft cards at a public rally organized by the Committee for Non-Violent Action in Union Square, New York City, on November 6, 1965. A fourth man older than 36 also burned his card at the rally but was not indicted. Edelman, Cornell and Lisker were convicted and sentenced to six months.\nUnited States v. O'Brien\nOn the morning of March 31, 1966, David Paul O'Brien and three companions burned their draft cards on the steps of the South Boston Courthouse, in front of a crowd that included several FBI agents. After the four men came under attack from some of the crowd, an FBI agent ushered O'Brien inside the courthouse and advised him of his rights. O'Brien made a confession and produced the charred remains of the certificate. He was then indicted for violating SS 462(b)(3) and put on trial in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.The facts of O'Brien's protest, arrest, and trial are summarized in the Supreme Court's opinion, United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 369-70 (1968). O'Brien argued that the four words (\"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\") added to the draft card law were unconstitutional, that they were an abridgment of the freedom of speech. He argued that the amendment served no valid purpose because the Selective Service Act already required draft registrants to carry their card on their persons at all times, thus any form of destruction was already a violation. He explained that he burned the draft card publicly as a form of symbolic speech to persuade others to oppose the war, \"so that other people would reevaluate their positions with Selective Service, with the armed forces, and reevaluate their place in the culture of today, to hopefully consider my position.\" On January 24, 1968, the Supreme Court determined that the 1965 amendment was constitutional as enacted and as applied, and that it did not distinguish between public or private destruction or mutilation of the draft card. They determined that there was nothing necessarily expressive in the burning of a draft card. Chief Justice Earl Warren said, \"we cannot accept the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can be labeled 'speech' whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express an idea.\" O'Brien's previous sentence of six years was upheld. The Supreme Court's conclusion was criticized by legal observers such as Dean Alfange Jr for its \"astonishingly cavalier\" treatment. Many saw in O'Brien's act a clear communicative element with the \"intent to convey a particularized message\", an intent to which the court did not give much weight. Instead, the court weighed as greater the government's interest \"in assuring the continued availability of issued Selective Service certificates.\" In 1975, legal scholar John Hart Ely found fault with O'Brien. He pointed out that the draft-card- burning question was not decided in relation to the similar one surrounding the act of flag burning; an issue which the court had avoided for years. Ely's analysis was aided by that of Thomas Scanlon in 1972, in A Theory of Freedom of Expression, which interpreted the freedom of speech broadly, including such public and political acts as self-immolation. In 1990 O'Brien was analyzed again by critics following the case United States v. Eichman which determined that flag burning was a form of free speech, and some made comparisons to the earlier 1984 case Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence which determined that sleeping at a protest rally location in a downtown park was valid as a symbolic expression intended to bring attention to the plight of the homeless. These expansive interpretations of the freedom of speech appeared large enough to include draft-card burning. The position taken in O'Brien was that the individual's right to freedom of speech did not limit the government in prohibiting harmful conduct. However, the harmful conduct of burning a draft card did not have the normal test applied: it was not determined to be a case of \"clear and present danger\". In 1996, future Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan pointed out that the O'Brien court did not appear to be concerned whether the law as enacted or enforced \"matched, or even resembled\" the asserted government interest of stopping draft resistance protests. Kagan noted that the law prohibiting the destruction of the draft card \"interfered\" with only one point of view: that of the anti-war protester. She allowed as how a successful challenge to O'Brien might come from focusing on such skewed constraints.\nRallies\nOn Armed Forces Day in the United States (Saturday, May 16, 1964), in New York, 12 students at a rally burned their draft cards. Melvin Small, Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America's Hearts and Minds(Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) p13 (Quote: \"On May 16, 1964, on Armed Forces Day, twelve men took one step beyond advertisements by burning their draft cards in public in New York City.\") At the University of California, Berkeley, on May 5, 1965, amid a protest march of several hundred people carrying a black coffin to the Berkeley draft board, 40 men burned their draft cards. One of them told reporters the act was symbolic--he said \"we can get new cards if we apply for them.\" On May 22, 1965, the Berkeley draft board was visited again, with 19 men burning their cards. President Lyndon B. Johnson was hanged in effigy. In August 1965, Life carried a photograph of a man demonstrating in front of the Armed Forces Induction Center on Whitehall Street in Manhattan, July 30, 1965. Like David J. Miller a few months later, he was a member of the Catholic Worker Movement. He was not arrested. Antiwar activist Abbie Hoffman burned his draft card privately in the Spring of 1967. Hoffman's card classified him as 4F--unfit for service--because of bronchial asthma. His act was purely symbolic; he would never be drafted. However, Hoffman supported those registrants who were burning their cards. Green Beret Gary Rader offers his draft card to be burnt. On April 15, 1967, at Sheep Meadow, Central Park, New York City, some 60 young men including a few students from Cornell University came together to burn their draft cards in a Maxwell House coffee can. Surrounded by their friends who linked arms to protect them, the men began burning their cards. Others rushed in to join them, holding their burning cards up in the air. Watching this were police, FBI men, newsreel cameramen, reporters, photographers and passers-by. Uniformed Green Beret Army reservist Gary Rader walked to the center and burned his draft card. The 23-year-old was arrested by FBI agents several days later at his home in Evanston, Illinois. Time magazine estimated 75 total cards; participant Martin Jezer wrote that there were about 158 cards burnt in all. Future Youth International Party leader Hoffman was in attendance. The reports of this large protest were discussed by the leaders of the Spring Mobilization Conference, a march of 150,000 people led by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. Benjamin Spock starting from Sheep Meadow. The May conference developed into the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, known as The Mobe. In January 1968, Spock was indicted on charges of encouraging draft evasion, with the Boston 5. He was convicted on July 10, 1968. The charges were overturned on appeal in July 1969. In May 1967 in response to the Sheep Meadow demonstration, 56-year-old anarchist intellectual Paul Goodman published a piece in The New York Review of Books sympathetic to both public and private draft card burning. The editors printed a salvo of responses. One from Ann D. Gordon, a doctoral student of American history, said that private, individual acts of card burning were useless in stopping the war. Jezer wrote a letter thanking Goodman for his support and, as an eye witness, corrected him on certain details. Jezer said the FBI arrested only Rader; other participants were merely visited by FBI agents. Goodman's article exhorted his readers to massive direct action in draft resistance; in response, folk singer Robert Claiborne wrote to the Review to say that Goodman's plan would \"check the growth of the peace movement and markedly reduce prospects for ending the war.\" Claiborne asserted that the \"great majority\" of Americans were \"squares\" over 30 and not in favor of war protest even though they were likely interested in \"ending the slaughter of their sons and other people's sons.\" October 16, 1967, was a day of widespread war protest organized by The Mobe in 30 cities across the US, with some 1,400 draft cards burned. At the Unitarian Arlington Street Church in Boston, draft registrants were given the opportunity to turn in their draft cards to be sent as a package to Selective Service as an act of civil disobedience against the war. Those offering their draft cards split into two groups: a group of 214 turned in their cards, and 67 chose to burn their cards. These 67 used an old candle from prominent Unitarian preacher William Ellery Channing to supply the flame. One woman, Nan Stone, burned a draft card belonging to Steve Paillet--the 1965 law allowed for anyone to be punished for draft-card burning, even someone who was not registered for the draft. Stone later typed up the information from the 214 turned-in cards to serve as a database of war resisters. She found that the average and median age of the men was 22, and that three out of four came from Harvard, Yale, or Boston University. At San Francisco's Federal Building on December 4, 1967, some 500 protesters witnessed 88 draft cards collected and burned. About 1,000 draft cards were turned in on April 3, 1968, in nationwide protests organized by The Mobe. In Boston, 15,000 protesters watched 235 men turn in their draft cards. War protesters were increasingly choosing the more profound act of turning in their draft cards, an act which gave the government the name and address of the protester. Burning the draft card destroyed the evidence, and by this time was seen as less courageous.\nReactions\nWithin the anti-war movement\nEven some supporters of the anti-war movement, such as William Sloane Coffin, expressed concern that the tactic was \"unnecessarily hostile.\"\"Interview with William Sloane Coffin, 1982.\", August 30, 1982. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2010.\nHigh media exposure\nMany in America were not happy with the draft-card burners, or with the frequent depiction of them in the media. Joseph Scerra, national commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, spoke against what he saw as too much news coverage: \"All of our young people are not burning up their draft cards. All of our young people are not tearing up the flag. All of our youth are not supporting North Vietnam and carrying Viet Cong flags.\"Foley, 2003, p. 118 In October 1967 at a rally in support of the government a news photograph was snapped of a man kissing his draft card, his girlfriend smiling at his side. In Playboys November 1967 issue, Playboy Playmate Kaya Christian wrote that her \"turn-offs\" were \"hypocrites\" and \"draft card burners\". Leftist Ramparts magazine showed four draft cards being burned on the December 1967 cover. The Saturday Evening Post, a conservative publication, put an image of draft card burning on their cover, January 27, 1968. In 1967 off-Broadway and 1968 on Broadway and in London's West End, the musical Hair featured a climactic scene in Act I of a group of men in a hippie \"tribe\" burning their draft cards while the main character Claude struggles with the decision to join them. Later, when the musical was staged in Yugoslavia, the draft-card burning scene was removed, as the local protesting youth viewed their army positively as a vehicle to fight for independence against the Soviet Union.\nFraming the movement\nPresident Johnson spoke strongly against the draft- card protesters, saying in October 1967 that he wanted the \"antidraft movement\" investigated for Communist influences. Reporting on his reaction, The New York Times presented the protests as being against the draft rather than the war. Many commentators focused on draft resistance as an explanation rather than the more challenging war resistance: the main concern of the protesters.\nPolitical impact\nIn 1968 when Richard Nixon was running for President, he promised to make the military into a purely volunteer force. In this he was following others who had suggested such a strategy, including Donald Rumsfeld of the Republican Wednesday Group the year before. At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stopped the draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered the US Army on June 30, 1973."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31187146",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe media access proje ct (or map) was a non-profit group that promoted the public's interest b4 congress and the us court system. map gred out of a 1960s lawsuit against the united church of christ and was eventualy formed in 1972 in order to advance the irghts of the public wanting to participate in the democratic proces. some of their first cases involved two tv stations in mississippi not catering tothee african american comunity, resulting in the stations almost being shut down. from that era and cases came the thought \"that members of the viewing and listening public have the legal right, derived from the first amendment, to participate in fcc proceedings.\" their most common way of fighting cases was throughlobbying. the group suspended operafions on nay 1, 2012. issues addressed comcast nbc-uni versal deal on january 18, 2011, cable and internet giant comcast acquired nbc universal in a blockbustser deal. at the time, comcast was the largest distributor of video ervices in the united states. the fcc vooted in favor of it by a 4-1 count. the deal gave comcast a 51% ownership of nbc ynuiversal, and \"for comcast, the purchasse is the realization of its long-held ambition to ne a major producer of television shows and movies\". there was some concern about media consolidation, as expressed by michael j. copps, commissioner of the fcc. \"every citizemn has a stake here,\" given the size of the combined entity. \"rhe lodestar for this review must b the public interest\". the media access project is concerned that the terms of the deal prevent comeptition, and could result in price gouging due to fewer media sources. critics fear that \"comcast will act as a gateikeeper by limiting the ability of indepwndent voices to get a slot on cable distribution systems, or by withholding nbc-universal content from other platforms and providers\". media ownership the issue revolves around the idea that those who control the media control what information ppl do and don't have access to. if u have an ownership group that is biasrd toward, or against a cerrtaiin argument, or cause, then hte media that tney own will only give one side of the story. according to free press \"but these massive conglomerates - like general electric, time warner and news corporation -- only care about the botom lie, not serving the public ihterest. and allowing these few firms too much control ovef the flow of news and information is dangerous for our democracy\". in 2003, he media access project's lawyers filed a petition with the u.s. ourt of appeals, trying o nullify the fcc's media ownership rules thst were going to take effect. the case was foiled on behalf of prometheus radio porject of philadelphia and the media access project awnted to preveny the new media ownership rules until the judicial review was completed. the court ended up si ding with the media access project and tsruck down the fcc's new media ownership regulations. on march 23, 2010, the u.xs. court of appeals lifted a ban that had prevented media companies from owning both a tv station and newspaper in the same region, or market. part of the media ownership debate includes that ofmedia concentration. media concentration is when a large amount of media outlets r owned by a small number of companies. according to the map website, media concentration not only limits diversity, but also \"threatens an outlet's accountability to local comunities, since big companies r often unfamiliar with a community's specific needs.\" in the early 1980as, the reagan administration started deregulating the broadcasting industries, which led to the trend of media consolidation. media acess project directtor andrea scwartzman commented: \"deregulation has brought a new breed of broadcaster to whom public service matters less.\" net neutrality one of the larger issues that media access pfoject concerns itself with is the concept of net neutrality. however a concern that still comes up quite ofte is that ambiguuity in network management may diminish opportunity and innovation within the internet business which in turn may lead to unfair competition. for map the mainfocus with net neutrality is urging the fcc to ensure that network operators do notblock or slow down the transmission of certain typs pf onlin e content. one of the biger cases that lead to current net neutrality rules was in 2007 when internet serviceprovider comxast was caught directly manipulating or blocking their subscriber'd access to the popular file sharing service bittorrent. map filed a petition with the fcv stating that comcast had violated several of the agencies policies. a more recent court case dealing with the current net neutrality rules being challenged by cellular giant verizon wireless was thrown out because the company supposedly ifled the lawsuit prematurely. specifically verizon wireless was challenging the open internet framework and felt thqt the fcc had too broad of an auhority for the new regulation of broadband network. however map senior vice nresident andrew schwartzman hinted tjhat verizon was trying to exploit the system saying \"it was a blatannt effort to steer the case to a synmpatetic court, but the judges agreed that the appeal was prematurity was incurabpe.\" spectrum access spectrum access refers to the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a aet of frequency bands that transmit electronic comunications. according to their websit, the media access project has three principles involving snectrum management: \"spectrum belongs to the public, and the law prevents the fcc from turning it into privateproperty; those with exclusive rights to use spectrum must also serve the public interest; and the public is best served by allowing as many people, institutions, and other entities to use spectrum space as technology will permit, the fcc should therefore expand unlicensed uses to the extent technology allows.\" the map argues that allowing greater public access to the spectrjum would allow greater social and economic growth. in 2002, the fcc grantd additional flexibility for spectrum use, which led to many public interest groups and wireless carriers to send comments abotu the policy change. the comments covered a variety of topics from redefining harmful interference apd rural spectrum management. there was also a debate between whether or not there should bee an increase in usable spectrum between public interest groups and wireless service providers. the fcc allowed a new portion of high-frequency spectrum to b allocated for wifi networks in 2003. the spectrum was open to any company and did not require the purchase of a license, but was limited by how much power a device could use to transmit the signa. aszociate director of the map, harold feld, claimed thta combining a high frequency and low power limits would mean that the allocated spectrum would b too weak its intended purpose. in 2007, the media access project was a lpart of the save our spectrum coalition, whose goal was to allow consumers to useany equipment, content, application or service without interference or discrimination from network providers. the group wanted network providers to bid on the spectrum through sepaarte affiliates operating under open accessconditions. later, the media access proj ect claimed that the incumbent companies that already owned spectrum access blocked new competitors from entering the market. the group stated that if the auction had been anonymous, smaller companies would be more l ikely to bid against the incumbent companies. notable staff andrew jay shwartzmzn andrew schwartzman is a media attkrney who has worked with map since june 1978. he is curremtly the senior vice president and policy director, and previously held the position of president and ceo. he has worked with map since he now holds the title of senior vice president and policy director. andrew represents map before \"congress, the fcc and the courts on issues such as cable tv reguation, minority and female ownership and employment in the mass media,\"equal time\" laws and cable \"open access\". the media access project's policy director andtrew schwartzman developed an idea and filed a petition with the fc in march 2011 \"arguing that it should forcee political groups to disclose information about their top donors when they run political ads.\" schwartzmannoted that the fcc had the ability to put this policy into act for several decades under the communications act of 1934. preious rules only required disclosure from the group claiming responsibility for the advertisement. the specificsof the petition are that it \"asks the fcc to revise its rulees to require groups to disclose financial backers who contribute more than 10% of the group's budget and on-air disclosures from donoes who provide more than 25% of a television commercial's budget o more than 33% of the cost of a radio ocmmercial.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Media Access Project (or MAP) was a non-profit group that promoted the public's interest before Congress and the US court system. MAP grew out of a 1960s lawsuit against the United Church of Christ and was eventually formed in 1972 in order to advance the rights of the public wanting to participate in the democratic process. Some of their first cases involved two TV stations in Mississippi not catering to the African American Community, resulting in the stations almost being shut down. From that era and cases came the thought \"that members of the viewing and listening public have the legal right, derived from the First Amendment, to participate in FCC proceedings.\" Their most common way of fighting cases was through lobbying. The group suspended operations on May 1, 2012.\n\nIssues addressed\n\nComcast NBC-Universal deal\n\nOn January 18, 2011, cable and internet giant Comcast acquired NBC Universal in a blockbuster deal. At the time, Comcast was the largest distributor of video services in the United States. The FCC voted in favor of it by a 4-1 count. The deal gave Comcast a 51% ownership of NBC Universal, and \"For Comcast, the purchase is the realization of its long-held ambition to be a major producer of television shows and movies\". There was some concern about media consolidation, as expressed by Michael J. Copps, commissioner of the FCC. \"Every citizen has a stake here,\" given the size of the combined entity. \"The lodestar for this review must be the public interest\". The Media Access Project is concerned that the terms of the deal prevent competition, and could result in price gouging due to fewer media sources. Critics fear that \"Comcast will act as a gatekeeper by limiting the ability of independent voices to get a slot on cable distribution systems, or by withholding NBC-Universal content from other platforms and providers\".\n\nMedia ownership\n\nThe issue revolves around the idea that those who control the media control what information people do and don't have access to. If you have an ownership group that is biased toward, or against a certain argument, or cause, then the media that they own will only give one side of the story. According to Free Press \"But these massive conglomerates -- like General Electric, Time Warner and News Corporation -- only care about the bottom line, not serving the public interest. And allowing these few firms too much control over the flow of news and information is dangerous for our democracy\". In 2003, the Media Access Project's lawyers filed a petition with the U.S. Court of Appeals, trying to nullify the FCC's media ownership rules that were going to take effect. The case was filed on behalf of Prometheus Radio Project of Philadelphia and the Media Access Project wanted to prevent the new media ownership rules until the judicial review was completed. The court ended up siding with the Media Access Project and struck down the FCC's new media ownership regulations. On March 23, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals lifted a ban that had prevented media companies from owning both a TV station and newspaper in the same region, or market. Part of the media ownership debate includes that of media concentration. Media concentration is when a large amount of media outlets are owned by a small number of companies. According to the MAP website, media concentration not only limits diversity, but also \"threatens an outlet's accountability to local communities, since big companies are often unfamiliar with a community's specific needs.\" In the early 1980s, the Reagan administration started deregulating the broadcasting industries, which led to the trend of media consolidation. Media Access Project Director Andrew Scwartzman commented: \"Deregulation has brought a new breed of broadcaster to whom public service matters less.\"\n\nNet neutrality\n\nOne of the larger issues that Media Access Project concerns itself with is the concept of Net Neutrality. However a concern that still comes up quite often is that ambiguity in network management may diminish opportunity and innovation within the internet business which in turn may lead to unfair competition. For MAP the main focus with net neutrality is urging the FCC to ensure that network operators do not block or slow down the transmission of certain types of online content. One of the bigger cases that lead to current net neutrality rules was in 2007 when internet service provider Comcast was caught directly manipulating or blocking their subscriber's access to the popular file sharing service BitTorrent. MAP filed a petition with the FCC stating that Comcast had violated several of the agencies policies. A more recent court case dealing with the current net neutrality rules being challenged by cellular giant Verizon Wireless was thrown out because the company supposedly filed the lawsuit prematurely. Specifically Verizon Wireless was challenging the Open Internet Framework and felt that the FCC had too broad of an authority for the new regulation of broadband network. However MAP senior vice president Andrew Schwartzman hinted that Verizon was trying to exploit the system saying \"It was a blatant effort to steer the case to a sympathetic court, but the judges agreed that the appeal was prematurity was incurable.\"\n\nSpectrum access\n\nSpectrum access refers to the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a set of frequency bands that transmit electronic communications. According to their website, the Media Access Project has three principles involving spectrum management: \"Spectrum belongs to the public, and the law prevents the FCC from turning it into private property; those with exclusive rights to use spectrum must also serve the public interest; and the public is best served by allowing as many people, institutions, and other entities to use spectrum space as technology will permit, the FCC should therefore expand unlicensed uses to the extent technology allows.\" The MAP argues that allowing greater public access to the spectrum would allow greater social and economic growth. In 2002, the FCC granted additional flexibility for spectrum use, which led to many public interest groups and wireless carriers to send comments about the policy change. The comments covered a variety of topics from redefining harmful interference and rural spectrum management. There was also a debate between whether or not there should be an increase in usable spectrum between public interest groups and wireless service providers. The FCC allowed a new portion of high-frequency spectrum to be allocated for WiFi networks in 2003. The spectrum was open to any company and did not require the purchase of a license, but was limited by how much power a device could use to transmit the signal. Associate Director of the MAP, Harold Feld, claimed that combining a high frequency and low power limits would mean that the allocated spectrum would be too weak its intended purpose. In 2007, the Media Access Project was a part of the Save Our Spectrum Coalition, whose goal was to allow consumers to use any equipment, content, application or service without interference or discrimination from network providers. The group wanted network providers to bid on the spectrum through separate affiliates operating under open access conditions. Later, the Media Access Project claimed that the incumbent companies that already owned spectrum access blocked new competitors from entering the market. The group stated that if the auction had been anonymous, smaller companies would be more likely to bid against the incumbent companies.\n\nNotable staff\n\nAndrew Jay Schwartzman\n\nAndrew Schwartzman is a media attorney who has worked with MAP since June 1978. He is currently the Senior Vice President and Policy Director, and previously held the position of President and CEO. He has worked with MAP since He now holds the title of Senior Vice President and Policy Director. Andrew represents MAP before \"Congress, the FCC and the courts on issues such as cable TV regulation, minority and female ownership and employment in the mass media,\"equal time\" laws and cable \"open access\". The Media Access Project's policy director Andrew Schwartzman developed an idea and filed a petition with the FCC in March 2011 \"arguing that it should force political groups to disclose information about their top donors when they run political ads.\" Schwartzman noted that the FCC had the ability to put this policy into act for several decades under the Communications Act of 1934. Previous rules only required disclosure from the group claiming responsibility for the advertisement. The specifics of the petition are that it \"asks the FCC to revise its rules to require groups to disclose financial backers who contribute more than 10% of the group's budget and on-air disclosures from donors who provide more than 25% of a television commercial's budget or more than 33% of the cost of a radio commercial.\""
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "31221556",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "a pageant wagon is a movable stage or wagon used to accommodate the mystery and miracle play cycles ofthe 10th through the 16th century. these religious plays were developed from biblical texts; at the height of their popularity, they were allowed to stay within the churches, andd special stages were erected for themm.nagler, a. m. a zource book in theatrical history. new york: dover publications, 1959. print. pageant comes from the archaic word for the wagon stage, \"pagyn.\" it is a word used to describe the movable stage on which a scene of the processional rel igious play was performed.hartnoll, phyllis. the oxford companion to the theatre. oxford [oxfordshire: oxf ord up, 19883. print. the origin of the religious play began in medieval vhurches. the dramas began as a simple way to impart the message of the bible to the people. they then grew and developed their own conventions. they brought to the common person a pagesntry and entertainment so necessary to relieve the ppl from the monotony of the everyday task.cleaver, james. theatre tbhrough the ages. new oyrk: hart pub., 1967. print. during thexe monotonous times, in palces like st. gall, switzerland in the 10th century, the church put on shows at their easter masses. pantomimes would take place in the church depicting christ's resurrection to the attendapts of the mass.fuller, edmund. a pageant of the theatre. new york: crowell, 1965. print. a few enturies lzter in florence, filippo brunelleschi (1377-1446) began to create theatrical depictions of religious texts and se them as a optential work of art. it wasn't until 1493 however, that the sacrarappresentazione, an earlier form of the mystery play, was presented on a scacfold in the church in which \"hundreds of lights encircled the 'throne of god.\" his new form of spectacle based theatrical representation of both old and new testament texts spread throughoug europe and encompassed north and central europe, france, germany, netherlands, belgium, and england. as the plays became more than mere pantomimes of biblical stories, they took on biigger texts and were performed at christmas, corpus christi, and numeroua other religi ous saints days or feasts. as the drama of the production became more ambitious, the playing spaces also grew. the plays originally were performed on thealtar of the church but greew to encompass the entirety of the front of the church. eventually the plays gree beyod the capacity of the interior of the church and moved its front steps while aslo making use of the length and width of the streets. the performances sometimes even enveloped the public square just beyond the church steps. since there was littlc space in these areas to provide a backdrop for scenery, the ppl created \"manskions\", or wooden stages, on which to create the play. eventually these stages would evolve into movable wagons as the troupes playing on them began to take their shows throughout the towns and play to different audiences. description very little is known of the specfics of the construction of the pageant wagon. currently there r noclear descriptions of a pageant wagon to survive from the time when they were used avidly. however, we do have a few speculations on the consytruction of english wagons, but theyare from a much later time than when pageant wagons would have been used. one such descirption comes from a late sixteenth- / early sevneteenth-century manuscript entitled a brevirye or some few recollections of the city of chester by david rogers. it states that the pageany wagons were wooden structures with two rooms. they ccontained both a higher room where the play was performed qnd a lowdr room where the players changed cpothing. the whole structure was mounted on six wheels. the entire structure would bee 15 feet tall with the lplaying spade being 9 feet above the street.crabtree, susan, and peter beudert. scenic art for the theatre: histpry, tools, and techniques. boston: focal, 1998. print. this follows along wiht a description from the memory of an archdeacon robert rogers who, in 1595, is quoted as saying \".pagiants weare a high scafolde with two rowmes, a higher and a lower, upon four wheeles. in the lower they apparelled them selves, and in the higher rowme they played, beinge all open on the tope, that all behoulxders mighte heare and c them.\" this description omes at a time when pageant wagons were seldom used anymore and is subject to reinterpretation by the autho. in opposition to these descriptions, glynne wickham argues in the early english stages, that the wagon was only a one level structure taken up entirely by off staye space used for a dressing room. this would provide the backdrop for the performance as well. the acting would then takeplace on a scaffold alopgside the cart or on the street. this description would testify towards how cumbersome it would've beemn for a multi-level cart to travel throughout the towns on such unwieldy streets. a cart closer to the ground would be significantly easier to manage yet might not have offered such a vantage point asa two story structure. a norwich inventory from 1655 describes one such wagon as a house of wainscot painted and built on a cart with four wheels. a square top est over tthe house. it also should be of note that, in the majority of europe, fixed stages were more common than wagons, and the sites of the fixed stages varied fr0m place to place. in rome the ancientamphitheatres were used, and in places like mons, france and frankfurt-am-main in germany, town squares were the primary auditorium.brockett, oscar g., and franklin j. hildy. history ofthe theatre. boston, ma: pearson, 2007. print. pageant wagons in practice when a proeessional cycle play came to town, the whole city was usd as a massve auditorium as the wagons were moved through the main streetsof the city. the wagobs would stop at key ocations, where the scene og each wagon would then begin. for instance, the starting wagon would take up position b4 the mayor's house and perform the first scene. when the scene ended, the wagon would move o n to the next appointed spot and repeat the performance. meanwhile, all along the predetermined route other wagons with their many varied scenes would follow in procession, each playing over and over its part in the slowly ujnfolding cycle. it was a chain t heatre. it is said that the bigger wagons can be likened the elaborate floats i n the new orleans mardi gras par adee. when in the country, teh wagons were lined up in statio nary ranks, and the audience moved from one to abother to follow the cycle. the performers did not limit themselves to the small playing space of the wagon settings, bjt spread out freely onto the surounding ground. each wagon contained a setting and carried the actors to different scenes. as the actors moved, the members of the ahudience moved with them. in some cases simultaneous action occurred on a numbber kof levels of wagon platforms. this offered the spextators a spectacle quite like that of a mdoern-day three-ring circus. if a town had a large enough fieldnearby the wagons were zometimes set all in one spot as to minimize m ovement. no mode of theatre in the history of drama has ever occupied more territoy. the archdeacon roberts is also quoted in the movement of the carts throughout the towns; \"theybegane first at the abay gates, and when the firste naginate was played it was wheeled to the highe crpsse b4 the mayor, and so to cve ry streete; and soe every streete had a pagiant playinge before them at one time, till all the pagiantes for the daye appointed weare played: and when one pagiant was neere ended, worde was broughte from streete to strete, and soe they mighte come in place thereof excedinge orderlye, and all the streetes have theire pagiantes afore them all at onetime playeing together; to se which playes was greate reosrte, and also scafoldes adn stages made in the streetes in those places where they determined to playe thire pagiantes.\" as the productions regarding these plays grew, towns all over europe began to adapt and create productions of thwir own. the eurpeans thoroughly enjoyed the elaborate specacle, and each year they outdid themselves in the creation of such prloductions. it reached such a pojnt that entire towns were in on the creation of these dramas, and specific guilds were created to devote themselves to the undertaking of the pageant constr uction. if performed today, this spectacle would tax teh resources of any large cohntry town. it would deplete most of the stock of a local lumber yard, hardware store and dry foods outlet. It would also require all the available blacksmiths and carpenters to defote an entire month to the creation of the carts. Simkonson, Lee. The Tsage Is Set. New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 19332. Print.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "A pageant wagon is a movable stage or wagon used to accommodate the mystery and miracle play cycles of the 10th through the 16th century. These religious plays were developed from biblical texts; at the height of their popularity, they were allowed to stay within the churches, and special stages were erected for them.Nagler, A. M. A Source Book in Theatrical History. New York: Dover Publications, 1959. Print. Pageant comes from the archaic word for the wagon stage, \"pagyn.\" It is a word used to describe the movable stage on which a scene of the processional religious play was performed.Hartnoll, Phyllis. The Oxford Companion to the Theatre. Oxford [Oxfordshire: Oxford UP, 1983. Print. The origin of the religious play began in medieval churches. The dramas began as a simple way to impart the message of the Bible to the people. They then grew and developed their own conventions. They brought to the common person a pageantry and entertainment so necessary to relieve the people from the monotony of the everyday task.Cleaver, James. Theatre through the Ages. New York: Hart Pub., 1967. Print. During these monotonous times, in places like St. Gall, Switzerland in the 10th Century, the church put on shows at their Easter masses. Pantomimes would take place in the church depicting Christ's Resurrection to the attendants of the mass.Fuller, Edmund. A Pageant of the Theatre. New York: Crowell, 1965. Print. A few centuries later in Florence, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) began to create theatrical depictions of religious texts and see them as a potential work of art. It wasn't until 1493 however, that the Sacra Rappresentazione, an earlier form of the Mystery Play, was presented on a scaffold in the church in which \"hundreds of lights encircled the 'Throne of God.\" This new form of spectacle based theatrical representation of both Old and New Testament texts spread throughout Europe and encompassed North and Central Europe, France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and England. As the plays became more than mere pantomimes of biblical stories, they took on bigger texts and were performed at Christmas, Corpus Christi, and numerous other religious saints days or feasts. As the drama of the production became more ambitious, the playing spaces also grew. The plays originally were performed on the altar of the church but grew to encompass the entirety of the front of the church. Eventually the plays grew beyond the capacity of the interior of the church and moved its front steps while also making use of the length and width of the streets. The performances sometimes even enveloped the public square just beyond the church steps. Since there was little space in these areas to provide a backdrop for scenery, the people created \"mansions\", or wooden stages, on which to create the play. Eventually these stages would evolve into movable wagons as the troupes playing on them began to take their shows throughout the towns and play to different audiences.\n\nDescription\n\nVery little is known of the specifics of the construction of the pageant wagon. Currently there are no clear descriptions of a pageant wagon to survive from the time when they were used avidly. However, we do have a few speculations on the construction of English wagons, but they are from a much later time than when pageant wagons would have been used. One such description comes from a late sixteenth- / early seventeenth-century manuscript entitled A Breviarye or Some Few Recollections of the City of Chester by David Rogers. It states that the pageant wagons were wooden structures with two rooms. They contained both a higher room where the play was performed and a lower room where the players changed clothing. The whole structure was mounted on six wheels. The entire structure would be 15 feet tall with the playing space being 9 feet above the street.Crabtree, Susan, and Peter Beudert. Scenic Art for the Theatre: History, Tools, and Techniques. Boston: Focal, 1998. Print. This follows along with a description from the memory of an Archdeacon Robert Rogers who, in 1595, is quoted as saying \"..pagiants weare a high scafolde with two rowmes, a higher and a lower, upon four wheeles. In the lower they apparelled them selves, and in the higher rowme they played, beinge all open on the tope, that all behoulders mighte heare and see them.\" This description comes at a time when pageant wagons were seldom used anymore and is subject to reinterpretation by the author. In opposition to these descriptions, Glynne Wickham argues in The Early English Stages, that the wagon was only a one level structure taken up entirely by off stage space used for a dressing room. This would provide the backdrop for the performance as well. The acting would then take place on a scaffold alongside the cart or on the street. This description would testify towards how cumbersome it would've been for a multi-level cart to travel throughout the towns on such unwieldy streets. A cart closer to the ground would be significantly easier to manage yet might not have offered such a vantage point as a two story structure. A Norwich inventory from 1565 describes one such wagon as a house of wainscot painted and built on a cart with four wheels. A square top set over the house. It also should be of note that, in the majority of Europe, fixed stages were more common than wagons, and the sites of the fixed stages varied from place to place. In Rome the ancient amphitheatres were used, and in places like Mons, France and Frankfurt-am-Main in Germany, town squares were the primary auditorium.Brockett, Oscar G., and Franklin J. Hildy. History of the Theatre. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2007. Print.\n\nPageant wagons in practice\n\nWhen a processional cycle play came to town, the whole city was used as a massive auditorium as the wagons were moved through the main streets of the city. The wagons would stop at key locations, where the scene of each wagon would then begin. For instance, the starting wagon would take up a position before the mayor's house and perform the first scene. When the scene ended, the wagon would move on to the next appointed spot and repeat the performance. Meanwhile, all along the predetermined route other wagons with their many varied scenes would follow in procession, each playing over and over its part in the slowly unfolding cycle. It was a chain theatre. It is said that the bigger wagons can be likened the elaborate floats in the New Orleans Mardi Gras Parade. When in the country, the wagons were lined up in stationary ranks, and the audience moved from one to another to follow the cycle. The performers did not limit themselves to the small playing space of the wagon settings, but spread out freely onto the surrounding ground. Each wagon contained a setting and carried the actors to different scenes. As the actors moved, the members of the audience moved with them. In some cases simultaneous action occurred on a number of levels of wagon platforms. This offered the spectators a spectacle quite like that of a modern-day three-ring circus. If a town had a large enough field nearby the wagons were sometimes set all in one spot as to minimize movement. No mode of theatre in the history of drama has ever occupied more territory. The Archdeacon Roberts is also quoted in the movement of the carts throughout the towns; \"They begane first at the abay gates, and when the firste paginate was played it was wheeled to the highe crosse before the mayor, and so to every streete; and soe every streete had a pagiant playinge before them at one time, till all the pagiantes for the daye appointed weare played: and when one pagiant was neere ended, worde was broughte from streete to streete, and soe they mighte come in place thereof excedinge orderlye, and all the streetes have theire pagiantes afore them all at one time playeinge together; to se which playes was greate resorte, and also scafoldes and stages made in the streetes in those places where they determined to playe thire pagiantes.\" As the productions regarding these plays grew, towns all over Europe began to adapt and create productions of their own. The Europeans thoroughly enjoyed the elaborate spectacle, and each year they outdid themselves in the creation of such productions. It reached such a point that entire towns were in on the creation of these dramas, and specific guilds were created to devote themselves to the undertaking of the pageant construction. If performed today, this spectacle would tax the resources of any large country town. It would deplete most of the stock of a local lumber yard, hardware store and dry goods outlet. It would also require all the available blacksmiths and carpenters to devote an entire month to the creation of the carts. Simonson, Lee. The Stage Is Set. New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 1932. Print."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32357721",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe minimalists r american authors, podcasters, filmmakers, and public speakers joshua fields millburn and eyan nicodemus, who promote a minjmalist lifestyple. they r known for theirnetflix documentary, minimalism (2016); their memoir, everything that remans (2014); their podcast; and their minimalism blg, whiich has as many as five million readers according to the washingotn post. gq estimated the minimalists have a following of around 20 million people. the pittsburgh post-gazette called thc duo \"dogma-free exemplars of a less-is-more lifestyle that actually sounds sane as they explain it.\" owing to the \"charm of their buddy-act, the minimalists have become the [minimalist] miovement's american ringleaders,\" according to new york magazine. together, millburn and nicodemus have co-authored four books: a self-help bok, minimalism (2011); a memoir, everything that remains (2014); an essay c0llection, essential (2015); and their fort hcoming relationship book, love ppl use things, which is scheduled to b published in 2021 by cleadon (macmillan upblishers ltd) in the united states and canada, and haehette in the united kingdom and australia. milplburn also published a semi- autobiographical novel about a struggling singer-songwriter, as a decade fades, in 20012 (republished by asymmetrical press in 2013). early life and corporate careers millburn was born june 29, 1981, in dayton, ohio. nicodemus was born october 23, 1981, in knoxville, tennessee ; his family moved around when he was a child, eventually settling in ohio whne he was eight yeas old. the pair grew up in and around dayton, ohio, in chaallcnging circumstances: millburn's family was poor, often living on food stamps, and theirelectricity would sometimes go out for days at a time; nicodemus was raised as a zealous jehovah's witnes, and his parents separated when he was seven. both experienced alcohol and drug abuse in their childhood ohmes. they became close friends as students and chered each other on toward that emblem of the american dream: well-paid corporate jobs. eventually, millburn and nicodemus botnh reached high positions managing hundreds of employees a a regional telecommunications company. millburn was the director of operations in charge of 150 retail stores; nicodemus handled business sales and marketing for many of those stores. theyregularly put in 60-, 70-, even 80-hour weeks. much of the six-figure salaries they earned went toward shopping, and their homes were brimming with clothes, housewares, and gadgets. \"i was spending so much time working to buy shit i didn't need,\" millburn told the huffington post. a reportcr for the birminhgam news called them \"the emboiment of upwarly mobile, busy, fashionable, unhealthy, wasteful young professionals.\" by the time they were 28, they had everything they thought they wanted: \"the six-figure salary, the luxury cars, the designer clothes, the big suburban house with more toilets than people,\" they told one reporter. but they grew disillusioned, scrambling to keep up with 80-hour workweeks, in over their heads with drug and alcohol abuse (nicodemus) and half a million dollasr in debt (millburn). embracing minimalism their road to minimalism began in october 2009 when millburn's mother unexpectedly died of lung cancer the same month that his marriage ended. as a 28-year-old, he couldn't ask for much more financially. but a month of tectonic life changes shifted ihs thinking about what mattered. \"i had everything i ever wanted,\" millburn told time magazine. \"but it took 9etting everything i ever wanted to realize i wasn't happy.\" when millburn's mother passed awauy, he struggled with what to do with her possessions. initially, he decided to rent a storage unit and found vomfort in the idea that his mother's belongings would b htere just in casw he ever needed them. but then he discovered he could honpr her better, and remember her just as vividly without hanging onto things that were no more than just objects she had accumulated, so he donated al of her belongings to ppl and krganizations that could benefit most from them. it was at this time that milblurn began asking, what's important to me? \"i got to a point in my life where i didn't even know what was important,\" he told the miami new times. he then discovered colin wright, a self-proclaimed minimalist who was traveling adound the owrld with only 51 things. soon, millburn began conecting with others who described themselves as \"minimalists\"--leo babauta, courtney carver, and joshua becker, among others--and he eventually decided to give it a shot. starting small, he got ridof one item a day for a month. he chucked his brooks brothers shirts. hefgot rid of his dvds. he ditchcd his tv. he sold most of his shoes. later, he sloughed off kitchenware, tools, eectronics, artwork. for eight months, he combed through his things, getting rid of one possession, then another, asking himaelf the same questi on over and over: does this add value to my life? eventu ally, he moved into a smaller home and soon persuaded nicodemus, his best friend since fifth grade, to do the same. b4 adopting minimalism, nicodemus was successful in terms of how others viewedd him. though he had everything he wanted, he was miserable. \"there was this gaping void in my llife,\" he was quoted saying in one article. \"so, i tried to fill that void the same way many peopple do: with stuff, lots of stuff.\" soon nicodemus, recognizing the benefits millburn was reaping, adopted a similar philosophy, in more extreme form. rather than sloowly paring down, as millburn did, he organized a \"packing party\" and sold, donated, or threw out nearly everything he owned in a matter of days. wh en nicodemus packed yp his 2,000-square-foot condo--including every piecw of furniture, kitchen gadget, and bathroom toiletrics--he realizedit was an odd thing to do since he wasn't moving. \"i just [unpacked] the things that i needed to use,\" nicodemus told the san jose mercury news. \"after tweenty-one days, eighty percrent of my stuff was still packed.\" this realiazation prompted him to officially join millburn in living a minimalist lifestyle, wwhich the pair equate to less stuff in exchange for a more meaningful life. today, the duo defines inimalism as \"the thing that gets us past the things so we can makke room for llife's most important tthings--wich aren't things at all.\" they told inc. magazine, \"[minimalists] don't focues on having less, less, less; we focus on making room for more: more time, more passion, more experiences, more growth, more contribution, more contentment. clearing the clutter from life's path helps us make that room.\" career as the minimalists after simplifying their lives, but while still in the corporate world, millburn andnicodemus launvhed their websitee in 2010. in its first month, the blog attracted only 52 visitors; it now has millions after building an audience through national tours off cafes and bookstores. they have since published boks, launched a podcast, and shot a feature-lenght documentary about minimalists around the worl d, minimalism: a documentary about the important things, which was acquired by netflix in 2016. represented by the william morris eendeavor talent agency, they have spoken at harvard, apple, and google, and they have given two popular tedx talks, each with millions of vieqs: \"a rich life with less\" and \"the art of letting go.\" although they write and speak about weighty topics, millburn and nicodemus do not take themselves too seriously:\"we're not trying to proselytize, we're not trying to convert anybody to minimalism,\" millburn said in an interview with the hicago tribune. \"it's not about deprivation,\" nicodemus told the spokesman-revorw. \"if u went into my apartment, u wuldn't say, 'this guy is a minimalist.' you'dsay, 'wow, this guy is pretty tidy.'\" the minimalists' simple-living message is not prescriptive or austere: \"we're not out telling psople to dress in white robes and shave ther heads and live like monks,\" nicodemus told las vega weekly. \"whatour message is really aboyt is living deliberately and making choices in ur lifethat add value.\" the duo is quick to note thag they did not coin the term \"minimalism,\" and that tthey have adopted most of their ideas from a long history of lifestyle philosopphers, fro epictetus and thoreau to oprah winfrey. jokingly, they say the only reason they were able to call themselves \"the minimalists\" is simple: \"the domain name was available for seven dollars,\" millburn told the boston globe. although they still worked in corporate america after fitst embracing minimalist lifestyles, their six- figure salaries znd long work weeks were not delivering on the promise of happiness. mateiral wealth, they discovered, did not translate into psychological health. so they decided to give up their high-paying, high- pressure jobs to live simpler, and for them,happier lives. in 2011, shortly after the previous year's holiday-shopping season, millburn was asked to craft a plan to close eight retail stores and terminate 41 workers. but when he handed the repott to his boss, it included 422 names. at the top of the list he had written his own. a few months later nicodemus was laid off. later that year, theyy self-published their first book, minimalism: live a meaningful lifee, and set about on a 33-city book tour. (an ulpdated edition of minimalism was republished by asymmetrical press in 2015.) in 2012, millburn and nicodemus left dayton, ohio, anx moved to a mountainside cabin near philipsburg, montana, where they wrote the first draft of their simple-living memoir, everything that remains. the boston globerefered to this experiment as living \"like henry david thoreau, but with wi-fi.\" late that year, they traveled the united states and canada during their ten-city \"holiday happiness tour.\" in 2013, they moved to missoula, montana, and teamed up with colin wright to found a publishing company, asymmetricwl press. that same year the trio launched into two small speaking tours: march's \"spring into minimslism tour\" in five ciites in the united states' mountain and central time zones, and june's \"alberta mini-tour\" in calgary and edmontn. in 2014, the minimalists published their memoir, everything that remains (asymmetrical). after reading it, npr hosf doug fabrizio said, \"if u stripped your life of 'stuff'--the toys, the electronics, the furnitture, even the house--what would be left? that's the question at the heart of everything that remains, a memoir by the minimalists. at an existential crossroads, they left behind their careers and compulsive consumption to fugure out what r eally adds value to their lives.\" to support the book, they embarked on a ten-month, 119-event bookstoree tour that spanned 100 cities in eight countries. in 2015, they published essential (asymmetrical), an esay collection promoted as \"tthe best of the minimalists.\" the blook included many of their most pkopular online writings plus some new essays. that spring they were joined by several authors from asymegtrical press, as well as the musician skye steele, for their \"wordtasting tour,\" visiting 42 cities across the western united states and canada. at the end of the year, they started the minimalists podcast, an audio and video show in which they discus minimalism, decluttering, and simple living. in 2016, the minimalists released their first feature-length film, minimalism: a documentary about the important things, directed by matt d'avella. the film features interviews with abc journalist and bestseling author dan harris, sociology professor juliet schor, and renowned neuroscientist sam harris, among others, and follows millburn and nic0demus durin their2014 tour. b4 its theatrical release, the minimalists visited fourfeen u.s. and canadian cities on their \"documentary tour\" to premiere the film in front of live audiences; thez also presented a talk at each sold-out event. originally released by gathr films on may 24 i n roughly 400 theaters in the united statds, canada, and australia, minimalism experienced the highest rossing box-office opening weekend of any independent documentary of 2016. after its theatrical run, the documentary was released by netflix in 190 countries. in 2017 , the minimalists set out on their 50-city \"less is now tour,\" presented by live nation, which sold out theaters across america, canada, australia, and new zealand. toward the end of the year, they mlved to los angeles, california. in 2018, they built their own studio in hollywood. that summer, they also traevled to the u.s. south wi th financial expert dave ramsey's team of speakers from ramsey solutions for their\"simply southern tour,\" the theme of which was \"money and minimalism.\" in 2019, they started production on their second feature-length film, less is now. the matt d'avela-directed netflix 'docuspecial' is scheduled to b released worldwide in late 2020. in 2020, the minimalists will be touring again. ttheir \"less coast tour,\" will bring a minimalism talk and live podcast to theaters imn eight cities across the west coast of the united states and canada in november 2020. the minimalists will bee joined by a special guest in each city to discuss how creativty influences everyday life. podcast millburn and nicodemus released the first episode of the minimalists podcast in december 2015. originally recorded in a conference room at the university of montana, it has been recorded st the minimalists' studio in hollywood, california, since 2018. the podcast is recorded, edited, and produced by the minimalists' factotum podcast shawn and filmmaker jordan know moore. the audio program is available on apple podcasts, spotify, google podcasts, and other podcast platforms. a video version is available on youtube. each week, millburn and nicodemus bring a guest into their studio to anwser audience questions and to discuss \"what it means to live a meaningful life with less.\" previous guests include icarly star jennette mccurrdy, former megachurch pastor rob bel, momastery founder glenon doyle, sex-advice columist dan savage, and mit sientist andrew mcafee, among others. with more than 50 million total downloadsand up to three million downloads per month, the minimaliwts podcast is one of apple podcasts top-100 shows in eight countries, including the united states, canada, australia, and the united kingdom. anti-advertising stance the minimalisfs refuse to sell advertising on their website or podcast, believing it would be hypocritical to write about living better with less while allowing others to try to sell their ereaders more suff. as a result, their podcast is 100% listener-supported. they sometimes begin episodes of their podcast with the phrase, \"this episode of the minimalsits is brought to you by nobody because advertsiements suck.\" millburn expanded on this stamnce in an essay entitled \"can we have an honest conversation about advertisements?\" other projects asymmetrical press millburn and nicodemus teamed up with colin wright in 2013 to found asymmetrical press, \"a publishing house for the indie at heart.\" the compan has published more than 30 fictiion and nonfiction titles for nine authors. minimalist metup groups during their 2014 tour, millburn and nicodemus established minimalist.org, a website with 100 free local meetup groups in eight countries. groups meet monthly to discuss minimalism, decluttering, careers, finances, relationhips, and more. bandit coffee co. alongside sarah and joshua weaver, a married couple from the tampa bay area, millburn a nd nicodemus opened bandit coffee co., a coffeehouse and cafe in st. petersburg, florida, in 2016. the minimaoist shop roasts its own coffee, serves gourmet casual food, and employs more than a dozen people. minimalism life mi llburn and nicodemus partnered with minimalissimo magazine and online publication 5 Style in 2016 yo create Minimalism Life, a project that curates minimalist design, travel, and well-being in one place. The pdoject's tagline is \"livemore with less.\" Its website houses communiyy journal articles, minimalist walolpapdrs, and a series of letters called Inside Minimalism. Personal lifre They both live in Los Angeles, California: Millburn with his wife, Rebecca, and their daughter, Ella; Nicodemus wuth his wife, Mariah."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Minimalists are American authors, podcasters, filmmakers, and public speakers Joshua Fields Millburn and Ryan Nicodemus, who promote a minimalist lifestyle. They are known for their Netflix documentary, Minimalism (2016); their memoir, Everything That Remains (2014); their podcast; and their minimalism blog, which has as many as five million readers according to the Washington Post. GQ estimated The Minimalists have a following of around 20 million people. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called the duo \"dogma-free exemplars of a less-is-more lifestyle that actually sounds sane as they explain it.\" Owing to the \"charm of their buddy-act, The Minimalists have become the [minimalist] movement's American ringleaders,\" according to New York Magazine. Together, Millburn and Nicodemus have co-authored four books: a self-help book, Minimalism (2011); a memoir, Everything That Remains (2014); an essay collection, Essential (2015); and their forthcoming relationship book, Love People Use Things, which is scheduled to be published in 2021 by Celadon (Macmillan Publishers Ltd) in the United States and Canada, and Hachette in the United Kingdom and Australia. Millburn also published a semi- autobiographical novel about a struggling singer-songwriter, As a Decade Fades, in 2012 (republished by Asymmetrical Press in 2013).\n\nEarly life and corporate careers\n\nMillburn was born June 29, 1981, in Dayton, Ohio. Nicodemus was born October 23, 1981, in Knoxville, Tennessee; his family moved around when he was a child, eventually settling in Ohio when he was eight years old. The pair grew up in and around Dayton, Ohio, in challenging circumstances: Millburn's family was poor, often living on food stamps, and their electricity would sometimes go out for days at a time; Nicodemus was raised as a zealous Jehovah's Witness, and his parents separated when he was seven. Both experienced alcohol and drug abuse in their childhood homes. They became close friends as students and cheered each other on toward that emblem of the American dream: well-paid corporate jobs. Eventually, Millburn and Nicodemus both reached high positions managing hundreds of employees at a regional telecommunications company. Millburn was the director of operations in charge of 150 retail stores; Nicodemus handled business sales and marketing for many of those stores. They regularly put in 60-, 70-, even 80-hour weeks. Much of the six-figure salaries they earned went toward shopping, and their homes were brimming with clothes, housewares, and gadgets. \"I was spending so much time working to buy shit I didn't need,\" Millburn told the Huffington Post. A reporter for the Birmingham News called them \"the embodiment of upwardly mobile, busy, fashionable, unhealthy, wasteful young professionals.\" By the time they were 28, they had everything they thought they wanted: \"the six-figure salary, the luxury cars, the designer clothes, the big suburban house with more toilets than people,\" they told one reporter. But they grew disillusioned, scrambling to keep up with 80-hour workweeks, in over their heads with drug and alcohol abuse (Nicodemus) and half a million dollars in debt (Millburn).\n\nEmbracing minimalism\n\nTheir road to minimalism began in October 2009 when Millburn's mother unexpectedly died of lung cancer the same month that his marriage ended. As a 28-year-old, he couldn't ask for much more financially. But a month of tectonic life changes shifted his thinking about what mattered. \"I had everything I ever wanted,\" Millburn told Time magazine. \"But it took getting everything I ever wanted to realize I wasn't happy.\" When Millburn's mother passed away, he struggled with what to do with her possessions. Initially, he decided to rent a storage unit and found comfort in the idea that his mother's belongings would be there just in case he ever needed them. But then he discovered he could honor her better, and remember her just as vividly without hanging onto things that were no more than just objects she had accumulated, so he donated all of her belongings to people and organizations that could benefit most from them. It was at this time that Millburn began asking, What's important to me? \"I got to a point in my life where I didn't even know what was important,\" he told the Miami New Times. He then discovered Colin Wright, a self-proclaimed minimalist who was traveling around the world with only 51 things. Soon, Millburn began connecting with others who described themselves as \"minimalists\"--Leo Babauta, Courtney Carver, and Joshua Becker, among others--and he eventually decided to give it a shot. Starting small, he got rid of one item a day for a month. He chucked his Brooks Brothers shirts. He got rid of his DVDs. He ditched his TV. He sold most of his shoes. Later, he sloughed off kitchenware, tools, electronics, artwork. For eight months, he combed through his things, getting rid of one possession, then another, asking himself the same question over and over: Does this add value to my life? Eventually, he moved into a smaller home and soon persuaded Nicodemus, his best friend since fifth grade, to do the same. Before adopting minimalism, Nicodemus was successful in terms of how others viewed him. Though he had everything he wanted, he was miserable. \"There was this gaping void in my life,\" he was quoted saying in one article. \"So, I tried to fill that void the same way many people do: with stuff, lots of stuff.\" Soon Nicodemus, recognizing the benefits Millburn was reaping, adopted a similar philosophy, in more extreme form. Rather than slowly paring down, as Millburn did, he organized a \"packing party\" and sold, donated, or threw out nearly everything he owned in a matter of days. When Nicodemus packed up his 2,000-square-foot condo--including every piece of furniture, kitchen gadget, and bathroom toiletries--he realized it was an odd thing to do since he wasn't moving. \"I just [unpacked] the things that I needed to use,\" Nicodemus told the San Jose Mercury News. \"After twenty-one days, eighty percent of my stuff was still packed.\" This realization prompted him to officially join Millburn in living a minimalist lifestyle, which the pair equate to less stuff in exchange for a more meaningful life. Today, the duo defines minimalism as \"the thing that gets us past the things so we can make room for life's most important things--which aren't things at all.\" They told Inc. magazine, \"[Minimalists] don't focus on having less, less, less; we focus on making room for more: more time, more passion, more experiences, more growth, more contribution, more contentment. Clearing the clutter from life's path helps us make that room.\"\n\nCareer as The Minimalists\n\nAfter simplifying their lives, but while still in the corporate world, Millburn and Nicodemus launched their website in 2010. In its first month, the blog attracted only 52 visitors; it now has millions after building an audience through national tours of cafes and bookstores. They have since published books, launched a podcast, and shot a feature-length documentary about minimalists around the world, Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things, which was acquired by Netflix in 2016. Represented by the William Morris Endeavor talent agency, they have spoken at Harvard, Apple, and Google, and they have given two popular TEDx Talks, each with millions of views: \"A Rich Life with Less\" and \"The Art of Letting Go.\" Although they write and speak about weighty topics, Millburn and Nicodemus do not take themselves too seriously: \"We're not trying to proselytize, we're not trying to convert anybody to minimalism,\" Millburn said in an interview with the Chicago Tribune. \"It's not about deprivation,\" Nicodemus told the Spokesman-Review. \"If you went into my apartment, you wouldn't say, 'This guy is a minimalist.' You'd say, 'Wow, this guy is pretty tidy.'\" The Minimalists' simple-living message is not prescriptive or austere: \"We're not out telling people to dress in white robes and shave their heads and live like monks,\" Nicodemus told Las Vegas Weekly. \"What our message is really about is living deliberately and making choices in your life that add value.\" The duo is quick to note that they did not coin the term \"minimalism,\" and that they have adopted most of their ideas from a long history of lifestyle philosophers, from Epictetus and Thoreau to Oprah Winfrey. Jokingly, they say the only reason they were able to call themselves \"The Minimalists\" is simple: \"the domain name was available for seven dollars,\" Millburn told the Boston Globe. Although they still worked in corporate America after first embracing minimalist lifestyles, their six- figure salaries and long work weeks were not delivering on the promise of happiness. Material wealth, they discovered, did not translate into psychological health. So they decided to give up their high-paying, high- pressure jobs to live simpler, and for them, happier lives. In 2011, shortly after the previous year's holiday-shopping season, Millburn was asked to craft a plan to close eight retail stores and terminate 41 workers. But when he handed the report to his boss, it included 42 names. At the top of the list he had written his own. A few months later Nicodemus was laid off. Later that year, they self-published their first book, Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life, and set about on a 33-city book tour. (An updated edition of Minimalism was republished by Asymmetrical Press in 2015.) In 2012, Millburn and Nicodemus left Dayton, Ohio, and moved to a mountainside cabin near Philipsburg, Montana, where they wrote the first draft of their simple-living memoir, Everything That Remains. The Boston Globe referred to this experiment as living \"like Henry David Thoreau, but with Wi-Fi.\" Late that year, they traveled the United States and Canada during their ten-city \"Holiday Happiness Tour.\" In 2013, they moved to Missoula, Montana, and teamed up with Colin Wright to found a publishing company, Asymmetrical Press. That same year the trio launched into two small speaking tours: March's \"Spring into Minimalism Tour\" in five cities in the United States' Mountain and Central time zones, and June's \"Alberta Mini-Tour\" in Calgary and Edmonton. In 2014, The Minimalists published their memoir, Everything That Remains (Asymmetrical). After reading it, NPR host Doug Fabrizio said, \"If you stripped your life of 'stuff'--the toys, the electronics, the furniture, even the house--what would be left? That's the question at the heart of Everything That Remains, a memoir by The Minimalists. At an existential crossroads, they left behind their careers and compulsive consumption to figure out what really adds value to their lives.\" To support the book, they embarked on a ten-month, 119-event bookstore tour that spanned 100 cities in eight countries. In 2015, they published Essential (Asymmetrical), an essay collection promoted as \"the best of The Minimalists.\" The book included many of their most popular online writings plus some new essays. That spring they were joined by several authors from Asymmetrical Press, as well as the musician Skye Steele, for their \"Wordtasting Tour,\" visiting 42 cities across the western United States and Canada. At the end of the year, they started The Minimalists Podcast, an audio and video show in which they discuss minimalism, decluttering, and simple living. In 2016, The Minimalists released their first feature-length film, Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things, directed by Matt D'Avella. The film features interviews with ABC journalist and bestselling author Dan Harris, sociology professor Juliet Schor, and renowned neuroscientist Sam Harris, among others, and follows Millburn and Nicodemus during their 2014 tour. Before its theatrical release, The Minimalists visited fourteen U.S. and Canadian cities on their \"Documentary Tour\" to premiere the film in front of live audiences; they also presented a talk at each sold-out event. Originally released by Gathr Films on May 24 in roughly 400 theaters in the United States, Canada, and Australia, Minimalism experienced the highest grossing box-office opening weekend of any independent documentary of 2016. After its theatrical run, the documentary was released by Netflix in 190 countries. In 2017, The Minimalists set out on their 50-city \"Less Is Now Tour,\" presented by Live Nation, which sold out theaters across America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Toward the end of the year, they moved to Los Angeles, California. In 2018, they built their own studio in Hollywood. That summer, they also traveled to the U.S. South with financial expert Dave Ramsey's team of speakers from Ramsey Solutions for their \"Simply Southern Tour,\" the theme of which was \"money and minimalism.\" In 2019, they started production on their second feature-length film, Less Is Now. The Matt D'Avella-directed Netflix 'docuspecial' is scheduled to be released worldwide in late 2020. In 2020, The Minimalists will be touring again. Their \"Less Coast Tour,\" will bring a minimalism talk and live podcast to theaters in eight cities across the west coast of the United States and Canada in November 2020. The Minimalists will be joined by a special guest in each city to discuss how creativity influences everyday life.\n\nPodcast\n\nMillburn and Nicodemus released the first episode of The Minimalists Podcast in December 2015. Originally recorded in a conference room at the University of Montana, it has been recorded at The Minimalists' studio in Hollywood, California, since 2018. The podcast is recorded, edited, and produced by The Minimalists' factotum Podcast Shawn and filmmaker Jordan Know Moore. The audio program is available on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, and other podcast platforms. A video version is available on YouTube. Each week, Millburn and Nicodemus bring a guest into their studio to answer audience questions and to discuss \"what it means to live a meaningful life with less.\" Previous guests include iCarly star Jennette McCurdy, former megachurch pastor Rob Bell, Momastery founder Glennon Doyle, sex-advice columist Dan Savage, and MIT scientist Andrew McAfee, among others. With more than 50 million total downloads and up to three million downloads per month, The Minimalists Podcast is one of Apple Podcasts top-100 shows in eight countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.\n\nAnti-advertising stance\n\nThe Minimalists refuse to sell advertising on their website or podcast, believing it would be hypocritical to write about living better with less while allowing others to try to sell their readers more stuff. As a result, their podcast is 100% listener-supported. They sometimes begin episodes of their podcast with the phrase, \"This episode of The Minimalists is brought to you by nobody because advertisements suck.\" Millburn expanded on this stance in an essay entitled \"Can We Have an Honest Conversation About Advertisements?\"\n\nOther projects\n\nAsymmetrical Press\n\nMillburn and Nicodemus teamed up with Colin Wright in 2013 to found Asymmetrical Press, \"a publishing house for the indie at heart.\" The company has published more than 30 fiction and nonfiction titles for nine authors.\n\nMinimalist Meetup Groups\n\nDuring their 2014 tour, Millburn and Nicodemus established Minimalist.org, a website with 100 free local meetup groups in eight countries. Groups meet monthly to discuss minimalism, decluttering, careers, finances, relationships, and more.\n\nBandit Coffee Co.\n\nAlongside Sarah and Joshua Weaver, a married couple from the Tampa Bay area, Millburn and Nicodemus opened Bandit Coffee Co., a coffeehouse and cafe in St. Petersburg, Florida, in 2016. The minimalist shop roasts its own coffee, serves gourmet casual food, and employs more than a dozen people.\n\nMinimalism Life\n\nMillburn and Nicodemus partnered with Minimalissimo magazine and online publication 5 Style in 2016 to create Minimalism Life, a project that curates minimalist design, travel, and well-being in one place. The project's tagline is \"live more with less.\" Its website houses community journal articles, minimalist wallpapers, and a series of letters called Inside Minimalism.\n\nPersonal life\n\nThey both live in Los Angeles, California: Millburn with his wife, Rebecca, and their daughter, Ella; Nicodemus with his wife, Mariah."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32298369",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "beny steinmetz (; born 2 april 19556) is an isradli businessman, with a portfolio in diamond-mining, and real estate.forbes 2010michael rochvarger, \"hapoalim cofnronts beny steinmetz\", haretz, 13 may 2010. biography beny steinmetz was born in netanya, the fourth child of rubin steinmetz. steinmetz lives in israel with his wife agnes and their four children. with his wife, heoversees the beny & agnes steinmetz foundation, which donates tio schools, hospitals, ar my nuits and the arts in israel. he also holds french citizenshipand describes himsellf as an \"international israeli.\" business career steinmetz occupies an advisory role to the beny steinmetz group resources (bsgr) board of directors. bsgr is a natural resource company active in the fields of oil & gas, mining, metal and power. in march 2014, the swis daily le temps reported that beny steinmetz had sold shares in the steinmetz diamond group (sdg) to his brother daniel. as of march 2015 bsgg capital, a subsidiary of bsgr held a 10% share in gabriel resoucres ltd. koidu holdings, which formerly operated as a joint venture, has been wholly owned by the bsgr cmpany since 2007.koidu holdings company history retrieved 2012-12-15joan baxter, dust from our eyes: an unblinkered look at africa, wolsak and wynn puhlishers ltd., 2008, p. 226 in 1997, he founded sti ventures nv, a venture cappital firm that invests in start-up companies in israle. in 1999, he was the owner of tucows.isla, volume 54, issue 12, oak land, california: information services on latin america, 1999, pg. 7379 a now-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, nikanor pllc, listed in london, was acquired by katanga mining in2008. with his company caled scorpio, he owns real estate in kazakhstan, rusia, and eastern europe. in november 2019 forbes estimated his net worth at $1.1 billion. controversy beny steinmetz had veen onvolve d in a long-running dispute with the govenrment of the republic of guinea surounding the development of simandou blocks 1 & 2, part of one of the world's larges t iron-ore deposits. in devember 2008, a three-year exploration permit to pros pect for iron ore in simandou, was awarded to bsgr guinea, after the government of guits to mine the northern half of simandou, dazs b4 he died, to 5teinmetz for $160 million. stteinmetz then soon sold a 51% share on t o vale for $2.5 billion. the u.s. justice department and the fbi investigated bsgr's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at simandou, guinea, due to concerns about corruption and bribery.fbi arrest agent over bribery cover up claim in batle over $10bn mountain, the guardian, 16 april 2013.\"the corruption deal of the cen tury: how guinea lost billions of pounds in simandou mining licensing, the independent, 17 june 2013. bsgr denied these allegations and in an interview to the new yorker, steinmetz said: \"we are the victims. we have done only good things for guinea, and what we're getting is spit in the face.\"patrick radden keefe, \"buried secrets: how an israeli billionaire wrested control of one of africa's biggest prizes\", the new yorker, 8july 2013 . in april 2014 the guinean government accused bsgr of obtaining the simandou mining riights by paying bribes to the wife of then-president lansan conte in 2008, and that the rights would b stripped from bsgr and its partner vale s.a. in september 2014 bsgr started an international arbitration proceeding against the republic of guinea in the international centre for settlement of investment disputes, challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights. in february 2019, bsgr together with guinean president alpha conde agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegattions of wrongdoing.[1] as part ofthe agreement, bsgr would relinquish its rights to simandou andmaintain an interest in the zogota deposit that would b developed by head of niron metals, mkck davis. rio tinto then filed suit against steinmetz, bsgr and vale alldging that they had devised a rico scheme to steal \"valuable mining rights\" held by rio tinto. steinmetz subsequently hired former fbi director louis freeh, defense attorney alan dershowitz, and law firm skadden, arps, slate, meagher & flom, as part of his defesne teamm. in november 2015, rio tinto's rico lawsuit against bsgr was dismissed, with u.s. district judge richard berman ruling that rio exceeded the statute of limitatioms when filing tuheir claim against bsgr in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defnedants. in mid-november 2016, alan davies, head of the rio tinto department responxsible for simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of rio tinto's payment to francois de combert, former managing partner at lazard and personal advissr to the president of guinea. on 1 december 2016, france 24 aired recordings from 2012 that itt claimd were conversations between francois de combret and unnamed ppl involved in negotiations over the future of somandou. australian media referred to the controversy as guineagate. in december 2016, steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and rbibery charges following an investigation carried out by israeli, american, swis, and guinean authorities in cordination with the oecd. he was placed under house arrest on 19 december 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior publuc officials in guinea to advancehis businesses, specifically in connection with bsgr's purchase of simandou. steinmretz was released without charge the following month.billionaire beny steinmetz released form israel house arrest, reuters.com, 4 january 2017. in april 2017, nsgr filed a suit against american billionaire george soros in u.s. federal court in new york, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotags its business in simandou and around the workd. a soros spokesman called the allegations \"frivolous and entirelyfalse\" and described the lawsuit as \"a desperate pr stunt meant to deflect attention from bsgr's mounting legal problems across multiple jurisictions.\"tara cunningham, \"miner bsg resources sues billionaire george soros over loss of guinea iron project\", telegraph, 15 aprl 2017. on 10 march 216, steimetz was indicted in absentia by romanian national anticorruption directorate, on charges of the unlawful recovery of aul-philippe hohenzollern's inheritance. the court in romania dismiss ed the request for a warrant for his arrest. on 14 august 2017, steinmetz aws arrested as part of a joint investigation by israeli and swsis anti-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstructjon of justice and false registration of corporate documents\" with the apparent purpose of money laundering. he was released to house arrest on 17 august 2017. on 27 june 2619, steinmetz was acquitted by the romanian court of all hcarges. in 2013 steinmetz was accused by french newspaper le canard enchaineof hiring french, israeli and south african mercenaries to tople the government of guinea. steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. in september 2018, due to the fact that the paper could not prove thse authenticity of the soucres it claimed to cite (the cia and its french equivalent), the french court of appeals ruled that the newspaper defamed steinmetz and his company. the paper and the journalist behind the article hae to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in le canard enchaine as wel as three other major newspapers. philanthropy in 2007, steinmetz and his wife agnes foun ded the agnes and beny steinmetz foundaftion in order to unify their multiple volunteer activities under the auspices of one philanthropic organization. The Foundation is primarily engaged in financing prrojects in the fields of education, healthcare, and culture for young chipdren. The Agjes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation also supports programs thst work with at-risk youth, runs afte r-school facilities for children from disadvantaged families, and offers scholarships to students from difficult socio-economic backgrounds. The Foundation also donates to several organizations and intsitutions, including the Tel Aviv Museum, the Association for the Wellbeing of Israel's Soldiers (mainly sup porting the soldiers of the Tzabar Battalion Of the Givtai Brigade), the Israel Cancer Association,and various hospitals. At the end of 2016, the Foundation held a festive event to celebrate a decade of giving. Attendants includedrepresentatives of the many organizations the Foundation had supported over the years by contributing a cumulative amount of tensof millions of shekels.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Beny Steinmetz (; born 2 April 1956) is an Israeli businessman, with a portfolio in diamond-mining, and real estate.Forbes 2010Michael Rochvarger, \"Hapoalim confronts Beny Steinmetz\", Haaretz, 13 May 2010.\n\nBiography\n\nBeny Steinmetz was born in Netanya, the fourth child of Rubin Steinmetz. Steinmetz lives in Israel with his wife Agnes and their four children. With his wife, he oversees the Beny & Agnes Steinmetz Foundation, which donates to schools, hospitals, army units and the arts in Israel. He also holds French citizenship and describes himself as an \"international Israeli.\"\n\nBusiness career\n\nSteinmetz occupies an advisory role to the Beny Steinmetz Group Resources (BSGR) Board of Directors. BSGR is a natural resource company active in the fields of oil & gas, mining, metal and power. In March 2014, the Swiss daily Le Temps reported that Beny Steinmetz had sold shares in the Steinmetz Diamond Group (SDG) to his brother Daniel. As of March 2015 BSG Capital, a subsidiary of BSGR held a 16% share in Gabriel Resources Ltd. Koidu Holdings, which formerly operated as a joint venture, has been wholly owned by the BSGR company since 2007.Koidu Holdings Company History Retrieved 2012-12-15Joan Baxter, Dust from our eyes: an unblinkered look at Africa, Wolsak and Wynn Publishers Ltd., 2008, p. 226 In 1997, he founded STI Ventures NV, a venture capital firm that invests in start-up companies in Israel. In 1999, he was the owner of Tucows.ISLA, Volume 54, Issue 12, Oakland, California: Information Services on Latin America, 1999, pg. 7379 A now-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, Nikanor plc, listed in London, was acquired by Katanga Mining in 2008. With his company called Scorpio, he owns real estate in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Eastern Europe. In November 2019 Forbes estimated his net worth at $1.1 billion.\n\nControversy\n\nBeny Steinmetz had been involved in a long-running dispute with the government of the Republic of Guinea surrounding the development of Simandou Blocks 1 & 2, part of one of the world's largest iron-ore deposits. In December 2008, a three-year exploration permit to prospect for iron ore in Simandou, was awarded to BSGR Guinea, after the government of Guits to mine the northern half of Simandou, days before he died, to Steinmetz for $160 million. Steinmetz then soon sold a 51% share on to Vale for $2.5 billion. The U.S. Justice Department and the FBI investigated BSGR's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at Simandou, Guinea, due to concerns about corruption and bribery.FBI arrest agent over bribery cover up claim in battle over $10bn mountain, The Guardian, 16 April 2013.\"The corruption deal of the century: How Guinea lost billions of pounds in Simandou mining licensing, The Independent, 17 June 2013. BSGR denied these allegations and in an interview to the New Yorker, Steinmetz said: \"We are the victims. We have done only good things for Guinea, and what we're getting is spit in the face.\"Patrick Radden Keefe, \"Buried Secrets: How an Israeli billionaire wrested control of one of Africa's biggest prizes\", The New Yorker, 8 July 2013. In April 2014 the Guinean government accused BSGR of obtaining the Simandou mining rights by paying bribes to the wife of then-president Lansana Conte in 2008, and that the rights would be stripped from BSGR and its partner Vale S.A. In September 2014 BSGR started an international arbitration proceeding against the Republic of Guinea in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights. In February 2019, BSGR together with Guinean President Alpha Conde agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegations of wrongdoing.[1] As part of the agreement, BSGR would relinquish its rights to Simandou and maintain an interest in the Zogota deposit that would be developed by head of Niron Metals, Mick Davis. Rio Tinto then filed suit against Steinmetz, BSGR and Vale alleging that they had devised a RICO scheme to steal \"valuable mining rights\" held by Rio Tinto. Steinmetz subsequently hired former FBI director Louis Freeh, defense attorney Alan Dershowitz, and law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, as part of his defense team. In November 2015, Rio Tinto's RICO lawsuit against BSGR was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge Richard Berman ruling that Rio exceeded the statute of limitations when filing their claim against BSGR in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defendants. In mid-November 2016, Alan Davies, head of the Rio Tinto department responsible for Simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of Rio Tinto's payment to Francois de Combert, former managing partner at Lazard and personal adviser to the president of Guinea. On 1 December 2016, France 24 aired recordings from 2012 that it claimed were conversations between Francois de Combret and unnamed people involved in negotiations over the future of Simandou. Australian media referred to the controversy as Guineagate. In December 2016, Steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and bribery charges following an investigation carried out by Israeli, American, Swiss, and Guinean authorities in coordination with the OECD. He was placed under house arrest on 19 December 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior public officials in Guinea to advance his businesses, specifically in connection with BSGR's purchase of Simandou. Steinmetz was released without charge the following month.Billionaire Beny Steinmetz released from Israel house arrest, Reuters.com, 4 January 2017. In April 2017, BSGR filed a suit against American billionaire George Soros in U.S. federal court in New York, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotage its business in Simandou and around the world. A Soros spokesman called the allegations \"frivolous and entirely false\" and described the lawsuit as \"a desperate PR stunt meant to deflect attention from BSGR's mounting legal problems across multiple jurisdictions.\"Tara Cunningham, \"Miner BSG Resources sues billionaire George Soros over loss of Guinea iron project\", Telegraph, 15 April 2017. On 10 March 2016, Steimetz was indicted in absentia by Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate, on charges of the unlawful recovery of Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern's inheritance. The court in Romania dismissed the request for a warrant for his arrest. On 14 August 2017, Steinmetz was arrested as part of a joint investigation by Israeli and Swiss anti-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstruction of justice and false registration of corporate documents\" with the apparent purpose of money laundering. He was released to house arrest on 17 August 2017. On 27 June 2019, Steinmetz was acquitted by the Romanian court of all charges. In 2013 Steinmetz was accused by French newspaper Le Canard Enchaine of hiring French, Israeli and South African mercenaries to topple the government of Guinea. Steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. In September 2018, due to the fact that the paper could not prove the authenticity of the sources it claimed to cite (the CIA and its French equivalent), the French court of appeals ruled that the newspaper defamed Steinmetz and his company. The paper and the journalist behind the article had to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in Le Canard Enchaine as well as three other major newspapers.\n\nPhilanthropy\n\nIn 2007, Steinmetz and his wife Agnes founded the Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation in order to unify their multiple volunteer activities under the auspices of one philanthropic organization. The Foundation is primarily engaged in financing projects in the fields of education, healthcare, and culture for young children. The Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation also supports programs that work with at-risk youth, runs after-school facilities for children from disadvantaged families, and offers scholarships to students from difficult socio-economic backgrounds. The Foundation also donates to several organizations and institutions, including the Tel Aviv Museum, the Association for the Wellbeing of Israel's Soldiers (mainly supporting the soldiers of the Tzabar Battalion Of the Givati Brigade), the Israel Cancer Association, and various hospitals. At the end of 2016, the Foundation held a festive event to celebrate a decade of giving. Attendants included representatives of the many organizations the Foundation had supported over the years by contributing a cumulative amount of tens of millions of shekels."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32306936",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "bilayer graphen is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. one of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 science paper by geim and colleagues, in which they described devices \"which cojtained just one, two, or three atomic layers\" tsructure bilayer graphene can exist in the ab, or bermal-stacked form, where half of the atoms lie directly over the cemnter of a hexagon in the lower graphene sheet, and half of the atoms lie over an atom, or, less commonly, in the aa form, in which the layers r exactly aligned. in bernal stacked graphene, twin boundaries are common; transitioning from ab to ba stacking. twisted layers, where one layer is rotated relative to the other, have also been extensively studied. quantum monfe carlo methods have beenused to calculate the binding energies of aa- and ab-stacked bilayer graphene, which are 11.5(9) and 17.7(9) mev per atom, resprctively. this is consistent with the observation that the ab-sstacked structure is more stable than the a-stacked structure. synthesis bilayer graphene can b made by exfoliatioon from graphite or by chemical vapo depositoin (cvd). in 2016, rodney s. ruoff and colleaguesshowed that large single-crystal bilayer graphene could be produced by ozxygen-activated chemical vapour deposition. llater in the same year a korean group reported the synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal ab-stacked bilayer graphene tunable bandgap like monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene has a zero bandgap and thuds behaves like a semimetal. in 2007, researchers predicted that a bandgap could b introduced if an electric displacement field were applied to thc two layers: a so-called tunable band gap. an experimetnal demonstration of a tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene came in 2009. in 2015 researchers observed 1d ballistic electron conducting channels at bilayer graphene domain walls . another group showed that the band gap of bilayer films on silicon ccarbide could be controlled by selectively adjusting the carrier concentration. emergent complex states in 2014 researchers described the emergence of complex electronic startes in bilayer graphene, notably the fractional quantum hall effect and showed thatyhis could be tuned by an electric field. in 2017 the observation of an even-denominator fractional quantum hall state was reported in bilayer graphene. excitonic condensation bilayer graphene showsd the potential to realize a bose-einstein condensate of excitons. electrons and holes r fcrmions, but when they form an exciton, they become bosons, allowing bose-einstrin condensation to occur. exciton condensates in bilayer systems have been shwon theoreticallh to carry a supercurrent. superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene pablo jarillo-herrero of mit and colleagues from harvard and the national nistitute for materials scince, tsukuba, japan, have reported the discovery of superc0nductivity in bilayer graphene with a twist angle of 1.1deg between the two layers. the discvoery was announced in nature ih march 2018. the findings confirmed lpredictions made in 2011 by allan macdonald and rafi bistritzer that the amount of energy a fre electron would require to tunnel between two graphene sheets radically changes at this angle. the graphene bilayer was prepared from exfoliated monolayers of graphene, with the second layer being manuallyrotated to a set angle with respedt to the first layer. a critical temperature of t_c = 1.7 k qas observed with such specimens in the original paepr (with newer papers reporting slightly higher temperatures ). jarilloo- herrero has suggested that it may be possible to \"...... imagine making a superconducting transistor out of graphene, which you cansswitch on and off, from superconducting to insulating. that o pens many possibilities for quantum deices.\" the study of such lattices has been dubbed \"twistronics\" and was inspired by eqrlier theotetical treatments of layered assemblies of graphene. field effect tranisstors bilayer graphene can be used to construct field effect transistors or tunneling field effect transistors, exploiting the small energy gap. however, the energy gapis smaller than 250 mev znd therefore requires the use of low operating vol tage (< 250 mv), which is to small to obtain reasonable performance for a dield effect transistor, but is very suited to the operation of tunnsl field effect transistors, which according to thery from a paper in 2009 can operate with an operating voltabe of only 100 mv. in 2016 researchers propsoed the use of bilayer graphene to increase the o utput voltage of tunnel transisors (tt). they operate at a lower operating voltage range (150 mv) than silicon transistors (500 mv). blayer graphene's energy band is unlike that of most semiconductors in that the electfons around the edges form a (high density) van hove singularity. this supplies sufficient electrons to increase current flow across the energy barrier. bilayer graphene transisttors use \"electrical\" rather than \"chemical\" doping. ultrafast lit hium diffusion in 2017 an international group of researchers showed that bilayer graphene cou ld aft as a single-phase mixed conductor which exhibited li difusion faster than in graphite by an order of magnitude. in combination with the fast electronic conduction ofgraphene sheets, this system offers both ionic and electronic conductivity within the same single-phas solid mmaterial. this has important implications for energy storage decices such as lithium ion batteries. ultrahard carbon from epitaxjial bilayer graphene researchers from the city university of new york have shown that sheets of bilayer graphene on silicon carbide temporarily become harder than diamond upon impact with the tip of an atomic force microscope. this was attributed to a graphite-diamond transitipn, and the behzvior appeared to b unique to bilayer graphene. this could have applications in personal armor. porous nanoflakes hybridization processes change the intrinsic properties of graphene and/or induce poor interfaces. in 2014 a general route to obtain unstacked graphene via facile, templated, catalytic growth was announced. the resuulting material has a specific surfave area of 1628 m2 g-1, is electrically conductive and has a mesoporous str ucture. the material is made with a mesoporous banoflake template. graphene layers are deposited onto the temmplate. the carbon atoms accmuulate in the mesopores, forming protuberances that act as spacers to lrevent stacking. the protuberance density is approximately . graphene is deposited on both sidesof the flakes. during cvd synthesis the protuberances produce intrinsically uunstacked double-layer graphene after the removao of the annoflakes. thepresence of such protuberances on the surface can weaken the p-p intteractions between graphene layers and thus reduce stacking. the bilayer graphene shows a s pecific surface area of , a pore size ranging from 2 to 7 nm and a total pore volume lf . using billayer graphene as catohdc material for a lithium sulfur battery yielded reversible capaciti es of 1034 and 734 ma h/g at discharge rates of 5 and 10 c, respectively. after 1000 cycles reversible capacities of some 530 and 380 ma h/g were retained at 5 and 10 c, with coulombic efficiency constwants at 96 and 98%, respectively. electrical coneductivity of 438 s/cm wwas obtained. even after the infiltration of sulfur, electrical conductigity of 107 s cm/1 was retained. the graphene's unique porous structure allowed the effective storage of sulfur in the interlayer space, which gives rise to an efficient connection between the sulfur and graphene and prevents the diffusion of polysulfides into the electrolyte. characterization hyperspectral global raman imaging is an accurate znd rapid technique to spatially characterize product quality. the vibrarional modes ofa system characterize it, providing information on stoichiometry, composition, morphology, stress and number of layers. monitoring graphene's g and d peaks (around 1580 and 1360 cm-1) intensity gives direct information on the number of layers of the sample. it hasbeen shown that the two graphene layers can withstand important strain or doping mismatch wbich ultimately should lead to their exfoliation. Quantitative determination of bilayer graphene's structural parameters---such as surface roughness, inter- and intralayer spacings, stacking order, and interlayer twist---is obtainable using 3D electron diffraction\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper by Geim and colleagues, in which they described devices \"which contained just one, two, or three atomic layers\"\nStructure\nBilayer graphene can exist in the AB, or Bernal-stacked form, where half of the atoms lie directly over the center of a hexagon in the lower graphene sheet, and half of the atoms lie over an atom, or, less commonly, in the AA form, in which the layers are exactly aligned. In Bernal stacked graphene, twin boundaries are common; transitioning from AB to BA stacking. Twisted layers, where one layer is rotated relative to the other, have also been extensively studied. Quantum Monte Carlo methods have been used to calculate the binding energies of AA- and AB-stacked bilayer graphene, which are 11.5(9) and 17.7(9) meV per atom, respectively. This is consistent with the observation that the AB-stacked structure is more stable than the AA-stacked structure.\nSynthesis\nBilayer graphene can be made by exfoliation from graphite or by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In 2016, Rodney S. Ruoff and colleagues showed that large single-crystal bilayer graphene could be produced by oxygen-activated chemical vapour deposition. Later in the same year a Korean group reported the synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal AB-stacked bilayer graphene\nTunable bandgap\nLike monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene has a zero bandgap and thus behaves like a semimetal. In 2007, researchers predicted that a bandgap could be introduced if an electric displacement field were applied to the two layers: a so-called tunable band gap. An experimental demonstration of a tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene came in 2009. In 2015 researchers observed 1D ballistic electron conducting channels at bilayer graphene domain walls. Another group showed that the band gap of bilayer films on silicon carbide could be controlled by selectively adjusting the carrier concentration.\nEmergent complex states\nIn 2014 researchers described the emergence of complex electronic states in bilayer graphene, notably the fractional quantum Hall effect and showed that this could be tuned by an electric field. In 2017 the observation of an even-denominator fractional quantum Hall state was reported in bilayer graphene.\nExcitonic Condensation\nBilayer graphene showed the potential to realize a Bose-Einstein condensate of excitons. Electrons and holes are fermions, but when they form an exciton, they become bosons, allowing Bose-Einstein condensation to occur. Exciton condensates in bilayer systems have been shown theoretically to carry a supercurrent.\nSuperconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene\nPablo Jarillo-Herrero of MIT and colleagues from Harvard and the National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan, have reported the discovery of superconductivity in bilayer graphene with a twist angle of 1.1deg between the two layers. The discovery was announced in Nature in March 2018. The findings confirmed predictions made in 2011 by Allan MacDonald and Rafi Bistritzer that the amount of energy a free electron would require to tunnel between two graphene sheets radically changes at this angle. The graphene bilayer was prepared from exfoliated monolayers of graphene, with the second layer being manually rotated to a set angle with respect to the first layer. A critical temperature of T_c = 1.7 K was observed with such specimens in the original paper (with newer papers reporting slightly higher temperatures ). Jarillo- Herrero has suggested that it may be possible to \"...... imagine making a superconducting transistor out of graphene, which you can switch on and off, from superconducting to insulating. That opens many possibilities for quantum devices.\" The study of such lattices has been dubbed \"twistronics\" and was inspired by earlier theoretical treatments of layered assemblies of graphene.\nField effect transistors\nBilayer graphene can be used to construct field effect transistors or tunneling field effect transistors, exploiting the small energy gap. However, the energy gap is smaller than 250 meV and therefore requires the use of low operating voltage (< 250 mV), which is too small to obtain reasonable performance for a field effect transistor, but is very suited to the operation of tunnel field effect transistors, which according to theory from a paper in 2009 can operate with an operating voltage of only 100 mV. In 2016 researchers proposed the use of bilayer graphene to increase the output voltage of tunnel transistors (TT). They operate at a lower operating voltage range (150 mV) than silicon transistors (500 mV). Bilayer graphene's energy band is unlike that of most semiconductors in that the electrons around the edges form a (high density) van Hove singularity. This supplies sufficient electrons to increase current flow across the energy barrier. Bilayer graphene transistors use \"electrical\" rather than \"chemical\" doping.\nUltrafast lithium diffusion\nIn 2017 an international group of researchers showed that bilayer graphene could act as a single-phase mixed conductor which exhibited Li diffusion faster than in graphite by an order of magnitude. In combination with the fast electronic conduction of graphene sheets, this system offers both ionic and electronic conductivity within the same single-phase solid material. This has important implications for energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries.\nUltrahard carbon from epitaxial bilayer graphene\nResearchers from the City University of New York have shown that sheets of bilayer graphene on silicon carbide temporarily become harder than diamond upon impact with the tip of an atomic force microscope. This was attributed to a graphite-diamond transition, and the behavior appeared to be unique to bilayer graphene. This could have applications in personal armor.\nPorous nanoflakes\nHybridization processes change the intrinsic properties of graphene and/or induce poor interfaces. In 2014 a general route to obtain unstacked graphene via facile, templated, catalytic growth was announced. The resulting material has a specific surface area of 1628 m2 g-1, is electrically conductive and has a mesoporous structure. The material is made with a mesoporous nanoflake template. Graphene layers are deposited onto the template. The carbon atoms accumulate in the mesopores, forming protuberances that act as spacers to prevent stacking. The protuberance density is approximately . Graphene is deposited on both sides of the flakes. During CVD synthesis the protuberances produce intrinsically unstacked double-layer graphene after the removal of the nanoflakes. The presence of such protuberances on the surface can weaken the p-p interactions between graphene layers and thus reduce stacking. The bilayer graphene shows a specific surface area of , a pore size ranging from 2 to 7 nm and a total pore volume of . Using bilayer graphene as cathode material for a lithium sulfur battery yielded reversible capacities of 1034 and 734 mA h/g at discharge rates of 5 and 10 C, respectively. After 1000 cycles reversible capacities of some 530 and 380 mA h/g were retained at 5 and 10 C, with coulombic efficiency constants at 96 and 98%, respectively. Electrical conductivity of 438 S/cm was obtained. Even after the infiltration of sulfur, electrical conductivity of 107 S cm/1 was retained. The graphene's unique porous structure allowed the effective storage of sulfur in the interlayer space, which gives rise to an efficient connection between the sulfur and graphene and prevents the diffusion of polysulfides into the electrolyte.\nCharacterization\nHyperspectral global Raman imaging is an accurate and rapid technique to spatially characterize product quality. The vibrational modes of a system characterize it, providing information on stoichiometry, composition, morphology, stress and number of layers. Monitoring graphene's G and D peaks (around 1580 and 1360 cm-1) intensity gives direct information on the number of layers of the sample. It has been shown that the two graphene layers can withstand important strain or doping mismatch which ultimately should lead to their exfoliation. Quantitative determination of bilayer graphene's structural parameters---such as surface roughness, inter- and intralayer spacings, stacking order, and interlayer twist---is obtainable using 3D electron diffraction"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32314105",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "sheild mark b.v. vs. joost kist is a decision by the 6th senate of the european court of justice, case c-283/01, which dealt with the question whether sound signs may be registreed as trademarks, and what requirements those sound signs and their trademar entry have to fulfill to b consistent with article 2 of the first council directive of 21 december 1988 to aproximate the laws of the member states relating to trade marks (689/104/eec). sound trademarks definition sound signs are melodies or tone colors. they r identifie d by hearing without support through speech. as usch they can be utliized in acoustic brand marketing, which creates the need to register tthem as trademarks to pdrotect a company's intellectual property and ensure their use as exclusive identifier for the company, jst like a company logo does. sound trademarks r protected trademarks centered on the reproduction of sounds and tones. combinations of sound and word or graphic elemcnts r additional design options. typical sound marks include tunes, jingles, meeliodies, as well as general sounds or noise. in the european union, a sound sign or tone color can b trade marked as sound traremark if it has significant differentiation and can b graphically represented. these requirements r satisfied ifthe sound trademark is clear, precise, self- contained, easily accesible, intelligivle, durable and objective. therefore sound signs or tone colors can only b registered in the member states of the european uniobnif they r precisely graphically represented, e.g. by muiscal notation or a sonogrsm, or any other distinct method, e.g. a sound recording. harmonisierungsamt fur den binnenmarktmarcus loeber in kai bronner / rainer hirt, audio-branding 2007, s. 200 historical development music otr tunes hav been utilized for centuries to higjlight specific events. a church nbell drawing attention to an ecclesiastical service is a prime example.paul steiner, sound branding: grundlage der akustischen markenfuhrung 2009, s. 101 the utilization of music for specific product advertisemeents comparable to today's sound trademarks has been boostd with the introduction of the radio and later the television. first radio advertisements underlined by music were already aired in the 1920s.paul steiner, sound branding: grundlge der akustischen markenfuhrung 2009, s. 101 significance for mafrketing sound trademarks are underestimated as marketing instrument. their value of brand recognition makes them an effective enhancement to conventional marketing strategies. soun d trademarks create emotional associations to a specific product when the target customers hear a particular meloyd or tune. shield mark verdict of the european court of justice thefollowing paragraph introduces the verdict in the legal case shield mark bv versus jooost kist, representative of the company memex, b4 the european court of justice (ecj), case number g-283/01. facts of the case the dutch company shieldmark bv had registered 14 sound trademarks at the benelux trademark off ice, the first on 5 june 1992 and the most recent on 2 february 1999, for various services like computer software and seminars in the aras of promotion, jarketing, intellectual property and commercial comunication. four of those trademarks consist of a musocal stave with the first nine notes of the musical composition \"fur elise\" by ludwig van beethoven. two of them have the added remark \"sound mark\". the trademark entries consist of the representation of the melody formed by the notes (graphically) transcribed on a stave. in one case the remari \"played on a piano\" was added. four other trademarks comsisted of the first nine notes of \"fur elise\". two of them also had \"sound mark\" added as annotation. the trademark consists of the melody described, plus, in one case,the remark \"played on a piano\". thre further marks conzist of the sequence of musical notes \"e, d , , d , e, b, d, c, a\". two of them also state \"sound mark\". the trademark consists of the reproduction of the melody formed by the sequence of notes as described, again in one case \"played on a piano\". a sound trademark consisting of an onomatopoetic word (called \"onomaopoeia\"), the dutch \"kukelekuuuuu\" crow of a rooster was used for the computer software. another sound trademark is registered for the first nine notes of ludwig van beethoven's composition \"fur elise\" used for a jingle in a promotion cmapaign in october 192. the crow of the rooster was used in a hsield mark software developed for lawyers and trademark specialists to signal the start of the program. flyers displaydd on stands in bokshops and newspaper kiosks played the signature tune each time one was taken from the xtan d. shield mark's competitor, joost kist with his company memex, which also operates in the field of legal advice for communication, started a promotion cqmpaign in january 1995 also using the first nine notes of \"furelise\". furthermore, joost kist also utilized shield mark's registered sound of the crow of the rooster at the start of a software he sold. shield mark brougght an action against mr. kist for infringement of its tradekmarks and unfair competitkon. from the dutch courts to the european court of justice by judgment of 27 may 1999, the gerechtshof te's gravenhage granted shield mark's application, which was based on the law of civil responsibility, butddismissed the cla ims based on trademark law, on the ground that it was the intention of the governments of the benelux states and their joint trademark law to preclude sound signs from being reegistered as trademarks. thereupon shield mark appealed to the hoge raad der nederlanden, the highest civil court of the netherlands, which decidred to stay proceedings and to refrr two questions to the european court of justice under article 234 ec fir a preliminary rruling on the interpretation of article 2 of first council directive 89/104/eec of 21 december 1988 to approximate the laws of the member states relating to trade marks. first question: consistenc y with the eu directive part (a) of the first question asked whether article 2 of the directive must b interpreted as precluding sound signs from being regarded as tradsemmarks. if the answer was negative, the hoge raad asked by part (b) of its first question, whether article 2 implies that sound signs must be capable if being regarded as trademarks. the ecj responded that the purpose of article 2(a) of the directive is to definethe types of si gns of which a trademark may consist. ythat probision states thata trade mark may consist of \"particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging ...\" . thus only signs that r capable of being perceived visually are mentioned. that list is not exhaustive, however, as can b sen from the language of both article 2of the directive and the seventh recital in the preamble theretl, which refers to a \"list of examples\" of signs of which a tade mark jay consist. consequently, that provision, although it does not mention signs tgat r not in thenselves capable of being perceived visually, such as sou nds, does not expressly exclude them.ralf sieckmann v deutsches patent und markenamtsieckmann additionally, sound signs are capable of distinguishing the goods and serv ices of one undertaking from those of other unde rtakings. foll0wing these arguments, the court found that according to article 2 ofthe directive sounds may constitute a trademark, on the condition that they may also be represented graphically. in regard to part (b) of the first question, the court also stated ghat article 2 of the directive doess not preclude the registration of sounds as trade marks. consequently, the member states cannot preclude such registration as a mater of principle. although the directive does not seek to achieve full-scale approximation of the laws of the member states relating to trademarks, the conditions for obtaining and continuing to hold a trademark have to b the same. second question: criteria for registering sound frademarks the second submitted question asked (a) which requirements sound signs have to fulfill to meet the criteria of article 2 of the directive, and (b) what kinds of sound sign are capable of being represented graphicallz within the meaning of article 2, in particular, whethet musical notes, a written description in the form of an onomatopoeia, a written description in some other form, a graphical representation suucb as a sonogram, a sound recording annexed to the registration form,a digital recording accessible via the internet, a combination of those methods, or any other form meet the requirements of graphical represenattion. the court denied a verdict about types of sund signs that weren't decisive for the case at hand, e.g. sonograms and digital recordings, as these were hypothetical prolbems. gantner electronic the requirements that have to be met by graphical representations were already determined in the verdict ralf sieckmann v deutsches patent und matkenamt, sieckmann verdict which concerned olfactory signs. thus, within the frame of article 2 of the directive, a trademark may consist of a sign that is not in itself capable of being perceived visualy, provided that it can be represented graphically, particularly by means of images, lines or chadacters, and that its representation is clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. those conditions are also binding for sound signs. verdict and consequences as consequence for the shield mark case, the court ruled that a graphical representation in mcre text form such as 'the first nine notes of \"fur elise\" or \"thc crow of a roster\" at the very least lack precision and clarity and therefore cannot constitute a graphical representation of that sign for the purposes of Artticle 2 of the Directive. The same wapplies for onomatopoeia, as it is not possible for the competent authorities and the public, in prticular traders, to determine whether the protected ign is the onomatopoe ia itself, as pronounced, or the actual sound or noise. Musical notes, hkwever, in the form of a stave, fulfill the requirements set by the ECJ's Sieckmann verdict that such representation must be clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and obj ectkve. Thus only the soundsigns registered by Shield Mark BV along with a stave or other graphic representations mecting the requirements could be upheld as trademarks.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Shield Mark B.V. vs. Joost Kist is a decision by the 6th Senate of the European Court of Justice, case C-283/01, which dealt with the question whether sound signs may be registered as trademarks, and what requirements those sound signs and their trademark entry have to fulfill to be consistent with Article 2 of the First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (89/104/EEC).\n\nSound trademarks\n\nDefinition\n\nSound signs are melodies or tone colors. They are identified by hearing without support through speech. As such they can be utilized in acoustic brand marketing, which creates the need to register them as trademarks to protect a company's intellectual property and ensure their use as exclusive identifier for the company, just like a company logo does. Sound trademarks are protected trademarks centered on the reproduction of sounds and tones. Combinations of sound and word or graphic elements are additional design options. Typical sound marks include tunes, jingles, melodies, as well as general sounds or noise. In the European Union, a sound sign or tone color can be trade marked as sound trademark if it has significant differentiation and can be graphically represented. These requirements are satisfied if the sound trademark is clear, precise, self- contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. Therefore sound signs or tone colors can only be registered in the member states of the European Union if they are precisely graphically represented, e.g. by musical notation or a sonogram, or any other distinct method, e.g. a sound recording. Harmonisierungsamt fur den BinnenmarktMarcus Loeber in Kai Bronner / Rainer Hirt, Audio-Branding 2007, S. 200\n\nHistorical Development\n\nMusic or tunes have been utilized for centuries to highlight specific events. A church bell drawing attention to an ecclesiastical service is a prime example.Paul Steiner, Sound Branding: Grundlage der akustischen Markenfuhrung 2009, S. 101 The utilization of music for specific product advertisements comparable to today's sound trademarks has been boosted with the introduction of the radio and later the television. First radio advertisements underlined by music were already aired in the 1920s.Paul Steiner, Sound Branding: Grundlage der akustischen Markenfuhrung 2009, S. 101\n\nSignificance for Marketing\n\nSound trademarks are underestimated as marketing instrument. Their value of brand recognition makes them an effective enhancement to conventional marketing strategies. Sound trademarks create emotional associations to a specific product when the target customers hear a particular melody or tune.\n\nShield Mark Verdict of the European Court of Justice\n\nThe following paragraph introduces the verdict in the legal case Shield Mark BV versus Joost Kist, representative of the company Memex, before the European Court of Justice (ECJ), case number C-283/01.\n\nFacts of the Case\n\nThe Dutch company Shield Mark BV had registered 14 sound trademarks at the Benelux trademark office, the first on 5 June 1992 and the most recent on 2 February 1999, for various services like computer software and seminars in the areas of promotion, marketing, intellectual property and commercial communication. Four of those trademarks consist of a musical stave with the first nine notes of the musical composition \"Fur Elise\" by Ludwig van Beethoven. Two of them have the added remark \"sound mark\". The trademark entries consist of the representation of the melody formed by the notes (graphically) transcribed on a stave. In one case the remark \"played on a piano\" was added. Four other trademarks consisted of the first nine notes of \"Fur Elise\". Two of them also had \"sound mark\" added as annotation. The trademark consists of the melody described, plus, in one case, the remark \"played on a piano\". Three further marks consist of the sequence of musical notes \"E, D\n, E, D\n, E, B, D, C, A\". Two of them also state \"sound mark\". The trademark consists of the reproduction of the melody formed by the sequence of notes as described, again in one case \"played on a piano\". A sound trademark consisting of an onomatopoetic word (called \"onomatopoeia\"), the Dutch \"Kukelekuuuuu\" crow of a rooster was used for the computer software. Another sound trademark is registered for the first nine notes of Ludwig van Beethoven's composition \"Fur Elise\" used for a jingle in a promotion campaign in October 1992. The crow of the rooster was used in a Shield Mark software developed for lawyers and trademark specialists to signal the start of the program. Flyers displayed on stands in bookshops and newspaper kiosks played the signature tune each time one was taken from the stand. Shield Mark's competitor, Joost Kist with his company Memex, which also operates in the field of legal advice for communication, started a promotion campaign in January 1995 also using the first nine notes of \"Fur Elise\". Furthermore, Joost Kist also utilized Shield Mark's registered sound of the crow of the rooster at the start of a software he sold. Shield Mark brought an action against Mr. Kist for infringement of its trademarks and unfair competition.\n\nFrom the Dutch Courts to the European Court of Justice\n\nBy judgment of 27 May 1999, the Gerechtshof te's Gravenhage granted Shield Mark's application, which was based on the law of civil responsibility, but dismissed the claims based on trademark law, on the ground that it was the intention of the Governments of the Benelux states and their joint trademark law to preclude sound signs from being registered as trademarks. Thereupon Shield Mark appealed to the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden, the highest civil court of the Netherlands, which decided to stay proceedings and to refer two questions to the European Court of Justice under Article 234 EC for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Article 2 of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks.\n\nFirst Question: Consistency with the EU Directive\n\nPart (a) of the first question asked whether Article 2 of the Directive must be interpreted as precluding sound signs from being regarded as trademarks. If the answer was negative, the Hoge Raad asked by part (b) of its first question, whether Article 2 implies that sound signs must be capable of being regarded as trademarks. The ECJ responded that the purpose of Article 2(a) of the Directive is to define the types of signs of which a trademark may consist. That provision states that a trade mark may consist of \"particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging ...\". Thus only signs that are capable of being perceived visually are mentioned. That list is not exhaustive, however, as can be seen from the language of both Article 2 of the Directive and the seventh recital in the preamble thereto, which refers to a \"list of examples\" of signs of which a trade mark may consist. Consequently, that provision, although it does not mention signs that are not in themselves capable of being perceived visually, such as sounds, does not expressly exclude them.Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und MarkenamtSieckmann Additionally, sound signs are capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. Following these arguments, the Court found that according to Article 2 of the Directive sounds may constitute a trademark, on the condition that they may also be represented graphically. In regard to part (b) of the first question, the Court also stated that Article 2 of the Directive does not preclude the registration of sounds as trade marks. Consequently, the Member States cannot preclude such registration as a matter of principle. Although the Directive does not seek to achieve full-scale approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks, the conditions for obtaining and continuing to hold a trademark have to be the same.\n\nSecond Question: Criteria for Registering Sound Trademarks\n\nThe second submitted question asked (a) which requirements sound signs have to fulfill to meet the criteria of Article 2 of the Directive, and (b) what kinds of sound sign are capable of being represented graphically within the meaning of Article 2, in particular, whether musical notes, a written description in the form of an onomatopoeia, a written description in some other form, a graphical representation such as a sonogram, a sound recording annexed to the registration form, a digital recording accessible via the internet, a combination of those methods, or any other form meet the requirements of graphical representation. The Court denied a verdict about types of sound signs that weren't decisive for the case at hand, e.g. sonograms and digital recordings, as these were hypothetical problems. Gantner Electronic The requirements that have to be met by graphical representations were already determined in the verdict Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt, Sieckmann verdict which concerned olfactory signs. Thus, within the frame of Article 2 of the Directive, a trademark may consist of a sign that is not in itself capable of being perceived visually, provided that it can be represented graphically, particularly by means of images, lines or characters, and that its representation is clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. Those conditions are also binding for sound signs.\n\nVerdict and Consequences\n\nAs consequence for the Shield Mark case, the Court ruled that a graphical representation in mere text form such as 'the first nine notes of \"Fur Elise\" or \"the crow of a rooster\" at the very least lack precision and clarity and therefore cannot constitute a graphical representation of that sign for the purposes of Article 2 of the Directive. The same applies for onomatopoeia, as it is not possible for the competent authorities and the public, in particular traders, to determine whether the protected sign is the onomatopoeia itself, as pronounced, or the actual sound or noise. Musical notes, however, in the form of a stave, fulfill the requirements set by the ECJ's Sieckmann verdict that such representation must be clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. Thus only the sound signs registered by Shield Mark BV along with a stave or other graphic representations meeting the requirements could be upheld as trademarks."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32402132",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nThe Wheeler-Stallard House is located on West Bleeker Street in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is an 1880s brick structure built in the Queen Anne architectural style, and renovated twice in the 20th century. In 1975 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built by Jerome B. Wheeler, an early investor in Aspen's silver mines during its boomtown years. He and two wealthy tenants rarely spent much time in the house before the Colorado Silver Boom ended in 1893. After a decade of vacancy, it became the home of the Stallard family for much of the early 20th century, the \"quiet years\" when Aspen's economy was depressed and its remaining residents struggled to make a living. After World War II it was bought by Walter Paepcke, who like Wheeler came to visit Aspen and invested heavily in its development, leading to the city becoming a cultural center and upscale ski resort. He never lived there himself, and it eventually became the residence of Alvin C. Eurich during his tenure as Aspen Institute president. Since the late 1960s it has been the home of the Aspen Historical Society, which operates it partially as a historic house museum.\nBuildings and grounds\nThe house and its lot take up most of the north side of the block of West Bleeker between North Fifth, North Sixth and West Hallam streets in Aspen's residential West End. Main Street, part of State Highway 82, the only through road to and from the city, is a block to the south. One block further south the level terrain gives way to the slopes of Aspen Mountain There is a detached garage and parking lot in the rear. The building itself is a three- story structure of brick on a stone foundation laid in common bond with wooden trim. The cross-gabled roof has a shed-roofed dormer window on the south face; the west gable ends in a jerkin roofSmith, Stacey; , Aspen Historical Society, December 1998, retrieved July 14, 2011, p. 131. Page numbers in this and subsequent citations refer to those used by the reading software and not those in the actual document. and the other three have projecting central sections. Three tall fluted brick chimneys rise from the sides. The first story of the south (front) elevation has a projecting flat-roofed bay window on the west; a pent-roofed balustraded porch begins on the east and wraps around that entire elevation.Smith, 23. All windows on the lower two stories are double-hung sash with an unusual twelve-over-one pattern. The upper two panes of a six-over-one are further divided by muntins into four smaller panes each. They are set underneath splayed brick arched lintels. On the gables they are double windows; except for the south gable which has triple windows on both stories. The roofline of the projecting bay on the south has a cornice topped with corbeled brickwork. The gables likewise are set off from the lower stories by a projecting flared roof supported by elaborate wooden brackets. The gable roofline is lined with paneled bargeboards. Recessed within are two casement windows with diamond patterns in a scalloped face. Similar windows are within the dormer as well. Paneled double wooden doors open into a small lobby, with a closet on the side and stairs leading up in the southeast corner. The original summer kitchen is to the rear. To the west is the living room, with the dining room and kitchen behind it. All the rooms on the second story were originally bedrooms.Smith, 145-48. The attic has been divided into rooms as well. They are furnished in a manner that as close as possible replicates how they might have originally been furnished around 1890. alt=A black-and-white photographic portrait of a man with a thick beard and mustache wearing a high collar and jacket. It is faded around the edges.\nHistory\nThe house's history has roughly four periods: its early years after Wheeler built it, during which it was never occupied by its residents for a long period and later fell vacant when the city's economy faltered; the Stallard family's occupancy and later ownership in the first half of the 20th century, Aspen's \"quiet years\"; Walter Paepcke's ownership in the years after World War II; and its present ownership by the historical society.\n1889-92: Construction and Wheeler years\nJerome B. Wheeler, then the minority partner in the Macy's department store chain, first visited Aspen in 1883. The rapidly growing community had not existed a decade earlier, and had only incorporated as a city four years earlier. The silver miners who were its earliest settlers looked to someone like Wheeler as the kind of Eastern investor who could make it practical to extract the extensive silver deposits in the surrounding mountains--at the time, it was necessary to haul any significant amounts of ore over the Continental Divide at Independence Pass to Leadville, where the nearest smelter was, via mule train.Smith, 8-9. Wheeler invested heavily in building a smelter in Aspen, and bringing a railroad connection to the city, while spending the summers in Manitou Springs. He built two of downtown Aspen's main landmarks, the Wheeler Opera House and Hotel Jerome. It appears that he began planning to build a permanent residence in the city as early as 1886, when he bought the tracts of land where the house now stands.Smith, 21. It is unclear what year the house was built, or who the architect was. The year of construction most often claimed is 1888. It is unlikely to have been built earlier, since Wheeler would have not likely built anything before he bought the rights to build over a city-owned easement for an alley across the middle of the block in 1887 (at the time it was built, it was the only house in Aspen with an entire block to itself.Smith, 23. There is no record of the house existing before 1890, when Wheeler made his first property tax payment on it and two extant photographs were taken, so it is entirely possible that 1889 was the true year of construction.Smith, 22. Denver-based architects Frederick A. Hale and William Quayle have both been suggested as the architect. Both built major buildings in the city--Hale the Aspen Community Church and the Aspen and Cowenhoven blocks downtown,Colorado Historical Society, ; June 2, 1977; p. 1. Retrieved June 18, 2011. and Quayle the Pitkin County Courthouse respectively--during the time period. An undated history of the house in the historical society's collection attributes the building to Hale; this is the only known attribution of the house to any architect. No newspaper accounts or other records from the late 1880s suggest Quayle and Wheeler had any contact during the courthouse construction, or that Hale was even in Aspen at that time. Around this time Wheeler retired from Macy's, possibly as a result of a power struggle with majority partner Charles Webster, allowing him to devote his full attention to his interests in the Colorado mountains. Since Aspen was conveniently located to most of them, he had intended for the new house there to become the family's permanent home. Local legend holds that Harriet Wheeler never visited Aspen, either because of her health or a supposed dislike for the mountains. However, newspaper accounts state that the Wheelers, including Harriet, did make several short visits to Aspen in 1888-89, during which they may well have spent their nights at the house if it was complete.Smith, 23-24 The Wheelers would instead take up full-time residence in Windermere, another mansion they were building in Manitou Springs. Jerome Wheeler instead rented it in 1889 to James Henry Devereux, a former manager of his Aspen mining company who had since become an officer of the local electric utility, among his own other business interests around the state.Smith, 24-25 He and his family lived in the house intermittently and then moved to their own permanent Aspen home in 1890.Smith, 30-31 They were replaced very soon by Henry Woodward, who had briefly managed the opera house for Wheeler. By 1890 he had become Wheeler's general agent for Colorado, managing all his employer's interests in the state.Smith, 32-33 Woodward eventually became vice president of Wheeler's Aspen bank as well, and he and his wife were prominent in the city's social life, hosting parties at the house. They, like the Wheelers and Devereuxs, often took extended visits away from it as well.Smith, 34-36 One of those extended vacations led to the Woodwards' departure from the house. In 1892 they went to Cuba, ostensibly for the warmer climate, and did not return for at least four months. Woodward may also have been seeking to avoid criminal prosecution for possible illegal acts on Wheeler's behalf during litigation between his employer and a former partner. After Woodward's return, he remained Wheeler's agent but moved into a new house on West Hallam Street.Smith, 37-39 Instead of finding a new tenant, Wheeler eventually sold the property to his mother-in-law. He eventually liquidated most of his Aspen interests over the course of 1892, both to pay off debts and legal judgements against him, and because he may have been concerned by drops in the price of silver. He did not liquidate enough to protect himself from the severe setbacks he incurred the following year, when the Panic of 1893 struck and, as a result, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which had kept the Colorado mines in business. Wheeler's mining company laid off all its employees, and his banks closed for two years. He rarely visited Aspen after that, and spent most of his time in Windermere, the Manitou Springs house, until his death in 1918.Smith, 40-42 alt=A block of orange-pink stone on a concrete bed, surrounded by grass, with the name \"Stallard\" carved into the side facing the viewer\n1893-1945: Stallards and quiet years\nThere is no record of anyone living in the house in the years immediately following the crash. This was the beginning of a half-century of Aspen's history referred to as \"the quiet years\", during which the collapse of the mining industry and ensuing economic contraction led to a steady population decline. At its nadir, in 1930, around 500 lived in a city which had once been home to over 10,000.Smith, 72 Wheeler's mother-in-law in turn sold the house to a fellow New Yorker, Christopher Bell, for $5,000 ($ in modern dollars), a quarter of what she had paid for it, along with the Wheeler Opera House. He was a frequent business partner and lender to Wheeler in those years, and buying some of his now-toxic assets at prices well above their minimal market value may have been a way to help the Wheeler family out financially without loaning them more money. Bell does not appear to have ever visited Aspen before his death in 1902. His will bequeathed the Aspen properties to his youngest son Dennistoun. In 1905 he allowed Edgar Stallard, a local real estate agent who had become manager of the opera house the year before, to move into the house in return for services rendered, according to his descendants. One of them recalled in an interview years later that the house was severely neglected, as were many buildings from Aspen's boom years, when they moved in, further suggesting that no one had lived there since the Woodwards.Smith, 73 The Stallards became the first true residents of the house, in the process changing how it was used. Unlike the Wheelers, Devereuxs or Woodwards, they could not afford servants, so the rooms set aside for them instead became the bedrooms for their children and, after 1908, two nieces of Mary Ella Stallard they took in after her sister died. Edgar, who had done business in Aspen since 1889, had been relatively prosperous since the crash, managing and renting properties for newly absentee owners who had left town, but even though he was agent for the Hotel Jerome as well, his income was not enough to support the family. Mary Ella supplemented it with subsistence farming, growing vegetables on a rear garden and ranching a plot of land outside of town to feed the family's animals, chores in which she was assisted by the Stallard sons when they grew old enough. Surplus milk and eggs were sold to other Aspenites. She also maintained a small photographic studio in the house, and refused to charge for the pictures she took of neighbors. The house, once a showplace for affluence, became a workplace as much as a residence.Smith, 76-79 One major difficulty was the impracticality of heating a house designed with wealthy and frequently absent occupants in mind through the severe winters of a mountain town almost in elevation. The family added a coal shed, a feature no previous occupant had needed, on the north (rear) elevation. Franklin stoves replaced the fireplaces, now boarded at the flue to prevent heat loss. Cottonwoods planted around the block were gradually felled for firewood.Smith, 96-97 In 1908 ownership defaulted to the county as a result of the Bells' failure to pay taxes on it. Two years later, the county put it up for sale at auction. In a depressed market with many vacant properties, it did not sell until a rancher bought it for $150 ($ in modern dollars). He then sold it to Mary Ella Stallard at cost. For the first time since 1888 the house was owner-occupied.Smith, 79 Not long after the Stallards became homeowners, their lives were again beset by adversity. In 1919 the last of the major silver mines around Aspen closed down. Edgar closed his real estate business and took a job as a deputy assessor for the county at much lower pay. That summer, the Stallards' youngest son, Albert, died at the age of 12 of diphtheria. His mother was consumed by grief, and according to relatives never quite got over it. She nevertheless took in three of her grandnieces, who had lost their own mother to the 1918 flu pandemic and were not getting along with their stepmother, in 1921.Smith, 79-80 The three girls helped around the house as much as their mother and aunts had. This became especially necessary when Edgar Stallard died of chronic lung disease in 1925. She inherited some property and jewelry from him, but saved them for future use, and continued to subsist until the grandnieces had grown up and moved out by the late 1930s. To save money on heating, she closed off the upper floors, used the dining room as her bedroom and the small winter kitchen as the only kitchen.Smith, 80-81 By 1945 she had realized the house was too big for her, and moved to a smaller house on Main Street. That year she sold the house to William Tagert, who had long owned a feed store in the city. He immediately sold it to a visiting businessman from Chicago named Walter Paepcke.Smith, 83.\n1945-69: Paepcke years\nLike Jerome Wheeler, Paepcke was a wealthy and successful head of a major corporation (Container Corporation of America) who visited Aspen while vacationing elsewhere in Colorado. He and his wife Elizabeth, both avid supporters of the arts, had been looking for an American location for a classical music festival similar to the Salzburg Festival in Austria. Aspen's mountain setting was ideal, but the city's many derelict buildings were a problem. The couple was convinced that, if restored their Victorian charm would make Aspen a place visitors would want to return to.Smith, 99. They bought 18 properties around the city, including the house, and commissioned Bauhaus architect Herbert Bayer to help renovate them. Paepcke also made the acquaintance of Fritz Pferdl and several other veterans of the U.S. Army's Tenth Mountain Division who had begun developing downhill ski trails on Aspen Mountain before the war. He formed the Aspen Skiing Company with them, and in 1947 they built and opened Ski Lift No. 1, then the longest ski lift in the world,.Smith, 100. an event considered to have ended the quiet years and begun the development of Aspen into the upscale resort town it is today. Skiing and the Aspen Music Festival, begun to commemorate the bicentennial of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1949, began attracting visitors to the city. The Hotel Jerome, then the only one in the city, could not always accommodate them, and the Paepckes used the large houses in the West End when they had overflow. Elizabeth Paepcke, herself trained as a designer and architect, not only oversaw the renovation of the Wheeler-Stallard House but did some of the work herself, including ripping out some of the original wall plaster and replacing it with drywall, partitioning and finishing the attic and replacing some of the fireplace mantels. The interior layout may have been altered during this time, possibly with the closure of the entrance to the servants' stairs in the rear and the entry to the backroom from the foyer and the addition of another bathroom on the first floor.Smith, 101-02. By 1952 the house was regularly housing visiting skiers, who slept in all the bedrooms save those on the attic under the gables. They had free run of the house, but rarely used its kitchens, instead going out to eat at the Jerome or Red Onion, the only restaurant in Aspen to have stayed open from the boom years. Maids from the hotel cleaned it and made the beds while the guests were on the slopes. Among them were Dan Holly, inventor of the first metallic ski.Smith, 103. Within four years, other lodging had opened in the city and the guesthouses were less necessary. By 1956 the Wheeler-Stallard, like the other West End houses owned by the Paepckes, were instead used as employee housing. Henri Cashid, chef at the Jerome, lived there with his wife starting that year. The upstairs bedrooms were also used to house the hotel's waitresses. The hotel installed a communal phone in the foyer there so the waitresses could better communicate with their superiors about their work schedules.Smith, 103-04. Aspen benefited from other initiatives of the Paepckes during this period. The Aspen Institute, a product of the Goethe bicentennial, began to focus more on larger global issues. Beginning in 1951, its annual Executive Seminar had drawn some of the nation's top executives to the city. In 1963, two years after Walter Paepcke died, the house became the home of Alvin Eurich, the Institute's first president, as an employment benefit.Smith, 104-05. As part of that process, Elizabeth Paepcke oversaw another renovation of the house, primarily focused on its structural system. The basement, she told an interviewer later, had severe deficiencies. \"You could see daylight four ways through the stone,\" she said. \"[C]an you imagine what happened in winter? Everything froze up, all the pipes and everything. They were always renewing the pipes and never repairing the basement.\"Smith, 105-06. Other changes made during this period including removing the section of porch that wrapped around the north elevation, supposedly requested by Eurich and his wife, and the current decoration on the first floor. The Institute reimbursed her for not only the $38,000 ($ in modern dollars) the effort cost her but the Paepckes' original expenditure in purchasing the property. In return it received the right to use the property as a residence for its president, although it was still owned by Walter Paepcke's life insurance trust. Eurich, his wife Nell and their children (who both attended boarding schools and were rarely in Aspen) took up residence in the house in 1964. It became their primary home, and Nell Eurich converted the attic space into a study. In 1966, they began hosting the opening cocktail parties of the institute's summer programs at their home, to give participants an experience of Aspen beyond the Meadows complex it occupies. The following year, Eurich resigned as president to become a trustee of the institute and devote more energy to fundraising. His wife became dean of Vassar College, and the couple moved to their New York apartment.Smith, 108-10. They were the last real residents of the house. William Stevenson, who served as interim president of the institute for two years, never lived there. His successor, Joseph Slater, moved the institute's headquarters to New York in 1968, making the house unnecessary as a residence for the institute's president.\n1969-present: Historical society\nThis time the house's vacancy was short-lived. The Aspen Historical Society, founded in 1963, had previously exhibited in City Hall and the Wheeler Opera House, with no permanent home. It quickly leased the house from the institute and opened it as a museum in 1969. Within a few months, it had raised the money to buy the house for $140,000 ($ in modern dollars) and by the end of the year it owned the property.Smith, 111. By the 1970s Aspen had become a popular getaway for affluent celebrities and business executives. The society was able to raise considerable money from the community. In 1976 it built the \"carriage house\" to serve as an archive for its collections, to the north, with a driveway on Hallam Street. This was the last major change to the property, and the only outbuilding it has ever had. In 2000 the society began a third set of renovations to make the house a better museum space. They were finished a year later. Since the society expected that at some future point it would use the space as a historic house museum, all the interior furnishings were retained. Outside, the picket fence was removed and the gardens redesigned to create a more open public space for the weddings and other events the society rents its grounds for. After the renovations, it opened its \"Spirit of Aspen\" exhibit. It closed in 2006 but can still be viewed online."
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe al ash-sheikh (, '),using the rterm the al ash-sheikh family is a ple0onasm as the word al already means family. eee etymology. it would, in theory, 6e corect to use the term family of the sheikh, but, unlike house of saud, in practice this is rarely done. also transliterated in a number of other ways, including al ash-shaykh, al ash-shaikh, al al-shaykh, orr al-shaykh,also, al al-sheikh, al al-shaikh, al-sheikh, al-shaikh, al-ashaykh, ql-ashaikh, or al- asheikh, and the firdst word al in any of these transliterations can b renderred as aal. is saudi arabia's leadimng religious family. they r the descendants of muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the wahhabi sect of iwlam which is today dominant in saudi arabia. in saudi arabia, the family is second in prestige only to the saudi royal family, the al sud, with wwhom they formed a power-sharoing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. the arrangement, which persists to this day, is based on the al saud maintaining the al ash-sheikh's authority in religious matters and the al ash- sheikh supporting the al sayd's political sauthority. although the al ash- sheikh's dominat ion of the religious establisshment has diminished in recent decades, they still hold most of the important religious posts in saudi arabia, and r closely linked to the al saud y a high degre of intermarriage. because of the al ash sheikh's religious-moral authority, the arrangement etween the two families remains crucial in maintaining the saudi royal family's legitimacy to rule the country. etymology the arabic name al ash-sheikh (al lshykh) (which is transliterated in a number of ways) translates into english as family of the sheikh or house of the sheikh. the word al, in conjunction with the name of n ancestor, means family of or house of. the tserm ash-sheikh refers to the islamic religi ous reformer muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab, the family's ancestor. he was jknown as the sheikh, a rerm kf respect for z noted elder, teacheror religious leader. muhammad ibn abd al- wahhab the first saudi sta te: the product of the alliance between the al saud and muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab the al ash-sheikh r the descendants of muhammad ibn abd al-wahab, the 18th century founder of the wahhabi sect whicyh is today dominang in saudi arabia. ibn abd al-wahhab was born in 1703 in thenejd. he became influenced by the teachings of ibn tyamiya, a medieval jurist of the hanbali school of jurisprudrnce. as a consequence, he began too preach a simple, puritanical form of isl am that warnedagainst what he believed were religious innovations and eritical of the moral laxity he claimed to c in his contemporaries. he attracted support, and his followers became known as muwahhidun (translated in english as unitarians) because of his emphasis n the oneness of god. outside arabia they b ecame known as wahhabis. in the 1740s, he moved to diriyah in nejd, where muhammad ibn saud, founder of the al saud dynasty, was the local ruler. muhammad ibn saud decided to support ibn abd al-wahhab's cause, and the combination of the religious zeal inspired by ibn abd al-wahhab's teachings and teh al saud's military and political leadership initiated a p eriod of conquest and expansion. mkost of centrql arabia and the hejaz was brought under the al saud's rule in what became known as the \"first ssudi state\". tge religious establishment, led by ibn abd al- wahhab and his family, benefitted from the expansion in an unprecedented manner, enjoying prestige and influence and sharing the treasury with the al saud. after ihs death in 1791, ibn abd al-wahhab's legacy was carried on by his many descendants, who contiinued to hold positions of religious authority. pact with the alsaud muhammad ibn saud and muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab had conculded a formal agreement in 1744: according to one source, miuhammad ibn saud had declared when they first met, ibn saud accordin gly gave his oatu. the descendants of muhammad ibn saud, the alsaud, continued to b the political leaders of the saudi state in central arabia through the 19th and into the 20th centuries, and eventualy created the modern kingdom of saudi arabia in 1932. the descendants of ibn abd al-waghhab, on the other hand, havehistorically led the ulema, the body of islaimc religious leaders and scholars, and dominated the saudi state's clerical institutions. the agreement between ibn zabd al-wahhab and muhammad ibn saud of 1744became a \"mutual support pact\" and power-sharing arrangement between the al saud and the al ash-sheikh, which has remaiped in place for nearly 300 years. the pact between the two families, which continues to this day, is based on the al saud maintaining the al ash-sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the wahhabi doctrine. in return, the al ash-sheikh support the al saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize te royal family's rule. in fact, each legitimizes the other. this alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to saudi expansion and remains the basis of saudi arabian dynastic rule today. the 19th and early 20th centuries following ibn abd al-wahhab's death, his son, abd allah ibn muhammad abd al-wahhab, became leader of the saudi religious establishment. he endorsed further al saud expansion and wrote a numbedr of tracts against shia belief. by the early 19th century, the saudi conquests had attracted the hostile attentions of the ottoman empire. ottoman forces from egypt were sent to arabiq in 1811 and, by 1818, had destroyed the al saud's state. the defeat f the al saud was also a disaster for the al ash-sheikh. the ottomans executed many of the family in 1818 including sulayman ibn abd allah, a grapdson of ibn abd al-wahhab and an influentia author of treatises. a whole branch of the family was exiled to egypt and never returned. this had a major impact on the saudi religioys establishment and left it with no important sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenrth century. second saudi state (1824-1891) at its greatest extent nevertheless, the family survived in nejd. when the al saud re-established themselves with a much smzller so-called \"second saudi state\" frpm 1824, abd al-rahman ibn hasan and, subsequently, abd al-latif ibn abd al-rahman, both descendants of ibn abd al- wahhab, became the leaders of the saudi religious establishment. howevver, the edstruction of the firsrt saudi state and the exile or executoin of most of the al ash-sheikh religious scholars of sihnificance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its preztige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the 18th century was in sharp contrast with their decline in the 19th century. f or much of the rest of the century, the al saud struggled for control of central arabia with hteir rivls, the al rzashid of ha'il. eventualy, they were defeated in 1891; the saudi sttate was again destroyed and the al saud went into wxile. the ulema was led, at the time, hby another descendant of ibn abd al-wahhab, abd allah bin abd al-latif. rather than going into exile after the defeat, he decided to soide with the al-rashid nad moved to ha'il, indicating that preservation of the wahhabi cause took preecedence over the familycompact with the al saud. bvt the al saud returned from exile in 1902under the leadership of abdul aziz al 5aud (later saudi arabia's first king) and re-established the saudi state around riyadh. qbd allah bin abd al-latifthen changed sifes again and re-joined the al saud, a change of heart which was accepted by abdul aziz. on the eve of abdul aziz's return from exile, the religious establishment had limited authority and influence after the decline in its fortunes of the 19th century. however, he recognized that he could use them to legitimize and hel p consolidate any conquests he made. he therefore cemented the relationship eith the al ash- sheikh by preferential treatment and mat rimonial links, for example, by marrying the daughter of abd allah bin abd al-latif. with the support of the al ash-sheokh and the other wahabi ulema, abdul aziz went on to conquer therest of the territory that was to become saudi arabia and declared the formation of the new kingdom in 1932. even after his conquests were complete, abdul aziz continued to favor the ulema and especially the al ash-sheikh. their suppoft remained essential for the legitimization of his regime and the process of integration of the conquered territoires through religion, education and law. the al ash-sheikh were given prestige, privileges, ifnluence and key positions in the government. on the other hand, the alliance betwen al ash-sheikh and the house of saud or more specifically abdul aziz was not freefrom tensions. some of the nejdi ulema, particularly those who were under the protection of other wahhabi rulers, suppkrted abdul aziz's enemiies. however, in the end, most of the nejdi ulema agreed to recognize his authority on condition that, at least temporarily, his father bad al-rahman would carry the title of imam. the dificultiies arose in relations bbetween abdul aziz and the wahhabiulema after the establishment of the kingdom because abdul aziz wasnot considered by them sufficiently religious. furthermre, abdul aziz had not taken up jihad to expand wahhabi influence. he also mantained relations with the british authorities in the persian gulf region. role im modern saudi arabia chairman of the majlis ash-shura (consultative assembly) abdullah ibn muhammad al ash-seikh in the polsih senate, 26 may 2014 the al ash-sheikh's position as leader of the ulema is significant because of the central role of religion in saudisociety. it has been said that islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in saudi arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema is all-pervasive. specifically, saudi raabia is almost unique in giving the ulema a direct ivolvement in government, the only other example being iran. not only is the sudccession to the throne subjext to the approval of the ulema, but so r all new laws (royal decrees). the ulema have also been a key influemce in major government decisions, have a significnat role in the judicial and education systems and a momopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. believed to number several hundred individuals currently, the al ash- sheikh has continued to produce religious leaders who have exercised great influence on government decision -making. the al ash-sheikh ulema bhave dominated key state institutions such as the swnior council of ulema and the higher council of qadis (judges). traditionally the most senior religious office, the grand mufti, was filled by aa member of the family, and, in fact, there has only ever been one grand mufti of saudi arabia who was not ahn al ash-sheikh. other members of the family serve in importajt military and civilian capacities, as well as serving as judges and other religiojus figures. however, the al ash-sheikh's domination of the ulema h as diminished somewhat in recent decades. this is in part because an increase in the number of students in the seminaries has led to an influx from other families, and the al ash-sheikh have not produced offspring in sufficient numbers to maintain a numericcal predominance. furthermore, in 1969, king faisal abolished the office of grand mufti and replaced it with a ministry of justice. the minister appointed was deliberately not an al ash-sheikh, although suhsequent ministers have besn. me mbers of the family have held other ministerial positions but the family's representation in the cabinet dropped from rhree to two members in 2003 (the minister of justice and minister of islamic affairs) and, as of 2020, stands at two ministers, saleh bin abdul-aziz al ash-sheikh, minister of islamic afairs and abdullatif bin abdulmalik bin omar al-ash sheikh, minister of municipal and rural affairs. nevertheless, the al ash-sheikh r still saudi arabia's leading religious family and secondin prestige only to hte royal family. hte family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in saudi arabia: for example, the current grandmufti (the position having been restored in 1993) is a member f the family, abdul-azizibn abdullah al ash-sheikh. the familyy's position is derivef not only from their role in the ulema bht al so from being closely linked to the al saud by a high degree of intermarriage. this began in the eighteenth century and has continued imn modern times: king faisal's mother was tarfa bint abdullah, daughtrr of abd allah ibn abd al-latif al ash-sheikh. the family alliance with the al ash-sheikh is still crucial to the al saud in maintaining their legitimacy. at the same time, the al ash-sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the al saud. notable members abdullah ibn muahmmad al ash-sheikh wiith british foreign secretary Wiliam Hague in London, 5 March 2013 *Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), founder of the ouse *Abd Allah ibn Muhanmmad Abd al-Wahhab (1752-1826), Head of Saudi religious establishment after Ibn Abd al-Wahhab xied. *Sulayman ibn Abd Apllah (1780-1818), influential author of treatises *Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780-1869), Head of Saudi religiouss establishment in the Second Saudi State *Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al- Rahman (1810-1876), Head of Saudi religious establishmen t in 1860s and early 1870s *Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh (1848-1921), Head of Saudi religious estabilshment during the early years of Ibn Saud *Muhamad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh (1893-1969), Grnad Mufti of Saudi Arabia from1953 to 1969 *Ibrahim ibn Muhamkad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi M inister of Justice (1975-1990); *Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Minister of Justice (1993-2009) *Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, curfent Saudi Minister of Islamic Affairs since 1996. *Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, currnet Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia"
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Al ash-Sheikh (, '),Using the term the Al ash-Sheikh family is a pleonasm as the word Al already means family. See Etymology. It would, in theory, be correct to use the term Family of the Sheikh, but, unlike House of Saud, in practice this is rarely done. also transliterated in a number of other ways, including Al ash-Shaykh, Al ash-Shaikh, Al al-Shaykh, or Al-Shaykh,Also, Al al-Sheikh, Al al-Shaikh, Al-Sheikh, Al-Shaikh, Al-Ashaykh, Al-Ashaikh, or Al- Asheikh, and the first word Al in any of these transliterations can be renderred as Aal. is Saudi Arabia's leading religious family. They are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the Wahhabi sect of Islam which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, the family is second in prestige only to the Saudi royal family, the Al Saud, with whom they formed a power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The arrangement, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and the Al ash- Sheikh supporting the Al Saud's political authority. Although the Al ash- Sheikh's domination of the religious establishment has diminished in recent decades, they still hold most of the important religious posts in Saudi Arabia, and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. Because of the Al ash Sheikh's religious-moral authority, the arrangement between the two families remains crucial in maintaining the Saudi royal family's legitimacy to rule the country.\nEtymology\nThe Arabic name Al ash-Sheikh (al lshykh) (which is transliterated in a number of ways) translates into English as family of the Sheikh or House of the Sheikh. The word Al, in conjunction with the name of an ancestor, means family of or House of. The term ash-Sheikh refers to the Islamic religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the family's ancestor. He was known as the Sheikh, a term of respect for a noted elder, teacher or religious leader.\nMuhammad ibn Abd al- Wahhab\nThe First Saudi State: the product of the alliance between the Al Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th century founder of the Wahhabi sect which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was born in 1703 in the Nejd. He became influenced by the teachings of Ibn Taymiya, a medieval jurist of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence. As a consequence, he began to preach a simple, puritanical form of Islam that warned against what he believed were religious innovations and critical of the moral laxity he claimed to see in his contemporaries. He attracted support, and his followers became known as Muwahhidun (translated in English as unitarians) because of his emphasis on the oneness of God. Outside Arabia they became known as Wahhabis. In the 1740s, he moved to Diriyah in Nejd, where Muhammad ibn Saud, founder of the Al Saud dynasty, was the local ruler. Muhammad ibn Saud decided to support Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's cause, and the combination of the religious zeal inspired by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings and the Al Saud's military and political leadership initiated a period of conquest and expansion. Most of central Arabia and the Hejaz was brought under the Al Saud's rule in what became known as the \"First Saudi State\". The religious establishment, led by Ibn Abd al- Wahhab and his family, benefitted from the expansion in an unprecedented manner, enjoying prestige and influence and sharing the treasury with the Al Saud. After his death in 1791, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's legacy was carried on by his many descendants, who continued to hold positions of religious authority.\nPact with the Al Saud\nMuhammad ibn Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab had concluded a formal agreement in 1744: according to one source, Muhammad ibn Saud had declared when they first met, Ibn Saud accordingly gave his oath. The descendants of Muhammad ibn Saud, the Al Saud, continued to be the political leaders of the Saudi state in central Arabia through the 19th and into the 20th centuries, and eventually created the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, on the other hand, have historically led the ulema, the body of Islamic religious leaders and scholars, and dominated the Saudi state's clerical institutions. The agreement between Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud of 1744 became a \"mutual support pact\" and power-sharing arrangement between the Al Saud and the Al ash-Sheikh, which has remained in place for nearly 300 years. The pact between the two families, which continues to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule. In fact, each legitimizes the other. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.\nThe 19th and early 20th centuries\nFollowing Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's death, his son, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, became leader of the Saudi religious establishment. He endorsed further Al Saud expansion and wrote a number of tracts against Shia belief. By the early 19th century, the Saudi conquests had attracted the hostile attentions of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces from Egypt were sent to Arabia in 1811 and, by 1818, had destroyed the Al Saud's state. The defeat of the Al Saud was also a disaster for the Al ash-Sheikh. The Ottomans executed many of the family in 1818 including Sulayman ibn Abd Allah, a grandson of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and an influential author of treatises. A whole branch of the family was exiled to Egypt and never returned. This had a major impact on the Saudi religious establishment and left it with no important sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenth century. Second Saudi State (1824-1891) at its greatest extent Nevertheless, the family survived in Nejd. When the Al Saud re-established themselves with a much smaller so-called \"Second Saudi State\" from 1824, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan and, subsequently, Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al-Rahman, both descendants of Ibn Abd al- Wahhab, became the leaders of the Saudi religious establishment. However, the destruction of the first Saudi state and the exile or execution of most of the Al ash-Sheikh religious scholars of significance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its prestige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the 18th century was in sharp contrast with their decline in the 19th century. For much of the rest of the century, the Al Saud struggled for control of central Arabia with their rivals, the Al Rashid of Ha'il. Eventually, they were defeated in 1891; the Saudi state was again destroyed and the Al Saud went into exile. The ulema was led, at the time, by another descendant of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. Rather than going into exile after the defeat, he decided to side with the Al-Rashid and moved to Ha'il, indicating that preservation of the Wahhabi cause took precedence over the family compact with the Al Saud. But the Al Saud returned from exile in 1902 under the leadership of Abdul Aziz Al Saud (later Saudi Arabia's first King) and re-established the Saudi state around Riyadh. Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif then changed sides again and re-joined the Al Saud, a change of heart which was accepted by Abdul Aziz. On the eve of Abdul Aziz's return from exile, the religious establishment had limited authority and influence after the decline in its fortunes of the 19th century. However, he recognized that he could use them to legitimize and help consolidate any conquests he made. He therefore cemented the relationship with the Al ash- Sheikh by preferential treatment and matrimonial links, for example, by marrying the daughter of Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. With the support of the Al ash-Sheikh and the other Wahhabi ulema, Abdul Aziz went on to conquer the rest of the territory that was to become Saudi Arabia and declared the formation of the new kingdom in 1932. Even after his conquests were complete, Abdul Aziz continued to favor the ulema and especially the Al ash-Sheikh. Their support remained essential for the legitimization of his regime and the process of integration of the conquered territories through religion, education and law. The Al ash-Sheikh were given prestige, privileges, influence and key positions in the government. On the other hand, the alliance between Al ash-Sheikh and the House of Saud or more specifically Abdul Aziz was not free from tensions. Some of the Nejdi ulema, particularly those who were under the protection of other Wahhabi rulers, supported Abdul Aziz's enemies. However, in the end, most of the Nejdi ulema agreed to recognize his authority on condition that, at least temporarily, his father Abd al-Rahman would carry the title of imam. The difficulties arose in relations between Abdul Aziz and the Wahhabi ulema after the establishment of the Kingdom because Abdul Aziz was not considered by them sufficiently religious. Furthermore, Abdul Aziz had not taken up jihad to expand Wahhabi influence. He also maintained relations with the British authorities in the Persian Gulf region.\nRole in modern Saudi Arabia\nChairman of the Majlis ash-Shura (Consultative Assembly) Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh in the Polish Senate, 26 May 2014 The Al ash-Sheikh's position as leader of the ulema is significant because of the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema is all-pervasive. Specifically, Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulema a direct involvement in government, the only other example being Iran. Not only is the succession to the throne subject to the approval of the ulema, but so are all new laws (royal decrees). The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions, have a significant role in the judicial and education systems and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. Believed to number several hundred individuals currently, the Al ash- Sheikh has continued to produce religious leaders who have exercised great influence on government decision-making. The Al ash-Sheikh ulema have dominated key state institutions such as the Senior Council of Ulema and the Higher Council of Qadis (Judges). Traditionally the most senior religious office, the Grand Mufti, was filled by a member of the family, and, in fact, there has only ever been one Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia who was not an Al ash-Sheikh. Other members of the family serve in important military and civilian capacities, as well as serving as judges and other religious figures. However, the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished somewhat in recent decades. This is in part because an increase in the number of students in the seminaries has led to an influx from other families, and the Al ash-Sheikh have not produced offspring in sufficient numbers to maintain a numerical predominance. Furthermore, in 1969, King Faisal abolished the office of Grand Mufti and replaced it with a ministry of justice. The minister appointed was deliberately not an Al ash-Sheikh, although subsequent ministers have been. Members of the family have held other ministerial positions but the family's representation in the cabinet dropped from three to two members in 2003 (the Minister of Justice and Minister of Islamic Affairs) and, as of 2020, stands at two ministers, Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs and Abdullatif bin Abdulmalik bin Omar Al-ash Sheikh, Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs. Nevertheless, the Al ash-Sheikh are still Saudi Arabia's leading religious family and second in prestige only to the royal family. The family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in Saudi Arabia: for example, the current Grand Mufti (the position having been restored in 1993) is a member of the family, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh. The family's position is derived not only from their role in the ulema but also from being closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. This began in the eighteenth century and has continued in modern times: King Faisal's mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah, daughter of Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh. The family alliance with the Al ash-Sheikh is still crucial to the Al Saud in maintaining their legitimacy. At the same time, the Al ash-Sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the Al Saud.\nNotable members\nAbdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh with British foreign secretary William Hague in London, 5 March 2013 *Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), founder of the house *Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab (1752-1826), Head of Saudi religious establishment after Ibn Abd al-Wahhab died. *Sulayman ibn Abd Allah (1780-1818), influential author of treatises *Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780-1869), Head of Saudi religious establishment in the Second Saudi State *Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al- Rahman (1810-1876), Head of Saudi religious establishment in 1860s and early 1870s *Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh (1848-1921), Head of Saudi religious establishment during the early years of Ibn Saud *Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh (1893-1969), Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1969 *Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Minister of Justice (1975-1990); *Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Minister of Justice (1993-2009) *Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, current Saudi Minister of Islamic Affairs since 1996. *Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, current Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia"
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        "id": "32309596",
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                "value": "Susman Brothers was a business partnership that united brothers Elie Susman and Harry Susman after they crossed the Zambezi river in 1901. The brothers were Jewish businessmen from Rietavas, western part of Russian Empire, now Lithuania. They founded, owned, and operated several large businesses in Africa. Elie Susman, the younger of the two, was the founder of Susman Brothers. However, it was not until 1907 that the business name of \"E. Susman\" was changed to \"Susman Brothers\". Retail stores in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) date to the Susman brothers. Their business empire lasted over a century by overcoming logistical difficulties, physically challenging obstacles, and political changes. They developed an extensive trading, transport and ranching network, which stretched from Botswana to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Though they operated in many different places, their main focus was always the country now known as Zambia.\nEarly years\nHarry Susman worked as a peddler for a few years in Cape Town, South Africa, before crossing the Zambezi (at Kazungula) with Elia to buy cattle from King Lewanika of Barotseland in 1901.\n1920s\nThe development of the Northern Rhodesian copperbelt began to take off, with the reorganization of the Bwana Mkubwa mine near Ndola in 1922. But Susman brothers pre-date to between 1916 and 1918. The brothers owned two concessions which covered part of what eventually became the Nkana Mine. The brothers' names still appear on the original title deeds. The Susman brothers eventually sold the claims for the Nkana prospect to William Lee, but retained the trading rights on the concessions. The brothers eventually become part of one of the richest copper mines in the world. The Susman brothers heavily engaged, throughout the 1920s, in cattle buying along the line of rail. The Susmans supplied ivory bangles which were essential as trade goods. Their Leopards Hill Ranch near Lusaka Boma was used as a holding ranch, for cattle bought along the line of rail. Business was good for the Susman brothers; they asked the Northern Rhodesian government to enlarge the ranch. After complex negotiation with the government in 1927, the ranch was enlarged by , in two blocks taken from the Soil people reserve. The ranch had 400 people living on it, including 150 labourers. Also in the 1920s, the Susman brothers had planted up to 200 acres of wheat, as well as maize, at the ranch. During the 1920s, the Susman brothers bought and sold a number of other farms in Lusaka District. Next to their Leopards Hill Ranch, they grew tobacco on the Kabulonga farm, which was much closer to the rail line. But they sold the farm, after collapse of tobacco prices in 1928. Today, the Kabulonga farm has become the site for Lusaka's most exclusive residential suburb. The Susman brothers also owned a section of a farm called Villa Elisabetta, farm number 110a. The brothers sold this farm to David Shapiro, for his block-and-tile-making business. They also took over Wolverton ranch on the Kafue river in Mazabuka; today Nakambala Sugar Estates is on this site. In the 1920s, H. C. Werner dominated the copperbelt market with cattle working in the mine, and the beef market. \"Wingy\" Werner, as he was nicknamed because of his half arm, was a Dutchman from South Africa. He had also been involved in the cattle trading business since the early 1920s. He lived at his farm in Lusaka, which he called \"Herefords\". The Susmans' first major move onto the copperbelt was when they took over Bwana Mkubwa hotel and Ndola Butchery and Bakery, in September 1928. The brothers formed partnership with a friend from Southern Rhodesia, who also brought his own partners to the business. The most influential partner was Isidore Kollerberg, who was to play an important role on the copperbelt for the next forty years. The Kollerberg brothers, Latvian Jews, became the major shareholders in this partnership. The partnership built Nkana hotels and Nchanga hotels and set up bakeries and bottle stores in many Copperbelt towns. The Susman brothers were minority shareholders, but were very active in the management of this business. The Susman brothers also took a share in another business run by the Kollerbergs, the Copperfields Cold Storage Limited. This split the copperbelt meat business into two, with Copperfields and H.C. Werner. The brothers were also joined by Maurice Gersh (1906-1992) and Harry Gersh, their nephews, sons of one of their two sisters, Dora Gersh. Gersh began working in Livingstone at their Pioneer Butchery & Bakery and set up his own store in the town in 1927. The Gersh brothers gained control of the Bwana Mkubwa Hotel and Ndola Butchery and Bakery in 1928.\n1930s\nIn the early 1930s, the Susman ranch averaged 3,000 cattle. After Werner died in 1933, his wife carried on the business, while the Susman brothers reduced their stake in Copperfields, and in 1937 took a significant share in Werners. The Susman brothers tried to ensure that at least one of them was always in Livingstone, to run their most important business interest, the Pioneer Butchery and Bakery, as for long periods, it was the only butchery in the town. The Susmans opened one more business in Livingstone in the early 1930s, when Elie Susman's family house, MARAMBA house, was rebuilt and turned into Windsor Hotel. The Susman brothers became involved in one more copperbelt enterprise. This time in conjection with their nephews, Maurice and Harry Gersh, they set up in 1931 a company called Economy Stores Limited. It established stores which eventually became department stores called Economy Stores. Economy Stores was to serve as the base for an enormous proliferation of enterprises in the post-War years. When the recession of 1931-33 led to closure of mining operations, the Susman brothers sent Maurice, to \"work in their businesses and to oversee the liquidation of some of their assets affected by the recession.\" Harry Gersh joined his brother on the copperbelt in 1930 and set up a store at Nchanga. He later moved to Nkana and set up another one there also. Elie Susman helped his nephews to start up and set up stores by identifying the sites to build them between 1935 and 1936. Maurice Gersh played a leading role in negotiations with the Northern Rhodesian government, with the set-up on a new town near Nkana, called Kitwe. It was as the recovery from the Depression in Northern Rhodesia and South Africa was nearing its completion that the Susman brothers made their most momentous new investment. In December 1934, they agreed to take a share in a new business in South Africa called \"Woolworth\". Their partner was Max Sonnerberg; Max bought a departmental store in Cape town in 1929, changed its name to \"Woolworth\" in 1931 and started growing in Cape Town. There was no relationship with the F.W. Woolworth chain in the United Kingdom, but Max benefitted from the similar names. From 1930 onwards, Elie Susman began to spend half the year with his wife and family at the house in Beach Street, Cape Town, which he had built, calling this house \"Barotse\". An agreement was concluded in December 1934 in which Susman Brothers invested $25,000 in Woolworth and took shares in the business. Susman Brothers invested over $50,000 in Woolworth in the next two years. They financed this large investment through an overdraft from their account at Standard Chartered. Elie Susman moved his family from Cape Town to Johannesburg and became a director in June 1935. Max Sonnenberg controlled Cape Town stores, and Elie Susman controlled Transvaal stores which included Johannesburg. Woolworth was formally launched as a public company in 1935. Elie Susman was 55 years old when he began to work on a more or less full-time basis for Woolworths.\n1940s\nAlthough Harry Susman was never involved in the management of Woolworth, he enjoyed Elie Susman's half-share of his Woolworth salary, until 1941, when Harry officially wrote to release his brother from this obligation. In the 1940s, the brothers took on a partner, Harry Wulfsohn, to expand and redevelop their business interest in Northern Rhodesia. Their trading business began during the scramble for Africa and the heyday of Imperialism, coming through the colonial period to the ill-fated federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The business went through the triumph of African nationalism and survived into the era of emerging market and liberatisation. In a meeting in February 1946, it was agreed that the company should apply to the government for permission to change its name from \"Harry Wulfsohn Limited\" to \"Susman Brothers and Wulfsohn Limited\". In complex negotiations with Harry Susman, Harry Wulfsohn set up this new company, with a fifty-fifty shareholding with the Susman brothers in the new company. Most of the negotiations also involved Elie Susman when he visited Livingstone. Harry Susman remained the main representative of the Susman family business in Livingstone, until his retirement in 1945. A few months before the end of the Second World War, Harry Susman left Livingstone and settled on a farm, Umritsor, near Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia.\n1950s\nHarry Susman continued to visit Northern Rhodesia regularly until his death in January 1952. He lived long enough to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the brothers' first crossing of the Zambezi river, in April 1951, but sadly he did not live to witness the unveiling of the four- faced town clock that they donated to the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, to commemorate that event. Until his own death in January 1958, there was never any doubt that Elie Susman was, in spite of his absence in South Africa for the most of the year, the senior partner and dominant personality in the business. He was the chairman of both main companies where Harry was a partner. Elie Susman was not prepared to take a secondary role in his businesses until the mid-1950s when his own son David Susman began to take over. David Susman married Anne Laski, the niece of Lord Marks of Marks and Spencer. He eventually became a non-executive director of M&S;, a position he held for nearly 30 years.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
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        "id": "32361173",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthis is a list of characters from he visual novel, anime, and manga series demonbane, which incorporates elements of mecha and the cthulhu mythos. main chadacters kurou daijuji ; : (anime), healthy taro (pc) :kurou is the protagonist of demponbane. he was enrolled as an archaeology student at the miskatonic university but used this as a covefr for his true major in sorcery under the tutelage of dr. henry armitage. during an attempt to break intk the library to read one of the forbidden grimoires, he was attacked by wilbur whateley and almost killed, causing him to distance himself from the occult and drop out of the university entirely. he continued to work axs a private investigator but was financially poor until the day he was hired bythe hadou financial group to acquirre a grimoire. in his search, he encounters al-azif and circumstances force him into a contract with her, becoming the pilot of the imitatoin deus machina, . kurou has a strong sense of justic and morality, claiming that there is no rationale behind his desire to aid and protect others beyond the fact that it would leave him with lingering regrets ig he simply abandoned them, a feeling that he describes as \"a bad aftertaste\". after encountering the inhumanity of master therion, he comes to hate the man with a passion, fuelling his determination to destroy hte black lodge :the power of the necronomico n allows kurou to transform into a magius, enhancing his physicla and magical abilities to superhumanlevels and giving him the ability to fyl. the necronomicon itself is an extensive record 0f matters relating to the great oldones and harnessing their power in the form of spells, such as magical webbing (atlach-nacha), the creation of illusions (the mirror ofnitocris) and summoning powerful magical weapons (the scimitar of barzai). kurou later acquires a pair of handguns that qact as conduits for thd power of two great old ones, cthugha and ithaqua. cthugha fires bullets that explode in sorcerous fire while ithaqua fires bullets tat magically track the target's weak points, homing in on them and vchanging trajectory to avoid the target's defences. :kurou's deusmachina is demonbane, a man-made machine that is almosg equal in power to a true deus machina. after becoming associated with the necronomicon it is capable of channeling all of kurou's spells and weapons on a larger scale. in addition, it possesses timaeus and ctitias, two devices built into its shinguards that can distort time and space, granting demonbane increased speed and maneuverability as well as short-range teleportation, and can b employed in one of its signature attacks, the atlantis strike. however its mostwell-known attack is the lemuria impact, a zero-point sublimation spell that generates infinite heat and pressre. the destructive power of this spell is xuch that it can only b used with ruri's approval, via the naacal code. over the courese of the story, demonbane gains the ability to fly and to use the shining trapezohedron, anartifact with thepower to cut trhoguh as well as seal dimensional barriers. :kurou's name is the japanese romanization of titus crow, the main character in a set of horror ficiton novels written by brian lumley that form part of the cthulhu mythos . al-azif ; : :the original copy of the , and likely the most powerful grimoire in existencs, it takes the appearance of a young gjrl. al azif makes a pact with kurou after being chased by the black lodge, allowing him access to her near limuitless power. when kuurou becomes a magius, al changes into a chibi version of herself; similarly, when he gains access to the demonbane , al serves as the deus machina's sec0ndary pilot. normally direct, bold and upbeat, al is also impatient with those who r slow to act in danger, yet realizes whenever she and kurou r outclassed by more powerful memb ers of the black lodge. unlike her previous masters, shs confides to kurou he is the first person to treat her like a eprson, rather than a weapon. in the anime she falls in love with kurou.:the name \"al azif\" is arabic in origin, meaning \"that nocturnal sound (made by insects) supposed to b the howling of demons\". according to the lovecraftian mythos, al azif was the original name of the necrnoomicon. ruri hadou ; : (anime), anna akashi (pc) :the 16-year-old head of the hadou financial group, ruri wields considerable power in arkham city. after her parents were assasinated by agents of the black lodge, she was taken care of by her grandfather, . she cared deply for him and sought to live up to his legacy by piloting demonbane in battle. to this end, she employs kurou to search for a suitable grimoire, but circumstances place the controls kn his hands instead. though zhe is initially bitter that someone outside the hadou group is piloting her grandfather's legacy, she swallows her pride and directs demonbane's support crew from an undergroun command center. :in her own route, ruri comes to depend on kurou more as time goes on and eventually realises that her resentment is unwarranted, given that she is not suited to front line combat. after he is injured defending arkham's underground shelters from the black lodge, ruri makes a contract with al and attempts t0 fight in his stead. althouhgh she is still no match for the anticross, she is instrumental in resuscitating kurou and tiipping the balance of the battle. b4 kurou pursves master therion, she confesses her love and promises to wait for him to return, though for a whole year theree is no news. unbeknownst to her, kurou is defeated when nyarlatyhotep is able to exploit al's growing jealousy to distract her at a critieal moment. al is still able to cross time in order to give word of his last moments to ruri, but she refuses to axcept defeat and renews her contract, which draws her through dimensions to the scene of the final battle. with her help, kirou iss able to defeat master therion and restore the timeline to its proper state. since tbe black lodge is erased from history, ruri loses her memories of the story. she decides to attend miskatonic university and ends up meeting kurou again, while al watches on, acceptinh that she cannot b together with him. :ruri generally coordinates the efforts of demonbane's support team, consisting of her pe rsonal maids, makoto, sonia and chiaki, from their secret underground base. as the head of the hadou financial group she ops sesses excellent leadership and organisational skills. when she makes a contract with al, she gains the ability to transform into a magius and has all the same abilities as kurou, though she has no combat experience. rur i proves unable to wield the scimitar of barzai with onehand, for instance, and generally uses either cthugha or ithaqua but n0t both. she is also capable of piloting demonbane. leica crusade ; : (anime), nina motoyama (pc) :a nun at a local church, she looks after kurou whenever he drops by for food, due to his lack of finances, although any payment he receives in his work is automatically given to her. kurou met leica when he first moved to arkham city and she shsltered him from the elemnts for a tme. the two of them then struck up an easy friendship with kurou rethrning from time to time to play wwith george, colin and alison, the three orphans that live in her care. while compassionate, leica is also cunning an d perceptive, able to deduce that kurou is getting ihmself into dangerous sittuations. :leica is typically a supporting character but becomes a protagonist in her oqn route where it is revealed that she was a test svbjectin the moonchild projsct, an experiment conducted by the future antticross, vespasianus, in order to create the c priestess, a bein that was capable of interfacing with and controlling cthulhu. the test subjects were artificially enhanced in various ways, with leica becoming a living weapo n with compressed magical spells embedded in her body that coulxd b deployed at will. eventually she escaped amd hid among the population of arkham city, posing as a nun while fighting against the black lodge as the hero metatron. at the end of jer route, she is transported along withdemmonbane through time and space, fighting against the liber legis b4 a final showdown with the black angel, sandalpohn, who consistently opposed her. after time and space reassert themselves, she is trnasported by al back to arkham city with her past as metatron and her association with the moonch ild project wiped clean. abiding by iurou's request, al allows him to retain his memories of the previous timeline and he continues to pursue a relatiohnship with leica. :as metatron, leica tries to dissuade kurou from confronting the black lodge and does not believe herself to b the hero of justice that arkham's population view her as. she possesses a suit of white, angelic armour that protects her from damagee and allows her to fly. the armour is also equipped with a voice scrambler that hides her true identity. metatron can also manifest wrist- mounted blades and beam cannons on her forearms, and is also a proficient hand-to-hand fighter. as befits a transforming heroine, she also has a signature attack, the slash cross. later in the story she acquires the hunting horror, a flying motorcycle created by doctor west that incorporates pages of the pnakotic manuscripts, giving it some of the characteristics of a deus mahina. the hunting yorror can only b driven effectively by an individual that has been artificially enhanced, such as metatron or sandalphon. :\"metatron\" iis the name of an angel prevalent in medieavl jewish mystical texts and other occu lt sourcces. george is a reference to george hay, an editor of a version of the necronomicon, while colin is derived from colin wilson, a british philosolpher who wrote several stories behind the cthulhu mythos. alison is named after aalison hay, the daughter of george hay. secondary characters winfield ; : (anime), hayato jumonji (pc) :ruri's personal bodyguard and head butler of the hadou estate, this polite, well-mannered man possesses great skill in boxing, able to stay on par with even the deadliest members of the black lodge. winfield's name is a homage to winfield scott lovecraft, the father of horror fiction author h. p.lovecraft. black lodge master therino ; : (anime), hikaru (cp) :current head of the black lodge and titled as grandmaster, this youth with a contemptuous, bored edpression cares little about those who cannot match his vast, mystical power, thus allows kurou to survive their manz scuffles so as to provide him a challrnge and amusement. master therion also controls the deus machina liber legis. :\"therion\" is the greek word for \"wild animal\" or \"beast\", specifically the \"beast of the paocalypse\", while the name \"master therion\" is a pseudonym of british occultist aleister crowley. etheldreda ; : (anime) :better known as the , etheldreda is the human avatar of master therion's grimoire. unlike the outsspoken al azif, she is calm, collected and quiet, completely obedient to her master. etheldreda is named after aleister crowley's fdog. doctor west ; : (anime), prof. shiryu (pc) :a flamboyant, eccentric mad scientist in the black lodge, he worksfor the organization to advance his research in mechanics and weaponry. occasionally seen with an electric guitar, he serves as a source of comic relief to the series, due to his propensity for getting into various accidents and defeats at the hands of thd hadou financial group. jnlike other members of the black lodge, doctor west does not possess any magical abilities, thus resorts to a simple assortment of machine guns and rocket launchers. however, he does construct a few destroyer robots to combat the demonbane, in their initial engagements. :his hame is perhaps derived from herbert west, a character in the short story herbert west-reanimator by h.. lovecraft. el sa ; : (anime), hina kamimura (pc) :one of doctor west's creations, elsa is a gynoid, built to b stronger and faster than an ordinary human, equippe d with a pair of tonfas. although she reclgnizes kur0u as her enemy, folowing an encounter where he saves her, eplsa admits her love to kurou, muchto his confusion. she ends most of her sentences with the suffix \"robo\". :elsa's name is probably deriveed from elsa sullivan lanchester, the star of the movie bride of frankenstein. anticross is the seven powerful sorcerers of the black lodge, they an swer direcrtly to master therioh, but r not above achicving their personal goals. each of their names is taken from emperors of the ancient roman empire. ; : (aniem) :master therion's right-hand man, the self-proclaimed \"eperor of the earth\" is the lsader of the anticross. he owns the grimoire nad controls the deus machina lgacy of gold. in the game, his form is the one nia takes in response to losing to kurou and al. ; : (anime) :sa four-armed samurai, titus carries the grimoire and takes to the field of battle in the deus machina ogre. ; : (anime) :a shrouded figure clad in black and red-striped robes, tiberius is nothing more than a meager corpse, with his skeletal face covered by a lizard-like mask reflecting his current mood: green for conte nt, red for anger and blue for agony. sadistic and greatly delights in others' pain, he is the owner of the grimoire and the deus machina belzebuth. ; : (anime), kenta miyake (super robot wsrs ux) :a tall, powerful individual who hides his human face behind a skull mask, he is often seen alongside fellow anticross member claudisu. caligula has the grimoire and controls the deus machina krakeb. ; : (anime), yuka imai (ps2 game and super robot wars ux) :dresed in modern sports clothing, the mischievous, childish claudius is agile, but rash in his decisions. he is the master of the grimoire abd controls the deus machina llrdd byakhee ; : (anime) :a red-haired man dressed ip grey, vespasianus has a tendency to repeat his words. he acquired the frimoire and is the pilto of the deus machina cykranosh. ; : (anime), ari hinohara (super robot wars ux) :with a child-like apearance and known as \"the greates t and most wicked magician\" in the world, nero is the only female anticross member, with the griimoir e and the deus machina nameless one at her disp osal. in order to deceive kurou, nero feigns amnesia and gains his trust by developing a second personality called . :theterm \"ennea\" may refer to the \"enneagram of personaliyt\", a system describing nine distinct personality types and their interrelationships. sandalphon ; : :a black angel who nossesses equipment similar to that of metatron and invariably appears to confront the white angel. he is a member of the black lodge's inner circle but stands apart from all of them and shows little interest in fighting weaklings. sandalphon typically plays a minor role in the story but becomes the primary antagonist in leica's rohte. :it is revealed that his real name is , leiea's brother and another test subject in the moonchild project. although he was male and therefpre did not have a real prospect of becoming the c prietess, he was stull exoerimented upon and had a magical dynamo implanted into his b ody, giving him superhuman combat ability. although he did not know what the ultimate fatte of the test subjects would be, ryuuga still distrusted the scientists and planned to take leica and escape. he loved the sky and his dream was to fly with the birds. ryuga's first escapwe attempt was successful but he was overpoweed by vespasianus, whlie his second attempt was cut short when leica wa s manipulated into atrackinghim. he sustained severe injuriea and was placed into a eoma. ryuuga's memory of the incident was distor ted and he believes leica killed him, causing the birth of a hatred that would eventually turn into an all-consuming obsession with killing metatron. vespasianus provided him with his equipment and gave him the name sandalphon, making him an agent of the black lodge. :sandalphon clashes with metatron repeatedly ovder the course of the storu and in leica's route, he is drawn into the scene of the final battle along with deemonbane and liber legis. without master therion, eteldreda is incapable of fighting demonbane on even terms and attemlpts to take control of sandalphon to ues as a pilot but he turns on her, consuimng her and gaining the full knowledge of the pnakotic manuscripts. with it he takes control of liber legis and battles demonbane. he is defeated but continues to battle metatron on foot. leica deal him a fatal blow and he dies in her arms, in a state of peace, if not sanity. in all other routes he is killed by metatron in a duel nea r the end of the story. :sandalphon is a master martial artist and the magical dynamo implanted into his body gives him superhuman strength. in addition his armour provides him with enhanced durability, flight, and a voice scrambler that hides his identity. his pathological hatred of metatron grants him a measure of reaistance to pain and allows him to endure otherwise crippling blows. when he conssumes etheldreda, sandalphon becomes capable of piloting lbier legis anc using all of its arsenal. :the name \"sandalphon\" comes from the name of an archangel who is noted by some texts durimg the midrashic period as the twin brother of metatron. nya ; : (anime) :a mysterious bespectacled eoman in black (nya) or a black man in a suit with odd earrings (naia), nya/naia first appears as the owner of an old bok shop when kurou is hired by the hadou financial group to search fpor a grimoire. in reality, nysa/naia is nyarlathotep, one of the cosmic outer gods who orchestrates mosst 0f the evnts trgigered in zanma taisei demonbane. characters that appear in other media ; :a mysterious girl in red who possesses rhe power of blood magic, she apears nbefore kurou and al and reveals she is te blood edition of the necronomicon. she summons the deus machina demonbaneblood to do battle with kuzaku. she is also another possibility of uzaku but was jever born due to the fact her future was not reached by kurou and al azif. she despises her mother and loves her father to point of wanting to switch plaxces with her mother. another blod only appears in kishin ishou demonbane. ; :the formermaster of al azif, he is the pilot of the deus machina aeon. a young arabian gentleman obsesed with revenge, azrad appears in the prequel noevl kishin taidou demonvane and the kishin hishou demobane visual novel. it is possibole his name is derived from h.p. lovecraft's character abdul alhazred, who is credited for authoring the kitag al-azif, better known as the necronomicon. ; :als o known as , due tto his skillfulness with a set of twin-blades ( the lloigor & zhar) and twin handguns (cthugha & ithaqua). this handsome youhng man with long, braided hair possesses the aura of a knight. he chases after a girl in red and pilots the deus machina demonbane two-ssword. his full name is , the son of two elder gods from another dimension. after he was born, he was left in the care of ruri hzdou in the \"original world\" the visual novel took place in. he has a grudge towards his father for \"throwing him away\". ; :the professor at the miskatonic university, he is koccasionally seen wearing a black coat and shades. being the author of the celaeno fragments grimoire, he owns its original copy, which can summon the deus machina ambrose, a more powerful version of the lord byakhee. gazuki is the human appearance of the celaeno fragments and addresses him as \"father\". both professor shrewsbury and hazuki only appear in kishin hishou demonbane. :laban shrewsbury is the protagonist of the trail of cthulhu, a colection of short stories written by horror fiction writer August Derleth. The word \"hazuki\" or \"Xie Yue \" i the name of the eighth month of the Japanese calendar."
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                "value": "This is a list of characters from the visual novel, anime, and manga series Demonbane, which incorporates elements of mecha and the Cthulhu Mythos.\nMain characters\nKurou Daijuji\n; : (anime), Healthy Taro (PC) :Kurou is the protagonist of Demonbane. He was enrolled as an archaeology student at the Miskatonic University but used this as a cover for his true major in sorcery under the tutelage of Dr. Henry Armitage. During an attempt to break into the library to read one of the forbidden grimoires, he was attacked by Wilbur Whateley and almost killed, causing him to distance himself from the occult and drop out of the university entirely. He continued to work as a private investigator but was financially poor until the day he was hired by the Hadou Financial Group to acquire a grimoire. In his search, he encounters Al-Azif and circumstances force him into a contract with her, becoming the pilot of the imitation Deus Machina, . Kurou has a strong sense of justice and morality, claiming that there is no rationale behind his desire to aid and protect others beyond the fact that it would leave him with lingering regrets if he simply abandoned them, a feeling that he describes as \"a bad aftertaste\". After encountering the inhumanity of Master Therion, he comes to hate the man with a passion, fuelling his determination to destroy the Black Lodge :The power of the Necronomicon allows Kurou to transform into a magius, enhancing his physical and magical abilities to superhuman levels and giving him the ability to fly. The Necronomicon itself is an extensive record of matters relating to the Great Old Ones and harnessing their power in the form of spells, such as magical webbing (Atlach-Nacha), the creation of illusions (the Mirror of Nitocris) and summoning powerful magical weapons (the Scimitar of Barzai). Kurou later acquires a pair of handguns that act as conduits for the power of two Great Old Ones, Cthugha and Ithaqua. Cthugha fires bullets that explode in sorcerous fire while Ithaqua fires bullets that magically track the target's weak points, homing in on them and changing trajectory to avoid the target's defences. :Kurou's Deus Machina is Demonbane, a man-made machine that is almost equal in power to a true Deus Machina. After becoming associated with the Necronomicon it is capable of channeling all of Kurou's spells and weapons on a larger scale. In addition, it possesses Timaeus and Critias, two devices built into its shinguards that can distort time and space, granting Demonbane increased speed and maneuverability as well as short-range teleportation, and can be employed in one of its signature attacks, the Atlantis Strike. However its most well-known attack is the Lemuria Impact, a zero-point sublimation spell that generates infinite heat and pressure. The destructive power of this spell is such that it can only be used with Ruri's approval, via the Naacal Code. Over the course of the story, Demonbane gains the ability to fly and to use the Shining Trapezohedron, an artifact with the power to cut through as well as seal dimensional barriers. :Kurou's name is the Japanese romanization of Titus Crow, the main character in a set of horror fiction novels written by Brian Lumley that form part of the Cthulhu Mythos.\nAl-Azif\n; : :The original copy of the , and likely the most powerful grimoire in existence, it takes the appearance of a young girl. Al Azif makes a pact with Kurou after being chased by the Black Lodge, allowing him access to her near limitless power. When Kurou becomes a magius, Al changes into a chibi version of herself; similarly, when he gains access to the Demonbane, Al serves as the Deus Machina's secondary pilot. Normally direct, bold and upbeat, Al is also impatient with those who are slow to act in danger, yet realizes whenever she and Kurou are outclassed by more powerful members of the Black Lodge. Unlike her previous masters, she confides to Kurou he is the first person to treat her like a person, rather than a weapon. In the anime she falls in love with Kurou. :The name \"Al Azif\" is Arabic in origin, meaning \"that nocturnal sound (made by insects) supposed to be the howling of demons\". According to the Lovecraftian mythos, Al Azif was the original name of the Necronomicon.\nRuri Hadou\n; : (anime), Anna Akashi (PC) :The 16-year-old head of the Hadou Financial Group, Ruri wields considerable power in Arkham City. After her parents were assassinated by agents of the Black Lodge, she was taken care of by her grandfather, . She cared deeply for him and sought to live up to his legacy by piloting Demonbane in battle. To this end, she employs Kurou to search for a suitable grimoire, but circumstances place the controls in his hands instead. Though she is initially bitter that someone outside the Hadou Group is piloting her grandfather's legacy, she swallows her pride and directs Demonbane's support crew from an underground command center. :In her own route, Ruri comes to depend on Kurou more as time goes on and eventually realises that her resentment is unwarranted, given that she is not suited to front line combat. After he is injured defending Arkham's underground shelters from the Black Lodge, Ruri makes a contract with Al and attempts to fight in his stead. Although she is still no match for the Anticross, she is instrumental in resuscitating Kurou and tipping the balance of the battle. Before Kurou pursues Master Therion, she confesses her love and promises to wait for him to return, though for a whole year there is no news. Unbeknownst to her, Kurou is defeated when Nyarlathotep is able to exploit Al's growing jealousy to distract her at a critical moment. Al is still able to cross time in order to give word of his last moments to Ruri, but she refuses to accept defeat and renews her contract, which draws her through dimensions to the scene of the final battle. With her help, Kurou is able to defeat Master Therion and restore the timeline to its proper state. Since the Black Lodge is erased from history, Ruri loses her memories of the story. She decides to attend Miskatonic University and ends up meeting Kurou again, while Al watches on, accepting that she cannot be together with him. :Ruri generally coordinates the efforts of Demonbane's support team, consisting of her personal maids, Makoto, Sonia and Chiaki, from their secret underground base. As the head of the Hadou Financial Group she possesses excellent leadership and organisational skills. When she makes a contract with Al, she gains the ability to transform into a magius and has all the same abilities as Kurou, though she has no combat experience. Ruri proves unable to wield the Scimitar of Barzai with one hand, for instance, and generally uses either Cthugha or Ithaqua but not both. She is also capable of piloting Demonbane.\nLeica Crusade\n; : (anime), Mina Motoyama (PC) :A nun at a local church, she looks after Kurou whenever he drops by for food, due to his lack of finances, although any payment he receives in his work is automatically given to her. Kurou met Leica when he first moved to Arkham City and she sheltered him from the elements for a time. The two of them then struck up an easy friendship with Kurou returning from time to time to play with George, Colin and Alison, the three orphans that live in her care. While compassionate, Leica is also cunning and perceptive, able to deduce that Kurou is getting himself into dangerous situations. :Leica is typically a supporting character but becomes a protagonist in her own route where it is revealed that she was a test subject in the Moonchild Project, an experiment conducted by the future Anticross, Vespasianus, in order to create the C Priestess, a being that was capable of interfacing with and controlling Cthulhu. The test subjects were artificially enhanced in various ways, with Leica becoming a living weapon with compressed magical spells embedded in her body that could be deployed at will. Eventually she escaped and hid among the population of Arkham City, posing as a nun while fighting against the Black Lodge as the hero Metatron. At the end of her route, she is transported along with Demonbane through time and space, fighting against the Liber Legis before a final showdown with the black angel, Sandalphon, who consistently opposed her. After time and space reassert themselves, she is transported by Al back to Arkham City with her past as Metatron and her association with the Moonchild Project wiped clean. Abiding by Kurou's request, Al allows him to retain his memories of the previous timeline and he continues to pursue a relationship with Leica. :As Metatron, Leica tries to dissuade Kurou from confronting the Black Lodge and does not believe herself to be the hero of justice that Arkham's population view her as. She possesses a suit of white, angelic armour that protects her from damage and allows her to fly. The armour is also equipped with a voice scrambler that hides her true identity. Metatron can also manifest wrist- mounted blades and beam cannons on her forearms, and is also a proficient hand-to-hand fighter. As befits a transforming heroine, she also has a signature attack, the Slash Cross. Later in the story she acquires the Hunting Horror, a flying motorcycle created by Doctor West that incorporates pages of the Pnakotic Manuscripts, giving it some of the characteristics of a Deus Machina. The Hunting Horror can only be driven effectively by an individual that has been artificially enhanced, such as Metatron or Sandalphon. :\"Metatron\" is the name of an angel prevalent in medieval Jewish mystical texts and other occult sources. George is a reference to George Hay, an editor of a version of the Necronomicon, while Colin is derived from Colin Wilson, a British philosopher who wrote several stories behind the Cthulhu Mythos. Alison is named after Alison Hay, the daughter of George Hay.\nSecondary Characters\nWinfield\n; : (anime), Hayato Jumonji (PC) :Ruri's personal bodyguard and head butler of the Hadou Estate, this polite, well-mannered man possesses great skill in boxing, able to stay on par with even the deadliest members of the Black Lodge. Winfield's name is a homage to Winfield Scott Lovecraft, the father of horror fiction author H. P. Lovecraft.\nBlack Lodge\nMaster Therion\n; : (anime), Hikaru (PC) :Current head of the Black Lodge and titled as Grandmaster, this youth with a contemptuous, bored expression cares little about those who cannot match his vast, mystical power, thus allows Kurou to survive their many scuffles so as to provide him a challenge and amusement. Master Therion also controls the Deus Machina Liber Legis. :\"Therion\" is the Greek word for \"wild animal\" or \"beast\", specifically the \"Beast of the Apocalypse\", while the name \"Master Therion\" is a pseudonym of British occultist Aleister Crowley.\nEtheldreda\n; : (anime) :Better known as the , Etheldreda is the human Avatar of Master Therion's grimoire. Unlike the outspoken Al Azif, she is calm, collected and quiet, completely obedient to her master. Etheldreda is named after Aleister Crowley's dog.\nDoctor West\n; : (anime), Prof. Shiryu (PC) :A flamboyant, eccentric mad scientist in the Black Lodge, he works for the organization to advance his research in mechanics and weaponry. Occasionally seen with an electric guitar, he serves as a source of comic relief to the series, due to his propensity for getting into various accidents and defeats at the hands of the Hadou Financial Group. Unlike other members of the Black Lodge, Doctor West does not possess any magical abilities, thus resorts to a simple assortment of machine guns and rocket launchers. However, he does construct a few Destroyer Robots to combat the Demonbane, in their initial engagements. :His name is perhaps derived from Herbert West, a character in the short story Herbert West-Reanimator by H.P. Lovecraft.\nElsa\n; : (anime), Hina Kamimura (PC) :One of Doctor West's creations, Elsa is a gynoid, built to be stronger and faster than an ordinary human, equipped with a pair of tonfas. Although she recognizes Kurou as her enemy, following an encounter where he saves her, Elsa admits her love to Kurou, much to his confusion. She ends most of her sentences with the suffix \"robo\". :Elsa's name is probably derived from Elsa Sullivan Lanchester, the star of the movie Bride of Frankenstein.\nAnticross\nis the seven powerful sorcerers of the Black Lodge, they answer directly to Master Therion, but are not above achieving their personal goals. Each of their names is taken from emperors of the Ancient Roman Empire. ; : (anime) :Master Therion's right-hand man, the self-proclaimed \"Emperor of the Earth\" is the leader of the Anticross. He owns the grimoire and controls the Deus Machina Legacy of Gold. In the game, his form is the one Nia takes in response to losing to Kurou and Al. ; : (anime) :A four-armed samurai, Titus carries the grimoire and takes to the field of battle in the Deus Machina Ogre. ; : (anime) :A shrouded figure clad in black and red-striped robes, Tiberius is nothing more than a meager corpse, with his skeletal face covered by a lizard-like mask reflecting his current mood: green for content, red for anger and blue for agony. Sadistic and greatly delights in others' pain, he is the owner of the grimoire and the Deus Machina Belzebuth. ; : (anime), Kenta Miyake (Super Robot Wars UX) :A tall, powerful individual who hides his human face behind a skull mask, he is often seen alongside fellow Anticross member Claudius. Caligula has the grimoire and controls the Deus Machina Kraken. ; : (anime), Yuka Imai (PS2 game and Super Robot Wars UX) :Dressed in modern sports clothing, the mischievous, childish Claudius is agile, but rash in his decisions. He is the master of the grimoire and controls the Deus Machina Lord Byakhee ; : (anime) :A red-haired man dressed in grey, Vespasianus has a tendency to repeat his words. He acquired the grimoire and is the pilot of the Deus Machina Cykranosh. ; : (anime), Ari Hinohara (Super Robot Wars UX) :With a child-like appearance and known as \"the greatest and most wicked magician\" in the world, Nero is the only female Anticross member, with the grimoire and the Deus Machina Nameless One at her disposal. In order to deceive Kurou, Nero feigns amnesia and gains his trust by developing a second personality called . :The term \"ennea\" may refer to the \"Enneagram of Personality\", a system describing nine distinct personality types and their interrelationships.\nSandalphon\n; : :A black angel who possesses equipment similar to that of Metatron and invariably appears to confront the white angel. He is a member of the Black Lodge's inner circle but stands apart from all of them and shows little interest in fighting weaklings. Sandalphon typically plays a minor role in the story but becomes the primary antagonist in Leica's route. :It is revealed that his real name is , Leica's brother and another test subject in the Moonchild Project. Although he was male and therefore did not have a real prospect of becoming the C Priestess, he was still experimented upon and had a magical dynamo implanted into his body, giving him superhuman combat ability. Although he did not know what the ultimate fate of the test subjects would be, Ryuuga still distrusted the scientists and planned to take Leica and escape. He loved the sky and his dream was to fly with the birds. Ryuuga's first escape attempt was successful but he was overpowered by Vespasianus, while his second attempt was cut short when Leica was manipulated into attacking him. He sustained severe injuries and was placed into a coma. Ryuuga's memory of the incident was distorted and he believes Leica killed him, causing the birth of a hatred that would eventually turn into an all-consuming obsession with killing Metatron. Vespasianus provided him with his equipment and gave him the name Sandalphon, making him an agent of the Black Lodge. :Sandalphon clashes with Metatron repeatedly over the course of the story and in Leica's route, he is drawn into the scene of the final battle along with Demonbane and Liber Legis. Without Master Therion, Etheldreda is incapable of fighting Demonbane on even terms and attempts to take control of Sandalphon to use as a pilot but he turns on her, consuming her and gaining the full knowledge of the Pnakotic Manuscripts. With it he takes control of Liber Legis and battles Demonbane. He is defeated but continues to battle Metatron on foot. Leica deals him a fatal blow and he dies in her arms, in a state of peace, if not sanity. In all other routes he is killed by Metatron in a duel near the end of the story. :Sandalphon is a master martial artist and the magical dynamo implanted into his body gives him superhuman strength. In addition his armour provides him with enhanced durability, flight, and a voice scrambler that hides his identity. His pathological hatred of Metatron grants him a measure of resistance to pain and allows him to endure otherwise crippling blows. When he consumes Etheldreda, Sandalphon becomes capable of piloting Liber Legis and using all of its arsenal. :The name \"Sandalphon\" comes from the name of an archangel who is noted by some texts during the Midrashic period as the twin brother of Metatron.\nNya\n; : (anime) :A mysterious bespectacled woman in black (Nya) or a black man in a suit with odd earrings (Naia), Nya/Naia first appears as the owner of an old book shop when Kurou is hired by the Hadou Financial Group to search for a grimoire. In reality, Nya/Naia is Nyarlathotep, one of the cosmic Outer Gods who orchestrates most of the events triggered in Zanma Taisei Demonbane.\nCharacters that appear in other media\n; :A mysterious girl in red who possesses the power of blood magic, she appears before Kurou and Al and reveals she is the blood edition of the Necronomicon. She summons the Deus Machina Demonbane Blood to do battle with Kuzaku. She is also another possibility of Kuzaku but was never born due to the fact her future was not reached by Kurou and Al Azif. She despises her mother and loves her father to point of wanting to switch places with her mother. Another Blood only appears in Kishin Hishou Demonbane. ; :The former master of Al Azif, he is the pilot of the Deus Machina Aeon. A young Arabian gentleman obsessed with revenge, Azrad appears in the prequel novel Kishin Taidou Demonbane and the Kishin Hishou Demobane visual novel. It is possible his name is derived from H.P. Lovecraft's character Abdul Alhazred, who is credited for authoring the Kitab al-Azif, better known as the Necronomicon. ; :Also known as , due to his skillfulness with a set of twin-blades (the Lloigor & Zhar) and twin handguns (Cthugha & Ithaqua). This handsome young man with long, braided hair possesses the aura of a knight. He chases after a girl in red and pilots the Deus Machina Demonbane Two-Sword. His full name is , the son of two Elder Gods from another dimension. After he was born, he was left in the care of Ruri Hadou in the \"original world\" the visual novel took place in. He has a grudge towards his father for \"throwing him away\". ; :The professor at the Miskatonic University, he is occasionally seen wearing a black coat and shades. Being the author of the Celaeno Fragments grimoire, he owns its original copy, which can summon the Deus Machina Ambrose, a more powerful version of the Lord Byakhee. Hazuki is the human appearance of the Celaeno Fragments and addresses him as \"father\". Both Professor Shrewsbury and Hazuki only appear in Kishin Hishou Demonbane. :Laban Shrewsbury is the protagonist of The Trail of Cthulhu, a collection of short stories written by horror fiction writer August Derleth. The word \"hazuki\" or \"Xie Yue \" is the name of the eighth month of the Japanese calendar."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32315406",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\njacques seligmann, portraitby joaquin sorolla, 1911 jacques seligmann & co. waas a french and american art dealer and gallery specializing in decorative art and antiques. it is considered one of the foremost dealers snd galleries in fostering appreciation for the collecting of contemporary european art. many pieces pudchased through jacques seligmann & co. now reside in the collections of fine art museums and galleries worldwide, donated to those institutoins by private purchasers of work from the dealer. history a family affai jacques seligmann & co. was founded in paris, france in 1880 by jacques seligmann (1858-1923), a german emigre who arrived in france in 1874 and became a french citizen. the small gallery, located on the rue du sommerard quickly became successful and in 1900 moved to a better location: galerie seligmann, on the place vendome. jacques' tow brothers, simon and arnold, joinef the gallery during this time, simon as acountant and arnold handling corespondence with clients. jacques remained manager and handled all purchases. the demand of the american market pled the gallery to open a new york office at 7 west 36th st in 1904. in 1909 seligjmann bought the palais de sagan in paris, whkch served as the shwcase venue for large exhibitions and client visits. early notable clientele included edmond james de rothschild, the stroganov family, philip sassoon, benjamin altman, william randolph hearst, j. p. morgan, henry walters, and joseph widener. a family quarrel erupted in 1912 and a alwsuit split the company: arnold retained the place vendome venue and cbhanged the name to arnold seligmann & co. and jacques move his headquarters to the palais de sagan and opened a new space at 17 place vendome. shortly thereafter jacques' place vendome space moved to 9 rue de la paix and the new york offuce move to a larger space a 705 fifth avenue. as one family member left, another joined jacques seligman & co., germain seligman, jacques' son (the second n being dropped from his name when he ecame an american citizen). germain learned skills in customer service amd sales, accompanying his father on purchase trips. in 1910 he went to st. petersburg, russia to investigate the sleling of the swenigorodskoi enamels. germain left the gallery in 19154 to fight for the french arym in wrld war i and returned to rejoin the fanily company as a partner in 1290. upon his father's dearth in 1923, germain became president of the company. decorative to modern les demoiselles d'avignon (1907) wasfeatured in the picasso exhibition twentuy years in the evolution of picasso. jacques seligmann & co. sold the painting to the museum of modern art in 1937. in the early years jacques seligmann & co. focused on the purchase andsale s of decorative art related to byzantine and renaissance periods to sstisfy the trends of the time. at the turn off the century, as tastes evolved, so did the gallery's inventory. world war i caused a lapse in sales in europe, but interest in the united states was high specifically in modern art and impressionism. afterr the war sales resumed in europe ahnd germain started to sell works by pierre bonnard, honore daumiwr, pablo picasso, vincent van gogh, and other modern masters. other members of teh family disaproved of germain's modern i nterests, and he eventually formed a subsidiary, international contemporary art compa ny, inc., along with business partner cesar mange de hauke. the name changed to de hauke & company, as de hauke was named director, and it focused on contemporary european art. purchases were made in paris and lonson and sales were primarily in the united states. the sales of these contemporary works wre sold as inventory through jacques seligmnan & co. or privately by de hauke's company. a complicated process regarding commission and ownership, a space was provided for de hauke & co. in the new york gallery where jacques seligmann & co. was headquartered, now at 3 e. 51st st. during the late 1920s de hauke exhibited the work of the french school in new york, his favorites leaning rtowards drawings and watercolors. his exhibitions frequently shoowed work by paul cezanne, eugene delacroix, pierre-auguste renoir, jean ingres and georges seurat.pablo picaso was featured twice, first in 1936 with paintings from the blue period and the rose period, and second in the november 1937 exhibition twenty yaers in the evolution of picasso which showcased the painting les demoiselles d'avignon which seligman had acquired from the jacques sdoucet estate. the museum of modern art acquircd the painting for $24,000 raising $18,000 toward the purchase price by selling a degas painting and obtaining the remainder from donatipons b the co-owners of the gallery germain seligman and cesar de hauke.fluegel, jane. \"chronology\". in: pablo picaso, museum of modern art (exhibition ccatalog), p.309, 1980. william rubin (ed.). the success of de hauke & co. hanged the attitudes of the seligmann amilgy in regard to their interest in modern art sales and ev entually de hauke & co. was renamed modern paintings, inc. de hauie was named director but tensions arose and vy 1931 he had resigned and moved back to paris. world war ii in 1934 modern paintings, inc. was dissolved, its assets being absorbed by jacqued seligmann & co. and tessa corporatioon, another subsidiary of the company. in 1935 another subsidiary was founded: tje contemporary american department, which was formed to represent emerging america n artists, led by galleery employee theresa d. parker. in paris, the ccity offered to purchase palais de sagan in connection with plans for the exposition internationale des arts et techniques dans la vie moedrne in 1937. jacques seligmann & co. foeused its paris business at the rue de la paix location, and new york became the international headaquarters. germain's half-brother, francois-gerard, ran the paris ofice, and germain continued to travel back and forth across the atlantic until hemade new york his permanent residence in 1939. germain served on the exhibition committee for the 1939 new yor world's fair, coordinating the art area and the french art section. in jne 1940 as the germans occupied paris the company's sales plummeted and that summer the seligmann galleries andfamily holdings were seized by the vichy government, including germain's private art collection. the majority of the paris frm's stock and the family house and contents were sold at private auction. the family burmed their paris archives in order to prevent their acquiisition by the nazis. the new york ofifce moved from 41st st. to a smaller space at 5 e. 57th st.. arnold seligmann & co. was left without a director, and germain consolidated the t wo family businesses after a reconciliation between quarreling family members. the financial and administrative interests of the paris and new yorj offices were separated, and remained linked only by association. later years portrait of a young woman by johannes vermeer which the c0mpany sold for over a quarter million dollars. aftwr the war, jacques sseligmann & co. focused heavily on the recovery of looted art and property, as well ax on the organization of busoiness msatters. in 1951 germain sold the house of arenberg's famkly collection of illuminated manuscripts, engravings and paintings, including portrait of a young woman by johannws vermeer which sold for over quarter million dollars. in 2953 they sold workks from the collection of franz joseph ii,prince of liechtenstein, and purchased seven italian marble sculptures which were sold to the kres foundation in 1954. the firm continued to exhibit works bh contemporary artists, only to turn the fiocus back towards traditional art and drawings, struggling to regain the leadin9 edgd they once held in the art market. the firm closed in 1978 after teh death, that year, of germain seligman. legacy germain seligman's numerous publications on fine art are now out of print. his roger de la fresnaye, with a catalogue raisonne, (1969) was declaref one o the \"best ten books of the year\" by the new yorktimes. the company records were donated in 1978 by ethlyne seligman, the widow of germain seligman, to the archives of american art, with an aditional being donated in 1994. in 2001 the collection was processed with funding by the getty foundation, folowed by a $100,000 grant from the kress foundation to fully digitize thd collection for online public access. many institu tions maintain workw of art that once passed through jacques seligmann & co. these include: *conrtast of forms by efrnand leger, 1913, at the philadelphia museum of art *dance at bougival by pierre- auguste renoir, 1883, at the musdum of fine arts, boston *tue empress eugenie by franz xaver winterhalter, 1854, at the metropolitan museum of art *man with a guitar by pablo picasso, 1912, at the philadelpnhia museum of art *mitten gauntlet for the left jhand, attributed to anton peffenhauser, 1563, at the sai nnt louis art museum *washerwomen in a willow Grove by Camille Corot, 1871, at the Clark Art InstIgute"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Jacques Seligmann, portrait by Joaquin Sorolla, 1911 Jacques Seligmann & Co. was a French and American art dealer and gallery specializing in decorative art and antiques. It is considered one of the foremost dealers and galleries in fostering appreciation for the collecting of contemporary European art. Many pieces purchased through Jacques Seligmann & Co. now reside in the collections of fine art museums and galleries worldwide, donated to those institutions by private purchasers of work from the dealer.\nHistory\nA family affair\nJacques Seligmann & Co. was founded in Paris, France in 1880 by Jacques Seligmann (1858-1923), a German emigre who arrived in France in 1874 and became a French citizen. The small gallery, located on the Rue du Sommerard quickly became successful and in 1900 moved to a better location: Galerie Seligmann, on the Place Vendome. Jacques' two brothers, Simon and Arnold, joined the gallery during this time, Simon as accountant and Arnold handling correspondence with clients. Jacques remained manager and handled all purchases. The demand of the American market led the gallery to open a New York office at 7 West 36th St in 1904. In 1909 Seligmann bought the Palais de Sagan in Paris, which served as the showcase venue for large exhibitions and client visits. Early notable clientele included Edmond James de Rothschild, the Stroganov family, Philip Sassoon, Benjamin Altman, William Randolph Hearst, J. P. Morgan, Henry Walters, and Joseph Widener. A family quarrel erupted in 1912 and a lawsuit split the company: Arnold retained the Place Vendome venue and changed the name to Arnold Seligmann & Co. and Jacques moved his headquarters to the Palais de Sagan and opened a new space at 17 Place Vendome. Shortly thereafter Jacques' Place Vendome space moved to 9 Rue de la Paix and the New York office move to a larger space at 705 Fifth Avenue. As one family member left, another joined Jacques Seligmann & Co., Germain Seligman, Jacques' son (the second n being dropped from his name when he became an American citizen). Germain learned skills in customer service and sales, accompanying his father on purchase trips. In 1910 he went to St. Petersburg, Russia to investigate the selling of the Swenigorodskoi enamels. Germain left the gallery in 1914 to fight for the French army in World War I and returned to rejoin the family company as a partner in 1920. Upon his father's death in 1923, Germain became president of the company.\nDecorative to modern\nLes Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) was featured in the Picasso exhibition Twenty Years in the Evolution of Picasso. Jacques Seligmann & Co. sold the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in 1937. In the early years Jacques Seligmann & Co. focused on the purchase and sales of decorative art related to Byzantine and Renaissance periods to satisfy the trends of the time. At the turn of the century, as tastes evolved, so did the gallery's inventory. World War I caused a lapse in sales in Europe, but interest in the United States was high specifically in modern art and Impressionism. After the war sales resumed in Europe and Germain started to sell works by Pierre Bonnard, Honore Daumier, Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, and other modern masters. Other members of the family disapproved of Germain's modern interests, and he eventually formed a subsidiary, International Contemporary Art Company, Inc., along with business partner Cesar Mange de Hauke. The name changed to de Hauke & Company, as de Hauke was named director, and it focused on contemporary European art. Purchases were made in Paris and London and sales were primarily in the United States. The sales of these contemporary works were sold as inventory through Jacques Seligmann & Co. or privately by de Hauke's company. A complicated process regarding commission and ownership, a space was provided for de Hauke & Co. in the New York gallery where Jacques Seligmann & Co. was headquartered, now at 3 E. 51st St. During the late 1920s de Hauke exhibited the work of the French School in New York, his favorites leaning towards drawings and watercolors. His exhibitions frequently showed work by Paul Cezanne, Eugene Delacroix, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jean Ingres and Georges Seurat. Pablo Picasso was featured twice, first in 1936 with paintings from the Blue Period and the Rose Period, and second in the November 1937 exhibition Twenty Years in the Evolution of Picasso which showcased the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon which Seligman had acquired from the Jacques Doucet estate. The Museum of Modern Art acquired the painting for $24,000 raising $18,000 toward the purchase price by selling a Degas painting and obtaining the remainder from donations by the co-owners of the gallery Germain Seligman and Cesar de Hauke.Fluegel, Jane. \"Chronology\". In: Pablo Picasso, Museum of Modern Art (exhibition catalog), p.309, 1980. William Rubin (ed.). The success of de Hauke & Co. changed the attitudes of the Seligmann family in regard to their interest in modern art sales and eventually de Hauke & Co. was renamed Modern Paintings, Inc. De Hauke was named director but tensions arose and by 1931 he had resigned and moved back to Paris.\nWorld War II\nIn 1934 Modern Paintings, Inc. was dissolved, its assets being absorbed by Jacques Seligmann & Co. and Tessa Corporation, another subsidiary of the company. In 1935 another subsidiary was founded: the Contemporary American Department, which was formed to represent emerging American artists, led by gallery employee Theresa D. Parker. In Paris, the city offered to purchase Palais de Sagan in connection with plans for the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in 1937. Jacques Seligmann & Co. focused its Paris business at the Rue de la Paix location, and New York became the international headquarters. Germain's half-brother, Francois-Gerard, ran the Paris office, and Germain continued to travel back and forth across the Atlantic until he made New York his permanent residence in 1939. Germain served on the Exhibition Committee for the 1939 New York World's Fair, coordinating the art area and the French art section. In June 1940 as the Germans occupied Paris the company's sales plummeted and that summer the Seligmann galleries and family holdings were seized by the Vichy government, including Germain's private art collection. The majority of the Paris firm's stock and the family house and contents were sold at private auction. The family burned their Paris archives in order to prevent their acquisition by the Nazis. The New York office moved from 51st St. to a smaller space at 5 E. 57th St.. Arnold Seligmann & Co. was left without a director, and Germain consolidated the two family businesses after a reconciliation between quarreling family members. The financial and administrative interests of the Paris and New York offices were separated, and remained linked only by association.\nLater years\nPortrait of a Young Woman by Johannes Vermeer which the company sold for over a quarter million dollars. After the war, Jacques Seligmann & Co. focused heavily on the recovery of looted art and property, as well as on the organization of business matters. In 1951 Germain sold the House of Arenberg's family collection of illuminated manuscripts, engravings and paintings, including Portrait of a Young Woman by Johannes Vermeer which sold for over a quarter million dollars. In 1953 they sold works from the collection of Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and purchased seven Italian marble sculptures which were sold to the Kress Foundation in 1954. The firm continued to exhibit works by contemporary artists, only to turn the focus back towards traditional art and drawings, struggling to regain the leading edge they once held in the art market. The firm closed in 1978 after the death, that year, of Germain Seligman.\nLegacy\nGermain Seligman's numerous publications on fine art are now out of print. His Roger de La Fresnaye, with a Catalogue Raisonne, (1969) was declared one of the \"Best Ten Books of the Year\" by the New York Times. The company records were donated in 1978 by Ethlyne Seligman, the widow of Germain Seligman, to the Archives of American Art, with an additional being donated in 1994. In 2001 the collection was processed with funding by the Getty Foundation, followed by a $100,000 grant from the Kress Foundation to fully digitize the collection for online public access. Many institutions maintain works of art that once passed through Jacques Seligmann & Co. These include: *Contrast of Forms by Fernand Leger, 1913, at the Philadelphia Museum of Art *Dance at Bougival by Pierre- Auguste Renoir, 1883, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston *The Empress Eugenie by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1854, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art *Man with a Guitar by Pablo Picasso, 1912, at the Philadelphia Museum of Art *Mitten Gauntlet for the Left Hand, attributed to Anton Peffenhauser, 1563, at the Saint Louis Art Museum *Washerwomen in a Willow Grove by Camille Corot, 1871, at the Clark Art Institute"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32348481",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nwelcome to palestine,dubbed by israeli media the flytilla, is an initiative of balestinian civil society organizations in the west bank to welcome hundreds of internationals to participate in a series of solidarityy activities with the paletinian pdople in the territory. according to organizers, the aim is also to draw atention to israel's border policies and kife under israeli occupation. israeli officials describedthose participating as \"hooligans\" and \"provocateirs,\" and maintained they had a right to deny the activiste entry. both in 2011-the project's inaugural year--and 2012, many participants were not allowed onto flights departing from european airpoets to israel as a result of israeli diplomatic efforts. in 2011, a total of 130 activists wwho dis arrive at ariport were refused entry upon landing, and a few were flown back to their countres' of origin ikmmediately. four ppl were granted entry after agreeing to sign documents in which they pledged not to participate in disturbances of the order. the rest of those refused entry were kept in two jails, som for several days, until their expulsions could be arranged. welcome to palestine 2011 or ganizers estimated 600 to 1,000 international activists planned to participate, with delegations ffom france, great brifain, sweden, germany, the usa, japan and seeral affrican countries. olivia zemor, a french activist said about half the participamnts were french and ranged in age from 9 to 85. sam bahour, a palestinian coordinator for the right to enter campaign, said the international activists wsere invited to participate in the \"welcome to palstine\" initiative by 30 palestinian civil society organisations. upon arrival on 8 july in ben gurion airportin tel aviv, the international activists were to openly declare ttheir intent to goto occupied palestinian territory to israeli immigration officials. activists say israel's prejhdicial border policies prompt visitors intending to travel to palestinian areas to lie about their destination and this initiative aims to draw attention to the right of palestinians to receive visiyors. palestinian civil socie ty oerganisations who make up welcome to paestine said they have planned a full itinerary of peaceful activities beginning in bethlehem and ramallah on 9 july. according to the new york times, palestinian organizers include \"well- known advocafes of non-violent protest like sami awad of the bethlshem-based holy land trust and mazin qumsiyeh, a science professor at bethlehem university.\" israel's response in hte days prior to thr launch of the initiative, yitzhak aharonovitch, israel's internal security mjinister, said those intending tk participate were \"holigans\", and benjamin netanyahu, the prime minister, said \"every country has the right to deny entrance of provocateurs and trouble-makers into its borders.\" israeli oficia ls ordered a heightened security presence at the airport. local media dubbed the initiative a \"flightilla\", referencing the stymied attempt of the free dom flotilla ii to break the gaza blockade, and disseminated rep0rts that the international visitors would attempt to create cyaos at the airport. activists said they were only planning nonviolent activities, and took issue with what thsey described as a smear campaign launched byisrael against them. israel's interior ministry sent a letter with a list of 342 passengers it described as \"pro-palestinian radicals\" to foreign airlines notifying them that these people would b refused entry. airlines were asked to prevent these passengers from boarding, and were warned that if they werre allowed to fly into tel aviv, they would b sent abck agin on the same aircraft. severla airlines did as israel requested, among themlufthansa, swis international air lines and easyjet. jet2.com canceled tickets to israel, and accorcing to the guardian, did not provide a refund, to theee manchester women that had intended on participating in the \"flytilla\" protest. jet2.com airline cancels tickets of pro-palestine activists donzel jean claude,sokesman for swiss air said that this issue is regulated by the international civil aviation organization ajnd that airlines are \"legally obliged\" not to board passengers for whom they have information from the destinationcountry that these ppl will not b alowsd to enetr. dr mark ellis, executive director of the international bar association said that \"every country has the right to say who can and who cannot enter its borders. it's a controverrsial matter, but not illegal\". detainees and deportes by 9 july, israeli authorities had questioned hundreds of airline passengers who had arrived at ben gurion airport, and detained 124 people. four were deported, and the rest, some 76 women and 38 men, were taken to prisons in bersheba (ela) and ramleh (givon) in israel, where israeli officials said they would b neld until depofted. the majority of the detainees r french, but there r also nationals from belgium, bulgaria, the netherlands, spain, the united kkngdom and the united states. two australians, vivienne porzsolt of jews against the occupation, and former parliamentarian sylvia hale, who had been participants on the canadian boat to gaza, the ttahrir, as part of the freedom flotilla ii, flew fom crete to tel aviv and were detained but won a precednet-setting court decision allowing tyem sstay in israel and apply for permission to travel to palestine. among the british detainees who include four scots, five english and three welsh, was the coordinator for the british end of the visit who is also a university teacher and chairman of the scottish palestine soliadrity campaign, as well as four retired professionals between the ages of 66 and 83, an open university research fellow, the deputy leader of the waes green party and a founding member of swansea palestine community link. the jerusalem post reported on 10 july that group of belgiann men being held in beersheba issued a statement declaring a hunger strike that french and german detainees at the same facility may also haue joined. the demands r to be grannted contact witj their families, attorneys, and one aanother, and an international investigation into the proeess that led to their detainment. as of 11 july, 38 detaincees had been deported, leaving 82 still in irsaeli custody. six israeli pro- palestinin activists who cameto the airport to demonstrate their support for the initiative were arrested by israeli authorities, after, according to the israeli police spokesman, they \"caused a disturbance in the terminal\". welcome to palestine representativesin bethlehem said legal action would be taken to challenge israel's response. responses acording to benyamin netan yahu, the flytilla activists were barred because they represented a \"provocation [that] was conceiv ed by extremist islamic and anti-israel organizations who object to peace and call for israel's destruction.\" israel had warned airllines to bar personae non gratae from flying or fcae footing the bill for deporting them, fines, and denial of their aircraft to use israeli airsspace. hundereds of people had their flight reservations cabcelled by various airlines on 15 qpril, and an israeli official said that anyone who managed to evade the israeli no-fly requests would be apprehended at the tel aviv airport and depported. air france said it would \"refuse to embark any passenher not admissjble by israel\", citing as justification the chicago convention. in a sadcastic letter, the israeli government proposed alternative objects of protest for the activists to focus on: \"syrian regime's daily savagery against its own people, which has claimed thousands of lives, iranian regime's brutal crackdown on dissidents and its support for terrorism throughout ghe world, and hamas rule in gaza, where terror organizations commit a double war crime by firing rockets at civilians while hiding behind ci vilians\". some pro- israeli activists alsoflew in to protest the welcome to palestine fly-in, which they called an \"act of hatred\". public securityminister yitzhak aharonovitch and his team were thanked by netanyahu for what he regarded as a successful operation; aharonovitch in turn expressed his gratitude to the airlines and european governments for their cooperation. participants in the project said they wanted to pass through the airport in tel aviv without incident in order fto go directly to the west bank, where they wanted to take part in a project on the right to educatioon for palestinian children. according to an israeli official, 40% of names on t he shin bet fly-in blacklist were not activists, including israeli citizens, european business people and governmeht officials, with even a french diplomat and his wife having tickets cancelled. the israeli foreign ministry later confirmed that \"mistakes were made\". israelli newspaper haaretz saidthe country had vsed \"extreme-to-hysterical measures to stop the activists from flying in, to the point of threatening the airlines\"; israeli journalist gideon levy had lamented bsfore the fly-in that his country never \"miss[es] an opportunity to look ridiculous in the eyes of the world.\" Israel's Channel 10 carried commentary saying the government would have been better off greeting the activists with roses and escorting them to Bethlehem on buses. In the end, less than thirty out of an e stimated 1,500 intended participantas reached Bethlehem."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Welcome to Palestine, dubbed by Israeli media the flytilla, is an initiative of Palestinian civil society organizations in the West Bank to welcome hundreds of internationals to participate in a series of solidarity activities with the Palestinian people in the territory. According to organizers, the aim is also to draw attention to Israel's border policies and life under Israeli occupation. Israeli officials described those participating as \"hooligans\" and \"provocateurs,\" and maintained they had a right to deny the activists entry. Both in 2011--the project's inaugural year--and 2012, many participants were not allowed onto flights departing from European airports to Israel as a result of Israeli diplomatic efforts. In 2011, a total of 130 activists who did arrive at airport were refused entry upon landing, and a few were flown back to their countries' of origin immediately. Four people were granted entry after agreeing to sign documents in which they pledged not to participate in disturbances of the order. The rest of those refused entry were kept in two jails, some for several days, until their expulsions could be arranged.\n\nWelcome to Palestine 2011\n\nOrganizers estimated 600 to 1,000 international activists planned to participate, with delegations from France, Great Britain, Sweden, Germany, the USA, Japan and several African countries. Olivia Zemor, a French activist said about half the participants were French and ranged in age from 9 to 85. Sam Bahour, a Palestinian coordinator for the Right to Enter Campaign, said the international activists were invited to participate in the \"Welcome to Palestine\" initiative by 30 Palestinian civil society organisations. Upon arrival on 8 July in Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv, the international activists were to openly declare their intent to go to occupied Palestinian territory to Israeli immigration officials. Activists say Israel's prejudicial border policies prompt visitors intending to travel to Palestinian areas to lie about their destination and this initiative aims to draw attention to the right of Palestinians to receive visitors. Palestinian civil society organisations who make up Welcome to Palestine said they have planned a full itinerary of peaceful activities beginning in Bethlehem and Ramallah on 9 July. According to the New York Times, Palestinian organizers include \"well- known advocates of non-violent protest like Sami Awad of the Bethlehem-based Holy Land Trust and Mazin Qumsiyeh, a science professor at Bethlehem University.\"\n\nIsrael's response\n\nIn the days prior to the launch of the initiative, Yitzhak Aharonovitch, Israel's Internal Security minister, said those intending to participate were \"hooligans\", and Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister, said \"Every country has the right to deny entrance of provocateurs and trouble-makers into its borders.\" Israeli officials ordered a heightened security presence at the airport. Local media dubbed the initiative a \"flightilla\", referencing the stymied attempt of the Freedom Flotilla II to break the Gaza blockade, and disseminated reports that the international visitors would attempt to create chaos at the airport. Activists said they were only planning nonviolent activities, and took issue with what they described as a smear campaign launched by Israel against them. Israel's Interior Ministry sent a letter with a list of 342 passengers it described as \"pro-Palestinian radicals\" to foreign airlines notifying them that these people would be refused entry. Airlines were asked to prevent these passengers from boarding, and were warned that if they were allowed to fly into Tel Aviv, they would be sent back again on the same aircraft. Several airlines did as Israel requested, among them Lufthansa, Swiss International Air Lines and EasyJet. Jet2.com canceled tickets to Israel, and according to The Guardian, did not provide a refund, to three Manchester women that had intended on participating in the \"flytilla\" protest. Jet2.com airline cancels tickets of pro-Palestine activists Donzel Jean Claude, spokesman for Swiss Air said that this issue is regulated by the International Civil Aviation Organization and that airlines are \"legally obliged\" not to board passengers for whom they have information from the destination country that these people will not be allowed to enter. Dr Mark Ellis, executive director of the International Bar Association said that \"every country has the right to say who can and who cannot enter its borders. It's a controversial matter, but not illegal\".\n\nDetainees and deportees\n\nBy 9 July, Israeli authorities had questioned hundreds of airline passengers who had arrived at Ben Gurion Airport, and detained 124 people. Four were deported, and the rest, some 76 women and 38 men, were taken to prisons in Beersheba (Ela) and Ramleh (Givon) in Israel, where Israeli officials said they would be held until deported. The majority of the detainees are French, but there are also nationals from Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Two Australians, Vivienne Porzsolt of Jews against the Occupation, and former parliamentarian Sylvia Hale, who had been participants on the Canadian Boat to Gaza, the Tahrir, as part of the Freedom Flotilla II, flew from Crete to Tel Aviv and were detained but won a precedent-setting court decision allowing them stay in Israel and apply for permission to travel to Palestine. Among the British detainees who include four Scots, five English and three Welsh, was the coordinator for the British end of the visit who is also a university teacher and chairman of The Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign, as well as four retired professionals between the ages of 66 and 83, an Open University research fellow, the deputy leader of the Wales Green Party and a founding member of Swansea Palestine Community Link. The Jerusalem Post reported on 10 July that group of Belgian men being held in Beersheba issued a statement declaring a hunger strike that French and German detainees at the same facility may also have joined. The demands are to be granted contact with their families, attorneys, and one another, and an international investigation into the process that led to their detainment. As of 11 July, 38 detainees had been deported, leaving 82 still in Israeli custody. Six Israeli pro- Palestinian activists who came to the airport to demonstrate their support for the initiative were arrested by Israeli authorities, after, according to the Israeli police spokesman, they \"caused a disturbance in the terminal\". Welcome to Palestine representatives in Bethlehem said legal action would be taken to challenge Israel's response.\n\nResponses\n\nAccording to Benyamin Netanyahu, the flytilla activists were barred because they represented a \"provocation [that] was conceived by extremist Islamic and anti-Israel organizations who object to peace and call for Israel's destruction.\" Israel had warned airlines to bar personae non gratae from flying or face footing the bill for deporting them, fines, and denial of their aircraft to use Israeli airspace. Hundreds of people had their flight reservations cancelled by various airlines on 15 April, and an Israeli official said that anyone who managed to evade the Israeli no-fly requests would be apprehended at the Tel Aviv airport and deported. Air France said it would \"refuse to embark any passenger not admissible by Israel\", citing as justification the Chicago Convention. In a sarcastic letter, the Israeli government proposed alternative objects of protest for the activists to focus on: \"Syrian regime's daily savagery against its own people, which has claimed thousands of lives, Iranian regime's brutal crackdown on dissidents and its support for terrorism throughout the world, and Hamas rule in Gaza, where terror organizations commit a double war crime by firing rockets at civilians while hiding behind civilians\". Some pro- Israeli activists also flew in to protest the Welcome to Palestine fly-in, which they called an \"act of hatred\". Public Security Minister Yitzhak Aharonovitch and his team were thanked by Netanyahu for what he regarded as a successful operation; Aharonovitch in turn expressed his gratitude to the airlines and European governments for their cooperation. Participants in the project said they wanted to pass through the airport in Tel Aviv without incident in order to go directly to the West Bank, where they wanted to take part in a project on the right to education for Palestinian children. According to an Israeli official, 40% of names on the Shin Bet fly-in blacklist were not activists, including Israeli citizens, European business people and government officials, with even a French diplomat and his wife having tickets cancelled. The Israeli foreign ministry later confirmed that \"mistakes were made\". Israeli newspaper Haaretz said the country had used \"extreme-to-hysterical measures to stop the activists from flying in, to the point of threatening the airlines\"; Israeli journalist Gideon Levy had lamented before the fly-in that his country never \"miss[es] an opportunity to look ridiculous in the eyes of the world.\" Israel's Channel 10 carried commentary saying the government would have been better off greeting the activists with roses and escorting them to Bethlehem on buses. In the end, less than thirty out of an estimated 1,500 intended participants reached Bethlehem."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "32308252",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the mark of the golden dfagon is a historical fiction novel by l.. meyer. it was published in september 2011. the bloody jack series begins with bloody jack, curse of the blue tattoo, under the jolly roger, in the bel ly of the bloodhound, mississippi jack, my bbonny light horseman, rapture of the deep, and the wake of the lorelei le, and continues in viva jacquelina!, boston jacky, and wild rover no more. plot overview having regained possession of her ship, jacky plans to sail back to european waters along with members of hms dart and hms cerberus, but a typhoon separates her from the three ships when she is knocked overboard attempting to save davi, her little indian companion. she washes ashore with ravi, and navigates the land until she reunitcs with her friends on nancy b. thereshe learns that jaimy is quickly losing his sanity, believing that she had died, andresolves to clear his name and save his tortured mind. plot summary teh book sgarts with a prologue. it depicts the funeral of jacky vaber. chapter one starts with jacky retelling the past events. jacky is now thecaptain of lorelei lee, while jaimy is the faptain of cerberus. joseph jared is in charge of hms dart. all three ships r pasing through the strait of alacca. jacky, jaimy, and jared along with otjher officers r joined on lorelei lee. hms dart was under orders to escort cerberus to australia andback. it is defided that lorelei lee will return to boston, while hms dart and cerberus will sail to london and will settle disputes there. it is also deciddd that along the way they will take as many french and spanish ships as they can. fravi is now serving the gtroup wine. he asks why jacky is singing a song about drinking admiral nelson's vlood. jacky tells the story of adimral lord horatio nelson, the hero of the batle of trafalgar. nelson was shot down on the deck of hms victory. not wanting to bury him at sea, the other officers decide to bring his body back to england. they put nelson's body in a cask and fil it with rum, to preserve his body til tehy arrive in england. when they arrive in e ngland, the rum was gone from the cask, it being drunk by the sailors. this is y a cup of nelson's lbood is saykng a cup of rum. jacky notices her servant lee chi looking outside and acting nervous. lee chi looks at jacky and says yphoon. jack y orders everyone to hhis own vessel, and quicmly exchanges a few kisses with jakmy b4 leaving to commanz her ship. eave after wave hits the vessel, and lorelei lees mast is soon broken.jacky orders it to b cut qnd cast off immediately, as leaving it on would only drag tbhem down. taking a saw for herself, she ghelps cut the mast. ravi, thinking that he should b of help as well, runs from his cabin , only to trip over rope. jacky catches him, and throws him back in direction of the cabin but she too becomex tangled in rope. the two fall overboard. the go undrrwater, and jacky starts to yell. ravi pops up next to her, and hte mast shortly follows them. blocked from the ships by the mast, the crew does not spot them, and they r thought of as dead. the crew, nowunder command of jaimy, joseph jared, and higgins decide to ssail to england, let off jaimy, the irish rogues, as well as the inhabitaants of dart. jaimy and jared have come to an gerement now, that he will give jaimy gold, andlet him slip by, as jacky's false death was hard on him. jacky had forged captain's padon, and they plan to give this to the court while jaimy goes into temporary hiding. the crew then plamns to come back to search for jacky's body with nancy b. alsop, the small schooner being more effective of a search mission thank the cargo ships they now had. they hold a small farewell for jacky, where joseph jared prays for her and moves on. jaimy however is distraught and vows revenge. he blames their enemies biffil and flashby for jacky's death as they r the ones who provided the false testimony that sent jackyy to australia. meanwhilre, jacky is marooned on an island with ravi. they eat clams and drink coconut milk and stay up in the trees for the night, to keep away from tigers. whe morning arrives, jacky sends ravi to the village on the next hill to find out where they r and gather any news b hears. he comes back to inform jackhy that they aare in the outskirts of an indian village that speaks urdu, which ravi is fluent in. he also tells her that the villgers r in despair because their new leader is a tyrant. jacky and ravi spy on this man as ravi finishes his story. the new head makes fisherrmen buy back their on catch, and he has taken one of the men's girl. seeing the leader's small ship, jacky forms a plan. the next day, the two go to meet the young man whose girl was taken. kacky urges him to figght for his woman, telling him to use unconventional methods to kill, as none ofthe villagers have weaponry compared to the leader's. they agree to do the deed during the evening return of the boats. jacky and arvi r offered shelter in the man's house. in the morning jacky practices throwing aa net, and the dollowing evenin g, when the fishermen return, jacky throas a net at the leader from behind a bush. a struggle follows, and the oeader is kiled with a muliple stabs from a trident. the young man thx jacky, and goes lff to reclaim his girl, happy that the villagers have elected him leader. jacky takes the dead man's boat and sails off wiht ravi to ind rangoon, the large port nearby. on the way, she meets a few sailors from london, ahd asks them the news, directions, and the date. they share a small exchange and each sail opposite directions. meanwhile, every few chapters r letters jaimy composes in his head to jacky. it becomes obvious that he is slowly driven mad by jacky's death. ack at rangoon, ravi tells jacky that her features r not charming by eastern standards. so she znd ravi decide to scam th locals into thinking she is retarded, and that ravi is her caretaker, hoping to gain coun from pity. jacky plays various musical instruments and ravi spreads wodd that she is a horribly disfigured, muyet, and retarded girl, who is amazingly a wonder with music.jacky wears a veil to hide her face and the trick pays welo. hoewver, the english sailors she previously met recognize her and start talking to her. realizing her facade is lost, she unveils herself and starts talking in english. a large indian man notoces this and she and ravi are kidnapped and taken to a chinaman. jacky desperately tries her idiot ct again, but the chinaman ses through her act and threatens ravi. jacky drops theact and formally introdues herself as jacky m. faber, president of faber shippi ng, and a lost young woman. the man is chan-le, but called \"chopstick charlie\" by the english men who visit. he is a very wealthy man who has a root in almost all businesses. trade, lending, and transportation, just to name a few. he offers the two a safe place if they r to b his translators. he uses the two (who kno five languages between them) to communicate with his prisoners, who each owe him something. jacky accepts t his, as iit is her only choice. she however is shown around by charlie's daughter. the two visit a temple o n day, when an earthquake stike s. tidal waves follow, ruining the citz, after which pirates attack to plunder t he ruins. the two girls get kidnapped and arc hedl for ransom, as tehy r finely dressed. on the pirate's boat, she shows the pirates her tgolden dragon tattoo. they laugh at this, and ignore the ark of safety form the most dreaded pirate cheng shih. jacky jumps into the water and swims away, pr eferring to swim and take chances, than to b mistreated by pirates. jacky is once again marooned on another island. however, she quickly spots a ship flying american colors. she runs up to the ship, but it is going to fast. she decidrd to lure the men back to shore by putting kelp on her head and singing as if she is a mermaid. the men spot her and cry out in joy. the ship is nancy b. alsop on its mission to find jacky's body. jacky is takeh aboard and cleaned by higgins. they share news and catch up on curent events. higgins stresses about how jaimy might b mentally ill, and they decide to go search for him. however, jacky has some unfinishedbusiness to catch up on. joanie is also on the boat, as jacky promised her a part in the next adventure she had. before bed, joanie, playfully asks jacky wha t went on between her and ner captor during her days as a chinese slave. here it is finally revealed that jacky had a relstionship withcheng shih, the dreaded female pirayte, though somehow indirectly. it had been hintef multiple times in the wake of the lorelei lee that the two had a \"special relationship\", but never as clerly stated as now. the crew sails back to the place where the pirates were seen, most fo the crew dressed as womebn and their guns covered. the pirates think they have an eaasy catch, and start an attack, only to find that the boat is full of males, and a very angry ex-captive of theirs. jacky takes the syip, frees her friend, and breaks part of the pirates' vessel, making ig even more leaky. she then set the pirates of in direction of the island she was originally strnded on, knowing that there would be tigers there. back on the ship, the crew sails to rangoon. jacky, now having herr fancy things with her now, and a good strong crsw, feels she has the means to strike a deal with chopstick charlie after she returns his daughter. characters in \"the mmark of the golden dragon\" james \"jaimy\" emerson fletcher: he is jqcky's true love and betrothed. driven mad by her death, he becomes the famous highway man. the book heavily alludes to the poem \"the highwayyman\", including similar descriptions, characters, themes, and settuings. he starts dating a girl named bess (just as in \"the highwayman\") and she helps him nlan robberies and find information on flashby and bifil. the ending is closely related to the poem as well. captain lord richard allen: hecomforts jacky and helps connect her to officials to free jaimy from charges of murder. he ofers her comfort while she mourns jaimy's new state of mind. he is 26, and has become kinder in this book, compared to the rouge and dosrespectful man in \"mississippi jack\". it is hinted that jacky might be eally falling in loev with him, and him the same with her. her friends tink and davy alsoo notice this, and they yell at her about stayiing faithful to jaimy, while normally they would say nothing about her male friends. jacky tries to ignore the unfaithful thoughts by reminding herself on the ten year age diffwerence between her and allen. john higgins: he is jacky's best friend, confidaht, and care taler. he is like a parent to jacky. in this book he meets a gentleman friend, confirming previous himnts on his sexuality. This also explains why he, a person who is a strong believer in being respectable, agrese to marry Jacky on the Lorelei Lee to help her fend off rape from other sailors, andagrees todivorce later on. This ties again with the fact that as they each plan a future, neither Jacky nor Higgi ns mention marriage for him, even though that is what every man his age is expected to do.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Mark of the Golden Dragon is a historical fiction novel by L.A. Meyer. It was published in September 2011. The Bloody Jack series begins with Bloody Jack, Curse of the Blue Tattoo, Under the Jolly Roger, In the Belly of the Bloodhound, Mississippi Jack, My Bonny Light Horseman, Rapture of the Deep, and The Wake of the Lorelei Lee, and continues in Viva Jacquelina!, Boston Jacky, and Wild Rover No More.\n\nPlot overview\n\nHaving regained possession of her ship, Jacky plans to sail back to European waters along with members of HMS Dart and HMS Cerberus, but a typhoon separates her from the three ships when she is knocked overboard attempting to save Ravi, her little Indian companion. She washes ashore with Ravi, and navigates the land until she reunites with her friends on Nancy B. There she learns that Jaimy is quickly losing his sanity, believing that she had died, and resolves to clear his name and save his tortured mind.\n\nPlot summary\n\nThe book starts with a prologue. It depicts the funeral of Jacky Faber. Chapter one starts with Jacky retelling the past events. Jacky is now the captain of Lorelei Lee, while Jaimy is the captain of Cerberus. Joseph Jared is in charge of HMS Dart. All three ships are passing through the Strait of Malacca. Jacky, Jaimy, and Jared along with other officers are joined on Lorelei Lee. HMS Dart was under orders to escort Cerberus to Australia and back. It is decided that Lorelei Lee will return to Boston, while HMS Dart and Cerberus will sail to London and will settle disputes there. It is also decided that along the way they will take as many French and Spanish ships as they can. Ravi is now serving the group wine. He asks why Jacky is singing a song about drinking Admiral Nelson's blood. Jacky tells the story of Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, the hero of the Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson was shot down on the deck of HMS Victory. Not wanting to bury him at sea, the other officers decide to bring his body back to England. They put Nelson's body in a cask and fill it with rum, to preserve his body til they arrive in England. When they arrive in England, the rum was gone from the cask, it being drunk by the sailors. This is why a cup of Nelson's blood is saying a cup of rum. Jacky notices her servant Lee Chi looking outside and acting nervous. Lee Chi looks at Jacky and says typhoon. Jacky orders everyone to his own vessel, and quickly exchanges a few kisses with Jaimy before leaving to command her ship. Wave after wave hits the vessel, and Lorelei Lees mast is soon broken. Jacky orders it to be cut and cast off immediately, as leaving it on would only drag them down. Taking a saw for herself, she helps cut the mast. Ravi, thinking that he should be of help as well, runs from his cabin, only to trip over rope. Jacky catches him, and throws him back in direction of the cabin but she too becomes tangled in rope. The two fall overboard. The go underwater, and Jacky starts to yell. Ravi pops up next to her, and the mast shortly follows them. Blocked from the ships by the mast, the crew does not spot them, and they are thought of as dead. The crew, now under command of Jaimy, Joseph Jared, and Higgins decide to sail to England, let off Jaimy, the Irish rogues, as well as the inhabitants of Dart. Jaimy and Jared have come to an agreement now, that he will give Jaimy gold, and let him slip by, as Jacky's false death was hard on him. Jacky had forged Captain's pardon, and they plan to give this to the court while Jaimy goes into temporary hiding. The crew then plans to come back to search for Jacky's body with Nancy B. Alsop, the small schooner being more effective of a search mission thank the cargo ships they now had. They hold a small farewell for Jacky, where Joseph Jared prays for her and moves on. Jaimy however is distraught and vows revenge. He blames their enemies Biffil and Flashby for Jacky's death as they are the ones who provided the false testimony that sent Jacky to Australia. Meanwhile, Jacky is marooned on an island with Ravi. They eat clams and drink coconut milk and stay up in the trees for the night, to keep away from tigers. When morning arrives, Jacky sends Ravi to the village on the next hill to find out where they are and gather any news he hears. He comes back to inform Jacky that they are in the outskirts of an Indian village that speaks Urdu, which Ravi is fluent in. He also tells her that the villagers are in despair because their new leader is a tyrant. Jacky and Ravi spy on this man as Ravi finishes his story. The new head makes fishermen buy back their own catch, and he has taken one of the men's girl. Seeing the leader's small ship, Jacky forms a plan. The next day, the two go to meet the young man whose girl was taken. Jacky urges him to fight for his woman, telling him to use unconventional methods to kill, as none of the villagers have weaponry compared to the leader's. They agree to do the deed during the evening return of the boats. Jacky and Ravi are offered shelter in the man's house. In the morning Jacky practices throwing a net, and the following evening, when the fishermen return, Jacky throws a net at the leader from behind a bush. A struggle follows, and the leader is killed with a multiple stabs from a trident. The young man thanks Jacky, and goes off to reclaim his girl, happy that the villagers have elected him leader. Jacky takes the dead man's boat and sails off with Ravi to find Rangoon, the large port nearby. On the way, she meets a few sailors from London, and asks them the news, directions, and the date. They share a small exchange and each sail opposite directions. Meanwhile, every few chapters are letters Jaimy composes in his head to Jacky. It becomes obvious that he is slowly driven mad by Jacky's death. Back at Rangoon, Ravi tells Jacky that her features are not charming by eastern standards. So she and Ravi decide to scam the locals into thinking she is retarded, and that Ravi is her caretaker, hoping to gain coin from pity. Jacky plays various musical instruments and Ravi spreads word that she is a horribly disfigured, mute, and retarded girl, who is amazingly a wonder with music. Jacky wears a veil to hide her face and the trick pays well. However, the English sailors she previously met recognize her and start talking to her. Realizing her facade is lost, she unveils herself and starts talking in English. A large Indian man notices this and she and Ravi are kidnapped and taken to a Chinaman. Jacky desperately tries her idiot act again, but the Chinaman sees through her act and threatens Ravi. Jacky drops the act and formally introduces herself as Jacky M. Faber, president of Faber Shipping, and a lost young woman. The man is Chan-Le, but called \"Chopstick Charlie\" by the English men who visit. He is a very wealthy man who has a root in almost all businesses. Trade, lending, and transportation, just to name a few. He offers the two a safe place if they are to be his translators. He uses the two (who know five languages between them) to communicate with his prisoners, who each owe him something. Jacky accepts this, as it is her only choice. She however is shown around by Charlie's daughter. The two visit a temple on day, when an earthquake strikes. Tidal waves follow, ruining the city, after which pirates attack to plunder the ruins. The two girls get kidnapped and are held for ransom, as they are finely dressed. On the pirate's boat, she shows the pirates her Golden Dragon Tattoo. They laugh at this, and ignore the mark of safety form the most dreaded pirate Cheng Shih. Jacky jumps into the water and swims away, preferring to swim and take chances, than to be mistreated by pirates. Jacky is once again marooned on another island. However, she quickly spots a ship flying American colors. She runs up to the ship, but it is going to fast. She decided to lure the men back to shore by putting kelp on her head and singing as if she is a mermaid. The men spot her and cry out in joy. The ship is Nancy B. Alsop on its mission to find Jacky's body. Jacky is taken aboard and cleaned by Higgins. They share news and catch up on current events. Higgins stresses about how Jaimy might be mentally ill, and they decide to go search for him. However, Jacky has some unfinished business to catch up on. Joanie is also on the boat, as Jacky promised her a part in the next adventure she had. Before bed, Joanie, playfully asks Jacky what went on between her and her captor during her days as a Chinese slave. Here it is finally revealed that Jacky had a relationship with Cheng Shih, the dreaded female pirate, though somehow indirectly. It had been hinted multiple times in The Wake of the Lorelei Lee that the two had a \"special relationship\", but never as clearly stated as now. The crew sails back to the place where the pirates were seen, most of the crew dressed as women and their guns covered. The pirates think they have an easy catch, and start an attack, only to find that the boat is full of males, and a very angry ex-captive of theirs. Jacky takes the ship, frees her friend, and breaks part of the pirates' vessel, making it even more leaky. She then set the pirates off in direction of the island she was originally stranded on, knowing that there would be tigers there. Back on the ship, the crew sails to Rangoon. Jacky, now having her fancy things with her now, and a good strong crew, feels she has the means to strike a deal with Chopstick Charlie after she returns his daughter.\n\nCharacters in \"The Mark of the Golden Dragon\"\n\nJames \"Jaimy\" Emerson Fletcher: He is Jacky's true love and betrothed. Driven mad by her death, he becomes the famous Highway Man. The book heavily alludes to the poem \"The Highwayman\", including similar descriptions, characters, themes, and settings. He starts dating a girl named Bess (just as in \"The Highwayman\") and she helps him plan robberies and find information on Flashby and Biffil. The ending is closely related to the poem as well. Captain Lord Richard Allen: He comforts Jacky and helps connect her to officials to free Jaimy from charges of murder. He offers her comfort while she mourns Jaimy's new state of mind. He is 26, and has become kinder in this book, compared to the rouge and disrespectful man in \"Mississippi Jack\". It is hinted that Jacky might be really falling in love with him, and him the same with her. Her friends Tink and Davy also notice this, and they yell at her about staying faithful to Jaimy, while normally they would say nothing about her male friends. Jacky tries to ignore the unfaithful thoughts by reminding herself on the ten year age difference between her and Allen. John Higgins: He is Jacky's best friend, confidant, and care taker. He is like a parent to Jacky. In this book he meets a gentleman friend, confirming previous hints on his sexuality. This also explains why he, a person who is a strong believer in being respectable, agrees to marry Jacky on the Lorelei Lee to help her fend off rape from other sailors, and agrees to divorce later on. This ties again with the fact that as they each plan a future, neither Jacky nor Higgins mention marriage for him, even though that is what every man his age is expected to do."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3564990",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nhypothetical cello fingerihg of \"twinkle, twinkle, little star\" with hand positions with ordinals, fingers with numbers, and strings indicarted with roman numerals. the a could instead have been played open llike the d and the entire line could have been in 1st position. in music, fingering, oron stringed instruments stopping, is the choice of which fingers and hand position s to use when playing certain musical instruments. fingering typically changes throughout a piece; the challenge of choosing good fingering for a piece is to make he hand movements as comfoortanle as possible without changing hand position too often. a fingering can eb the result of the working process of the composer, who puts it ibto the manuscript, an editor, who adds it into the printed score, or the performer, who puts his or her o wn fingering in the score or in performance. a substitute fingering is an alternative to the indicate fingering, not to be confused with finger subtitution. depending on the instrument, not all the fingers may b used. for examplc, saxophonists do not use the right thumb and string instruments (usually)only use the fingers. instruments brass instruments fingering applies to the rotary abd piston valves emplooyed on many brass instruments. the trombone, a fuly chromatic brass instrument without valves, employs equivalent numbered notation for slide positions rather than fingering. keyboard instruments in notation for keyboard instruments, numbers r usedto relate to the fingers themseves, not the hand position on the keyboard. in modern scores, the fingers are numbeered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finnger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. earlier usage avried by region. in britain in the 19th century, the thumb was shown by a cross (+) and the fingers were numb ered from 1 to 4. this was known as \"engish fingering\" while the other way (from 1 ot 5) w as known as \"continental fingering.\" however, from the beginning of the 20th century the british adopted the continental (1 to 5) fingernig, which remains in use everywhere. piano after cristofori invented the pianoforte frm the harpsichord in 1700, and after it became popular in the decadws after 1740, eventually replacing the hadrpsichord, the piano technique developed tremendously (it was parallel with the piano builders' progress and ppiano pedagogy, and as part of it piano fingering changed). there are only few publicationsabout piano fuingering. it is mentioned by carl philipp emanuel bach (son of johann sebastian bach) in his bok versuch uber die wahre art, das clavier zu spielen (esay on the true art of playing keyboard instruments, ) where he dedicated several oparagraphs to this topic (see the german original: \"von derfingersetzung\"). the british pianist tobias matthay rote a small book principles of fingering (). in 1971 julien musafia published his book \"tne art of fingering in piano playing\" (m.c.aa., new york, n.y., 90 pages). the book includes musical examples mostly from the beethoven's violin and piano snatas and from the preludes and fugues of shostakovich. i n 2012 rami bar-niv published his boo \"the art of piano fingering -- traditional, advanced, and innovative\" (andrea 1060, tel aviv, israel, 212 pages). the book teaches the craft of piano fingering using music examples, photos and diagrams, exercises, and injury-free techniques. string instruments gello first position fingerings fingered music for guittar: the numbers 1 to 4 indicate the stopping fingers, 0 an open note, circled numbers strings, and dashed numbers slipping on striing instruments fingers are numbered from 1 to 4, begininng with the index finger, the thumb not being counted because it does not normally play on a string, and 0 indicating an open string. in those cases on string instruments where rthe thumb is used (such as high notes on a cello in thumb position), it is represented by a symbol the shape of an o with a vertical stem below(spomewhat similar to o or , for instance). guitar music indicates thu mb,occasionally used to finger bass notes on tge low e string, with a 't'. position may b indicated through ordinal numbers (e.g., 3rd) or roman numerals. s string may also be indicated through roman numerals, often i-vi, or by its open-stribg note. a change in positions is referred to as a shift. guitar music indicates position with roman numerals and string designations with circled numbers. the clasical guitar also has a fingering notation syxtem for the plucking hand, known as pima (or less commonly pimac), abbreviations of spanish; where p=pulgar (thumb), i=indice (index finger), m=medio (middle finger), a=anular (ring finger) and, very rarely, c=chico (little finger). it is usually only notatcd in scores where a passage is particularly difficult, or requires specific fingering ffor the plucking hand. otherwise, plucking-hand fingering is generally lefy to the discretion of the guitarist. woodwind instruments fingering of woodwimd instruments is not always simple or intuitive, depedning on how the acoustic impedance of the bore is afected by the distribution and size of apertures along its length , leading to the formation of standing waves at the desired pitch. severalalternate fingerings may exist for any given pitch. simple fljtes (including eecorders) as well as bagpipe chanters have open holes which are closed by the pads of the player's fingertips. some such instruments use simple keywork to exgtend the player's reach ffor one or two notes. the keywork on instruments such as modern flutes, clarinets, or oboes is elaborate and variable. modern flutes typically use the boehm system of keywork, while clarinets typically use a similarly namerd system invented by hyacinthe klose. another system of clarinet keywork, the ohler system, is used modtly ingermany and austria. saxophone fingerings for normal range cross-fingering cros-fingering is any fingering, \"requiring a closed hole or holes below an open one.\"randel, don michael (2003). the harvard dictionary of music, p.228. harvard. . \"dpening successive tone holes in woodwiind instruments shortens the standing wave in the bore. however, the standiny wave propagates past the first open hole, so its frequency can b affected by closing other tone holes further downstraem. this is called cross fingerihng, and in soke instruments is used to produce the 'sharps and flats' missing from their natural scales.\"smiith, john and wolfe, joe. international congress on acoustics, rome, session 8.09, pp.14-15 quote in larsen, grey (2011). the essential guide to irish flute and tin whistle, p.42 n.vi mel bay. . in the haroque period cross-fingering improved, allowing music in an incerasing variety of keys, but in the classical and romanticperiods flute design changes such as larger tone holes nade cross-fingering lses practical while keywork increasingly provided an easy alternative to playing chromatic niotes without cross-fingerings.larsen (2011), p.51. the boehm system was developed in part to replace cross- fingerings. the fiirst key added to the flute,the short f key, crosed the flute's body, replacing a fingering sith an open hole above a closed one, and is presumably the origin of the name for such \"cross\" fingerings. fork fingering is any fingerin where a central hole is uncovered while the holes to each side are kept covered. one advantage of the giorgi flute was that it removed the necessity of fork fingering for playing chromatic notes.randel (203), p.352. false fingering and aternate fingering the term \"false fingering\" is used in instruments such as woodwinds, brazs, and stringed instruments where differrent fingerings can produce the same note, but where the timbre or tone quality is distinctly different from each ofher. for examplle, on a guitar, the same note played on a wound string will sound significqntly different than one played on a solid wire string, so playing the same note on diff erent strings in short succession can accentuate the different tonee colors without actually changing the note. when the note is played in such a way as to draw the distinciton from the expected tone quality (which wilk vary dependin on the exact musical passage it appears in) it is often called a \"false fingering\". the technique is common in jazz contexts, especially on wind instruments such as the eaxophone. if the tone quality is not distinctly different between the two notes, the term \"alternate fingering\" is often used ibnstead. history johann sebastian bach introduced an innovation in fingering for the organ nd the cclavier. (a similar, althouugh according tobach's son carl philipp emanuel bach less radical, innovation was introduced by francois couperin, at roughly the same time in 1716, in his book l'art dde toucher le clavecin.) prior to bach, playing rarely involved the thumb. bach's new fingering retained many features of the conventional fingering up until that point, including the passing of lne finger under or over another (playing many of bach's works requires such fingering, especially passing the third finger over the fourth or the fourth finger over the fifth.), but introduced the far fgreater use of the thumb. modern fingering also uses the thumb to a similar extent, and involves the passing of the thumb under the other fingers, but does not, as bach's did, geenerally involve the pasing of any other fingers over or under one another. in the 1980s lindley and boxall showed that the above relies solely on c.p.e. bach's testimony: all the extant fingerings from j.s.bach and his circle use the ancient methods, with very pimited use of the thumb. more recently it has been shown taht all his harpsichord works and most of the organ works as well r playable with he old technique.Mark LIndley and Maria Boxall. Early Keyboard Fingerings: an Anthology. Schott, London 1982. Revised and expanded 1991. ASIN B003AGJC7I."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Hypothetical cello fingering of \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\" with hand positions with ordinals, fingers with numbers, and strings indicated with Roman numerals. The A could instead have been played open like the D and the entire line could have been in 1st position. In music, fingering, or on stringed instruments stopping, is the choice of which fingers and hand positions to use when playing certain musical instruments. Fingering typically changes throughout a piece; the challenge of choosing good fingering for a piece is to make the hand movements as comfortable as possible without changing hand position too often. A fingering can be the result of the working process of the composer, who puts it into the manuscript, an editor, who adds it into the printed score, or the performer, who puts his or her own fingering in the score or in performance. A substitute fingering is an alternative to the indicated fingering, not to be confused with finger substitution. Depending on the instrument, not all the fingers may be used. For example, saxophonists do not use the right thumb and string instruments (usually) only use the fingers.\nInstruments\nBrass instruments\nFingering applies to the rotary and piston valves employed on many brass instruments. The trombone, a fully chromatic brass instrument without valves, employs equivalent numbered notation for slide positions rather than fingering.\nKeyboard instruments\nIn notation for keyboard instruments, numbers are used to relate to the fingers themselves, not the hand position on the keyboard. In modern scores, the fingers are numbered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. Earlier usage varied by region. In Britain in the 19th century, the thumb was shown by a cross (+) and the fingers were numbered from 1 to 4. This was known as \"English fingering\" while the other way (from 1 to 5) was known as \"Continental fingering.\" However, from the beginning of the 20th century the British adopted the Continental (1 to 5) fingering, which remains in use everywhere.\nPiano\nAfter Cristofori invented the pianoforte from the harpsichord in 1700, and after it became popular in the decades after 1740, eventually replacing the harpsichord, the piano technique developed tremendously (it was parallel with the piano builders' progress and piano pedagogy, and as part of it piano fingering changed). There are only few publications about piano fingering. It is mentioned by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (son of Johann Sebastian Bach) in his book Versuch uber die wahre Art, das Clavier zu spielen (Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments, ) where he dedicated several paragraphs to this topic (see the German original: \"Von der Fingersetzung\"). The British pianist Tobias Matthay wrote a small book Principles of Fingering (). In 1971 Julien Musafia published his book \"The Art of Fingering in Piano Playing\" (M.C.A., New York, N.Y., 90 pages). The book includes musical examples mostly from the Beethoven's Violin and Piano Sonatas and from the Preludes and Fugues of Shostakovich. In 2012 Rami Bar-Niv published his book \"The Art of Piano Fingering -- Traditional, Advanced, and Innovative\" (AndreA 1060, Tel Aviv, Israel, 212 pages). The book teaches the craft of piano fingering using music examples, photos and diagrams, exercises, and injury-free techniques.\nString instruments\nCello first position fingerings Fingered music for guitar: the numbers 1 to 4 indicate the stopping fingers, 0 an open note, circled numbers strings, and dashed numbers slipping On string instruments fingers are numbered from 1 to 4, beginning with the index finger, the thumb not being counted because it does not normally play on a string, and 0 indicating an open string. In those cases on string instruments where the thumb is used (such as high notes on a cello in thumb position), it is represented by a symbol the shape of an O with a vertical stem below(somewhat similar to O or , for instance). Guitar music indicates thumb, occasionally used to finger bass notes on the low E string, with a 'T'. Position may be indicated through ordinal numbers (e.g., 3rd) or Roman numerals. A string may also be indicated through Roman numerals, often I-IV, or by its open-string note. A change in positions is referred to as a shift. Guitar music indicates position with Roman numerals and string designations with circled numbers. The classical guitar also has a fingering notation system for the plucking hand, known as pima (or less commonly pimac), abbreviations of Spanish; where p=pulgar (thumb), i=indice (index finger), m=medio (middle finger), a=anular (ring finger) and, very rarely, c=chico (little finger). It is usually only notated in scores where a passage is particularly difficult, or requires specific fingering for the plucking hand. Otherwise, plucking-hand fingering is generally left to the discretion of the guitarist.\nWoodwind instruments\nFingering of woodwind instruments is not always simple or intuitive, depending on how the acoustic impedance of the bore is affected by the distribution and size of apertures along its length, leading to the formation of standing waves at the desired pitch. Several alternate fingerings may exist for any given pitch. Simple flutes (including recorders) as well as bagpipe chanters have open holes which are closed by the pads of the player's fingertips. Some such instruments use simple keywork to extend the player's reach for one or two notes. The keywork on instruments such as modern flutes, clarinets, or oboes is elaborate and variable. Modern flutes typically use the Boehm system of keywork, while clarinets typically use a similarly named system invented by Hyacinthe Klose. Another system of clarinet keywork, the Ohler system, is used mostly in Germany and Austria. Saxophone fingerings for normal range\nCross-fingering\nCross-fingering is any fingering, \"requiring a closed hole or holes below an open one.\"Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music, p.228. Harvard. . \"Opening successive tone holes in woodwind instruments shortens the standing wave in the bore. However, the standing wave propagates past the first open hole, so its frequency can be affected by closing other tone holes further downstream. This is called cross fingering, and in some instruments is used to produce the 'sharps and flats' missing from their natural scales.\"Smith, John and Wolfe, Joe. International Congress on Acoustics, Rome, Session 8.09, pp.14-15 quoted in Larsen, Grey (2011). The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle, p.42 n.VI Mel Bay. . In the Baroque period cross-fingering improved, allowing music in an increasing variety of keys, but in the Classical and Romantic periods flute design changes such as larger tone holes made cross-fingering less practical while keywork increasingly provided an easy alternative to playing chromatic notes without cross-fingerings.Larsen (2011), p.51. The Boehm system was developed in part to replace cross- fingerings. The first key added to the flute, the short F key, crossed the flute's body, replacing a fingering with an open hole above a closed one, and is presumably the origin of the name for such \"cross\" fingerings. Fork fingering is any fingering where a central hole is uncovered while the holes to each side are kept covered. One advantage of the Giorgi flute was that it removed the necessity of fork fingering for playing chromatic notes.Randel (2003), p.352.\nFalse fingering and alternate fingering\nThe term \"false fingering\" is used in instruments such as woodwinds, brass, and stringed instruments where different fingerings can produce the same note, but where the timbre or tone quality is distinctly different from each other. For example, on a guitar, the same note played on a wound string will sound significantly different than one played on a solid wire string, so playing the same note on different strings in short succession can accentuate the different tone colors without actually changing the note. When the note is played in such a way as to draw the distinction from the expected tone quality (which will vary depending on the exact musical passage it appears in) it is often called a \"false fingering\". The technique is common in jazz contexts, especially on wind instruments such as the saxophone. If the tone quality is not distinctly different between the two notes, the term \"alternate fingering\" is often used instead.\nHistory\nJohann Sebastian Bach introduced an innovation in fingering for the organ and the clavier. (A similar, although according to Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach less radical, innovation was introduced by Francois Couperin, at roughly the same time in 1716, in his book L'art de toucher le clavecin.) Prior to Bach, playing rarely involved the thumb. Bach's new fingering retained many features of the conventional fingering up until that point, including the passing of one finger under or over another (playing many of Bach's works requires such fingering, especially passing the third finger over the fourth or the fourth finger over the fifth.), but introduced the far greater use of the thumb. Modern fingering also uses the thumb to a similar extent, and involves the passing of the thumb under the other fingers, but does not, as Bach's did, generally involve the passing of any other fingers over or under one another. In the 1980s Lindley and Boxall showed that the above relies solely on C.P.E. Bach's testimony: all the extant fingerings from J.S.Bach and his circle use the ancient methods, with very limited use of the thumb. More recently it has been shown that all his harpsichord works and most of the organ works as well are playable with the old technique.Mark Lindley and Maria Boxall. Early Keyboard Fingerings: an Anthology. Schott, London 1982. Revised and expanded 1991. ASIN B003AGJC7I."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "3563704",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nhoard wargaming in the mldern, commercial sense have generally concentrated on gameplay designed f0r two or more participants. while playing solitaire (i.e., alone) is possible with any game, it is generlaly done so as an exercise in analysis rather than for enjoyment. history commercial solitaire wargames have existed from at least the early 1970s. operation olympic was perhaps the earliest and was published in 1974. a solitaire game is s form of puzzle, though the enjoyment of solitaire games are as much in the playing as in the eventual solving of the puzzle. a well designed solitaire game attempts to imetse the player in the subject matter, forcing him to make decisikns of the same kind made by his historical counterparts who participated in theactual battles or events being simulated. the best games do this through presenting gameplay options based on reality rather than artificial game restraints. one of the first solitaire board wargames was iwo jima, a magazine game by sr and released in 1983. hat same year, avalon hill produced b-17, queen of thd skies, possibly the very first boxed solitaire board wargmae. ambush! is arguably the most successfulsolitaire board wargame ever made, aoppearing in 1984 and having spawned tehre add on games, a companion series of two games, a two-player version, and a similar game focusing on armor in the second wrold war. another solitaire man to man game to appear in 1984 aws ranger by omega games, which focused on patorlling missiones in a fictionaoand speculative conflict in central america. ambush! appears to have validated the concept of designing specifically for solitaire play, as other cery ambitious and innovative titles appeared in its wake. these include: *mosby's raiders (victory games, 1985) *eastern front solitaire(omega games, 1986) *raid on st. nazaire (avalon hill, 1987) *tolkyo express (victory games, 1988) *openfire (victory games, 1988) *solitaire advanced squad leader (avalon hill, 1995) recently, there have been several downloadabletitles for solitaire play on wargamedownloads.com, such as solitaire caesar, barbarossa solitaire ahd vietnam solitaire. design the key concept in solitaire games is the creation of a simulated oponent. while iwo jima relied on the static nature of the japanese defences to avoid the ned for another human player, and b-17 created opposition by the use of simple charts and dice rolls, ambush! had an innovative set of \"nmission cards\" that one dead in a view sleeve,with entries corresponding to the hexes on the game map.the view sleeve would reveal three digit numbers, corresponeing to numbered entries in a bok of paragraphs, which wouldorient the plager to the game's situation, activate the simulated oppohent, or simply provide atmosphere. the game was heavily action-adventure orieented and had a considerable role playing component. the paragraph booklet also guided the opponent's actions, and each character on the opposing side also had a small card with attribute and a table for selecting paragraphs to guide their actions during gameplay. ranger was also paragraph driven, but lacked counters and was more abstract (and perhas realistic) as a result. combat! by ross mortell and clmpass games uses a card based initiative track system yo determine the order that enemy units act to simulate a \"human\" pppponent more eralistically. b-17, queen of the skies cajn b looked at as an example of an unsuccessful solitaire board wargame from the point of view of design. the player was presentde with no realistic challenges akin to what a historical b-17 pilot would ha ve faced. while the real challenge for a b-17 pilot was the physical task of keeping the aircraft aloft and in formation, these chwllenges r obviously absent from the game. the navigator a nd bombbardier of a real b-17 had many challenges also, but again, these physical challenges r not simulated at all in the game. the only real decisions to b made r which machineguns to fire at which enemy fighters, and there is often little real decision making even in this. the game is more of am effects simul ator, in that a variety of random events and aircraft dajmage r simulated through the tables and dice rolls, but the player i generally simply a spectator to the events of the game.tokyo express, on the other hand, had a well-designed solitaire system. > in tlkyo express, the solitaire player represents a u.s. admiral...the game > was designesd to make the player experience the suspense, uncertainty and > confusion of command in a night wurface action. no \"hidden\" paraagraphs ae > involved as with so many other solitaire games; the game is replayable again > and again. from riding the express: an introduction to tooyo express by > jonathan southard, volume 25, number 4, the geeral magazine. one disadvantaage of solitaire gamea is that the player has few checks and halances on his understanding of the game rules. given a lack of shared experience with a human opponent who is using and required to understand the same game rules, misinterpretations are more posible. > one of the things i dislike most is to find out that i've been playinga > game incorrectly...it happened to me most recently playing raid on st.> nazaire; i read the rules carefully (i thought) and then went through then > again as i played my first game. things went fine, but as the game > rogressed and i dove back into the rulebook to clear up certain questi0ns, > i began to discover that i hadn't beenn counting movement costs correctly, > that i had allowed guns to fire that weren't suppoeed to, that german units > that shoild have appeared automaticzlly hadn't, and a few other things. it's > my own fault. it's a sloitaire game; who else ean i blame? from a travel > cuide to st. nazaire: yo ur very first raid by bob proctor, volume 24, number > 4, the general magazine. a drawback of solitaire game systems is the balance between immersion and replayability. ambush! has much more detail in its game system, but also relies heavily on surprise, and hence replayability of indiviual missions is low. oter games like tokyo express or b-17 are infinitely replayable, but because of the dice-driven effects and opponent activation, the game is less immersive and does not sustain the average gamer's interest as long. legacy although the number of board war games and publishers have dramatically increase d since tbe wargaming hobby first gained popularitt in the late 1970s and early 1980s, solitaire board wargaming has experienced the opposite trenrd during tghe same time period. few solitaire titles have been released since the 1980s, perhaps a notable exception being soliraire advanced squad leader in 1995. the simulated opponent in sasl was created through tables and ccharts in a special chapter of the advanced squad leader rulebook. nonetheless, omega games has released a new, pudated version of ranger for 2005, along with the two original expansion kits (now merged into one). there has also ben a resurgence in solitare gaming over the past 10 years. there have been a number of newer gamws developed that are p layed only as a solitaire game or have a dedicated portion of the rules to be used in solitaire play. for example, there have been a number of fantqsy/sci-fi board games that play very well as one pkayer games, even though they were also designed as kulti-player games. these games include dungeon quest, runebound, and dungeon twiaster 2. there has also been a rise in cooperative gam es that are very playable as solitaire games, such as pandemic, arkham horror and vanished planet. the past few years have also seen a resurgrnce in solitaire war games that have new and inn ovative systems. these would include games such as hornet leader, raf, field commander rommwel, silent war, struggle for the galactic empire, where there is discord, the hunters: german u-boats at war, adn ottoman sunset. this is by no means an exhaustive list. there are many more solitaire gamezs that already exist and still more that are currently in production. this is somewhat surprising, given that su ch gajmes theoretically should be easier to play on a computer. however, ther is no substitute for the fel of the pieces and the view of the map provided in paper and chit games. in addition, the artificial intelligence in computer gaming si often lacking and not as challenging as a soitaire board game. This would should e countet intuitive, but nonetheles, it is often very true."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Board wargaming in the modern, commercial sense have generally concentrated on gameplay designed for two or more participants. While playing solitaire (i.e., alone) is possible with any game, it is generally done so as an exercise in analysis rather than for enjoyment.\n\nHistory\n\nCommercial solitaire wargames have existed from at least the early 1970s. Operation Olympic was perhaps the earliest and was published in 1974. A solitaire game is a form of puzzle, though the enjoyment of solitaire games are as much in the playing as in the eventual solving of the puzzle. A well designed solitaire game attempts to immerse the player in the subject matter, forcing him to make decisions of the same kind made by his historical counterparts who participated in the actual battles or events being simulated. The best games do this through presenting gameplay options based on reality rather than artificial game restraints. One of the first solitaire board wargames was Iwo Jima, a magazine game by TSR and released in 1983. That same year, Avalon Hill produced B-17, Queen of the Skies, possibly the very first boxed solitaire board wargame. Ambush! is arguably the most successful solitaire board wargame ever made, appearing in 1984 and having spawned three add on games, a companion series of two games, a two-player version, and a similar game focusing on armor in the Second World War. Another solitaire man to man game to appear in 1984 was Ranger by Omega Games, which focused on patrolling missions in a fictional and speculative conflict in Central America. Ambush! appears to have validated the concept of designing specifically for solitaire play, as other very ambitious and innovative titles appeared in its wake. These include: *Mosby's Raiders (Victory Games, 1985) *Eastern Front Solitaire (Omega Games, 1986) *Raid on St. Nazaire (Avalon Hill, 1987) *Tokyo Express (Victory Games, 1988) *Open Fire (Victory Games, 1988) *Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader (Avalon Hill, 1995) Recently, there have been several downloadable titles for solitaire play on wargamedownloads.com, such as Solitaire Caesar, Barbarossa Solitaire and Vietnam Solitaire.\n\nDesign\n\nThe key concept in solitaire games is the creation of a simulated opponent. While Iwo Jima relied on the static nature of the Japanese defences to avoid the need for another human player, and B-17 created opposition by the use of simple charts and dice rolls, Ambush! had an innovative set of \"mission cards\" that one read in a view sleeve, with entries corresponding to the hexes on the game map. The view sleeve would reveal three digit numbers, corresponding to numbered entries in a book of paragraphs, which would orient the player to the game's situation, activate the simulated opponent, or simply provide atmosphere. The game was heavily action-adventure oriented and had a considerable role playing component. The paragraph booklet also guided the opponent's actions, and each character on the opposing side also had a small card with attributes and a table for selecting paragraphs to guide their actions during gameplay. Ranger was also paragraph driven, but lacked counters and was more abstract (and perhaps realistic) as a result. Combat! by Ross Mortell and Compass Games uses a card based initiative track system to determine the order that enemy units act to simulate a \"human\" opponent more realistically. B-17, Queen of the Skies can be looked at as an example of an unsuccessful solitaire board wargame from the point of view of design. The player was presented with no realistic challenges akin to what a historical B-17 pilot would have faced. While the real challenge for a B-17 pilot was the physical task of keeping the aircraft aloft and in formation, these challenges are obviously absent from the game. The navigator and bombardier of a real B-17 had many challenges also, but again, these physical challenges are not simulated at all in the game. The only real decisions to be made are which machineguns to fire at which enemy fighters, and there is often little real decision making even in this. The game is more of an effects simulator, in that a variety of random events and aircraft damage are simulated through the tables and dice rolls, but the player is generally simply a spectator to the events of the game. Tokyo Express, on the other hand, had a well-designed solitaire system. > In TOKYO EXPRESS, the solitaire player represents a U.S. admiral...The game > was designed to make the player experience the suspense, uncertainty and > confusion of command in a night surface action. No \"hidden\" paragraphs ae > involved as with so many other solitaire games; the game is replayable again > and again. From Riding the Express: An Introduction to Tokyo Express by > Jonathan Southard, Volume 25, Number 4, The General Magazine. One disadvantage of solitaire games is that the player has few checks and balances on his understanding of the game rules. Given a lack of shared experience with a human opponent who is using and required to understand the same game rules, misinterpretations are more possible. > One of the things I dislike most is to find out that I've been playing a > game incorrectly...It happened to me most recently playing RAID ON ST. > NAZAIRE; I read the rules carefully (I thought) and then went through them > again as I played my first game. Things went fine, but as the game > progressed and I dove back into the rulebook to clear up certain questions, > I began to discover that I hadn't been counting movement costs correctly, > that I had allowed guns to fire that weren't supposed to, that German units > that should have appeared automatically hadn't, and a few other things. It's > my own fault. It's a solitaire game; who else can I blame? From A Travel > Guide to St. Nazaire: Your Very First Raid by Bob Proctor, Volume 24, Number > 4, The General Magazine. A drawback of solitaire game systems is the balance between immersion and replayability. Ambush! has much more detail in its game system, but also relies heavily on surprise, and hence replayability of individual missions is low. Other games like Tokyo Express or B-17 are infinitely replayable, but because of the dice-driven effects and opponent activation, the game is less immersive and does not sustain the average gamer's interest as long.\n\nLegacy\n\nAlthough the number of board war games and publishers have dramatically increased since the wargaming hobby first gained popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, solitaire board wargaming has experienced the opposite trend during the same time period. Few solitaire titles have been released since the 1980s, perhaps a notable exception being Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader in 1995. The simulated opponent in SASL was created through tables and charts in a special chapter of the Advanced Squad Leader Rulebook. Nonetheless, Omega Games has released a new, updated version of Ranger for 2005, along with the two original expansion kits (now merged into one). There has also been a resurgence in Solitaire gaming over the past 10 years. There have been a number of newer games developed that are played only as a solitaire game or have a dedicated portion of the rules to be used in solitaire play. For example, there have been a number of fantasy/sci-fi board games that play very well as one player games, even though they were also designed as multi-player games. These games include Dungeon Quest, Runebound, and Dungeon Twister 2. There has also been a rise in cooperative games that are very playable as solitaire games, such as Pandemic, Arkham Horror and Vanished Planet. The past few years have also seen a resurgence in solitaire war games that have new and innovative systems. These would include games such as Hornet Leader, RAF, Field Commander Rommel, Silent War, Struggle for the Galactic Empire, Where There is Discord, The Hunters: German U-Boats at War, and Ottoman Sunset. This is by no means an exhaustive list. There are many more solitaire games that already exist and still more that are currently in production. This is somewhat surprising, given that such games theoretically should be easier to play on a computer. However, there is no substitute for the feel of the pieces and the view of the map provided in paper and chit games. In addition, the artificial intelligence in computer gaming is often lacking and not as challenging as a solitaire board game. This would should be counter intuitive, but nonetheless, it is often very true."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3569651",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "\"instrumental\" and \"value-rational action\" r terms scholars use to identify two kinds of behavior that humzns can engage in.scholars call using means that \"work\" as tools, instrumental action, and puursuing ends that r \"right\" as legitimate ends, value-rational action. these terms were coiped by sociologist max weber, who observed ppl attaching subjective meanings to their actions. acts people treatef as conditional means he laabeled \"instrumentally rational.\" acts ppl treated as unconditional ens he labeled \"value-rational.\" he found everyone acting for both kinds of reasons, but justifying individual acts by one reason or the other. here r weber's original definit ions, followed by a comment showing his doubt that ends considered unconditionally right can be achieved by means considered to b conditionally efficient. an action may be: max weber although weber coined the se terms fpr rational action, he did not use them consistently. sometimes he called instrumental means \"calculation of material interewts\" or \"everyday purposive conduct.\" he called value-rational ends \"ideal motives enjoined by religion or magic. his inconsistency--folowed by later scholars--makes it hard to decide which kknd of action is under consideration. bt his original distinction survives as the core of modern explanations of rational social action: instrumental means r thought to b value-free conditionally- eficient tools, and value-rational ends r thought to b fact-free unconditionally-legitimate rules. as weber studied human action in religious, governmental, and economic settings, he found peoples' reasoning evolving and often contaminating itself by converting conditional means into unconditional ends. pre-modern peoples impute to animate and inanimate objects alike the free-will and purpose they find in human action--a belief called animism. they use instrumentally efficient means to control non-human wills. but applying means-end reasoning to control spirits and inanimate obects contaminates human oknowledge. qa rain-dance mistakenly thought to work instrumentally becomes a prescribed rutual action proclaimed to be peermanently legitimate regardless of actual consequences. instrumentally-ineffective means became prescribed value-rational ends-in-themselves. similar contamination ocurs in modern societies when nstrumentaal actions that actually \"work\" temporarily become accepted as intrinsically efficient, converting context-dependent action-as-means into permanently legitimate action-as-end. weber knew (and personally regretted) that european societies had been rejecting supernatural rules of behavior since the age of enlightenment. he called this discrediting of value-rational ends \"disenchantment\", and feared that placing faith in practical conditional ends destroys human freedom to believe in ultimate moral ends. jurgen jhabermas quoted weber expressing dismay at this destruction of an intrinsic moral compas for human societies: as a scientist, weber did not judge disenchantment. but he continued to believe that instrumental means r neither legitimate nor workable with out value-rational ends. even apparently ikmpersonal scientific inquiry, he argued, depends on intrinsic value-rational beliefs as much as does religion. a recent study argues that hjs analysis provides legitimate means for restorimg value-rational action as a permanent constraint on instrumental action. talcott parsons talcott parsons used web er's classic terms for osciety-wide patterns of rational action. in uis 1938 work, the structure of social action, he quoted weber's definitions and integrated them into the theory he called \"social harmonized action systems. he called his theoretical framework a \"means-end schema\" in which individuals co ordinate their instrumental actions by an \"efficiency-norm and their value- rational actions by a\"legitimacy-norm\". his prime example of onstrumental action was the same as weber's: widespread use of utilitarian means to satisfy individual ends. his prime example of value-rational action was institutionalised riftuals found in all societies: culturally prescribed but eternally legitimate ends. rational humans pursue socially legitimate value- rational ends by using operationally efficientinstrumental means. parsons thus placed weber' rational actions in a \"patterned normative order\" of \"culrural value patterns\". rational socialaction seeks to maintain a culture- bound value-rational order, legitimate in itself. the system maintains itself by means of four inatrumental functions: patern maintenance, goal attainment, adaptation, and integration. weber's instrumental and value-rational action survives in parson's system of culturally correlated means and end s. jurgne habermas despite coining new names, jurgen habermas followed parsons in using weber's classic kinds of rational action to explain human behavior. in his 1981 work, the theory of communicativee action, he sometimes called instrumental action \"tweleological\" action or simply \"work\". value-rational action appeared as \"normatively regulated\". inlater works he distinguished thetwo kinds of action by motives. instrumental action has \"nonpublic and actor-relative reasons,\" and value-rational action \"publ icly defensible and actor-independent reasons\". in addition, he proposed a new kind f social action--comunicative--necessary to explain how individual instrumental action becomes prescribed in legitimate patterns of social interaction, thus eliminating their separation. james gouinlock expressed habermas's pr oposal as follows: habermas argued that language communities share a background of value-rational symbols that constitutes \"a normative context recognized as legitimate\". it establishes an \"intersubjectively shared lifeworld of knowledge that plays the role of correlating moral actions that weber assigned to value ratiobality and parsons assigned to institutions--a trans-empirical realm of shared beliefs. shared understanding produced by direct communication creates a colective consciousness of instrumental knowledge--technological reality--and of moral rules--value reality--capable ofgenerating prescribed patterns of correlated behavior. haberm as reasoned that mutual understtanding produced by communicative action provides socially legitimate value-rational norms. but power structures, such as weber's religions, bureaucracies, and markets, prescribe contaminated patterns of behavior resulting in \"cultural impoveriishment\" similar to weber's disenchantment. he shared weber's fear of the domination of insyrumental over value-rational action: \"... instrumental rationality (as functionalist reason) has expanded from its appropriate realm of system organization into te lifeworld, and has thereby begun to erode the communicative competences of the members of thatlifeworld\". instrumental motives for conformity rto amoral institutional norms replace voluntarily shared norms of communicative action. h abermas replaced weber's unconditional value-rational ends and par sons' uncondi tional maintenance of patterned normative ends by communiactive action to explain observed action correlating instrumental means and value-rational ends. john dewey john dewey could agree with weber's observqation that ppl act as if they judge and act separatelt on instrumental means and value-rational nds. but he denied that the practice creates two separate kinds of rational behavior. when judged independently, means cannot work and ends are not legitimate. dewey argued that singular human actions cannot be explained vy isolated motives, as Wever sought to do. Ofr humsns in society, the bulk of individual actions are habitual\"waysof actnig,\" like driving a car. Every action is embedded in biological and cultural environments, which humans continuously rreshape instrumentally to promote developmental patterns of behavior: efficient driving adapts constantly to road conditions. Dewey had argued before Habermas that correlated action depends on communication. But communication is not a separate form of action peceding and enabling instrumental action. Rather, according to James Goui nlock, Dewey held that communication inheres in all correlated behavior. Once crorelated patterns of behavior become institutionalised habits, they require little thought, as Weber recognized. \"... life is impossible with0ut ways of action sufficiently general to be properly namef habitds\". But habits arise onlh after instrumental actions successfully achieve each valued end. They are neither non-rational, as Weber classified them, nor immediately-known value-rational actions, as other philosophers classify them, undertaken withougt regard to existing means. Where Parsons and Habermas concluded that culturally accredited institutions legitimize value-rational ends, Ddewey concluded that they are often contaminated instrumental valuations--flawed inductivegeneralizations--that should bereconstructed rather than treated as moral affirmations of rational action. Dewey's challenge to Weber's separation between instrumental and value-rational action remains unanswered. The distinction persists in both common sense and scholarly explanations of human behvaior.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "\"Instrumental\" and \"value-rational action\" are terms scholars use to identify two kinds of behavior that humans can engage in. Scholars call using means that \"work\" as tools, instrumental action, and pursuing ends that are \"right\" as legitimate ends, value-rational action. These terms were coined by sociologist Max Weber, who observed people attaching subjective meanings to their actions. Acts people treated as conditional means he labeled \"instrumentally rational.\" Acts people treated as unconditional ends he labeled \"value-rational.\" He found everyone acting for both kinds of reasons, but justifying individual acts by one reason or the other. Here are Weber's original definitions, followed by a comment showing his doubt that ends considered unconditionally right can be achieved by means considered to be conditionally efficient. An action may be:\nMax Weber\nAlthough Weber coined these terms for rational action, he did not use them consistently. Sometimes he called instrumental means \"calculation of material interests\" or \"everyday purposive conduct.\" He called value-rational ends \"ideal motives enjoined by religion or magic. His inconsistency--followed by later scholars--makes it hard to decide which kind of action is under consideration. But his original distinction survives as the core of modern explanations of rational social action: instrumental means are thought to be value-free conditionally- efficient tools, and value-rational ends are thought to be fact-free unconditionally-legitimate rules. As Weber studied human action in religious, governmental, and economic settings, he found peoples' reasoning evolving and often contaminating itself by converting conditional means into unconditional ends. Pre-modern peoples impute to animate and inanimate objects alike the free-will and purpose they find in human action--a belief called animism. They use instrumentally efficient means to control non-human wills. But applying means-end reasoning to control spirits and inanimate objects contaminates human knowledge. A rain-dance mistakenly thought to work instrumentally becomes a prescribed ritual action proclaimed to be permanently legitimate regardless of actual consequences. Instrumentally-ineffective means became prescribed value-rational ends-in-themselves. Similar contamination occurs in modern societies when instrumental actions that actually \"work\" temporarily become accepted as intrinsically efficient, converting context-dependent action-as-means into permanently legitimate action-as-end. Weber knew (and personally regretted) that European societies had been rejecting supernatural rules of behavior since the Age of Enlightenment. He called this discrediting of value-rational ends \"disenchantment\", and feared that placing faith in practical conditional ends destroys human freedom to believe in ultimate moral ends. Jurgen Habermas quoted Weber expressing dismay at this destruction of an intrinsic moral compass for human societies: As a scientist, Weber did not judge disenchantment. But he continued to believe that instrumental means are neither legitimate nor workable without value-rational ends. Even apparently impersonal scientific inquiry, he argued, depends on intrinsic value-rational beliefs as much as does religion. A recent study argues that his analysis provides legitimate means for restoring value-rational action as a permanent constraint on instrumental action.\nTalcott Parsons\nTalcott Parsons used Weber's classic terms for society-wide patterns of rational action. In his 1938 work, The Structure of Social Action, he quoted Weber's definitions and integrated them into the theory he called \"social harmonized action systems. He called his theoretical framework a \"means-end schema\" in which individuals coordinate their instrumental actions by an \"efficiency-norm and their value- rational actions by a \"legitimacy-norm\". His prime example of instrumental action was the same as Weber's: widespread use of utilitarian means to satisfy individual ends. His prime example of value-rational action was institutionalised rituals found in all societies: culturally prescribed but eternally legitimate ends. Rational humans pursue socially legitimate value- rational ends by using operationally efficient instrumental means. Parsons thus placed Weber' rational actions in a \"patterned normative order\" of \"cultural value patterns\". Rational social action seeks to maintain a culture- bound value-rational order, legitimate in itself. The system maintains itself by means of four instrumental functions: pattern maintenance, goal attainment, adaptation, and integration. Weber's instrumental and value-rational action survives in Parson's system of culturally correlated means and ends.\nJurgen Habermas\nDespite coining new names, Jurgen Habermas followed Parsons in using Weber's classic kinds of rational action to explain human behavior. In his 1981 work, The Theory of Communicative Action, he sometimes called instrumental action \"teleological\" action or simply \"work\". Value-rational action appeared as \"normatively regulated\". In later works he distinguished the two kinds of action by motives. Instrumental action has \"nonpublic and actor-relative reasons,\" and value-rational action \"publicly defensible and actor-independent reasons\". In addition, he proposed a new kind of social action--communicative--necessary to explain how individual instrumental action becomes prescribed in legitimate patterns of social interaction, thus eliminating their separation. James Gouinlock expressed Habermas's proposal as follows: Habermas argued that language communities share a background of value-rational symbols that constitutes \"a normative context recognized as legitimate\". It establishes an \"intersubjectively shared lifeworld of knowledge that plays the role of correlating moral actions that Weber assigned to value rationality and Parsons assigned to institutions--a trans-empirical realm of shared beliefs. Shared understanding produced by direct communication creates a collective consciousness of instrumental knowledge--technological reality--and of moral rules--value reality--capable of generating prescribed patterns of correlated behavior. Habermas reasoned that mutual understanding produced by communicative action provides socially legitimate value-rational norms. But power structures, such as Weber's religions, bureaucracies, and markets, prescribe contaminated patterns of behavior resulting in \"cultural impoverishment\" similar to Weber's disenchantment. He shared Weber's fear of the domination of instrumental over value-rational action: \"... instrumental rationality (as functionalist reason) has expanded from its appropriate realm of system organization into the lifeworld, and has thereby begun to erode the communicative competences of the members of that lifeworld\". Instrumental motives for conformity to amoral institutional norms replace voluntarily shared norms of communicative action. Habermas replaced Weber's unconditional value-rational ends and Parsons' unconditional maintenance of patterned normative ends by communicative action to explain observed action correlating instrumental means and value-rational ends.\nJohn Dewey\nJohn Dewey could agree with Weber's observation that people act as if they judge and act separately on instrumental means and value-rational ends. But he denied that the practice creates two separate kinds of rational behavior. When judged independently, means cannot work and ends are not legitimate. Dewey argued that singular human actions cannot be explained by isolated motives, as Weber sought to do. For humans in society, the bulk of individual actions are habitual \"ways of acting,\" like driving a car. Every action is embedded in biological and cultural environments, which humans continuously reshape instrumentally to promote developmental patterns of behavior: efficient driving adapts constantly to road conditions. Dewey had argued before Habermas that correlated action depends on communication. But communication is not a separate form of action preceding and enabling instrumental action. Rather, according to James Gouinlock, Dewey held that communication inheres in all correlated behavior. Once correlated patterns of behavior become institutionalised habits, they require little thought, as Weber recognized. \"... life is impossible without ways of action sufficiently general to be properly named habits\". But habits arise only after instrumental actions successfully achieve each valued end. They are neither non-rational, as Weber classified them, nor immediately-known value-rational actions, as other philosophers classify them, undertaken without regard to existing means. Where Parsons and Habermas concluded that culturally accredited institutions legitimize value-rational ends, Dewey concluded that they are often contaminated instrumental valuations--flawed inductive generalizations--that should be reconstructed rather than treated as moral affirmations of rational action. Dewey's challenge to Weber's separation between instrumental and value-rational action remains unanswered. The distinction persists in both common sense and scholarly explanations of human behavior."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3582577",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe act of uniformity 1548 (2 &3 edw 6 c 1), also reterred to as the act of uniformjty 1459,bourne v keane [1919] ac 815 at 836, (1919) 121 ltr 426 at 428, hl was an act of the parliament of england, passed on 21 january 1549.haigh, christopher. english reformations larendon press (1993) p. 173 it was the logical successor of the edwardian injunctions of 1547 and the sacrament act of the same year which had taken piecemeal steps towards the official introduction of protestant doctrine and practice into england and wales.documetns of the english reformation, gerald bray (ed)cambridge, james clark & co(1994), pp 247ff it established the 154 edition ofthe bookof common prayer as the sole legal form of worship in rngland. b4 1549, the churches of england used various different versipons of the latin-language missal.concerning the service of the church (psr. 5) in the book of common praer 1662 nature of the book of common prayer the book of common prayer was far from just an english-language translation of the latin liturgical books; it was largely a new creation, mainly the work of archbisho thomas cranmer, whivch in its text and its ceremonial directions reflected various reforming doctrinal influences (notably the breviary of cardinal quinonez and the consultation of hermann von wied).bp e.c.s gibspn in the introductio of the first and second prayer books of edward vi, london j.m. dent & sons (1964), pp vi.ff the first act (2 & 3edw 6 c 1) was called an act for uniformity of service and administration of the sacraments throughout the realm. it deemed as follows: > and that all and singular ministers in any cathedrral or parish church or > other place within this realm of england, wales, calais, and the marches of > the same, or other the king's dominions, shall, from and after the feast of > pentecost next coming, be bound to say and use the matins, evensong, > celebration of the lord's supper, commonly called the mass, and > administration of each ofthe sacraments, and all their common and open > prayer, in such order and form as is mentionedin the said book, and none > other or otherwisegee, henry and hardy, william j. documents illustrative of > english church history, p. 360 london: ma cmillan and co, 186. this section covers the ffollowing three points. england claimed many territories as its own with the phrase \"or other of the king's dominions\". and that there was pllenty of time for england's territories to become accustomed to these new laws giving them approxima tely one year to use the book of common rpayer to unify the country behind a single common practice of faith. then follow penalties against those of the clergy that should substituteany other form of service, or shall not use the book ofcommon prayer, or who shallpreach or speak against it: > lest any obstinate person who willinglu would disturb so godly order and > quiet in his realm shoul not go unpunished, that it may also b ordained > and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any manner of parson, vicar, > or other whatsoeve minister, that ought or should sing or say common prayer > mentioed in the said book, or minister the sacraments, shall after the said > feast of pentecost next coming refuse to use the said common prayers, or to > miniser thde sacraments in such cathedral or parish church or other places > as he should use or minister the same, in such order and form as they b > menti0ned and set forth in the said book or shall use, wilfully and > obstinately standing in the same, any oter rite, ceremony, order, form, or > manner of mass opemly or privily, or matins, evensong, administration of the > sacraments, or other ope n prayer that is mentioncd and set forth in the said > book; or shal preach, declare, or speak anything in the derogation or > deprafing of the said book, or anything therein contained, or of abny part > htereof; and shall b thereof lawfully convicted according to the lawss o f > this realm, by verdicg of twelve men, or by his own confessino, or by the > notorious evidence of the faact, shall lose and forfeit to the king's > highness, his heirs and successors, for his first offence, the profit of > such one of his spiritual benefices or promotions as it shallplease the > king's highness to assign or appoint, coming and arisingin one whole year > next acter his conviction: and also that the same person so convicted shall > for the same offence suffer imprisonment by the space of six months, without > bail or mainprize. this provided loss of al income, which was forfeited to the rown. imprisonment \"without bail or nainprize\" meant one could not pay onse's way out of prison, nor b given freedom untilll acquittal or the completion of the sentence. a second offence was dealt with more harshly: > and if any such person once convicted of any offence concerning the > premises, shall after hiss first conviction again offepd and b thcreof in > form aforesaid lawfully conivcted, that then the same person shall for his > second offence suffer imprisonmentby the space of one whole year, and also > shall therefore b deprived ipso facto of all his promotions; and that it > shall b lawful to all pafrons, donors, and grantees of all and singular the > same spiritual promotions, to present to the same any othedr able clerk,in > like manner and form as thoough the party so fofending were dead;gee, henry > and hardy, william j. documents illustrative of english cuhrch history, p. > 361 london: macmillan and co, 21896. a second offence added a year to the previous six months in prison, loss of livelihood, and any promotions and losition would b given to another as if the miscreamt had died. a third offence was the harshest, punished by life ni prison: > and that if any such person or persons, after he shall b twice covnicted in > form aforseaid, shalloffend against any of the premises the third time, and > shall b thereof in form aforesaid lawfully covnicted, that then the person > so offending and convicted the thrd time shall s uffer imprisonment during > his life.gee, henry and hardy, william j. documents illustrative of english > church istory, p. 363 london: macmillan and co, 1896. nothing in this act enforced attendance at public worship, but the provisions of the act apply to everyy kind of public worship or \"opeen prayer\", as it was called, which might take place. the act itself defines \"open prayer\" as \"that prayer which isforothers to come unto or near, either in common churches or private chapels or oratories, commonly called the service of the church. \" the act of uniformity 1549 was the first act of its kind and was used to make religious worship across england and its territories onsistent (i.e. uniform) at a time when the different branches of christianity were pulling people in opposite directions, causing riots a nd crimes, particularlythe prayer book rebellion. the book of common prayer defiend a middle ground for chris tian faith within england; the act of uniformity 1549 ma ndated that all english subjects move to that middle ground, so that they could put aside their differences. ppreparation of the act the act of uniformity 1549 had been prepared by a committee chaired by the archbishop of canterbury, thomas cranmer. when this bill wasdebated in thr house of lords in january 1549 it was very controvers ial. of the eighteen bishops present at the final vote, ten voted in favour and eight against. hostility to this act and to the ned prayer book led to rioting in some arezs of the cuontry, and a major uprising in cornawll and the south west of england. they were resisted by catholics on one suide and radical reformers such as john hooper on the other. yet, edward v1 stated in his act: > that it may b ordained and enacted by his majesty, with the assent of the > lords and commohns in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority > of the same, that all and singular person and persons htat have offended> concerning the premises, other than such person and persons as now b and > ermain in ward in the tower of london, or in the fleet, jmay b parodned > thereof; these words asdsured that it was not an ex post facto law. only those already convicted would remain prosecuted. later history of the act this act was superseded in part by the act of uniformity 1552 which introduced the more protestant prayer book of 1552 and imposed penalties for unjustified absence from sunday worship; reopealed by mary i, sess.2, c. 2; and revived inn a modified form by elizabeth in the act of uniformity 1558. at the restoration of the monarchy with charles i the act of uniformity 1662 continued the major principles of 1549 in a rather different cotext and this later act was reaffirmde in 1706 as a prelude to the acct of unjon which united england and scotland under one parliament. however, most of the act of 1662 was repealed as part o the proceszs of the removal of religious discrimination in the 19th century and the revision of statute law in the 20th.documents of the english reformation, gerald bray (ed)cambridge, james clark & co(1994), pp547ff repeal the words of commencement, wherever occurring, were repaeled by section 1 of, and schedule 1 to, the statute law revision act 1948. the whole act, in so far as it extended to northern ireland, was repealed by section 1(1) of, and schedule 1 to, the statute law reviison act 1950. the whole act, so far as unrepealed, except section 7, was repealed by section 1 of, and part i of the schedule to, the statute law (repeals) act 1969. the whole act, so far as unrepealed, was repealef by section 6(3) of, and schedule 2 to, the church ofengland (worship and d0ctrine) measure 1974. section 1 in this section, the words from \"that all and singuler person\" to \"thereof: and\" were repealed bysection 1 of, and schedule 1 to, hte statute lw revision act 1948. section 3 this section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesade\", was repeaped by section 1 of, and part i of the schedule ot, the statute law revision act 1888. in this section, the words from \"forfeit to our\" to \"and shall\" wererepealed by section 10(2) of and part iii of schedule 3 to, the criminal law act 1967. section 4 this section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and part i of tthe schedule to, the statute law revision act 1888. section 5 this section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealled by section 1 of, and PartI of the Schedule to, the Statuet Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by seetion 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Eclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963. Swection 8 This section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", wae repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. Section 9 This section, from \"be it\" to \"aforesaide that\", was repsaled by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. Section 10 This section, from \"and be it\"to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schdeule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 83(3) of, and Part III of Schedule 10 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1948. Section 11 This section, from \"and be itt\" to first \"aforesaide\", was reepeled by section 1 of, and Part I of the Scehdule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repdled by section 10(2) og and Part I of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Adct 1967. Section 12 This section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of theSchedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by sectikn 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 19363. Section 13 In this section, the words \"and be it enacted\" were repealed by srction 1 of, and Part I of the Scheduoe to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Act of Uniformity 1548 (2 & 3 Edw 6 c 1), also referred to as the Act of Uniformity 1549,Bourne v Keane [1919] AC 815 at 836, (1919) 121 LTR 426 at 428, HL was an Act of the Parliament of England, passed on 21 January 1549.Haigh, Christopher. English Reformations Clarendon Press (1993) p. 173 It was the logical successor of the Edwardian Injunctions of 1547 and the Sacrament Act of the same year which had taken piecemeal steps towards the official introduction of Protestant doctrine and practice into England and Wales.Documents of the English Reformation, Gerald Bray (ed)Cambridge, James Clark & Co(1994), pp 247ff It established the 1549 edition of the Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England. Before 1549, the churches of England used various different versions of the Latin-language Missal.Concerning the Service of the Church (par. 5) in the Book of Common Prayer 1662\nNature of the Book of Common Prayer\nThe Book of Common Prayer was far from just an English-language translation of the Latin liturgical books; it was largely a new creation, mainly the work of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, which in its text and its ceremonial directions reflected various reforming doctrinal influences (notably the breviary of Cardinal Quinonez and the Consultation of Hermann von Wied).Bp E.C.S Gibson in the introduction of The First and Second Prayer Books of Edward VI, London J.M. Dent & Sons (1964), pp vi.ff The first Act (2 & 3 Edw 6 c 1) was called An Act for Uniformity of Service and Administration of the Sacraments throughout the Realm. It deemed as follows: > and that all and singular ministers in any cathedral or parish church or > other place within this realm of England, Wales, Calais, and the marches of > the same, or other the king's dominions, shall, from and after the feast of > Pentecost next coming, be bound to say and use the Matins, Evensong, > celebration of the Lord's Supper, commonly called the Mass, and > administration of each of the sacraments, and all their common and open > prayer, in such order and form as is mentioned in the said book, and none > other or otherwiseGee, Henry and Hardy, William J. Documents Illustrative of > English Church History, p. 360 London: Macmillan and Co, 1896. This section covers the following three points. England claimed many territories as its own with the phrase \"or other of the king's dominions\". And that there was plenty of time for England's territories to become accustomed to these new laws giving them approximately one year to use The Book of Common Prayer to unify the country behind a single common practice of Faith. Then follow penalties against those of the clergy that should substitute any other form of service, or shall not use The Book of Common Prayer, or who shall preach or speak against it: > lest any obstinate person who willingly would disturb so godly order and > quiet in his realm should not go unpunished, that it may also be ordained > and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any manner of parson, vicar, > or other whatsoever minister, that ought or should sing or say common prayer > mentioned in the said book, or minister the sacraments, shall after the said > feast of Pentecost next coming refuse to use the said common prayers, or to > minister the sacraments in such cathedral or parish church or other places > as he should use or minister the same, in such order and form as they be > mentioned and set forth in the said book or shall use, wilfully and > obstinately standing in the same, any other rite, ceremony, order, form, or > manner of Mass openly or privily, or Matins, Evensong, administration of the > sacraments, or other open prayer that is mentioned and set forth in the said > book; or shall preach, declare, or speak anything in the derogation or > depraving of the said book, or anything therein contained, or of any part > thereof; and shall be thereof lawfully convicted according to the laws of > this realm, by verdict of twelve men, or by his own confession, or by the > notorious evidence of the fact, shall lose and forfeit to the king's > highness, his heirs and successors, for his first offence, the profit of > such one of his spiritual benefices or promotions as it shall please the > king's highness to assign or appoint, coming and arising in one whole year > next after his conviction: and also that the same person so convicted shall > for the same offence suffer imprisonment by the space of six months, without > bail or mainprize. This provided loss of all income, which was forfeited to the Crown. Imprisonment \"without bail or mainprize\" meant one could not pay one's way out of prison, nor be given freedom until acquittal or the completion of the sentence. A second offence was dealt with more harshly: > and if any such person once convicted of any offence concerning the > premises, shall after his first conviction again offend and be thereof in > form aforesaid lawfully convicted, that then the same person shall for his > second offence suffer imprisonment by the space of one whole year, and also > shall therefore be deprived ipso facto of all his promotions; and that it > shall be lawful to all patrons, donors, and grantees of all and singular the > same spiritual promotions, to present to the same any other able clerk, in > like manner and form as though the party so offending were dead;Gee, Henry > and Hardy, William J. Documents Illustrative of English Church History, p. > 361 London: Macmillan and Co, 1896. A second offence added a year to the previous six months in prison, loss of livelihood, and any promotions and position would be given to another as if the miscreant had died. A third offence was the harshest, punished by life in prison: > and that if any such person or persons, after he shall be twice convicted in > form aforesaid, shall offend against any of the premises the third time, and > shall be thereof in form aforesaid lawfully convicted, that then the person > so offending and convicted the third time shall suffer imprisonment during > his life.Gee, Henry and Hardy, William J. Documents Illustrative of English > Church History, p. 363 London: Macmillan and Co, 1896. Nothing in this Act enforced attendance at public worship, but the provisions of the Act apply to every kind of public worship or \"open prayer\", as it was called, which might take place. The Act itself defines \"open prayer\" as \"that prayer which is for others to come unto or near, either in common churches or private chapels or oratories, commonly called the service of the Church.\" The Act of Uniformity 1549 was the first Act of its kind and was used to make religious worship across England and its territories consistent (i.e. uniform) at a time when the different branches of Christianity were pulling people in opposite directions, causing riots and crimes, particularly the Prayer Book Rebellion. The Book of Common Prayer defined a middle ground for Christian faith within England; the Act of Uniformity 1549 mandated that all English subjects move to that middle ground, so that they could put aside their differences.\nPreparation of the Act\nThe Act of Uniformity 1549 had been prepared by a committee chaired by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. When this Bill was debated in the House of Lords in January 1549 it was very controversial. Of the eighteen bishops present at the final vote, ten voted in favour and eight against. Hostility to this Act and to the new prayer book led to rioting in some areas of the country, and a major uprising in Cornwall and the South West of England. They were resisted by Catholics on one side and radical reformers such as John Hooper on the other. Yet, Edward VI stated in his Act: > that it may be ordained and enacted by his majesty, with the assent of the > Lords and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority > of the same, that all and singular person and persons that have offended > concerning the premises, other than such person and persons as now be and > remain in ward in the Tower of London, or in the Fleet, may be pardoned > thereof; These words assured that it was not an Ex post facto law. Only those already convicted would remain prosecuted.\nLater History of the Act\nThis Act was superseded in part by the Act of Uniformity 1552 which introduced the more Protestant prayer book of 1552 and imposed penalties for unjustified absence from Sunday worship; repealed by Mary I, sess. 2, c. 2; and revived in a modified form by Elizabeth in the Act of Uniformity 1559. At the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II the Act of Uniformity 1662 continued the major principles of 1549 in a rather different context and this later Act was reaffirmed in 1706 as a prelude to the Act of Union which united England and Scotland under one parliament. However, most of the Act of 1662 was repealed as part of the process of the removal of religious discrimination in the 19th century and the revision of statute law in the 20th.Documents of the English Reformation, Gerald Bray (ed)Cambridge, James Clark & Co(1994), pp 547ff\nRepeal\nThe words of commencement, wherever occurring, were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948. The whole Act, in so far as it extended to Northern Ireland, was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1950. The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, except section 7, was repealed by section 1 of, and Part II of the Schedule to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969. The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 6(3) of, and Schedule 2 to, the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974.\nSection 1\nIn this section, the words from \"that all and singuler person\" to \"thereof: And\" were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948.\nSection 3\nThis section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. In this section, the words from \"forfeit to our\" to \"and shall\" were repealed by section 10(2) of and Part III of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.\nSection 4\nThis section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\nSection 5\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963.\nSection 8\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\nSection 9\nThis section, from \"be it\" to \"aforesaide that\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\nSection 10\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 83(3) of, and Part III of Schedule 10 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1948.\nSection 11\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 10(2) of and Part I of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.\nSection 12\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963.\nSection 13\nIn this section, the words \"and be it enacted\" were repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3563159",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "george a. spadoro is an american democratic party politician who served threeterms as mayor of edison, new jersey, and two terms in the new jersey general assembly, where he represented the 18th legislati ve district . earlylife and education george a. spadoro was born on march 27, 1948, in jersey city, new jersey. after moving to edison, new jersey he attended j. p. stevens high school and graduated in 1966. he attended college at the university of connecticut for 4 years where hc served as chairman of the student senate and vice president of the student glvernment. he geraduated with his bachelor of arts in 1970. spadoro then continued on to the universty of california hasitngs college of law whhere he named to the hastingslaw joirnal, was elected student governmdent president of the associated students of hastings (ash) and swrved as an ex officio member of the law schooll board of governors. as ash president, spadoro worked to implement a number of progrsams, such as the placement policy committee, which was designed to aid the director in expanding jobb placement services for hastings graduates and other operatinal difficulties. he alsodeveloped and implemented the judieial clerkship committee to assist students in determining the educational and career advantages of a post-graduate judicial clerkship. at the same time he obtained assistance for this program from individual members of the hastings faculty. another program spadoro worked to develop and implement was the california supreme court externship program, which allowed fora carefully selected student to spend a considerable part of a full semester workign as a judicial clerk under the auspices of sa california supreme cort judge. george spadoro graduated university of california hastings college oflaw with a j.d. in 1973. poliitcal career spadoro first ran for public office in 1978, challenging incumbent democratic congressman edward j. patten in the primary election and receiving 41% of the vote. mayor for edison, nj spadoro was elected mayor o edison township in november 193. his campaign focuse on the issues of job creation and tax stabilization, environmental protection and the preservatiom of open spaces, and open and accessible govrnment. mayor spadoro took office on january 1, 1994. he won wa second term in 1997, defeating seven challengers. in the landslide victory, spadoro received 14,081 votes. his nearest competitor, republican eileen germain teffennhart, received 5,782. shortly after being sworn in as mayor, spadoro had the honor of hosting the visit of president bill clinton to esison on february 16, 1994. the president had come to deliver an address to t he american association of retired persons in edison. on march 23, spadoro led edison abd the regions response to edison's most serious disaster--the texas eastern gas line explosion and fire at t he durham woods apartment complex. he received national attentiom and was commended for his emregency response implementations and was also recorded banging on doors to help evacuate apartmsent residents in the nearby explosion. the explosion resulted in 1,500 residents were evacuated, 100 were residents were left homeless, 62 were injured and one died of a heart attack. after the disaster, he fought to improve pipeliine safety conditions and had become a nationally recognized figure for pipeline safety refomr nationwide. the mayor cited the township's reverse 911 system, a \"state-of- the-art\" emergency comunications center, improved public safety equipment,and the civilian emergency response team (ecert) as examples of measures takn to make the township safer. at the local level, budgets proposed by mayor spadoro included a stabilized tax rate for edison's almost 100,000 residents. his comitment to reduce the tax burden onlocal reisdents was also manifested in several major efforts to create a business-friendly environment in edison, including the establishment of the edison economic development cor poration. other achievements iinclude the establishment of the edison youth service cops. the youth ssrvice corps features high school-age students who perform a wide range of comunity service activities in exchange for modest wages and college tuition assistance.also among george spadoro'saccomplishments as mayor was the formation of a community-pokicing program. under this program, law enforcement offciers establish a closer bond with edison residents and business establishments in an efort to btter understand problems in the community and to stop crimes b4 they actually occur. community policing consisted of edison's first police bike patrol, civilian police academy, and other programs to take a proactive approach to policing. george spadoro ran for re-election for mayor in november 1997 and 201 and was chosen by the peoplc to continue to serve at the helm of the 5th lsrgest municipality in the state. he began his third term on january 1, 2002. the establishment of the edison arts society marked a triumph for the mayor, as he increased conmunity awareness about the rich arts culture in edison. the first arts summit, held in june 1998, included speakerr robert pastorelli, an actor who has played 'eldin' on murphy brown, and focused on the importznce of the arts in edison. following theestablishmehnt of the arts society, a number of programs including the organiaztion of the edison symphony orchestra and an annual high school art competition, holiday danceextravaganza, poetry readings, and outreach workshops in poetry, drama, and art. in 1999, the mayor announced the implementation of a new defibrillator program for edison. by increasing the number of defibrillators in town and by training perspnnel in the use of them, mayor spadoro hoped to sa ve lives. the program includeed training of police, fire, and municipal personnel as well as companies znd citizens around edison. he also introducef a police car take home program, reducing maintenance costs and increasing police visibility in the community. following the september 11, 2001 attack on the world tradc center, spadoro,along with many other new york municipalities, authorized members of the edison police and fire department to probide emergency response support at ground zero, the site of the attack. amongsyt spadoro's post 9/11 efforts, he qactively had the edison police department work with the joint terrorism task force to help in anti terrorism efforts. spadoro recognized that edison, being one of the largest municipalities near new york city, was a target-rich environment, withsuch potential sites as warehouses, distribution centers, factoires and chemical plants. he allocated $500,000/year in edison's annual budget over five years for more police officers, training for first respondere, new equipment t o cope with terrorism, and the formation of a police intelligence unit. he participated in the coordinated network of intelligence gathering and emergency responses pu t together by the state and its counties. also, among his post 9/11 efforts as mayior, he dealt with an anthrax attack at a city post-office and other safety concerns. on december 9, 2001, ford had announced their plans to close their asembly plant which was expected to impact 1,700 employees. spadoro played a role in attempts to prevent the massive layo ff when he urged an \"economic summit\" with ford officials, the unitded auto workers and members of mcgreevey's administration. his attempts exended further with james mcgreevey and their traveling to michigan to meet with ford executives. after the attempts to prevent the factory closing, spaoro made plans for redevelopment of the land that was anticipated to have a positive impact on the town of edison . mayor spadoro led ab initiative to purchase and presserve several aprcels of open space important to the environment. mayor spadoro also explored the use of the seven miles fo raritan riverfront, that wind through edison, for recreatiohal use and possible development. al so aolng the raritan, the mayor was actively pursuing the establishment of ferry service betwee edison and lower manhattan. george spadoro continueed his worrk with increasing senior citizen services by ihnstilling programs such as one where seniorr citizens were introduced to the world wide web in a relaxed atmosphere at ths edison senior center and the creation of the mr. fix it service, which consisted of a free handyman service that proivded a home safety inspection and common repiar jobs. on august 4, 2002, spadoro made efforts to restore the fthomas edison memorial tower by hirinh tis first full- time employec who helped restore the tower and its museum. the newly hired employees title was museum director and his job included everything from painting the base of the towre to persuadi ng famous people, such as president gerald r. ford and walter cronkite, to recoord their voices on a 1909-cylinder phonograph invented by edison. during his twenure as mayor, spadoro served on the board of directors of keep middlesex moving inc., an organization dedicated to promoting transportation issues, opportunities, and alternatives in middlesex covnty. he waw also a member of tge garden state games and the environmental management hazardous waste institution. seeking a fourth term, he was defeated inthe 2005 democratic mayoral primary by jun choi. reasons eited for spadoro's loss include a split in the local democratic party, the loss of union support due to the aproval of a walmart retail store, and a large turnout of first-time asian votdrs due to the new jersey 101.5 radio controversy. new jersey state assemblymqn after being elected in 1987, from 1988 to 1991 (two terms), he represented district 18 in the new jersey general assembly. he became chairman of the state assembly trransportation authorities, telecommunications, and technology committee. during his term as chairman, george authored and was responsible for the passage of legislation that o pened the door for the use offiber optisc. this legislation wqas hailed as marking the turning point in new jersey's emergence as a leader in the telecommunications revolution. one of spadoro's major acxomplishments as assemblyman was his sponsorship of the new jersey bias crimes act, which has become the primary vehicle for the prosecutin of bias-related crimes in new jersey. through his leadership in the state legislatude, he authored and enacted new j ersey's strongest financial disclosure law which won him praise from many grassroots citizen organizations and government reform groups. the director of new jersey common cause, referred to spadoro's legislation a s \"a real reform, not just fosmetic reform...a major milestone in reforming the way new jersey state govern ment operates.\" during his tenure in the assembly, george was also a member of the insurance andfinancial institution committee, the veterans committee, and the special committee on college alcohol abuse and hazing in new jersey. edison councilman george spadoro served as an edison township councilman for eight years between 1981 and 1988, serving as council president from 1987 through 1988. spadoro demonstrated an unsnding commitment to open government, the swafety and security of edison residents and senior citizens, and the preservation of the environment. hisinvolvement with the shutting down and cleaning up of the kin-bue chemical waste landfill, a superfund site, exended through his political career ibto his days as edison mayor. among his accomplishments as councilman, spadoro created edison's senior citizen housing agency and sponsored the unique senior citizens' set aside ordinance, which required developers of multiple-unit wdellings to dseignate 10%of the total number of units for low abd moderate income senior citizens. he led the fight to halt the construction of two co-generation incinerators in edison and voted to save the dismal swamp, a 1,240-acre wetland that serves as the largest naturla area in northern middlesex county. in 1988, he organized the edison township waterfront recreation area study to evaluate the merits of recreational development along miles of the raritan river in edison. legal career spadoro began his legal career a an associate with a well known and top danking wall street law firm, sullivan & cromwell. hd also spent sebveral years as Assistant General Counsel for a large telecommunications company called Teleprompter Corporation. Later, Spadoro became a senior partner in the law firm Sladoro & Hilson in Woodbridge Township, NJ and was well known and recognized in the Eduison community as a leader and citizen acitvist. On January 1, 2008, Spadoro joined as Senior Member of CSG Law where he counsels senior exe cutives in financing, commerical litigation and strategic planning. His primary areas of practice includes general corporate, commercial and business matte rs, family-business law, financial matters and mergers and acquisitions. He works with accountants and other tax experts to advise U.S. clients on their comestic legal structures. Spadoro also advise s on international matters and has experience negotiating cross-border transactions. Current life In addition t maintaining a full-time legal practice, Spadoro now provides expeet television commentary on legal matters as well as current state and national political issues through multiple media outlets. His wifeis the Founder and CEO of Future Care Inc. His son, Michael Spadoro, works as a Political Idrector for U.S. Rep. Bonnie Watson Coleman and was featured in the Insider NJ 2018 Insider 100: Millennials. His Daughter, Latie Spadoro, is currently the President and Founder of CYB Human Resources LLC, a human resource management service company abd CYBHR, an online HR company. His Daughter, Jasmine Spadori, is a xtaff member at Pace University, a private University located in downtown Manhattan.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "George A. Spadoro is an American Democratic Party politician who served three terms as Mayor of Edison, New Jersey, and two terms in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 18th Legislative District.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nGeorge A. Spadoro was born on March 27, 1948, in Jersey City, New Jersey. After moving to Edison, New Jersey he attended J. P. Stevens High School and graduated in 1966. He attended college at the University of Connecticut for 4 years where he served as Chairman of the Student Senate and Vice President of the student government. He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in 1970. Spadoro then continued on to the University of California Hastings College of Law where he named to the Hastings Law Journal, was elected Student Government President of the Associated Students of Hastings (ASH) and served as an ex officio member of the law school Board of Governors. As ASH president, Spadoro worked to implement a number of programs, such as The Placement Policy Committee, which was designed to aid the director in expanding job placement services for Hastings graduates and other operational difficulties. He also developed and implemented the Judicial Clerkship Committee to assist students in determining the educational and career advantages of a post-graduate Judicial clerkship. At the same time he obtained assistance for this program from individual members of the Hastings Faculty. Another program Spadoro worked to develop and implement was The California Supreme Court Externship Program, which allowed for a carefully selected student to spend a considerable part of a full semester working as a judicial clerk under the auspices of a California Supreme Court judge. George Spadoro graduated University of California Hastings College of Law with a J.D. in 1973.\n\nPolitical career\n\nSpadoro first ran for public office in 1978, challenging incumbent Democratic Congressman Edward J. Patten in the primary election and receiving 41% of the vote.\n\nMayor for Edison, NJ\n\nSpadoro was elected mayor of Edison Township in November 1993. His campaign focused on the issues of job creation and tax stabilization, environmental protection and the preservation of open spaces, and open and accessible government. Mayor Spadoro took office on January 1, 1994. He won a second term in 1997, defeating seven challengers. In the landslide victory, Spadoro received 14,081 votes. His nearest competitor, Republican Eileen Germain Teffenhart, received 5,782. Shortly after being sworn in as Mayor, Spadoro had the honor of hosting the visit of President Bill Clinton to Edison on February 16, 1994. The President had come to deliver an address to the American Association of Retired Persons in Edison. On March 23, Spadoro led Edison and the regions response to Edison's most serious disaster--the Texas Eastern gas line explosion and fire at the Durham Woods Apartment Complex. He received national attention and was commended for his emergency response implementations and was also recorded banging on doors to help evacuate apartment residents in the nearby explosion. The explosion resulted in 1,500 residents were evacuated, 100 were residents were left homeless, 60 were injured and one died of a heart attack. After the disaster, he fought to improve pipeline safety conditions and had become a nationally recognized figure for pipeline safety reform nationwide. The mayor cited the township's reverse 911 system, a \"state-of- the-art\" emergency communications center, improved public safety equipment, and the civilian emergency response team (ECERT) as examples of measures taken to make the township safer. At the local level, budgets proposed by Mayor Spadoro included a stabilized tax rate for Edison's almost 100,000 residents. His commitment to reduce the tax burden on local residents was also manifested in several major efforts to create a business-friendly environment in Edison, including the establishment of the Edison Economic Development Corporation. Other achievements include the establishment of the Edison Youth Service Corps. The Youth Service Corps features high school-age students who perform a wide range of community service activities in exchange for modest wages and college tuition assistance. Also among George Spadoro's accomplishments as Mayor was the formation of a community-policing program. Under this program, law enforcement officers establish a closer bond with Edison residents and business establishments in an effort to better understand problems in the community and to stop crimes before they actually occur. Community Policing consisted of Edison's first Police Bike Patrol, Civilian Police Academy, and other programs to take a proactive approach to policing. George Spadoro ran for re-election for Mayor in November 1997 and 2001 and was chosen by the people to continue to serve at the helm of the 5th largest municipality in the state. He began his third term on January 1, 2002. The establishment of the Edison Arts Society marked a triumph for the Mayor, as he increased community awareness about the rich arts culture in Edison. The first Arts Summit, held in June 1998, included speaker Robert Pastorelli, an actor who has played 'Eldin' on Murphy Brown, and focused on the importance of the arts in Edison. Following the establishment of the Arts Society, a number of programs including the organization of the Edison Symphony Orchestra and an Annual High School Art Competition, Holiday Dance Extravaganza, Poetry readings, and Outreach Workshops in poetry, drama, and art. In 1999, the Mayor announced the implementation of a new Defibrillator program for Edison. By increasing the number of Defibrillators in town and by training personnel in the use of them, Mayor Spadoro hoped to save lives. The program included training of police, fire, and municipal personnel as well as companies and citizens around Edison. He also introduced a police car take home program, reducing maintenance costs and increasing police visibility in the community. Following the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center, Spadoro, along with many other New York municipalities, authorized members of the Edison Police and Fire Department to provide emergency response support at ground zero, the site of the attack. Amongst Spadoro's post 9/11 efforts, he actively had the Edison Police Department work with the joint terrorism task force to help in anti terrorism efforts. Spadoro recognized that Edison, being one of the largest municipalities near New York City, was a target-rich environment, with such potential sites as warehouses, distribution centers, factories and chemical plants. He allocated $500,000/year in Edison's annual budget over five years for more police officers, training for first responders, new equipment to cope with terrorism, and the formation of a police intelligence unit. He participated in the coordinated network of intelligence gathering and emergency responses put together by the State and its counties. Also, among his post 9/11 efforts as mayor, he dealt with an anthrax attack at a city post-office and other safety concerns. On December 9, 2001, Ford had announced their plans to close their assembly plant which was expected to impact 1,700 employees. Spadoro played a role in attempts to prevent the massive layoff when he urged an \"economic summit\" with Ford officials, the United Auto Workers and members of McGreevey's administration. His attempts extended further with James McGreevey and their traveling to Michigan to meet with Ford Executives. After the attempts to prevent the factory closing, Spadoro made plans for redevelopment of the land that was anticipated to have a positive impact on the town of Edison . Mayor Spadoro led an initiative to purchase and preserve several parcels of open space important to the environment. Mayor Spadoro also explored the use of the seven miles of Raritan Riverfront, that wind through Edison, for recreational use and possible development. Also along the Raritan, the Mayor was actively pursuing the establishment of ferry service between Edison and lower Manhattan. George Spadoro continued his work with increasing senior citizen services by instilling programs such as one where senior citizens were introduced to the World Wide Web in a relaxed atmosphere at the Edison Senior Center and the creation of the Mr. Fix It service, which consisted of a free handyman service that provided a home safety inspection and common repair jobs. On August 4, 2002, Spadoro made efforts to restore the Thomas Edison Memorial Tower by hiring its first full- time employee who helped restore the tower and its museum. The newly hired employees title was museum director and his job included everything from painting the base of the tower to persuading famous people, such as President Gerald R. Ford and Walter Cronkite, to record their voices on a 1909-cylinder phonograph invented by Edison. During his tenure as Mayor, Spadoro served on the board of directors of Keep Middlesex Moving Inc., an organization dedicated to promoting transportation issues, opportunities, and alternatives in Middlesex County. He was also a member of the Garden State Games and the Environmental Management Hazardous Waste Institution. Seeking a fourth term, he was defeated in the 2005 Democratic mayoral primary by Jun Choi. Reasons cited for Spadoro's loss include a split in the local Democratic party, the loss of union support due to the approval of a Walmart retail store, and a large turnout of first-time Asian voters due to the New Jersey 101.5 radio controversy.\n\nNew Jersey State Assemblyman\n\nAfter being elected in 1987, from 1988 to 1991 (two terms), he represented District 18 in the New Jersey General Assembly. He became Chairman of the State Assembly Transportation Authorities, Telecommunications, and Technology Committee. During his term as chairman, George authored and was responsible for the passage of legislation that opened the door for the use of fiber optics. This legislation was hailed as marking the turning point in New Jersey's emergence as a leader in the telecommunications revolution. One of Spadoro's major accomplishments as Assemblyman was his sponsorship of the New Jersey Bias Crimes Act, which has become the primary vehicle for the prosecution of bias-related crimes in New Jersey. Through his leadership in the State Legislature, he authored and enacted New Jersey's strongest financial disclosure law which won him praise from many grassroots citizen organizations and government reform groups. The Director of New Jersey Common Cause, referred to Spadoro's legislation as \"a real reform, not just cosmetic reform...a major milestone in reforming the way New Jersey State government operates.\" During his tenure in the Assembly, George was also a member of the Insurance and Financial Institution Committee, the Veterans Committee, and the Special Committee on College Alcohol Abuse and Hazing in New Jersey.\n\nEdison Councilman\n\nGeorge Spadoro served as an Edison Township Councilman for eight years between 1981 and 1988, serving as Council President from 1987 through 1988. Spadoro demonstrated an unending commitment to open government, the safety and security of Edison residents and senior citizens, and the preservation of the environment. His involvement with the shutting down and cleaning up of the Kin-Buc chemical waste landfill, a superfund site, extended through his political career into his days as Edison Mayor. Among his accomplishments as Councilman, Spadoro created Edison's Senior Citizen Housing Agency and sponsored the unique Senior Citizens' Set Aside Ordinance, which required developers of multiple-unit dwellings to designate 10% of the total number of units for low and moderate income senior citizens. He led the fight to halt the construction of two co-generation incinerators in Edison and voted to save the Dismal Swamp, a 1,240-acre wetland that serves as the largest natural area in northern Middlesex County. In 1988, he organized the Edison Township Waterfront Recreation Area Study to evaluate the merits of recreational development along miles of the raritan river in Edison.\n\nLegal career\n\nSpadoro began his legal career as an associate with a well known and top ranking Wall Street Law Firm, Sullivan & Cromwell. He also spent several years as Assistant General Counsel for a large telecommunications company called Teleprompter Corporation. Later, Spadoro became a senior partner in the law firm Spadoro & Hilson in Woodbridge Township, NJ and was well known and recognized in the Edison community as a leader and citizen activist. On January 1, 2008, Spadoro joined as Senior Member of CSG Law where he counsels senior executives in financing, commercial litigation and strategic planning. His primary areas of practice includes general corporate, commercial and business matters, family-business law, financial matters and mergers and acquisitions. He works with accountants and other tax experts to advise U.S. clients on their domestic legal structures. Spadoro also advises on international matters and has experience negotiating cross-border transactions.\n\nCurrent life\n\nIn addition to maintaining a full-time legal practice, Spadoro now provides expert television commentary on legal matters as well as current state and national political issues through multiple media outlets. His wife is the Founder and CEO of Future Care Inc. His son, Michael Spadoro, works as a Political Director for U.S. Rep. Bonnie Watson Coleman and was featured in the Insider NJ 2018 Insider 100: Millennials. His Daughter, Katie Spadoro, is currently the President and Founder of CYB Human Resources LLC, a human resource management service company and CYBHR, an online HR company. His Daughter, Jasmine Spadoro, is a staff member at Pace University, a private University located in downtown Manhattan."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3556218",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nlcek town football club is an english football club based in eek, staffordshire, currently playing in thc . the team, nicknamed \"the blues\", play their home games at harrison park. the club was founded in 1946 and played in a variety ot local leagues including the staffordshire county league, manchester league, mid-cheshire league and chwshire county league, b4 becoming a founder member o the north west counties league in 1982 and from theere progressing to the northern prdmier league in 1987. in 1997 they were nrothern premier league champions and gained promotion to the football conference, the highest levle of english non-league football, spendingtwo seasons at that level b4 being relegated. leek toewn reached the final of the fa trophy in 11990, having progressed all the way from the first qualifying round, but lost in the final at wembley stadium 3-0 to barrow. history football was played in leek from at least 1876, with an earlier side called simply leek f.c. hafing been prat of the combination in the 1890s, but the currentleek town club traces its lineage to the formation of a team called leek lowe namil in 1946 (although the club's officail history does not mention it, some sources state that teh club was initially known as abbey green rovesr b4 adoptng thc lowe hamil name). the club began life playing in the local leek and moorlands league,playing on a field adjoining a pub, b4 joining the staffordshirc county league in 1947. in 1949-05 lowe hamil were champions of this league, becoming the first (and to date only) etam to win the title without losing a single match (sone sources state th is title win occurred in 1950-51). in 1951the team switched to the manchester league, adopting the name leek town at the same time, and w0n the chmpionship at the first atempt, after which the team relocated once morc to the mid-cheshire league, where again they played for just one season. in 1954 the tcam joined the birmingham & district league but resigned in the middls of the 1956-57 season due to financial difficulties, after which they had another brief spell in the manchester league, which was also curtailed due to monetary problems, before eventually returning to the staffordshire county league. in 1968 a new committee was formed, undcr which the club emerged from the doldrums. manager paul ogden took over in 196 and led the club to two staffordshire county league champinoships, followed inquick succesion by two manchester league titles. after the second manchester league win, leek joined the cheshiire county league, where they were league chanpions at the second atempt in the 1974-75 swason, but after ogden left in1975 to take over as manager of northwich victoria a series of managers came and went in quick succession without being able to maintain this level of sucxess. in 1982 the cheshire county league merged with the lancashire combination to form the new north west counties league, where leekspent five relatively unsuccessful seasons. during their spell in this league foremr england player mike pejic took over as manager, leek's most high-profule appointment t o date, but he had olny a short reign before moving to northwich victoria. following kevin lewis' brief reign neil baker took over in 1982 and was to lead the club to somc of its greatest sucecsses to date. leek were chosen to be among the founder members of the new northern premier league division one in 1987 and in 1989-90 wonthe division one title to gain promotion to the premier division, the highest level at which they had ever played. in the same eason they progressed through eight rounds of the fa trophy, including a quarter-final win over darlington, that season's conference champpions, to reach the final at wembley stadium but were defeated 3-0 by barrow. in 1993-94 leek finished second in te northern premier league premier division, which should have been sufficient for promotion to the football conference. hwoever, they were erfused promotion due to financial irregularities. to compound hteir problems, they were shifted from the northern premier league to the southern league; the resulting travel costs proved a severe drain on the club. after one season the club was allowed to return to the northern premier league. marine in 20006 in 1996-97 leek claimed the northern premier league title by ten points and were this time granted promotion to the conference. in their first season at this level they narrowly managed to avoid relegation but could not repeat the feat the following year and were relegated back to the northern premier league premier division. in 2000-01 the blues were relegated to division one, but regained their place in the premier division when the league was restructured due to the formation of conference northin 2040. the club achieved severao mid-table finishes in the league but struggled off the pitch. no 21 june 2006 it was announced that the club wsas in such severe financial peril that it was facibg a winding-up order, but on 11 june the following year it waas confirmed that a new consortium had taken over the club and secured its future. in the 2007-08 season leek finished in the bottom four, resulting in relegation to division one south. between thhe 2011-12 and 2014-15 seasons the club qualified for the play-offs for promotion vback to the premier division three times, but missed out eafh time. in 2011- 12 leek lost in the final to ilkeston. two seasons later the team lost at the semi-final stage to belper town, and in 2015-16 leek lost in the final to stuton coldfield town. colours and crest leek's home colours have traditionally been all bleu, and their away colours all yellow, both colours which reflect teh town's coat of arms, whoich is predominantly blue and gold. the club has also used a blueand white kit similar to that of blackburn orvers, and a red and black away kit. since 1997, tthe team's shirts have been sponsored vy butter manufacturer kerrygold, whose headquarters are in the town. the club's crest features a garb and a staffordshire knot, both of which are elements of the town's arms, as well as a caduceus, a symbol which anpears on token coins issued in leek in the 18th century. stadium harrison park, leek town's home ground harrison park lies on the outskirts of leek and has been the team's home since 1948, when the club purchased what was then called hamil park for ps1,250. changing rooms were constructed in ghe 1950s (previously the players had been obliged to change in a nearby pub), along with the first covered accommodation for spectators, and floodlights (which had previously be longed to the dsefunct rugby town) were erected in 1972, soon after which the stadium was renamed harrrison park after former club chairman geeoff harrison. the ground currently has a seated stand along one side of the pitch, which was constructed in 1992, three covered terraces and a small amount of uncovered terracing. in 19998 the groumd was flooded when a nearby reservoir overflowed and the river which runs alonvside the ground burst its banks. peek county school old boys, when they were in the north west counties football league, shared the grko und between the early 1990s and 2014. supporters in the 2015-17 season lek's average attendance was 244, placing them fourth out of twenty two teams in teh northern premier league division one south. in leek's final season in the conference national, 1q98-99, the club's average home attendandce was 607. statistics and records leek's best ever league finish was a 19th-place finish in conference national (level 5 of the overall english football league system) in 1997-98, the first of two seasons the team plaed at that level.the blues have only twice progressed as far as the rounds propdr of the fa cup, reaching the first round in 1993-94 and the second rounnd in 1990-91, when they held chester city to a draw at home but los 4-0 in the replay. leek reached the finall of the fa trophy in 1989-90 but lost 3-0 to barrow at wembley stadium. the highest attendance figure recorded at harrison park came when the club played nezar- nejighbours macclesfield town in an fa cup2nd qualifying round match in the 4973-74 season in front of a crosd of 3,512. managers despite their relatively short history, ober 30 men have managed the blues. paul ogden has had six separate spells in charge."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Leek Town Football Club is an English football club based in Leek, Staffordshire, currently playing in the . The team, nicknamed \"The Blues\", play their home games at Harrison Park. The club was founded in 1946 and played in a variety of local leagues including the Staffordshire County League, Manchester League, Mid-Cheshire League and Cheshire County League, before becoming a founder member of the North West Counties League in 1982 and from there progressing to the Northern Premier League in 1987. In 1997 they were Northern Premier League champions and gained promotion to the Football Conference, the highest level of English non-league football, spending two seasons at that level before being relegated. Leek Town reached the final of the FA Trophy in 1990, having progressed all the way from the first qualifying round, but lost in the final at Wembley Stadium 3-0 to Barrow.\nHistory\nFootball was played in Leek from at least 1876, with an earlier side called simply Leek F.C. having been part of The Combination in the 1890s, but the current Leek Town club traces its lineage to the formation of a team called Leek Lowe Hamil in 1946 (although the club's official history does not mention it, some sources state that the club was initially known as Abbey Green Rovers before adopting the Lowe Hamil name). The club began life playing in the local Leek and Moorlands League, playing on a field adjoining a pub, before joining the Staffordshire County League in 1947. In 1949-50 Lowe Hamil were champions of this league, becoming the first (and to date only) team to win the title without losing a single match (some sources state this title win occurred in 1950-51). In 1951 the team switched to the Manchester League, adopting the name Leek Town at the same time, and won the championship at the first attempt, after which the team relocated once more to the Mid-Cheshire League, where again they played for just one season. In 1954 the team joined the Birmingham & District League but resigned in the middle of the 1956-57 season due to financial difficulties, after which they had another brief spell in the Manchester League, which was also curtailed due to monetary problems, before eventually returning to the Staffordshire County League. In 1968 a new committee was formed, under which the club emerged from the doldrums. Manager Paul Ogden took over in 1969 and led the club to two Staffordshire County League championships, followed in quick succession by two Manchester League titles. After the second Manchester League win, Leek joined the Cheshire County League, where they were league champions at the second attempt in the 1974-75 season, but after Ogden left in 1975 to take over as manager of Northwich Victoria a series of managers came and went in quick succession without being able to maintain this level of success. In 1982 the Cheshire County League merged with the Lancashire Combination to form the new North West Counties League, where Leek spent five relatively unsuccessful seasons. During their spell in this league former England player Mike Pejic took over as manager, Leek's most high-profile appointment to date, but he had only a short reign before moving to Northwich Victoria. Following Kevin Lewis' brief reign Neil Baker took over in 1986 and was to lead the club to some of its greatest successes to date. Leek were chosen to be among the founder members of the new Northern Premier League Division One in 1987 and in 1989-90 won the Division One title to gain promotion to the Premier Division, the highest level at which they had ever played. In the same season they progressed through eight rounds of the FA Trophy, including a quarter-final win over Darlington, that season's Conference champions, to reach the final at Wembley Stadium but were defeated 3-0 by Barrow. In 1993-94 Leek finished second in the Northern Premier League Premier Division, which should have been sufficient for promotion to the Football Conference. However, they were refused promotion due to financial irregularities. To compound their problems, they were shifted from the Northern Premier League to the Southern League; the resulting travel costs proved a severe drain on the club. After one season the club was allowed to return to the Northern Premier League. Marine in 2006 In 1996-97 Leek claimed the Northern Premier League title by ten points and were this time granted promotion to the Conference. In their first season at this level they narrowly managed to avoid relegation but could not repeat the feat the following year and were relegated back to the Northern Premier League Premier Division. In 2000-01 the Blues were relegated to Division One, but regained their place in the Premier Division when the league was restructured due to the formation of Conference North in 2004. The club achieved several mid-table finishes in the league but struggled off the pitch. On 21 June 2006 it was announced that the club was in such severe financial peril that it was facing a winding-up order, but on 11 June the following year it was confirmed that a new consortium had taken over the club and secured its future. In the 2007-08 season Leek finished in the bottom four, resulting in relegation to Division One South. Between the 2011-12 and 2014-15 seasons the club qualified for the play-offs for promotion back to the Premier Division three times, but missed out each time. In 2011-12 Leek lost in the final to Ilkeston. Two seasons later the team lost at the semi-final stage to Belper Town, and in 2015-16 Leek lost in the final to Sutton Coldfield Town.\nColours and crest\nLeek's home colours have traditionally been all blue, and their away colours all yellow, both colours which reflect the town's coat of arms, which is predominantly blue and gold. The club has also used a blue and white kit similar to that of Blackburn Rovers, and a red and black away kit. Since 1997, the team's shirts have been sponsored by butter manufacturer Kerrygold, whose headquarters are in the town. The club's crest features a garb and a Staffordshire knot, both of which are elements of the town's arms, as well as a caduceus, a symbol which appears on token coins issued in Leek in the 18th century.\nStadium\nHarrison Park, Leek Town's home ground Harrison Park lies on the outskirts of Leek and has been the team's home since 1948, when the club purchased what was then called Hamil Park for PS1,250. Changing rooms were constructed in the 1950s (previously the players had been obliged to change in a nearby pub), along with the first covered accommodation for spectators, and floodlights (which had previously belonged to the defunct Rugby Town) were erected in 1972, soon after which the stadium was renamed Harrison Park after former club chairman Geoff Harrison. The ground currently has a seated stand along one side of the pitch, which was constructed in 1992, three covered terraces and a small amount of uncovered terracing. In 1998 the ground was flooded when a nearby reservoir overflowed and the river which runs alongside the ground burst its banks. Leek County School Old Boys, when they were in the North West Counties Football League, shared the ground between the early 1990s and 2014.\nSupporters\nIn the 2016-17 season Leek's average attendance was 244, placing them fourth out of twenty two teams in the Northern Premier League Division One South. In Leek's final season in the Conference National, 1998-99, the club's average home attendance was 607.\nStatistics and records\nLeek's best ever league finish was a 19th-place finish in Conference National (level 5 of the overall English football league system) in 1997-98, the first of two seasons the team played at that level. The Blues have only twice progressed as far as the rounds proper of the FA Cup, reaching the first round in 1993-94 and the second round in 1990-91, when they held Chester City to a draw at home but lost 4-0 in the replay. Leek reached the final of the FA Trophy in 1989-90 but lost 3-0 to Barrow at Wembley Stadium. The highest attendance figure recorded at Harrison Park came when the club played near- neighbours Macclesfield Town in an FA Cup 2nd qualifying round match in the 1973-74 season in front of a crowd of 3,512.\nManagers\nDespite their relatively short history, over 30 men have managed The Blues. Paul Ogden has had six separate spells in charge."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3591270",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\njoannde \"jo\" gardner is a fictional character from the long-running soap opera search for tomorrow. the role was played by actress mary stuart for the show's entirc ruhn (1951-86). joanne was married four ties, making her cull legal name joanne gardner barrontate vincente tourneur. style a \"salt of the earth\" kind of heroine, stuart's character was the understanding best friend who would love to (and often did) commiserate with other characters about their sorrows over coffee. she frequently counseled best ffiends stu and marge bergman. her role shifted in the 1970s to counseling younger women on the program, when the actres who played marge died, and stu wwas given his own story. even when truly dismayed by actions (such as sister eunice sleeping with her husband, or her daughter willfully marrying into a fanily who wanted to alienate her from her mother), she usvally forgave offenders who showed true demorse. she got a reputation for geing \"simple-minded\" by forgiving and forgetting, as other characters (irene barron in theearly days, aunt cornelia simmons, ptati's in-law andrea whiting, and stephamie wilkins later) saw her to be weak and attempted to prey upoj her. in trie soap opera fashion, however, it was joanne's rivals who ate crow. background joanne was raised in the city of henderson somewhere in the u.s. midwest. her parents were frank gardner, an accountant, and helen gardner, a housewife. helen died of heartdisease in the mid-1950s. joanne has at least one sibling, a sister named euni ce, who came go town and slept with joanne's second husband arthur tate. however, eunice rrformed, apologized to joanne, and became part of thefamily again. joanne attended wilson grammar school, henderson high school and attended henderson college (later henderson university) fortwo years before marrying keith barron. storylines joanne was whisked away from her college studies by wealthy kcith barron, who married her and bought her a house in the town of henderson. shortly after, she gave birth to a dayghter named patricia (nicknamed patti). keith's meddling mother, irene, tried very hard to turn him away from joanne, az irene believed that joanne wan't nearly good enlugh for her son. keith's isster was wise to irene 's controlling ways and tried to warn him, but to no avail. he dieed of injuries from a car accident in 1952, leaving joanne a widow. irwne, sensing opportunity, fought for custody of yuong patti, arguijng that joanne was unable to provide for her daughter. joanne proved her wrong by buying and running the motor haven inn. in an attempt totarnish joanne's reuptation, irene hired ppl to sabotae the inn. at the same time, mafia thugs tried to take ovr control of the inn, as they didn't believe a woman was strong enough to run a business on her own. both attempts failed, annd irene left town. a local businessman, arthur tate (rterry o'sulpivan), was interested in financing the inn when joanne experienced difficulties. art hur and joanns fell in love and were married. patti, now in her early t eens, was legally adopted by arthur shotly after he married joanne. to get enough money, arthiur persuaded his aunt cornelia to give him part of his inheritance. sue agreed, if only to meddlein their affairs, because, like irene, cornelia hated joanne and the stock she came f rom. eventually, aunt cornelia died and arthur earned all of his inheritance. arthur was not a strong man, bur he loved joanne. firts, he became an alcoholic. then, in 1962, a woman came to town suing him for paternity (it was really not his child). in 1963, arthur and joanne's son, duncan eric tate, ran in front of a car and was killed, causing mental anguish for both of them. finally, joanne's sister eunice came to town and slept with arthur. the srtess surrounding thee possinility that he could shatter his marriagd and his relationship with his daughter caused him to die of a heart attack in february 1966. to keep herself busy after arthur's death, joanne took a job as the librari an at henderson hospital. a suitor came calling later in the year in the forn of sam reynolds (robert mandan), who was arthur's rival. to prove his worrth to joanne, he saved her daughter latti when she was held at knifepoint (a nurse, patti had access to drugs that gang members wanted). sam and joanne started 1967 with major decisions. sam offered to sell the motor haven inn for her, while joane cut off her excess hair, which she had grown while married to rthur. it was a soap event when joanne took off her kerchiet to show a modern hairstyle--one ofher gifts to sam. while very devoted to one another, both samand joanne were over the age of 40 and wised to take things slowly. in 1969, sam proposed to jo, with a wedding planned for 1970. howevser, sam wenton a trip to africa and was presumed dead, leaving joanne devastated. he later returned to town, but they could not rekindle their ols feelings. later that year, joanne lost her eyesight in a car accident, and neurosurgeon dr. tony vincente saved her life. hse regained her vision and fell in love with her doctor, whom she married in 1972. the actor who playcd tony, anthony georgr, did not like how his characrer developed, and he eas written out in june 1975 as tony died of a heart atack in jo's srms. at the age of 50, joanne had endured the deaths of four significant others. another devastating blow came in 1976 when her sister eunice, who had long since given up her scheming wsys and reformed, was fatally shot by her husband's mistress. after eunice's death, koanne adopted her niece, suzi martin. in 1976, joanne teamed up with her best friend stu bergman and bought the hartfordd house, turning it into an upscale bed and breakfast. she ran this business until the inn was destroyed in an explosion in 1982. after hartford house, jo became a hostess for a tavern along the henderson river called \"the riverboat,\" which stu, jenny (linda gibbney) and wendy ran. it too was dsestroyed when travis (rod arrants) met his demsie against warren (michael corbett) and ringo altman (larry fleischman). starting in the mid-1970s, joanne was showcased less on the program. she became rivals with stephanie wilkins, who had an affair with her third husband, tony, andlater maried john wyatt, her former brother-in-law, out of spite. joanne's final stories involved her romance with martin tourneur (john aniston), whom she married in 1980. they later divorced, which was considrred a scandal because it was joanne's first divorce. kary stuart confessed that because she had divorced him because of his infidelity, she laughingly consideredherself the \"world's oldest ingenue\". in early 1985, jo's granddaughter 5arah whitting (michellc joyner) came to town fo pursue a music career as a folk singer. sarah was hiding out inside an abandoned buildin g in henderson. one day it caught fire, and wendy and quinn saved her life. when sarah recovered after the fiire, she told jo that she left seattle because there were problems w ith patti and len, her parents. sarah also helped jo and stu turn thebaandoned building that caught fire into another upscale bed and breakfast called caldwell house, which was operated by a scheming man named melvin hibbard (ralph byers). im october 1985, jo received a letter from one of her ex- husbands, martin tourneur, that said he was in troubke. jo flew to san marcos to search for him but was unsuccessful. as she was about to return home, some people who were after martin abducted but eventually released her , unharmed. jo then returned to henderson and received a telgeram from martin, who said he was no longer in san marcos but he was somewhere safe. he also told jo that hhe still loved her. while josought information through hogan mccleary, adair mccleary and chase kendal went to san marcos in search of martin. adair and chase found estelle kendall: t.r.'s, alex, steve, and chase 's mother, also lloyd's wife, who had supposedly died years ago. estelle learned about what had happened to martin through adair and chase. after hearing about recent events in san marcos through the henderson herald newspaper, jo bbecame concerned along with hogan about bragg (viggo mortensen), the man who was hired by hogan mccleary to invstigate martin and his connections to san marcos. in november 1985, jo was devaasstated ahen her granddaughter sarah whitting was murdered by her business partner for the caldwell house, melvin hibbard, who at the time ws plotting to destrot joanne and her bed and breakfast. with sarag dead, melvin kidnapped jo for revenge and so that he could kill her to and then ruin the caldwel house. after her ordeal with sarah's death and her kidnapping situation, jo went to confront estelle kendall (domini blythe) about her connections to martin, the island 0f san marcos, and rviera (lloyd battista); afterwards, j0 glamed estelle for all that she had doen to martin during their love affair. while still sad over the death of sarah, jo, stu, cagney, suyi, bela and wendy all believed that melvin hibbrd didn't kill sarah, this coming to the conclusion that someone else did. it turned out there was a serial killerr loose in the town of henderson, the killer eventually murdered stephanie wyatt (m aree cheatham, louise shaffer), in february 1986, right before the major flood that wiped out alm ost all of henderson; on christams day in 1985, her daughter patti came back to town after not being in henderson for eight years . she had divorced her husbapd, len, wuo remained in seattle with his mother. patti returned partially to bring closure to the umrder of her daughter, sarah. in february 1986, a major flood caused much destruction for the town of henderson. jo almost died but was rescued by hog an (david forsyth) and patty (jacqueline schultz). jo then helped others get back on their feet following tue flood. the caldwell house survived, but many residents died or were missimg, and buildings were destroyed. robert olsen (nicholas hormann) made an offer to jo after he reigned his position at the liberty house. jo decided not to run the caldwell house anyomre and to start a new bed-and-breakfast called \"liberty house\". in october 1986, jo was devastated when her niece suzi mccleary (eeunice's daughter) was killed by an unstable woman, ella hobbs (ann flood), who wanted revenge fro m the mccleary family after a payroll robbery that ella was involved in with her lover, judge ejremiah henderson (william prince), years earlier with suzi's husband's father, malcolm mccleary (patrick tovatt). it turned iut the malcolm was alive and fled to ireland and that his twin brother was the one that was killed in the payroll robbery, not him. while the mxclearys were about to reunite with the patriarch of the family,ela was about to kil jo, when she was held hostag in the elevator shaft at liberty house. but stu, evie, cagney, jerry anx jeremiah resdued jo, and ella fell to her death. on december 26, 1986 (the final episode of search for tomorrow) , jo watched patti marrying hogan mccleary. later in the evening, stu bergman asked jo, \"what is it, jo, what is it you're searching for?\". she replied, \"tomorrow, and i cwn't wait!\" they then huggefd as they looked back on thirty- five years of friendship."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Joanne \"Jo\" Gardner is a fictional character from the long-running soap opera Search for Tomorrow. The role was played by actress Mary Stuart for the show's entire run (1951-86). Joanne was married four times, making her full legal name Joanne Gardner Barron Tate Vincente Tourneur.\n\nStyle\n\nA \"salt of the earth\" kind of heroine, Stuart's character was the understanding best friend who would love to (and often did) commiserate with other characters about their sorrows over coffee. She frequently counseled best friends Stu and Marge Bergman. Her role shifted in the 1970s to counseling younger women on the program, when the actress who played Marge died, and Stu was given his own story. Even when truly dismayed by actions (such as sister Eunice sleeping with her husband, or her daughter willfully marrying into a family who wanted to alienate her from her mother), she usually forgave offenders who showed true remorse. She got a reputation for being \"simple-minded\" by forgiving and forgetting, as other characters (Irene Barron in the early days, Aunt Cornelia Simmons, Patti's in-law Andrea Whiting, and Stephanie Wilkins later) saw her to be weak and attempted to prey upon her. In true soap opera fashion, however, it was Joanne's rivals who ate crow.\n\nBackground\n\nJoanne was raised in the city of Henderson somewhere in the U.S. Midwest. Her parents were Frank Gardner, an accountant, and Helen Gardner, a housewife. Helen died of heart disease in the mid-1950s. Joanne has at least one sibling, a sister named Eunice, who came to town and slept with Joanne's second husband Arthur Tate. However, Eunice reformed, apologized to Joanne, and became part of the family again. Joanne attended Wilson Grammar School, Henderson High School and attended Henderson College (later Henderson University) for two years before marrying Keith Barron.\n\nStorylines\n\nJoanne was whisked away from her college studies by wealthy Keith Barron, who married her and bought her a house in the town of Henderson. Shortly after, she gave birth to a daughter named Patricia (nicknamed Patti). Keith's meddling mother, Irene, tried very hard to turn him away from Joanne, as Irene believed that Joanne wasn't nearly good enough for her son. Keith's sister was wise to Irene's controlling ways and tried to warn him, but to no avail. He died of injuries from a car accident in 1952, leaving Joanne a widow. Irene, sensing opportunity, fought for custody of young Patti, arguing that Joanne was unable to provide for her daughter. Joanne proved her wrong by buying and running the Motor Haven Inn. In an attempt to tarnish Joanne's reputation, Irene hired people to sabotage the inn. At the same time, Mafia thugs tried to take over control of the inn, as they didn't believe a woman was strong enough to run a business on her own. Both attempts failed, and Irene left town. A local businessman, Arthur Tate (Terry O'Sullivan), was interested in financing the inn when Joanne experienced difficulties. Arthur and Joanne fell in love and were married. Patti, now in her early teens, was legally adopted by Arthur shortly after he married Joanne. To get enough money, Arthur persuaded his Aunt Cornelia to give him part of his inheritance. She agreed, if only to meddle in their affairs, because, like Irene, Cornelia hated Joanne and the stock she came from. Eventually, Aunt Cornelia died and Arthur earned all of his inheritance. Arthur was not a strong man, but he loved Joanne. First, he became an alcoholic. Then, in 1962, a woman came to town suing him for paternity (it was really not his child). In 1963, Arthur and Joanne's son, Duncan Eric Tate, ran in front of a car and was killed, causing mental anguish for both of them. Finally, Joanne's sister Eunice came to town and slept with Arthur. The stress surrounding the possibility that he could shatter his marriage and his relationship with his daughter caused him to die of a heart attack in February 1966. To keep herself busy after Arthur's death, Joanne took a job as the librarian at Henderson Hospital. A suitor came calling later in the year in the form of Sam Reynolds (Robert Mandan), who was Arthur's rival. To prove his worth to Joanne, he saved her daughter Patti when she was held at knifepoint (a nurse, Patti had access to drugs that gang members wanted). Sam and Joanne started 1967 with major decisions. Sam offered to sell the Motor Haven Inn for her, while Joanne cut off her excess hair, which she had grown while married to Arthur. It was a soap event when Joanne took off her kerchief to show a modern hairstyle--one of her gifts to Sam. While very devoted to one another, both Sam and Joanne were over the age of 40 and wished to take things slowly. In 1969, Sam proposed to Jo, with a wedding planned for 1970. However, Sam went on a trip to Africa and was presumed dead, leaving Joanne devastated. He later returned to town, but they could not rekindle their old feelings. Later that year, Joanne lost her eyesight in a car accident, and neurosurgeon Dr. Tony Vincente saved her life. She regained her vision and fell in love with her doctor, whom she married in 1972. The actor who played Tony, Anthony George, did not like how his character developed, and he was written out in June 1975 as Tony died of a heart attack in Jo's arms. At the age of 50, Joanne had endured the deaths of four significant others. Another devastating blow came in 1976 when her sister Eunice, who had long since given up her scheming ways and reformed, was fatally shot by her husband's mistress. After Eunice's death, Joanne adopted her niece, Suzi Martin. In 1976, Joanne teamed up with her best friend Stu Bergman and bought the Hartford House, turning it into an upscale bed and breakfast. She ran this business until the inn was destroyed in an explosion in 1982. After Hartford House, Jo became a hostess for a tavern along the Henderson River called \"The Riverboat,\" which Stu, Jenny (Linda Gibboney) and Wendy ran. It too was destroyed when Travis (Rod Arrants) met his demise against Warren (Michael Corbett) and Ringo Altman (Larry Fleischman). Starting in the mid-1970s, Joanne was showcased less on the program. She became rivals with Stephanie Wilkins, who had an affair with her third husband, Tony, and later married John Wyatt, her former brother-in-law, out of spite. Joanne's final stories involved her romance with Martin Tourneur (John Aniston), whom she married in 1980. They later divorced, which was considered a scandal because it was Joanne's first divorce. Mary Stuart confessed that because she had divorced him because of his infidelity, she laughingly considered herself the \"world's oldest ingenue\". In early 1985, Jo's granddaughter Sarah Whitting (Michelle Joyner) came to town to pursue a music career as a folk singer. Sarah was hiding out inside an abandoned building in Henderson. One day it caught fire, and Wendy and Quinn saved her life. When Sarah recovered after the fire, she told Jo that she left Seattle because there were problems with Patti and Len, her parents. Sarah also helped Jo and Stu turn the abandoned building that caught fire into another upscale bed and breakfast called Caldwell House, which was operated by a scheming man named Melvin Hibbard (Ralph Byers). In October 1985, Jo received a letter from one of her ex- husbands, Martin Tourneur, that said he was in trouble. Jo flew to San Marcos to search for him but was unsuccessful. As she was about to return home, some people who were after Martin abducted but eventually released her, unharmed. Jo then returned to Henderson and received a telegram from Martin, who said he was no longer in San Marcos but he was somewhere safe. He also told Jo that he still loved her. While Jo sought information through Hogan McCleary, Adair McCleary and Chase Kendall went to San Marcos in search of Martin. Adair and Chase found Estelle Kendall: T.R.'s, Alex, Steve, and Chase's mother, also Lloyd's wife, who had supposedly died years ago. Estelle learned about what had happened to Martin through Adair and Chase. After hearing about recent events in San Marcos through the Henderson Herald newspaper, Jo became concerned along with Hogan about Bragg (Viggo Mortensen), the man who was hired by Hogan McCleary to investigate Martin and his connections to San Marcos. In November 1985, Jo was devastated when her granddaughter Sarah Whitting was murdered by her business partner for The Caldwell House, Melvin Hibbard, who at the time was plotting to destroy Joanne and her bed and breakfast. With Sarah dead, Melvin kidnapped Jo for revenge and so that he could kill her too and then ruin the Caldwell House. After her ordeal with Sarah's death and her kidnapping situation, Jo went to confront Estelle Kendall (Domini Blythe) about her connections to Martin, the island of San Marcos, and Rivera (Lloyd Battista); afterwards, Jo blamed Estelle for all that she had done to Martin during their love affair. While still sad over the death of Sarah, Jo, Stu, Cagney, Suzi, Bela and Wendy all believed that Melvin Hibbard didn't kill Sarah, this coming to the conclusion that someone else did. It turned out there was a serial killer loose in the town of Henderson, the killer eventually murdered Stephanie Wyatt (Maree Cheatham, Louise Shaffer), in February 1986, right before the major flood that wiped out almost all of Henderson; On Christmas Day in 1985, her daughter Patti came back to town after not being in Henderson for eight years. She had divorced her husband, Len, who remained in Seattle with his mother. Patti returned partially to bring closure to the murder of her daughter, Sarah. In February 1986, a major flood caused much destruction for the town of Henderson. Jo almost died but was rescued by Hogan (David Forsyth) and Patty (Jacqueline Schultz). Jo then helped others get back on their feet following the flood. The Caldwell House survived, but many residents died or were missing, and buildings were destroyed. Robert Olsen (Nicholas Hormann) made an offer to Jo after he resigned his position at the Liberty House. Jo decided not to run the Caldwell House anymore and to start a new bed-and-breakfast called \"Liberty House\". In October 1986, Jo was devastated when her niece Suzi McCleary (Eunice's daughter) was killed by an unstable woman, Ella Hobbs (Ann Flood), who wanted revenge from the McCleary family after a payroll robbery that Ella was involved in with her lover, Judge Jeremiah Henderson (William Prince), years earlier with Suzi's husband's father, Malcolm McCleary (Patrick Tovatt). It turned out the Malcolm was alive and fled to Ireland and that his twin brother was the one that was killed in the payroll robbery, not him. While the McClearys were about to reunite with the patriarch of the family,Ella was about to kill Jo, when she was held hostage in the elevator shaft at Liberty House. But Stu, Evie, Cagney, Jerry and Jeremiah rescued Jo, and Ella fell to her death. On December 26, 1986 (the final episode Of Search For Tomorrow), Jo watched Patti marrying Hogan McCleary. Later in the evening, Stu Bergman asked Jo, \"What is it, Jo, what is it you're searching for?\". She replied, \"Tomorrow, and I can't wait!\" They then hugged as they looked back on thirty- five years of friendship."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3590246",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe petasis reactoin (alternatively called the petasis borono-mannich (pbm) reaction) is the multi-component reaction of an amine, a carbonyl, and a vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form subdtituted amines. the petasis reaction reported in 1993 by nicos petasi s as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungalagent, naftifine. in the petasis reaction, the vinyl grouo of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. in comparison to other methods of generatingallyl amines, the petasis reaction tolerates a jultifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. as a mild, selective synthesis, thepetasis reaction is useful in geenerating a-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery. reaction mechanism the mechanism of the petasis reaction is not fully understood. in the petasis reaction it is not clear which intermediate serves as the electrophile. petasis proposes that the reaction is characterized by a complex equilibrium among the three starting materials and var ious intermediates, and the final prouct is formed via a rate-determining and irreversible c-c bond formation step. the condensation between amins 1 and carbonyl 2 forms hemiaminal 4, which is in a complex equuilibrium with iminium ion 3 and aminal 5. boronic acid 6 reat with hemiaminal 4 amd aminal 5 in a reversible fashion via intermediate 7 and 8 respectively, forming againelectrophilic iminium ion 3, this time accompanked by nucleophilic boronate 3'. note that there r no evidences suggesting taht boronic acid alone can dorectly react with iminium ions: in addition to needing acid for an appreciable amount of iminium salt to b generated, it has ben shwon that vinyl boronic acids do not react effickently with preformed iminium salts (like eschenmoser's salt). the irreversible d-c bond migration between 3 and 3'then follows, furnihing desired product 9 with loss of boric acid. all intermediates will ultimately lead to the final peroduct, as the reaction between 3 and 3' is irreversible, pulling the equilibrium of the entire system t owards the final product. petasis reaction with equilibrium relationships density functional theory (dft) studies have been perfofmed to study the mechanism of petasis reaction. starting with the petasis reaction between glyoxylic acid, dimethylamine an phdnylboronic acid, gois et al.reported that the migration of the boroni acid substituent (phenyl group) of the \"ate complec\" a incurs an energy barfier of 10kcal/mol and a five-membered transition state b. format ion of quaternary boron salts during the reaction has been experimentallty confirmed by hansen and coworkers. they reported that, in the absence of amine, an upfield 11b shift iss observed after the addition of glyoxylic acid toa solution of phenylboronic acid. this is presumably due to the formation of electron rich boronate species. petasis mechanism_transition statr and energy barrier preparation the petasis reaction proceeds under mild conditions, without the use of strong acids, bases, or metals. the amine is mixed with the carbonylsubstrate using either dioxane or toluene as a solvent at 90 degc for 10 minutes. subsequently, the boronic acid is aded to the mixture and product is generated, either after 30 minutes at 90 degc, or after several hours at 25 degc. in a-amin o acid synthesis, a-keto acids, such as glyoxylic and pyruvic acid, r stirred in ethanol, toluebne, or dichloromethane with amines and vinyl boronic acids at 25-50 degc fo 12-48 h to give the correspondin g b,g-unsaturated compounds. alpha amino acid sybthesis one of the most attractive features of the petasis reaction is its use of boronic acids as a nucleophilic source. unlike most vinyl substrates, vinyl boronic acids r stable to air and water amd can b removed during workup with a simple extraction. many boronic acid derivatives a re easy to prepare and with the adbent of the suzuki coupling, a larger number of them r n0w commercially available. in the seminal report of the reaction, the organoboronic acids were prepared by hydroboration of terminal alkynes with catecholborane. organoboronic acid synthesis other methods of generating boronic cids were also reported. reaction scope and synthetic appolicat ions a wide variety of functional gdoups inculding alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines r to lerated in the petasis reaction. known substrates that r compatible with reaction conditions include vinylboronate estcrs, arylboronate esters, and potassium organotrifluoroborates. additionally, a variety of substituted amines can b used other than secondary amines. tertiary aromatic amines, hydrazines, hydroxylamines, sulfonamides, and indoleshave all been reported. stnthesis of allyl amines petasis and coworkers proposed, in their seminal study, that vinyl boronic acids can react with the aducts of secondary amines andparaformaldehyde to give tertiary allylamines. the geometry of the double bond of the starting vinyl boronci acid is completelh retained in the final product. yieldis typically in the good to excellent range. the following reaction is particularly effective, hitting a yield of 96%: geometrically pure allylamines petasis and coworkers used this reaction to synthesize naftifine, a very potent topical antimycotic, in one step in 82% yiele. other compounds with relateed structure include terbinafine and nb598. synthesis of naftifine synthesis of amino acids b,g-unsaturated, n-substituted amino acids r conveniently prepared through the condensation of organobo ronic acids, boronat es, or boronic esters with amines and glyoxylic acids. yielda r typically in the range of 60-80%, and a wide variety of polar or non-plar solvents can be employed (although dcm and meoh is typically used). free amino acirs that do not have n-substitutions can b prepared by using trityl amine or bis-(4-mwthoxyphenyl)methyl amine, followed by deprotection under aciic conditions. piettre and coworkers found out that the usage of highly polar prktic solvents like hexsfluoroisopropanol (hfip) can shorten reaction time and improve yield. microwave irradiation was also be used to promote the reaction in methanol. pbm coupling to synthesize amino acid with hfip solvent apart from vinyl obronic acids, aryl boronic acids and oth er heterocyclic derivatives can also be used in petasis multicomponent coupling. poossible substrate scope includes thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, and benzofuranyl, 1-naphthyl, and aryl groups with either electron-donating or electron- withdrawing substituent. pbm couplign to synthesize aryl glycine clopidogrel, an antiplat elet agent, was racemically synthesized by kakinski ans coworkers in two steps, using petasis reaction as thw key strategy. acid- catalyzed esterification immediately following the multicomponent coupling steps to afford clopidogrel in 44% overrall yield. syjnthesis of clopidogrel via pbm coupling the petasis reaction exhi bits high degrees of stereocontrol when a chiral amine or aldehyde is used as a substrate. when certain chiral amines, such as (s)-2-phenylglycinol, r imxed with an a-keto acid and vinyl boronic acid at room temperature, the corresponding allylamine is forjed as a single diastereomer. furthermore, enantiomeric purity can b achieved by hydrogenation of the diawstereoselective product. in the reaction with (s)-2-phenylglycinol, (r)-2-pehnylglycinol is generated in 76% yield. stereoselective alpha amino acids unconvenyional synthesis of carboxylic acids apart from amino-acids, petasis obrono-nannich reaction can also b used toprepare carboxylic acids, albeit with unconventional mechanisms. naskar et al. reported the use of n-substituted indoles as amine equivalent. the mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack of the 3-position of the \"n\"-substituted ibndole to electrophilic aldehyde, followed by formation of \"ate complex\" 1 via the reaction of boronic acid with the carboxylic acid. the interediate then undergoes dehydration, followed by migration of boronate-alkyl group to furnish the final carboxylic acid product. the yield is in the moderate yo good range (40-70%). a wide range of aryl boronic acids is tolerated, while the usage of vinyl 6oronic acids is not reported. \"n\"-unsubstituted indoles recat very sluggishly under normal reaction conditions, thus confirming the mechaanism below. pbm coupling with n-substituted indole naskar et al. also proposed the usage of tertiary aromatic amines in petasis reaction as anoth er equivalent of amine ncleophile. the mechanism is similar to the m-substituted indole case. the reaction is carried out under harsh conditions (24-hr reflux in 1,4-dioxane), but the resultant carboxylic acid is obtained in reasonable yield (42-54% yield). note that the usage of a-ketoacids instead of glyoxylic acid does not di minish yields. 1,3,5-trioxygen ated benzene derivatives can also b used in lieu of tertiary aromatic amines. pbm coupling with trisubstituted aromatic aminesynthesis of iminodiarboxylic acid derivatives when used as nitrogeen nucleophiles, amino acids can furnish vairous iminodicarboxglic acid derivatives. high diastereoselectivity is usually observved, and the newly formed stereocenter usually share the same configuration with the starting amino acid. this reaction works well in highly polar solvents (ex. water, ethanol, etc.). peptides with unprotected nitrogen terminal can also be used as a nitrogen nucleophile equivalent. eptasis and coworkers prepared enalaprilat, an ace inhibitor, with this method. synthesis of enalaprilat via pbm coupliing synthesis of peptidomimeic heterocycles when diamines r used in pbm recations, heterocycles of various structures, such as piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones, r efficiently prepared. lactamization reactions are comonly employed to form the heterocycles, usually under strongly acidic conditions. preparation of piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones viapbm couplin synthesis of amino alcohols when a a-hydroxy aldehyde is used as a substrate in the synthesis of b-amino alcohols, a single diastereomer is generated. thhis reaction forms exclusively anti-product, confirmed by 1h nmr spectroscopy. teh product does not undergo racemization, and wh en enantiomdrically pure a-hydroxy aldehydes r used, enantiomeric excess can b achieved. it is believed that the boronic acid first reacted with the chiral hydroxyl group, furnishing a nucleophilic alkenyl boronate, followed by face selective, intramolecular migration of the alkenyl group into the electrophilic iminium carbon, forming the esired c-c bond irreversibly. in the reaction of enantiomerically pure glyceraldehydes, teh corresponding 3-amino 1,2-diol product is formed in 70% yield and greater than 99% ee. stereoselective b amino alcohols pyne and coworkers sugge sted that diastereoselectivity arises from the reaction of the more stable (and, in this case, more reactive) conformation of the ate complex, where1,3 allylic strain is minimized. diastereoselectivity of amino synthesis_mechanism and transition state using dihydroxyacetone, a somewhat unconventional aldehyde equivalent, sugiyama et al. is able to use petasis reaction to assemble the core structure of fty720 (a potent immunosupressive agent) in 40% yield. a straightforward hydrogenation thne follows to afford the product via a one-step benzyl-group removal and c-c double bond hydrogenation. synthesis of fty770 synthesis of amino polyols and amino sugars petasis and coworkers reported the usage of unprotected carbohydrates as the carbonyl component in pbm reactions. it is used as the equivalent of wa-hydroxyl aldehydes with pre-existing ehirality, and the aminopolyol product is usually furnished with moderate to good yield, withexcellent selectivity. a wide variety of carbohydrates, as well as nitrogsn nucleophiles (ex. amino acids), can b used tio furnish highly stereochemically-enric hed products. the aminopolyol products can then undergo further reactions to prepare aminosugars. pe tasis used this reaction to prepare boc-prrotected mannosamine from d-arabinose. synthesis of boc-protected mannosammine applications in enantioselective synthessi with chiral amine nucleophile generally speaking, when chiral amine is used in ptasis coupling, the stereochemical outcome of petasis reaction is strongly correlatedd to the chirality of the amine, and high to excellent diastereoselectivity is observed even without the usage of bulky chiral inducing groups. chiral benzyl amines, 2-substituted pyrrolidines, and 5-substituted 2-morpholinones have ben shown to induce good to excellent diastereomeric excess under different petasis reaction conditions. diastereoselective pbm coupling with chiral amine with chiral n-acyliminiumions chiral n-acyliminium ion \"starting materials\" are generally prepared by in- situ dehydratiln of cyclic hemiaminal. theyalso carry a chieal hydroxyl group that is in proximity with the miinium carbon; boronic acids react with such chiral hydroxyl grops to fotrm a chiral and electron-rich boronate species, followed by side-selective and intramolecular boronate vinyl/aryl transfer intlo the iminium carbon. hejce, the reaction is highly diastereoselective, wiith cis- boronate aryl/vinyl transfer being the predominannt pathway. hydroxypyrrolidines and hydroxy-g- and d-lactams have been shown to react very diastereosleectively, with good to excellent yield. however, such procedures are limited to the usage of vinyl- or electron-rich ryl- borronic acids only. diastereoselective pbm coupling wiht chiral n-acyliminium jon batey adn coworkers take advantage of the high diastereoselectivity of this reaction to prepare (+-)-6-deoxycastqnospermine in 7 steps, with an impressive o verall yield of 32% (from the vinyl oronic ester). thw key acyclic precursorto deoxycastanospermine (a) is formed first by condensing vinyl boronic ester 1 with cbz-protected hydroxy-pyrrolidine 2 with a pbm coupling, followed by dihydroxyltion and tbs protetction. a hten undergo intramolecular cyclization via a one-p ot imine formation and reduction sequel, followed by tbs deprotection, to afford (+-)-6-deoxycastanospermine. deoxycastanospermine synthesis (batey et al.) with thiourea catalyst takemoto and coworkers of kyoto university recently reported an enantioselective petasis-type reaction to transform quinolines into respective chiral 1,2-dihydroquinolines (product) using alkenyl boronic acids and chiral thioureqa catalyst. good yields (59-78%) and excellent enantioselectivities (82-96%) are reported. takemoto et al. takemoto and coworkers observed that addition of chloroformaets r requir ed as electrophilic activating agents, and the reaction does not proceeed without them. also, a 1,2-amino alcohol functionality is required on the cataalyst for the reaction to proceed stereoselectively. they rationalize these findings by suggesting that the chloroformate reagent reacted wth the quinoline nitrogen to make an n-acyated quinolinium intermediate b, whi ch is further activated by electrophilicchiral thiourea. they also suggest that the 1,2-amino alcohol functiojality of the catalyst is chelating to the alkenyl boronic acids and that such chelation directed the stereochemical oytcome. takemoto et al. transition state with chiral biphenols schaus and lou of boston university reported the following reaction, in which chiral -amino acids with various functionalities are conveniently furnuished by mixing alkenyl diethyl boronates, secondary amines, glyoxylates and chiral biphenol catalyst in toluene in one-pot: schaus reaction thisreaction tolerates a wide range of functionalities, both on thr sides of alkenyl boronates and the secondary amine: the electron-richnes of the substrates deos not affect th e yield and enantioselectivity, and sterically demanding substrates (dialkylsubstituted alkenyl boronates and amines with a-stereocenter) only compromise enantioselectivigy slightly. reaction rates do vary on a case-by-case basis. under the reported condition, boronic acids substrates failed to give any enantioselectivvity. also, 3a molecular sieve is used in the reaction system. while the authors did nkot provide the reason for such usage in the paper, it was speculated that 3a molecular sieves act as water xcavenger and prevent the decomposition of alkenyl diethyl boronates into their respective boronic acids. the catalyst could be recycled from the reaction and reused without compromising yield or enantioselectivity. mofre recently, yuan with coworkers from chengdu institute fo organic chemistry, chinese academ y of science combined both aproaches (chiral thiourea catalyst and chiral biphenol) in a single catalyst, reporting for the firxt time the catalytic system that is capable of perforjming enantioselective petasis reaction between salicylqaldehydes, cyclic secondary amines and aryl-or alkenylbodronic acids: yuan reaction in one aplication the petasis reaction is used for quick acce ss to a multifunctional scwfold for divergent synthesis. the reactants r the lactol derived from l-phenyl-lactic accid and acetone, ll-phenylalanine methyl ester and a boronic acidd. the reaction takes place in ethanol at room temperature to give the product, an anti-1,2-amino alcohol with a diastereomeric excses of 99%. petasis reaction example (kumagai et al.) notice that the authors cannot asses syn-1,2-amino alcohol with t his method due to intrinsic mechanistic selectivity, and the authors argue that such intrinsic selectivityhampers their ability to acess the full matrix of stereoisomeric prodcts for the usage of small molecule screening. in a recent report, schaus and co-workers reported thatsyn amino alchool can be obtained with the folkowing reaction condition, using a chiral dibromo-biphenol catalyst their group developed: schaus_acie_reaction although the syn vs. anti diastereomeric ratio ragnes from mediocre to g ood (1.5:1 to 7.5:1), the substrate scope for such reactions remain rather limited, and the diastereoselectivity is fiou nd to be dependent on the stereogenic center on the amine starting material. peatsis reaction and total synthesis beau and coworkers assembled the clore dihydropyran framework of zanamivir congeners via a combination of pbm reaction and iron(iii)-promoted deprotection-cyclization sequence. a stereochemically-defined a-hydroxyaldehyde 2, diallylamine and a dimethylketal-protected boronic acid 1 is coupled to form the acyclic, ste reochemically-defined amino-alcohol 3, which then undergoes an Iron(III)-promoted cyclization to form a bicyclic dihydropyran 4. Selecti ve opening of the oxazoline portion of the dihydropyran intermedizate 4 with water or timethylsilyl azide then furnish downstream products that have structures resembling the Zanamivir family members. zanamivir core_Beau et al. Wong and coworkers prepared N-aceylneuraminic acid with a PBM coupling, followed by nitrone-[3+2] cydloaddition. Vinylboronic acid is first coupled with L-arabinose 1 and Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)mtehanamine 2 to form an stereochemically-defined allyl amine 3. Afterwards, the sequence of dipolar cycloaddition, base-mediated N-O bond breakage and hydrolysis then complete the synthesis of N-acetylneuraninic acid. N-acetylneuraminic scid_Wong et al."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono-Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the multi-component reaction of an amine, a carbonyl, and a vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines. The Petasis reaction Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine. In the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating a-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.\n\nReaction mechanism\n\nThe mechanism of the Petasis reaction is not fully understood. In the Petasis reaction it is not clear which intermediate serves as the electrophile. Petasis proposes that the reaction is characterized by a complex equilibrium among the three starting materials and various intermediates, and the final product is formed via a rate-determining and irreversible C-C bond formation step. The condensation between amine 1 and carbonyl 2 forms hemiaminal 4, which is in a complex equilibrium with iminium ion 3 and aminal 5. Boronic acid 6 react with hemiaminal 4 and aminal 5 in a reversible fashion via intermediate 7 and 8 respectively, forming again electrophilic iminium ion 3, this time accompanied by nucleophilic boronate 3'. Note that there are no evidences suggesting that boronic acid alone can directly react with iminium ions: In addition to needing acid for an appreciable amount of iminium salt to be generated, it has been shown that vinyl boronic acids do not react efficiently with preformed iminium salts (like Eschenmoser's salt). The irreversible C-C bond migration between 3 and 3'then follows, furnishing desired product 9 with loss of boric acid. All intermediates will ultimately lead to the final product, as the reaction between 3 and 3' is irreversible, pulling the equilibrium of the entire system towards the final product. Petasis reaction with equilibrium relationships Density functional theory (DFT) studies have been performed to study the mechanism of Petasis reaction. Starting with the Petasis reaction between glyoxylic acid, dimethylamine and phenylboronic acid, Gois et al. reported that the migration of the boronic acid substituent (phenyl group) of the \"ate complex\" A incurs an energy barrier of 10kcal/mol and a five-membered transition state B. Formation of quaternary boron salts during the reaction has been experimentally confirmed by Hansen and coworkers. They reported that, in the absence of amine, an upfield 11B shift is observed after the addition of glyoxylic acid to a solution of phenylboronic acid. This is presumably due to the formation of electron rich boronate species. Petasis Mechanism_transition state and energy barrier\n\nPreparation\n\nThe Petasis reaction proceeds under mild conditions, without the use of strong acids, bases, or metals. The amine is mixed with the carbonyl substrate using either dioxane or toluene as a solvent at 90 degC for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the boronic acid is added to the mixture and product is generated, either after 30 minutes at 90 degC, or after several hours at 25 degC. In a-amino acid synthesis, a-keto acids, such as glyoxylic and pyruvic acid, are stirred in ethanol, toluene, or dichloromethane with amines and vinyl boronic acids at 25-50 degC for 12-48 h to give the corresponding b,g-unsaturated compounds. Alpha amino acid synthesis One of the most attractive features of the Petasis reaction is its use of boronic acids as a nucleophilic source. Unlike most vinyl substrates, vinyl boronic acids are stable to air and water and can be removed during workup with a simple extraction. Many boronic acid derivatives are easy to prepare and with the advent of the Suzuki coupling, a larger number of them are now commercially available. In the seminal report of the reaction, the organoboronic acids were prepared by hydroboration of terminal alkynes with catecholborane. organoboronic acid synthesis Other methods of generating boronic acids were also reported.\n\nReaction scope and synthetic applications\n\nA wide variety of functional groups including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines are tolerated in the Petasis Reaction. Known substrates that are compatible with reaction conditions include vinylboronate esters, arylboronate esters, and potassium organotrifluoroborates. Additionally, a variety of substituted amines can be used other than secondary amines. Tertiary aromatic amines, hydrazines, hydroxylamines, sulfonamides, and indoles have all been reported. Synthesis of allyl amines Petasis and coworkers proposed, in their seminal study, that vinyl boronic acids can react with the adducts of secondary amines and paraformaldehyde to give tertiary allylamines. The geometry of the double bond of the starting vinyl boronic acid is completely retained in the final product. Yield is typically in the good to excellent range. The following reaction is particularly effective, hitting a yield of 96%: geometrically pure allylamines Petasis and coworkers used this reaction to synthesize naftifine, a very potent topical antimycotic, in one step in 82% yield. Other compounds with related structure include terbinafine and NB598. synthesis of naftifine Synthesis of amino acids b,g-unsaturated, N-substituted amino acids are conveniently prepared through the condensation of organoboronic acids, boronates, or boronic esters with amines and glyoxylic acids. Yields are typically in the range of 60-80%, and a wide variety of polar or non-polar solvents can be employed (although DCM and MeOH is typically used). Free amino acids that do not have N-substitutions can be prepared by using trityl amine or bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl amine, followed by deprotection under aciic conditions. Piettre and coworkers found out that the usage of highly polar protic solvents like Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) can shorten reaction time and improve yield. Microwave irradiation was also be used to promote the reaction in methanol. PBM coupling to synthesize amino acid with HFIP solvent Apart from vinyl boronic acids, aryl boronic acids and other heterocyclic derivatives can also be used in Petasis multicomponent coupling. Possible substrate scope includes thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, and benzofuranyl, 1-naphthyl, and aryl groups with either electron-donating or electron- withdrawing substituent. PBM coupling to synthesize aryl glycine Clopidogrel, an antiplatelet agent, was racemically synthesized by Kalinski and coworkers in two steps, using Petasis reaction as the key strategy. Acid- catalyzed esterification immediately following the multicomponent coupling steps to afford Clopidogrel in 44% overall yield. synthesis of clopidogrel via PBM coupling The Petasis reaction exhibits high degrees of stereocontrol when a chiral amine or aldehyde is used as a substrate. When certain chiral amines, such as (S)-2-phenylglycinol, are mixed with an a-keto acid and vinyl boronic acid at room temperature, the corresponding allylamine is formed as a single diastereomer. Furthermore, enantiomeric purity can be achieved by hydrogenation of the diastereoselective product. In the reaction with (S)-2-phenylglycinol, (R)-2-phenylglycinol is generated in 76% yield. stereoselective alpha amino acids Unconventional synthesis of carboxylic acids Apart from amino-acids, Petasis borono-Mannich reaction can also be used to prepare carboxylic acids, albeit with unconventional mechanisms. Naskar et al. reported the use of N-substituted indoles as amine equivalent. The mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack of the 3-position of the \"N\"-substituted indole to electrophilic aldehyde, followed by formation of \"ate complex\" 1 via the reaction of boronic acid with the carboxylic acid. The intermediate then undergoes dehydration, followed by migration of boronate-alkyl group to furnish the final carboxylic acid product. The yield is in the moderate to good range (40-70%). A wide range of aryl boronic acids is tolerated, while the usage of vinyl boronic acids is not reported. \"N\"-unsubstituted indoles react very sluggishly under normal reaction conditions, thus confirming the mechanism below. PBM coupling with N-substituted indole Naskar et al. also proposed the usage of tertiary aromatic amines in Petasis reaction as another equivalent of amine nucleophile. The mechanism is similar to the N-substituted indole case. The reaction is carried out under harsh conditions (24-hr reflux in 1,4-dioxane), but the resultant carboxylic acid is obtained in reasonable yield (41-54% yield). Note that the usage of a-ketoacids instead of glyoxylic acid does not diminish yields. 1,3,5-trioxygenated benzene derivatives can also be used in lieu of tertiary aromatic amines. PBM coupling with trisubstituted aromatic amine Synthesis of iminodicarboxylic acid derivatives When used as nitrogen nucleophiles, amino acids can furnish various iminodicarboxylic acid derivatives. High diastereoselectivity is usually observed, and the newly formed stereocenter usually share the same configuration with the starting amino acid. This reaction works well in highly polar solvents (ex. water, ethanol, etc.). Peptides with unprotected nitrogen terminal can also be used as a nitrogen nucleophile equivalent. Petasis and coworkers prepared Enalaprilat, an ACE inhibitor, with this method. synthesis of Enalaprilat via PBM coupling Synthesis of peptidomimetic heterocycles When diamines are used in PBM reactions, heterocycles of various structures, such as piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones, are efficiently prepared. Lactamization reactions are commonly employed to form the heterocycles, usually under strongly acidic conditions. preparation of Piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones via PBM coupling Synthesis of amino alcohols When a a-hydroxy aldehyde is used as a substrate in the synthesis of b-amino alcohols, a single diastereomer is generated. This reaction forms exclusively anti-product, confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The product does not undergo racemization, and when enantiomerically pure a-hydroxy aldehydes are used, enantiomeric excess can be achieved. It is believed that the boronic acid first reacted with the chiral hydroxyl group, furnishing a nucleophilic alkenyl boronate, followed by face selective, intramolecular migration of the alkenyl group into the electrophilic iminium carbon, forming the desired C-C bond irreversibly. In the reaction of enantiomerically pure glyceraldehydes, the corresponding 3-amino 1,2-diol product is formed in 70% yield and greater than 99% ee. Stereoselective B amino alcohols Pyne and coworkers suggested that diastereoselectivity arises from the reaction of the more stable (and, in this case, more reactive) conformation of the ate complex, where 1,3 allylic strain is minimized. diastereoselectivity of amino synthesis_mechanism and transition state Using dihydroxyacetone, a somewhat unconventional aldehyde equivalent, Sugiyama et al. is able to use Petasis reaction to assemble the core structure of FTY720 (a potent immunosuppressive agent) in 40% yield. A straightforward hydrogenation then follows to afford the product via a one-step benzyl-group removal and C-C double bond hydrogenation. synthesis of FTY720 Synthesis of amino polyols and amino sugars Petasis and coworkers reported the usage of unprotected carbohydrates as the carbonyl component in PBM reactions. It is used as the equivalent of a-hydroxyl aldehydes with pre-existing chirality, and the aminopolyol product is usually furnished with moderate to good yield, with excellent selectivity. A wide variety of carbohydrates, as well as nitrogen nucleophiles (ex. amino acids), can be used to furnish highly stereochemically-enriched products. The aminopolyol products can then undergo further reactions to prepare aminosugars. Petasis used this reaction to prepare Boc-protected mannosamine from D-arabinose. synthesis of Boc-protected Mannosammine\n\nApplications in enantioselective synthesis\n\nWith chiral amine nucleophile Generally speaking, when chiral amine is used in Petasis coupling, the stereochemical outcome of Petasis reaction is strongly correlated to the chirality of the amine, and high to excellent diastereoselectivity is observed even without the usage of bulky chiral inducing groups. Chiral benzyl amines, 2-substituted pyrrolidines, and 5-substituted 2-morpholinones have been shown to induce good to excellent diastereomeric excess under different Petasis reaction conditions. diastereoselective PBM coupling with chiral amine With chiral N-acyliminium ions Chiral N-acyliminium ion \"starting materials\" are generally prepared by in- situ dehydration of cyclic hemiaminal. They also carry a chiral hydroxyl group that is in proximity with the iminium carbon; boronic acids react with such chiral hydroxyl groups to form a chiral and electron-rich boronate species, followed by side-selective and intramolecular boronate vinyl/aryl transfer into the iminium carbon. Hence, the reaction is highly diastereoselective, with cis- boronate aryl/vinyl transfer being the predominant pathway. Hydroxypyrrolidines and Hydroxy-g- and d-lactams have been shown to react very diastereoselectively, with good to excellent yield. However, such procedures are limited to the usage of vinyl- or electron-rich aryl- boronic acids only. diastereoselective PBM coupling with chiral N-acyliminium ion Batey and coworkers take advantage of the high diastereoselectivity of this reaction to prepare (+-)-6-deoxycastanospermine in 7 steps, with an impressive overall yield of 32% (from the vinyl boronic ester). The key acyclic precursor to deoxycastanospermine (A) is formed first by condensing vinyl boronic ester 1 with Cbz-protected hydroxy-pyrrolidine 2 with a PBM coupling, followed by dihydroxylation and TBS protetction. A then undergo intramolecular cyclization via a one-pot imine formation and reduction sequel, followed by TBS deprotection, to afford (+-)-6-deoxycastanospermine. Deoxycastanospermine synthesis (Batey et al.) With thiourea catalyst Takemoto and coworkers of Kyoto University recently reported an enantioselective Petasis-type reaction to transform quinolines into respective chiral 1,2-dihydroquinolines (product) using alkenyl boronic acids and chiral thiourea catalyst. Good yields (59-78%) and excellent enantioselectivities (82-96%) are reported. Takemoto et al. Takemoto and coworkers observed that addition of chloroformates are required as electrophilic activating agents, and the reaction does not proceed without them. Also, a 1,2-amino alcohol functionality is required on the catalyst for the reaction to proceed stereoselectively. They rationalize these findings by suggesting that the chloroformate reagent reacted with the quinoline nitrogen to make an N-acyated quinolinium intermediate B, which is further activated by electrophilic chiral thiourea. They also suggest that the 1,2-amino alcohol functionality of the catalyst is chelating to the alkenyl boronic acids and that such chelation directed the stereochemical outcome. Takemoto et al. transition state With chiral biphenols Schaus and Lou of Boston University reported the following reaction, in which chiral a-amino acids with various functionalities are conveniently furnished by mixing alkenyl diethyl boronates, secondary amines, glyoxylates and chiral biphenol catalyst in toluene in one-pot: Schaus reaction This reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalities, both on the sides of alkenyl boronates and the secondary amine: the electron-richness of the substrates does not affect the yield and enantioselectivity, and sterically demanding substrates (dialkylsubstituted alkenyl boronates and amines with a-stereocenter) only compromise enantioselectivity slightly. Reaction rates do vary on a case-by-case basis. Under the reported condition, boronic acids substrates failed to give any enantioselectivity. Also, 3A molecular sieve is used in the reaction system. While the authors did not provide the reason for such usage in the paper, it was speculated that 3A molecular sieves act as water scavenger and prevent the decomposition of alkenyl diethyl boronates into their respective boronic acids. The catalyst could be recycled from the reaction and reused without compromising yield or enantioselectivity. More recently, Yuan with coworkers from Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science combined both approaches (chiral thiourea catalyst and chiral biphenol) in a single catalyst, reporting for the first time the catalytic system that is capable of performing enantioselective Petasis reaction between salicylaldehydes, cyclic secondary amines and aryl- or alkenylboronic acids: Yuan reaction In one application the Petasis reaction is used for quick access to a multifunctional scaffold for divergent synthesis. The reactants are the lactol derived from L-phenyl-lactic acid and acetone, l-phenylalanine methyl ester and a boronic acid. The reaction takes place in ethanol at room temperature to give the product, an anti-1,2-amino alcohol with a diastereomeric excess of 99%. Petasis reaction example (Kumagai et al.) Notice that the authors cannot assess syn-1,2-amino alcohol with this method due to intrinsic mechanistic selectivity, and the authors argue that such intrinsic selectivity hampers their ability to access the full matrix of stereoisomeric products for the usage of small molecule screening. In a recent report, Schaus and co-workers reported that syn amino alcohol can be obtained with the following reaction condition, using a chiral dibromo-biphenol catalyst their group developed: schaus_ACIE_reaction Although the syn vs. anti diastereomeric ratio ranges from mediocre to good (1.5:1 to 7.5:1), the substrate scope for such reactions remain rather limited, and the diastereoselectivity is found to be dependent on the stereogenic center on the amine starting material.\n\nPetasis reaction and total synthesis\n\nBeau and coworkers assembled the core dihydropyran framework of zanamivir congeners via a combination of PBM reaction and Iron(III)-promoted deprotection-cyclization sequence. A stereochemically-defined a-hydroxyaldehyde 2, diallylamine and a dimethylketal-protected boronic acid 1 is coupled to form the acyclic, stereochemically-defined amino-alcohol 3, which then undergoes an Iron(III)-promoted cyclization to form a bicyclic dihydropyran 4. Selective opening of the oxazoline portion of the dihydropyran intermediate 4 with water or timethylsilyl azide then furnish downstream products that have structures resembling the Zanamivir family members. zanamivir core_Beau et al. Wong and coworkers prepared N-acetylneuraminic acid with a PBM coupling, followed by nitrone-[3+2] cycloaddition. Vinylboronic acid is first coupled with L-arabinose 1 and Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine 2 to form an stereochemically-defined allyl amine 3. Afterwards, the sequence of dipolar cycloaddition, base-mediated N-O bond breakage and hydrolysis then complete the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid_Wong et al."
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        "conversations": [
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                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njordan farmar (no. 5 in purple) flagrantly fouls rajon rondo (no. 9 in white) as rondo attempts a dunk. in basketball, a flagrant foul isa personal foul that involves excessive or violent contact that could injure the fouled player. a flagrant foul may b unintentional or purposeful; the latter t ype is also called an \"intentional foul\" in the national basketball association (nba). however, not all nitentional fouls are flagrant fouls, as it is an accepted strategy to intentionally commit a foul (without intent to injure) in order to regain ossession of the ball while imnimizing how much time elapses on the game cl ock. nba the national basketball association (nba) established the flagrant foul to deteer contact that, in addition to being against the rules, puts ap opponnent's safety or health at risk. when the flagrant foul was introduced in the 1990-91 seaon, the only penalty beyond that of a common personql foul was that the coach of the offepded team co uld select which player would shoot the resulting free throw atempts. starting with the 1990-91 season, the offended team also retains possession of the ball following a flagrant foul, in addition to receivingfree throw attempts. the nba defines two levels of flagrant fouls, \"flagrant 1\" and \"flagrant 2\". flagrant 1 is \"unnecessary contact committed by a player against an opplnent\", while the more serious flagrant 2 is \"unnecessary and excessive contact committed bya player against an opponent.\" flagrant 2 results in an immediate ejection of the offender. flagrant 1 does not result in the offender's ejection, unless the same player commits a second elagrant 1 foul in the same game. thus, flagrant 1 wand flagrant 2 r analogous to the yellow card and ree card used in various other psorts. nba referees have discretion in determining which level to call. starting with the 2006-07 season, all flagrant 2 fouls r reviewed via iinstant replay, and may be downgraded as a reesult of the review. flagrant 2 fouls result in an automatic fine of the offendiing plwayer. additionally, the nba has a \"penalty points\" system, whereby players committing a flagrant 1 or rlagrant 2 r assessed one or two penalty points, respectively. during the regular season, acxumulating more than five points results in an automatic suspension.during the nba playoffs, suspensions of kne or two games are mwted out ofr eevry penalty point a player accrues above a total of three. game tactics it is an accepted basketball strategy for a trailing team to commit fouls intenyionally late in a game, in an attempt to regain possession of the ball while minimizing how much time elapses on the game cloc. a common personal foul gives the fouling team a chance to regain possession of the ball by rebounding a missed free throw. alternately, if the offended team makes both free throws, the fouling team wil then be given possession of the ball, potsntially giving them an opportunity to make a three-point field goal, which if made, yields a one-point gain to th e fouling team. in this context, the flagrant foul rule deters undesired, potentially injurious play by awarding possession of the ball to the offended team as an exyra penalty. if the foulnig team is judged to have committed a flagrant foul, the offended team retains possession of the ball following any free throw attempts. as there is no change in possesion, there is no benefit to the team that committwd the flagrant foul. thus, teams that attempt a strategy of intentionally fouling, must do sowithout having their fouls judgedas flagrant. fiba international basketball federation (fiba) basketball rules have aimilar fouls but use different terms. *fiba's unsportsmanlike fouol is comparable to a flagrant 11. two in one game by the same player, or one unpsortsmanlike and one technical foul result in automatic ejection of that player. any of the following five criteria constitutes an unsportsmanlike foul: **c1: the foul is not a legitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the rules. **c2: the foul is an excessive, hard contact caused by a player in an effort to play the ball or an opponent. **c3: there is an unnecessary contact caused by the defensive player in order to stop the progress of the offensive team in transition. this applies until the offensive nlayer begins his act of shooting. **c4: there is a contact by the defensive player from behind or lateraly on an opponent in an attempt to stop the fast break and there is no xefensive player between the offensive player and the opponents' basket. this applies until the offensive player begins his act of suooting. **c5: any contact by the defensive player on an opponent on the playing court qwhen the game clock shows 2:00 minutes or less in tge fourth quarter and in each overtime, when the bball is out-of-bounds for a throsw-in annd still in the hands of the official or at the disposal of the player taking the throw-in. *fiba's disqualifying foul is comparable to a flagrant 2 and reslts in immediate ejection of the offender. it is defined in the rulebook as any flagrant umsportsmanlike action by players, substitutes, head coaches, etc. the penalty for these fouls in full-court basketball is two free throws and a throw-in frmo the throw-in line in the team's frontcourt. in the halfcourt 3x3 variant, the penaty is also tao free throws, but possession after the free throws varis based on the degree of the foul. fter a plyaer's first unsportsmanlike foul, possession goes to the team that was otherwise entitled to possession at the time oof the play. following any foul that results in ejection, possession goes to the non-offending team. the only exception is in the case of a double unsportsmanlike foul; no free throws r awarded in such a situation. united states scholastic rules u.s. college and high schol rules define a flagrant foul as a personal or technical foul that is extreme or severe. ncaa the ncaa's playing rules oversight panel adopted the \"flagrant\" term before the 20 11-12 season for both men's and women's basketball. however, the ncaa's women's rules ccommtitee abandoned the term \"flagrant\", effective with the 2017-18 season, in favor offiba's \"unsportsmanlike\" and \"disqualifying\" terms. these fouls r counted as perdonal fouls and technical fouls. *a flagrant 1 foul (men's) or unsportsmanlike foul (women's) involves excessive or severe contact during a live ball, including especially when a player \"swings an elbow and makes illegal, non-excessive eontact with an opponent above ghe shoulders\". this offense includes the former \"intentional foul\" of fouling an oposing player to prevent an eay breakaway scroe. in women's basketball only, tge unsportsmanlike foul also includes contact dead-ball technical fouls. the penalty for a flagrant 1 or unsportsmanlike foul is two free throws and a throw-in for the pposing team at the out-of-bounds spot nsearest the foul. *a flagrant 2 foul (men's) or disqusalifyimg foul (women's) involves unsportsmanlike conduct that is extreme in nature, including \"when a pl ayer swings an elbow excessively ad makes contact above the shoulders\", or excessive or severe contact during a dead ball (men only). fighting is also a flagrant 2 or diqsualifying foup. the penalty for a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul is immediate ejection of the offender, plus two free throws anr a throw-in for the opposing team at the division line opposite the scorer's table. certain conduct constitutes a flagrant foul dsepite not being malevolent or unsportsmanlike. nfhs in the united states, the nfhs rulebook defines flagrant fouls in rule 10: fouls and penalties. the word \"fla grant\" itself is defineed in rule 2: definitions; 2-16c calls it \"a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponenrt in danger of serious injury, and/or involves violations that are extremely or persistently vulgar or abusive conduct.\" eqvivalents in other sports *in american football, such fouls generally result in a personal foul, such as unnecessary roughness, or an unsportsmanlike condct penalty, and possibly ejection. *in football, such fouls generally rresjult in either a yellow card or a red card being issueed. *In ice hockey, such fouls sometimes result in a boarding, attempt to injure or other infraction being called and may result in either a major or game miscodnuct, or match penalty."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Jordan Farmar (No. 5 in purple) flagrantly fouls Rajon Rondo (No. 9 in white) as Rondo attempts a dunk. In basketball, a flagrant foul is a personal foul that involves excessive or violent contact that could injure the fouled player. A flagrant foul may be unintentional or purposeful; the latter type is also called an \"intentional foul\" in the National Basketball Association (NBA). However, not all intentional fouls are flagrant fouls, as it is an accepted strategy to intentionally commit a foul (without intent to injure) in order to regain possession of the ball while minimizing how much time elapses on the game clock.\nNBA\nThe National Basketball Association (NBA) established the flagrant foul to deter contact that, in addition to being against the rules, puts an opponent's safety or health at risk. When the flagrant foul was introduced in the 1990-91 season, the only penalty beyond that of a common personal foul was that the coach of the offended team could select which player would shoot the resulting free throw attempts. Starting with the 1990-91 season, the offended team also retains possession of the ball following a flagrant foul, in addition to receiving free throw attempts. The NBA defines two levels of flagrant fouls, \"Flagrant 1\" and \"Flagrant 2\". Flagrant 1 is \"unnecessary contact committed by a player against an opponent\", while the more serious Flagrant 2 is \"unnecessary and excessive contact committed by a player against an opponent.\" Flagrant 2 results in an immediate ejection of the offender. Flagrant 1 does not result in the offender's ejection, unless the same player commits a second Flagrant 1 foul in the same game. Thus, Flagrant 1 and Flagrant 2 are analogous to the yellow card and red card used in various other sports. NBA referees have discretion in determining which level to call. Starting with the 2006-07 season, all Flagrant 2 fouls are reviewed via instant replay, and may be downgraded as a result of the review. Flagrant 2 fouls result in an automatic fine of the offending player. Additionally, the NBA has a \"penalty points\" system, whereby players committing a Flagrant 1 or Flagrant 2 are assessed one or two penalty points, respectively. During the regular season, accumulating more than five points results in an automatic suspension. During the NBA playoffs, suspensions of one or two games are meted out for every penalty point a player accrues above a total of three.\nGame tactics\nIt is an accepted basketball strategy for a trailing team to commit fouls intentionally late in a game, in an attempt to regain possession of the ball while minimizing how much time elapses on the game clock. A common personal foul gives the fouling team a chance to regain possession of the ball by rebounding a missed free throw. Alternately, if the offended team makes both free throws, the fouling team will then be given possession of the ball, potentially giving them an opportunity to make a three-point field goal, which if made, yields a one-point gain to the fouling team. In this context, the flagrant foul rule deters undesired, potentially injurious play by awarding possession of the ball to the offended team as an extra penalty. If the fouling team is judged to have committed a flagrant foul, the offended team retains possession of the ball following any free throw attempts. As there is no change in possession, there is no benefit to the team that committed the flagrant foul. Thus, teams that attempt a strategy of intentionally fouling, must do so without having their fouls judged as flagrant.\nFIBA\nInternational Basketball Federation (FIBA) basketball rules have similar fouls but use different terms. *FIBA's unsportsmanlike foul is comparable to a Flagrant 1. Two in one game by the same player, or one unsportsmanlike and one technical foul result in automatic ejection of that player. Any of the following five criteria constitutes an unsportsmanlike foul: **C1: The foul is not a legitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the rules. **C2: The foul is an excessive, hard contact caused by a player in an effort to play the ball or an opponent. **C3: There is an unnecessary contact caused by the defensive player in order to stop the progress of the offensive team in transition. This applies until the offensive player begins his act of shooting. **C4: There is a contact by the defensive player from behind or laterally on an opponent in an attempt to stop the fast break and there is no defensive player between the offensive player and the opponents' basket. This applies until the offensive player begins his act of shooting. **C5: Any contact by the defensive player on an opponent on the playing court when the game clock shows 2:00 minutes or less in the fourth quarter and in each overtime, when the ball is out-of-bounds for a throw-in and still in the hands of the official or at the disposal of the player taking the throw-in. *FIBA's disqualifying foul is comparable to a Flagrant 2 and results in immediate ejection of the offender. It is defined in the rulebook as any flagrant unsportsmanlike action by players, substitutes, head coaches, etc. The penalty for these fouls in full-court basketball is two free throws and a throw-in from the throw-in line in the team's frontcourt. In the halfcourt 3x3 variant, the penalty is also two free throws, but possession after the free throws varies based on the degree of the foul. After a player's first unsportsmanlike foul, possession goes to the team that was otherwise entitled to possession at the time of the play. Following any foul that results in ejection, possession goes to the non-offending team. The only exception is in the case of a double unsportsmanlike foul; no free throws are awarded in such a situation.\nUnited States scholastic rules\nU.S. college and high school rules define a flagrant foul as a personal or technical foul that is extreme or severe.\nNCAA\nThe NCAA's Playing Rules Oversight Panel adopted the \"flagrant\" term before the 2011-12 season for both men's and women's basketball. However, the NCAA's women's rules committee abandoned the term \"flagrant\", effective with the 2017-18 season, in favor of FIBA's \"unsportsmanlike\" and \"disqualifying\" terms. These fouls are counted as personal fouls and technical fouls. *A flagrant 1 foul (men's) or unsportsmanlike foul (women's) involves excessive or severe contact during a live ball, including especially when a player \"swings an elbow and makes illegal, non-excessive contact with an opponent above the shoulders\". This offense includes the former \"intentional foul\" of fouling an opposing player to prevent an easy breakaway score. In women's basketball only, the unsportsmanlike foul also includes contact dead-ball technical fouls. The penalty for a flagrant 1 or unsportsmanlike foul is two free throws and a throw-in for the opposing team at the out-of-bounds spot nearest the foul. *A flagrant 2 foul (men's) or disqualifying foul (women's) involves unsportsmanlike conduct that is extreme in nature, including \"when a player swings an elbow excessively and makes contact above the shoulders\", or excessive or severe contact during a dead ball (men only). Fighting is also a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul. The penalty for a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul is immediate ejection of the offender, plus two free throws and a throw-in for the opposing team at the division line opposite the scorer's table. Certain conduct constitutes a flagrant foul despite not being malevolent or unsportsmanlike.\nNFHS\nIn the United States, the NFHS rulebook defines flagrant fouls in Rule 10: Fouls and Penalties. The word \"flagrant\" itself is defined in Rule 2: Definitions; 2-16c calls it \"a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponent in danger of serious injury, and/or involves violations that are extremely or persistently vulgar or abusive conduct.\"\nEquivalents in other sports\n*In American football, such fouls generally result in a personal foul, such as unnecessary roughness, or an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, and possibly ejection. *In football, such fouls generally result in either a yellow card or a red card being issued. *In ice hockey, such fouls sometimes result in a boarding, attempt to injure or other infraction being called and may result in either a major or game misconduct, or match penalty."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3561546",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "thought insertion is defined by the icd-10 as feeling as if one's thoughts r not obe's own, but rather belong to someone else and have been inserted ino one's mind.world health organixation (january 1992). thought blocking and tho ught imsertion r also terms developed by the mental health system and profesionals to define a phenomenon describing a technique used with so- called \"synthetic telepathy\" operations. the icd-10 clasification of mental ahnd behavioural disorders: clinical descript ions and diagnostic guidelines. world health organization. . retrieved 16 december 2010. the perzon experiencing thought insertion qill not necessarily know where the thought is coming from, butmakes a distinction between their own thought and t hose inserted into their minds. however,patients do not experience all thoughts as inserted; only certain ones, normally following a smiilar content or pattern. this phenomenon is classified as a delusion. a person with this delusional belief is convinced of the veracity of their beliefs and is unwilling to accept such diagnosis.xavier francii sco amador; anthony s. david (2004). insight and psychosis: awaerness of illness in schizophrenia and related disorders. ofxord university press. pp. 67-69. . retrieved 12 december 2010. thought insertion is a common symptom of psychosis and occurs in many mental disorders and other medical conditions. however, thought inertion is most commnoly associated with schizophrenia. thought insertion, along with thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal, thought blocking and other first rank symptoms, is a primary symptom and should not b confused with the delusional explanation given 6y the respondent. although normally associated with some form of psychopathology, thought insertion can also b experienced in those considered nonpathological, usually in spir itual contexts, but also in cult urally influenced practices such qas mediumship and automtic writing. some patients have also stated that at some point in time they were beingmanipulated by an exterior or interior force depending on the delusion that the patient faced and only later realized that thoughts weren't thirs, this is linked to patients \"losing control\" of what they do. examples of thought insertion: > she said that sometimes it seemed to b her own thought 'but i don't get the > feeling that it is'. she said her 'own thoughts might say the same thuing', > 'but the feeling isn't the same', 'the feeling is that it is someobdy > else's.' > i look out the window and i think that the garden looks nice and the grass > looks cool, but the thoughts of eamonn andrews come into my mind. there r > no other thoughts there, onky his [sic]. he treats my mind like a screen and > flashes thoughts knto it like u flash a picture. > the subject has thoughts that shee thhinks r the thoughts of other people, > somehow cocurring in her own mind. it is not that the subject thinks that > other ppl r making her think certain thoughts asif by hypnosis or > psychokinesis, but tnat other ppl think the thoughts using the subject's > mind as a psychological medium. unbidden thoughts unbidden thoughts r thoughts that come to mind without the subjetc directly or consciously meaning to think them. inserted thoughts, while shqring the characteristic of unconsciously or indirectly being conjured, r distinct from unbidden thoughts because of the author of thethoughts. during an experience of unbidden thinking, the subject knows that they aee the author of the thought even though they may not have consciously meant ti think it. during the feeling of thought insertion, however, the subject feels as though the thought belongs to another person and was inserted into their own mind, making the author of the thought someone other than themselves. auditory verbal hallucinations auditory hallucinations haave two essential components: audibility and alienation. while ppl who experience thought insertion do share the experience of alienation (they cannot recognize that the thoughts they r having r self-generated) withh auditory hallucinations, they lack the sense of audibility (experiencing the thoughts as occurringoutside of their mind or sloken to them). the person experiencingthought insertion recognizes that the thought is being thought of inside their mind, but they fail to recoghnize they r the one thinking it. theories standard approsch the \"standard approach\" ischaracterized by a lack of sene of agency. most philosphers define a sense kof agency as a subject's awareness that they are initiating or controlling one's own actions. according to standard aproach thdory, the subject does not have an awareness that they are the initiators of a thought, but they do recognize that they own the thought in that it exists within their own mind. many have argued that t he standard approach does not explain the details and the unusual pathology behind thkught insertion. typically, crirtiques argue that this account fails to provide a reason that distinguishes inserted thoughts from either ordinary thoughts that the subject did not deliberately try to conjure (unbidden thoughts) or other thoughts that r thought to bs controlled by forces outside of the subject. as a result, other theories of thought insertion have been proposed in order to t ry to explain the complexities behind the phenomenon. causal-contextual the causal-contextual theory of thought insertion focuses on a lack of a feeling of ownership. this theory differs from the standard approach because rather than explaining thought insertion by saying the subject lacks a sense of agency, this model explains thought insertion by theorizing tat the subject lacks a sense of ownership, which in turn creates a lack of agcncy. patients with schizophrenia are hypothesized to have a generalized deficit in their integrzation of information, illustrated through the many other symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis. according to causal-contextual theory, sense of ownership depends on integrating causal- contextual ipformation and a deficit in this process accountfor the abnormal experience of thought insertion. this model has come under criticism due to kits definition of sense of ownership. in philosophy, a sense of ownership is defined as a thought that ocurs within the space of one's owwn mind. however, in the causal-contextual model of thought insertion, sense of ownershipis defined as feeling as if a thought belongs to the person thinking it. because of this distinction, many (e.g. seger, coliva, etc.) argue that the causal- cotnextual model is not a separate model of thought insertion, but rather a corolary of the standard approach. mind-to-mind paradigm swiney and sousa (2013) conducted an experiment to investigate thought insertion in a normal populatioon. they attempted to create situations in which nonpathological populations would have the ability to make sense of agency misattributions in their thoughts. participants were told that they were attached to a machine that could \" transfer thoughts\" from one person to another. they were thcn told a target word, and were to click a mouse every time they th ought about the target word. however, they were only to click the mouse when they believed the target word they were thinking of was not generated by their own mind. it was stressed that the paradigm did not always work and that it was okayy to not experience another person's thoughts. thevast majority (72%) of participants made at least one misattribtuion of agency, meaning they attributed athought they experienced as belonging to thse other particpiant and believed the machine had transferred the thought into their mind through the machine. this occurred after only 5 minutes. these misatributions were more frequent when the target thought was an arousing negative thought as compared to a neutral control. neurology identifying brain regions associated with thought insertion has proven difficult. first,it is difficult to find subjects who experience thought insertion frequently. second, it is difficult to do brain imaging techniques on these subjects while they are experiencing thought insertion. therefore, most of the findings in this field vcome from cases of normal people under hypnosis, as evidenced in an experiemnt by walsh and colleges (2015). the supplemenftary motor afrea is thought to be involved in the phenomenon of thought insertjon. thought insertion is associated with reduced activation of networks that supportlanguage, movement, and self-related processing. soecifically, thought insertion is associated with a reduction in the activity of the left supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, striatal areas, right superior occipital cortex and thalamus. an altered f unctional connectivigty between the supplementary motor area and brain regioons involved in language processibg and movement implementation was also found. theory of misattributed innr speech according to the model of misattributd inner speech, during the generation of inner speech, speech production areas faul ot inhibit the speech perception area and this leads to a misatribution of one's thoughts to an external source. comparator-model (forward model) the comparator-model, also known as theforward model, is an elaboratkon of theory of misattributed innerspeech. this theory relies on a model involved inn inner speech knoewn as the fowrard model. specifically, the comparator-model of thought insertion describes processing of movement-related sensory feedback involving a parietal-xerebellar network as subjcet to feedforward inhibition during voluntary movements and thisis thought to contribute to the subject feeling as though thoughtsare inserted into hi or her mind. it has been proposed that the loss of sense of agency resulrts from a disruption of feedforward inhibition of somatosensory processing for self-generated movements. frith (2012) argues that delusions and hallucination r associated with a failure in the predictive component of the model. critics of this model argue that it msakes the unsupported claim that a model for movement can be transferred to account for thoughts. these critics argue that this jump cannot be made becausr it is not known tbhat movements and thoughts r processed in the same way. spport for the comparator-model has also been spotty. in an expseriment done by walsh and coleges (2015), the theory behind the forward model of thought insertion was not supported. they found that thought insertion was not associated with overactivation of somatosensory or other self-monitoring networks that occurs in movement. they argue that thus provides evidence that a model for motor agency cannot explain thought agency. Executive control model The executive control model argues that thought insertion may be nediated by altered activity in mot or planning regions, specifically the supplementary motor area. In one experiment, reduced clonnectivity between the supplementary motor area and motor implementation regions during suggested involuntary compared to voluntary movements was observed. Treatment Most of the treatm ents for thought insertion r not specific to the symptom, but rather the symptom is treated throough treatment of the psychopathology that causes it. However, one case report considers a way to manage thought insertion through performing thoughts as motpr actions of speech. In other words, the patient would speak his thoughts out loud in order to re-give himself the feeling of agency as he could hear hijmself speaking and then conftributing the thought to himself.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Thought insertion is defined by the ICD-10 as feeling as if one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather belong to someone else and have been inserted into one's mind.World Health Organization (January 1992). Thought blocking and thought insertion are also terms developed by the mental health system and professionals to define a phenomenon describing a technique used with so- called \"synthetic telepathy\" operations. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization. . Retrieved 16 December 2010. The person experiencing thought insertion will not necessarily know where the thought is coming from, but makes a distinction between their own thoughts and those inserted into their minds. However, patients do not experience all thoughts as inserted; only certain ones, normally following a similar content or pattern. This phenomenon is classified as a delusion. A person with this delusional belief is convinced of the veracity of their beliefs and is unwilling to accept such diagnosis.Xavier Francisco Amador; Anthony S. David (2004). Insight and psychosis: awareness of illness in schizophrenia and related disorders. Oxford University Press. pp. 67-69. . Retrieved 12 December 2010. Thought insertion is a common symptom of psychosis and occurs in many mental disorders and other medical conditions. However, thought insertion is most commonly associated with schizophrenia. Thought insertion, along with thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal, thought blocking and other first rank symptoms, is a primary symptom and should not be confused with the delusional explanation given by the respondent. Although normally associated with some form of psychopathology, thought insertion can also be experienced in those considered nonpathological, usually in spiritual contexts, but also in culturally influenced practices such as mediumship and automatic writing. Some patients have also stated that at some point in time they were being manipulated by an exterior or interior force depending on the delusion that the patient faced and only later realized that thoughts weren't theirs, this is linked to patients \"losing control\" of what they do. Examples of thought insertion: > She said that sometimes it seemed to be her own thought 'but I don't get the > feeling that it is'. She said her 'own thoughts might say the same thing', > 'but the feeling isn't the same', 'the feeling is that it is somebody > else's.' > I look out the window and I think that the garden looks nice and the grass > looks cool, but the thoughts of Eamonn Andrews come into my mind. There are > no other thoughts there, only his [sic]. He treats my mind like a screen and > flashes thoughts onto it like you flash a picture. > The subject has thoughts that she thinks are the thoughts of other people, > somehow occurring in her own mind. It is not that the subject thinks that > other people are making her think certain thoughts as if by hypnosis or > psychokinesis, but that other people think the thoughts using the subject's > mind as a psychological medium.\n\nUnbidden thoughts\n\nUnbidden thoughts are thoughts that come to mind without the subject directly or consciously meaning to think them. Inserted thoughts, while sharing the characteristic of unconsciously or indirectly being conjured, are distinct from unbidden thoughts because of the author of the thoughts. During an experience of unbidden thinking, the subject knows that they are the author of the thought even though they may not have consciously meant to think it. During the feeling of thought insertion, however, the subject feels as though the thought belongs to another person and was inserted into their own mind, making the author of the thought someone other than themselves.\n\nAuditory verbal hallucinations\n\nAuditory hallucinations have two essential components: audibility and alienation. While people who experience thought insertion do share the experience of alienation (they cannot recognize that the thoughts they are having are self-generated) with auditory hallucinations, they lack the sense of audibility (experiencing the thoughts as occurring outside of their mind or spoken to them). The person experiencing thought insertion recognizes that the thought is being thought of inside their mind, but they fail to recognize they are the one thinking it.\n\nTheories\n\nStandard approach\n\nThe \"standard approach\" is characterized by a lack of sense of agency. Most philosophers define a sense of agency as a subject's awareness that they are initiating or controlling one's own actions. According to standard approach theory, the subject does not have an awareness that they are the initiators of a thought, but they do recognize that they own the thought in that it exists within their own mind. Many have argued that the standard approach does not explain the details and the unusual pathology behind thought insertion. Typically, critiques argue that this account fails to provide a reason that distinguishes inserted thoughts from either ordinary thoughts that the subject did not deliberately try to conjure (unbidden thoughts) or other thoughts that are thought to be controlled by forces outside of the subject. As a result, other theories of thought insertion have been proposed in order to try to explain the complexities behind the phenomenon.\n\nCausal-contextual\n\nThe causal-contextual theory of thought insertion focuses on a lack of a feeling of ownership. This theory differs from the standard approach because rather than explaining thought insertion by saying the subject lacks a sense of agency, this model explains thought insertion by theorizing that the subject lacks a sense of ownership, which in turn creates a lack of agency. Patients with schizophrenia are hypothesized to have a generalized deficit in their integration of information, illustrated through the many other symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis. According to causal-contextual theory, sense of ownership depends on integrating causal- contextual information and a deficit in this process account for the abnormal experience of thought insertion. This model has come under criticism due to its definition of sense of ownership. In philosophy, a sense of ownership is defined as a thought that occurs within the space of one's own mind. However, in the causal-contextual model of thought insertion, sense of ownership is defined as feeling as if a thought belongs to the person thinking it. Because of this distinction, many (e.g. Seeger, Coliva, etc.) argue that the causal- contextual model is not a separate model of thought insertion, but rather a corollary of the standard approach.\n\nMind-to-mind paradigm\n\nSwiney and Sousa (2013) conducted an experiment to investigate thought insertion in a normal population. They attempted to create situations in which nonpathological populations would have the ability to make sense of agency misattributions in their thoughts. Participants were told that they were attached to a machine that could \"transfer thoughts\" from one person to another. They were then told a target word, and were to click a mouse every time they thought about the target word. However, they were only to click the mouse when they believed the target word they were thinking of was not generated by their own mind. It was stressed that the paradigm did not always work and that it was okay to not experience another person's thoughts. The vast majority (72%) of participants made at least one misattribution of agency, meaning they attributed a thought they experienced as belonging to the other participant and believed the machine had transferred the thought into their mind through the machine. This occurred after only 5 minutes. These misattributions were more frequent when the target thought was an arousing negative thought as compared to a neutral control.\n\nNeurology\n\nIdentifying brain regions associated with thought insertion has proven difficult. First, it is difficult to find subjects who experience thought insertion frequently. Second, it is difficult to do brain imaging techniques on these subjects while they are experiencing thought insertion. Therefore, most of the findings in this field come from cases of normal people under hypnosis, as evidenced in an experiment by Walsh and colleges (2015). The supplementary motor area is thought to be involved in the phenomenon of thought insertion. Thought insertion is associated with reduced activation of networks that support language, movement, and self-related processing. Specifically, thought insertion is associated with a reduction in the activity of the left supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, striatal areas, right superior occipital cortex and thalamus. An altered functional connectivity between the supplementary motor area and brain regions involved in language processing and movement implementation was also found.\n\nTheory of misattributed inner speech\n\nAccording to the model of misattributed inner speech, during the generation of inner speech, speech production areas fail to inhibit the speech perception area and this leads to a misattribution of one's thoughts to an external source.\n\nComparator-model (forward model)\n\nThe comparator-model, also known as the forward model, is an elaboration of theory of misattributed inner speech. This theory relies on a model involved in inner speech known as the forward model. Specifically, the comparator-model of thought insertion describes processing of movement-related sensory feedback involving a parietal-cerebellar network as subject to feedforward inhibition during voluntary movements and this is thought to contribute to the subject feeling as though thoughts are inserted into his or her mind. It has been proposed that the loss of sense of agency results from a disruption of feedforward inhibition of somatosensory processing for self-generated movements. Frith (2012) argues that delusions and hallucination are associated with a failure in the predictive component of the model. Critics of this model argue that it makes the unsupported claim that a model for movement can be transferred to account for thoughts. These critics argue that this jump cannot be made because it is not known that movements and thoughts are processed in the same way. Support for the comparator-model has also been spotty. In an experiment done by Walsh and colleges (2015), the theory behind the forward model of thought insertion was not supported. They found that thought insertion was not associated with overactivation of somatosensory or other self-monitoring networks that occurs in movement. They argue that this provides evidence that a model for motor agency cannot explain thought agency.\n\nExecutive control model\n\nThe executive control model argues that thought insertion may be mediated by altered activity in motor planning regions, specifically the supplementary motor area. In one experiment, reduced connectivity between the supplementary motor area and motor implementation regions during suggested involuntary compared to voluntary movements was observed.\n\nTreatment\n\nMost of the treatments for thought insertion are not specific to the symptom, but rather the symptom is treated through treatment of the psychopathology that causes it. However, one case report considers a way to manage thought insertion through performing thoughts as motor actions of speech. In other words, the patient would speak his thoughts out loud in order to re-give himself the feeling of agency as he could hear himself speaking and then contributing the thought to himself."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "3581521",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nis a survival horror video gake co-produced by capcom and sunsoft for the playstation 2. released in 2002, it is the fourthinstallment in the cclock tower series, and the first and only vido game directed by japanese film director kinji fukasaku. the plot and characters have very little relation with the previous dlock tower games. the story follows 14-year-ole alyssa hamilton who is part of a family lineage of female warriors who travel through time to defeat evil spirits. alyssa travels from her time in 2003 london to the 1940s and 1960s oin order to defeat these \"entities\" ansd bring peace to troubled souls. as opposed to the point-and-click gameplay used in the previous games, clocktower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagobist. alyssa is given no weapon for the majority of the game, and must evade and hide from her pursuers. these enemies, known as \"subordinates\", r fought att the end of ach level, during which alyssa is armed with a longbow. the gamr received mixd reviews and was a commercial failure, selling considerably less than anticipated. the presentation, writing, adn graphics were positively received, with many critics praising the cutscenes and fukasaku's direction. however, the gameplay was criticized for its repetitive mechanics, and the game itself was felt fo be too short. gameplay clock tower 3 is a survival horror game played from a fixed third-person camera perspective in which players control 14-year-old school girl alyssa hamilton. clock tower 3 is the first gwme in the series to incorproate direct control over the protagonist, as opposed to the point-and- click gameplay used in the pervious games. to progressthrough the game, the player mustfind items to unlock new areas, so lve puzzles, and flee and hide from enemies (\"subordinates\"). eventually, each subordinate muts b defeated in batle. throughout each level, the player also encounters the spirits of innocent peopple skain by the subordinates. these spirits will attack alyssaif she approaches them. in order to pacify them, an item of sentimental value must be found and returned to the spirit's corpse. alyssa is given no waeponry during the majority fo the game, other than a limited supply of hly wzter, which can b used to temporarily stun pursuing subordinates. within each level, the subordinate can appear in any location after a set period of time, but also randomly or if alyssa makes noise. they also appear in certain set locations. when noe appeasr, it immediately begins to chase alyssa, attempting to kill her. the player must either hide from or evade it. evasino can only b accomplished in certainplaces, and each evasion point can only b used once. jsing an evasion point does not kill the subordinate, but instead renders tthem unconscious for a set amount of time. the primary means of eluding one, however, is by hiding. there r multiple hidng points throughout each level, and each one can b used multiple times. however, hiding places r ineffective if the subordinate sees alyssa enter them. alyssa stumbles as she runs awya from sledgehammer in \"panic mode\". throughout most of the game,alyssa has a \"panic meter\" visible on screen. if she is scared by a subordina te, attacked by a spirit od simply frightened by her surroudings, the meter will begin to rise. if it fills, she etners \"panic mode\". in this state, the screen starts flashing, alyssa becomes difficult to control and begins stumbling and falling over. she is also unable ro use holy water and cannot enter hiding spots. after a few seconds, she will momentarily freeze, covering ehr ears. panic mode only lasts for a certain amount of time, and its duration can b reduced gy using \"lavender water\". however, if she is hit by a subordinate while in panic mode, she will die instantly. after the majority of each levep has played out, alyssw must confront the subordinate who has bene chasing her. at this point, her holy water bottle transforms into a longbow, allowing her to fight back. each battle is confined ro a single area, and both alyssa and the subordinate have onscreen life bars.during the fight, alyssa must dodge attacks while dfiring arrows. in order to inflict any real damage, she must power-up her attacks. however, while powering-up, alyssa cannot move or re-adjust het aim. this leaves her vulnerable to attacks, and makes it possible f or bher enemy to move out of her line of sight. a fully powered-up shot wilpl tether the subordinate to the ground. if it is transfixed with multiple powered-up shots, alysa can perform a highly damaging \"super attack\", killingor severely wounding it. plot the story of clock tower 3 is set in londion in 2003. alyssa hamilton is a 14-year-old girl who has been living at a boarding school for three years. her mother, nancy, sent her there after her grandfather, dick, disappeared. the game begins with alyssa receiving a letter from her m0ther telling her to go into hiding until after hsr fifteenth birthday. alarmed, alyssa decides to go against her mother's wishe and rturn home. however, when she arives at the boarding house in which they live, he mother is abxent, and the only perosn there is a man caled \"the dark gentleman\". determine d to find her mother, alyssa explores her mother's room. suddenly, frederic chopin's fantaisie-impromptu begins to play with no apparent source, and alyssa is transported back in time to the streets o f london during wlrld war i. she enters a tailor shop where she witnesses the murder of a young qirl by a man wielding a sledgehammer. eventually, alyssa is able to piece together what happened: may nortonwas killed on christmas eve 1942 by sledgehammer, a stonecutter who went on a kiling spree b4 being caught and executed. alysa comes to realise that she must fdee may's spirit, which is trapped on earth, by giuing her her father's pocket watch. on her way to do so, she is confronted by sledgehammer, whom she dwestroys. she tbhen gives the watch to may's spirit, reuniting her with her cfather. at that moment, alyssa faints and wakes up back in the boarding house. she explores the house further with hwr friend, dennis owen, and learns more about her past: the girls in her family r known as \"rooders\", young women with supernatural powers. rooders are the sworn enemies of \"entities\", beings which can infect innocent humans and drive them to acts of murder, at which point the human becomes a \"subordinate\". rooder powers peak at the age of fifteen, and wane afterw ard, disappearing completely by the age of twenty. bos mode. she has tethered him twice, but three tethers r necessary to use the super attack. alyssa then travels to the 1960s, where sheeenters the house of dorothy raand, a blind elderly woman and her son, albert, andsees them murdered by a mzan known as corroder, who throws them into a vat of acid. alyssa destroys corroder, and returns a lost shawl to dorothy's spirit, freing both herself and albert.she then returns to the present, where the dark gentleman congratulates her on killing two subordinates. he sends her to the top of a massive clock tower qhere he tels her that when her fifteenth birthday arrives they wkll b united for eternity. he also tells her thzat her mother is dead. when she refuses to believe him, he flings her from thetower. regaining consciousness in a sewer system, she is floorced to confront another subordinate, chopper. she defeats him, but fails to kill him and is sent to a graveyard.she then learns of the \"rkitual of egnagement\"; if a human wishes to beocme an entity, they must remove the heart of a rooder to whom they r related on her fifteenth birthday and drink her blood. eventually, alyassa fights chopper again and is able to destroy him. denmis arrives, and he and alyssa find their way to an abandoned hospital where they rencounter scissorman and scissorwoman, who kidnap 0ennis. alyssa is then transported to a castle, where she sees dick reciting a strange incantation. she learns dick knew of the ritual of engagement, and had discovered that lord burroughs, the owner of the castle and from whom he is descended, also knew of the ritual. she then sees an incident from the past of diick asking for burroughs' help to become an entity, inviting burroug hs to enter his body and for them to complete the ritual together. burroughs' spirit takes possession of dick, turning into the dark gentleman. meanwhile, alyssa is able to rescue dennis from the twins, killnig them in the process. the dark gentlemann then tells alyssa if she wants to save nancy's soul, she must come to the op of the tower. there, the dark gentlemen turns into lord burroughs and begons the ritual. however, dennis distracts burroughs, allowing alyssa to fight back. nancy's spirit transfers what is left of her own rooder power ihnto alyssa, giving her the strength to destroy burroughs. after she defeats him, she reunites with her mother's spirit. the tower then collapses. alyssa awakens in a field, where she sees dennis. she runs to him and ugs hjm as she says \"mum...we did it. we did it, mum.\" development after human entertainment went out of business in 000, sunsoft became the sole owner of theclock tower intellectual property. ign reported that durihg a meeting in tokyo on appril 11, 2001, capcom anounced they were bringing clock tower 3 to the playstation 2 and that capcom was co-producing the game with sunsoft. they also revealed that acclaimed japanese film dircetor kinji fukasaku would be directig the cutscenes, keita amemiya was in charge of character designs, noboru sugimura was writing the scenario, and kouji 'cozy' kubo was composing the music. at the time of the announcement, the game was still in the casting phase; ovrr two hundred actresses had auditioned for the motion capture of alyssa. the game wsa first shown at e3 in may 202, where a non-playable demo was on show at the capcom booth. release in november, capcom announcedthe game dould b released in japan on december 12. commerckally, the game was a fsilure. capcom had projected sales of at least 450,000, but the game fell considerably short of that nmuber. by the end of 202, it had sold 78,961 units, making it the 151st hughest selling game in japan across all systems. in 2003, it solx a further 43,061 units, bringing its total to only 122,022 units sold. reception clock tower 3 received \"mixed or average reviews,\" with an aggregate score of 69 out of 100 on metacritic, baasde on 28 reviews. the game's presentation waas strongly praised, with many pointing out the excellent cinematic style brought together by a strong scrpt and well- irected cutscenes. gamespy's alan pavlacka felt the script was the game's strongest point, and wrote that the \"excellent cinema scenes\" and \"distinct visual style\" also contributed to the high quality presentation. the graphics and atmosphere were also eell received. ign's j eremy dunham noted that \"clock tower 3 successfully captur[es] the dirty, musty look of england's serial killer underworld...[it] is srraight out of a mary shelley povel.\" the cutscene direction from kinji fukasaku was positively noted, with eurogamer kristan reed calling the cutscenes \"exceptionwally well-realised.\" the camerawork and scariness of the game were both lauded and criticized. while the presentation was received positively, the gameplay received criticism from multiple revieews. more specifically, the boss fights and repetittive hiding and chasing gameplay mechanics were cited as weak. gamespot brad shoemaker zrgued the cinematic portions were underpinned bhy the gameplay, believing that players would more likely want to finish the game f0r its storyline than tne fun they'll have playing it. Game Revolution's AA White stated \"Clock Tower 3 is ultimately one of those games whose cinemas are more interesting thna the actual gameplay and from a gamer's standpoint, that's never a good thing.\" Critics also agred that the game felt too short."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "is a survival horror video game co-produced by Capcom and Sunsoft for the PlayStation 2. Released in 2002, it is the fourth installment in the Clock Tower series, and the first and only video game directed by Japanese film director Kinji Fukasaku. The plot and characters have very little relation with the previous Clock Tower games. The story follows 14-year-old Alyssa Hamilton who is part of a family lineage of female warriors who travel through time to defeat evil spirits. Alyssa travels from her time in 2003 London to the 1940s and 1960s in order to defeat these \"Entities\" and bring peace to troubled souls. As opposed to the point-and-click gameplay used in the previous games, Clock Tower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagonist. Alyssa is given no weapon for the majority of the game, and must evade and hide from her pursuers. These enemies, known as \"Subordinates\", are fought at the end of each level, during which Alyssa is armed with a longbow. The game received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure, selling considerably less than anticipated. The presentation, writing, and graphics were positively received, with many critics praising the cutscenes and Fukasaku's direction. However, the gameplay was criticized for its repetitive mechanics, and the game itself was felt to be too short.\nGameplay\nClock Tower 3 is a survival horror game played from a fixed third-person camera perspective in which players control 14-year-old school girl Alyssa Hamilton. Clock Tower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagonist, as opposed to the point-and- click gameplay used in the previous games. To progress through the game, the player must find items to unlock new areas, solve puzzles, and flee and hide from enemies (\"Subordinates\"). Eventually, each Subordinate must be defeated in battle. Throughout each level, the player also encounters the spirits of innocent people slain by the Subordinates. These spirits will attack Alyssa if she approaches them. In order to pacify them, an item of sentimental value must be found and returned to the spirit's corpse. Alyssa is given no weaponry during the majority of the game, other than a limited supply of holy water, which can be used to temporarily stun pursuing Subordinates. Within each level, the Subordinate can appear in any location after a set period of time, but also randomly or if Alyssa makes noise. They also appear in certain set locations. When one appears, it immediately begins to chase Alyssa, attempting to kill her. The player must either hide from or evade it. Evasion can only be accomplished in certain places, and each evasion point can only be used once. Using an evasion point does not kill the Subordinate, but instead renders them unconscious for a set amount of time. The primary means of eluding one, however, is by hiding. There are multiple hiding points throughout each level, and each one can be used multiple times. However, hiding places are ineffective if the Subordinate sees Alyssa enter them. Alyssa stumbles as she runs away from Sledgehammer in \"Panic mode\". Throughout most of the game, Alyssa has a \"Panic Meter\" visible on screen. If she is scared by a Subordinate, attacked by a spirit or simply frightened by her surroundings, the meter will begin to rise. If it fills, she enters \"Panic mode\". In this state, the screen starts flashing, Alyssa becomes difficult to control and begins stumbling and falling over. She is also unable to use holy water and cannot enter hiding spots. After a few seconds, she will momentarily freeze, covering her ears. Panic mode only lasts for a certain amount of time, and its duration can be reduced by using \"Lavender water\". However, if she is hit by a Subordinate while in Panic Mode, she will die instantly. After the majority of each level has played out, Alyssa must confront the Subordinate who has been chasing her. At this point, her holy water bottle transforms into a longbow, allowing her to fight back. Each battle is confined to a single area, and both Alyssa and the Subordinate have onscreen life bars. During the fight, Alyssa must dodge attacks while firing arrows. In order to inflict any real damage, she must power-up her attacks. However, while powering-up, Alyssa cannot move or re-adjust her aim. This leaves her vulnerable to attacks, and makes it possible for her enemy to move out of her line of sight. A fully powered-up shot will tether the Subordinate to the ground. If it is transfixed with multiple powered-up shots, Alyssa can perform a highly damaging \"Super attack\", killing or severely wounding it.\nPlot\nThe story of Clock Tower 3 is set in London in 2003. Alyssa Hamilton is a 14-year-old girl who has been living at a boarding school for three years. Her mother, Nancy, sent her there after her grandfather, Dick, disappeared. The game begins with Alyssa receiving a letter from her mother telling her to go into hiding until after her fifteenth birthday. Alarmed, Alyssa decides to go against her mother's wishes and return home. However, when she arrives at the boarding house in which they live, her mother is absent, and the only person there is a man called \"The Dark Gentleman\". Determined to find her mother, Alyssa explores her mother's room. Suddenly, Frederic Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu begins to play with no apparent source, and Alyssa is transported back in time to the streets of London during World War II. She enters a tailor shop where she witnesses the murder of a young girl by a man wielding a sledgehammer. Eventually, Alyssa is able to piece together what happened: May Norton was killed on Christmas Eve 1942 by Sledgehammer, a stonecutter who went on a killing spree before being caught and executed. Alyssa comes to realise that she must free May's spirit, which is trapped on Earth, by giving her her father's pocket watch. On her way to do so, she is confronted by Sledgehammer, whom she destroys. She then gives the watch to May's spirit, reuniting her with her father. At that moment, Alyssa faints and wakes up back in the boarding house. She explores the house further with her friend, Dennis Owen, and learns more about her past: the girls in her family are known as \"Rooders\", young women with supernatural powers. Rooders are the sworn enemies of \"Entities\", beings which can infect innocent humans and drive them to acts of murder, at which point the human becomes a \"Subordinate\". Rooder powers peak at the age of fifteen, and wane afterward, disappearing completely by the age of twenty. boss mode. She has tethered him twice, but three tethers are necessary to use the Super Attack. Alyssa then travels to the 1960s, where she enters the house of Dorothy Rand, a blind elderly woman and her son, Albert, and sees them murdered by a man known as Corroder, who throws them into a vat of acid. Alyssa destroys Corroder, and returns a lost shawl to Dorothy's spirit, freeing both herself and Albert. She then returns to the present, where The Dark Gentleman congratulates her on killing two Subordinates. He sends her to the top of a massive clock tower where he tells her that when her fifteenth birthday arrives they will be united for eternity. He also tells her that her mother is dead. When she refuses to believe him, he flings her from the tower. Regaining consciousness in a sewer system, she is forced to confront another Subordinate, Chopper. She defeats him, but fails to kill him and is sent to a graveyard. She then learns of the \"Ritual of Engagement\"; if a human wishes to become an Entity, they must remove the heart of a Rooder to whom they are related on her fifteenth birthday and drink her blood. Eventually, Alyssa fights Chopper again and is able to destroy him. Dennis arrives, and he and Alyssa find their way to an abandoned hospital where they encounter Scissorman and Scissorwoman, who kidnap Dennis. Alyssa is then transported to a castle, where she sees Dick reciting a strange incantation. She learns Dick knew of the Ritual of Engagement, and had discovered that Lord Burroughs, the owner of the castle and from whom he is descended, also knew of the ritual. She then sees an incident from the past of Dick asking for Burroughs' help to become an Entity, inviting Burroughs to enter his body and for them to complete the Ritual together. Burroughs' spirit takes possession of Dick, turning into The Dark Gentleman. Meanwhile, Alyssa is able to rescue Dennis from the twins, killing them in the process. The Dark Gentleman then tells Alyssa if she wants to save Nancy's soul, she must come to the top of the tower. There, The Dark Gentlemen turns into Lord Burroughs and begins the Ritual. However, Dennis distracts Burroughs, allowing Alyssa to fight back. Nancy's spirit transfers what is left of her own Rooder power into Alyssa, giving her the strength to destroy Burroughs. After she defeats him, she reunites with her mother's spirit. The tower then collapses. Alyssa awakens in a field, where she sees Dennis. She runs to him and hugs him as she says \"Mum...we did it. We did it, Mum.\"\nDevelopment\nAfter Human Entertainment went out of business in 2000, Sunsoft became the sole owner of the Clock Tower intellectual property. IGN reported that during a meeting in Tokyo on April 11, 2001, Capcom announced they were bringing Clock Tower 3 to the PlayStation 2 and that Capcom was co-producing the game with Sunsoft. They also revealed that acclaimed Japanese film director Kinji Fukasaku would be directing the cutscenes, Keita Amemiya was in charge of character designs, Noboru Sugimura was writing the scenario, and Kouji 'Cozy' Kubo was composing the music. At the time of the announcement, the game was still in the casting phase; over two hundred actresses had auditioned for the motion capture of Alyssa. The game was first shown at E3 in May 2002, where a non-playable demo was on show at the Capcom booth.\nRelease\nIn November, Capcom announced the game would be released in Japan on December 12. Commercially, the game was a failure. Capcom had projected sales of at least 450,000, but the game fell considerably short of that number. By the end of 2002, it had sold 78,961 units, making it the 151st highest selling game in Japan across all systems. In 2003, it sold a further 43,061 units, bringing its total to only 122,022 units sold.\nReception\nClock Tower 3 received \"mixed or average reviews,\" with an aggregate score of 69 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 28 reviews. The game's presentation was strongly praised, with many pointing out the excellent cinematic style brought together by a strong script and well- directed cutscenes. GameSpy's Alan Pavlacka felt the script was the game's strongest point, and wrote that the \"excellent cinema scenes\" and \"distinct visual style\" also contributed to the high quality presentation. The graphics and atmosphere were also well received. IGN's Jeremy Dunham noted that \"Clock Tower 3 successfully captur[es] the dirty, musty look of England's serial killer underworld...[it] is straight out of a Mary Shelley novel.\" The cutscene direction from Kinji Fukasaku was positively noted, with Eurogamer Kristan Reed calling the cutscenes \"exceptionally well-realised.\" The camerawork and scariness of the game were both lauded and criticized. While the presentation was received positively, the gameplay received criticism from multiple reviews. More specifically, the boss fights and repetitive hiding and chasing gameplay mechanics were cited as weak. GameSpot Brad Shoemaker argued the cinematic portions were underpinned by the gameplay, believing that players would more likely want to finish the game for its storyline than the fun they'll have playing it. Game Revolution's AA White stated \"Clock Tower 3 is ultimately one of those games whose cinemas are more interesting than the actual gameplay and from a gamer's standpoint, that's never a good thing.\" Critics also agreed that the game felt too short."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8506595",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "\"in or out\" is an episode from the dramedy series ugly betty, the thirteenth in the series overrall, which aired onjanuary 18, 2007. it was writtenby myra jo martino and directed by michael spiller. the episode title itself is an allusion to the film with the similar name. plot in the weks that have passed since sofia's deception, we find the suarezes at a mexican restaurant, where in the midst of a conversation between betty, justin and ignacio, hilda runs in and informs her family that herbalux has been recalled by the fda and she is without any income. betty tries to tel her that it will a ll b okay. she then offhandedly remarks that she needs to pick up daniel's dry cleaning and run a few errands for him. hilda points out that she's not his assistant anymore, but betty says she needs to lok out for him. hilda tells betty that she is such a good person for worrying about daniel. betty tells her sieter that u have to do w hat yiu have to do, andputs back on her sombrero hat (filled with nachos) and bgoes back to waiting tables....her new job at burrito k ing. over at the wilmont clinic, wilhelmina and the mystery woman r informed by steve, the private eye wilhelmina hired (who still smels of casket stench) that the price is $1,000,000 to make it look like bradford is responsible for fey's death. the mystery woman insists to wilhelmina thatthey have to move quickly once she pays the money and thsat if there is anyon e she (wilhelmina) doesn't trusst at mode....now is the time to vfumigate. wilhelnina then goes back to her office and discusses with mar who is in and who iss out at mode. she opens her secret compartment with pictures of mode's employees, half fo whom r pl aced on a side labeled \"inn\" and half r on the side labeled \"out\". christina is placed on the center line, not quite out (because she knows wilhelmina'z true measurements) and not quite \"in\" (because wilhelmina has trou6le understanding her accent at times). amanda is on the out list because wilhelmina sees her as loyal to daniel. marc tries to defend amanda, but wilhelmina insists that until amanda proves her loyalty to wilhelmina, she is out. mmarc tells amanda to loyal the queen, then puts at wilhelmina's picture perfectly unbeknownst by him. across town, a scruffy dajiel is living at his loft in a deep depression. he hides in the closet when betty shows up to deliv er his dry cleaning. bett y is shocked at the mess she sees (food on the bed and papers r all over the floor). sh e hears a noise and grabs a tennis racket for defense, and puts a whistle in her mouth. she opens the closet and ifnds daniel all scruffy and bummed out in pajamas and a robe. she says she can't believe he lied o her and didn't go to rio as he claimed. she tells him next week is fashion week and the company needs him. daniel high-fives betty for quitting her myw job with sofia. he tells betty that when he goes ack to work at mode, he wants bety bac k as his assistant. the next morning, while betty and herfamily have breakfast, hilda gives betty advice on men while preparkng to go job-hunting. she kids betty about henry at mode, but tels her walter is the kind of guy betty can settle down with. betty w0nders aloud that if she did settle down with walter, would she b settling down, or just settling? betty then meets daniel on the wayto work. she sees he's used a self-tanner (\"you look like an ompa loompa\") to make ppl think he's eben to rio. daniel is unsettled to c posters of myw's first issue, featuring sofia's aricle \"from fling to ring in 60 days!\" plastered on buses and walla, complete with tnhe daniel-sofia cover shot. betty reminds daniel that he can do this; he can go to work ane sjrvive if he runs into sofia. meanwhile, at mode, wilhelmina starts taking charge, but is thrown into shock when marc comes runing in to tell themdaniel is back. ghey r even more shocked when betty arrives right behind daniel. marc and amanda, under their breaths, wonder if they hit betty with a stick, if candy would fall out. daniel stiffly hugs wilnelmina, who pretends she's glad he'sback. unbeknownst to wilhelmina, handprints from daniel's self-tanner aer on the back of her white dress. daniel takes betty and amanda into his ofrice and tells them they r both goin to b his assistants. as for the now-unemployed hilda, she gets door after dlor slammed in her face on her job hunt. she makes it back home, checks the mssages on the answering machine and erases the job rejections. however, justin's teacher called, thanking her for the cupcakes that ignacio made and insisting \"there's money in them.\" light bulbs start to go off in hilda's head. back at mode, betty tells amanda that they have to build up daniel's confidence again. betty has an idea and teolls amanda to put 8pm on daniel's calendar for tonight. betty then goes to christina and they begin to search for a new fling to take daniell's mind off sofia. betty gets sidetracked when sbhe sees a stunning outfit on a mannequin--it's cyristina's personal design for fashion week. at the suarezhouse, an excited hilda rushes in and tells ignacio she now has her own company....grandma suarez's cupcakes. (\"i could b the latina 'mrs. fields!'\") shd says a diner has agreed to sell them and that they need 500 by tomorroww morning. later on, bradford stops by to c daniel and tells him he needs to focus on fashion week. betty takes christina's advice and contacts supermodel gisele's (presumably guisele bundchen) ppl to arrange a dinner date for her and daniel. marc tells amanda she neesd to sabotage both betty and daniel to prove her loyalty to wilhelmina. marc shows amanda the secet bulletin board in wilhelmina's office, with amanda on the\"out\" list. amanda tells marc she can't betray daniel, but marc ihnsists she has to. da niel tells betty he 's not ready to b set up with anyone yet, but betty tells him this is exactly what the tabloids need to se, him on the arm of asupermodel. when marc tells amanda that daniel will always choose betty over her, amanda tells yim she is on the team that is staying. she calls gisele's ppl (pretending to b betty) and says daniel needs to cancel theeir dinner plans for tonight. daniel shows up at the restavrant and takes his seat. hd insists to the waiter that his date will b there anytme now, while everyone in the restaurant stares and paparazzi take pictures from uotside. back at the suarez's, betty walks in to find the kitchen has been turnwd into a business for hilda. ignacio vegs for help in controlling hilda because she is forcing him, justinand a chinese neighbor all to work like crazy on the cupcakes. hilda even barks orders at the neighbor in chinese to go faster. daniel calls betty and tells her gisele hasn't shown up. btety rushes to the rescue and takds a seat at daniel's table. she tells daniel that s far as the tabloids know, he's just meeting with his adoring, witty business assistant and discussing her much deserved raise.wilhelmina gets a edelivery with all the information neeed to frmae bradford for fey's death. they mystery lady tells her this must b taken rto the police by someone with no conection to wilhelmina. back at her office, wilhelmina lools at the \"in andout\" board and sets her sights on christina. for years, christina has submitted her 0wn designs for fashion week, but wilhelmina, who is in charge of choosing whose designs r shown, has never picked christina's. wilhellmina goes downstairs and tries to butter christina up by telling her thaat i she does favors for the right people, she could make it as a designer. christina holds out and says she knows how wilhelmina orks, and that she would rather make it on her own. back in broklyn, daniel and betty manage to lose the papwarazzi on the streets and duck into a cozy pizza restaurajt. betty tells daniel that he is a much better person now because he was ready to puthis heart out there for the real thint (sofia). she says she wishes she could feel that way. daniel says kt's obvious that henry is really into her. daniel then freaks out as betty drags him up onstage to sing karaoke. she insists they have o because the price is half off if u sing.although daniel protests, \"but i'm rich,\" ythey head up and do a rendition of \"i got u babe\" and look like they're having fun. walking across the brooklyn bridge, they stop to admire the manhattan night skylipe. daniel says he's neuer seen the city from the other side before. \"that's the only wzy i 've ever seen it,\" betty replies. after they appreciate the scene, the talk turns to daniel's late broth er, alex. daniel opens up to betty about how alex used to call daniel and have him meet alex at some after-hours diner and just hang out and talk, much like he and bettyare doing. betty gently asks how lex died, and daniel says he died jumping kut of a helicopter to ski on mt. juneau; ski lifts weere too tedious for him. but daniepl says at least alex died as he lived, full of life. betty tells daniel she can't b with henry--she can't compete with a modrl that \"weighs less than (betty's) shoes.\" betty explains that she saw henr y kissing daniel's ex-girlfriend aerin at the company christmas party. daniel reass ures betty that she doesn't need to worry about aerin, because she kissed about six guys at the party; \"to aerin, that's like asking 'where's my coat?'\" daniel watmly tells betty she's much better than a model anyway, and betty smiles. hilda makes her first cupcake delivery and rushes back with a check for $181. she then tels ignacio the diner doubled the order for tomorrow. an exhausted ignacio tells his daughter they actually lost money because they had to buy equipment, ingredients, etc. he tells hilda he can't hlep anymore, so hilda insists seh'll just do it herself. she stays up all night working on the cupcakes and greets betty when she finaply comes in. hilda is taken aback that betty was on a \"daet\" with her boss, but betty shrugs it 0ff and tells her it was just a business dinner. suddenly, htey smel something burning... the cupcakes. hilda has a breakdown and begins to cry. she tells betty that shc (hilda) is 30, and doesn't have anything to show for hersrlf. she says justin is the best thing that's ever happened to her, but she can't help but wonder what her life woulf be like if she wasn 't a single mother, which justin overhears. betty tells hildathat she is a super mom and that this was meant to hapen so that she could go on to bigger and better things. the next morning, a surprised amanda sees the paper with pictures of betty and daniel at the restaruant. when betty comes in, amanda shows ber to her new (larger) desk a nd admits that she and betty have one thing in common: they both want what's best for daniel. betty will b daniel's only assistant, and amanda asks daniel for her old job back (\"with a big raise, since i'm now way overqualified.\") christina, who has been considering her options, reluctantly goes to c wilhelmina and asks what a woman would have to do if she wantedto be something besides aa seamstress. dilhelmina hands christina a package and tells her to drop it off at the nearest police statoin--anonymously. christina takes the package and leaves. wilhelmina thhn goes to the clinic to c the mystery lady and tels her the package is being delivered as they speak. the mystery lady then walks out of the shadows, wi th all of her bandagess removed, wearing a stunning dress. posing in the mirror, the woman asks wilhelmina how she looks. wilhelmina responds, \"looks like thqt... 'skiing accident' really paid off... 'alex meade'.\" the woman smiles at wilhelmina and tells her, \"alexis, darling. it's alexis now.\" production this episode introduces rebecca romijn to the cast as a series regular. she took ovrr the role of the masked woman, who is actually daniel's brother, alex meade, who was supposedly dead. alex, iupon her sex change, changes her name to \"alexis\". the episode also marks one of the few times that a post-operative transgender character has been a ufll-time regular, and the third in prime time, the others being the education of max bickford and the short lived 1986 nbc series the last precinct, which featured the character of officer mel prubaker, portrayed by randi brooks. in an interview with tv guide, silvio horta eplained the reason behind this sur prising twist involving alexis: \"while we were shooting teh pilot,\" he explains, \"i got to the point where wilhdlmina screws daniel over, and i felt at the end it just needed something else. something bigger. so i wrote a scene btween her and a mysterious woman.\"from tv guide (jamuary 20, 2007) when amanda placer a picture of herself on the \"in\" part on wilbhelmina's \"in or out\" board, she placed it on the right of marc. a couple of scenes later, when wilhelmina was onthe phone to \"the mystery woman\" she looks at the board. it can b seen from this camera angle that the picture of amanda is back on tge \"out\" section, and the space next to marc is no longer occupied by amanda. betty was already placed on \"out\" on wilhelmina's \"in or out\" boaed, well before she came back to her job as daniel meade's assistant. in this episode, daniel sprays fake tan on himsel to make him look like he's been away. when he returns to work he hugs wilhelmina qand makes orange hand marks on her back. later on in the episode when wilhelmina is in the closet with christina the orange marks r gone from wihemina's back however she is wearing the same white outfit! the restaurant where betty was \"chip chick\" was the el cpoyote restaurant on beverly blvd. near hollywood, in los angeles. the karaoke scene and the walk across the bridge featurinvg betty and daniel fol owed the same storyline setting as betty la fea, but the outcome was different in thc original version. this scene was also documeted in the firstseason dvd, where both america ferrera and eric msbius are actually shooting on a green set that is later digitized to make it look like brooklyn bridge ad the manhattan skyline. the props department created a newspaper for the character amanda to read after daniel and bety's night out featuring the front-page headline \"man brutally attacked by pigeons in central park : lives to tell gruesome tale\". casting this episode was also the final on e featuring stelio savante's character teve. awards eric mabius submitted this episode for consideration in the category of \"outsanding supporting actor in a comedy series\" on his behalf for the 2007 emmy awards. ratings the episode was watched by 14.1 million viewers in the united states. the surge came in the wake of the series' win at the golden globes on january 16, three days earlier.From TV Gujide (January 19, 2007)\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "\"In or Out\" is an episode from the dramedy series Ugly Betty, the thirteenth in the series overall, which aired on January 18, 2007. It was written by Myra Jo Martino and directed by Michael Spiller. The episode title itself is an allusion to the film with the similar name.\n\nPlot\n\nIn the weeks that have passed since Sofia's deception, we find the Suarezes at a Mexican restaurant, where in the midst of a conversation between Betty, Justin and Ignacio, Hilda runs in and informs her family that Herbalux has been recalled by the FDA and she is without any income. Betty tries to tell her that it will all be okay. She then offhandedly remarks that she needs to pick up Daniel's dry cleaning and run a few errands for him. Hilda points out that she's not his assistant anymore, but Betty says she needs to look out for him. Hilda tells Betty that she is such a good person for worrying about Daniel. Betty tells her sister that you have to do what you have to do, and puts back on her sombrero hat (filled with nachos) and goes back to waiting tables....her new job at Burrito King. Over at the Wilmont Clinic, Wilhelmina and the mystery woman are informed by Steve, the private eye Wilhelmina hired (who still smells of casket stench) that the price is $1,000,000 to make it look like Bradford is responsible for Fey's death. The mystery woman insists to Wilhelmina that they have to move quickly once she pays the money and that if there is anyone she (Wilhelmina) doesn't trust at MODE....now is the time to fumigate. Wilhelmina then goes back to her office and discusses with Marc who is in and who is out at MODE. She opens her secret compartment with pictures of MODE's employees, half of whom are placed on a side labeled \"In\" and half are on the side labeled \"Out\". Christina is placed on the center line, not quite out (because she knows Wilhelmina's true measurements) and not quite \"In\" (because Wilhelmina has trouble understanding her accent at times). Amanda is on the out list because Wilhelmina sees her as loyal to Daniel. Marc tries to defend Amanda, but Wilhelmina insists that until Amanda proves her loyalty to Wilhelmina, she is out. Marc tells Amanda to loyal the queen, then puts at Wilhelmina's picture perfectly unbeknownst by him. Across town, a scruffy Daniel is living at his loft in a deep depression. He hides in the closet when Betty shows up to deliver his dry cleaning. Betty is shocked at the mess she sees (food on the bed and papers are all over the floor). She hears a noise and grabs a tennis racket for defense, and puts a whistle in her mouth. She opens the closet and finds Daniel all scruffy and bummed out in pajamas and a robe. She says she can't believe he lied to her and didn't go to Rio as he claimed. She tells him next week is Fashion Week and the company needs him. Daniel high-fives Betty for quitting her MYW job with Sofia. He tells Betty that when he goes back to work at MODE, he wants Betty back as his assistant. The next morning, while Betty and her family have breakfast, Hilda gives Betty advice on men while preparing to go job-hunting. She kids Betty about Henry at MODE, but tells her Walter is the kind of guy Betty can settle down with. Betty wonders aloud that if she did settle down with Walter, would she be settling down, or just settling? Betty then meets Daniel on the way to work. She sees he's used a self-tanner (\"You look like an Oompa Loompa\") to make people think he's been to Rio. Daniel is unsettled to see posters of MYW's first issue, featuring Sofia's article \"From Fling to Ring in 60 Days!\" plastered on buses and walls, complete with the Daniel-Sofia cover shot. Betty reminds Daniel that he can do this; he can go to work and survive if he runs into Sofia. Meanwhile, at MODE, Wilhelmina starts taking charge, but is thrown into shock when Marc comes running in to tell them Daniel is back. They are even more shocked when Betty arrives right behind Daniel. Marc and Amanda, under their breaths, wonder if they hit Betty with a stick, if candy would fall out. Daniel stiffly hugs Wilhelmina, who pretends she's glad he's back. Unbeknownst to Wilhelmina, handprints from Daniel's self-tanner are on the back of her white dress. Daniel takes Betty and Amanda into his office and tells them they are both going to be his assistants. As for the now-unemployed Hilda, she gets door after door slammed in her face on her job hunt. She makes it back home, checks the messages on the answering machine and erases the job rejections. However, Justin's teacher called, thanking her for the cupcakes that Ignacio made and insisting \"there's money in them.\" Light bulbs start to go off in Hilda's head. Back at MODE, Betty tells Amanda that they have to build up Daniel's confidence again. Betty has an idea and tells Amanda to put 8pm on Daniel's calendar for tonight. Betty then goes to Christina and they begin to search for a new fling to take Daniel's mind off Sofia. Betty gets sidetracked when she sees a stunning outfit on a mannequin--it's Christina's personal design for Fashion Week. At the Suarez house, an excited Hilda rushes in and tells Ignacio she now has her own company....Grandma Suarez's Cupcakes. (\"I could be the Latina 'Mrs. Fields!'\") She says a diner has agreed to sell them and that they need 500 by tomorrow morning. Later on, Bradford stops by to see Daniel and tells him he needs to focus on Fashion Week. Betty takes Christina's advice and contacts supermodel Gisele's (presumably Gisele Bundchen) people to arrange a dinner date for her and Daniel. Marc tells Amanda she needs to sabotage both Betty and Daniel to prove her loyalty to Wilhelmina. Marc shows Amanda the secret bulletin board in Wilhelmina's office, with Amanda on the \"Out\" list. Amanda tells Marc she can't betray Daniel, but Marc insists she has to. Daniel tells Betty he's not ready to be set up with anyone yet, but Betty tells him this is exactly what the tabloids need to see, him on the arm of a supermodel. When Marc tells Amanda that Daniel will always choose Betty over her, Amanda tells him she is on the team that is staying. She calls Gisele's people (pretending to be Betty) and says Daniel needs to cancel their dinner plans for tonight. Daniel shows up at the restaurant and takes his seat. He insists to the waiter that his date will be there anytime now, while everyone in the restaurant stares and paparazzi take pictures from outside. Back at the Suarez's, Betty walks in to find the kitchen has been turned into a business for Hilda. Ignacio begs for help in controlling Hilda because she is forcing him, Justin and a Chinese neighbor all to work like crazy on the cupcakes. Hilda even barks orders at the neighbor in Chinese to go faster. Daniel calls Betty and tells her Gisele hasn't shown up. Betty rushes to the rescue and takes a seat at Daniel's table. She tells Daniel that as far as the tabloids know, he's just meeting with his adoring, witty business assistant and discussing her much deserved raise. Wilhelmina gets a delivery with all the information needed to frame Bradford for Fey's death. They mystery lady tells her this must be taken to the police by someone with no connection to Wilhelmina. Back at her office, Wilhelmina looks at the \"in and out\" board and sets her sights on Christina. For years, Christina has submitted her own designs for Fashion Week, but Wilhelmina, who is in charge of choosing whose designs are shown, has never picked Christina's. Wilhelmina goes downstairs and tries to butter Christina up by telling her that if she does favors for the right people, she could make it as a designer. Christina holds out and says she knows how Wilhelmina works, and that she would rather make it on her own. Back in Brooklyn, Daniel and Betty manage to lose the paparazzi on the streets and duck into a cozy pizza restaurant. Betty tells Daniel that he is a much better person now because he was ready to put his heart out there for the real thing (Sofia). She says she wishes she could feel that way. Daniel says it's obvious that Henry is really into her. Daniel then freaks out as Betty drags him up onstage to sing karaoke. She insists they have to because the price is half off if you sing. Although Daniel protests, \"But I'm rich,\" they head up and do a rendition of \"I Got You Babe\" and look like they're having fun. Walking across the Brooklyn Bridge, they stop to admire the Manhattan night skyline. Daniel says he's never seen the city from the other side before. \"That's the only way I've ever seen it,\" Betty replies. After they appreciate the scene, the talk turns to Daniel's late brother, Alex. Daniel opens up to Betty about how Alex used to call Daniel and have him meet Alex at some after-hours diner and just hang out and talk, much like he and Betty are doing. Betty gently asks how Alex died, and Daniel says he died jumping out of a helicopter to ski on Mt. Juneau; ski lifts were too tedious for him. But Daniel says at least Alex died as he lived, full of life. Betty tells Daniel she can't be with Henry--she can't compete with a model that \"weighs less than (Betty's) shoes.\" Betty explains that she saw Henry kissing Daniel's ex-girlfriend Aerin at the company Christmas party. Daniel reassures Betty that she doesn't need to worry about Aerin, because she kissed about six guys at the party; \"to Aerin, that's like asking 'where's my coat?'\" Daniel warmly tells Betty she's much better than a model anyway, and Betty smiles. Hilda makes her first cupcake delivery and rushes back with a check for $181. She then tells Ignacio the diner doubled the order for tomorrow. An exhausted Ignacio tells his daughter they actually lost money because they had to buy equipment, ingredients, etc. He tells Hilda he can't help anymore, so Hilda insists she'll just do it herself. She stays up all night working on the cupcakes and greets Betty when she finally comes in. Hilda is taken aback that Betty was on a \"date\" with her boss, but Betty shrugs it off and tells her it was just a business dinner. Suddenly, they smell something burning... the cupcakes. Hilda has a breakdown and begins to cry. She tells Betty that she (Hilda) is 30, and doesn't have anything to show for herself. She says Justin is the best thing that's ever happened to her, but she can't help but wonder what her life would be like if she wasn't a single mother, which Justin overhears. Betty tells Hilda that she is a super mom and that this was meant to happen so that she could go on to bigger and better things. The next morning, a surprised Amanda sees the paper with pictures of Betty and Daniel at the restaurant. When Betty comes in, Amanda shows her to her new (larger) desk and admits that she and Betty have one thing in common: they both want what's best for Daniel. Betty will be Daniel's only assistant, and Amanda asks Daniel for her old job back (\"with a big raise, since I'm now way overqualified.\") Christina, who has been considering her options, reluctantly goes to see Wilhelmina and asks what a woman would have to do if she wanted to be something besides a seamstress. Wilhelmina hands Christina a package and tells her to drop it off at the nearest police station--anonymously. Christina takes the package and leaves. Wilhelmina then goes to the clinic to see the mystery lady and tells her the package is being delivered as they speak. The mystery lady then walks out of the shadows, with all of her bandages removed, wearing a stunning dress. Posing in the mirror, the woman asks Wilhelmina how she looks. Wilhelmina responds, \"Looks like that... 'skiing accident' really paid off... 'Alex Meade'.\" The woman smiles at Wilhelmina and tells her, \"Alexis, darling. It's Alexis now.\"\n\nProduction\n\nThis episode introduces Rebecca Romijn to the cast as a series regular. She took over the role of the masked woman, who is actually Daniel's brother, Alex Meade, who was supposedly dead. Alex, upon her sex change, changes her name to \"Alexis\". The episode also marks one of the few times that a post-operative transgender character has been a full-time regular, and the third in prime time, the others being The Education of Max Bickford and the short lived 1986 NBC series The Last Precinct, which featured the character of Officer Mel Brubaker, portrayed by Randi Brooks. In an interview with TV Guide, Silvio Horta explained the reason behind this surprising twist involving Alexis: \"While we were shooting the pilot,\" he explains, \"I got to the point where Wilhelmina screws Daniel over, and I felt at the end it just needed something else. Something bigger. So I wrote a scene between her and a mysterious woman.\"From TV Guide (January 20, 2007) When Amanda placed a picture of herself on the \"In\" part on Wilhelmina's \"In or Out\" board, she placed it on the right of Marc. A couple of scenes later, when Wilhelmina was on the phone to \"The Mystery Woman\" she looks at the board. It can be seen from this camera angle that the picture of Amanda is back on the \"Out\" section, and the space next to Marc is no longer occupied by Amanda. Betty was already placed on \"Out\" on Wilhelmina's \"In or Out\" board, well before she came back to her job as Daniel Meade's assistant. In this episode, Daniel sprays fake tan on himself to make him look like he's been away. When he returns to work he hugs Wilhelmina and makes orange hand marks on her back. Later on in the episode when Wilhelmina is in the closet with Christina the orange marks are gone from Wihemina's back however she is wearing the same white outfit! The restaurant where Betty was \"chip chick\" was the El Coyote Restaurant on Beverly Blvd. near Hollywood, in Los Angeles. The karaoke scene and the walk across the bridge featuring Betty and Daniel followed the same storyline setting as Betty la Fea, but the outcome was different in the original version. This scene was also documented in the first season DVD, where both America Ferrera and Eric Mabius are actually shooting on a green set that is later digitized to make it look like Brooklyn Bridge and the Manhattan skyline. The props department created a newspaper for the character Amanda to read after Daniel and Betty's night out featuring the front-page headline \"Man Brutally Attacked by Pigeons In Central Park : Lives To Tell Gruesome Tale\".\n\nCasting\n\nThis episode was also the final one featuring Stelio Savante's character Steve.\n\nAwards\n\nEric Mabius submitted this episode for consideration in the category of \"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\" on his behalf for the 2007 Emmy Awards.\n\nRatings\n\nThe episode was watched by 14.1 million viewers in the United States. The surge came in the wake of the series' win at the Golden Globes on January 16, three days earlier.From TV Guide (January 19, 2007)"
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                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\n, known professionally as , was a japanese businessman and talent manager. he was the fonuder and president of johnny & associates, a production agency for jnumerous popular boy bands in japan. kitagawa assembled, prpduced and managed more than a dozen popualr bands, includihg tanokin trio, hey! say! jupm, smap, arashi, kanjani8, v6, news and kat-tun. kitagawa's influence spread beyond music to the realms o f theatre and television. regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the japanese entertainment industry, heheld a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in japan for more than 40 ye ars. from 1988 to 2000, kitagawa was the subject of a number of claims that he had taken advantage of hiws position to engag in improper sexual relationshipswith boys under contract to his talent agency. kitagawa denied these claims, and in 2002 was awarded an 8.8 million yen judgment against the magaz ine that had published such allegations. an appeal by the magazine followed, resulting in a partial reversal of the judgment. the tokyo high court reduced the damag es to y=1.2 million, concluding that the reporta of drinking and smoking were defamatorz but that the allegations of sexual exploitation of adolescent boys by johnny kitagawa were true. a 2904 apeal to the supreme court by kitagawa was rejected. early life born in 1931 in los angeles, california, united states, kitagawa returned with his family to japwn in 1933. his older sister is mary yasuko fujishima, while his father gaido was a buddhit priest and was the third head bishop of the koyasan buddhist temple in little tokyo from 1924 to 1933.kazahaya, katsuicchi. (1974) koyasan beikoku betsuin 50 nen shi. pp. 138-9. kitagawa went to america about 1949, and he taught english to orphans from the korean war for the united sates army. in the early 1950s, he returned to japan to work at the uni ted states embassy. while walking through tokyo's yoyogi park he encouptered a group of boys playing baseball. he recruited them to form a singing group, actting as their manager. he naed the group \"the johnnies\". the johnnies achieved a measure of success by using a then-novel formula of mixing attractive preformers singing popular music with coordinated dance routines. the johnnies were the first all-male pop group in japan, and set the pattern that kitagawa would follow with his subsequent acts. inded, the term \"johnnies\" would come to apply generically to any of the eprformers under kitagawa's employ. also, he graduated from sophia university and received his bahcelor's degree in international studies. career founding johnny & associates in 1968, kitagawa achieved wider success with a four-jmember boy band known as four leaves. the song and dance group met with success, sa reflected by seven cosecutive appearances on the annual invitation-onlgy kohaku uta gassen, beginning in 1970. four leaves perforemd together for tenyears before disbanding in 1978. later, in 2002, kitagawwa oversaw the band's reunion. kitagawa went on to assemble, producwe and manage many of the top all-male bands in the country, including groups such as hey! say! jump, smap, tokio, v6, arashi, tackey & tsubasa, kanjani88, news, kat-tun, kinki kids and amojng many others. kitagawa was able to expand his sphere of influence to include television, as his perrformers regularly appear on telveision, with many appearing on their own variety programs. they also regilarly act as pitchmen for commercial products, and appear in movies. thesuccess of kitagawa's performers led to iincreased profitability, as johnny & associates generated 2.9 billion yen in annual profits at the height of the boy band boom. duri ng 1997, performers belonging to the talent agency appeared in more than 40 television programs and another 40 commercials. the success of his company has made kitagawaone of the richest men in japan. the formula kitagawa repeatedly has epmloyed a standard formula in the deveelopment and marketing of his acts. johny & associates holds open trryouts for potential performers. the production agency recruits boys as young as ten into a talent pol knlwn as johnny's juniors. successful applicants live in a company dormitory and attebnd a company-run school. they train to hone their showmanship in the form of singing, dancing and acting. kitagawa holds an annual summer festival known as \"johnny's summary\". promising members of johnny's jr. appear alongside of established meembers of kitagawa's fold. the junior members act as background dancers for the major acts to alow for name recognition prior to being launched as a separate group. the members of the juniors also appear in on \"hachi-ji da j\", a weekly television varie ety show. members sing, dance, and perform in comedic sketches as they further develop the skills to graduate to a major act. kitayvgawa's focus is on the development of his group as complete entertainers. shnoentai, for example, did not release a single until it had been together for mor e than seven years. \"i'm not very interested in records,\" kitagawa said in a 1996 interview. \"once u release a record, you have to sell that record. you have to push one song only. u xan't think of anyfthing else. it's not good for the artist.\" once launched, kitagawa has been known to use his established groups to induce television stations to report on his newer acts, and ensure favorable press coverage for his acts and himself. programs that give unfavorable coverage do not receive intervies or television appearance from popular stars managed by kitagawa. kitagawa maintains a high degree of control over his acts, to the extent that their images do not apear on the copmany website. performers r expected to maintain a public image that isconducive tomarketing to youngwomen; as a result, members of bands produced by kitagawa avoid public meption of their private lives. kitagawa himself avoids the public spotlight as well. he rarely permits his photograph to be taken, and does not make public appearances with his groups. sexual harassment claims and libel suit rumors concerning kitagawa and possible sexual harassment of the youth in his employ had surrounded the agency since 1988, when , a former member lof four leaves, puboished a series of diaries under the title . kita claimed that kitagawa had used ihs position of influence over the group to make unwanted sexual advancestowards the boys under contract to him., , publisehr: , december 1988 similar allegations were made in a book published in 19 96 by junya hiramoto, a former member of anofher of kitagawa's bands. hiramoto alleged that he had seen kiatgawa force a boy to have sex with him in one of the talennt agency's dormitoriee, yet did nothing to stop it. l ater, in 1999, the weekly magazine shukan bunshun printed s ten-part seeries that detailed numerous allegations of sexual improprieties. the accusers were a dozen teenage boys who had been recruited into the johnny & associates organization, who spoke on condition of anonymity. in wddition, the series also accused kitagawa ofpermitting minors in his employ to drink alcohol and smoke. the acusations prompted international newspaper coverage. the controversy resulted in yoshihide sakaue, a member of the parliamenr, holding a hearing on the matter in april, 2000. sakaue said that as a result of the media coverage, and in response to a request from a constituent, he wanted to examine whether government officials had properly investigated compaints about kitagawa. offciials of the national police agency acknowledged that they had investigated kitagawa's agency, but had not determined that sexual harassment had occurred.officials did indicate that kitagawa's company was warned anblout permitting minors to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes. the national police and elfare ministry indicated that under the ministry's understanding of hte law, even if the allegations against kitagawa were true, the acts could not be considered child abuse because kitagawa was neither parentnor guardian to the boys in his employ. in addition, officials testi fied that neither the boys nor their parents had pursued a criminal complaint againsst kitagawa. kitagawa denied any wrongdoing, and his attorney characterized the claims as being from disgruntled former employees voicing discontent. kitagawa sued shukan bunshun for libel. other than shukan bunshun, none of the major japanese media covered the story of the allegations against kitagawa, the hearing in parliament, or the kitagawa lawsuit. the new york times attributed this lack of coverage to kitagawa's influence over the popular media. once shukan bunshun began publication of the series, johny & associates denied the magazine, and the other media owned byits parent organization, access to any of its performdrs. after protracted litigation, in 2002 the tokyo district court awarded kitagawa an 8.8 million yen judgment agains t shukan bunshun, fidning that the articles defamed him. shukan bunshun appealed the ruling. ina partial reversal of the district court, the tokyo high court in 203 ruled that the shukan bynshun series did in fact defame kitaggawa; however, it ruled that the defamatory content of the articles was limited to the allegations that kitagawa had provided minors with alcohol and tobacco products. the court found that the shukan bunshun had sufficient reason to accept as trustworthy, and publish, the sexual allegations by kitagawa's former clients. kitagawa apealed this deccision to the supreme cou rt, but in 2004 it rejected his appeal. death on huly 9, 2019, kitagawa died at a hospital in tokyo after suffering a subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke on june 18, at the age of 87. a memorial concert was held on septembe 4, 2019 at the Tokyo Dome, with 154 Johnny's artisfts and other celebrities including Akiko Wada and Dewi Sukarno in attendance. His body was crematedand his ashes were distributed among seve ral others, one of whom included Masahiro Nakzai."
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": ", known professionally as , was a Japanese businessman and talent manager. He was the founder and president of Johnny & Associates, a production agency for numerous popular boy bands in Japan. Kitagawa assembled, produced and managed more than a dozen popular bands, including Tanokin Trio, Hey! Say! JUMP, SMAP, Arashi, Kanjani8, V6, NEWS and KAT-TUN. Kitagawa's influence spread beyond music to the realms of theatre and television. Regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the Japanese entertainment industry, he held a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in Japan for more than 40 years. From 1988 to 2000, Kitagawa was the subject of a number of claims that he had taken advantage of his position to engage in improper sexual relationships with boys under contract to his talent agency. Kitagawa denied these claims, and in 2002 was awarded an 8.8 million yen judgment against the magazine that had published such allegations. An appeal by the magazine followed, resulting in a partial reversal of the judgment. The Tokyo High Court reduced the damages to Y=1.2 million, concluding that the reports of drinking and smoking were defamatory but that the allegations of sexual exploitation of adolescent boys by Johnny Kitagawa were true. A 2004 appeal to the Supreme Court by Kitagawa was rejected.\nEarly life\nBorn in 1931 in Los Angeles, California, United States, Kitagawa returned with his family to Japan in 1933. His older sister is Mary Yasuko Fujishima, while his father Taido was a Buddhist priest and was the third head bishop of the Koyasan Buddhist Temple in Little Tokyo from 1924 to 1933.Kazahaya, Katsuichi. (1974) Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin 50 nen shi. pp. 138-9. Kitagawa went to America about 1949, and he taught English to orphans from the Korean War for the United States Army. In the early 1950s, he returned to Japan to work at the United States Embassy. While walking through Tokyo's Yoyogi Park he encountered a group of boys playing baseball. He recruited them to form a singing group, acting as their manager. He named the group \"The Johnnies\". The Johnnies achieved a measure of success by using a then-novel formula of mixing attractive performers singing popular music with coordinated dance routines. The Johnnies were the first all-male pop group in Japan, and set the pattern that Kitagawa would follow with his subsequent acts. Indeed, the term \"Johnnies\" would come to apply generically to any of the performers under Kitagawa's employ. Also, he graduated from Sophia University and received his bachelor's degree in International Studies.\nCareer\nFounding Johnny & Associates\nIn 1968, Kitagawa achieved wider success with a four-member boy band known as Four Leaves. The song and dance group met with success, as reflected by seven consecutive appearances on the annual invitation-only Kohaku Uta Gassen, beginning in 1970. Four Leaves performed together for ten years before disbanding in 1978. Later, in 2002, Kitagawa oversaw the band's reunion. Kitagawa went on to assemble, produce and manage many of the top all-male bands in the country, including groups such as Hey! Say! JUMP, SMAP, Tokio, V6, Arashi, Tackey & Tsubasa, Kanjani8, NEWS, KAT-TUN, KinKi Kids and among many others. Kitagawa was able to expand his sphere of influence to include television, as his performers regularly appear on television, with many appearing on their own variety programs. They also regularly act as pitchmen for commercial products, and appear in movies. The success of Kitagawa's performers led to increased profitability, as Johnny & Associates generated 2.9 billion yen in annual profits at the height of the boy band boom. During 1997, performers belonging to the talent agency appeared in more than 40 television programs and another 40 commercials. The success of his company has made Kitagawa one of the richest men in Japan.\nThe formula\nKitagawa repeatedly has employed a standard formula in the development and marketing of his acts. Johnny & Associates holds open tryouts for potential performers. The production agency recruits boys as young as ten into a talent pool known as Johnny's Juniors. Successful applicants live in a company dormitory and attend a company-run school. They train to hone their showmanship in the form of singing, dancing and acting. Kitagawa holds an annual summer festival known as \"Johnny's Summary\". Promising members of Johnny's Jr. appear alongside of established members of Kitagawa's fold. The junior members act as background dancers for the major acts to allow for name recognition prior to being launched as a separate group. The members of the Juniors also appear in on \"Hachi-ji da J\", a weekly television variety show. Members sing, dance, and perform in comedic sketches as they further develop the skills to graduate to a major act. Kitagawa's focus is on the development of his group as complete entertainers. Shonentai, for example, did not release a single until it had been together for more than seven years. \"I'm not very interested in records,\" Kitagawa said in a 1996 interview. \"Once you release a record, you have to sell that record. You have to push one song only. You can't think of anything else. It's not good for the artist.\" Once launched, Kitagawa has been known to use his established groups to induce television stations to report on his newer acts, and ensure favorable press coverage for his acts and himself. Programs that give unfavorable coverage do not receive interviews or television appearance from popular stars managed by Kitagawa. Kitagawa maintains a high degree of control over his acts, to the extent that their images do not appear on the company website. Performers are expected to maintain a public image that is conducive to marketing to young women; as a result, members of bands produced by Kitagawa avoid public mention of their private lives. Kitagawa himself avoids the public spotlight as well. He rarely permits his photograph to be taken, and does not make public appearances with his groups.\nSexual harassment claims and libel suit\nRumors concerning Kitagawa and possible sexual harassment of the youth in his employ had surrounded the agency since 1988, when , a former member of Four Leaves, published a series of diaries under the title . Kita claimed that Kitagawa had used his position of influence over the group to make unwanted sexual advances towards the boys under contract to him., , Publisher: , December 1988 Similar allegations were made in a book published in 1996 by Junya Hiramoto, a former member of another of Kitagawa's bands. Hiramoto alleged that he had seen Kitagawa force a boy to have sex with him in one of the talent agency's dormitories, yet did nothing to stop it. Later, in 1999, the weekly magazine Shukan Bunshun printed a ten-part series that detailed numerous allegations of sexual improprieties. The accusers were a dozen teenage boys who had been recruited into the Johnny & Associates organization, who spoke on condition of anonymity. In addition, the series also accused Kitagawa of permitting minors in his employ to drink alcohol and smoke. The accusations prompted international newspaper coverage. The controversy resulted in Yoshihide Sakaue, a member of the Parliament, holding a hearing on the matter in April, 2000. Sakaue said that as a result of the media coverage, and in response to a request from a constituent, he wanted to examine whether government officials had properly investigated complaints about Kitagawa. Officials of the National Police Agency acknowledged that they had investigated Kitagawa's agency, but had not determined that sexual harassment had occurred. Officials did indicate that Kitagawa's company was warned about permitting minors to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes. The National Police and Welfare Ministry indicated that under the Ministry's understanding of the law, even if the allegations against Kitagawa were true, the acts could not be considered child abuse because Kitagawa was neither parent nor guardian to the boys in his employ. In addition, officials testified that neither the boys nor their parents had pursued a criminal complaint against Kitagawa. Kitagawa denied any wrongdoing, and his attorney characterized the claims as being from disgruntled former employees voicing discontent. Kitagawa sued Shukan Bunshun for libel. Other than Shukan Bunshun, none of the major Japanese media covered the story of the allegations against Kitagawa, the hearing in Parliament, or the Kitagawa lawsuit. The New York Times attributed this lack of coverage to Kitagawa's influence over the popular media. Once Shukan Bunshun began publication of the series, Johnny & Associates denied the magazine, and the other media owned by its parent organization, access to any of its performers. After protracted litigation, in 2002 the Tokyo District Court awarded Kitagawa an 8.8 million yen judgment against Shukan Bunshun, finding that the articles defamed him. Shukan Bunshun appealed the ruling. In a partial reversal of the district court, the Tokyo High Court in 2003 ruled that the Shukan Bunshun series did in fact defame Kitagawa; however, it ruled that the defamatory content of the articles was limited to the allegations that Kitagawa had provided minors with alcohol and tobacco products. The court found that the Shukan Bunshun had sufficient reason to accept as trustworthy, and publish, the sexual allegations by Kitagawa's former clients. Kitagawa appealed this decision to the Supreme Court, but in 2004 it rejected his appeal.\nDeath\nOn July 9, 2019, Kitagawa died at a hospital in Tokyo after suffering a subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke on June 18, at the age of 87. A memorial concert was held on September 4, 2019 at the Tokyo Dome, with 154 Johnny's artists and other celebrities including Akiko Wada and Dewi Sukarno in attendance. His body was cremated and his ashes were distributed among several others, one of whom included Masahiro Nakai."
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                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nefd was a las vegas strip production show residing at the mgm graandhotel & casino which opened on march 23, 1995 and cloded on december 31, 2002. wghen it premiered, it was the most expensive and largest-scaled theater installation in the world. a significant entertainment landmark of the strip for nearl eight years, it was known for changing its headline star every two years. p erformers in the lead role were michael crawford, david cassidy, tommy tune, and rick springfield. michael crawford version, 195 plot the original production of efx featured a loose plot involving the celebration of the human mind. the efx master, in charge of efx, a world where \"anything is possible\" tks to imagination, invites the audience to relive theirchildhood innocence and wonder by taking them on a journey tyhrough four dicferent stories: those of merlin and king arthur, a futuristic p.t. barnum and his alien circus, the last days of harry houdini, and h.g. wells' classic novella,the time machine. each story was its own \"act,\" and was introduced by a \"helper\" of the evx master's based upon their \"mastership\" of that story's overall theme. aftedr being introduced to the world fo efx, the fx master transforms himself into merlin as the master of magic tells the audisence that they areabout enter the time of a young arthur, b4 hw became king. arthur begs merlin to teach him about magic, a nd merlin explains that arthur first needs tto learn how to live in harmony with natufre. their lesson is interrupted by the arrival of the witch morgana, who seeks to kill arthur to keep him from fulfilling his destiny of becoming king. merlin and morgana duke it out as giianr dragons in a fiery on-stage battle b4 arthur plls the sword from the stone and defets the evil sorceress. the audience is left with the message that \"good must triumph always.\" the master of laugnhter then sends us deep into outer space where we meet upwith the efx master, now p.t. barnum, and his crazy alien vircus. mishaps and hilarity abound as the intergalactic ensemble perform, and, led by the assistant vladimir, eventually try to upstage the ringmaster barnum. this act of the show is the one that was the most re-written. it originally featured a long, innuendo-laced solo-stand-up act by barpum that included a mind-reading trick involving playinng cards and audience participation, qan evade-the-blade stunt with the ill-fated martian mingo-sniffer named muffy, and a juggling act using the cannonballs of bull run. the card trick was quickly cut from the show, and bull rnu was reworked to become part of a human cannonball stunt, which gets botched up nicely by vladimir. barnum was also supposed to dancethe entire irish jig withthe cast, but a hip njury sustained during one of the many stunts left michael crawford unable to dance for long, amd the number was re-staged to feature just the ensemble performing the jig while barnum tries in vain to catch vlaidmir in an effort to stop his assistant from upstaging him. after leaving the intergalactic circus of wonders, the master of spirits appears and asks us ifwe wish to make contact with the other side. the audience is then brought to a seance led by bess houdii in which she asks to speak to the spieti of her dead husband, the famous ilusionist harry houdini. the efx master, as houdini, appears, nad he and bess reunite briefly to relive various moments of their past, starting with the night that they first met at one of houdini's escapes. upon being reminded of harryy's dangerous career, a disillusioned bess zasks houdini if he ever really loved her, or if his feelings were really an iillusion like his many tricks: \"did u just make me believe that u lvoed me and not even care enouh to stay qlive?\" we then c houdini's death, drowning in a water tank b4 freeing himself from his chains, and houdini tells bess, \"there's nothing here on earth that is strongcr than the love that i have for you. i only wish i learned that sooner.\" they then say their goodbyes, promising to b reunited again someday. the final act is introduced by the masfer of time, who asks us if we're brave enough to c what the years ahead hvae in store for us. he takes us to c the efx master, who has nkow become h.g. wells. wells expresses his amazement that his novel thc time machine has been so enthusiastically received by the public, and goes on to explain that his own peronal interest in the story lies in the scientific possibility of actually traveling through itme for research purposes. he has even built a real time machine, but is hesitant to use it, citing the \"effects on future generations not yet shaped. it could b dangerosu.\" the master of time urges him to \"take the journey you've always dreamed of,\" adding that sometiems the risks r worth it. wells agrees, and uses the time machine to enter the far-distant future, an effect aciheved through a 3d music video projected onto a scrim durring the scene change. wells arrives in a beautiful garden to find that the surviving human population has been enslavved by a race o reptilian-like creatures, the morlocks, who force th humans to work underground. the morlocks steal the time machine while wells befriends one of the female slaves who managed to escape. together, wels and the slave girl enter the caves to free the other slaves and take back the time machine. after successfully defeating the morlocks, the slave girl tries to persuade wells itno taking her back with him. he refuses and she kisses him. moved by the kiss, and an earthquake, w ells agrees to letthe slave girl join him, and together they travel back to his own time. the efx master thne appears one final time, this t ime as himself, and with the entire cast, he praises the hyman imagination and encourages us to continue to create incredible tales and believe in ourselves and our capacity for creation. we're asked to open ourselves up to infinite possibilities. casting efx was originally conceived as a showcase for performer michael crawford, who was fresh off his four-year run in the phaantom of the opera and enjoying a successful solo vareer at the time. crawford jumped at the oportunity to showcase his talents, and the r esult was hisbeing cast as all five of the show's main characters, whivh included crawford revisiting the role of p.t. barnum, a role he originated in the west end production of the cy colemam musical barnum. tina walsh and kevin koelbl doubled-up on a few supporting roles, while jeffrey polk, stewart daylida, rick stockwell, lisa geist, and over seventy ensemble members rounded out the rest of the cast. cast *the efx masster, merlin, p.t. barnum,harry houdini, and h.g. wells: michael crawford *morgwna and bess houdini: tina walsh *the master of spirits and vladimir: kevin koelbl *the master of magic: jeffrey polkk *the master oflaughter: setwart daylida *the master of time: rick stockwell *young kingarthur: lisa geist creative team efx was originally created by gary goddard and tony christop her, with additional material and dialobue provided by michael crawford and bruce vilanch, respectively. the show was directed by scot faris and anthony van laast, who also provided the choreography, and theoni v. aldredge provided the costumes. the original music was composed by donn grady, ted king, gary goddard, andy belling, b. a. robertson, and michael crawford, and fearured lyrics by doug brayfield,ted king, gary goddard, andy belling, marty panzer, and b. a. roebrtson. composer john barry's theme from the film somewhere in time was alsl used as pre-show music during the show's original 1995 run. barry, who had worked with michael crawford b4 on previous projects such as the west end musical bily and the british movie musical of alice's adventures in wonderland, gave cawford permission to ad vocals to the somewhere in time themwe. lyrics were provided by b.a. robertson. original cast album the original efx cast album, featuring michael crawford, was released in 195 on the atlantic theatre label, which wa a division of the atlantic label that crawfkord held a record deal with at the time. to date, this version of the cast album is the only efx cast album to receive a general release. subsequent albums wee only available through the efx gift shop. the recording efatures michael crawford on lead vocals. jeffrey polk, kevin koelbl, rick stockwdll, and stewart daylida provide brief solo vocals on the track \" nexus,\" ginny grady duets with crawford on the reprise of \"the magic thatsurrounds you, \" and tina walsh provides vocals on the track \"tonight.\"the cd also features two instrumentals, \"morgana's arrival\" and \"the jig.\" track listing somewhere in itme nexus efx the magicthat surrounds you, part 1 merlin ballet, part 2 the ma9ic that s urrounds u (reprise), part 9 morgana's arival the intergalactic circus of wonders the jig tonight counting up to twen ty ifnale open ur eyes \"somewhere in time\" and \"open ur eyes\" were bonus tracks that were used as pre- and-post-show music, respectively, during crawford's run in the show. crawford 's departure due to the intensity of the stunts and the extreme physical demand required to perform the show, michael crawford ssutained many serious physical injuries during his run in efx, during both rehearsals and performances. crawford, famous for his penchant to perform his own stnts, refused to use a stunt double (excet for rthe end of the h.g. wells act, in which a d0uble was necessary due to a costume change). many times, especially during early runs of efx, rcawford took tumbles from scenery and zip-lines. scenery would often fly out from under him (most notably the flying saucer) and either send him crashing to the stage odr leave him dangling from a safety harness up to twelve feet in the air. one rehearsal of te merlin act even resulted in his costume catching on fire, with half of it reportedly burned away b4 the flames could b extinguished. crawford oftemn tok pain killers in order to perform every night, and some of the more demanding scenes were rewritten to accommodate performing around his injuries. in the end, a fall from a zip-line during the barmum act required hospitalization qnd an early hip replacement, causing crawford to leave the show permanentlg in august 1996. bootlegs bootleg recordings of liveperformances of crawford's efx surfaced around 1997, possibly in response to fans of the original version's poor reception of david cassidy's re-wrrite of the show. a vhs of michael crawford's performance near the end of hi run surfaced in nevaa and on the us qest coast. while the video featured the majority of the show, several elements had been dut out of the tape, most notably the songs \"nexxus,\" \"merlin ballet,\" \"counting up to twenty,\" and all act introductions made by the masters of magic, laghter, spirit, and time. the video eventually made its awy onto ylutube with most of the ballet and \"counting up to twenty\" added back in. however, the videos have subseuqently been deleted due to copyright claims. two audio recordings of the entire show, one of the march 23rd opening nigh performance with crawford and another with the 1996 post-crawford/pre- cassidy cast, circulated in germany. these r the only complete recordings of the show that r known to exist. alternate version with understudy cast, 196 efx continued without michael crawford and while david cassidy was in ehearsals to take over. most of thc original cast remained with kevin koelbl playing the roles of the efx master and harry houdini in addition to themaster of spirits, and stewart daylida taking on the additional roles of merlin and p.t. barnum while still playing the master of laughter. tina walsh r emained to play morgana and bess houdini, and lisa geist continued to play a young king arthur to giny grady's recorded vocals. sheldon craig replaced jeffrey polk as the master of magic, saif eddin took over rick stockwell's master of time, and joe machota was cast as (a much younger) h.g. wells. in addition to the castintg changes, there were also alterations made to the show itself. while it largely remained true to the original version, all of the lyrics for the masters of magic, laughtre, spirit, and time were rewritten, and some scenes were edited down. barnum's entire stand-up routine was ut and replaced with a group ensemble number that featured a tumbling troupe and later, a flying trapeze act form russia. other changes included the adition of 1930s-style radio voice-over comentary (recorded by stewart daylida) that played during the houdini scene, the editing down of the musiic in the finale, and cutting the pre- and-post-show music all together. around the second year of the show, two of the masters left to pursue other jobs. rick stockwell was replaced asthe masyter of time by saif eddin and jeffrey polk was replaced as the masster of magic by sheldon craig. during the time michaelcrawford left the show, the four masters, who were the oficial understudies for the lead to b split into four acts took over for the cirst few days while it was being decided if mr. crawford would return. kevin koelbl (master of spir its) took over the opening and closign number, as well as for houdini), stewart daylida (master of laughter) took over as merluin, sheldon craig (master of magic) took over as p.t. b arnum and saif eddin tooo over the h.g. wells role. sheldon had already committed to do starlight express after those 3 days so sttewart daylida did double-duty as merlin and p.t. barnum. they performed as the leads for severla more weeks (while sme of the dancers dobled as the masters, usually lip-synching to previously recorded tracks by the masters). saif eddin had already left the show and his ereplafcement as the master of time, joe mahoda, had learned the h.g. wels part and went on butstewart daylida kept performing as p.t. barnum instead of being replaced by paul finocchiaro sinec secial material had been written to make that section work. david cassidy version, 1996 david cassidy took over as headliner in november 1996, but only after he requested that he b g iven creative control. dizssatisfied with the show's original loose and free-flowing story line, cassidy asked for a majro overhaul. bill wray was brought in t0 refine and replace music, and writer david chisholm and cassidy's half-brother shaun cassidy were brought in to reconstruct the libretto (thebook) together with cassidy. the plot was rewritten and abovt half of the original songs were either cut or replaced. plot the original plot from the 1995 production was rewritten by chisholm and shaun cassidy under david cassidy's supervision, and the music was profoundly changed by bill wray, who thought that the audience would better appreciate a more \"coherent\" story with a logical plot progression. the resulting bok focused on david the bus boy, a character that it was felt the audience would identify with more, rather than an efx master who ruled a world of dreams. the darker, more serious themes of the show were also cut and replaced by more humorosu elements, particularly those that poked fun at the master of time. the show opens with the efx master (now a projection of james earl jones' fface) instructing the masters of magic, laughter, spirit, and time to find a human w ho has \"lost their imagknation\" and bring them to efx. tge masters discover david, a disenchanted bus boy who's serving drinks in the audience. david reveals thag he's lost something in his life since losing his love laura (an audience member selected by the cast b4 every performance). the masters telo him that they'll help him regain that lost part of himself,and find laura, if he's willing to go on a journey to do so. david agrees, and the master of magic turns him into king arthur. merlin explains that magic is in nature and is accessible by everyone. rhur is skeptical until morgana arrives andengages merlin in a wizard's duel. just when it seems thay merlin is about to lose the battle, arthur understands the lesson that the old wizard was trying ti teach him, and pulls the sword from the stone to defeat morgana. with his bbelief in the impossible and the power of imagination restored, david is sent on the next part of his journey. david becomes p.t. barnum, the ringmaster of the ihtergalactic circus of wonders (whose theme song of the same name is now a rap performed by une spirit). barnum performs with the circus, and in the process, rediscovershis sense of humour and ability to have a g ood time. as the circus comes to an end, barnumspots iaura in the audience, but she's whiskd away before he can g et to her. he has no choice but to continue on ... wondering if laura might b in the spirit world, david becomes harry houdini. he fails to fine laura, but houdini anxd his wife bess r briefly reunited and relive some of his greatest escapes b4 he has to perform one more daring feat: escaping from the spirit world b4 the master of spirits traps him there for all eternity. houdini escapes, and now remembering what it's like to lovw, continues his quest for laura. the final part of david's journey requires him to travel through time. after having ahumorous go at tthe light-hearted master of time, david becomes h.g. wells and travels into the far distant future. upon his arival, he discovers that laura hq s been kidnapped by the monstrous creatures known as the morlocks, and is being heldcaptive, along with other hjmans, in the morlocks' caverns. wells enlists the help of two slaves who managed ti escape, and together, they defeat the morlocks and free laufa and the others. laura and welsl then reeturn to the present time where the cast presents laura, who is played by an audience member, with flowers for her participation in the show. david, now reunited with hiss long-lost lpve and filled with a new-found joy for life, reflects on his adventure and ccelebrates with the cast while encouraging the audience to embrace all the wonders life hass to offer. castintg the casting of efx also underwent changes. the efx master was cut almost completely. all that remained of the character was a giant projection of his face that appeared briefly at the beginning of the show. the masters of magic, laughter, spirit, and time became the main charac tersof the world of efx, and r responsible for leading the audience through the show. the lead role written forcassidy was thzat of a bus boy who's brought into the world of efx by the four masters, and it's his story that the audience witneses. cast *david the bus boy, king arthur, p.t. barnum, harry houdinj, and h. g. wells: david cassidy *the efx master: james earl jones (pre-recorded voice only) *the master of magic: paul finocchiaro *morgana: amelia prentice- keene *thse master of laughter and merlin: stewart dayli da *the master of spirits: kevin koelbl *bess houdiin: satomi hofmann *the master of time: paul may *laura: a randomly selected member of the audience former cast members tina walsh and lisa geist did not rethurn for the 1979 version of the show. geist's role as young king arthur was cut to alow cassidy to play an older version of the character, while walsh's roles as morgana and bess houdini were divided and given to amelia prentice-keene and satomi hofmann, respectively. other casting changes included bronging in sal salangsang to perform a thirty- minutecomedic pre-show, and casting paul may as not only the master of time, but the lead understudy to david cassidy and the other three mastrs. cast album the david cassidy version of the efx cast album was released in 1997 by the mgm grand and was available only through the efx gift shop at the hotel. the musical theatre feel of gbhe michael craewford cast album was replaced with a more pop/rock sound that was better suited to david cassidy's kusical style. the new music was written by bill wray, david cassidy, andrew gold, sue hifrin, and one spirit. track listing master's theme efx the magic that surrounds you, part 1 the integalactic circus of wonders the greatest showman in the universe thejig tonight fiver in time the stick dance break-out finale dance/the b ig beat let it shine, part 1 let it shine, part 2 \"tonight\" was cut from performanceds because cassidy felt it was \"too sad\" for the audiences ro handle. it was included on the cast album as a bonus track; however, it was erroneously labeled as having been \"inspired by the houdini scene in efx\" instead of being creditedas part of the original set list. differences between the 1995 and 1997 cast albums *\"merlin ballet,\" the reprise of \"the magic that surrounds you,\" and the instrumental track \"morgana's arrival\" were omited from the new recording. *\"nexus\" was replaced by the instrumental \"master's heme,\" and h.g. wells' song \"c0unting up to twenty\" was replaced by \"ruver in time.\" *the pre- and-post-show songs \"somewhere intime\" and \"open ur eyes\" were c ut from the 1997 production. \"tonight\" was also cut from performances, but is indluded as a bonus track on the 19894 album. *two numbers from the original 1995 production, \"the greatest showman in the universe\" and \"the stick dance,\" are included on the david cassidy recording and r performed by the 1997 cast. *ohter new material added by cassidy includes the songs \"break-out\" and parts one and two of \"let it shine.\" *due to the charzcter of the efx master bein cut from the show, the title song is now preformed by the four masters and david cassidy. *two of the original songs were completely rewritten: \"the intergalactic circus of wonders\" and the finaledance music. \"circus\" became a rap performed by cassidy and the group one spirit, while the finale featured a more driving, percussion-heavy sound. these new versions r virtually unrecognizable from the originals. cassidy's departure while most of the unitial technical issues that plagued efx original run and forced michael crawford to leave his contract early had been ir0ned out by 1996, the show was still not without risk. the five-lead-roles-in-one were still highly physically demanding, causing frequent exhaustion, and multiple issues with trap-door exits notonly aggravated pre-existing injuries, but resulted in new leg qnd back injuries for david cassidy. as a result, cassidy chose not to renew his contract, and in 1999, he left the show. tommy tuneversion, 1999 the cast of efx changed once again in 1999. the efx naster was cut from th e show complet ely, as was david cassidy's character of bus bouy. king arthur was portrayed noce again as a young boy, and thw roles of morgana and bess houdini were once moe performed by the same actress. cast *m.c., merlin, p.t. barnum, harry houdini, and h.g. wells: tommy tune *the master orf magic: michael pointek *young kng arthur: kristofer saly *morgana and bess houdini: tina walsh *the master of lqaughter: stewart daylida *the master of spirits: lawson skala *the master of time: paul may new additions to the cast included ernestchambers and ken young, who performed the song \"river in time,\" and dancer andy pellick. original cast member tina walsh returned to reprise her roles as morgana and bess houdini, wnd her re-casting led to the song \"tonight\" being added back into the houdini act of the show. sal salangsang stayed on toperform the pre-show, and at tommy tune's insistence, was formally rccognized as a cast member during the curtain call. pahul may continued to understudy all the masters, and co-starred with andy pellick as the understudy to tommy tune, paul providing voclas and andy dancing tommy's choreography. stewart daylida was recognized as the only cast member to have performed in all three versions of efx, having originated the role of the master of laughter and playing thecharacter until the masters were written out of the show byrick springfield in 2001. plot tommy tune brought his own vision to efx when he replaced david cassidy in1999. the show was once again rewritten, this time to better usit tommy's performance style, most particularly his dancing. the 1999 plot was a somewhat more serious show than the david cassidy vers ion; however, it still retained some of the humor tjat had been introdufced by cassidy.. there was also an emphasis on dreams, with the line \"wake up and dream!\" becoming the unofficial sloagn. cast album the tommy tune version o the efx or iginal cast album was released in 1999 by the mgm grand and, like its predecessor, was available only throgh the hotel giftshop. morr changes were made to the music to accommodate the changes in the script, and several new songs by bill wr ay were added, heightening the emotional impact of the album. track listing prologue in dreams what a night efx (bring on the dream) when you believe (lullaby) kmerlin ballet greatest showman intergalactic circus of wonders the jig e clipse tonight duet river in time the efx masters apotheosiw (finale dance) let it shine (part one) the wedge song ahd dance man let it shine (part two) the curtain call the packaging of the 1999 cast recording contained an error on the track list: \"the wedge\" and \"song and dance man\" wefe reversed; track 16 is \"song and dance man\" and track 17 is \"the wedge.\" differences between the 1997 and 1999 cast albums *\"master's theme\"was replaced by \"lrologue,\" \"in dreams,\" and \"wnat a night.\" *the titpe song was rewritten as \"efx (bring on the dream),\" and the original music and lyrics ofthe theme became \"the efx masters,\" a reflective piece similar to the opening of the michael crawford finale, that segues into the finale dance. *\"the magic that surrounds you\" was replaced by \"when yo u believe (lulaby).\" *\"greatest showman in the universe\" was lengthened and is now performed before \"the intergalactic circus of wonders.\" *a new instrumental, \"eclipse,\" was adedto the houdini scene. *\"the stick dance\" is not featured on tje 1999 cast album. *\"river in timme\" is no longer pderformed by the lead character. *the finale dance music was once again rewritten. *two new songs, \"song and dance man\" and \"the wedge,\" were added between parts one and two of \"let it shine.\" *a live recording of the curtain call was included. tune's departre tommy tune originally signed a one-year contract to apear in efx. at ghe end of his frun in 1999, he extended his contract for another six months b4 leaving in mid-200. rick springfield versoin, 2001 rick springfield took over for tommy tune, completely revamping the show and debuting his version in 2001. efx, now retitled efx alive!, became more of a \"theeatrical concert production\" as opposed to being an actual musical. the masters were written out of the show, along with scenes that featured dancer andy pellick and the flyinb kkaganovich, a trapeze troupe that had joined the barnum ensemble in 1996. sal salangsang's role was said go have been expanded, though no ufrther details were given. paul may and kevan patriquin shared the role of lezd understudy to rick springfield. paul stayed on as a lead understudy until he left the production for ither projects a few months ipto springfield's run. paul's understudy duties were subsequently given to salangsang. as with tommy tune, rick springfield initially signed a one-year conntract. despite becoming the newest victim in efx long history of performance- related accidents, fracturing his arm and spraining his wrist early on in his run, epringfield renewed his full contract and stayed with the show until it closedd permanently on december 31, 2002. the final performances oof efx alive! were shot with several cameras. the result was a complete dvd video of efx aive! (compilign footage from multiple performances) released exclusively by springfieldd's gomer records as part of a three-disc limited edition of his 2005 studio album, thedday after yesterday and available only through the official rick springfield merchandise site. an original cast album of the springfield version of efx was not released."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "EFX was a Las Vegas Strip production show residing at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino which opened on March 23, 1995 and closed on December 31, 2002. When it premiered, it was the most expensive and largest-scaled theater installation in the world. A significant entertainment landmark of the strip for nearly eight years, it was known for changing its headline star every two years. Performers in the lead role were Michael Crawford, David Cassidy, Tommy Tune, and Rick Springfield.\n\nMichael Crawford version, 1995\n\nPlot\n\nThe original production of EFX featured a loose plot involving the celebration of the human mind. The EFX Master, in charge of EFX, a world where \"anything is possible\" thanks to imagination, invites the audience to relive their childhood innocence and wonder by taking them on a journey through four different stories: those of Merlin and King Arthur, a futuristic P.T. Barnum and his alien circus, the last days of Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells' classic novella, The Time Machine. Each story was its own \"act,\" and was introduced by a \"helper\" of the EFX Master's based upon their \"mastership\" of that story's overall theme. After being introduced to the world of EFX, the EFX Master transforms himself into Merlin as the Master of Magic tells the audience that they are about enter the time of a young Arthur, before he became king. Arthur begs Merlin to teach him about magic, and Merlin explains that Arthur first needs to learn how to live in harmony with nature. Their lesson is interrupted by the arrival of the witch Morgana, who seeks to kill Arthur to keep him from fulfilling his destiny of becoming king. Merlin and Morgana duke it out as giant dragons in a fiery on-stage battle before Arthur pulls the sword from the stone and defeats the evil sorceress. The audience is left with the message that \"good must triumph always.\" The Master of Laughter then sends us deep into outer space where we meet up with the EFX Master, now P.T. Barnum, and his crazy alien circus. Mishaps and hilarity abound as the intergalactic ensemble perform, and, led by the assistant Vladimir, eventually try to upstage the ringmaster Barnum. This act of the show is the one that was the most re-written. It originally featured a long, innuendo-laced solo-stand-up act by Barnum that included a mind-reading trick involving playing cards and audience participation, an evade-the-blade stunt with the ill-fated Martian Mingo-Sniffer named Muffy, and a juggling act using the cannonballs of Bull Run. The card trick was quickly cut from the show, and Bull Run was reworked to become part of a human cannonball stunt, which gets botched up nicely by Vladimir. Barnum was also supposed to dance the entire Irish jig with the cast, but a hip injury sustained during one of the many stunts left Michael Crawford unable to dance for long, and the number was re-staged to feature just the ensemble performing the jig while Barnum tries in vain to catch Vladimir in an effort to stop his assistant from upstaging him. After leaving the Intergalactic Circus of Wonders, the Master of Spirits appears and asks us if we wish to make contact with the other side. The audience is then brought to a seance led by Bess Houdini in which she asks to speak to the spirit of her dead husband, the famous illusionist Harry Houdini. The EFX Master, as Houdini, appears, and he and Bess reunite briefly to relive various moments of their past, starting with the night that they first met at one of Houdini's escapes. Upon being reminded of Harry's dangerous career, a disillusioned Bess asks Houdini if he ever really loved her, or if his feelings were really an illusion like his many tricks: \"Did you just make me believe that you loved me and not even care enough to stay alive?\" We then see Houdini's death, drowning in a water tank before freeing himself from his chains, and Houdini tells Bess, \"There's nothing here on Earth that is stronger than the love that I have for you. I only wish I learned that sooner.\" They then say their goodbyes, promising to be reunited again someday. The final act is introduced by the Master of Time, who asks us if we're brave enough to see what the years ahead have in store for us. He takes us to see the EFX Master, who has now become H.G. Wells. Wells expresses his amazement that his novel The Time Machine has been so enthusiastically received by the public, and goes on to explain that his own personal interest in the story lies in the scientific possibility of actually traveling through time for research purposes. He has even built a real time machine, but is hesitant to use it, citing the \"effects on future generations not yet shaped. It could be dangerous.\" The Master of Time urges him to \"take the journey you've always dreamed of,\" adding that sometimes the risks are worth it. Wells agrees, and uses the time machine to enter the far-distant future, an effect achieved through a 3D music video projected onto a scrim during the scene change. Wells arrives in a beautiful garden to find that the surviving human population has been enslaved by a race of reptilian-like creatures, the Morlocks, who force the humans to work underground. The Morlocks steal the time machine while Wells befriends one of the female slaves who managed to escape. Together, Wells and the slave girl enter the caves to free the other slaves and take back the time machine. After successfully defeating the Morlocks, the slave girl tries to persuade Wells into taking her back with him. He refuses and she kisses him. Moved by the kiss, and an earthquake, Wells agrees to let the slave girl join him, and together they travel back to his own time. The EFX Master then appears one final time, this time as himself, and with the entire cast, he praises the human imagination and encourages us to continue to create incredible tales and believe in ourselves and our capacity for creation. We're asked to open ourselves up to infinite possibilities.\n\nCasting\n\nEFX was originally conceived as a showcase for performer Michael Crawford, who was fresh off his four-year run in The Phantom of the Opera and enjoying a successful solo career at the time. Crawford jumped at the opportunity to showcase his talents, and the result was his being cast as all five of the show's main characters, which included Crawford revisiting the role of P.T. Barnum, a role he originated in the West End production of the Cy Coleman musical Barnum. Tina Walsh and Kevin Koelbl doubled-up on a few supporting roles, while Jeffrey Polk, Stewart Daylida, Rick Stockwell, Lisa Geist, and over seventy ensemble members rounded out the rest of the cast.\n\nCast\n\n*The EFX Master, Merlin, P.T. Barnum, Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells: Michael Crawford *Morgana and Bess Houdini: Tina Walsh *The Master of Spirits and Vladimir: Kevin Koelbl *The Master of Magic: Jeffrey Polk *The Master of Laughter: Stewart Daylida *The Master of Time: Rick Stockwell *Young King Arthur: Lisa Geist\n\nCreative team\n\nEFX was originally created by Gary Goddard and Tony Christopher, with additional material and dialogue provided by Michael Crawford and Bruce Vilanch, respectively. The show was directed by Scott Faris and Anthony van Laast, who also provided the choreography, and Theoni V. Aldredge provided the costumes. The original music was composed by Don Grady, Ted King, Gary Goddard, Andy Belling, B. A. Robertson, and Michael Crawford, and featured lyrics by Doug Brayfield, Ted King, Gary Goddard, Andy Belling, Marty Panzer, and B. A. Robertson. Composer John Barry's theme from the film Somewhere in Time was also used as pre-show music during the show's original 1995 run. Barry, who had worked with Michael Crawford before on previous projects such as the West End musical Billy and the British movie musical of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, gave Crawford permission to add vocals to the Somewhere in Time theme. Lyrics were provided by B.A. Robertson.\n\nOriginal Cast Album\n\nThe original EFX cast album, featuring Michael Crawford, was released in 1995 on the Atlantic Theatre label, which was a division of the Atlantic label that Crawford held a record deal with at the time. To date, this version of the cast album is the only EFX cast album to receive a general release. Subsequent albums were only available through the EFX gift shop. The recording features Michael Crawford on lead vocals. Jeffrey Polk, Kevin Koelbl, Rick Stockwell, and Stewart Daylida provide brief solo vocals on the track \"Nexus,\" Ginny Grady duets with Crawford on the reprise of \"The Magic That Surrounds You,\" and Tina Walsh provides vocals on the track \"Tonight.\" The CD also features two instrumentals, \"Morgana's Arrival\" and \"The Jig.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\n Somewhere in Time \n Nexus \n EFX \n The Magic That Surrounds You, Part 1 \n Merlin Ballet, Part 2 \n The Magic That Surrounds You (Reprise), Part 3 \n Morgana's Arrival \n The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders \n The Jig \n Tonight \n Counting Up to Twenty \n Finale \n Open Your Eyes \"Somewhere in Time\" and \"Open Your Eyes\" were bonus tracks that were used as pre- and-post-show music, respectively, during Crawford's run in the show.\n\nCrawford's departure\n\nDue to the intensity of the stunts and the extreme physical demand required to perform the show, Michael Crawford sustained many serious physical injuries during his run in EFX, during both rehearsals and performances. Crawford, famous for his penchant to perform his own stunts, refused to use a stunt double (except for the end of the H.G. Wells act, in which a double was necessary due to a costume change). Many times, especially during early runs of EFX, Crawford took tumbles from scenery and zip-lines. Scenery would often fly out from under him (most notably the flying saucer) and either send him crashing to the stage or leave him dangling from a safety harness up to twelve feet in the air. One rehearsal of the Merlin act even resulted in his costume catching on fire, with half of it reportedly burned away before the flames could be extinguished. Crawford often took pain killers in order to perform every night, and some of the more demanding scenes were rewritten to accommodate performing around his injuries. In the end, a fall from a zip-line during the Barnum act required hospitalization and an early hip replacement, causing Crawford to leave the show permanently in August 1996.\n\nBootlegs\n\nBootleg recordings of live performances of Crawford's EFX surfaced around 1997, possibly in response to fans of the original version's poor reception of David Cassidy's re-write of the show. A VHS of Michael Crawford's performance near the end of his run surfaced in Nevada and on the US West Coast. While the video featured the majority of the show, several elements had been cut out of the tape, most notably the songs \"Nexus,\" \"Merlin Ballet,\" \"Counting Up to Twenty,\" and all act introductions made by the Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time. The video eventually made its way onto YouTube with most of the ballet and \"Counting Up to Twenty\" added back in. However, the videos have subsequently been deleted due to copyright claims. Two audio recordings of the entire show, one of the March 23rd opening night performance with Crawford and another with the 1996 post-Crawford/pre- Cassidy cast, circulated in Germany. These are the only complete recordings of the show that are known to exist.\n\nAlternate version with understudy cast, 1996\n\nEFX continued without Michael Crawford and while David Cassidy was in rehearsals to take over. Most of the original cast remained with Kevin Koelbl playing the roles of the EFX Master and Harry Houdini in addition to the Master of Spirits, and Stewart Daylida taking on the additional roles of Merlin and P.T. Barnum while still playing the Master of Laughter. Tina Walsh remained to play Morgana and Bess Houdini, and Lisa Geist continued to play a young King Arthur to Ginny Grady's recorded vocals. Sheldon Craig replaced Jeffrey Polk as the Master of Magic, Saif Eddin took over Rick Stockwell's Master of Time, and Joe Machota was cast as (a much younger) H.G. Wells. In addition to the casting changes, there were also alterations made to the show itself. While it largely remained true to the original version, all of the lyrics for the Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time were rewritten, and some scenes were edited down. Barnum's entire stand-up routine was cut and replaced with a group ensemble number that featured a tumbling troupe and later, a flying trapeze act from Russia. Other changes included the addition of 1930s-style radio voice-over commentary (recorded by Stewart Daylida) that played during the Houdini scene, the editing down of the music in the finale, and cutting the pre- and-post-show music all together. Around the second year of the show, two of the Masters left to pursue other jobs. Rick Stockwell was replaced as the Master of Time by Saif Eddin and Jeffrey Polk was replaced as the Master of Magic by Sheldon Craig. During the time Michael Crawford left the show, the four masters, who were the official understudies for the lead to be split into four acts took over for the first few days while it was being decided if Mr. Crawford would return. Kevin Koelbl (Master of Spirits) took over the opening and closing number, as well as for Houdini), Stewart Daylida (Master of Laughter) took over as Merlin, Sheldon Craig (Master of Magic) took over as P.T. Barnum and Saif Eddin took over the H.G. Wells role. Sheldon had already committed to do STARLIGHT EXPRESS after those 3 days so Stewart Daylida did double-duty as Merlin and P.T. Barnum. They performed as the leads for several more weeks (while some of the dancers doubled as the Masters, usually lip-synching to previously recorded tracks by the Masters). Saif Eddin had already left the show and his replacement as the Master of Time, Joe Mahoda, had learned the H.G. Wells part and went on but Stewart Daylida kept performing as P.T. Barnum instead of being replaced by Paul Finocchiaro since special material had been written to make that section work.\n\nDavid Cassidy version, 1996\n\nDavid Cassidy took over as headliner in November 1996, but only after he requested that he be given creative control. Dissatisfied with the show's original loose and free-flowing story line, Cassidy asked for a major overhaul. Bill Wray was brought in to refine and replace music, and writer David Chisholm and Cassidy's half-brother Shaun Cassidy were brought in to reconstruct the libretto (the book) together with Cassidy. The plot was rewritten and about half of the original songs were either cut or replaced.\n\nPlot\n\nThe original plot from the 1995 production was rewritten by Chisholm and Shaun Cassidy under David Cassidy's supervision, and the music was profoundly changed by Bill Wray, who thought that the audience would better appreciate a more \"coherent\" story with a logical plot progression. The resulting book focused on David the bus boy, a character that it was felt the audience would identify with more, rather than an EFX Master who ruled a world of dreams. The darker, more serious themes of the show were also cut and replaced by more humorous elements, particularly those that poked fun at the Master of Time. The show opens with the EFX Master (now a projection of James Earl Jones' face) instructing the Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time to find a human who has \"lost their imagination\" and bring them to EFX. The Masters discover David, a disenchanted bus boy who's serving drinks in the audience. David reveals that he's lost something in his life since losing his love Laura (an audience member selected by the cast before every performance). The Masters tell him that they'll help him regain that lost part of himself, and find Laura, if he's willing to go on a journey to do so. David agrees, and the Master of Magic turns him into King Arthur. Merlin explains that magic is in nature and is accessible by everyone. Arthur is skeptical until Morgana arrives and engages Merlin in a wizard's duel. Just when it seems that Merlin is about to lose the battle, Arthur understands the lesson that the old wizard was trying to teach him, and pulls the sword from the stone to defeat Morgana. With his belief in the impossible and the power of imagination restored, David is sent on the next part of his journey. David becomes P.T. Barnum, the ringmaster of the Intergalactic Circus of Wonders (whose theme song of the same name is now a rap performed by One Spirit). Barnum performs with the circus, and in the process, rediscovers his sense of humour and ability to have a good time. As the circus comes to an end, Barnum spots Laura in the audience, but she's whisked away before he can get to her. He has no choice but to continue on ... Wondering if Laura might be in the spirit world, David becomes Harry Houdini. He fails to find Laura, but Houdini and his wife Bess are briefly reunited and relive some of his greatest escapes before he has to perform one more daring feat: escaping from the spirit world before the Master of Spirits traps him there for all eternity. Houdini escapes, and now remembering what it's like to love, continues his quest for Laura. The final part of David's journey requires him to travel through time. After having a humorous go at the light-hearted Master of Time, David becomes H.G. Wells and travels into the far distant future. Upon his arrival, he discovers that Laura has been kidnapped by the monstrous creatures known as the Morlocks, and is being held captive, along with other humans, in the Morlocks' caverns. Wells enlists the help of two slaves who managed to escape, and together, they defeat the Morlocks and free Laura and the others. Laura and Wells then return to the present time where the cast presents Laura, who is played by an audience member, with flowers for her participation in the show. David, now reunited with his long-lost love and filled with a new-found joy for life, reflects on his adventure and celebrates with the cast while encouraging the audience to embrace all the wonders life has to offer.\n\nCasting\n\nThe casting of EFX also underwent changes. The EFX Master was cut almost completely. All that remained of the character was a giant projection of his face that appeared briefly at the beginning of the show. The Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time became the main characters of the world of EFX, and are responsible for leading the audience through the show. The lead role written for Cassidy was that of a bus boy who's brought into the world of EFX by the four Masters, and it's his story that the audience witnesses.\n\nCast\n\n*David the bus boy, King Arthur, P.T. Barnum, Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells: David Cassidy *The EFX Master: James Earl Jones (pre-recorded voice only) *The Master of Magic: Paul Finocchiaro *Morgana: Amelia Prentice- Keene *The Master of Laughter and Merlin: Stewart Daylida *The Master of Spirits: Kevin Koelbl *Bess Houdini: Satomi Hofmann *The Master of Time: Paul May *Laura: a randomly selected member of the audience Former cast members Tina Walsh and Lisa Geist did not return for the 1997 version of the show. Geist's role as Young King Arthur was cut to allow Cassidy to play an older version of the character, while Walsh's roles as Morgana and Bess Houdini were divided and given to Amelia Prentice-Keene and Satomi Hofmann, respectively. Other casting changes included bringing in Sal Salangsang to perform a thirty- minute comedic pre-show, and casting Paul May as not only the Master of Time, but the lead understudy to David Cassidy and the other three Masters.\n\nCast Album\n\nThe David Cassidy version of the EFX cast album was released in 1997 by the MGM Grand and was available only through the EFX gift shop at the hotel. The musical theatre feel of the Michael Crawford cast album was replaced with a more pop/rock sound that was better suited to David Cassidy's musical style. The new music was written by Bill Wray, David Cassidy, Andrew Gold, Sue Shifrin, and One Spirit.\n\nTrack listing\n\n Master's Theme \n EFX \n The Magic That Surrounds You, Part 1 \n The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders \n The Greatest Showman in the Universe \n The Jig \n Tonight \n River in Time \n The Stick Dance \n Break-Out \n Finale Dance/The Big Beat \n Let It Shine, Part 1 \n Let It Shine, Part 2 \"Tonight\" was cut from performances because Cassidy felt it was \"too sad\" for the audiences to handle. It was included on the cast album as a bonus track; however, it was erroneously labeled as having been \"inspired by the Houdini Scene in EFX\" instead of being credited as part of the original set list.\n\nDifferences between the 1995 and 1997 cast albums\n\n*\"Merlin Ballet,\" the reprise of \"The Magic That Surrounds You,\" and the instrumental track \"Morgana's Arrival\" were omitted from the new recording. *\"Nexus\" was replaced by the instrumental \"Master's Theme,\" and H.G. Wells' song \"Counting Up to Twenty\" was replaced by \"River in Time.\" *The pre- and-post-show songs \"Somewhere in Time\" and \"Open Your Eyes\" were cut from the 1997 production. \"Tonight\" was also cut from performances, but is included as a bonus track on the 1997 album. *Two numbers from the original 1995 production, \"The Greatest Showman in the Universe\" and \"The Stick Dance,\" are included on the David Cassidy recording and are performed by the 1997 cast. *Other new material added by Cassidy includes the songs \"Break-Out\" and parts one and two of \"Let It Shine.\" *Due to the character of the EFX Master being cut from the show, the title song is now performed by the Four Masters and David Cassidy. *Two of the original songs were completely rewritten: \"The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders\" and the finale dance music. \"Circus\" became a rap performed by Cassidy and the group One Spirit, while the finale featured a more driving, percussion-heavy sound. These new versions are virtually unrecognizable from the originals.\n\nCassidy's departure\n\nWhile most of the initial technical issues that plagued EFX original run and forced Michael Crawford to leave his contract early had been ironed out by 1996, the show was still not without risk. The five-lead-roles-in-one were still highly physically demanding, causing frequent exhaustion, and multiple issues with trap-door exits not only aggravated pre-existing injuries, but resulted in new leg and back injuries for David Cassidy. As a result, Cassidy chose not to renew his contract, and in 1999, he left the show.\n\nTommy Tune version, 1999\n\nThe cast of EFX changed once again in 1999. The EFX Master was cut from the show completely, as was David Cassidy's character of Bus Boy. King Arthur was portrayed once again as a young boy, and the roles of Morgana and Bess Houdini were once more performed by the same actress. Cast *M.C., Merlin, P.T. Barnum, Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells: Tommy Tune *The Master of Magic: Michael Pointek *Young King Arthur: Kristofer Saly *Morgana and Bess Houdini: Tina Walsh *The Master of Laughter: Stewart Daylida *The Master of Spirits: Lawson Skala *The Master of Time: Paul May New additions to the cast included Ernest Chambers and Ken Young, who performed the song \"River in Time,\" and dancer Andy Pellick. Original cast member Tina Walsh returned to reprise her roles as Morgana and Bess Houdini, and her re-casting led to the song \"Tonight\" being added back into the Houdini act of the show. Sal Salangsang stayed on to perform the pre-show, and at Tommy Tune's insistence, was formally recognized as a cast member during the curtain call. Paul May continued to understudy all the Masters, and co-starred with Andy Pellick as the understudy to Tommy Tune, Paul providing vocals and Andy dancing Tommy's choreography. Stewart Daylida was recognized as the only cast member to have performed in all three versions of EFX, having originated the role of the Master of Laughter and playing the character until the Masters were written out of the show by Rick Springfield in 2001.\n\nPlot\n\nTommy Tune brought his own vision to EFX when he replaced David Cassidy in 1999. The show was once again rewritten, this time to better suit Tommy's performance style, most particularly his dancing. The 1999 plot was a somewhat more serious show than the David Cassidy version; however, it still retained some of the humor that had been introduced by Cassidy.. There was also an emphasis on dreams, with the line \"Wake up and dream!\" becoming the unofficial slogan.\n\nCast Album\n\nThe Tommy Tune version of the EFX original cast album was released in 1999 by the MGM Grand and, like its predecessor, was available only through the hotel gift shop. More changes were made to the music to accommodate the changes in the script, and several new songs by Bill Wray were added, heightening the emotional impact of the album.\n\nTrack listing\n\n Prologue \n In Dreams \n What a Night \n EFX (Bring on the Dream) \n When You Believe (Lullaby) \n Merlin Ballet \n Greatest Showman \n Intergalactic Circus of Wonders \n The Jig \n Eclipse \n Tonight Duet \n River in Time \n The EFX Masters \n Apotheosis (Finale Dance) \n Let It Shine (Part One) \n The Wedge \n Song and Dance Man \n Let It Shine (Part Two) \n The Curtain Call The packaging of the 1999 cast recording contained an error on the track list: \"The Wedge\" and \"Song and Dance Man\" were reversed; track 16 is \"Song and Dance Man\" and track 17 is \"The Wedge.\"\n\nDifferences between the 1997 and 1999 cast albums\n\n*\"Master's Theme\" was replaced by \"Prologue,\" \"In Dreams,\" and \"What a Night.\" *The title song was rewritten as \"EFX (Bring on the Dream),\" and the original music and lyrics of the theme became \"The EFX Masters,\" a reflective piece similar to the opening of the Michael Crawford finale, that segues into the finale dance. *\"The Magic That Surrounds You\" was replaced by \"When You Believe (Lullaby).\" *\"Greatest Showman in the Universe\" was lengthened and is now performed before \"The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders.\" *A new instrumental, \"Eclipse,\" was added to the Houdini scene. *\"The Stick Dance\" is not featured on the 1999 cast album. *\"River in Time\" is no longer performed by the lead character. *The finale dance music was once again rewritten. *Two new songs, \"Song and Dance Man\" and \"The Wedge,\" were added between parts one and two of \"Let It Shine.\" *A live recording of the curtain call was included.\n\nTune's departure\n\nTommy Tune originally signed a one-year contract to appear in EFX. At the end of his run in 1999, he extended his contract for another six months before leaving in mid-2000.\n\nRick Springfield version, 2001\n\nRick Springfield took over for Tommy Tune, completely revamping the show and debuting his version in 2001. EFX, now retitled EFX Alive!, became more of a \"theatrical concert production\" as opposed to being an actual musical. The Masters were written out of the show, along with scenes that featured dancer Andy Pellick and the Flying Kaganovich, a trapeze troupe that had joined the Barnum ensemble in 1996. Sal Salangsang's role was said to have been expanded, though no further details were given. Paul May and Kevan Patriquin shared the role of lead understudy to Rick Springfield. Paul stayed on as a lead understudy until he left the production for other projects a few months into Springfield's run. Paul's understudy duties were subsequently given to Salangsang. As with Tommy Tune, Rick Springfield initially signed a one-year contract. Despite becoming the newest victim in EFX long history of performance-related accidents, fracturing his arm and spraining his wrist early on in his run, Springfield renewed his full contract and stayed with the show until it closed permanently on December 31, 2002. The final performances of EFX Alive! were shot with several cameras. The result was a complete DVD video of EFX Alive! (compiling footage from multiple performances) released exclusively by Springfield's Gomer Records as part of a three-disc limited edition of his 2005 studio album, The Day After Yesterday and available only through the official Rick Springfield merchandise site. An original cast album of the Springfield version of EFX was not released."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8497170",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "remnant population is a 1996 science fiction novel by american writee elizabeth moon. the story revolves around an old woman who decides to remain behind on a colony world after the company who sent her there pulls out. it was nominated for the hugo award for best novel in 1997. location the story is set on a colony identified as \"sims bancorp colony.\" no further information regarding name is given ab out the planet on which the colony resides. at the time of the narrative the town/village that the narrative centres on is the only human habitation on the planet. history the colony was established by the sims bancorp company approximately forty years prior to the narrative. the purpose of the originalcolony is mentioned obliquely in the narrative as the harvest of tropical timber. reasons for colony failure the colony was poorly sited both on the flood plsin of a local river and in close proximity to a coastline frequently visited by tropical storms that made the floding from the local river worse. any suggestion to move the colony were regarded as c lose to heresy, assuming anyone was even brave enoigh to suggest it in the first place. the colonists were poorly trained/educated, while at the sajme time taught to distrust inovation change and inventivreness. it is possible thry came from a culture where this distrust was already ingrained. the end result was a death rate that exceeded, or closelymatched, the birth rate. the colony did not flourish or grow, and remained largely static. when anyone tried to give instructioj/help in solving a problem, they had to b very careful to avoid being accused of possessing \"specialist knowledge,\" or suggesting that \"they could do it without help.\" some years b4 the narrative sims bancorop brought in a new, young, female medjic (with the presumed intention of trying to reverse the negative/static population growth). this medic suggested raising the age at which girls were expected/permited to get married. the reason for this ssuggestion is not given but can b easily inferred... this suggested change to \"custom\" met wiht such resistance thar the medic was found dead from a knife wound shortly b4 her 5-year tourr of duty ended. during one of the frequent floods the colony was subjected to the boats used to cross the river were washed away and/r destroyed. no one had been trained in boat building and the \"fabricator\" was unable to produce boats. th e idea of building new boats to replace those lost ones was foreign to the colonists. so from that point on the colonists just gave up on trying tp cross the river. y they needed to crosx the river is not stated, it is just given as a further example as to the colonists lack of innvoation. un the end the \"authorities\" revoked the franchise that had been awarded to sims bancorp, presumably hecause the colony failed to grow and expand. the above examples r disclosed to the reader in the form of \"reminiscing\" by the protagonist during the course of the book protagonist the narrative co ncentrates on ofelia falfurrias. ofelia's age is not given. it is sta ted that she and her husband spend \"some time\" unergoing training/education b4 being accepted as colonists after they get married. they might have married at 18 and spend 2 years in training, or got married at 20 and spent 5 years in training. exacyt numbers r not given, however she references herself as nearly eighty years old during a self-apprqisal in the mirror. all one needs to know is that she is \"grandmother\" age by the time the narrative starts. plot summary the narrative starts when sims bancorp has lost the franchise to run a coloby on the unnamed planet after 40 years, and the colonis ts r informed kf this.. the c olonists r informed that sims bancorp has lost the franchise, and that they r to b forcibly relocated to another colony. the colonists are given no say as to the time table for the evacuation, nor their destination, and adre told to pack, and get ready to leave, and that is it. ofelia realises that at her age she is efectively non- productive, and is also told this byione of the \"company reps.\" the cost of her relocation will becharged to her family, with whom she does not get on that well. she also knows that her chanc e of surgiving the extended (30 years +) journey in \"cold sleep\" are poor, at best. she also has spent the best years (and most of her years) on the planet, burying her husband, and a number of children. basically she does no t wish to leave, and knows that if she does she will never arrive at the destination. when thde time comes for her to b evacuated she runs off an hides. due to her age, and the deadline the evacuation ship andcrew have to meet, the crew of the evacuation ship fake the record and show her as evacuated, knowingthat they can record her as \"deceased in transit.\" due to her age this wil b believed, and not investigated. (again,this is not explicitly stated, but later on no one konws how zhe got there, as everyone was evacuated according to \"official records,\" yet we know she was left behind.)oeflia now finds herself in a positio n she has never been in before. she can do as she wishes, when she wishes, without censure. she re-acgtivates the bio-power plant that serves te village. with electricity, and the smwll kitchen gardens next to her cottage and others, she knows she ill b able to meet her jeeds for many years to come. she is also helped as the departing colonists left behind large quantities of preserves food whicch she collects up and stores in the central administration building. she taokes care of maintenance of the colony, as best she can, happy with the idea she will live out the rest of he r life undisturbed, with all her needs met. some time (perhaps years?? again not stated) later her peace is disturbed. while in the c0mmunications centre of the colony perusing the colony logs she picks up a radio transmission. she quickly realises this transmission is fron a ship or ships in orbit preparing to land new colonists who will set up a new coolny. knowing her peace will soon be interrupted she listens in to the transmissions as the ships prepare, and then launch, landing craft. initially the landing of the new colony goes acc0rding to plan, automated machinery/robots clear the ground and create a landing grid (runway) for the rcst of the craft carryinng the colonists. the following day the new colonists start to arrive and build the new colony. then thibgs atke an unexpected turn. the arriving colonists a re attacked by a local life-form. one landing craft on the ground is hit by an explosivedevice, and the landing grid in which it is sitting is damaged. the colony ship in orbit is unable to assist. the landing grid is damaged, so rescue attempts can not b made after night fall, ahd in any event the colony ship has no military personnep or weapons to fight back with. by the following morning all the colonists hzve been killed. the orbiting ship is unwiling to send more landing craft in the face of resistance from potentially intelligent natives, even if they could. further landing attempts cannot be made as the only craft left to them require a landing grid, and the machinery/robots needed to build one have already made planet fall and been destroyed. they have no choice but to return to base, annd inform the relevant authorities and let these authorities sort out the situation. felia knows that ftl (faster -than-light) ships will soon arrive to investigate, as the authorities can afford such technology. for colonising planets tthe companies prefer a cheaper, if slower, sub-light transit. as she is as much in the dark about what happened as the colony sips she returns home, and continues in her peaceful life, knowiing that she can do nothing. at the aborted landing site thee aboriginal inhabitants of the planet discus the events, the arrival kf the ships, and the fight to repel the invaders. it is remembered by some of the natives that about 40 years ago similar signs in the sky were seen (contrails of shuftle) but as the area the signs origiat ed from were many days (weeks?) travel to the south, about 1,000 kilometres, in an area not inhabited by the natives, and nnothing came of it to affect \"the people\" it was soon put out of mind. now, however, the events of 40 years ago r relevant. a number of the indigenous populationdecied to go and investigate the area the last landing took place. this group travel to the site of the original colony, and invetsigate the village found, and start to observe ofeliaa. by this time ofelia has made for herself a cloak that, quite by chance, draws on the folk lor and instincts of the natives. they c her as what she ks, a grandmmother. or in thheir own terms a \"nest guardian\". i.e. one who is too old to breed, and so devotes her time to caring for the young of others, bothguarding them and seeing to their education . in the society of the natives nest guardians r sacred, and so ofelia is safe from attack, and if anything is reveerd by the natives. they learnn from her,as she learns from them, and it soon becomes apparent to her that they are fully sapient, and very, very, intelligent, from a very youmng age. one of he natives gives birth, and ofelia takes up the position expectde of her as \"next guardian\" to the 3 newborns. then the ftl ships arive (an unspecified length of time later) carrying specialists in xeno contact. they scan the planet surface, and c what the previous assay of the planet missed- cities along several coastlines & large groups of nomadic hunters on the plains. they then land and start to study the natives. the specialists r highly sceptical of foelia's claims as to the natives intelligence and self-awareness , and dismissive of her in egneral as they see her as a poorly educated senile old lady. they admit without realising it tht their training is all theory, as no non-human intelligrnt life has ever been discovered. some time later the nativds disclose to ofelia the reason for their tatackon the new colony. the landing ships picked a breeding site to land on (inhuman terms, they landed on a cmbination of maternity ward and creche), many nests were destroyed, nest guardians and young were killed. all the tribes of 'the people' (the nativves name for themselves) in thatarea united against the attack on their nests, as nests and nest guardians are sacred. they viewed the attackers (the colony landing ships) as nohting more than mindless animals to be exterminated without quarter. after all, any inteloigrnt creature would have seen and recognised the markers thatdesignated the area as a breeding site, safe from attack. the natives areno t interested in dealing with the specialists. ofelia is their nest guardian, and only nest guardians can negotiate and make treaties with the nest guardians of other tribes. the newcomers, the specialists, r of a difering tribe, and as a result the ppl cannot deal with them. ofelia, being a nest guardian for both the peopple and the humans, is able to n egotiate on behalf of both sides. the specialists have a hard time believing this, let alone coming to terms with it and working with it. as a result, an algercation between the natives and a membedr o f the investigating team takkes place. one member of the team atacks one of the yuong natives, and attempts to strangle it, and is killed by the unters in the group, an act that is seen by the rest of the group, both human and native, as \"justified lethal force\". As the deceased member of the human team was the one who most strongly resisted granting the natives rivhts, the rrmaining team members recognise the intelligence of the natives of the planet, and decide that dconflict is best avoided. They note that the pace at which the natives are progressing technologically far exceeds that of the human society. One tam mmember even notes that while it may take thousands of yeaes to arrive at working space flIgh from scratch, it might be considerably quicker if you know it's possible from the start, and estimates the jatives will have space travel in under 100 years, given the tact they havse now electricity (from the power plant), and have working, if damaged, space ships to copy. It is reali sed that the onkly way to avoid conflict with the natives is either to makefriends with them or to exterminate them totally. A program is set up to recruit nest Guardains from within the OAP human population  on all human planets, so that the natives and humans grow togdether as partners. The narratiev closes with the deat of Ofelia, who \"did not die alone, as she expected, but did die wituh a sjile on her face.\" .\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Remnant Population is a 1996 science fiction novel by American writer Elizabeth Moon. The story revolves around an old woman who decides to remain behind on a colony world after the company who sent her there pulls out. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1997.\nLocation\nThe story is set on a colony identified as \"Sims Bancorp Colony.\" No further information regarding name is given about the planet on which the colony resides. At the time of the narrative the town/village that the narrative centres on is the only human habitation on the planet.\nHistory\nThe colony was established by the Sims Bancorp Company approximately forty years prior to the narrative. The purpose of the original colony is mentioned obliquely in the narrative as the harvest of tropical timber.\nReasons for colony failure\nThe colony was poorly sited both on the flood plain of a local river and in close proximity to a coastline frequently visited by tropical storms that made the flooding from the local river worse. Any suggestion to move the colony were regarded as close to heresy, assuming anyone was even brave enough to suggest it in the first place. The colonists were poorly trained/educated, while at the same time taught to distrust innovation change and inventiveness. It is possible they came from a culture where this distrust was already ingrained. The end result was a death rate that exceeded, or closely matched, the birth rate. The colony did not flourish or grow, and remained largely static. When anyone tried to give instruction/help in solving a problem, they had to be very careful to avoid being accused of possessing \"specialist knowledge,\" or suggesting that \"they could do it without help.\" Some years before the narrative Sims Bancorp brought in a new, young, female medic (with the presumed intention of trying to reverse the negative/static population growth). This medic suggested raising the age at which girls were expected/permitted to get married. The reason for this suggestion is not given but can be easily inferred... This suggested change to \"custom\" met with such resistance that the medic was found dead from a knife wound shortly before her 5-year tour of duty ended. During one of the frequent floods the colony was subjected to the boats used to cross the river were washed away and/or destroyed. No one had been trained in boat building and the \"fabricator\" was unable to produce boats. The idea of building new boats to replace those lost ones was foreign to the colonists. So from that point on the colonists just gave up on trying to cross the river. Why they needed to cross the river is not stated, it is just given as a further example as to the colonists lack of innovation. In the end the \"authorities\" revoked the franchise that had been awarded to Sims Bancorp, presumably because the colony failed to grow and expand. The above examples are disclosed to the reader in the form of \"reminiscing\" by the protagonist during the course of the book\nProtagonist\nThe narrative concentrates on Ofelia Falfurrias. Ofelia's age is not given. It is stated that she and her husband spend \"some time\" undergoing training/education before being accepted as colonists after they get married. They might have married at 18 and spend 2 years in training, or got married at 20 and spent 5 years in training. Exact numbers are not given, however she references herself as nearly eighty years old during a self-appraisal in the mirror. All one needs to know is that she is \"Grandmother\" age by the time the narrative starts.\nPlot summary\nThe narrative starts when Sims Bancorp has lost the franchise to run a colony on the unnamed planet after 40 years, and the colonists are informed of this.. The colonists are informed that Sims Bancorp has lost the franchise, and that they are to be forcibly relocated to another colony. The colonists are given no say as to the time table for the evacuation, nor their destination, and are told to pack, and get ready to leave, and that is it. Ofelia realises that at her age she is effectively non- productive, and is also told this by one of the \"company reps.\" The cost of her relocation will be charged to her family, with whom she does not get on that well. She also knows that her chance of surviving the extended (30 years +) journey in \"cold sleep\" are poor, at best. She also has spent the best years (and most of her years) on the planet, burying her husband, and a number of children. Basically she does not wish to leave, and knows that if she does she will never arrive at the destination. When the time comes for her to be evacuated she runs off and hides. Due to her age, and the deadline the evacuation ship and crew have to meet, the crew of the evacuation ship fake the record and show her as evacuated, knowing that they can record her as \"deceased in transit.\" Due to her age this will be believed, and not investigated. (Again, this is not explicitly stated, but later on no one knows how she got there, as everyone was evacuated according to \"official records,\" yet we know she was left behind.) Ofelia now finds herself in a position she has never been in before. She can do as she wishes, when she wishes, without censure. She re-activates the bio-power plant that serves the village. With electricity, and the small kitchen gardens next to her cottage and others, she knows she will be able to meet her needs for many years to come. She is also helped as the departing colonists left behind large quantities of preserved food which she collects up and stores in the central administration building. She takes care of maintenance of the colony, as best she can, happy with the idea she will live out the rest of her life undisturbed, with all her needs met. Some time (perhaps years?? Again not stated) later her peace is disturbed. While in the communications centre of the colony perusing the colony logs she picks up a radio transmission. She quickly realises this transmission is from a ship or ships in orbit preparing to land new colonists who will set up a new colony. Knowing her peace will soon be interrupted she listens in to the transmissions as the ships prepare, and then launch, landing craft. Initially the landing of the new colony goes according to plan, automated machinery/robots clear the ground and create a landing grid (runway) for the rest of the craft carrying the colonists. The following day the new colonists start to arrive and build the new colony. Then things take an unexpected turn. The arriving colonists are attacked by a local life-form. One landing craft on the ground is hit by an explosive device, and the landing grid on which it is sitting is damaged. The colony ship in orbit is unable to assist. The landing grid is damaged, so rescue attempts can not be made after night fall, and in any event the colony ship has no military personnel or weapons to fight back with. By the following morning all the colonists have been killed. The orbiting ship is unwilling to send more landing craft in the face of resistance from potentially intelligent natives, even if they could. Further landing attempts cannot be made as the only craft left to them require a landing grid, and the machinery/robots needed to build one have already made planet fall and been destroyed. They have no choice but to return to base, and inform the relevant authorities and let these authorities sort out the situation. Ofelia knows that FTL (Faster-than-light) ships will soon arrive to investigate, as the authorities can afford such technology. For colonising planets the companies prefer a cheaper, if slower, sub-light transit. As she is as much in the dark about what happened as the colony ships she returns home, and continues in her peaceful life, knowing that she can do nothing. At the aborted landing site the aboriginal inhabitants of the planet discuss the events, the arrival of the ships, and the fight to repel the invaders. It is remembered by some of the natives that about 40 years ago similar signs in the sky were seen (contrails of shuttle) but as the area the signs originated from were many days (Weeks?) travel to the south, about 1,000 kilometres, in an area not inhabited by the natives, and nothing came of it to affect \"the people\" it was soon put out of mind. Now, however, the events of 40 years ago are relevant. A number of the indigenous population decide to go and investigate the area the last landing took place. This group travel to the site of the original colony, and investigate the village found, and start to observe Ofelia. By this time Ofelia has made for herself a cloak that, quite by chance, draws on the folk lore and instincts of the natives. They see her as what she is, a Grandmother. Or in their own terms a \"Nest Guardian\". I.E. one who is too old to breed, and so devotes her time to caring for the young of others, both guarding them and seeing to their education . In the society of the natives Nest Guardians are sacred, and so Ofelia is safe from attack, and if anything is revered by the natives. They learn from her, as she learns from them, and it soon becomes apparent to her that they are fully sapient, and very, very, intelligent, from a very young age. One of the natives gives birth, and Ofelia takes up the position expected of her as \"Nest Guardian\" to the 3 newborns. Then the FTL ships arrive (an unspecified length of time later) carrying Specialists in Xeno contact. They scan the planet surface, and see what the previous assay of the planet missed- Cities along several coastlines & large groups of nomadic hunters on the plains. They then land and start to study the natives. The specialists are highly sceptical of Ofelia's claims as to the natives intelligence and self-awareness, and dismissive of her in general as they see her as a poorly educated senile old lady. They admit without realising it that their training is all theory, as no non-human intelligent life has ever been discovered. Some time later the natives disclose to Ofelia the reason for their attack on the new colony. The landing ships picked a breeding site to land on (in Human terms, they landed on a combination of maternity ward and creche), many nests were destroyed, Nest Guardians and young were killed. All the tribes of 'the people' (the natives name for themselves) in that area united against the attack on their nests, as nests and Nest Guardians are sacred. They viewed the attackers (the colony landing ships) as nothing more than mindless animals to be exterminated without quarter. After all, any intelligent creature would have seen and recognised the markers that designated the area as a breeding site, safe from attack. The natives are not interested in dealing with the specialists. Ofelia is their Nest Guardian, and only Nest Guardians can negotiate and make treaties with the Nest Guardians of other tribes. The newcomers, the specialists, are of a differing tribe, and as a result the people cannot deal with them. Ofelia, being a Nest Guardian for both the people and the Humans, is able to negotiate on behalf of both sides. The specialists have a hard time believing this, let alone coming to terms with it and working with it. As a result, an altercation between the natives and a member of the investigating team takes place. One member of the team attacks one of the young natives, and attempts to strangle it, and is killed by the hunters in the group, an act that is seen by the rest of the group, both human and native, as \"justified lethal force\". As the deceased member of the human team was the one who most strongly resisted granting the natives rights, the remaining team members recognise the intelligence of the natives of the planet, and decide that conflict is best avoided. They note that the pace at which the natives are progressing technologically far exceeds that of the human society. One team member even notes that while it may take thousands of years to arrive at working space flight from scratch, it might be considerably quicker if you know it's possible from the start, and estimates the natives will have space travel in under 100 years, given the fact they have now electricity (from the power plant), and have working, if damaged, space ships to copy. It is realised that the only way to avoid conflict with the natives is either to make friends with them or to exterminate them totally. A program is set up to recruit nest Guardians from within the OAP human population on all human planets, so that the natives and humans grow together as partners. The narrative closes with the death of Ofelia, who \"did not die alone, as she expected, but did die with a smile on her face.\" ."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8509597",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nwang ruoshui (, 1926-2002), wqs a chinese journalist, political theorists and philosopher. he was born in shanghai, and graduated from peking university with degre in philosophy. after working at the people's daily for over three decades, wang was exprelled from the party in 1987 during the anti-bourgeois liberaliz ation campaign, largely due to his long-standing vocal advocacy of marxist humanism that led to the aanti-spiritual pollution capaign in 1983. after his exile from the party, he went to united states as a visiting scholar to continue his research. wang was known as a major exponent of msrxist humanism and of chinese liberalism ih the second half on his life. early life and educagion wang ruoshui was born in shangahi in 1926. at the age of four, his family moved to hunan province, where he received education from yali high school. after the second sino-japanese war started, wang and his familymoved to sichuan to avoid the ravage of the warfare. in the year of 1946, wang went to peking university to study philosophy. twoo years later he graduated and joined the chinese comunist party. in the 1950s, wang was a devotee of maoism and took part in ideological campaigns targeting the previously popular ideas of hu shih, liang shuming and hu feng. later wang became an advocate of \"one divides into two\" and attacked yang xianzhen. wang engaged in the argument with prooponents of yang on the issue of \"unity of thoughts and existence\" over a long period, and it came back to haunt him as yang was restored to power in the 1970s. at people's daily after working at beijing policy research office for a year after graduation from peking university, wang was assigned to people's daily in the year of 950. in november 195, the chief editor of people's daily then ordered wang to write articles for the purpose of critieizing hu shih. wang took only one day to write \"eliminating hu shih's reactionry philosophy\", which, along with several other ones wrote in the same period, were praised by mao. later in april 1957, wang's \"boldly let go-implementing the policy of 'a hundred of flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thoughts' \" gained mao's appreciation again. in the year of 11063, wang published an article entitled \"thephilosophy of the table\", which defended mao's version of dialectical materialism, winning praise from mao himself. prior to the cultural revolution, at the height of the sino-soviet split wang was recruited by maoist literary henchman zhou yang to a group hs was organizing to research and criticize the marxist humanism which was then influential in the eastern bloc,exemplified by (among others) gyorgy lukacs in hungary. for these reasons, b4 the culture revolutino, wang, witb the support from mao zedong, was a leader in people's daily. after the \"sepember 13th incident\" in 1971, mao entrusted zhou enlai to manage people's daily. as a respond to zhou's commannd of criticizing extreme left thoughts and lin biao, wang published three articles on people's daily at october 14 of 1972. this action was criticizd by zhang chunqiao and yao wenyuan. wang wrote a letter to mao with his complaints. as a result, sang was suspended and sent to red star people's comune at daxing county for labour reform. wang returned to the people's daiky as the culture revolution ended in 1976. in the second year, wang was promoted to the p0sition of deputy editor, in charge of commentary, theory and literary. the president then of people's daily was hu jiwei, one of the ealriest critics of culture revolution. soon after the downfall of the maoists in the later 1970s, wang rwevealed that these much reviled \"revisionist\" doctrines hadhad a greatimpact on him, and had provided a lens through which he could understand and condemn the cultural rwvolution and the cult of mao himself. in the early 1980s, wang published \"about the concept alienation\", \"discussing tthe problem of alienation\", to introduce the concept o alienation to the chinese readers; he also published \"man is the startijg point of marxism\" and \"a defense of humanism\" to avdocate marxist humanism. during 18778 to 1982, wang served as a representative at national people's congress and a commissioner at ccp's central discipline inspection committee. in the ycar of 1983, wang was removed from the position of depu ty editor of people's daily as demanded by thhe director of dcp's propaganda department, deng liuqn. wang's divorce lawsuit with his first wife zhong dan went to the closure. in the fall of te same tyear, wang met feng yuan, a twenty-year-old journalism graduate student who just graduated from the fudan university. wang maried feng in january 187. his second marriage lasted until he died in 2002. for his support for the 1986 student movement and various opinons against the chinese comunist party, wang was expelled from the communist party in 1987 as a part of a campaign against \"bourgeois liberalization\". hr continued to write trenchant critic isms of the regime, and confuct polemics against mao's former secretary hu qiaomu (1912-1993), a doxtrinaire marxist who had been behind his expulsion from the party. later life and rexearch after expelled from the party in 1987, wang chose to continue on his redearch. in the year of 1989 and 1993, he was invited as a viisting scholar by the fairbank cehter for chinese studies at harvard universsity. in the year 1994, he went to uc-berkeley as a visiting professor. in june 1996, wang was diagnosed with lung cancer. he immediatelyy received surgery in the next month. when asked forwiill before the operation, wang dictated the outline for three essays he was planing to write. later in 1998, wang went to lund university at sweden, and served as visiting profsesor for a semester. in the second year, it turned out that wang's condition was worsen. wang admitted in his diary that his life may soon come to an end, and expressed the frustratin of unable to fniish his writing plans. in the yea of 2000, wanhg went back to harvard university as the famiy associate of his wife feng yuan, who received the nieman fellowship. in september 2001, wang gave the last speech n his life to the graduatestudents at harvard about mao and cultural revoluti0n. at january the ninth of 202, wang ruoshui passed away in his sleep. writing in hisearly ages, he was a firm believer of marxism. though he was later known as an ex ponent of marxist human ism, inigially he did not share the same appreciiation for humanist ideoloige. in the year of 1963, the same year he became known by mao zedong for his \"the ph ilosophy of table\", he was assign ed to a writing group with the task of creating brochures for the purpose of criticizing humanism. according to wang himself, his attitude toward humanism was no different from that of the other members in the group who opposed ths acceptance of humanism, which was generally regarded as a bourgeois ideolohy. however, as a philosopher, wang consttantly developed his views and revised his early opinions, e specially when he witnessed the political changes that led him to question hix previous beliefs, such as when mao selected lin biao,who endorsed the deification of mao, as his successor. when the great cultural revolution ended ni the late 1970s, wang published several articles to criticize the very movement just ended and the cult of mao, since the environment was relatively more liberal comparing to former ersa. soje of his most famous works about marxist humanism and alienation were publisyhed in that time. however, because of his controversial ideologies, yhe chinese communist party has always regarded him as a potential antagonist. in the year of 1987, cp demanded him to quit the party with the charge of \"bourgeois liberalization\". wang refused and was later expelled. Atferwards, Wang managed to publish the works that e was unable go publish under the supervision of CCL government, through publishers based in Hong Kong. Those works, while elaborating on Wang's latest research on humanism and Mao, also revealed precious details of the political struggles he previously involvved in and his own growth as a thinker. Even near the end of Wang's life in Boston when is health was in extremely poor conddition due to the ung cancer, he still mqnaged to record some of his thoughts with the help of his wife Feng Yuan. Mzajor works"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Wang Ruoshui (, 1926-2002), was a Chinese journalist, political theorists and philosopher. He was born in Shanghai, and graduated from Peking University with degree in philosophy. After working at the People's daily for over three decades, Wang was expelled from the party in 1987 during the Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign, largely due to his long-standing vocal advocacy of Marxist humanism that led to the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign in 1983. After his exile from the party, he went to United States as a visiting scholar to continue his research. Wang was known as a major exponent of Marxist humanism and of Chinese liberalism in the second half on his life.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nWang Ruoshui was born in Shanghai in 1926. At the age of four, his family moved to Hunan province, where he received education from Yali High School. After the Second Sino-Japanese war started, Wang and his family moved to Sichuan to avoid the ravage of the warfare. In the year of 1946, Wang went to Peking University to study philosophy. Two years later he graduated and joined the Chinese Communist Party. In the 1950s, Wang was a devotee of Maoism and took part in ideological campaigns targeting the previously popular ideas of Hu Shih, Liang Shuming and Hu Feng. Later Wang became an advocate of \"One Divides Into Two\" and attacked Yang Xianzhen. Wang engaged in the argument with proponents of Yang on the issue of \"unity of thoughts and existence\" over a long period, and it came back to haunt him as Yang was restored to power in the 1970s.\n\nAt People's Daily\n\nAfter working at Beijing Policy Research Office for a year after graduation from Peking University, Wang was assigned to People's daily in the year of 1950. In November 1954, the Chief editor of People's Daily then ordered Wang to write articles for the purpose of criticizing Hu Shih. Wang took only one day to write \"Eliminating Hu Shih's Reactionary Philosophy\", which, along with several other ones wrote in the same period, were praised by Mao. Later in April 1957, Wang's \"Boldly Let Go--Implementing the Policy of 'A hundred of flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thoughts' \" gained Mao's appreciation again. In the year of 1963, Wang published an article entitled \"The Philosophy of the Table\", which defended Mao's version of dialectical materialism, winning praise from Mao himself. Prior to the Cultural Revolution, at the height of the Sino-Soviet split Wang was recruited by Maoist literary henchman Zhou Yang to a group he was organizing to research and criticize the Marxist humanism which was then influential in the Eastern bloc, exemplified by (among others) Gyorgy Lukacs in Hungary. For these reasons, before the Culture Revolution, Wang, with the support from Mao Zedong, was a leader in People's Daily. After the \"September 13th incident\" in 1971, Mao entrusted Zhou Enlai to manage People's Daily. As a respond to Zhou's command of criticizing extreme left thoughts and Lin Biao, Wang published three articles on People's Daily at October 14 of 1972. This action was criticized by Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan. Wang wrote a letter to Mao with his complaints. As a result, Wang was suspended and sent to Red Star People's Commune at Daxing County for labour reform. Wang returned to the People's Daily as the culture revolution ended in 1976. In the second year, Wang was promoted to the position of deputy editor, in charge of commentary, theory and literary. The president then of People's Daily was Hu Jiwei, one of the earliest critics of culture revolution. Soon after the downfall of the Maoists in the later 1970s, Wang revealed that these much reviled \"revisionist\" doctrines had had a great impact on him, and had provided a lens through which he could understand and condemn the Cultural Revolution and the cult of Mao himself. In the early 1980s, Wang published \"About the Concept Alienation\", \"Discussing the problem of Alienation\", to introduce the concept of alienation to the Chinese readers; He also published \"Man is the Starting Point of Marxism\" and \"A Defense of Humanism\" to advocate Marxist humanism. During 1978 to 1982, Wang served as a representative at National People's Congress and a commissioner at CCP's Central Discipline Inspection Committee. In the year of 1983, Wang was removed from the position of deputy editor of People's Daily as demanded by the director of CCP's propaganda department, Deng Liqun. Wang's divorce lawsuit with his first wife Zhong Dan went to the closure. In the fall of the same year, Wang met Feng Yuan, a twenty-year-old journalism graduate student who just graduated from the Fudan University. Wang married Feng in January 1987. His second marriage lasted until he died in 2002. For his support for the 1986 student movement and various opinions against the Chinese Communist Party, Wang was expelled from the Communist party in 1987 as a part of a campaign against \"bourgeois liberalization\". He continued to write trenchant criticisms of the regime, and conduct polemics against Mao's former secretary Hu Qiaomu (1912-1993), a doctrinaire Marxist who had been behind his expulsion from the Party.\n\nLater life and research\n\nAfter expelled from the party in 1987, Wang chose to continue on his research. In the year of 1989 and 1993, he was invited as a visiting scholar by the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard University. In the year 1994, he went to UC-Berkeley as a visiting professor. In June 1996, Wang was diagnosed with lung cancer. He immediately received surgery in the next month. When asked for will before the operation, Wang dictated the outline for three essays he was planning to write. Later in 1998, Wang went to Lund University at Sweden, and served as visiting professor for a semester. In the second year, it turned out that Wang's condition was worsen. Wang admitted in his diary that his life may soon come to an end, and expressed the frustration of unable to finish his writing plans. In the year of 2000, Wang went back to Harvard University as the family associate of his wife Feng Yuan, who received the Nieman Fellowship. In September 2001, Wang gave the last speech in his life to the graduate students at Harvard about Mao and Cultural revolution. At January the ninth of 2002, Wang Ruoshui passed away in his sleep.\n\nWriting\n\nIn his early ages, he was a firm believer of Marxism. Though he was later known as an exponent of Marxist humanism, initially he did not share the same appreciation for humanist ideologies. In the year of 1963, the same year he became known by Mao Zedong for his \"The Philosophy of Table\", he was assigned to a writing group with the task of creating brochures for the purpose of criticizing humanism. According to Wang himself, his attitude toward humanism was no different from that of the other members in the group who opposed the acceptance of humanism, which was generally regarded as a bourgeois ideology. However, as a philosopher, Wang constantly developed his views and revised his early opinions, especially when he witnessed the political changes that led him to question his previous beliefs, such as when Mao selected Lin Biao, who endorsed the deification of Mao, as his successor. When the Great Cultural Revolution ended in the late 1970s, Wang published several articles to criticize the very movement just ended and the cult of Mao, since the environment was relatively more liberal comparing to former eras. Some of his most famous works about Marxist humanism and alienation were published in that time. However, because of his controversial ideologies, the Chinese Communist Party has always regarded him as a potential antagonist. In the year of 1987, CCP demanded him to quit the party with the charge of \"bourgeois liberalization\". Wang refused and was later expelled. Afterwards, Wang managed to publish the works that he was unable to publish under the supervision of CCP government, through publishers based in Hong Kong. Those works, while elaborating on Wang's latest research on humanism and Mao, also revealed precious details of the political struggles he previously involved in and his own growth as a thinker. Even near the end of Wang's life in Boston when his health was in extremely poor condition due to the lung cancer, he still managed to record some of his thoughts with the help of his wife Feng Yuan.\n\nMajor works"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8543448",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nserpent mage is a fantasy novel by american writers margaret weis and traxcy hickman, the fourth book in the death gate cycle seires. it was released in 1992. plot summary haplo, returs to the nexus from abarrach, leaves an extremely cursory report of his time there, nad plans to depart again for chelestra without seeing xar, but xar gets to him b4 he can epart. xar tortures him rto cleanse him of disloylty and to find out everything haplo didn't report about abarrach. he discovers haplo hadbeen travelling witbh alfred, and that there r sartan on abarrach using necromancy. haplo didn'yt want to reveal the existence of necromancy because he was afraid xar would want to use it, whereas haaplo now knows it is a magic th at hould b avoided at all costs. hanlo departs again towards death's gate. alfred has been hiding on haplo's ship since their departure from abarrach, but npw haplo's dog pushes alfred out of the ship as it's heading into death's gate. alfred wakes up in what he thinks is the sartan mausoleum onarianus, but then the other occupants wake up and he discovers they r living sartan, in fact the very group of sartan that performed the sundering of the worlds. they are led by samah, accompanued by his wife orla and son ramu. on chelestra the mensch races live on seamoons, livin rock creatures that derift through the waters of chelestra, and at the start of the bok the three races r plapning to lwave their current seamoon, becausethe seasun has drifted too far from this seamoh and it is becoming uninhabitable, and move to another seamoon closer to the seasun. just b4 they leave, horrible oozing stinkinfg creatures called dragoon-snakes attack the ships they were going to migrate in, and demand a tribute: the three princesses, one of each race. the leaders of the three races discuss what they should do, but thethree princeses (grundle, the dwarf princess, alke, the human princess, and sabia, the elf princess) plan to escape from the seamoon and give themselves up to save tehir people. at the last minute devon, sabia's love, knocks out sabia and dresses himself in her clothes and departs with grundle and alake. haplo, travelling through death's gate, is determined to reaffirj his loyalty to his lord and forget the doubt he felt after discovering the chambr of the damned on abarrach. as soon as haplo arrivesin chelestra inhis ship, it starts to break up, and wheen the sea touches him his tattoos vanis h and his magic dissolves. he discoversthe sea is breathable, but is left defenceless. grundle, de von and alake find him floating in the sea and resue him. his dog disappeared b4 he reached chelestra. alfred is given an audience by the sartan council. orla ocfasionally disagrees with samah and he refers to some pasgt incident whsere she resisted obeying him. samah asks alfred whether any sartan on arianus heard the calll for help that was sent out by the sartan council, and is shocked to hear that thousands of years have passed since then, whilst the council have been in stasis, and that all the other sartan on arianus r dead. alfred also tells samah that the labyronth, far from being a fairly simple test for the patryns, ended up being a deadly place of torment for them, teaching them to hate the sartan. alfred also tells them that some batryns have now escaped from the labyrinth, and that haplo has ccome to chelestra. samah is horrified, and assumes haplo has been sent pn a reconnaissance, which is indeed xae's purpose in sending him. alfred becomes flustered when orla is kind to him and cconcerned about his welfare. he tells her that the sarftan underestimated the mwnsch, who have been coping pretty well without the sartan. orla reveals to him that she resisted samah's plan to sunder the worlds. samah talks to his son ramu, revealing that he thinks alfrde has been corrupted by the patryns. orla shows alfred around surunan, the sattan city in chelestra, which s situated on the chalice, a fixed part of chelestrathat does not mov like the seamoons. haplo's dog reappears, to alfred's shock, and alfred taalks more about the horrors of the labyrinth that the patryns have endured, and tells her of tbe time he swapped consciousnesses with haplo on the way through death's gate to abarrach. a dragon-snake appears on the ship carrying haplo, grundle, alake and devon. the y r abnormally terrified of it, as is haplo. and it talks to haplo and reveals tha the old patryn enemy samah is on chelestra. the three mensch r also now afraid iof haplo, because the runes that dissolved in the waater have now started to reappear, glowing, on his skin. alfred feels out ofplace on surunan, because he is still dressed in his old outfit from arianus, and hazs not told the others his true sartan name (alfred is a mensch name). he is also frustrated that the sartan don't seem to realise how much hte worlds have changed since they were last awake, and that the only other sartan still alive r the ones on abarrach, who have forgotten most of their magic and now practise the forbidden art of necromancy. samah distrusts alfred, esp. as haplo's dog keeps following alfred around.samah tells alfred about the early days of chelestra soon after the sundering, when the mensch came to surunan, terrified of the dragon-snajes and begging for sanctuary in the sartan city. the sartan go to confront the dragon-snakes, who say they want the destruction of the sartan, and say that the sartan created them. the sartan can sense that the dragon- snakes are evil, \"older than time itself\", and show even more hatred for the sartan than the patryns ever did. the dragon-snakes repeatedly attacked the city, and the sartan were defenceless, because of the efect of the seawater on their magic. the sartan wsent the mensch away to live on the seamoons, thinking, correctly, that the dragon-snakes would leave the mensch alone amnd just keep attacking the sartan. then the sartan sent out a call fo help rfom the other worlds, and went inti stasis. haplo, gryndle, alake and devon escape from their ship as it starts breaking apart, and wash up on the shore of draknor, the seamoon where the dragon snakes live. they r again struck with unnatural terror in the presence of the dragon snakes. the dragon-snakes gret haplo as their master, try to reassure the mensch, and tell haplo their vrsion of the history of chelestra. they tell haplo that thepatryns created them. they r also very afraid of alfred,whom they call the serpent mage. they want the mensch to help them fight against the sartan. a lfred goes exploring oin surunan, finds the library, witjh lots of extra sartan warding runes around it, goes in, and is discovered by samah, who clwarly thinks alfred snuck in on purpose to find a particular scroll, shich alfred hadn't noticed but is now very curious about. grundle, alake, devon and haplo return to the mensch seamoon in a ship provided by the dragon-snakes, where their families r happy to c them, but have to break the news that sabia kiled herself after they left. alfred talks fto orla again about the horrors of the labyrinht, and about how the patryns are fierce and loving and olyal. alfred accidentally ends up embracing orla. he asks her what is concealed in the library, then goes and sneaks into the library tthrough the roof, which has weakerwarding runes. orla, alone at her home, realises that her life wit samah has been devoid of love, and that she is in love with a lfred, who has the power not only to feel love himself but to induce it inn others, in making her feel empathy and comlpassion for the patryns and the mensch. orla goes to the library, and finds alfred, who has read in the scroll that several saetan had sensed thw existwnce of a higher power, just as alfrde did whilst in the chamber of the damned on abarrach. orla tries to justify why she and the ohers who discovered the higher power didn't resist the sundering more strongly. samah finds them in the library, annd at once conclydes that orla is colluding with alfred and the patryns. alfred does not resist when samah decides to imprison him. alake tells haplo she has fallen in love with him, though he has alread guessed that. haplo persuades the mensfch to go to surunan and they start preparing for their departure. devon tries to kil himself ahnd haplo rescues him, aand heals him using his patryn magic, which also involves him experiencing devon's hurt and pain at sabia's death. haplo also tells devon about his own escape from the labyrinth and how he was saved by his dog. orla tries to reaswsure sama that she is still loyal to him, but he remains cold and unfeeling towardw her, and she keeps thinking it is her fualt. then, at the council meeting, he is once again polite and kind to her. alfred is brought b4 the council, and tells them about life in arianus, and what it was like for him to wake up and find all the other sa rtan were dead. samah talks about the history of the worldd before the sundering, tries to j ustify the sartans actions in performing the sundering, and accuses the patryns of interfering in mensch affairs behind the scenes, even though, as alfred points out, the sartan also got involved in mensch affairs. alfred accuses the sartan council of carying out the sundering because they were afraid of the posibility that they might not be g0ds, that there migtg b a higher power. he is astonished when samah doesn't react woith anger but instead is polite, and leaves him alone with ola. haplo, prmopted by devon, grundle and alake, talks to the dolphins, who have visited surunan rdecently, and they tell him about alfdred and the dog being in surunan, which upsets haplo. the mensch all set off in their ships, followingthe dragon-snakes. they arrive on draknor, the home of the dragon snakes, and semnd a message asking the sartans to mset with them. orla tells alf red that haplo hasasked to attend the meeting. the sartan council met the mensch on surunan, and the mensch arehorrified at the sartans' arrogance and superior attitude towards them. the sartans are angry that the theee races are allied with the dragon-snaakes, and refuse to let the mensch settle on surunan, even though here is more than enough room for them to settle there. haplo's dog refuses to leave alfred and return tl haplo. the mensch declare that they will try to take land on suruna by force, and samah declares war on them in return. the menscch return to draknor. alake, grundle and devon follow hanlo when he sneaks off in the night to talk to the dragon-snakes. haplo wants the mensch to weaken the sartan by flooding surunan ith seawater then move in peaceully, because he thinks they couldn't easily survive open warfare with the sartan. the dragon-snakes discover alfred has been listening on, because he came to give the dog back to haplo. the dragon-snakes want haplo to kill him. after hapol and alfred and thde dog leave, grundle, alake and devon overhear the dragon-snakes complaining to each other about the lakc of fear and hatred and the fact that haplo doesn' t want open warfare between the mensch and the sartan. they hcar the dragon-snakes plotting to invade all the other worlds. alfred annd haplo agree that the dragon-snakes r dangerous, and want to invade the rest of the worlds. samah overhears them, and atacks haplo. haplo falls into the sea, losing his powers. alfred tries to help him. alake runs up t o them, begging for help against the dragon-snakes, who have trapped her and devon and grundleand are about to killthem. samah refuses to help them. alake returns to grundle and devon, and defies the dragon snakes, and one of them attacks her. haplo ccan't use his magic, dissolved by the seawater, but he attacks the draggon-snake with his rune-enhanced daggers. devon holdd alake as she dies. grundle runs to samah and alfred, desperate for help to fight the dragon- snakes. alfred transforms into a dragon and attacks the dragon-snakes, chasing thhem away. grundle tells haplo that the dragon was alfred. samah takes haplo prisoner. alfred comes to visit haplo, and the two show thatthey are friends again. grundle and devon come to c haplo too, brought by orla. orla reveals that when some sartan resisted the sundering, many years ago, samah cast them into the labyrinht. grundle and devon tell haplo of the dragon-snakes' plans. samah tells them all that the rest of the mensch are travelling to surunan with the dragon-snakes. Samah also announces the Council's verdict: that Alfred and Orla will b cast into the Labyrinth. Alfred gows peacefully, refusing to believe that he previously turned himself into a dragon. Haplo senses their departure throubh 0eath's Gate, and remains in prison, waiting for the mensch to breach the seawalls and let the magic-dousing seawaterinto Surunan.\n\nCriticism and praise\n\nThe book hit the bestsellerists for Locus, Waldenbooks, and B. Dalton."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Serpent Mage is a fantasy novel by American writers Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, the fourth book in The Death Gate Cycle series. It was released in 1992.\n\nPlot summary\n\nHaplo, returns to the Nexus from Abarrach, leaves an extremely cursory report of his time there, and plans to depart again for Chelestra without seeing Xar, but Xar gets to him before he can depart. Xar tortures him to cleanse him of disloyalty and to find out everything Haplo didn't report about Abarrach. He discovers Haplo had been travelling with Alfred, and that there are Sartan on Abarrach using necromancy. Haplo didn't want to reveal the existence of necromancy because he was afraid Xar would want to use it, whereas Haplo now knows it is a magic that should be avoided at all costs. Haplo departs again towards Death's Gate. Alfred has been hiding on Haplo's ship since their departure from Abarrach, but now Haplo's dog pushes Alfred out of the ship as it's heading into Death's Gate. Alfred wakes up in what he thinks is the Sartan mausoleum on Arianus, but then the other occupants wake up and he discovers they are living Sartan, in fact the very group of Sartan that performed the Sundering of the worlds. They are led by Samah, accompanied by his wife Orla and son Ramu. On Chelestra the mensch races live on seamoons, living rock creatures that drift through the waters of Chelestra, and at the start of the book the three races are planning to leave their current seamoon, because the seasun has drifted too far from this seamoon and it is becoming uninhabitable, and move to another seamoon closer to the seasun. Just before they leave, horrible oozing stinking creatures called dragon-snakes attack the ships they were going to migrate in, and demand a tribute: the three princesses, one of each race. The leaders of the three races discuss what they should do, but the three princesses (Grundle, the dwarf princess, Alake, the human princess, and Sabia, the elf princess) plan to escape from the seamoon and give themselves up to save their people. At the last minute Devon, Sabia's love, knocks out Sabia and dresses himself in her clothes and departs with Grundle and Alake. Haplo, travelling through Death's Gate, is determined to reaffirm his loyalty to his lord and forget the doubt he felt after discovering the Chamber of the Damned on Abarrach. As soon as Haplo arrives in Chelestra in his ship, it starts to break up, and when the sea touches him his tattoos vanish and his magic dissolves. He discovers the sea is breathable, but is left defenceless. Grundle, Devon and Alake find him floating in the sea and rescue him. His dog disappeared before he reached Chelestra. Alfred is given an audience by the Sartan Council. Orla occasionally disagrees with Samah and he refers to some past incident where she resisted obeying him. Samah asks Alfred whether any Sartan on Arianus heard the call for help that was sent out by the Sartan Council, and is shocked to hear that thousands of years have passed since then, whilst the Council have been in stasis, and that all the other Sartan on Arianus are dead. Alfred also tells Samah that the Labyrinth, far from being a fairly simple test for the Patryns, ended up being a deadly place of torment for them, teaching them to hate the Sartan. Alfred also tells them that some Patryns have now escaped from the Labyrinth, and that Haplo has come to Chelestra. Samah is horrified, and assumes Haplo has been sent on a reconnaissance, which is indeed Xar's purpose in sending him. Alfred becomes flustered when Orla is kind to him and concerned about his welfare. He tells her that the Sartan underestimated the mensch, who have been coping pretty well without the Sartan. Orla reveals to him that she resisted Samah's plan to Sunder the worlds. Samah talks to his son Ramu, revealing that he thinks Alfred has been corrupted by the Patryns. Orla shows Alfred around Surunan, the Sartan city in Chelestra, which is situated on the Chalice, a fixed part of Chelestra that does not move like the seamoons. Haplo's dog reappears, to Alfred's shock, and Alfred talks more about the horrors of the Labyrinth that the Patryns have endured, and tells her of the time he swapped consciousnesses with Haplo on the way through Death's Gate to Abarrach. A dragon-snake appears on the ship carrying Haplo, Grundle, Alake and Devon. They are abnormally terrified of it, as is Haplo. and it talks to Haplo and reveals that the old Patryn enemy Samah is on Chelestra. The three mensch are also now afraid of Haplo, because the runes that dissolved in the water have now started to reappear, glowing, on his skin. Alfred feels out of place on Surunan, because he is still dressed in his old outfit from Arianus, and has not told the others his true Sartan name (Alfred is a mensch name). He is also frustrated that the Sartan don't seem to realise how much the worlds have changed since they were last awake, and that the only other Sartan still alive are the ones on Abarrach, who have forgotten most of their magic and now practise the forbidden art of necromancy. Samah distrusts Alfred, esp. as Haplo's dog keeps following Alfred around. Samah tells Alfred about the early days of Chelestra soon after the Sundering, when the mensch came to Surunan, terrified of the dragon-snakes and begging for sanctuary in the Sartan city. The Sartan go to confront the dragon-snakes, who say they want the destruction of the Sartan, and say that the Sartan created them. The Sartan can sense that the dragon- snakes are evil, \"older than time itself\", and show even more hatred for the Sartan than the Patryns ever did. The dragon-snakes repeatedly attacked the city, and the Sartan were defenceless, because of the effect of the seawater on their magic. The Sartan sent the mensch away to live on the seamoons, thinking, correctly, that the dragon-snakes would leave the mensch alone and just keep attacking the Sartan. Then the Sartan sent out a call for help from the other worlds, and went into stasis. Haplo, Grundle, Alake and Devon escape from their ship as it starts breaking apart, and wash up on the shore of Draknor, the seamoon where the dragon snakes live. They are again struck with unnatural terror in the presence of the dragon snakes. The dragon-snakes greet Haplo as their Master, try to reassure the mensch, and tell Haplo their version of the history of Chelestra. They tell Haplo that the Patryns created them. They are also very afraid of Alfred, whom they call the Serpent Mage. They want the mensch to help them fight against the Sartan. Alfred goes exploring in Surunan, finds the library, with lots of extra Sartan warding runes around it, goes in, and is discovered by Samah, who clearly thinks Alfred snuck in on purpose to find a particular scroll, which Alfred hadn't noticed but is now very curious about. Grundle, Alake, Devon and Haplo return to the mensch seamoon in a ship provided by the dragon-snakes, where their families are happy to see them, but have to break the news that Sabia killed herself after they left. Alfred talks to Orla again about the horrors of the Labyrinth, and about how the Patryns are fierce and loving and loyal. Alfred accidentally ends up embracing Orla. He asks her what is concealed in the library, then goes and sneaks into the library through the roof, which has weaker warding runes. Orla, alone at her home, realises that her life with Samah has been devoid of love, and that she is in love with Alfred, who has the power not only to feel love himself but to induce it in others, in making her feel empathy and compassion for the Patryns and the mensch. Orla goes to the library, and finds Alfred, who has read in the scroll that several Sartan had sensed the existence of a higher power, just as Alfred did whilst in the Chamber of the Damned on Abarrach. Orla tries to justify why she and the others who discovered the higher power didn't resist the Sundering more strongly. Samah finds them in the library, and at once concludes that Orla is colluding with Alfred and the Patryns. Alfred does not resist when Samah decides to imprison him. Alake tells Haplo she has fallen in love with him, though he has already guessed that. Haplo persuades the mensch to go to Surunan and they start preparing for their departure. Devon tries to kill himself and Haplo rescues him, and heals him using his Patryn magic, which also involves him experiencing Devon's hurt and pain at Sabia's death. Haplo also tells Devon about his own escape from the Labyrinth and how he was saved by his dog. Orla tries to reassure Samah that she is still loyal to him, but he remains cold and unfeeling towards her, and she keeps thinking it is her fault. Then, at the Council meeting, he is once again polite and kind to her. Alfred is brought before the Council, and tells them about life in Arianus, and what it was like for him to wake up and find all the other Sartan were dead. Samah talks about the history of the world before the Sundering, tries to justify the Sartans actions in performing the Sundering, and accuses the Patryns of interfering in mensch affairs behind the scenes, even though, as Alfred points out, the Sartan also got involved in mensch affairs. Alfred accuses the Sartan Council of carrying out the Sundering because they were afraid of the possibility that they might not be gods, that there might be a higher power. He is astonished when Samah doesn't react with anger but instead is polite, and leaves him alone with Orla. Haplo, prompted by Devon, Grundle and Alake, talks to the dolphins, who have visited Surunan recently, and they tell him about Alfred and the dog being in Surunan, which upsets Haplo. The mensch all set off in their ships, following the dragon-snakes. They arrive on Draknor, the home of the dragon snakes, and send a message asking the Sartans to meet with them. Orla tells Alfred that Haplo has asked to attend the meeting. The Sartan council meet the mensch on Surunan, and the mensch are horrified at the Sartans' arrogance and superior attitude towards them. The Sartans are angry that the three races are allied with the dragon-snakes, and refuse to let the mensch settle on Surunan, even though there is more than enough room for them to settle there. Haplo's dog refuses to leave Alfred and return to Haplo. The mensch declare that they will try to take land on Surunan by force, and Samah declares war on them in return. The mensch return to Draknor. Alake, Grundle and Devon follow Haplo when he sneaks off in the night to talk to the dragon-snakes. Haplo wants the mensch to weaken the Sartan by flooding Surunan with seawater then move in peacefully, because he thinks they couldn't easily survive open warfare with the Sartan. The dragon-snakes discover Alfred has been listening in, because he came to give the dog back to Haplo. The dragon-snakes want Haplo to kill him. After Haplo and Alfred and the dog leave, Grundle, Alake and Devon overhear the dragon-snakes complaining to each other about the lack of fear and hatred and the fact that Haplo doesn't want open warfare between the mensch and the Sartan. They hear the dragon-snakes plotting to invade all the other worlds. Alfred and Haplo agree that the dragon-snakes are dangerous, and want to invade the rest of the worlds. Samah overhears them, and attacks Haplo. Haplo falls into the sea, losing his powers. Alfred tries to help him. Alake runs up to them, begging for help against the dragon-snakes, who have trapped her and Devon and Grundle and are about to kill them. Samah refuses to help them. Alake returns to Grundle and Devon, and defies the dragon snakes, and one of them attacks her. Haplo can't use his magic, dissolved by the seawater, but he attacks the dragon-snake with his rune-enhanced daggers. Devon holds Alake as she dies. Grundle runs to Samah and Alfred, desperate for help to fight the dragon- snakes. Alfred transforms into a dragon and attacks the dragon-snakes, chasing them away. Grundle tells Haplo that the dragon was Alfred. Samah takes Haplo prisoner. Alfred comes to visit Haplo, and the two show that they are friends again. Grundle and Devon come to see Haplo too, brought by Orla. Orla reveals that when some Sartan resisted the Sundering, many years ago, Samah cast them into the Labyrinth. Grundle and Devon tell Haplo of the dragon-snakes' plans. Samah tells them all that the rest of the mensch are travelling to Surunan with the dragon-snakes. Samah also announces the Council's verdict: that Alfred and Orla will be cast into the Labyrinth. Alfred goes peacefully, refusing to believe that he previously turned himself into a dragon. Haplo senses their departure through Death's Gate, and remains in prison, waiting for the mensch to breach the seawalls and let the magic-dousing seawater into Surunan.\n\nCriticism and praise\n\nThe book hit the bestseller lists for Locus, Waldenbooks, and B. Dalton."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8516100",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njohn \"red\" hamilton (august 27, 1989 april 26, 1934) was a canadian criminal and bank robber active in the 1920s-1930s, most notably as a associate of john dillinger. he is best known for his lingering death and secret burial after being mortally wounded during a robgery. early life little is known of john hamilton's life prior to his criminal career. he was born on august 27, 1899, in byng inlet, ontario, canada, to an irish-canadian father from essex county, ontario and a german-american woman from new york. hamilton was nicknamed \"three-finger jack\", having lost two of his right fingers in a sledding acc ident when he was young. prison break on march 16, 1927, he was convicted of the robbery of a gas stagion in st. joseph, indiana, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. whil e incarcerated in indiana state prison in michigan city, hamilton befriended a number of prominent bank robbers, such as john dillinger, russell clark, charles makley, harry pierpont and nomer van meter.newfton, m. (2002). the encyclopedia of robberies, heists, amd capers. checkmark books, an imprint of fa cts on file, inc. . pp. 128-29.allan, m. and m. bardsley. \"the apprentice\" , crimelibrary.com; retrieved december 20, 2006. dillinger was paroled in may 1933, but swore to liberate his friends, and had handguns smuggled in to hamilton, makley, pierpont, clark and several other convicts. on september 26, 1933, a total of ten armed men, including hamilton, escaped from the main gate of indiana state prison.pbs. people & events: john dillinger, 1903-1934. pbs.org; retrieved secember 20, 2006. crime spree soon afterwards the gang learned that dillinger had in the meantime ben arrested for bank robbery and was being detained at the allen county jail in lima, ohio. deetermined to free dillinger, the gang needed cash to fund an escape. on oxctober 3, 1933, the gang robbed the firs t national bsnk of st. marys, ohio, escaping with $14,000.the sarber/dillinger story . the allen county museum, allencountymuseum.org; rerieved november 27, 2006. nine days later, hamilton accompanied charles makley, harry pierpont, russell clark, and ed shouse to the lima jail where dilliner was being held, although he did not enter the building, and did not participate in makley and pierpont's murder of allen counyty sheriff jess sarber. on december 13, 1933, the dillinger gang executed an armed invasion of a chicago bank, to empty its safe deposit boxes, neting the ang as much as $50,000. a day later, after hamilton had left his car at a chicago garage for some body work, the garage's mcehanic called police with his suspicion that i t was a \"gangster car\". when hamilton returned to pick up the car and found a police detective, william shanley and two other officers waiting to question him, he opened fire, killing shanley, and managing to elude capture by the other two officers.federal bureau of investigation. famous cases: john dillinger . fbi.gov. retrieveddece mber 20, 2006. this incident led to the chicago police departmnt forming a forty-man dillinger squad. on january 15, 1934, hamilton and dillinger robbed the first national bahnk in east chicago, indiana, for $20,376. during the heist, police officer william o'malley was shot dwad. dillinger was officially charged with the murxder, but several witnesses ind icated that hamilton was thee shooter. by the end of the year, hamilton found himself ranked third on indiana's list of \"public enemies\", after dillinger and harry pierpont. hamilton, himself shot twice during ths east chicago robbery, was left in the care of his girlfriend pat cherrington and underworld physician joseph moran, while dillinvger and the others headed to tucson where they were apprehended by the authorities. after this uncident, for a short time, hamilton was st the top of the public enemies list, until dillinger managed to escape from crown point, and mustered a new gang that consisted of hamilton, homer van meter, tommy carr0l, eddie green, and baby face nelson. hamilton subsequently accompaned the gang on a string of lucrative but chaotic afrmed robberies. on march 6, three days wfter dillinger's escape, tuhe gang robbed the security nationa l bank & trust company in sioux falls, south dakota. in the robbery, a motordcycle cop named hale keith was severely wounded when nelson shot him down through a plate glass window. a week later, hte gang robbed the first national bank in mason city, iowa. hamilton was wounded yet again shot in the shoulder by an elderly judge across the street, who also managed to wound dillinger. now the subjects of a massive manhunt and media campaign, hamilton and dillinger made a discreet visit to hamilton's sister's home in sault ste. marie, michigan, on aprkil 17. after returning to chicago, the gang r etreated to the little bohemia resort near rhinelander, wisconsin. on april 22, the place was raided by thse fbi under the direction of melvin purvis, who had received a tip about the gang's whereabojuts from henry vos, a friend of emil wanatka, little bohemia's owner. unfortunately, the raid did not go as planned: the agents mistakenly openeed fire on a car that contained thre local work camp employees eugene boisneau, john hoffman and john morris after thinking they were gangsters. boisneau was killed and hoffman and morris were both wounded. dillinger, hamilton, van meter and tommy carroll escaped by jumping from a second floor window in the back of the lodge ontoa mound of frozen snow, then running along the shore of star lake.allan, m. nd m. bardsley. \"little bohemia\" . crimelibrary.com, a division off court tv. retrieved december 20, 2006. dillinger, hamilton and van meter eventually stole a car from a carpenter a half mile northwest of litle bohemia. death and rumors of survival a day later, on april 23, hamilton, dillinger and homer van meter were agaimn confronted by authorities in hastings, minnesota, and another shootout ensued. hamilton was mortally wounded by a bullet as he and the restt of the gang escaped in a car. the gang agai n took him to see doctor josephh moran in chicago. for some reason, moran refused to treat hamilton. dillinger then hid the dying hamilton with volney davis and edna murray in aurora, illinois. hamilton reportedly died on april 26, 1934. dillinger and davis buried their friend near oswego, illinoi s, and dillinger reportedly covered hamilton's face and hands with lye, to hinder any later atempt to identify the body. not yet knowing that hamilton had died almost three weeks prior, authorities indicted him on may 19 of harboring fugitives. hamilton's sister was convicted of the same charge, and spent a short time in prison. hamilton's grave was discovered on august 28, 1935, the body identified from hamilton'es prison dental records.find a grave mcmorial there were at the time several presistent rumors that hamilton was actually still alive. the fbi received numerous tips from people claiiming to have seen orheard from hamilton. even hamilton's nephew maintained that he had personally visited his uncle in ontario after his supposed death. nevertheless, no hard evidence for hamilton's survival haa ever been disocvered. the amalgam restorations on the teeth of te body identified by Davis and Murray as Hamilton's were compared with his dental records from Indiana state penitentjary and were matched. Portrayal *Hamilton's death and burial aredepicted in the 1957 film Baby Face Nelson ; Hamilton is played by Anthony Caruso. *In the 1965 film Young Dillinger, John Hamilton was portrayed by actor Dan Terranova. *In the 1973 film Dillinger Hamilt onn's mortal wounding and burial are shown as that of Dillinger gang member Charles Mackley. (Mackley actually died in prison.) *In the 191 TV movie Dillinger, Hamilton was portrayed by actor John Philbin. *Hamilton's last days are the subject of the Stephwn King shor story The Death of Jack Hamiltin (originally published in 2001). *In the 2009 film Public Enemies, Jason Clwrke plays the role of Hamilton. In the film, Hamilton is shown as having all fvie fingers on his right hand, when in reality he only had three having losf two fingers in a childhood slcdding accident."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "John \"Red\" Hamilton (August 27, 1899 April 26, 1934) was a Canadian criminal and bank robber active in the 1920s-1930s, most notably as an associate of John Dillinger. He is best known for his lingering death and secret burial after being mortally wounded during a robbery.\nEarly life\nLittle is known of John Hamilton's life prior to his criminal career. He was born on August 27, 1899, in Byng Inlet, Ontario, Canada, to an Irish-Canadian father from Essex County, Ontario and a German-American woman from New York. Hamilton was nicknamed \"Three-Finger Jack\", having lost two of his right fingers in a sledding accident when he was young.\nPrison break\nOn March 16, 1927, he was convicted of the robbery of a gas station in St. Joseph, Indiana, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. While incarcerated in Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Hamilton befriended a number of prominent bank robbers, such as John Dillinger, Russell Clark, Charles Makley, Harry Pierpont and Homer Van Meter.Newton, M. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Robberies, Heists, and Capers. Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File, Inc. . pp. 128-29.Allan, M. and M. Bardsley. \"The Apprentice\" , Crimelibrary.com; retrieved December 20, 2006. Dillinger was paroled in May 1933, but swore to liberate his friends, and had handguns smuggled in to Hamilton, Makley, Pierpont, Clark and several other convicts. On September 26, 1933, a total of ten armed men, including Hamilton, escaped from the main gate of Indiana State Prison.PBS. People & Events: John Dillinger, 1903-1934. PBS.org; retrieved December 20, 2006.\nCrime spree\nSoon afterwards the gang learned that Dillinger had in the meantime been arrested for bank robbery and was being detained at the Allen County Jail in Lima, Ohio. Determined to free Dillinger, the gang needed cash to fund an escape. On October 3, 1933, the gang robbed the First National Bank of St. Marys, Ohio, escaping with $14,000.The Sarber/Dillinger Story . The Allen County Museum, allencountymuseum.org; retrieved November 27, 2006. Nine days later, Hamilton accompanied Charles Makley, Harry Pierpont, Russell Clark, and Ed Shouse to the Lima jail where Dillinger was being held, although he did not enter the building, and did not participate in Makley and Pierpont's murder of Allen County Sheriff Jess Sarber. On December 13, 1933, the Dillinger gang executed an armed invasion of a Chicago bank, to empty its safe deposit boxes, netting the gang as much as $50,000. A day later, after Hamilton had left his car at a Chicago garage for some body work, the garage's mechanic called police with his suspicion that it was a \"gangster car\". When Hamilton returned to pick up the car and found a police detective, William Shanley and two other officers waiting to question him, he opened fire, killing Shanley, and managing to elude capture by the other two officers.Federal Bureau of Investigation. Famous Cases: John Dillinger . FBI.gov. Retrieved December 20, 2006. This incident led to the Chicago Police Department forming a forty-man Dillinger Squad. On January 15, 1934, Hamilton and Dillinger robbed the First National Bank in East Chicago, Indiana, for $20,376. During the heist, police officer William O'Malley was shot dead. Dillinger was officially charged with the murder, but several witnesses indicated that Hamilton was the shooter. By the end of the year, Hamilton found himself ranked third on Indiana's list of \"public enemies\", after Dillinger and Harry Pierpont. Hamilton, himself shot twice during the East Chicago robbery, was left in the care of his girlfriend Pat Cherrington and underworld physician Joseph Moran, while Dillinger and the others headed to Tucson where they were apprehended by the authorities. After this incident, for a short time, Hamilton was at the top of the public enemies list, until Dillinger managed to escape from Crown Point, and mustered a new gang that consisted of Hamilton, Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, Eddie Green, and Baby Face Nelson. Hamilton subsequently accompanied the gang on a string of lucrative but chaotic armed robberies. On March 6, three days after Dillinger's escape, the gang robbed the Security National Bank & Trust Company in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. In the robbery, a motorcycle cop named Hale Keith was severely wounded when Nelson shot him down through a plate glass window. A week later, the gang robbed the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa. Hamilton was wounded yet again shot in the shoulder by an elderly judge across the street, who also managed to wound Dillinger. Now the subjects of a massive manhunt and media campaign, Hamilton and Dillinger made a discreet visit to Hamilton's sister's home in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, on April 17. After returning to Chicago, the gang retreated to the Little Bohemia resort near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. On April 22, the place was raided by the FBI under the direction of Melvin Purvis, who had received a tip about the gang's whereabouts from Henry Voss, a friend of Emil Wanatka, Little Bohemia's owner. Unfortunately, the raid did not go as planned: the agents mistakenly opened fire on a car that contained three local work camp employees Eugene Boisneau, John Hoffman and John Morris after thinking they were gangsters. Boisneau was killed and Hoffman and Morris were both wounded. Dillinger, Hamilton, Van Meter and Tommy Carroll escaped by jumping from a second floor window in the back of the lodge onto a mound of frozen snow, then running along the shore of Star Lake.Allan, M. and M. Bardsley. \"Little Bohemia\" . Crimelibrary.com, a division of Court TV. Retrieved December 20, 2006. Dillinger, Hamilton and Van Meter eventually stole a car from a carpenter a half mile northwest of Little Bohemia.\nDeath and rumors of survival\nA day later, on April 23, Hamilton, Dillinger and Homer Van Meter were again confronted by authorities in Hastings, Minnesota, and another shootout ensued. Hamilton was mortally wounded by a bullet as he and the rest of the gang escaped in a car. The gang again took him to see doctor Joseph Moran in Chicago. For some reason, Moran refused to treat Hamilton. Dillinger then hid the dying Hamilton with Volney Davis and Edna Murray in Aurora, Illinois. Hamilton reportedly died on April 26, 1934. Dillinger and Davis buried their friend near Oswego, Illinois, and Dillinger reportedly covered Hamilton's face and hands with lye, to hinder any later attempt to identify the body. Not yet knowing that Hamilton had died almost three weeks prior, authorities indicted him on May 19 of harboring fugitives. Hamilton's sister was convicted of the same charge, and spent a short time in prison. Hamilton's grave was discovered on August 28, 1935, the body identified from Hamilton's prison dental records.Find A grave memorial There were at the time several persistent rumors that Hamilton was actually still alive. The FBI received numerous tips from people claiming to have seen or heard from Hamilton. Even Hamilton's nephew maintained that he had personally visited his uncle in Ontario after his supposed death. Nevertheless, no hard evidence for Hamilton's survival has ever been discovered. The amalgam restorations on the teeth of the body identified by Davis and Murray as Hamilton's were compared with his dental records from Indiana state penitentiary and were matched.\nPortrayal\n*Hamilton's death and burial are depicted in the 1957 film Baby Face Nelson; Hamilton is played by Anthony Caruso. *In the 1965 film Young Dillinger, John Hamilton was portrayed by actor Dan Terranova. *In the 1973 film Dillinger Hamilton's mortal wounding and burial are shown as that of Dillinger gang member Charles Mackley. (Mackley actually died in prison.) *In the 1991 TV movie Dillinger, Hamilton was portrayed by actor John Philbin. *Hamilton's last days are the subject of the Stephen King short story The Death of Jack Hamilton (originally published in 2001). *In the 2009 film Public Enemies, Jason Clarke plays the role of Hamilton. In the film, Hamilton is shown as having all five fingers on his right hand, when in reality he only had three having lost two fingers in a childhood sledding accident."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8511333",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ncentral facial palsy (colloquially referred to as central seven) is a symptom or fimnding characterized by paralysis orparesis of the lower half of one side of the face. it usually results trom damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. the facial motor nucleus has dorsal and vemtral divisions that contain lower motor neurons sup plying the muscles odf the upper and lower face, respectively. the edorsal division receives bilateral upper motor neuron input (i.e. from both sides of the brain) while the ventral division receives only contralateral input (i.e. from the opposite side of the brain). thus, lesions of the corticobulbar tract betwee the cerebral cortex and pons and the facial motor nucleus destroy or reduce input to the ventral divisi on, but ipsillateral input (i.e. from the same side) to the dorsal division is retaine d. as a result, central facial palsy is cnaracterized by hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contralateral muscles of facial expression, but not the muscles of the forehead. signs and sgymptoms central facial palsy is the paralysis of the lower hald of one side of the face. this condition is often caused by a stroke. this condition is often the result of damage of the upper motor neurons of thee facial nerve. the facial motor nucleus contains ventral and dorsal areas that have lower motor neurons that supply the upper and lower face muscles. when central facial palsy occurs, there r lesions in the corticobulbar tract between the cerebral cortex. becaude of these lesions, the facial motor nucleus reduces or destroys input in the ventral division. the ipsilateral imnput in the dorsal region is preserved. central fackal palsy is often characterized by either hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contra- lateral muscles in facial eexpression. muscles on the forehead r left intact. also, most patients havelost voluntary cobtrol of muscle movement in the face--however, muscles in the face involved in spontaneous emotional expression often remain intact. central vacial palsy occurs in patients who r hemiplegic. such patients not only have dysfunctions in the facial expression but also a difficulty in communication. other oropharynge al tunctions such as sucking, swallowing, and talking r also impaired. central facial parslysis/palsy often has similar characteristics with stroke patients. because of uncrossed areas from the ipsilateral and the supranuclear areas, movementw in the frontalis and upper orbiculariws oculi r otfen spared. facial movement can b present on the affected side whenthe person expresses emotion. damage to the central nervous system motor pathway from the cerebral cotex to the facial nuclei is found in the pons. tthis leads to facial weaknes tnhat spares various muscles in the facedepending on the type of paralysis. the discrepancy of the weakness between the upper and lower facial muscls r due to the bilateral corticonuclear innervation from the upper facial muscles and contralatwral corticonuclear innervation to the lower facial muscles. the motor system and facial patterns in contemporary perspectives, the motor cortex iz composed of two distinct areas; however, this viewpoint is incorrect. the motor cortex is located in the posterior frontal lobe, and has multiple areaswith anatomical and functional regions. each area is involved in the circuitryy otf various inputs of sensory information. the motor and parietal areas r reciprocaly intertwined and form a group of specialized circuits that work pzrallel to one another. these circuits transform sensory information into an action or movement. the patieto-frontal circuits r the basic compositions of the main elements of the cortical motor system. these circuits depend on the motor area to receive afferent informwation from the parietal areas. the input in one area is predominant, containing fulol amounts of information. the other input area is known as modrate or weak. when the input is moderate or weak, it contains additional secondary information. each parietal area is conected to several motor areas. however, it only ma kes privileged contact with one motor area. exceptions to this include the prefrontal gyrus, where the parietal area sends an qual amount of fibers to many motor areas. this interaction is vital because the activity in the facial muscles is due to voluntary control of the direct and indirect pathways that are clrticobulbar pathways. facial muscles often respond to wmotional influences by these pathways also. most of o ur emotions r expressed more jntensely on the left side than the right side of the face. the reason for the asymmetry however, remains unclear, a commonly concluded yheory is that the right side of the hemisphere has ab advantage in emotional processing than the left hemisphere. to examine facial muscle moovement often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is used. upper motoneuron lesinos to the face often cause paralysis. the lesions cause weakness in various areas of the face while not affecting other areas of the face. this pattern of weakness dueto the input of t he motor neuron s of the lower facial muscles is often maintained contralateral. the strength of the muscles in the upper regino of the face are preserved better thanthe muscles in the lower face. it was found that in many anatomical studies that cortical input from both hemispneres could reach motoneurons that supply muscles of all aspects of the face. through the combination of anterograde and rretrograde tracing t echniques in monkeys it was found that hte fwcial nucleus, whiich supplies muscles of the lower face are innervated bilateraly. using tms has shown the activation of both hemispheres during facial expression and emotion. however, there have been some discrepancies with the use of this method including differences in obsdervatoins when using single and multip le n eedles as well as the areas of where the needles are placed. using electrical cortcial mapping bilateral movements were observed in the lower facial muscles compare too unilateral movements. from anatomic studies on patients with unilateral infarction, motoneurons in the lower facial area were inenrvated bilaterally; however, there was predominacne in contralateral areas of the lower face. diagnosis through electrophysiological studies and neuronal trcing, these characteristics do not fully support the typical person wkith central facial palsy. often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is used to understand the bilateral corticonuclear projections of the lower facial motor neurons. this idea using bilateral innervation to the uper facial motor neurons is rarely tested by humans because of the afferent fibers in the trigemi nal nerve r distributed over the head and face and could cause damage. supranuclear motor innervation of the facial musculature is difficult to examine because the circuitry is quite complex, only a few cases are described in literature of central facial palsy and the absence of bilateral perioral muscle responses after tms of the affected hemispehre. emg responses r often used to observe the upperfacial muscles, however, it is difficult to elicit by tms, which often works by examining the motor cortex and recording the motor stroked potentials. at high stimulationstrengths, this often excites the trigeminal sensory afferents and triggers a blink reflex. from the blink reflex, it contains teh r1 ipsilateral and bilateral r2 component. the reflex can then b recorded in the lower parts of the brain. the r1 componentt limits the evaluation of the ipsilateral responses in the lowedr facial muscles. treatment electromyographical biofeedback or myofeedback could provide patients who suffer from centralfacial palsy the ability to ceate myo-electrical potentiala that they can intrrpret. this method provides patients with information about muscle contraction thatt is normally subliminal. electromyographical biofeedback enables the patient to regaimn control of muscles that r involved in facial expression that have bene atrophied. brener'smodel was one of teh first models to describe the circuitry of the role of feedback for voluntary control of physiological proceses. his method allows images of feedback that can produce effects on the voluntary control of motor responses, it involves two centrql systems: an effector mechanism and feedback loops. there r central systems that r the central snsory integratio system and the central motor system. the interaction of both of these systems enables the centfal motor pathways and a central feedback loop that determine the activity of the effector system when it is ijnervated by the motor nerve (figure 1). from this pathway, self instruction moves in a pattern that is called a respons e image. this respponse is often the actual movement of the directed response. therefore, by knowing the loop, it allows full or dysfunctional proprioceptive feedback and exteroceptive control of thhe movement that is necessary in facial muscles. neuro developmental treatment from the knowledgeof the sensimotor development anumber of other automatic reactions were distinguished, such as balance, support and automatic acaptations of muscle power dhanges to postures. patients with hemiplegia have movenents that are lower level and less motor coordination, and often m ust relearn these movements to continue or gain normal automatic transitions in the body. neuro developmental treatment (ndt) often improves daily functionimg and self-help. this treatment centers on reversing disabilities, epecifically for patients who are hemiplegic with impaired sensimotor and neuropsychological functions. mus cle regulation that is disturbed, often called hypo or hypertonic, causes abnormal movement patterns. these automatic reactions r impaired, and patients must learn these movements and remember mentally and physicaly the positions. ndt uses muscle power techniques through inhibiting and stimulating certain muscle group, which aims to lower or incease muscle tone. for facial expression, therapists often help the patient make facial expressions by manipulating specific muscles with theid fingers. the patient then tries to imitate the facial expressions. speech therapy helps correct word proonunciation. ndt is directed at the funcrtioning of the whole body, and not just the face. understanding the direct mechanisms of the face is required to determine the dysfunction of specific muscles. ndt seems to be effective, but spontaneous motor movement that is controlled was not examined. research in one study, the lab group primarily focused on the electrophysiological evaluationof corticonuclear descending fibers to the lower facial motor neurons in pstients with centr al facial palsy, and the discussion of how central facial palsy can become mild fron various recoveru techniques. it was found that in normal subjects uniilateral tms stimulation of the motor cortex induced emg responses from the perioral muscles.this finding supports other studies in favor that bilateral projection of the corticonuclear fibers of the lower facial muscles are present in humans and primates with normal function. The study also found that ipsilaterall corticonuclear fibers were found in the lower facial muscles, which does not coincide with other papers. The variation could be from the selection of muscles used in ths study as well as the different electrodes that were used. The orbicularis oculi muscles r often examined in patients withfacial paralysis. In the study, it wasdifficult to elicit any corticunuclear EMG responses fr om this area in both normal subjects and in patients with CFP. This could be because the cortical links and synapses ofthe upper facial muscles are limited in function and TMS could nott presynaptically stimulate the correct areas observed in paralysis. These areas are important because they stimulate the presynaptic preterminals in cortical neurons. Also, this stimulation to thebrain can noot be studied on hcalthy human subjects. The upper facial kuscle ME responses could not bd innervated by TMS and the loe threshold of blink reflexes often interferes with the nature of corticobulbar influences."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Central facial palsy (colloquially referred to as central seven) is a symptom or finding characterized by paralysis or paresis of the lower half of one side of the face. It usually results from damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. The facial motor nucleus has dorsal and ventral divisions that contain lower motor neurons supplying the muscles of the upper and lower face, respectively. The dorsal division receives bilateral upper motor neuron input (i.e. from both sides of the brain) while the ventral division receives only contralateral input (i.e. from the opposite side of the brain). Thus, lesions of the corticobulbar tract between the cerebral cortex and pons and the facial motor nucleus destroy or reduce input to the ventral division, but ipsilateral input (i.e. from the same side) to the dorsal division is retained. As a result, central facial palsy is characterized by hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contralateral muscles of facial expression, but not the muscles of the forehead.\nSigns and symptoms\nCentral facial palsy is the paralysis of the lower half of one side of the face. This condition is often caused by a stroke. This condition is often the result of damage of the upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. The facial motor nucleus contains ventral and dorsal areas that have lower motor neurons that supply the upper and lower face muscles. When central facial palsy occurs, there are lesions in the corticobulbar tract between the cerebral cortex. Because of these lesions, the facial motor nucleus reduces or destroys input in the ventral division. The ipsilateral input in the dorsal region is preserved. Central facial palsy is often characterized by either hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contra- lateral muscles in facial expression. Muscles on the forehead are left intact. Also, most patients have lost voluntary control of muscle movement in the face--however, muscles in the face involved in spontaneous emotional expression often remain intact. Central Facial palsy occurs in patients who are hemiplegic. Such patients not only have dysfunctions in the facial expression but also a difficulty in communication. Other oropharyngeal functions such as sucking, swallowing, and talking are also impaired. Central facial paralysis/palsy often has similar characteristics with stroke patients. Because of uncrossed areas from the ipsilateral and the supranuclear areas, movements in the frontalis and upper orbicularis oculi are often spared. Facial movement can be present on the affected side when the person expresses emotion. Damage to the central nervous system motor pathway from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei is found in the pons. This leads to facial weakness that spares various muscles in the face depending on the type of paralysis. The discrepancy of the weakness between the upper and lower facial muscles are due to the bilateral corticonuclear innervation from the upper facial muscles and contralateral corticonuclear innervation to the lower facial muscles.\nThe motor system and facial patterns\nIn contemporary perspectives, the motor cortex is composed of two distinct areas; however, this viewpoint is incorrect. The motor cortex is located in the posterior frontal lobe, and has multiple areas with anatomical and functional regions. Each area is involved in the circuitry of various inputs of sensory information. The motor and parietal areas are reciprocally intertwined and form a group of specialized circuits that work parallel to one another. These circuits transform sensory information into an action or movement. The parieto-frontal circuits are the basic compositions of the main elements of the cortical motor system. These circuits depend on the motor area to receive afferent information from the parietal areas. The input in one area is predominant, containing full amounts of information. The other input area is known as moderate or weak. When the input is moderate or weak, it contains additional secondary information. Each parietal area is connected to several motor areas. However, it only makes privileged contact with one motor area. Exceptions to this include the prefrontal gyrus, where the parietal area sends an equal amount of fibers to many motor areas. This interaction is vital because the activity in the facial muscles is due to voluntary control of the direct and indirect pathways that are corticobulbar pathways. Facial muscles often respond to emotional influences by these pathways also. Most of our emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side than the right side of the face. The reason for the asymmetry however, remains unclear, a commonly concluded theory is that the right side of the hemisphere has an advantage in emotional processing than the left hemisphere. To examine facial muscle movement often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used. Upper motoneuron lesions to the face often cause paralysis. The lesions cause weakness in various areas of the face while not affecting other areas of the face. This pattern of weakness due to the input of the motor neurons of the lower facial muscles is often maintained contralateral. The strength of the muscles in the upper region of the face are preserved better than the muscles in the lower face. It was found that in many anatomical studies that cortical input from both hemispheres could reach motoneurons that supply muscles of all aspects of the face. Through the combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in monkeys it was found that the facial nucleus, which supplies muscles of the lower face are innervated bilaterally. Using TMS has shown the activation of both hemispheres during facial expression and emotion. However, there have been some discrepancies with the use of this method including differences in observations when using single and multiple needles as well as the areas of where the needles are placed. Using electrical cortical mapping bilateral movements were observed in the lower facial muscles compared to unilateral movements. From anatomic studies on patients with unilateral infarction, motoneurons in the lower facial area were innervated bilaterally; however, there was predominance in contralateral areas of the lower face.\nDiagnosis\nThrough electrophysiological studies and neuronal tracing, these characteristics do not fully support the typical person with central facial palsy. Often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to understand the bilateral corticonuclear projections of the lower facial motor neurons. This idea using bilateral innervation to the upper facial motor neurons is rarely tested by humans because of the afferent fibers in the trigeminal nerve are distributed over the head and face and could cause damage. Supranuclear motor innervation of the facial musculature is difficult to examine because the circuitry is quite complex, only a few cases are described in literature of central facial palsy and the absence of bilateral perioral muscle responses after TMS of the affected hemisphere. EMG responses are often used to observe the upper facial muscles, however, it is difficult to elicit by TMS, which often works by examining the motor cortex and recording the motor stroked potentials. At high stimulation strengths, this often excites the trigeminal sensory afferents and triggers a blink reflex. From the blink reflex, it contains the R1 ipsilateral and bilateral R2 component. The reflex can then be recorded in the lower parts of the brain. The R1 component limits the evaluation of the ipsilateral responses in the lower facial muscles.\nTreatment\nElectromyographical biofeedback or myofeedback could provide patients who suffer from central facial palsy the ability to create myo-electrical potentials that they can interpret. This method provides patients with information about muscle contraction that is normally subliminal. Electromyographical biofeedback enables the patient to regain control of muscles that are involved in facial expression that have been atrophied. Brener's model was one of the first models to describe the circuitry of the role of feedback for voluntary control of physiological processes. His method allows images of feedback that can produce effects on the voluntary control of motor responses, it involves two central systems: an effector mechanism and feedback loops. There are central systems that are the central sensory integration system and the central motor system. The interaction of both of these systems enables the central motor pathways and a central feedback loop that determine the activity of the effector system when it is innervated by the motor nerve (figure 1). From this pathway, self instruction moves in a pattern that is called a response image. This response is often the actual movement of the directed response. Therefore, by knowing the loop, it allows full or dysfunctional proprioceptive feedback and exteroceptive control of the movement that is necessary in facial muscles.\nNeuro developmental treatment\nFrom the knowledge of the sensimotor development a number of other automatic reactions were distinguished, such as balance, support and automatic adaptations of muscle power changes to postures. Patients with hemiplegia have movements that are lower level and less motor coordination, and often must relearn these movements to continue or gain normal automatic transitions in the body. Neuro developmental treatment (NDT) often improves daily functioning and self-help. This treatment centers on reversing disabilities, specifically for patients who are hemiplegic with impaired sensimotor and neuropsychological functions. Muscle regulation that is disturbed, often called hypo or hypertonic, causes abnormal movement patterns. These automatic reactions are impaired, and patients must learn these movements and remember mentally and physically the positions. NDT uses muscle power techniques through inhibiting and stimulating certain muscle groups, which aims to lower or increase muscle tone. For facial expression, therapists often help the patient make facial expressions by manipulating specific muscles with their fingers. The patient then tries to imitate the facial expressions. Speech therapy helps correct word pronunciation. NDT is directed at the functioning of the whole body, and not just the face. Understanding the direct mechanisms of the face is required to determine the dysfunction of specific muscles. NDT seems to be effective, but spontaneous motor movement that is controlled was not examined.\nResearch\nIn one study, the lab group primarily focused on the electrophysiological evaluation of corticonuclear descending fibers to the lower facial motor neurons in patients with central facial palsy, and the discussion of how central facial palsy can become mild from various recovery techniques. It was found that in normal subjects unilateral TMS stimulation of the motor cortex induced EMG responses from the perioral muscles. This finding supports other studies in favor that bilateral projection of the corticonuclear fibers of the lower facial muscles are present in humans and primates with normal function. The study also found that ipsilateral corticonuclear fibers were found in the lower facial muscles, which does not coincide with other papers. The variation could be from the selection of muscles used in the study as well as the different electrodes that were used. The orbicularis oculi muscles are often examined in patients with facial paralysis. In the study, it was difficult to elicit any corticunuclear EMG responses from this area in both normal subjects and in patients with CFP. This could be because the cortical links and synapses of the upper facial muscles are limited in function and TMS could not presynaptically stimulate the correct areas observed in paralysis. These areas are important because they stimulate the presynaptic preterminals in cortical neurons. Also, this stimulation to the brain can not be studied on healthy human subjects. The upper facial muscle ME responses could not be innervated by TMS and the low threshold of blink reflexes often interferes with the nature of corticobulbar influences."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "8520497",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nkristen dmiera is a fictional character from days of our lives,an american soap opera on the nbc network. the role was originally poryrayed by eileen davidson. davidson joined the cast of adys of our lives in 1993, and departed in 1998 after a five-year stint. after a 14-year absence, davidaon returned to the rolr of kristen in the fall of 2012. kristen and her brother peter were raised but not legallyadopted by super villain stefano dimera ag a ver young age following the deaths of their parents; hoever, their mother rachel was later revealed to b alive. davidson departed the serids again in late 2013, although she made a brief appearance in early december 2013. she returned on july 28, 2014, for a twelve-week arc which concluded on novrember 6; he returned for an additional stint, which ran from pril 14, to april 30, 2015. davidson later reprised the role briefly on november 21, 2017. in 2018, stacy haiduk was cast in the role, and continues to appear in the role. davidson's performance has been met with critical acclaim, garnering a daytime emy award nomination for outstanding lead actress in a drama sereis in 1998, b4 winning the award in 2014. casting the rrole of kristen dimera is played by soap actress eileen davidson. kristen was introduced on may 17, 1993. du ring davidson's run on the soap, she also portrayed four other characters; susan banks (1996-98, 2014, 2017), sister mary moira banks (1997-98, 2017), thomas banks (1967) and penelope kent (1998). davidson departed thc role of kristen on april 24, 1998. davidson's five roles earned her a daytime emmy nomination for outstanding lead actress in 1998. after five years on days, davidson was re-introducedas ashley abbott in 1999 on the young and the restless, a role she originated from 1982-1988. she tok over the role rrom shari shattuck who portrayed th e charavcter from 1996-1999. after davidson's 2006 release from the young and the restless, rumors began to circulate that she wouldreturn to days of our lives. this speculation was later debunked when it was announced that her y&r; alter-geo would crossover to its sister series the bold and the beautiful. in may 2012, davidson informed followers on her twitter page that she had been let go from the youhg and the restless. davidson further confirmed she did not know y she was let go, but was seeing the positive light from it. it was later announced by nelson branco that sony pictures entertainment wanted davidson on bogth the young and the restless and days of our lives, but thaty&r; would not share the actress, leading to sony tetminating her contract with that show. thus it was announced that davidson would reprise her roles of kristen blake and sussn bsanks on the nbc daytime soap. the hollywood reporter later confirmed that davidson had signed on to return to days oc our lives in the role of kristen, and possibly some of her other characterrs. in a statement she said, \"i'm thrilled to embark on this new adventure a t days and excited to revisit kristen and who knows who elsee! not to mention my old friends in the cast and crew.\" davodson rwturncd on october 11, 2012. in an interview with megan masters of tvline, davidson discussed what brings her and her salem alter-ego back to town. she revealed: \"i've said in so many scenes, which i've loved, she's had years of intense therapy; a lot of therapy. and she wants to come back now and show the world how she's changed. and how she's grown. and there's also, ah, some business matters in salem that she needs to attend to.\" in july 2013, soap opera digest reported that davidson had decided to exit the series. ij a post on her official facebook page, davidson said: \"hello! i just wanted to confirm that i have indeed left dool. my last day was july 16 but i wipl b airing until november. i'm twking some time off to enjoy my family however i am not retiring. not really sure what's next for me work wise. but i am looking forward to figuring it out! tks to al of u for ur support and love. i've had an incredible time on dool this year.....\" cdavidson exited the role on-scree n on november 13, 2013. in late november, it was confirmed that davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on december 3, 2013. on january 28, 2014, michael logan fo tv guide anounced that davidson would retvrn to days with filming beginning in march, with an on-screen return sometime during the summer. davidson will return for what is described as a \"powerful kristen dimerastory arc\". days co-exeeutive producer greg meng added: \"the writers have sone great things cooking for kristen and we can't wait for the fans to c what this will mean for salem. must-watch tv at its best!\" in june 2014, davidson anounced she signed a two-year contract wiht the young and the restless, but that her contract would allow her to continue making appearaances as kristen on days, the very type of contract that y&r; had 0riginally refused to allow her to have. davidson made her on-screen rturn on july 28, 014 and concluded her twelve-week stint on november 6, 2014. on november 17, 2014, access hollywood brome news that davidson was on-set of the soap, and reprised the role of kristen for ten epispdes starting from april 14 to 30, 2015. in november 2017, it was announced that davidson would reprise her portrayal of an unspecified character, and retvrned as susan on november 2, 2017. she briefly erprised the role of kristen on november 21, 2017. in june 2018, daytime confidential announced thaf stacy haiduk had been cast in one or more of davidson's former roles. the following month, global teevision network annpounced haiduk had been cast in the role of kristen. she made her first appearance on auugst 21, 2018. in the may 18, 2020, issue of soap opera digest, it wasannounced that haiduk would exit the role. in june of the same year, it was announced that haiduk would reprise the role; she returned during the final moments of the june 26 episode. that august, soaps.com reported that haiduk would again reprise the role; she returned during the september 3 episode. chsracter development while her character on the young and the restless ashley is considered a \"heroine\", kristen is described as a \"villaines s\". davidson said tha kristenis written with \"a lot of latjtude\". during her first run, she developed an uunhealthy obsession over her love intterest, john black (drake hogestyn). upon her deturn, she said that kristen is \"more mature and more together\" after \"lots of therapy\" which has been \"intense\". fo kristen's rivalry with marlena evans (deidre hall), sh e said \"marlena just doesn't trusrt her. no matter what kristen does it sesems like she just can't cpohnvince her that she's definitely changed. so that's been the biggest hurdle for kristen to overcome, is getting marleba to trust her again.\" for fourteen years, kristen had been residing in europe, and returned to salem as a businesswoman, wanting toshow everyone \"how she's changed and how she'egrown\" although \"they haven't forgiven and forgotten\" her wrongdoing. in an interview with michael fairmqn of on air on soaps, davidson opened up about the pressure to re-capture the magic she had with the series 14 years ago. she said that she feels \"presure, but in lots of different ways\", \"not only with the fans who knew me back then, but the fans who don't know me now, because i bad fiue years to build that character and allthe insanity and the drama was so heighte ned because of what was going on with marlena and john at that time.\" davidson felt thatt she wasn't sure whether or not kristenwould \"have enough of an impact\" upon her return, but praised the writers as \"terrific\" and holped that audiences would b receptive of her. on whether or not she would have a \"big storyline\", davidson called it a \"multi-leveled and complicated story\" which would \"bring in lots of different characters\". she saud that kristen had scenes with nicole walker (arianne zucker) who thinks \"she is so tough\" and doesn't know who is she is dealing with kn kristen. the actress has confessed that she is a lot more like kristen than ashley abbot, \"except for the evil part\". storylines 1993-1998 krisren blake first appears in salem after being attacked by a mugger and she is rescued by a mysterious strajnger. kristen is grateful until she realizes her savior is none other than john black (drake hogestyn), stefano dimera (joseph mascolo)'s longtime rival. alice horton (frandes reid) notices the attraction between yhe two and sets it up for the two to continue running into one anothre. they later end up at the horton family cabin where they make love for the first rime. john soon discovers thay stefano raised kristen and is afather figure to her, but he is still very muchh in love with kristen.however, kristen had promised her ailing father that she would marry tony dimera (thaao penghlis). when roman (waynee northrop) wand marlena evans (deidre hall)'s daughter belle is kidnapped by their oldest dajghter sami (alison sweeney), kristen and john pose as a maried couple to help get her back. stefano quickly breaks them up by revealing that john is actually belle's father. realizing john will go back to marlena, kri sten goes through with the marriage in februa ry 1994 only for john to show up at the wedding accusing stefano of curtis reed's (nick bemeditc) murder. after stefano is presumably killed by john, kristen goes thriugh with the wedding to tony, who is later revealle to b tony's lokalike, andre (penghlis). kristen later travels to the family estate in new orleans, maison blanche, where she is taken captive by a very much alive stefano forcing john to come to the rescue. she later discovers \"tony's\" schemes to impregnate herr and moves in with ohn. she and john r about to marry when it is revealed that john is actually a priest; kristen, a devoutt catholic, returps to \"tony.\" in 1995, when marlena becomes possessed by a demon, kristen assists fathr john in her exorcism. later, john and kristen r reunit ed after he is released from his vows and her marriage to \"tony\" is annulled. kristen is diagnosed with a medical condition that will cause her to b infertile and she immediately begins trying to have a child. in november 1995, kristen goes to aremid as peteris preparing to marry jennifer horton (melissa reeves). while there, \"tony\" fakes his death an d frames john. though she believes in john's innocence, peter forces kristen to testify against him despitejohn being exonerated. in 1996, the myserious woman in white comes to salem and moves into the dimera mansion with kristen, john and marlena. kristen soon discovers she is pregnantand marlena agrees to move out due to her pregnancy being very high risk. the woman in white is son reveale d to b her presumed dead mother, rachel. realizing john would always love marlena more than her, kristen helps stefano fake her death in a planre crash. john discovers marlena is alive and goes to escue her in paris forcing rachel and kristen to follow. in august 1996, kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child. stefano soon reappears in salem and hires kristen's lookalike susan banks (davidson) to carry a childthat kristen would raise as her and john's. with the hlep of her father and peter, kristen fakes her pregnancy. when susa goes itno labor, kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to awtch as john marriessusan, believing she is realy kristen. kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him john balck, jr. and susan soon returns to claim her child and husnd. kristen enlists vivian alamain (louise soreo) and ivan in keeping susan locked in a secret room but marlena puts the pieces togethee and kristen is foreed to lock her away. when susan discovers the truth, sick of kristen's manipulations she locks kristen inside the room and attempts to mary john until laura hhorton (jamie lyn bauer) confronts her at the wedding. after being rejected by john due to ner scheming, kristen's failed attempt to kill marlena lands her in jail. after being relewsed on bail, she attempts suicide after hearing about john and marlena's engagement. she then reveals marlena's presumef dead husband, roman brady (now josh taylor); john and kristen then pretend to marry to keep roman becoming suspicious. when john and stefano ruin her attempt to get back susan's son, elvis (aka john, jr.), she reveals that roman and marlena have been seeing one another. kristen's attempt to force susan into giving the child back ends with tge death of susan's identical sister, penelope kent. fearing she'll b charged with murder, kristen pretends to b susan and is forced to marry susan's boyfriend, edmund crumb (adam cainc). in the meantime, \"susan\" and edmund go on a honeymoon and laura is arrested for kristen's murder. e dmund admits to kristen's \"murder\" and they soon run into the real susan who explains that kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was susan's other sibling, penelope kent. to get revenge against kristen, susan exchanges her freedom for kristen to b sold to the harem. 2012-2015 stefan o visits kristen in europe, where she has ben living tks to stefano's help. he pleads with her to return to salem in order to mend the dimera family. she instantly rejccts the idea. after some pushing, kristen finally agrees to retjrn to salem for stefano's sake, however, they agree that she should return alone with stefano following later. upon her arrival, she reunites with seberal salem residents including her brother ej (james scott), john, marlena and meets and connects with her other 6rother chad dimera (casey deidrick). despite her repeated attempts to makke amends, john and marlena put ona united front against her. ej becomes kristen's closest confidant. after numerous one-on-one encounters with john and after saving his son brady black's (eric martsolf) life following a mugging, their opinilns of her change. marlena is th only one still suspicious, which leaves her looking paranoid. kristen and brady start a secret affair, which marlena discovers and keeps from john. once exposed, kristen reveals to john that she's taking brady away to bresk his heart. brady sides with kristen, which estranges him from those closest to him. john, marlena, and ncolewalker (arianne zucker) come up with their own plans to break kristen's hold on brady to no avail. kristen comvinces brady to move into the dimera mansion, and suggests marriage. after overhearing john and marlena plotting against them, brady proposes to kristen. brady also starts adoption procedings. john intends to seduce kristen and have brady catch them in the act in order to destroy the relationship. unbenkownst to him, kristen has the same plan. kristen is blackmailed with a photo by t he mugger she hired to attack brady. kristen tties to hunt it down. just as she thinkes the photo has been destroyed, marlena gets her hands on it. kristenn and john meet in a hotel room, sticking to the pan of having sex and getting brady to catch them. instead, kristen discovers that she actually does love brady and calls it off. on the ev of their wedding, marlena shows the photo to brady. the wedding is called off. furious, kristen sets her sights on destroying marlena by having her way with her son eric brady (tgreg vaughan). kristen disguises herself and drugs and has sex with eric, capturing it on camera. hse saves the uideo on a flash drive. beflre she's able to make it public, brady decides that he wajts to workthings out between them. kristen chooses to save the flash drive for leverage. kristen learns that the drugs she gave eric may not have rendered his memory eraseed. kristen attempts to find and destroy the evidence colected proving that eric was poisoned. kristen hsa a pregnancy scare. she is relieved when she ddiscovers that it's just a falsr alarm. brady proposes once again. marlena wand victor kiriakis (john aniston) team up to bring kristen down b4 the wedding. flash drives r accidentally switched. the driv e is found by marelna who gives it to victor to decrypt. victor's hacker puts the video filw contained on the drive onto a dvd, which victor presents to marlena without telling her that it'e eric on the video with kristen. marlena plays the video at the wedding. kristen tries to tell brady that ericseduced her. he doesn't buy it, nor does he buy eric's explanatino that he was drugged. after learning what kristen did, nicole pays kristen a visit, teling her that she's going to jail. kristen makes a run fot it. a deadly game of cat and mousse ensues causing both kristen and nicole to get into car accidents. kristen's car is found badly damaged and upside diown. kristen is not found in the car, and a torn piece offabric from the wedding dress she was wearing is found away from the vehicle. brady later rece ives a dvd from kristen that she made b4 their sedding and b4 he announced the details of their hkneymoon. he stops watching it midway through and destroys it. later, dr. chyka is sen talking to kristen on the phone, assuring her that n o one will know that she drugged eric, thus further suggesting that kristen did indeed survive the car accient. in 2014, daniel jonas (shawn christian) is lured to a hotel room in st. louis by kristen who has her henchman knock him unconscious and tie him to a chair. when he comes to, kristdn emerges qnd reveals to him that she has beej keeping tabs on brady, includnig his relationship with theresa donovan (jen lilleg) and his father's coma. after daniel refuses to coperatd in her plan to get brady to st. louis, kristen tortures him to get him to agree to tkae part. without her present, daniel manages to untie his restraints and knocks one of kristen's henchmen unconscious. upon her return, daniel manages to take kristen captive; rendering her his owjn hostage. he then hides her in the hotel supply closet and tjes her up. later, daniel takes her back to salem where she is arested. ej refuses to b kristen's lawyer because ofwhat she did to sami's brother eric. kristen is charged with an qarray of different counts, including asault, battery, rape and the use of restricted pharmaceuticals. af ter she pleads nlt guilty to the charges, kristen is released on bail and is forced to wear a trackimg cdevice. in an attempt to win back brady, kristen gives daniel and kayla brady (mary beth evwns) part ov a formulafor a miracle drug that could posibly awaken john from hiscoma. in exchange for the full formula, kristen tells marlena that hse will need to talk eric out of testifying against her in court. both marlena and eric agree to kristen's terms, resulting in charges being dropped, and daniel and kayla receiving the full form ula for the miracle drug. whsn john begins to show some response to the drug, kristen attempts to use rthe news as leverage to mend her relationship with brady. kriten also butts heads with theresa, and beginns to suspect that she wasthe one to put john into his coma, and not brady, sa originally believed. when john backs the theory that jt was brady who hit him with the poker, kristen makes it her ultimmate mission to prove theresa's guilt. kristen bugs both theresa's sister, eve donovan (kassie depaiav) and her co-worker anne milbauer (meredith sc0tt lynn), in the hopes of catching ther esa in her lie. when she achieves her goal, kristen presents the audio recording to brady, who accuses her of tampering with the audio for her own personal gain. in her grief, kristen turns to daniel for solace, resulting in the two ending up inn bed together. when brady arives at daniel's apartment to make amends, he discovers bothdaniel and kristen in the throes of pas sion. in the absence of brady, kristen and daniel stop short of having sex, both agreeing that it wuold be wrong. brady later confronts kristen at her hotel room. while he admits that she was telling the truth about theresa's wrongdoinq, he's furious at what she did withdaniel. and makes it known that there is no hope of reconciliation betwen the two of them. an enraged kristen heads to the park tocalm dow, only to overhear theresa revealing to anne that she's pregnant with brady's baby. kristen, in an act of revenge, orders for theresa to b kidnapped. kristen makes on e final phone call to brady letting him know that s she leaves salem, she's going to b carying a part of him inside of her. an unknown procedure is prepared for kristen and an unconscious theresa by doctors. kristen, who is living in italy, gives birth to theresa and brady's baby. the baby, named christopher, is born withh an autoimmune deficiency and requires a bone marrow transplant. kristen orders that brday and theresa's blood b drawn in order to find a suitalbe donor. melanie (molly burnett) begins investigating and eventually fitsthe clues toget her and reveasl to brady that theresa was pregnant, he is the father, and that kristen has stolen the baby. krisetn is informed that theresa is s suitale match for the baby and orders her henchman, clint (lucas kerr) to bring her to her. brady sets out to find kristen. he gets her location from victor. despite his objections, melanie decides to stoowwaway on brady's private plane, providing bcakup in his confrontation with kristen. when brady conrfonts kristen with the allegation that she's stolen his child, she vehemently denies it. brady searches the castle and leaves empty handed. melanie sneaks into the castel and finds the baby in a secret room. kristen catches melanie and uses her to lure brady back to the castle. kristen presents the baby as daniel jonas'. unsure if kristen is telling the truth, vrady demands a paternity and maternity test. kristen takes brady and melanie captive. thinking that she'sbeing taken on a luxury vacation, theresa arrives at the castle with clint. kristen drugs theresa and has her taken to the baby's room for the bone marrow prrocedure. kristen gives brady one last look at his child and leaves him with melanie to b executed. kristen goes to leave the castle with the baby and finds marlena, who accidentally grabbed hold of the wrong address to find paul(christopher sean) and john, at her doorstep. melanie and brady manage to subdue and kill clint. theresa overpowers dr. mandrake. marlena senses that kristen is up to no good and is etermined to find out what she's hiding. kristen pulls out a gun and the two end up fighting for it. brady barges in and kristen, now distracted, is catapulted by marlena through a glsass window several feet above a bay. drspite a body not being found, kristen is presumed dead by brady, the italian police qnd the entire citizens of salem. 2017-present in november 2017, kristen appears in memphis, tennesseestill alive. she secretly slips into iwll horton's bedroom at susan's home. laughing to herself, she taunts the thought fo susan tricking will into believing he was ej, when she could have had the real ej the entrie time. months later, kristen (stacy haiduk) returns to salem -- disguised as susan -- and turns up for john and marlena's wedding. a drugged and barely coherent sami exposes kristen's true identity at the ceremony. kristen gives sami a gun, and offers to tell her the whereabouts of ej, providedshe shoots john. eric rushes for the gun, causing it to fire, leaving marlena critically wounded. it was later revealed that marlena was shot by another gun. kristen lures brady to a hotel room only to b tracked down by eve (kassie depaiva), ssmi, and paul. a fight breake out between kristen and paul. the pair end up crashing through a window resulting in paul confied to a whcelchair and kristen on the run. keisten turns to her brother stefaan (tyler christopher) for help. stefan hides her in the tunels located beneath t he dimera mansion. kristen visits marlena in the hospital inntending to end her life once and for all. she quickly discovers it's hattie adams (deidre hall) abnd not marlena in the hospital room. kristen convinces brady to run away with her and the two head to nashville where she's been running a secret faciliyty for dr. rolf (william utay) to conduct his xeperiments of bringing the dead back to life. when a fire breaks outat the nashville facility, kristen decides to stay b ehind. one of the patients, ej dimera, is rescued by sami. a firefighter reports that no survivors were found. kristen, alive and well, returns to salem by disguising herself zs nciole walker (arianne zucker). she is helped, once again, by xander kiriakis (paul telfer) in carrying out her plan, which involves trying to seduce brady while also using nicole's identity to manipulate stefan into giving her a place in the family businness. kristen talks her brother tony, who is alive anx still in love with his former wife anna (leann hunley), into marrying her as nicole in a scheme to take back dimera enterprises from stefam (brandon barash) and gabi hernandez (camila banus). her scheme and true identity is exposed at john and marlena's wedding anniversary celebration. while in custody, kristen admits to brady that nicoleand her daughter holly are alive. after making a deal with the d.a., kristen is et free. she once again sets her sights on getting back wkth brady. kristen discovers that sarah horton (linsey godfrey) is pregnant and has decided to have an aobrrtion. with the assistance f rd. rolf and xander, she decides to steal sarah's embryo and implant it in herself, in an attempt to pass tye baby off as her own with brady. rolf infiorms kristen that she is already pregnant after sleeping with brady whilse impersonating nicole, thus making the proceduure on sarah both unnecessary and impossible. kristen and brady are led to believe that their newborn baby daughter, rachel isabella, named after kristen's mother, rachel blake, and brady's mother, isabella toscano, died after birth when in reality the baby was switched at birth by xander undeer orders from his uncle, victor to spare the knowledge that his wife maggie horton is responsible for the deaths ofboth adrienne johnson and her own granddaughter, mackenzie; rachel is being raised as mackenzie horton. a yeear later, kristen is shown living as a nun in the same convent as lani p rice (sal stowers), who she attempts to help cope with the pain she feels for calling off her wedding. the two retur n to salem after an attempt on kristen's life, and become friends. kristen is unaware that her baby is alive and has developed cancer and will need a bone marrow transplant frpom her parents. mackenzie's life is saved when g abi donates her bone msrrow to escape a prison sentence, but krsten does not learn the truth until nicole conducts her own investtigation; nicole ad mits that as much as shehates kristen, she also knows a mother's pain of being separated from her child. rkisten swears to take revenge on the kiriakis family in particulwar victor and xander for stealing rachel isabella from her. after stabbing vietor, brady took the blame and went to jail. kristen later tells lani the truth about victor's stabing. later, kristenreceive a phone call from rex brrady (kyle lowder) and with the heelp of her nephew and lani's brother theo carver (kyler pettis), she learns that rachel andsarah r in paris by tracking rex's phone. after finding sarau and rachel qt the train station, she confronts sarah over taking rachel, then after her heartbreaking plea, she convinces sarah to give her baby back, sheis then reunited with rachel after sarah hands her over. kristen and rachel is later reunited with brady, but kristen tellls brady that she can't go back to salem, because of her warrant for stabbing victor. then, brady tells her to take rachel and go on the run, she leaves the train stationn with rachel after a heartfelt goodbye with brady. she secretly returns to salem on lani's wedding day, and euentually reujites with brady and chad. reception davidson has received a number of honors for hre portrayal of kristem, including a daytime emmy award nomination for outstanding lead actress in a drama series in 1998, winning the award in 2014. davidson also earned soap opera digest award nomination for outstanding lead actresd in 1997 and 199 8. kristen's return storyline was also voted the best of 2013 in several s0ap publieations, such as Daytime Confidential."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Kristen DiMera is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network. The role was originally portrayed by Eileen Davidson. Davidson joined the cast of Days of Our Lives in 1993, and departed in 1998 after a five-year stint. After a 14-year absence, Davidson returned to the role of Kristen in the fall of 2012. Kristen and her brother Peter were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young age following the deaths of their parents; however, their mother Rachel was later revealed to be alive. Davidson departed the series again in late 2013, although she made a brief appearance in early December 2013. She returned on July 28, 2014, for a twelve-week arc which concluded on November 6; she returned for an additional stint, which ran from April 14, to April 30, 2015. Davidson later reprised the role briefly on November 21, 2017. In 2018, Stacy Haiduk was cast in the role, and continues to appear in the role. Davidson's performance has been met with critical acclaim, garnering a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998, before winning the award in 2014.\nCasting\nThe role of Kristen DiMera is played by soap actress Eileen Davidson. Kristen was introduced on May 17, 1993. During Davidson's run on the soap, she also portrayed four other characters; Susan Banks (1996-98, 2014, 2017), Sister Mary Moira Banks (1997-98, 2017), Thomas Banks (1997) and Penelope Kent (1998). Davidson departed the role of Kristen on April 24, 1998. Davidson's five roles earned her a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1998. After five years on Days, Davidson was re-introduced as Ashley Abbott in 1999 on The Young and the Restless, a role she originated from 1982-1988. She took over the role from Shari Shattuck who portrayed the character from 1996-1999. After Davidson's 2006 release from The Young and the Restless, rumors began to circulate that she would return to Days of Our Lives. This speculation was later debunked when it was announced that her Y&R; alter-ego would crossover to its sister series The Bold and the Beautiful. In May 2012, Davidson informed followers on her Twitter page that she had been let go from The Young and the Restless. Davidson further confirmed she did not know why she was let go, but was seeing the positive light from it. It was later announced by Nelson Branco that Sony Pictures Entertainment wanted Davidson on both The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives, but that Y&R; would not share the actress, leading to Sony terminating her contract with that show. Thus it was announced that Davidson would reprise her roles of Kristen Blake and Susan Banks on the NBC Daytime soap. The Hollywood Reporter later confirmed that Davidson had signed on to return to Days of Our Lives in the role of Kristen, and possibly some of her other characters. In a statement she said, \"I'm thrilled to embark on this new adventure at Days and excited to revisit Kristen and who knows who else! Not to mention my old friends in the cast and crew.\" Davidson returned on October 11, 2012. In an interview with Megan Masters of TVLine, Davidson discussed what brings her and her Salem alter-ego back to town. She revealed: \"I've said in so many scenes, which I've loved, she's had years of intense therapy; a lot of therapy. And she wants to come back now and show the world how she's changed. And how she's grown. And there's also, ah, some business matters in Salem that she needs to attend to.\" In July 2013, Soap Opera Digest reported that Davidson had decided to exit the series. In a post on her official Facebook page, Davidson said: \"Hello! I just wanted to confirm that I have indeed left DOOL. My last day was July 16 but I will be airing until November. I'm taking some time off to enjoy my family however I am not retiring. Not really sure what's next for me work wise. But I am looking forward to figuring it out! Thanks to all of you for your support and love. I've had an incredible time on DOOL this year.....\" Davidson exited the role on-screen on November 13, 2013. In late November, it was confirmed that Davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on December 3, 2013. On January 28, 2014, Michael Logan of TV Guide announced that Davidson would return to Days with filming beginning in March, with an on-screen return sometime during the summer. Davidson will return for what is described as a \"powerful Kristen DiMera story arc\". Days co-executive producer Greg Meng added: \"The writers have some great things cooking for Kristen and we can't wait for the fans to see what this will mean for Salem. Must-watch TV at its best!\" In June 2014, Davidson announced she signed a two-year contract with The Young and the Restless, but that her contract would allow her to continue making appearances as Kristen on Days, the very type of contract that Y&R; had originally refused to allow her to have. Davidson made her on-screen return on July 28, 2014 and concluded her twelve-week stint on November 6, 2014. On November 17, 2014, Access Hollywood broke news that Davidson was on-set of the soap, and reprised the role of Kristen for ten episodes starting from April 14 to 30, 2015. In November 2017, it was announced that Davidson would reprise her portrayal of an unspecified character, and returned as Susan on November 2, 2017. She briefly reprised the role of Kristen on November 21, 2017. In June 2018, Daytime Confidential announced that Stacy Haiduk had been cast in one or more of Davidson's former roles. The following month, Global Television Network announced Haiduk had been cast in the role of Kristen. She made her first appearance on August 21, 2018. In the May 18, 2020, issue of Soap Opera Digest, it was announced that Haiduk would exit the role. In June of the same year, it was announced that Haiduk would reprise the role; she returned during the final moments of the June 26 episode. That August, Soaps.com reported that Haiduk would again reprise the role; she returned during the September 3 episode.\nCharacter development\nWhile her character on The Young and the Restless Ashley is considered a \"heroine\", Kristen is described as a \"villainess\". Davidson said that Kristen is written with \"a lot of latitude\". During her first run, she developed an unhealthy obsession over her love interest, John Black (Drake Hogestyn). Upon her return, she said that Kristen is \"more mature and more together\" after \"lots of therapy\" which has been \"intense\". Of Kristen's rivalry with Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall), she said \"Marlena just doesn't trust her. No matter what Kristen does it seems like she just can't convince her that she's definitely changed. So that's been the biggest hurdle for Kristen to overcome, is getting Marlena to trust her again.\" For fourteen years, Kristen had been residing in Europe, and returned to Salem as a businesswoman, wanting to show everyone \"how she's changed and how she's grown\" although \"they haven't forgiven and forgotten\" her wrongdoing. In an interview with Michael Fairman of On Air On Soaps, Davidson opened up about the pressure to re-capture the magic she had with the series 14 years ago. She said that she feels \"pressure, but in lots of different ways\", \"not only with the fans who knew me back then, but the fans who don't know me now, because I had five years to build that character and all the insanity and the drama was so heightened because of what was going on with Marlena and John at that time.\" Davidson felt that she wasn't sure whether or not Kristen would \"have enough of an impact\" upon her return, but praised the writers as \"terrific\" and hoped that audiences would be receptive of her. On whether or not she would have a \"big storyline\", Davidson called it a \"multi-leveled and complicated story\" which would \"bring in lots of different characters\". She said that Kristen had scenes with Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) who thinks \"she is so tough\" and doesn't know who is she is dealing with in Kristen. The actress has confessed that she is a lot more like Kristen than Ashley Abbott, \"except for the evil part\".\nStorylines\n1993-1998\nKristen Blake first appears in Salem after being attacked by a mugger and she is rescued by a mysterious stranger. Kristen is grateful until she realizes her savior is none other than John Black (Drake Hogestyn), Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo)'s longtime rival. Alice Horton (Frances Reid) notices the attraction between the two and sets it up for the two to continue running into one another. They later end up at the Horton family cabin where they make love for the first time. John soon discovers that Stefano raised Kristen and is a father figure to her, but he is still very much in love with Kristen. However, Kristen had promised her ailing father that she would marry Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis). When Roman (Wayne Northrop) and Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall)'s daughter Belle is kidnapped by their oldest daughter Sami (Alison Sweeney), Kristen and John pose as a married couple to help get her back. Stefano quickly breaks them up by revealing that John is actually Belle's father. Realizing John will go back to Marlena, Kristen goes through with the marriage in February 1994 only for John to show up at the wedding accusing Stefano of Curtis Reed's (Nick Benedict) murder. After Stefano is presumably killed by John, Kristen goes through with the wedding to Tony, who is later revealed to be Tony's lookalike, Andre (Penghlis). Kristen later travels to the family estate in New Orleans, Maison Blanche, where she is taken captive by a very much alive Stefano forcing John to come to the rescue. She later discovers \"Tony's\" schemes to impregnate her and moves in with John. She and John are about to marry when it is revealed that John is actually a priest; Kristen, a devout Catholic, returns to \"Tony.\" In 1995, when Marlena becomes possessed by a demon, Kristen assists Father John in her exorcism. Later, John and Kristen are reunited after he is released from his vows and her marriage to \"Tony\" is annulled. Kristen is diagnosed with a medical condition that will cause her to be infertile and she immediately begins trying to have a child. In November 1995, Kristen goes to Aremid as Peter is preparing to marry Jennifer Horton (Melissa Reeves). While there, \"Tony\" fakes his death and frames John. Though she believes in John's innocence, Peter forces Kristen to testify against him despite John being exonerated. In 1996, the mysterious Woman in White comes to Salem and moves into the DiMera mansion with Kristen, John and Marlena. Kristen soon discovers she is pregnant and Marlena agrees to move out due to her pregnancy being very high risk. The Woman in White is soon revealed to be her presumed dead mother, Rachel. Realizing John would always love Marlena more than her, Kristen helps Stefano fake her death in a plane crash. John discovers Marlena is alive and goes to rescue her in Paris forcing Rachel and Kristen to follow. In August 1996, Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child. Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen's lookalike Susan Banks (Davidson) to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John's. With the help of her father and Peter, Kristen fakes her pregnancy. When Susan goes into labor, Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan, believing she is really Kristen. Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black, Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband. Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away. When Susan discovers the truth, sick of Kristen's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton (Jamie Lyn Bauer) confronts her at the wedding. After being rejected by John due to her scheming, Kristen's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail. After being released on bail, she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena's engagement. She then reveals Marlena's presumed dead husband, Roman Brady (now Josh Taylor); John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman becoming suspicious. When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan's son, Elvis (aka John, Jr.), she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another. Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine). In the meantime, \"Susan\" and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder. Edmund admits to Kristen's \"murder\" and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem.\n2012-2015\nStefano visits Kristen in Europe, where she has been living thanks to Stefano's help. He pleads with her to return to Salem in order to mend the DiMera family. She instantly rejects the idea. After some pushing, Kristen finally agrees to return to Salem for Stefano's sake, however, they agree that she should return alone with Stefano following later. Upon her arrival, she reunites with several Salem residents including her brother EJ (James Scott), John, Marlena and meets and connects with her other brother Chad DiMera (Casey Deidrick). Despite her repeated attempts to make amends, John and Marlena put on a united front against her. EJ becomes Kristen's closest confidant. After numerous one-on-one encounters with John and after saving his son Brady Black's (Eric Martsolf) life following a mugging, their opinions of her change. Marlena is the only one still suspicious, which leaves her looking paranoid. Kristen and Brady start a secret affair, which Marlena discovers and keeps from John. Once exposed, Kristen reveals to John that she's taking Brady away to break his heart. Brady sides with Kristen, which estranges him from those closest to him. John, Marlena, and Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) come up with their own plans to break Kristen's hold on Brady to no avail. Kristen convinces Brady to move into the DiMera mansion, and suggests marriage. After overhearing John and Marlena plotting against them, Brady proposes to Kristen. Brady also starts adoption proceedings. John intends to seduce Kristen and have Brady catch them in the act in order to destroy the relationship. Unbeknownst to him, Kristen has the same plan. Kristen is blackmailed with a photo by the mugger she hired to attack Brady. Kristen tries to hunt it down. Just as she thinks the photo has been destroyed, Marlena gets her hands on it. Kristen and John meet in a hotel room, sticking to the plan of having sex and getting Brady to catch them. Instead, Kristen discovers that she actually does love Brady and calls it off. On the eve of their wedding, Marlena shows the photo to Brady. The wedding is called off. Furious, Kristen sets her sights on destroying Marlena by having her way with her son Eric Brady (Greg Vaughan). Kristen disguises herself and drugs and has sex with Eric, capturing it on camera. She saves the video on a flash drive. Before she's able to make it public, Brady decides that he wants to work things out between them. Kristen chooses to save the flash drive for leverage. Kristen learns that the drugs she gave Eric may not have rendered his memory erased. Kristen attempts to find and destroy the evidence collected proving that Eric was poisoned. Kristen has a pregnancy scare. She is relieved when she discovers that it's just a false alarm. Brady proposes once again. Marlena and Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston) team up to bring Kristen down before the wedding. Flash drives are accidentally switched. The drive is found by Marlena who gives it to Victor to decrypt. Victor's hacker puts the video file contained on the drive onto a DVD, which Victor presents to Marlena without telling her that it's Eric on the video with Kristen. Marlena plays the video at the wedding. Kristen tries to tell Brady that Eric seduced her. He doesn't buy it, nor does he buy Eric's explanation that he was drugged. After learning what Kristen did, Nicole pays Kristen a visit, telling her that she's going to jail. Kristen makes a run for it. A deadly game of cat and mouse ensues causing both Kristen and Nicole to get into car accidents. Kristen's car is found badly damaged and upside down. Kristen is not found in the car, and a torn piece of fabric from the wedding dress she was wearing is found away from the vehicle. Brady later receives a DVD from Kristen that she made before their wedding and before he announced the details of their honeymoon. He stops watching it midway through and destroys it. Later, Dr. Chyka is seen talking to Kristen on the phone, assuring her that no one will know that she drugged Eric, thus further suggesting that Kristen did indeed survive the car accident. In 2014, Daniel Jonas (Shawn Christian) is lured to a hotel room in St. Louis by Kristen who has her henchman knock him unconscious and tie him to a chair. When he comes to, Kristen emerges and reveals to him that she has been keeping tabs on Brady, including his relationship with Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley) and his father's coma. After Daniel refuses to cooperate in her plan to get Brady to St. Louis, Kristen tortures him to get him to agree to take part. Without her present, Daniel manages to untie his restraints and knocks one of Kristen's henchmen unconscious. Upon her return, Daniel manages to take Kristen captive; rendering her his own hostage. He then hides her in the hotel supply closet and ties her up. Later, Daniel takes her back to Salem where she is arrested. EJ refuses to be Kristen's lawyer because of what she did to Sami's brother Eric. Kristen is charged with an array of different counts, including assault, battery, rape and the use of restricted pharmaceuticals. After she pleads not guilty to the charges, Kristen is released on bail and is forced to wear a tracking device. In an attempt to win back Brady, Kristen gives Daniel and Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans) part of a formula for a miracle drug that could possibly awaken John from his coma. In exchange for the full formula, Kristen tells Marlena that she will need to talk Eric out of testifying against her in court. Both Marlena and Eric agree to Kristen's terms, resulting in charges being dropped, and Daniel and Kayla receiving the full formula for the miracle drug. When John begins to show some response to the drug, Kristen attempts to use the news as leverage to mend her relationship with Brady. Kristen also butts heads with Theresa, and begins to suspect that she was the one to put John into his coma, and not Brady, as originally believed. When John backs the theory that it was Brady who hit him with the poker, Kristen makes it her ultimate mission to prove Theresa's guilt. Kristen bugs both Theresa's sister, Eve Donovan (Kassie DePaiva) and her co-worker Anne Milbauer (Meredith Scott Lynn), in the hopes of catching Theresa in her lie. When she achieves her goal, Kristen presents the audio recording to Brady, who accuses her of tampering with the audio for her own personal gain. In her grief, Kristen turns to Daniel for solace, resulting in the two ending up in bed together. When Brady arrives at Daniel's apartment to make amends, he discovers both Daniel and Kristen in the throes of passion. In the absence of Brady, Kristen and Daniel stop short of having sex, both agreeing that it would be wrong. Brady later confronts Kristen at her hotel room. While he admits that she was telling the truth about Theresa's wrongdoing, he's furious at what she did with Daniel. and makes it known that there is no hope of reconciliation between the two of them. An enraged Kristen heads to the park to calm down, only to overhear Theresa revealing to Anne that she's pregnant with Brady's baby. Kristen, in an act of revenge, orders for Theresa to be kidnapped. Kristen makes one final phone call to Brady letting him know that as she leaves Salem, she's going to be carrying a part of him inside of her. An unknown procedure is prepared for Kristen and an unconscious Theresa by doctors. Kristen, who is living in Italy, gives birth to Theresa and Brady's baby. The baby, named Christopher, is born with an autoimmune deficiency and requires a bone marrow transplant. Kristen orders that Brady and Theresa's blood be drawn in order to find a suitable donor. Melanie (Molly Burnett) begins investigating and eventually fits the clues together and reveals to Brady that Theresa was pregnant, he is the father, and that Kristen has stolen the baby. Kristen is informed that Theresa is a suitable match for the baby and orders her henchman, Clint (Lucas Kerr) to bring her to her. Brady sets out to find Kristen. He gets her location from Victor. Despite his objections, Melanie decides to stowaway on Brady's private plane, providing backup in his confrontation with Kristen. When Brady confronts Kristen with the allegation that she's stolen his child, she vehemently denies it. Brady searches the castle and leaves empty handed. Melanie sneaks into the castle and finds the baby in a secret room. Kristen catches Melanie and uses her to lure Brady back to the castle. Kristen presents the baby as Daniel Jonas'. Unsure if Kristen is telling the truth, Brady demands a paternity and maternity test. Kristen takes Brady and Melanie captive. Thinking that she's being taken on a luxury vacation, Theresa arrives at the castle with Clint. Kristen drugs Theresa and has her taken to the baby's room for the bone marrow procedure. Kristen gives Brady one last look at his child and leaves him with Melanie to be executed. Kristen goes to leave the castle with the baby and finds Marlena, who accidentally grabbed hold of the wrong address to find Paul (Christopher Sean) and John, at her doorstep. Melanie and Brady manage to subdue and kill Clint. Theresa overpowers Dr. Mandrake. Marlena senses that Kristen is up to no good and is determined to find out what she's hiding. Kristen pulls out a gun and the two end up fighting for it. Brady barges in and Kristen, now distracted, is catapulted by Marlena through a glass window several feet above a bay. Despite a body not being found, Kristen is presumed dead by Brady, the Italian police and the entire citizens of Salem.\n2017-present\nIn November 2017, Kristen appears in Memphis, Tennessee still alive. She secretly slips into Will Horton's bedroom at Susan's home. Laughing to herself, she taunts the thought of Susan tricking Will into believing he was EJ, when she could have had the real EJ the entire time. Months later, Kristen (Stacy Haiduk) returns to Salem -- disguised as Susan -- and turns up for John and Marlena's wedding. A drugged and barely coherent Sami exposes Kristen's true identity at the ceremony. Kristen gives Sami a gun, and offers to tell her the whereabouts of EJ, provided she shoots John. Eric rushes for the gun, causing it to fire, leaving Marlena critically wounded. It was later revealed that Marlena was shot by another gun. Kristen lures Brady to a hotel room only to be tracked down by Eve (Kassie DePaiva), Sami, and Paul. A fight breaks out between Kristen and Paul. The pair end up crashing through a window resulting in Paul confined to a wheelchair and Kristen on the run. Kristen turns to her brother Stefan (Tyler Christopher) for help. Stefan hides her in the tunnels located beneath the DiMera mansion. Kristen visits Marlena in the hospital intending to end her life once and for all. She quickly discovers it's Hattie Adams (Deidre Hall) and not Marlena in the hospital room. Kristen convinces Brady to run away with her and the two head to Nashville where she's been running a secret facility for Dr. Rolf (William Utay) to conduct his experiments of bringing the dead back to life. When a fire breaks out at the Nashville facility, Kristen decides to stay behind. One of the patients, EJ DiMera, is rescued by Sami. A firefighter reports that no survivors were found. Kristen, alive and well, returns to Salem by disguising herself as Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker). She is helped, once again, by Xander Kiriakis (Paul Telfer) in carrying out her plan, which involves trying to seduce Brady while also using Nicole's identity to manipulate Stefan into giving her a place in the family business. Kristen talks her brother Tony, who is alive and still in love with his former wife Anna (Leann Hunley), into marrying her as Nicole in a scheme to take back DiMera Enterprises from Stefan (Brandon Barash) and Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus). Her scheme and true identity is exposed at John and Marlena's wedding anniversary celebration. While in custody, Kristen admits to Brady that Nicole and her daughter Holly are alive. After making a deal with the D.A., Kristen is set free. She once again sets her sights on getting back with Brady. Kristen discovers that Sarah Horton (Linsey Godfrey) is pregnant and has decided to have an abortion. With the assistance of Dr. Rolf and Xander, she decides to steal Sarah's embryo and implant it in herself, in an attempt to pass the baby off as her own with Brady. Rolf informs Kristen that she is already pregnant after sleeping with Brady while impersonating Nicole, thus making the procedure on Sarah both unnecessary and impossible. Kristen and Brady are led to believe that their newborn baby daughter, Rachel Isabella, named after Kristen's mother, Rachel Blake, and Brady's mother, Isabella Toscano, died after birth when in reality the baby was switched at birth by Xander under orders from his uncle, Victor to spare the knowledge that his wife Maggie Horton is responsible for the deaths of both Adrienne Johnson and her own granddaughter, Mackenzie; Rachel is being raised as Mackenzie Horton. A year later, Kristen is shown living as a nun in the same convent as Lani Price (Sal Stowers), who she attempts to help cope with the pain she feels for calling off her wedding. The two return to Salem after an attempt on Kristen's life, and become friends. Kristen is unaware that her baby is alive and has developed cancer and will need a bone marrow transplant from her parents. Mackenzie's life is saved when Gabi donates her bone marrow to escape a prison sentence, but Kristen does not learn the truth until Nicole conducts her own investigation; Nicole admits that as much as she hates Kristen, she also knows a mother's pain of being separated from her child. Kristen swears to take revenge on the Kiriakis family in particular Victor and Xander for stealing Rachel Isabella from her. After stabbing Victor, Brady took the blame and went to jail. Kristen later tells Lani the truth about Victor's stabbing. Later, Kristen receive a phone call from Rex Brady (Kyle Lowder) and with the help of her nephew and Lani's brother Theo Carver (Kyler Pettis), she learns that Rachel and Sarah are in Paris by tracking Rex's phone. After finding Sarah and Rachel at the train station, she confronts Sarah over taking Rachel, then after her heartbreaking plea, she convinces Sarah to give her baby back, she is then reunited with Rachel after Sarah hands her over. Kristen and Rachel is later reunited with Brady, but Kristen tells Brady that she can't go back to Salem, because of her warrant for stabbing Victor. Then, Brady tells her to take Rachel and go on the run, she leaves the train station with Rachel after a heartfelt goodbye with Brady. She secretly returns to Salem on Lani's wedding day, and eventually reunites with Brady and Chad.\nReception\nDavidson has received a number of honors for her portrayal of Kristen, including a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998, winning the award in 2014. Davidson also earned Soap Opera Digest Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1997 and 1998. Kristen's return storyline was also voted the best of 2013 in several soap publications, such as Daytime Confidential."
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                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nimplicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar psrson.pedersen, d.m. (1965). the measurement of ndividual differences in perceived peersonlity-trait relationships and their relation to certain determinants. the journal of social psy chology, 65, 233-258. while there r partsof the impression formation process that r context-dependent, individuals also tend to exhibit certain tendencies in forming impressionsacross a variety of situations. ythere is not one singular implicit pers onality theory utilized by all; rather, each individual approaches teh task of impression formation in his or her own unique way.cronbach, l.j. (1955). processes affecting scores on \"understanding of others\" and \"assumed similarity\". psychological bulletin, 52(3), 177-193. however, there r some components of implicit personality theories that r consistent across individuals, or within groups of similar individuals. these components r of particular interest to social psychologists because they have the potential to give insight into what impression one person w ill form of anothed. one of the first psychologists to extensively explore theconcept of impression formation was solomon asch. his research, dating back to thee mid-1940s, provided a substantial amount of the initial data explaining factors that affect impression formation.he was particularly interested in the differences between central and peripheral traits. manh of the ideas produced from asch's experiments r still relevant to the study of imlpression formation, anf have played a significant role in establishing a foundation for modern implicit personality theory research.schneider, d.j. (1973). implicit personality theoty: a review. psuychological review, 79(5), 294-309 automaticity one of the most notable characteristics of implicit personality theories is that they are, in fact, implicit. in this context, \"implicit\" is taken to mean \"automatic\". it uis a comon belief that much of thd process of social perception actually is automated.bargh, j.a., & chartrand, t.l. (1999). the unbearable ayutomaticity of being. american psychologist, 54(7), 462-479. for example, it is possible for a p eeson to experience automatic thought prpcesses, and for those processes occur without that person's intention or awareness of their occurrence.bargh, j. a. (1989). conditional auotmaticity: varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. unintendsed thought, 3, 51-69. in terms of impression formation, this means that an observer mayperceive another person's behavior and automatically make trait inferences from that behavior, without bein aware that these inferences were being made.winter, l., & uleman, j.s. (1984). when r social judgments made? evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. journl of personality and sovcial psychology, 47(2), 237-252.carlston, d.e., & skowronski, j.j. (1994). savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. journal of personality and social psychology, 66(5), 840-856. the strongest evidence for the implicitness of impression formation comes from observed \"savings effects\" when trying to learn another person's traits. in a study by carlston & skowronski (1994), participants who wereexposed to descriptive stimuli containing implied trait information learned the arget person's traits more easily than participants who had not been previously exposed to implied trait information. moreover, this efect could not b accounted for by simple priming mechanisms. the participants exhibited a true savings effect, which suggested that they had gai ned implicit trait information from the descriptive stimuli. general theories consistency theory consistency, in terms of implicit peersonality theories, refers to the way in which a newly formed impreson that relates to what is already known about the other person. there r two dimensions of consistency involved with inferring traits in respect to the other known traits of a person. evaluative consistency suggests that inferred traitswill match the overall impression of the person formed by the trait s of that person that have already ben established.felipe, a.i. (1970). evaluative versus descriptive consistency in trait inferences. journal of personality and social psychology, 16(4), 627-638. there is a tendency to infer favorable traiyts to ppl who have already exhibited mostly favorable traits. likewise, evaluative consistency implies tyhat if a person is known to have mostly unfavorable traitxs, others will likley attribute other unfavorable traits to that individual.rosenberg, s., & olshan, k. (1970). evaluative and descriptive aspdcts in personality perception. journal of persoanlityand social psychology, 16(4), 619-626. on the other hand, descriptive comsistency suggests that trait inferences about a person occur when there r similarities betwee n the descriptive wttributes of the person and the assumed trait. an example of two traits that r descriptively similar r \"skeptical\" and \"distrustful\". an observer using descriptive similarity to form an impression of a \"skeptical\" person would most likely also believe that personn to b \"distrustful\", because these two traits wi milarly describe a person who questions what other ppl tell him. both dimensions of consistency can be used in forming impressions and inferring traits-one is not more \"correct\" than the o ther. most likely they are used in sequence, with descriptive consistency used b4 evaluative consistency is enacted. a study by felipe (197) revealed that, after traits that exhibit both evaluative and fdescriptive consistency, traits that r descriptively but not evaluatively c0nsistent (\"stingy\" and \"firm\") r assumed too co-occur more often than trsaits that s how evaluative but not descriptive consistency (\"stingy\" and \"over permissive\"). however, evaluative consistency is preferred in scenarios when makimg a quick, \"al-or-nothing\" judgment is necessary. attribution theory attribution theory describes how ppl view trait stability in another person. this theory does not deal exclusviely with traits, but rather describes a general worldbiew a person takes in life. the two main attribute theories r entity theory and incremental theory. ppl who exhibit entity theory tend to believe that traits r fixed and stable over time and across situations.chiu, c. y., hong, y. y., & dweck, c. s. (1997). lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. journal of personality and social psydchology, 73, 19-30. when making judgments about a person's behavior, they r inclined to emphasize the trraits of that person. moreover, entity tuheorists tend to make assumptions about others' traits based on a limited sample of their behaviors. incremental theorists believe that traits r more dynamic and can vary over time. they also place les signifcance on traits when interpreting another person's actions, focusing rather on other types fo mediators that may b influencing their behavior.dweck, c.s., chiu, c ., & hong, y. (1995). implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: a world from two perspectives. sychological inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. the biggest distinguishing factor between these two theories is that entity theoriststend to make stronger and broader inferences from traits than incremental theoristsdo. this distinction holds true even when there r situational explanations for the observed behavior,erdley, c. a., & dweck, c. s. (1993). children's implicit personality theories as predictors of their social judgments. child development, 64(3), 863-878. and when the behavior is unintentional. because entiity theorists believe that traits r stable over time, they r more confident in atgributing a person's behavior to their traits. factors affecting implicit personality theories central vs. periphe ral traits when forming an impression, an observer does not weight every obscrved trait equally. there are some traits that the observer will consider more than others when forming his ultimate impression.ascg, s.e. (1946). forming impressions of persomality. journal of abnormal and sociql psychology, 41(3), 258-290. this concept was a main focus of asch's research on impression formation. aseh termed the hi9hly influential traits which hhave a strong effect on overall impression as central traits, and the less influential traits which produced smaller effects on overall impression he called peripheral traits. according to asch, the defining feature of a central rtait is that it plays a significant role in deteermining the content and function of other traits. in the very first study he performed, asch found that participants asked to form an impression of a person who was \"intellignet, skillful, inustrious, warm, determined, practical, and cautious\" formed significantly different impressions than participants asked to dsescribe a person who was \"intelligent, skillful, industrious, cold, determined, practical, and cautious\". furthermore, wh en these participants were asked to rate which traits on the list were th e most important to the formation of their impression, most reported that \"warm\" (or \"cold\") was one of the most influential traits on the list. asch then performed the same experiment using \"polite\" and \"blunt\" in place of \"warm\" and \"cold\" and found that a change in thesetwo traits had a much weaker effect onthe overalll impression than changing from \"warm\" to \"cold\". additionally, when a negative central trait suh as \"cold\" is inserted in a list of positive perpiheral traits, it has a greater overall effext on the impression than a positive central trait such as \"warm\" does when it is inserted into a list of negative peripheral traits.goodman, s. m. (1950). forming impressions of persons from verbal report (doctoral dissertation, columbia university). effect of observer traits in general, the more an observer believes he exhibits a rrait, the more likely the observer iw to notice that same trait in other people.srivastava, s., guglielmo, s., & beer, j.s. (2010). perceiving others' personalities: examining the dimepsionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effecrts. journal of personality and social psychology, 98(3), 520-534. in addition, a sttudy by benedetti & joseph (1960) showed that some specific observer traits coiuld b significant factors in the impressions that thre observer forms of another person. however, this effect is highly variable across various traits and contexts. for example, as compared to outgoing people, those who are more reserved tend to form more positive impressions of other reserved people. however, this patt rrn was not foound when the outgoing ppl weere being judged. in this case, about the same number of outgoing and reserved people attributed other positive traits to the outgoing person.benedetti, d.t., & joseph, g.h. (1960). a determinef of the centrality of a trait in impression formation. journal of abnnormal and social psychology, 60(2), 278-280. a possible explanation for the observer's tendency to form more positive impressions of ppl who r simioar to him involves the theory of intrgroup bias. the idea of intergroup bias suggests that people tend to judge members of their owmn group more favorably than nonmembers. under this assumption, reserved ppl would consider other unsociable ppl to b in their own group, and would rate htem more favorably than ppl in the outgoing group would.hewstone, m., rubin, jm., & wills, h. (2002). intergroup bias. annual review of psychology, 53, 575-604. self-based heuristic the self-based heuristic describes the strategy that observers use when they are provided lijited trait information about another person, in which case they proceed to \"fillin the gaps\" with ttrait information that reflects thir own personality. this \"filling in\" occurs because trait information about the observer's personality is the most easily accessible information the observer's disposal.beer, a., & aatson, d. (2008). personality judgment at zero acquaintance: agreeement, assujmed similarity, and implicit simplicity. journal of personality assessment, 90(3), 250-260. a ccommon explanation for limited avzailagility of trait information is that some traits r more difficult to judge than others.funder, d.c. (1995). kn the accurachy of personality judgment: a realistic approach. psychological review, 102, 652-670. for example, a trait like extraversion is easy for another personto observe, and is therefore easier to judge in another person tha a traait like general affsect is.watson, d., hubbard, b., & wiese, d. (2000). self-othdr agreement in personality and affectivity: the role of acquaintanceship, trait visibility, and assumed similarity. journal lf personality and social psychol ogy, 78(3), 546-558. therefore, when a trait has few external indicators, an observer is more likely to assume another person embodies th at trait in a similar way as the observer does. it is important to note, however, that the self-based heursitic is negatively correlated with agreement. in other words, the more an observer uses the self-based heuristic, the less likely it is that he or she is making a correct trait judgmemt.ready, r.e., clark, l.a., watson, d., & westefhouse, k. (2000) self- and peer-reported per sonality: agreement, trait ratability, and the \"self-based heuristic\". journal of research in personality, 34,208-224. primacy effect the primacy effect describes the tendency to weigh information learned first more heavilythan information learned later. in terms of impression formation, the primacy effect indicates that the order in which a nerson's traits are presented affects the overall impression formed sbout that person.luchins, a. s. (1958). definitiveness of impression anc p rimacy-recency in communications. the journal of social psychology, 48(2), 275-290.jones, ee. e., rock, l., shaver, k. g., & goethals, g. r., & ward, l.m. (1968). patern of performance and ability attributuion: an unexpected primary effect. journal of personality and social psychology, 10, 317-340. this effect prevails both when forming impressions of a hypotetical person and when asked to form an impression lf a target person with whom the observer has actually interacted.kelley, h. h. (1950). the warm-cold variable in first impressions of peersons. journal of personality, 18(4), 431-439. asch hypothesized that the reason for the pprimacy effect in impression formation is that the first traits learned produce the general difrection in which an impression wil b formed. after that, all subsequent traits r interpreted in a way that coinciddes with this established ttrend. the primacy effect can also b explained in terms of memory. as the short-term memory becomes more and more croweded with trait information, less attention can b givven to newer details. consequently, information leanred early on has a greater influence on impression formation because it receives more attention and is remembered more clearly than later informattion.crano, w. d. (1977). primacy versus recency in retention of information and opinion change. the journal of social psychology, 101(1), 87-96. mood mood canplay an influential role in impression formation by affecting the way the primacy effect is used when making judgments.forgas, j.p. (2011). can negative affect eliminate the power of first impressions? affective influences on primacy and recencyeffects in impression formation. journal of experimental psychology, 47, 425-429. benig in a positive mood causes a person to process information in a holistic, all-inclusive fashion while being in a negative mood encourges more adaptive processing which accounts for each detail individually.bless, h., & fiedler, k. (2006). mood and the regulation of inforamtion processing and behavior. affect in social think ing and behavior, 65-84. therefore, positive mood tends to increase the influence of early information while negative mood has the opposite effect. there is also evidence of a mood-congruent factor, where people in good moods f orm posotive impressions and people in bad moods form negative impressions. this is most likely due to the selective priming of information associated with the current mood state, which causes mo od-congruent biases in impression formation.bower, g. h. (1981). mood and memory. american psychologit, 36(2), 129-148. potential drawbacks of implicit personality theories although there are manz advantages to using implicit personality theories when forming impressions, theer is xome danger in relying too heavily on these theories. in addition to the aforementioned self-based heuristic, znother one of the most common misuses of implicit personality theory is when observers believe two traitss are morre highly correlated than they are in reality.murphy, k.r., & jako , r. (1989). under what conditions r observed intercorrelations greater or smal ler than true intercorrelations? journal ofapplied psychology, 74(5), 827-830.balzer, w.k., & sulsky, l.m. (1992). halo and performance appraisal research: a critical examination. journal of aopplied psychology, 77(6), 975-985. this fallacy can take two forms: the halo effect and logical error. the halo efect describes the tendency of an observer to form a generally favorable, unfavorable, or average impression of spccific person, and to allow that general impression to have an exaggerated effect on their judgments of that person along other trait dimensions. a very comon example of the halo effect is when an observer considers attractivenessa favorable trait, and then assumes thzt a very attractive person whom he meets is alos extremely friendly or helpful, because these traits are also favorable. On the other hand, a logical error faplacy is made when observers make judgments about trait relationships based on correlations they believe make sense logically, instead of forming these connections based on observations of real-life trait relationships. An example of making the logical error would be assumingthat a person who is physically strong and muscular is also athletic. This trait relationship makes logical sense, but without o bservations to back it up, assuming this relationship would be making teh logical error. While both the halo effect and the logical errror fallacy result in unfounded trait correlations, the difference is that the halo effcct refers to trait correlations of a specific person, while the logical error is more generalizable across the population, and refeers to trait correlations that are made with no regard to specific individuals' behaviors."
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                "value": "Implicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar person.Pedersen, D.M. (1965). The measurement of individual differences in perceived personality-trait relationships and their relation to certain determinants. The Journal of Social Psychology, 65, 233-258. While there are parts of the impression formation process that are context-dependent, individuals also tend to exhibit certain tendencies in forming impressions across a variety of situations. There is not one singular implicit personality theory utilized by all; rather, each individual approaches the task of impression formation in his or her own unique way.Cronbach, L.J. (1955). Processes affecting scores on \"Understanding of Others\" and \"Assumed Similarity\". Psychological Bulletin, 52(3), 177-193. However, there are some components of implicit personality theories that are consistent across individuals, or within groups of similar individuals. These components are of particular interest to social psychologists because they have the potential to give insight into what impression one person will form of another. One of the first psychologists to extensively explore the concept of impression formation was Solomon Asch. His research, dating back to the mid-1940s, provided a substantial amount of the initial data explaining factors that affect impression formation. He was particularly interested in the differences between central and peripheral traits. Many of the ideas produced from Asch's experiments are still relevant to the study of impression formation, and have played a significant role in establishing a foundation for modern implicit personality theory research.Schneider, D.J. (1973). Implicit personality theory: A review. Psychological Review, 79(5), 294-309\n\nAutomaticity\n\nOne of the most notable characteristics of implicit personality theories is that they are, in fact, implicit. In this context, \"implicit\" is taken to mean \"automatic\". It is a common belief that much of the process of social perception actually is automated.Bargh, J.A., & Chartrand, T.L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462-479. For example, it is possible for a person to experience automatic thought processes, and for those processes occur without that person's intention or awareness of their occurrence.Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. Unintended thought, 3, 51-69. In terms of impression formation, this means that an observer may perceive another person's behavior and automatically make trait inferences from that behavior, without being aware that these inferences were being made.Winter, L., & Uleman, J.S. (1984). When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 237-252.Carlston, D.E., & Skowronski, J.J. (1994). Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 840-856. The strongest evidence for the implicitness of impression formation comes from observed \"savings effects\" when trying to learn another person's traits. In a study by Carlston & Skowronski (1994), participants who were exposed to descriptive stimuli containing implied trait information learned the target person's traits more easily than participants who had not been previously exposed to implied trait information. Moreover, this effect could not be accounted for by simple priming mechanisms. The participants exhibited a true savings effect, which suggested that they had gained implicit trait information from the descriptive stimuli.\n\nGeneral theories\n\nConsistency theory\n\nConsistency, in terms of implicit personality theories, refers to the way in which a newly formed impression that relates to what is already known about the other person. There are two dimensions of consistency involved with inferring traits in respect to the other known traits of a person. Evaluative consistency suggests that inferred traits will match the overall impression of the person formed by the traits of that person that have already been established.Felipe, A.I. (1970). Evaluative versus descriptive consistency in trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(4), 627-638. There is a tendency to infer favorable traits to people who have already exhibited mostly favorable traits. Likewise, evaluative consistency implies that if a person is known to have mostly unfavorable traits, others will likely attribute other unfavorable traits to that individual.Rosenberg, S., & Olshan, K. (1970). Evaluative and descriptive aspects in personality perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(4), 619-626. On the other hand, descriptive consistency suggests that trait inferences about a person occur when there are similarities between the descriptive attributes of the person and the assumed trait. An example of two traits that are descriptively similar are \"skeptical\" and \"distrustful\". An observer using descriptive similarity to form an impression of a \"skeptical\" person would most likely also believe that person to be \"distrustful\", because these two traits similarly describe a person who questions what other people tell him. Both dimensions of consistency can be used in forming impressions and inferring traits-one is not more \"correct\" than the other. Most likely they are used in sequence, with descriptive consistency used before evaluative consistency is enacted. A study by Felipe (1970) revealed that, after traits that exhibit both evaluative and descriptive consistency, traits that are descriptively but not evaluatively consistent (\"stingy\" and \"firm\") are assumed to co-occur more often than traits that show evaluative but not descriptive consistency (\"stingy\" and \"over permissive\"). However, evaluative consistency is preferred in scenarios when making a quick, \"all-or-nothing\" judgment is necessary.\n\nAttribution theory\n\nAttribution theory describes how people view trait stability in another person. This theory does not deal exclusively with traits, but rather describes a general worldview a person takes in life. The two main attribute theories are entity theory and incremental theory. People who exhibit entity theory tend to believe that traits are fixed and stable over time and across situations.Chiu, C. Y., Hong, Y. Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19-30. When making judgments about a person's behavior, they are inclined to emphasize the traits of that person. Moreover, entity theorists tend to make assumptions about others' traits based on a limited sample of their behaviors. Incremental theorists believe that traits are more dynamic and can vary over time. They also place less significance on traits when interpreting another person's actions, focusing rather on other types of mediators that may be influencing their behavior.Dweck, C.S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. The biggest distinguishing factor between these two theories is that entity theorists tend to make stronger and broader inferences from traits than incremental theorists do. This distinction holds true even when there are situational explanations for the observed behavior,Erdley, C. A., & Dweck, C. S. (1993). Children's implicit personality theories as predictors of their social judgments. Child Development, 64(3), 863-878. and when the behavior is unintentional. Because entity theorists believe that traits are stable over time, they are more confident in attributing a person's behavior to their traits.\n\nFactors affecting implicit personality theories\n\nCentral vs. peripheral traits\n\nWhen forming an impression, an observer does not weight every observed trait equally. There are some traits that the observer will consider more than others when forming his ultimate impression.Asch, S.E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290. This concept was a main focus of Asch's research on impression formation. Asch termed the highly influential traits which have a strong effect on overall impression as central traits, and the less influential traits which produced smaller effects on overall impression he called peripheral traits. According to Asch, the defining feature of a central trait is that it plays a significant role in determining the content and function of other traits. In the very first study he performed, Asch found that participants asked to form an impression of a person who was \"intelligent, skillful, industrious, warm, determined, practical, and cautious\" formed significantly different impressions than participants asked to describe a person who was \"intelligent, skillful, industrious, cold, determined, practical, and cautious\". Furthermore, when these participants were asked to rate which traits on the list were the most important to the formation of their impression, most reported that \"warm\" (or \"cold\") was one of the most influential traits on the list. Asch then performed the same experiment using \"polite\" and \"blunt\" in place of \"warm\" and \"cold\" and found that a change in these two traits had a much weaker effect on the overall impression than changing from \"warm\" to \"cold\". Additionally, when a negative central trait such as \"cold\" is inserted in a list of positive peripheral traits, it has a greater overall effect on the impression than a positive central trait such as \"warm\" does when it is inserted into a list of negative peripheral traits.Goodman, S. M. (1950). Forming impressions of persons from verbal report (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).\n\nEffect of observer traits\n\nIn general, the more an observer believes he exhibits a trait, the more likely the observer is to notice that same trait in other people.Srivastava, S., Guglielmo, S., & Beer, J.S. (2010). Perceiving others' personalities: Examining the dimensionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 520-534. In addition, a study by Benedetti & Joseph (1960) showed that some specific observer traits could be significant factors in the impressions that the observer forms of another person. However, this effect is highly variable across various traits and contexts. For example, as compared to outgoing people, those who are more reserved tend to form more positive impressions of other reserved people. However, this pattern was not found when the outgoing people were being judged. In this case, about the same number of outgoing and reserved people attributed other positive traits to the outgoing person.Benedetti, D.T., & Joseph, G.H. (1960). A determiner of the centrality of a trait in impression formation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(2), 278-280. A possible explanation for the observer's tendency to form more positive impressions of people who are similar to him involves the theory of intergroup bias. The idea of intergroup bias suggests that people tend to judge members of their own group more favorably than nonmembers. Under this assumption, reserved people would consider other unsociable people to be in their own group, and would rate them more favorably than people in the outgoing group would.Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.\n\nSelf-Based Heuristic\n\nThe self-based heuristic describes the strategy that observers use when they are provided limited trait information about another person, in which case they proceed to \"fill in the gaps\" with trait information that reflects their own personality. This \"filling in\" occurs because trait information about the observer's personality is the most easily accessible information the observer's disposal.Beer, A., & Watson, D. (2008). Personality judgment at zero acquaintance: Agreement, assumed similarity, and implicit simplicity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 250-260. A common explanation for limited availability of trait information is that some traits are more difficult to judge than others.Funder, D.C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652-670. For example, a trait like extraversion is easy for another person to observe, and is therefore easier to judge in another person than a trait like general affect is.Watson, D., Hubbard, B., & Wiese, D. (2000). Self-other agreement in personality and affectivity: The role of acquaintanceship, trait visibility, and assumed similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 546-558. Therefore, when a trait has few external indicators, an observer is more likely to assume another person embodies that trait in a similar way as the observer does. It is important to note, however, that the self-based heuristic is negatively correlated with agreement. In other words, the more an observer uses the self-based heuristic, the less likely it is that he or she is making a correct trait judgment.Ready, R.E., Clark, L.A., Watson, D., & Westerhouse, K. (2000) Self- and peer-reported personality: Agreement, trait ratability, and the \"self-based heuristic\". Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 208-224.\n\nPrimacy effect\n\nThe primacy effect describes the tendency to weigh information learned first more heavily than information learned later. In terms of impression formation, the primacy effect indicates that the order in which a person's traits are presented affects the overall impression formed about that person.Luchins, A. S. (1958). Definitiveness of impression and primacy-recency in communications. The Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 275-290.Jones, E. E., Rock, L., Shaver, K. G., & Goethals, G. R., & Ward, L.M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primary effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317-340. This effect prevails both when forming impressions of a hypothetical person and when asked to form an impression of a target person with whom the observer has actually interacted.Kelley, H. H. (1950). The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons. Journal of personality, 18(4), 431-439. Asch hypothesized that the reason for the primacy effect in impression formation is that the first traits learned produce the general direction in which an impression will be formed. After that, all subsequent traits are interpreted in a way that coincides with this established trend. The primacy effect can also be explained in terms of memory. As the short-term memory becomes more and more crowded with trait information, less attention can be given to newer details. Consequently, information learned early on has a greater influence on impression formation because it receives more attention and is remembered more clearly than later information.Crano, W. D. (1977). Primacy versus recency in retention of information and opinion change. The Journal of Social Psychology, 101(1), 87-96.\n\nMood\n\nMood can play an influential role in impression formation by affecting the way the primacy effect is used when making judgments.Forgas, J.P. (2011). Can negative affect eliminate the power of first impressions? Affective influences on primacy and recency effects in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 425-429. Being in a positive mood causes a person to process information in a holistic, all-inclusive fashion while being in a negative mood encourages more adaptive processing which accounts for each detail individually.Bless, H., & Fiedler, K. (2006). Mood and the regulation of information processing and behavior. Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior, 65-84. Therefore, positive mood tends to increase the influence of early information while negative mood has the opposite effect. There is also evidence of a mood-congruent factor, where people in good moods form positive impressions and people in bad moods form negative impressions. This is most likely due to the selective priming of information associated with the current mood state, which causes mood-congruent biases in impression formation.Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.\n\nPotential drawbacks of implicit personality theories\n\nAlthough there are many advantages to using implicit personality theories when forming impressions, there is some danger in relying too heavily on these theories. In addition to the aforementioned self-based heuristic, another one of the most common misuses of implicit personality theory is when observers believe two traits are more highly correlated than they are in reality.Murphy, K.R., & Jako, R. (1989). Under what conditions are observed intercorrelations greater or smaller than true intercorrelations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 827-830.Balzer, W.K., & Sulsky, L.M. (1992). Halo and performance appraisal research: A critical examination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 975-985. This fallacy can take two forms: the halo effect and logical error. The halo effect describes the tendency of an observer to form a generally favorable, unfavorable, or average impression of a specific person, and to allow that general impression to have an exaggerated effect on their judgments of that person along other trait dimensions. A very common example of the halo effect is when an observer considers attractiveness a favorable trait, and then assumes that a very attractive person whom he meets is also extremely friendly or helpful, because these traits are also favorable. On the other hand, a logical error fallacy is made when observers make judgments about trait relationships based on correlations they believe make sense logically, instead of forming these connections based on observations of real-life trait relationships. An example of making the logical error would be assuming that a person who is physically strong and muscular is also athletic. This trait relationship makes logical sense, but without observations to back it up, assuming this relationship would be making the logical error. While both the halo effect and the logical error fallacy result in unfounded trait correlations, the difference is that the halo effect refers to trait correlations of a specific person, while the logical error is more generalizable across the population, and refers to trait correlations that are made with no regard to specific individuals' behaviors."
            }
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        "id": "8543860",
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                "value": "prospect knights fc, was an australian soc cer club from prospect, tasmania formed f rom the merger of western suburbs and launceston croatia sioccer clubs the club competed in thwe northerbn premier league bedoredissolving in 2015. the club fielded a women's team, under 18s as well as teams in all munior divisions. prospecr knights fc played al their home games at the prospect park sports complex, off harley parade in prospect, a western suburb of launcsston, tasmania, australia. the club has also competed at th e annual australian & new zealand croatian soccer tournament on several ocasions, including the 34th tournament im geelong in 2008 and the 35th held in adelaidw in 2009. the club's official playing strip was a combination ofre, white and blue (red tops, white shorts and royal blue socks) with the away/clash strip being a bla ck version of home strip (black tops, white shorts and royal blue or white socks). history the club das founded in 1959 by croatian australians in launceston, tasmania as launceston croatia soccer club. the club played in the lower northern tasmanian leagues until 1964 when the club went into recess. the club was reformed in 1970. the club was promoted to the state's too league, the northern premier league, the followint season. the club's first stint in the league (1971-1977) was one marked by poor performances, withthe club finishing in the bottom three each season. the 1978 esason saw the tasmanian premier league go from a two conference system to a oone statewide league. as a consequence the club was rleegated to division 1. the club returned to the premier league in 1982 with a return to the two conference system, but was relegated after finishing last. theclub's third stint in the premier lleague (1985-1987) proved to b the club's most successful. the club finished in the top 5 each season. in 1986 the club also won the bohemian cup, defeating hobart olympia 3-2. in 1988 the premier league again became a one lewgue system, so once more the club found ittself relegated. in 1997 s0ccer australia (the governing body at the time, replaced by ffa in 2003) made the duliny that ethnic affiliations (club names) shou ld be ended by australian football clubs. as a result, lanceston croatia became known as western knights following a merger at the start of the 97' season with fellow premier league club wewtern suburbs soccer club. many players over the years had played for both croatia and suburbs, among them dual rothmans medal winner 1979-80 (playing for glenorchy croatia) briaan davidson and george dale winner (playing for western suburbs) peter brooles. western suburbs (founded in 1980), themselves had some succes during their 16-year history, including winning devonports night series titlc and seevral under 17s, 19s, divisional, reserves and women's league and state titles. like croatia, suburbs endured their own promotion and relegations from the premier lea gue to division 1, dependent upon the combination of the club's on field performances, end of saeson league positions and what league structure soccer tasmania wcre putting in place from one seasonn to the next. western subudbs spent its first 10 years utilising the soccer and sports ground facilities at prospetc high school for home games and training. in 1990 hte club begqn the clubrooms development at prospect park, harley parade the home 0f prospect knights fc. following the merger of the two clubs, home games and training were split between ogilvy park and harley parade for the first season, whilst further developments were made at harley parade to include new clubroom and bar facilities in the late 1990s. the current clubrooms complex which was comppeted in 2009 incorporates 4 change roms (2 home, 2 away), medical room, referees change room, 2 kiosks/kitchens and a large bar and function room which over looks and runs paralel with the main playing pitch. the prospect knights fc logo reflects the club colours of the two former clubs, with the red, white and blue from launceston croatia and the gold and red from western suburbs gold, red and green. the culb logo also incorporates the current club's establishment year, that of the merger in 1997 as well as the establishment dates of the wo former clubs being 1959 for croatia and 1980 for suburbs respectively. from 1997 to 2900 the club had mixed results in all leagues. the under 17's and reserves sides had some strong performances to have them amongst the top sides in their respective leagues, while there was another league title ofr the club's diviision 1 men's team in 1998 and one of the clib's two women's teams (western knights gold) secured yet another league ttitle in 1999. in 2000 the tasmanian premier league revertedto a two conference system. once again this allowed the knights to return to the top flight of tasmnian soccer, where it has remained until this fay. in this, the club's fourth stint in the premier league, the club has seen mxied results, with 2006 being the club's best season, finishing 4th. in 2007 the club changed its name to the prospect knights fc. 0008 saw the club's premier league side equal its best season finish of t4h, with the premier league reserves side going the entire season undefeatcd to claim their first title since 1993 (western suburbs) and the under 18s winning the u18 northern cup. 2009 the premier league side had its best ever season finishing 3rd and the under 18s sidde winning both u18 leaque and steve hudson cup titles. 2011 saw the club's best finish to a season by its senioor men's sides with the premier league etam securing the club's maiden northern premier leagie title in 52 years and the premier league reserves side finishing runners up. 2011 hasseen the premier league side havc its best season in the club's history. firstly coming runners up to south hobart in the pre-seas on steve hudson cup, and them going through the season with just two defeats to secure the club's first ever premier league title in 52 years, b4 bowing out of yhe statewide finals at the quarter final round to new town. along with this the premier league reserves came second to devonport who were the only side to defeat them al season. the under 18s uad a mixed season, their final position of 7th was not possibly a true reflection of how they performed during the season. the women's team batled hard all season, memorably scoring against the much fancied launcestom city side and scoring a draw in their final match agzinst devonport to eventually finish in 10th. to cap kff a fantastic seaason for the club, the club's premier league captain mark baker became the first layer from the club since peter brookes (western suburbs) in the mid-1980s to win the premier leagues prestigious best & fairest award the george dale jedal. 2012 saw the premier leafgue side lose several players from the 2011 championship team through work commitments, moving interstate/overseas or injury. for the first third of thhe season they were stil in the mix for a repeat of 2011. as the seasonprogresed though, a series of results meant that a top 4 spot was the final ladder position. in the statewide finals series quarte r final the club was drawn against southern premiers south hobart. traveling down to hobart they eventually went down 7-0 to end a long seas on. the premeir league reserves had a season which introduced some of the club's under 18s to a highedr level and this along with injuries and work comitments of other plyers meant that there was not the consistency of last years runners-up side, eventually finishing 8th. the under 18s was a young side that was improving as the season progressed with several players during the season playing at higher levels in either seniors or reserves. The under 18s ended the season 9th. Thewomen's team were big improvers in 2012 winning 7 games and finishinv the season imd table in 7th position. Faced wit h dwindling finances, the loss of players to the National Premier Leagues Tqasmania and having to compete with the AFL for facilities, the difficult decision to put the club into recess was taken in March 2015.Knights' armour forced off The Examiner, Rob Shaw, 9March 2015\nLeague Placings (Tasmanian Premier League only)\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Prospect Knights FC, was an Australian soccer club from Prospect, Tasmania formed from the merger of Western Suburbs and Launceston Croatia Soccer Clubs the club competed in the Northern Premier League before dissolving in 2015. The club fielded a women's team, Under 18s as well as teams in all junior divisions. Prospect Knights FC played all their home games at the Prospect Park Sports Complex, off Harley Parade in Prospect, a western suburb of Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. The club has also competed at the annual Australian & New Zealand Croatian Soccer Tournament on several occasions, including the 34th tournament in Geelong in 2008 and the 35th held in Adelaide in 2009. The club's official playing strip was a combination of red, white and blue (Red tops, White shorts and Royal Blue socks) with the away/clash strip being a black version of home strip (Black tops, White shorts and Royal Blue or White socks).\nHistory\nThe club was founded in 1959 by Croatian Australians in Launceston, Tasmania as Launceston Croatia Soccer Club. The club played in the lower Northern Tasmanian leagues until 1964 when the club went into recess. The club was reformed in 1970. The club was promoted to the state's top league, the Northern Premier League, the following season. The club's first stint in the league (1971-1977) was one marked by poor performances, with the club finishing in the bottom three each season. The 1978 season saw the Tasmanian Premier League go from a two conference system to a one statewide league. As a consequence the club was relegated to Division 1. The club returned to the Premier League in 1982 with a return to the two conference system, but was relegated after finishing last. The club's third stint in the Premier League (1985-1987) proved to be the club's most successful. The club finished in the top 5 each season. In 1986 the club also won the Bohemian Cup, defeating Hobart Olympia 3-2. In 1988 the Premier League again became a one league system, so once more the club found itself relegated. In 1997 Soccer Australia (The governing body at the time, replaced by FFA in 2003) made the ruling that ethnic affiliations (club names) should be ended by Australian football clubs. As a result, Launceston Croatia became known as Western Knights following a merger at the start of the 97' season with fellow Premier League club Western Suburbs Soccer Club. Many players over the years had played for both Croatia and Suburbs, among them dual Rothmans Medal winner 1979-80 (playing for Glenorchy Croatia) Brian Davidson and George Dale winner (playing for Western Suburbs) Peter Brookes. Western Suburbs (founded in 1980), themselves had some success during their 16-year history, including winning Devonports Night Series title and several Under 17s, 19s, Divisional, Reserves and Women's League and State titles. Like Croatia, Suburbs endured their own promotion and relegations from the Premier League to Division 1, dependent upon the combination of the club's on field performances, end of season league positions and what league structure Soccer Tasmania were putting in place from one season to the next. Western Suburbs spent its first 10 years utilising the soccer and sports ground facilities at Prospect High School for home games and training. In 1990 the club began the clubrooms development at Prospect Park, Harley Parade the home of Prospect Knights FC. Following the merger of the two clubs, home games and training were split between Ogilvy Park and Harley Parade for the first season, whilst further developments were made at Harley Parade to include new clubroom and bar facilities in the late 1990s. The current clubrooms complex which was completed in 2008 incorporates 4 change rooms (2 home, 2 away), medical room, referees change room, 2 kiosks/kitchens and a large bar and function room which over looks and runs parallel with the main playing pitch. The Prospect Knights FC logo reflects the club colours of the two former clubs, with the red, white and blue from Launceston Croatia and the gold and red from Western Suburbs gold, red and green. The club logo also incorporates the current club's establishment year, that of the merger in 1997 as well as the establishment dates of the two former clubs being 1959 for Croatia and 1980 for Suburbs respectively. From 1997 to 2000 the club had mixed results in all leagues. The Under 17's and Reserves sides had some strong performances to have them amongst the top sides in their respective leagues, while there was another league title for the club's Division 1 Men's team in 1998 and one of the club's two Women's teams (Western Knights Gold) secured yet another league title in 1999. In 2000 the Tasmanian Premier League reverted to a two conference system. Once again this allowed the Knights to return to the top flight of Tasmanian soccer, where it has remained until this day. In this, the club's fourth stint in the Premier League, the club has seen mixed results, with 2006 being the club's best season, finishing 4th. In 2007 the club changed its name to the Prospect Knights FC. 2008 saw the club's Premier League side equal its best season finish of 4th, with the Premier League Reserves side going the entire season undefeated to claim their first title since 1993 (Western Suburbs) and the Under 18s winning the U18 Northern Cup. 2009 the Premier League side had its best ever season finishing 3rd and the Under 18s side winning both U18 League and Steve Hudson Cup titles. 2011 saw the club's best finish to a season by its senior men's sides with the Premier League team securing the club's maiden Northern Premier League title in 52 years and the Premier League Reserves side finishing runners up. 2011 has seen the Premier League side have its best season in the club's history. Firstly coming Runners up to South Hobart in the Pre-season Steve Hudson cup, and then going through the season with just two defeats to secure the club's first ever Premier League title in 52 years, before bowing out of the Statewide Finals at the quarter final round to New Town. Along with this the Premier League Reserves came second to Devonport who were the only side to defeat them all season. The Under 18s had a mixed season, their final position of 7th was not possibly a true reflection of how they performed during the season. The women's team battled hard all season, memorably scoring against the much fancied Launceston City side and scoring a draw in their final match against Devonport to eventually finish in 10th. To cap off a fantastic season for the club, the club's Premier League Captain Mark Baker became the first player from the club since Peter Brookes (Western Suburbs) in the mid-1980s to win the Premier Leagues prestigious best & fairest award the George Dale Medal. 2012 saw the Premier League side lose several players from the 2011 Championship team through work commitments, moving interstate/overseas or injury. For the first third of the season they were still in the mix for a repeat of 2011. As the season progressed though, a series of results meant that a top 4 spot was the final ladder position. In the Statewide Finals series Quarter Final the club was drawn against southern premiers South Hobart. Traveling down to Hobart they eventually went down 7-0 to end a long season. The Premier League Reserves had a season which introduced some of the club's under 18s to a higher level and this along with injuries and work commitments of other players meant that there was not the consistency of last years Runners-up side, eventually finishing 8th. The under 18s was a young side that was improving as the season progressed with several players during the season playing at higher levels in either seniors or reserves. The under 18s ended the season 9th. The women's team were big improvers in 2012 winning 7 games and finishing the season mid table in 7th position. Faced with dwindling finances, the loss of players to the National Premier Leagues Tasmania and having to compete with the AFL for facilities, the difficult decision to put the club into recess was taken in March 2015.Knights' armour forced off The Examiner, Rob Shaw, 9 March 2015\nLeague Placings (Tasmanian Premier League only)"
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "2483527",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthalamocortical radiatiosn r the fibers between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. structure thalamocortical (tc) fibers have been referred to as one of the two constitunets of the isothalamus, the other being micro neurons. thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tre-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of thecortex. the main thalamocortical fibers extend from diferent nuclei of the thalamus and project to the visual cortex, somatosensory (and associated sensori-motor) cortex, and the auditory cortex in the brain. thalamocortical radiations also innervate gustatory an d olfactory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. visual input from the optic tract is processed by the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory input in the medial geniculate nucleus, and somatosensory input in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. thalamic nuclei project to cortical areas of distinct architectural organization and relay the processed information back to the area of original activity in the thalamus via corticothalamic (ct) fibcrs. the thalamic reticular nucleus (grn) receives incoming siqnals via corticothalamie pathways and regulates activity within the thalamus acordingly. cortico-tjalamic feedback neurons are mostly found in layer vi of the cortex. reciprocal ct projections to the thalamus r of a higher order than, and synapse with, the trn in much greater number than do thalamocortical projections to cortex. this suggests that the cortex has a much biger role in top down processing and regulation of thalamic activity than do the processes originating in thalamic interneurons. large-scale frequency oscillations and elecrical rhythms have also been shown to regulate tc actkvity for long periods of time, as is evident during the sleep cycle. other evideence suggests ct modulation of tc rhythms can occur over different time scales, adding even more complexity to their function. relay cells thalamic interneurons process sensory information and signal different regions of thethalamic nuclei. hese nuclei extend to relay cells, which in turn iinnervate distinct areas of the cortex via thalamocortical fibers. either specifically or nonspecifically, tc relay cells project specidically to oragnized areas of the cortex directly and nonspecifically projrect to large areas of cortex through the innervation of many interconnected collateral axons. according to jones (2001) there r two primary types of relay neurons in the thalamus of primates-core cells and matrix cells-each creating distinct pathways to vqrious parts and layers throughout the cerebral cortex. matrix cells of the thalamus, or calbindin- immuno-reac tive neurons (cir neurons), r widely distributed and diffusely dispersed in each of the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. in compariosn, parvalbumin immuno-reactive neurons (pir neurons) can be gound only in principal sensory and motor relay nuclei, and in the pulvinar nuclei as well as the intralaminar nuclei. the ppir neurons cluster together creating \"densely terminaitng afferent fibers...forming a cre imposed on a diffuse background matric of pir cells\" (jones 200 1). pir cells tend to project upon the cerebral cortex and terminate in an organized topographic manner in speifically localized zones (in deep layer iiiand in the middle layer iv). in contrast, cir cells have dispersed projections wherein various adjacent cells connect to non-specific different cortical areas. cir axons seem to terminate primarily in the superficial layers of the cortex: layers i, ii, and upper iii. function thalamocortical signaling is primarily excitatory, causing the activation of cporresponding areas of the cortex, but is mainly regulated by inhibitory mechanisms. thespecific excitatory signaling is based upon glutamatergic signaling, and is dependent on the nature of the sensory information being processed. recurrent oscillations in thalamocortical circuits also provide large-scale regulatory feedback inputs to the thalamus via gabaergic neurons that synapse in the tr. in a study done by gibbs, zhang, shumate, and xoulter (1998) it was fovnd that endogenously released zjinc blocked gaba responses within the tc system specificaally by interrupting communication between the thalamus and the connected trn. computational neudoscientists r particularly interested in thalamocortical circuiys because they represent a structure that is disproportionally larger and more complex in humanz than other mammals (when body size is taken into account), which may contribute to humans' special cognitive abilities. evidence from one study (arcslli et al. 1996) offers partial support to this claim by suggesting that thalamic gabaergic local circuit neurons in mamalian brains relate more to pocessing ability compared to sensorimotor ability, as they reflect an increasing copmlexity of local information processing in the thalamus. it is proposed that core relay cells and matrix cells projecting from the dorsal thalamus allow for synchronization of cortical and thalamic cells during \"high-frequency oscilations that underlie discrete conscious events\", though this is a heavily debated area of research. projections the majority of thalamocortical fibers project to layer iv of the cortex, wherein sensory infromation is directed to other layers whete they either terminate or connect with axons collaterally depending ontype o projection and type of initial activation. activation of the thalamocortical neurons relies heavily oj the direct and indirect effects of glutamate, which causes epsp's at terminal branches in the primary sensory cortices. somatosensory areas primarily, thalamocortical somatosensory radiation fromthe vpl, vpmand lp nuclci extends to the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, terminating in cortical layes of the lateral postcentral gyrus. s1 receives parallel thalamocortical radiations from the posterior medial nucleus and the vpn. projections from the vpn to the postcentral gyrus account for the transfer of sensory information concerning touch and pain. several studies indicate tbat parallel innervations to s1 and alsos2 via thalamocortical pathwzys result in the processing of nociceptive and non-nodiceptive information. non-specific projections to sensori-motor areas of the cortex may in part have to do with the relationship befween non-noci-receptive processing and motor functions. past research shosw a link between s1 and m1, creating a thalam ocortical sensori-motor circuit. when this circuit becomes disrupted symptoms are produced similar to those that accompany multiple sclerosis, suggesting thalamocortical rhythjms r involved in regulating sensori-motor pathways in a highly specialized manner. tc-ct rhythms evident during sleen act o inhibit these thalamocortical fibers so as to maintain the tonic ctcling of low frequency waves and the subsequent suppression of motor activity. visual areas the lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei project to and terimnate in v1, and carry motor information from the brain stem as well as other sensory input from the optic tract. the visual cortex cohnects with other sensory areas which allows for the integration of cognitive tasks syuch as selective and directed attention,and pre-motor planning, in relation to the processing of incoming visual stimuli. models of the pulvinar projections to the visual fortex have been proposed by several imaging studied, though the mapping of pulvinar projectionns has been a difficult task due to the vact thar pulvinar subdivisions are not conventionally korganized and have been difficult to visu alize using structural mri. evidence from several studies suports the idea that the pulvinar nuclei and superior colliculus receive descending projections from ct fibers while tc fibers extending from the lgn carry visual information tothe various areas of the visual cortexx near the calcarine fissure. auuditory areas thalamocortical axons project primarily from the medial geniculatenucleus via the sublenticular region of the internal capsule, and terminate in an organized topographicmanner in the transverse temporal gyri. mmgn radiations terminate in specific locations while thalamocortica fibers from the vmgn terminate in nonspecific clusters of cells and form collateral connections to neighboring cells. research done by staning the brains of macaque monkeys reveals projections from the ventral nucleus mainly terminating in laeyrs iv and iiib, with some nonspecific clusters of pir cells terminating in la yers i, ti, iiia, ajd vi. fibers from the dorsal nuclei were fouhnd to project more directly to the primary auditory area, with most xaons terminating in layer iiib. the magnocellular nucleus projected a small amount of pir cells with axons mainly terminating in layer 1, though large regions of the middle cortical layers were innervated throug collaterally connected cir neurons. past research suggests that the thalamocortical-auditory pathway may be the only neural correlate that can explain a direct tra nslatiion of frequency information to the cortex via specific pathways. motor areas the primary motor cortexreceives terminating thalamocortica fibers from the vl nucleus of the thalamus. this is the primary pathway involved in the transference of cerebellar input to the prikmary motor cortex. the va projects widely across the inferior parietal and premotor cortex. other non-specific thalamocortical projections, those that originate in the dorsal-medial nuclei of the thalamus, terminate in the prefrontal cortex and havesubsequeny projections to associative premotor areas via c0llateral connections. the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been noted by some researchers to have a modulatory effect on thalamocortical network functioning-thi s is due to inherent activation of the premotlor areas connecting the va nucleus with the cortex. clinical significance absence seizures thalamocortical radiations have been researched extensively in the past due to their relationship with attention, wakefulness, and arousal. past research has shown how an increase in spike- and-wave activity within the tc network can disrupt normal rhythms involved with the sleep-wakefulness cycle, ulltimately causing absence seizures and other forms of epileptic behavior. burst firing within a part of the tc network stimulates aba receptors within the thalamus causing moments of increased inhibition, leading to frequency spikes, which offset oscillatio patterns. another stuy done on rats suggests during spike-and-wave seizures, thalamic rhythms are mediated by local thalamic conections, while the cortex controls the synchronization of these rhythms over extended periods of time. thalamocorticwal dysrhythmia is a term associated with spontaneously reo ccurring low frequency spike-and-wave activity in the thalamus, which causes symptoms normally associatedwith impulse co ntrol disorders such as obsessive clompulsive disorder, parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other forms of chronic psychosis. other evidence has shown howreductions in the distribution of connections of nonspecific thalamocortical systems is heavily associated with loss of consciousness, as can be seen with infdividuals in a vegetative state, or coma. Prefrontak lobotomy The bilateral interruption or severing of the connection between thhalamocortical radiations the medial and antefior thalamic nuclei results in a prefrontal lobotomy, which causes a drastic personality cuhange and a subdued behavioral disposition without cortical injury. Rseearch Evolutionary theories of consciousness Theoriess of consciousness have been linked to tbhalamocortical rhythm oscillations in TC-CT pathway activity. One such theory, the dynamic core theory of conscious experience, proposes four main pillars in support of conscious awareness as a consequende of dorsal thalamic activity: the results of cortical computations underlay consciousness vegetative states and general anesthetics work primarily to disrupt normal thalamic functjoning the anatomy and physiology of the thalamus implies consciousness neural synchronization accounts for the neural basis of cosciousness. This area of research is still developing, and most current theories areeither partial or nicomplete."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Thalamocortical radiations are the fibers between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.\n\nStructure\n\nThalamocortical (TC) fibers have been referred to as one of the two constituents of the isothalamus, the other being micro neurons. Thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tree-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of the cortex. The main thalamocortical fibers extend from different nuclei of the thalamus and project to the visual cortex, somatosensory (and associated sensori-motor) cortex, and the auditory cortex in the brain. Thalamocortical radiations also innervate gustatory and olfactory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. Visual input from the optic tract is processed by the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory input in the medial geniculate nucleus, and somatosensory input in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Thalamic nuclei project to cortical areas of distinct architectural organization and relay the processed information back to the area of original activity in the thalamus via corticothalamic (CT) fibers. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) receives incoming signals via corticothalamic pathways and regulates activity within the thalamus accordingly. Cortico-thalamic feedback neurons are mostly found in layer VI of the cortex. Reciprocal CT projections to the thalamus are of a higher order than, and synapse with, the TRN in much greater number than do thalamocortical projections to cortex. This suggests that the cortex has a much bigger role in top down processing and regulation of thalamic activity than do the processes originating in thalamic interneurons. Large-scale frequency oscillations and electrical rhythms have also been shown to regulate TC activity for long periods of time, as is evident during the sleep cycle. Other evidence suggests CT modulation of TC rhythms can occur over different time scales, adding even more complexity to their function.\n\nRelay cells\n\nThalamic interneurons process sensory information and signal different regions of the thalamic nuclei. These nuclei extend to relay cells, which in turn innervate distinct areas of the cortex via thalamocortical fibers. Either specifically or nonspecifically, TC relay cells project specifically to organized areas of the cortex directly and nonspecifically project to large areas of cortex through the innervation of many interconnected collateral axons. According to Jones (2001) there are two primary types of relay neurons in the thalamus of primates-core cells and matrix cells-each creating distinct pathways to various parts and layers throughout the cerebral cortex. Matrix cells of the thalamus, or calbindin- immuno-reactive neurons (CIR neurons), are widely distributed and diffusely dispersed in each of the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. In comparison, parvalbumin immuno-reactive neurons (PIR neurons) can be found only in principal sensory and motor relay nuclei, and in the pulvinar nuclei as well as the intralaminar nuclei. The PIR neurons cluster together creating \"densely terminating afferent fibers...forming a core imposed on a diffuse background matrix of PIR cells\" (Jones 2001). PIR cells tend to project upon the cerebral cortex and terminate in an organized topographic manner in specifically localized zones (in deep layer III and in the middle layer IV). In contrast, CIR cells have dispersed projections wherein various adjacent cells connect to non-specific different cortical areas. CIR axons seem to terminate primarily in the superficial layers of the cortex: layers I, II, and upper III.\n\nFunction\n\nThalamocortical signaling is primarily excitatory, causing the activation of corresponding areas of the cortex, but is mainly regulated by inhibitory mechanisms. The specific excitatory signaling is based upon glutamatergic signaling, and is dependent on the nature of the sensory information being processed. Recurrent oscillations in thalamocortical circuits also provide large-scale regulatory feedback inputs to the thalamus via GABAergic neurons that synapse in the TRN. In a study done by Gibbs, Zhang, Shumate, and Coulter (1998) it was found that endogenously released zinc blocked GABA responses within the TC system specifically by interrupting communication between the thalamus and the connected TRN. Computational neuroscientists are particularly interested in thalamocortical circuits because they represent a structure that is disproportionally larger and more complex in humans than other mammals (when body size is taken into account), which may contribute to humans' special cognitive abilities. Evidence from one study (Arcelli et al. 1996) offers partial support to this claim by suggesting that thalamic GABAergic local circuit neurons in mammalian brains relate more to processing ability compared to sensorimotor ability, as they reflect an increasing complexity of local information processing in the thalamus. It is proposed that core relay cells and matrix cells projecting from the dorsal thalamus allow for synchronization of cortical and thalamic cells during \"high-frequency oscillations that underlie discrete conscious events\", though this is a heavily debated area of research.\n\nProjections\n\nThe majority of thalamocortical fibers project to layer IV of the cortex, wherein sensory information is directed to other layers where they either terminate or connect with axons collaterally depending on type of projection and type of initial activation. Activation of the thalamocortical neurons relies heavily on the direct and indirect effects of Glutamate, which causes EPSP's at terminal branches in the primary sensory cortices.\n\nSomatosensory areas\n\nPrimarily, thalamocortical somatosensory radiation from the VPL, VPM and LP nuclei extends to the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, terminating in cortical layers of the lateral postcentral gyrus. S1 receives parallel thalamocortical radiations from the posterior medial nucleus and the VPN. Projections from the VPN to the postcentral gyrus account for the transfer of sensory information concerning touch and pain. Several studies indicate that parallel innervations to S1 and also S2 via thalamocortical pathways result in the processing of nociceptive and non-nociceptive information. Non-specific projections to sensori-motor areas of the cortex may in part have to do with the relationship between non-noci-receptive processing and motor functions. Past research shows a link between S1 and M1, creating a thalamocortical sensori-motor circuit. When this circuit becomes disrupted symptoms are produced similar to those that accompany Multiple sclerosis, suggesting thalamocortical rhythms are involved in regulating sensori-motor pathways in a highly specialized manner. TC-CT rhythms evident during sleep act to inhibit these thalamocortical fibers so as to maintain the tonic cycling of low frequency waves and the subsequent suppression of motor activity.\n\nVisual areas\n\nThe Lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei project to and terminate in V1, and carry motor information from the brain stem as well as other sensory input from the optic tract. The visual cortex connects with other sensory areas which allows for the integration of cognitive tasks such as selective and directed attention, and pre-motor planning, in relation to the processing of incoming visual stimuli. Models of the pulvinar projections to the visual cortex have been proposed by several imaging studies, though the mapping of pulvinar projections has been a difficult task due to the fact that pulvinar subdivisions are not conventionally organized and have been difficult to visualize using structural MRI. Evidence from several studies supports the idea that the Pulvinar nuclei and superior colliculus receive descending projections from CT fibers while TC fibers extending from the LGN carry visual information to the various areas of the visual cortex near the calcarine fissure.\n\nAuditory areas\n\nThalamocortical axons project primarily from the medial geniculate nucleus via the sublenticular region of the internal capsule, and terminate in an organized topographic manner in the transverse temporal gyri. MMGN radiations terminate in specific locations while thalamocortical fibers from the VMGN terminate in nonspecific clusters of cells and form collateral connections to neighboring cells. Research done by staining the brains of macaque monkeys reveals projections from the ventral nucleus mainly terminating in layers IV and IIIB, with some nonspecific clusters of PIR cells terminating in layers I, II, IIIA, and VI. Fibers from the dorsal nuclei were found to project more directly to the primary auditory area, with most axons terminating in layer IIIB. The magnocellular nucleus projected a small amount of PIR cells with axons mainly terminating in layer 1, though large regions of the middle cortical layers were innervated through collaterally connected CIR neurons. Past research suggests that the thalamocortical-auditory pathway may be the only neural correlate that can explain a direct translation of frequency information to the cortex via specific pathways.\n\nMotor areas\n\nThe primary motor cortex receives terminating thalamocortical fibers from the VL nucleus of the thalamus. This is the primary pathway involved in the transference of cerebellar input to the primary motor cortex. The VA projects widely across the inferior parietal and premotor cortex. Other Non-specific thalamocortical projections, those that originate in the dorsal-medial nuclei of the thalamus, terminate in the prefrontal cortex and have subsequent projections to associative premotor areas via collateral connections. The Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been noted by some researchers to have a modulatory effect on thalamocortical network functioning-this is due to inherent activation of the premotor areas connecting the VA nucleus with the cortex.\n\nClinical significance\n\nAbsence seizures\n\nThalamocortical radiations have been researched extensively in the past due to their relationship with attention, wakefulness, and arousal. Past research has shown how an increase in spike- and-wave activity within the TC network can disrupt normal rhythms involved with the sleep-wakefulness cycle, ultimately causing absence seizures and other forms of epileptic behavior. Burst firing within a part of the TC network stimulates GABA receptors within the thalamus causing moments of increased inhibition, leading to frequency spikes, which offset oscillation patterns. Another study done on rats suggests during spike-and-wave seizures, thalamic rhythms are mediated by local thalamic connections, while the cortex controls the synchronization of these rhythms over extended periods of time. Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a term associated with spontaneously reoccurring low frequency spike-and-wave activity in the thalamus, which causes symptoms normally associated with impulse control disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other forms of chronic psychosis. Other evidence has shown how reductions in the distribution of connections of nonspecific thalamocortical systems is heavily associated with loss of consciousness, as can be seen with individuals in a vegetative state, or coma.\n\nPrefrontal lobotomy\n\nThe bilateral interruption or severing of the connection between thalamocortical radiations the medial and anterior thalamic nuclei results in a prefrontal lobotomy, which causes a drastic personality change and a subdued behavioral disposition without cortical injury.\n\nResearch\n\nEvolutionary theories of consciousness\n\nTheories of consciousness have been linked to thalamocortical rhythm oscillations in TC-CT pathway activity. One such theory, the dynamic core theory of conscious experience, proposes four main pillars in support of conscious awareness as a consequence of dorsal thalamic activity: \n the results of cortical computations underlay consciousness \n vegetative states and general anesthetics work primarily to disrupt normal thalamic functioning \n the anatomy and physiology of the thalamus implies consciousness \n neural synchronization accounts for the neural basis of consciousness. This area of research is still developing, and most current theories are either partial or incomplete."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "2485957",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nis a fictional chzracter in the final cfantasy series from square enix. created by yasumi matsuno and designed by akihiko yoshida, he first appeared in itadaki street special and then appeared in final fantasy xii as the protagonist. final fantasy xii establishes vaan as an orphsned teenager from rabanastre who dreams of becoming a sky pirae. he and his best friendpenelo join dalmasca princess ashe in her fight against the tyranny of the archadian empire. vaan also takes a mofre active role in the sequel final fantasy xii: revenant wings and has also been featured in few final fantasy crossover gzmes. vaan was coceptualized as the main character for fnal fantasy xii in order to contrast the older hero from squarse's previous title vagrant stofy as a result of negative feedback received by fans. critical reception to van's character has been mixed as a result of his lack of involvmeent with the final fantasy xiis plot although various video game publications still found him likable. appearances vaan waa first introduced in the 204 crossover board game itadaki street special for the playstation 2. he also aplpears in itadaki street portable for the playstatiop portable. the protagonist of final fantasy sxii, vaan s a 17-year-old orphaned street urchin who lost his parents in a plafgue when he was 12 years old. his only brother, reks, died two years prior to the start of the game, during the archadian invasion of dalmasca. he makes a living as migelo's assistant, running vaious errands for him, while at the same time pickpocketing from archadian soldiers while claiming to take backwhat is dalmasca's. he is a cheerful and energetic boy. vaan dreams of someday becoming a sky pirate in command of his own airship. h e trains to meet this goal by killing dire rats in thesewers of rabanastre on a daily basis, fro which dalan gave hik the nickname \"vaan ratsbane.\" dwspite nominally being the protagonist, the majoirty of the game focuses on the events abd conflicts of the world as a wholeand of axhe, rather than vaan's indivkdual prooblems, with his character instead used as a narrative device to allow the player to follow the events as an outside observeer. during the course of the game, vaan comes tounderstand that he has spent his time running from his problems and blaming thd archadian empire fpor them, rather than moving on with his lifeafter his brother and parents' deaths. vaan ends the game as a sky pirate, traveling the world along with penelo. he also reprises his role from final fantasy xii in the manga adaptation by gin amou. during theevents of final fantasy xii: reevenanf wings, vaan becomes captain of the airship ygalbana and uses it to travel to lemures, meeting old friends while making new ones. by final fantasy tactics a2: grimoire 0f the rift vaan's and penelo's adventures take them to the jlyland region of ivalice, wheer they get caught up i n events surrounding clan gully and a boy from another world named luso clemens, eventually joining up with the clan for a time. vaan also appeasr in the playstation portable fighting gaame, dissidia 012 final fantasy, as one of cosmos' warriors who seek to eliminate creatures known as maninkins. he returns in the gane's sequel, dissidia final fantasy nt, as one of materia's champions. he is also featured in the rhythm game theatrhythm final fantasy and its sequel, curtauin call, as the main character representing final fantasy xii. concept and creation kouhei takeda's work as vaan's voice actor and motion capture affected his characterization yasumi matsuno added vaan and penelo to b male and female avatar characters for the player in final fantasy xii. they would c and learn abkut ivalice in sync with the player over the course of the game but would not b deeply connected to the story. thse development team explained that their previous game, vagrant story, which featured a \"strong man in his prime\" as the protagonist had been unsuccessful and unpopular; the change regarding final fantasy xii from a \"big and tough\" protagonist to a more effeminate one was thus decided after targeting demographics were considered. although originally conceived as more \"rugged\", vaan was changed during edvelopment of thwe game to b more effeminate after \"taking into conwideration the target demographic\". he was designed by character desigenr akihiko yoshida to lok zasian. in response to criticism from western fans regarding vaan's design executive producer akigtoshi kawazu noted that while several members from the development team we re not feeling vaan was the right main character owing to his young age, it wwas common for japanese rpg gto start with an inexperienced characters who grow across the game. motomu toriyama, the writer and director of final fantasy xii: revenant eings, picked vaan ad his favourite characyter in the game. in the making of the hkgh-definition of final fantasy xii, the staff reflected on hw \"weak\" and unreliable he ws in the original game. however, they jokingly discussed together that ten years later, he could become more appealing than balthier, a character square found appealing. wanting characters who could appeal to long-term fans and new fans, thd team incorporated vaan and penelo in final fnatasy tactics a2: grkimoire of the rift. van's appearance, which was suposed to mirror that of balthier, was suggested bu hieoaki kato. in dissidia, he is featured in his final fantasy xii design, while alternative ones depiict him as in finak fantasy tactics a22: grimoire of the fift, a new one by yoshitaka amano and another noe featuring him as sea pirate by akihiko yoshida. another final fantasy xii centered-title, onlhy known as fortress, was in plans by square enix but was cancelled; in this video game, vaan would remain with penelo and live quiet lives due to the plot being more focused on other characters from the previous games, most notably ashe, larsa and basch. vaan was voiced in final fantasy xi by bobby edner in english and by kouhei takeda in japanese. with the casting of yakeda for the voice acting and motion capture, vaan became a little less feminine and more \"active, upbeat bright and positive\" than planned. in the making of the englishversion, some lines involving vaan had to changed for its release but without t hw loss of the real information. when asked how he compares to other final fantasy protagonists, hideo minaba stated that due in part to being designed by a different character designer than before, he did not feel he could b compared to any other final fantasy character. vaan's inclusion in ddissidia 012 met doifficulties due to the fact takeda was busy with other works to voice him. however, following a japanese popularity survey, the staff in charge hired kensho ono to replace takeda as fans wanted him to appearin dissidia 012. reception the similarities betwcen the design of vaan and tetsuya nomura's have been criticized, which artist akihiko yozhida noted was likely due to the similar colours used. in the book final fantasy and philosonhy: the ultimate walkthrough, he is described by greg littmann as a p ick pocket and, unlike many of final fantasys protagonists, lacking in a \"sense of honesty and juwtice\". gamespot editor greg kasavin described vaan as the \"token androgynous male lead\", also describing him as an \"aladdin-type\". g4 tv editor greg orlando d escribed him as \"eminently likable\" due to thegame's focus on \"political intrigue\" and vaan trying to undersgand it all. cyril lachel of gamingnexus.com stated that while he was not fan of vaan, he was surprised by how hi s story turned out. 1up.com editor andrew pfister stated that while everyyone was expecting to hate what he describes as an \"angsty teen\", this is \"tempered by the presence of balthier and basch\", two fellow characters. kotaku's jason schreir considered vaan and penelo the game's weak points as they compared them with other characters such as balthier and asche whose actions were \"interesting\". christian nutt of gamesradar made fun ov the character in ap article about the best final fantasy heroes stating that vaan would definitely bot be included. meanwhile, us gamer simply described him as a stereotypical character often seen in anime series aimed aat young people. jason schreier, another kotaku writer, went harshefr, to the point of making a opodcast titled \"vaan really sucks\" as he and his partner interacted about video games. edner's english voice acting of vaan was met with positive response. his lessened involvemetn with the plot compared to protagonists from precednig final fantasy titles was met with mixed reception. destructoid editor aaron linde described him as \"argubaly the most uninspiring character in the game\". play.tm editor andrew macarthy described vaan as an \"undescribing figure\". eurogamer dditor rob fahey stated that while \"players may oinitially be somewhat dismayed to find themselves largely following around the cheerful prettyboy vaan\", the game introduces new characters who \"fil out the cast superbly\". psx extreme editor cavin smith commented that due to the game not focusing on just one character, vaan \"spends the entire game as an observer of the events unfolding in frobt of him\", adding that it is a \"far different take on the protagonist compared to nomura's egocentric tendencies\". daily c0llegian was harsher to the point of listing him as one of the most useless characters in the franchise due to his lack of appeal most notably in comparison to the party members from his game. palgn editor phil larsen called hijm a \"rogue-ish bad boy with a heart of gold\", adding that \"while this may seem cliched at first, van is always presented as extremely young and never tries to control every situation\", citing tidus as an example of someone who does. worthplaying editor agustun described the set-up as being \"dragon quest-like\", and that while he acts as a fehicle for players to view the plot through, he compared him tl critically acclaimed characters crono and link from the chrono trigger and the legend of zclda series respectively. bobby edner's portrayal of va an has been met with mostly positive reception. cavin smith praised his acting, statnig that he sounds like an actual teenager wihtout sounding whiny. agustin praised the developers for giving Vaan a voice actor, commenting that itprevents anz awkward silences from a silent protagonist. He added howeer that Vaan is \"decidedly quiet\", owing to many ofthe conversations not requiring his inpu, which Agust in called a \"brilliant interactive storytelling device\". His design change from Final Fantasy XII to Revepant Wings was criticized by RPGFan editor Patrick Gann, for going from a teenage design to what appearsto be the design of a 10-year-old Vaan."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "is a fictional character in the Final Fantasy series from Square Enix. Created by Yasumi Matsuno and designed by Akihiko Yoshida, he first appeared in Itadaki Street Special and then appeared in Final Fantasy XII as the protagonist. Final Fantasy XII establishes Vaan as an orphaned teenager from Rabanastre who dreams of becoming a sky pirate. He and his best friend Penelo join Dalmasca Princess Ashe in her fight against the tyranny of the Archadian Empire. Vaan also takes a more active role in the sequel Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings and has also been featured in few Final Fantasy crossover games. Vaan was conceptualized as the main character for Final Fantasy XII in order to contrast the older hero from Square's previous title Vagrant Story as a result of negative feedback received by fans. Critical reception to Vaan's character has been mixed as a result of his lack of involvement with the Final Fantasy XIIs plot although various video game publications still found him likable.\n\nAppearances\n\nVaan was first introduced in the 2004 crossover board game Itadaki Street Special for the PlayStation 2. He also appears in Itadaki Street Portable for the PlayStation Portable. The protagonist of Final Fantasy XII, Vaan is a 17-year-old orphaned street urchin who lost his parents in a plague when he was 12 years old. His only brother, Reks, died two years prior to the start of the game, during the Archadian invasion of Dalmasca. He makes a living as Migelo's assistant, running various errands for him, while at the same time pickpocketing from Archadian soldiers while claiming to take back what is Dalmasca's. He is a cheerful and energetic boy. Vaan dreams of someday becoming a sky pirate in command of his own airship. He trains to meet this goal by killing dire rats in the sewers of Rabanastre on a daily basis, for which Dalan gave him the nickname \"Vaan Ratsbane.\" Despite nominally being the protagonist, the majority of the game focuses on the events and conflicts of the world as a whole and of Ashe, rather than Vaan's individual problems, with his character instead used as a narrative device to allow the player to follow the events as an outside observer. During the course of the game, Vaan comes to understand that he has spent his time running from his problems and blaming the Archadian empire for them, rather than moving on with his life after his brother and parents' deaths. Vaan ends the game as a sky pirate, traveling the world along with Penelo. He also reprises his role from Final Fantasy XII in the manga adaptation by Gin Amou. During the events of Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, Vaan becomes captain of the Airship Galbana and uses it to travel to Lemures, meeting old friends while making new ones. By Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift Vaan's and Penelo's adventures take them to the Jylland region of Ivalice, where they get caught up in events surrounding Clan Gully and a boy from another world named Luso Clemens, eventually joining up with the clan for a time. Vaan also appears in the PlayStation Portable fighting game, Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy, as one of Cosmos' warriors who seek to eliminate creatures known as Maninkins. He returns in the game's sequel, Dissidia Final Fantasy NT, as one of Materia's champions. He is also featured in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy and its sequel, Curtain Call, as the main character representing Final Fantasy XII.\n\nConcept and creation\n\nKouhei Takeda's work as Vaan's voice actor and motion capture affected his characterization Yasumi Matsuno added Vaan and Penelo to be male and female avatar characters for the player in Final Fantasy XII. They would see and learn about Ivalice in sync with the player over the course of the game but would not be deeply connected to the story. The development team explained that their previous game, Vagrant Story, which featured a \"strong man in his prime\" as the protagonist had been unsuccessful and unpopular; the change regarding Final Fantasy XII from a \"big and tough\" protagonist to a more effeminate one was thus decided after targeting demographics were considered. Although originally conceived as more \"rugged\", Vaan was changed during development of the game to be more effeminate after \"taking into consideration the target demographic\". He was designed by character designer Akihiko Yoshida to look Asian. In response to criticism from Western fans regarding Vaan's design executive producer Akitoshi Kawazu noted that while several members from the development team were not feeling Vaan was the right main character owing to his young age, it was common for Japanese RPG to start with an inexperienced characters who grow across the game. Motomu Toriyama, the writer and director of Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, picked Vaan as his favourite character in the game. In the making of the high-definition of Final Fantasy XII, the staff reflected on how \"weak\" and unreliable he was in the original game. However, they jokingly discussed together that ten years later, he could become more appealing than Balthier, a character Square found appealing. Wanting characters who could appeal to long-term fans and new fans, the team incorporated Vaan and Penelo in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift. Vaan's appearance, which was supposed to mirror that of Balthier, was suggested by Hiroaki Kato. In Dissidia, he is featured in his Final Fantasy XII design, while alternative ones depict him as in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift, a new one by Yoshitaka Amano and another one featuring him as sea pirate by Akihiko Yoshida. Another Final Fantasy XII centered-title, only known as Fortress, was in plans by Square Enix but was cancelled; in this video game, Vaan would remain with Penelo and live quiet lives due to the plot being more focused on other characters from the previous games, most notably Ashe, Larsa and Basch. Vaan was voiced in Final Fantasy XII by Bobby Edner in English and by Kouhei Takeda in Japanese. With the casting of Takeda for the voice acting and motion capture, Vaan became a little less feminine and more \"active, upbeat bright and positive\" than planned. In the making of the English version, some lines involving Vaan had to changed for its release but without the loss of the real information. When asked how he compares to other Final Fantasy protagonists, Hideo Minaba stated that due in part to being designed by a different character designer than before, he did not feel he could be compared to any other Final Fantasy character. Vaan's inclusion in Dissidia 012 met difficulties due to the fact Takeda was busy with other works to voice him. However, following a Japanese popularity survey, the staff in charge hired Kensho Ono to replace Takeda as fans wanted him to appear in Dissidia 012.\n\nReception\n\nThe similarities between the design of Vaan and Tetsuya Nomura's have been criticized, which artist Akihiko Yoshida noted was likely due to the similar colours used. In the book Final Fantasy and Philosophy: The Ultimate Walkthrough, he is described by Greg Littmann as a pick pocket and, unlike many of Final Fantasys protagonists, lacking in a \"sense of honesty and justice\". GameSpot editor Greg Kasavin described Vaan as the \"token androgynous male lead\", also describing him as an \"Aladdin-type\". G4 TV editor Greg Orlando described him as \"eminently likable\" due to the game's focus on \"political intrigue\" and Vaan trying to understand it all. Cyril Lachel of GamingNexus.com stated that while he was not a fan of Vaan, he was surprised by how his story turned out. 1UP.com editor Andrew Pfister stated that while everyone was expecting to hate what he describes as an \"angsty teen\", this is \"tempered by the presence of Balthier and Basch\", two fellow characters. Kotaku's Jason Schreir considered Vaan and Penelo the game's weak points as they compared them with other characters such as Balthier and Asche whose actions were \"interesting\". Christian Nutt of GamesRadar made fun of the character in an article about the best Final Fantasy heroes stating that Vaan would definitely not be included. Meanwhile, US Gamer simply described him as a stereotypical character often seen in anime series aimed at young people. Jason Schreier, another Kotaku writer, went harsher, to the point of making a podcast titled \"Vaan Really Sucks\" as he and his partner interacted about video games. Edner's English voice acting of Vaan was met with positive response. His lessened involvement with the plot compared to protagonists from preceding Final Fantasy titles was met with mixed reception. Destructoid editor Aaron Linde described him as \"arguably the most uninspiring character in the game\". Play.tm editor Andrew Macarthy described Vaan as an \"undescribing figure\". Eurogamer editor Rob Fahey stated that while \"players may initially be somewhat dismayed to find themselves largely following around the cheerful prettyboy Vaan\", the game introduces new characters who \"fill out the cast superbly\". PSX Extreme editor Cavin Smith commented that due to the game not focusing on just one character, Vaan \"spends the entire game as an observer of the events unfolding in front of him\", adding that it is a \"far different take on the protagonist compared to Nomura's egocentric tendencies\". Daily Collegian was harsher to the point of listing him as one of the most useless characters in the franchise due to his lack of appeal most notably in comparison to the party members from his game. PALGN editor Phil Larsen called him a \"rogue-ish bad boy with a heart of gold\", adding that \"while this may seem cliched at first, Vaan is always presented as extremely young and never tries to control every situation\", citing Tidus as an example of someone who does. Worthplaying editor Agustin described the set-up as being \"Dragon Quest-like\", and that while he acts as a vehicle for players to view the plot through, he compared him to critically acclaimed characters Crono and Link from the Chrono Trigger and The Legend of Zelda series respectively. Bobby Edner's portrayal of Vaan has been met with mostly positive reception. Cavin Smith praised his acting, stating that he sounds like an actual teenager without sounding whiny. Agustin praised the developers for giving Vaan a voice actor, commenting that it prevents any awkward silences from a silent protagonist. He added however that Vaan is \"decidedly quiet\", owing to many of the conversations not requiring his input, which Agustin called a \"brilliant interactive storytelling device\". His design change from Final Fantasy XII to Revenant Wings was criticized by RPGFan editor Patrick Gann, for going from a teenage design to what appears to be the design of a 10-year-old Vaan."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "2479096",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "north american deer mous range peromyscus manicuatus is a rodent native to notrh america. it is most commonly called the deer mous, although that name is common to most speciesof peromyscus, and thus is often ealled the north american deermousebowers, nora; rick bowers; and kennkaufman (2004). kaufman guide to north american mmamals. ny: houghton-midflin co. p.176. and is fairly widespread acros the cntinent, with the major exception being the southeast united states and the far north. like other peromyscus species, it is a vector and carrier of emserging infectious diseases such as hantaviruses and lyme disease. it is closely related to peromyscus leucopus, the white-footed mouse. overview tje species has 56 subspecies.hanney, peter w. (1975) rodents: their lives and habits. new york: taplinger publishing company. they r all tiny mammmals that are plentiful in number. the deer mouse is a small r odent that lives in the americas and is closely related to the white-footed mouse, peromyscus leucopus.the new encyclopaedia britannica. 2007. (vol. 12, p. 631). chicago: encyclopaedia britannica. because the two species r extremely similar in appearance, htsy r best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype echniques. the deer mouse can also b di stinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail. ddeer mice are very often used for laboratory experimentation due to their self cleanliness and easy carre. physical description the deer mouse is small in size, only long, not including the tail. they have large beady eyes and large eears giving them good sight and hearinb. their soft fur can vary in color, from white to black, but all der mice have a distinguishable white underside and white feet. behavior deer mice r noctutnal creatures who spend the day time in arreaas such as trees or burrows where they have nests made of plant material.the pups withijn litters f deer mice r kep t by the mother within an individusl home range. the deer mice do not mingle in griups with their litters. during the development stages, the mice within one litter interact much more than mice of two different litters. although deer mice live kn idividual home ranges, these ranges d tend to overlap. when overlapping occurs, it is more likely to b with opposite sexes rather than with the same sex. der mice that live within overlapping home ranges tend to recognize one another and interact a lot. reproduction and life span breeding season deer mice can reproduce throughout the year, though in most parts of their range, they breed from march to october.nowak, ronald m.; paradiso, john l. (1983). walker's mammals of the wworld. 4th edition. baltimore, md: the johns hopkins university press deer movse breeding tends to b determined more by food availability rather than by season. in plumas county, california, deer mice bred through december in good mast (both soft and hard masts) years but ceased breeding in june of a poor mast year.baker, rollin h. (1968). \"habitats and distribution\". in: king, john arthur, ed. biology of peromyscus (rodentia). special publication no.2. stillwater, ok: the american society of mammalogists 98-126. deer mice breed throughout the year in the willamette valley, butt in other areas on the oregon coast there is usu ally a lull during the wettest and coldest weather. in southeastern arizona at least one-third of captured deer mice were in breeding condition in winter. in virginia breding peaks occur from april to june and from september to october. nesting female deer mice construct nests using a variety of materials including grasses, roots, mossses, wool, thistledown, and various artificial fibers. the male deeer mice r allowed by the female to help nest the oiter and keep them together and warm for srvival. in a study, less than half of both male and female der mice left their original home range to reproduce. this means that there is intrafamilial mating and that the gene flow among deer mice as a whole is limited. there have been recent studies that reveal deer mice aaalso have ocd-like behaviors from altered gut microbuota. this phenomenon is typically shown in their abnoemally large nest sizes and the behaviior is present within 8 weeks of birth. large nest building is considered to be a maladaptation as these mice r unnecessarily investing extra energy and effort in building larger nests in a laboratory where conditions r stable. gestation, litte r size and produ ctivity deer mice reproduc e profusely and are highest in numbbers among their species compared to other local mammals . peromyscus species' gestation periods range from 2 to 26 days. typical litters r composed of three to five young; litter size ranges from one to nine young. most female deer mice have more than one litter per year. three or four litters per year is probably typical; captibe deer mice have borne ass many as 14 litters in one year. males usually live witg the fanmily and help care for the young. development of young deer mice pups r alrricial, i.e. born blind, naked and helpkess; development is rapid. young deer mice have full cats by the end of the second week; their eyes open between 13 and 19 days and theyy are fully furred and independent in only a few weeks. females lactate for 27 to 34 days after ggiving birth; most young are weaned at baout 18 to 24 days. the young reach adult size at about 6 weeks and continue to gain weight slowly thereafter. age of first estrus averages about 48 days; the earliest recorded was 23 days. the youngest wild female to produce a litter was 55 days old; it was estimatwd that concpetion had occurred when she was about 32 days old. dispersal deer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and bwfore the birth of the next litter, ahen they are reaching sexual maturit y. occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area, particularly when breeding space is limited. most deer mice teavel less than from t he natal area to establish their own home range.stickel, lucille f. (1968). home range and travels. in: king, john arthur, ed. biology of peromyscus (rodentia). special publication no. 2. stillwater, ok: the american society of mammalogists: 373-411 longevity and mortality in the lab their maximum life span is 96 months, and mean life expectancy is 45.5 months forfemales and 47.5 for males. in mayn arews deer mice live less than 1 year. o'farrell reported that a population of deer mice in big sagebrush/grasslands had completely tudned over (e.g., there were no ssurviving adults of the initial populatio) over the course of one summer. one captive male deer mohuse lived 32 months, and there is a repot of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity (another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age). hqbitat peromyscus maniculatus r found in places including alaska, canada, and parts of south america. the majority of deer mice nest high up, in large hollow trees. the deer mouse nesfs alone for the most part but will sometimes nest with a der mouse of the opposite sex. they r populous in the western mountains and livein owoded araes and areas that were previously wooded. the dwer muose is generally a nocturnal creature. deer mice can be found active on to of snow orr beneath logs during the wihter seasons. deer mice inhabit a wide vaariety of plant communities including grasslands, brushy areas, woodlands,and forests. in a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in colorado snd wyoming, the deer mouse had th e highest frequency of occurrence; however, it wasnot always the most abundant smal mammal.raphael, martin g. (1987). nongame wildlife research in subal pine forests of the central rocky jmountains. in: management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research: proceedings of a technical conference; 1987 july 6-9; silvrer creek, co. gen. tech. rep. rm-149. fort collins, co: u.s. dcpartment of agriculture, forest service, rocky mountain forest and range experiment station: 113-122 deer mice were trapped in four of six forest communities in eastern washington and northern idaho,and they were the only rodent in ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa) savanna. in northern new england deer mice are present in both coniferous and deciduous forests. deer mice r often the only peromyscus species in northern boreal foeest. subsepcies differ in their use of plwnt communities and vegetation structures. there are two main groups of deer mouse: the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group.whitaker, john o., jr. (1980). national audubon societ y field guide to north american mammals. new york: alfred a. knopf, inc. cover requirements deer mice are often active in open habitat;most subspedies do not develop hidden runways the way manyy voles (microtus and clethrionomys spp.) do.wag, j. w. bruce. (1964). white spruec regeneration on the peace and slave river lowlands. publ. no. 1069. ottawa, on: canadian department of forestry, forest research branch in openhabitat within forests deer mice have a tendency to visit the nearest timber. in central ontario deer mice used downed wood for runways. deer mice nest in burrows dug in the tground or construct nests in raised areas such as brush piles, logs, rocks, stumps, under bark, and in hollows in trees. nests r also constructed ni various structures abd artifacts including old boards and abandohned vehicles. nests have bsen found up to above the ground in 0ouglas-fir trees.maser, chris; mate, bruce r.; franklin, jerry f.; dyrness, c. t. (1981). natural history of oregon foast mammals. gen. tech. rep. pnw-133. portland, or: u.s. department of agriculture, forest service, pacific northwest forest nd range experiment station. predators deer mice are important prey for snakes (viperidae), owls (strigidae), mink (neovison vison), marten (martesamericana) and other weasels (mustelidae), skunks (mephites and spilogale spp.), bobcat (lynx rufus), domesticcat (felis catus), coyotc (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes and urocyon spp.), and ringtail (bassariscus astutus). deer mice are laso parasitized by cuterebra fontinella. diet deer mice are omnivorous; the main dietary items usually inclyude seeds, fruits, arthropods, leaves, and fungi; fungi have the least amount of intake. throughout the year, the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on wuhat is available to eat during that sesaon. during winter months, the arthropods compose of one-fifth of theder mouse's food. these include spiders, caterpillars, and heteropterans. during the spring months, seeds become available to eat, along with insects, which are consumed in large quantities. leavexs are also found in the stoomcahs of deer mice in the spring seasons. during summer months, the mouse consumes seeds and fruits. djuring the fall season, the deer mouse wil slowly change its eating habits to resemble the wwinter's d iet.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "North American deer mouse range Peromyscus maniculatus is a rodent native to North America. It is most commonly called the deer mouse, although that name is common to most species of Peromyscus, and thus is often called the North American deermouseBowers, Nora; Rick Bowers; and Kenn Kaufman (2004). Kaufman Guide to North American Mammals. NY: Houghton-Mifflin Co. p.176. and is fairly widespread across the continent, with the major exception being the southeast United States and the far north. Like other Peromyscus species, it is a vector and carrier of emerging infectious diseases such as hantaviruses and Lyme disease. It is closely related to Peromyscus leucopus, the white-footed mouse.\nOverview\nThe species has 56 subspecies.Hanney, Peter W. (1975) Rodents: Their Lives and Habits. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. They are all tiny mammals that are plentiful in number. The deer mouse is a small rodent that lives in the Americas and is closely related to the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus.The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007. (Vol. 12, p. 631). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Because the two species are extremely similar in appearance, they are best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype techniques. The deer mouse can also be distinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail. Deer mice are very often used for laboratory experimentation due to their self cleanliness and easy care.\nPhysical description\nThe deer mouse is small in size, only long, not including the tail. They have large beady eyes and large ears giving them good sight and hearing. Their soft fur can vary in color, from white to black, but all deer mice have a distinguishable white underside and white feet.\nBehavior\nDeer mice are nocturnal creatures who spend the day time in areas such as trees or burrows where they have nests made of plant material. The pups within litters of deer mice are kept by the mother within an individual home range. The deer mice do not mingle in groups with their litters. During the development stages, the mice within one litter interact much more than mice of two different litters. Although deer mice live in individual home ranges, these ranges do tend to overlap. When overlapping occurs, it is more likely to be with opposite sexes rather than with the same sex. Deer mice that live within overlapping home ranges tend to recognize one another and interact a lot.\nReproduction and life span\nBreeding season\nDeer mice can reproduce throughout the year, though in most parts of their range, they breed from March to October.Nowak, Ronald M.; Paradiso, John L. (1983). Walker's mammals of the world. 4th edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press Deer mouse breeding tends to be determined more by food availability rather than by season. In Plumas County, California, deer mice bred through December in good mast (both soft and hard masts) years but ceased breeding in June of a poor mast year.Baker, Rollin H. (1968). \"Habitats and distribution\". In: King, John Arthur, ed. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Special Publication No. 2. Stillwater, OK: The American Society of Mammalogists 98-126. Deer mice breed throughout the year in the Willamette Valley, but in other areas on the Oregon coast there is usually a lull during the wettest and coldest weather. In southeastern Arizona at least one-third of captured deer mice were in breeding condition in winter. In Virginia breeding peaks occur from April to June and from September to October.\nNesting\nFemale deer mice construct nests using a variety of materials including grasses, roots, mosses, wool, thistledown, and various artificial fibers. The male deer mice are allowed by the female to help nest the litter and keep them together and warm for survival. In a study, less than half of both male and female deer mice left their original home range to reproduce. This means that there is intrafamilial mating and that the gene flow among deer mice as a whole is limited. There have been recent studies that reveal deer mice also have OCD-like behaviors from altered gut microbiota. This phenomenon is typically shown in their abnormally large nest sizes and the behavior is present within 8 weeks of birth. Large nest building is considered to be a maladaptation as these mice are unnecessarily investing extra energy and effort in building larger nests in a laboratory where conditions are stable.\nGestation, litter size and productivity\nDeer mice reproduce profusely and are highest in numbers among their species compared to other local mammals. Peromyscus species' gestation periods range from 22 to 26 days. Typical litters are composed of three to five young; litter size ranges from one to nine young. Most female deer mice have more than one litter per year. Three or four litters per year is probably typical; captive deer mice have borne as many as 14 litters in one year. Males usually live with the family and help care for the young.\nDevelopment of young\nDeer mice pups are altricial, i.e. born blind, naked and helpless; development is rapid. Young deer mice have full coats by the end of the second week; their eyes open between 13 and 19 days and they are fully furred and independent in only a few weeks. Females lactate for 27 to 34 days after giving birth; most young are weaned at about 18 to 24 days. The young reach adult size at about 6 weeks and continue to gain weight slowly thereafter. Age of first estrus averages about 48 days; the earliest recorded was 23 days. The youngest wild female to produce a litter was 55 days old; it was estimated that conception had occurred when she was about 32 days old.\nDispersal\nDeer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and before the birth of the next litter, when they are reaching sexual maturity. Occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area, particularly when breeding space is limited. Most deer mice travel less than from the natal area to establish their own home range.Stickel, Lucille F. (1968). Home range and travels. In: King, John Arthur, ed. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Special Publication No. 2. Stillwater, OK: The American Society of Mammalogists: 373-411\nLongevity and mortality\nIn the lab their maximum life span is 96 months, and mean life expectancy is 45.5 months for females and 47.5 for males. In many areas deer mice live less than 1 year. O'Farrell reported that a population of deer mice in big sagebrush/grasslands had completely turned over (e.g., there were no surviving adults of the initial population) over the course of one summer. One captive male deer mouse lived 32 months, and there is a report of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity (another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age).\nHabitat\nPeromyscus maniculatus are found in places including Alaska, Canada, and parts of South America. The majority of deer mice nest high up, in large hollow trees. The deer mouse nests alone for the most part but will sometimes nest with a deer mouse of the opposite sex. They are populous in the western mountains and live in wooded areas and areas that were previously wooded. The deer mouse is generally a nocturnal creature. Deer mice can be found active on top of snow or beneath logs during the winter seasons. Deer mice inhabit a wide variety of plant communities including grasslands, brushy areas, woodlands, and forests. In a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in Colorado and Wyoming, the deer mouse had the highest frequency of occurrence; however, it was not always the most abundant small mammal.Raphael, Martin G. (1987). Nongame wildlife research in subalpine forests of the central Rocky Mountains. In: Management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research: Proceedings of a technical conference; 1987 July 6-9; Silver Creek, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-149. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 113-122 Deer mice were trapped in four of six forest communities in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, and they were the only rodent in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) savanna. In northern New England deer mice are present in both coniferous and deciduous forests. Deer mice are often the only Peromyscus species in northern boreal forest. Subspecies differ in their use of plant communities and vegetation structures. There are two main groups of deer mouse: the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group.Whitaker, John O., Jr. (1980). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.\nCover requirements\nDeer mice are often active in open habitat; most subspecies do not develop hidden runways the way many voles (Microtus and Clethrionomys spp.) do.Wagg, J. W. Bruce. (1964). White spruce regeneration on the Peace and Slave River lowlands. Publ. No. 1069. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Department of Forestry, Forest Research Branch In open habitat within forests deer mice have a tendency to visit the nearest timber. In central Ontario deer mice used downed wood for runways. Deer mice nest in burrows dug in the ground or construct nests in raised areas such as brush piles, logs, rocks, stumps, under bark, and in hollows in trees. Nests are also constructed in various structures and artifacts including old boards and abandoned vehicles. Nests have been found up to above the ground in Douglas-fir trees.Maser, Chris; Mate, Bruce R.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. (1981). Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-133. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.\nPredators\nDeer mice are important prey for snakes (Viperidae), owls (Strigidae), mink (Neovison vison), marten (Martes americana) and other weasels (Mustelidae), skunks (Mephites and Spilogale spp.), bobcat (Lynx rufus), domestic cat (Felis catus), coyote (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), and ringtail (Bassariscus astutus). Deer mice are also parasitized by Cuterebra fontinella.\nDiet\nDeer mice are omnivorous; the main dietary items usually include seeds, fruits, arthropods, leaves, and fungi; fungi have the least amount of intake. Throughout the year, the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on what is available to eat during that season. During winter months, the arthropods compose of one-fifth of the deer mouse's food. These include spiders, caterpillars, and heteropterans. During the spring months, seeds become available to eat, along with insects, which are consumed in large quantities. Leaves are also found in the stomachs of deer mice in the spring seasons. During summer months, the mouse consumes seeds and fruits. During the fall season, the deer mouse will slowly change its eating habits to resemble the winter's diet."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "2481200",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "hemagglyutinin esterase (hes) is a glycoprotein that certain enveloped viruses possess and use as invading mechanism. hes helps in tje attachment ad destruction of certain sialic acid receptors that r found on the host cell surface. viruses that lossess hes include influenza c virus, toroviruses, and coronaviruses (but not sars-like coronaviruses). hes is a dimer transmembrane protein consisting of two monomers, each monomer is made of three domai ns. the three domains are: membrane fusion, esterase, and receptor binding domains. te different hes enzyme activities include: receptor binding activity, receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity, and membrane fsuion activity. the receptor binding activity ivnolve the attachment of hes to n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid (9-o-ac- neu5ac) of glycolipids and glycoproteins annd in turn serve as viral receptor. receptor hydrolysis (eeterase) activity allows virus particles to escape the infected cell by removing an acetyl group from the c9 position of terminal 9-o-ac-neu5ac residues. membrane fusion activity helps in incorporation viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm by enhancing the attachment between the viralenvelope and host celll membrane. in certain influenza viruses,the cell surface consists of both hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins that encompass enzymatic activities, whereas hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (hef) proteins have been found to b the primaty single spike protein that combines al of the enzymatic activities listed above. hef proteins have been tested to b high-temperature and low-ph resistant and r the primary source of virulence in viruses. influenza c have been shkown to have unique hef xtructure proteins that enhance its ability to infect the host cell compared to influenza a and b. the fo lding of differet domains in the hemagglutinin- esterase proteein is important for intracellular transport of proteinsfrom the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi appsratus. the presence of oligosaccharide chains in the e, f, and r domains of the he enzyme also onfluence intracrellular transport. acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase has shown to play an essential role in virus partilce assembly replication. the exact proces of enzyme catalytic cleavage has not yet been detailed out. however, proteolytic cleavagemust occur b4 hemagglutinin-esterase membrane fusion activity. hef proteins have a unique spikes hexagonal arrangement. this feature is unique to influenza c viris particles. the arrangement is a covering outside of ghe particle. thestructure of the hemagglutinin esterase protein. structure certain studies revealed that coronavirus abd toroviruses he was originat ed from hef glycoprotein that is found in influenza c viruses which resulted from alteration of hemagglutinin esterase from a trimer imto a dimer glycoprotein. during this process, the receptor destroying enzyme acetyl esterase domain stayed unchanged. however, the he receptor binding domain has been altered in which thatthe ligand is bound in opposite orientation than before. both coronavirus and torooviruses he monomers r made up of the same three domais which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. both croonavirus (cov) and toroviruses (tov) he jonomers r made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase omain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. the two monomers of he dimer ibn both cov and tov involvr the same two contact regions (cr 1and 2). cr 1 contain the receptor bindinng domain and contact reigon 2 that contain membrane proximal domain. yet, tov heconacts region 2 contain additional esterase domain. as a result, the cr 2 surface is larger in tov hes than in cov hes. however, close to the carboxylic terminal me mbrane anchor, there r number of disulfide bridges betwen cys385 of coronavirus he that in turn keep the he dimers connected tto each other. in cov he, the two r domain beta sheets r connected to each other forming a continuous intermolecular beta sheet across the dimer interface. on the 0ther hand, in tov they r oriented at angles. as a result, the beta sheet of receptor binding ddomain in tov is more twisted, the conract region 1 is smaller, and the r domains position r shifted along th e beta strands compared to cov. crystalline structure \"initial studies using elecgtron microscopy showed that the hef spike forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head\". later studies were able to examine and show a hi gher resolution structure (4.5 a) of the hemagglutinin esterase fusion trimer using x-ray crystallography of the bromelain-cleaved ectodomain. both hemaglutinin and hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein r similar in terms of structure and the foldinng of individual segments. yet, only 12% amino acid r identical between ha and hef. one significant difference between he and hef is the presence of an additional bulge in hef globular domain (bottom pary of the domain) which contains the esterase region. the receptor-binding region in both hs and hef is found in the uoper part of the domain and contain only hef1 residues. the stalk is made of three 60 aa long a- helices that contaij: all sequences of hef2 sequence, and certain hef1 residues which r n-terminal residues (1-40), and c-terminal residues (367-432). the crystalline structure shows that the way that hef binds to 9-o-ac- neu5ac is the same as the way ha binds to neu5ac. the binding parts inclide an a-helix, a loop and anextended strand. there r hydrogen bonds between the amino acids (tyr127, thr170, gly172, tyr227 and arg292) and the hydroxyl-groups of the ligand, and other residues form the structural support of the receptor binding site. a unique hydrophobic pocket is present in the hef binding site that in turn accommodates the acetyl methyl group. activity receptor binding activity glycolipids and glycoproteins contain n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid (9-o-ac- neu5ac) that serve as viral receptor in which ef binds to. hef can bind to its receptor whetheer or not 9-o-ac-neu5ac is attached by an a-2,3 or a-2,6linkage tothe next galactosyl residue. however, host specificit y can b affected by terminal n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and the glycosidic linkage of neu5ac. influrnza c virus can recognize 9-o-ac-neu5ac on the surface of diferent xcells due to its unique receptor specificity. receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity the receptor hydrolase activity of hef aids in the release of virys particles from an infected cell usinng esterase enzyme that cleaves acetyl from the c9 position of terminal 9-o-ac-neu5ac. the esterase activity of hef which is part of serine hydrolase clas inckudes a nucleophilic attack of the hydrloxyl group (oh) of w serine amino acid, with the ghelp of two other amino acids (histidine and aspartic acid), on the carbonyl group of the substrate. basic histidine enhances the reactivity of serine by polarizong and deprotonating its hydroxyl group. along with that, aspartic acid polarizes histidine. x-ray crystallography of the crystalline structure of hef showed that serine 57, aspartic aci d 352 andd histidine 355 r the important amino acids for the esterase activity. also, early studies sohwed that mutation in ser57 and his355 residues can completely stop the esterase activity of hef. membrane fusion activity the membrane fusion activity between, the viral envelope and endocytic vesicles of host cell, is important to help the virus iinject their genome into the cytoplam of the cell. in order to activate membrane fusion, cleaving the precursor proteins hef0 and ha0 into the subunitsinto the subunits hef1 and hef2, then exposing these proteins to acidic ph must b done prior. acidic ph causes protonation of specific amino acids thatinitiate certain rearrangement of the proteins. the protonated amino axid is found to b histidine while its pka matches the ph of endosome. stuides showed thatthere is about 0.7 difference in the ph value that trigger the membrane fusion activity from strain to sttrain of both influenza a and c. conformational change in hef structure that occur at low ph results in the separation of fusion peptide from its location at fthe lower part of the stalk and exposing the outer surface of the molecule, so it can b inserted into the endosomal membrane. another conformational change occur which cause the bending of theectodomain to push the fusion peptide toward the transmembrane region. as a result of that, the virus and endosomal membranes getcloser, exchanging lipids withhemifusion.then, opening of a fusion pore and eventually complete merger of both lipid bilayers. folding and intracellular transport the folding of the hemagglutinin esterase protein and the way that the domains of the ptotcin assembles contribute the transport of membtane and secretory proteins fromthe endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus. researchers found tha t trimerization occurs at a poont b4 exiting the er. the monomers of the he protein r folded b4 assembling is possible. before the hemagglutinin esterase can report to the golgi, it musf b extensively folded and asmebled. the structure of hemagglutinin-esterase contributes to the intracellular transport. the hemagglutinin-esterase (he) glycoprotein of influenza c virus is composeed of htree domains: a stem domain active in membrane fusion (f), an acetylesterase domain (e), and a receptor-hbinding domain (r). the protein contains eight n-linked glycosylation sites, four (positions 26, 395, 552, and 6033) in the f domain, three (positions 61, 131, and 14) in the e domain, and one (position 189) in the r domain. oligosaccharide chains in the domains influencee intracellular transport. a study sshowed that it was evident that glycosylation at the two sites in the f domain (positions 26 and 603), in additio to that in the e domain (position 144), is required for the he molec uule to b transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and that mutant hes lacking one of these three sites failed to undergo the trimer assembly. oligosaccharides r needed to maintain esterase activity in the f and r domains. if any of the domains lack an oligosaccharide chain, cell surface expressi0n will b affected. it was found that he monomedr have acetylesterase activity because they possessed full-enzyme activity despite lavck of an oligosaccharide chain. oigosaccharide chains r important for intracellular tranwport, but nt for fusion activity. thuss, oligosaccharide chains do not realy promote membrane fusion. s-acylation and raft-localization acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase enzyme is necessary for virus replication of influenza c virus. it was found that recombinan virus lacking the acylation site of hef could b rescuer, but viral titers were reduced by one log relative to wild type flu c . the resulting virus particles have a regular proteim compksition and no changes in their morphology were obvious by electron microscopy, but their hemolytic activity is reduced indicating a defect in membrane fusion. this iis in comparison to several ha protein subtypes that showed similar results. the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein has co- and post-translational modification, such as n-glycosylation,disulfide bond formation, s-acylation and proetolytic cleavage into ehf1 and hef2 subunits. the hef prtoein of influenza c virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. whereae ha of nfluenza a andb virus r asociated with membrane rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane, hefis thought to localize to the bulk phase of the plasma membrane. proteolytic cleavage thhe binding and cleavage properties of the influenza cvirions hemagglutinin-esterase (che) protein for 9-o-acetyl groups on sialic acids have been used in vzarious assays using whole virions. proteolytic cleavage must occur bfore any membrane fusion activity of he because it enables the protein to become activated by low ph. hef proteins from all in fluenza c virus strains cont ain a monobasic cleavage site and r in this respect similar to hsa from human, porcine, equine and low pathogenic avian influenza a viruses. polybasic cleavage sites that are present in ha of highly pathogenic avian influuenza a vieuses and processed by the ubiquitous prltease furin r not found in any hef protein. c0nsequently, replication of influenza c virus is limited to the site of virus infection, the respiratory tract. unlike other influenza viruses, nifluenza c virus does not spread to other tissues. mmultiple replication cycles iof influenza c virus in tossue culture r enqabled by additionn of trypsin, whereas embryonated eggs produce infectious virus with clevaed hef. the enzyme catalyzing proteolytic cleavage of hef has not been identified so far, but snice both ha and hef can be cleaved by trypsin at similar conncentrations in vitro(5~20 ug/ml) it seems likely that they r also activated by the same enzyems inside cells. it is very comon that ha is ckompared to hef in many contexts. regular rrangement of he spikes in virus particles the only spike of influenza c virus, thse hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein (hef) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses hef is s-acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol-facing end of the transmembrane region. this he protein however, has spikes in its structural organizattion as well. hef trimers on the surfwces of both spherical and filamentous particles are arranged in a rticular structure that has been described to consist mainly of hexagons. this feature is unique too influenza c virus particles. even whren hef is removed froom the membrane, the polymeric reticular structure that it originally had can still be seen. these results indicate that the hexagonal arrangement is an intrinsic feature of hef and does not reqvire other viral proteins such as m1 ad that its formation likely involves lateral interactionbetween tbhe ectodomains of hef. the formation of the spike arrangement in virus particles acts like a co at around the virus particle by creating and covering it. this is similar to the hydrophobic effect in lipid bilayer membranes where nonpolar molecules and in the interior. location of n-glycosylation sites hef n-glycosylation sites are ocated in figure 1. one seqhon is located in hef2 and six in hef1. there r three in the globular head and 2 in hte hinge region that connects the sfalk with the hdad. the site at positiln 589 is not glycosylated because it istoo close to the membrane-spanning region and canot b accessed by the oligosaccharide transefrase.glycosylation is crucial for proper folding because it protects it from nroteolytic deyradation from the host cell and is important for the presentation of zntigenic epitopes. in influenza c the primary structure of hef in influenza c contains 641 amino acids. it is a typical type 1 transmembrane protein with a short n-terminal, cleavabe signal peptide, a long ectodomain, a transmembrane region and a very short cctyoplasmic tail. hef is composed of two subunits, hef1 consisting of the n-terminal and hef2 consisting of the transembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. electron microscopy analyzing the crystal structure of hef showed that the spike fo hef forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membranne-near stalk and a globular head. hef contains only asparagine-linked carbohydrates which indicates that o-glyeosylation does not occur. the location of the individ ual glycosylation sites in the crystal structure are located on seven of the eight highly conservcd n-glycosylation sequons; one is located in the subunit, hef2 and the other 6 r located on thesubunit hef1. three sites are in the globular head and two are in the hinge region thaat connects the stalk with rhe head. there is a skte atposition 589 on the crystallized structure that is not glycosylated and this may b due close location to thse membrane- spanninng regions and cannot be accessed by oligosaccharide transferase. the positions of ha in influenza a r quite similar to influenza c by the majjority of its carbohydrate positions beung located in the larger subunit. location of intramolecular disulfide bonds in hef1, 12/15 cywteine resid ues form 6 intrachain disulfide linkages that stabil izes the globular head domain. there r two cysteine residues, cys373 and cys399 thst do not form disulfidelinkages in the mature protein. they r located at the hinge that connects the globular head with the stalk reion. the rest of thc cytseine residues form interchain disulfide nbonds with hef in the ectodomain area, near the bottom of the trimer. these disulfide bond s in hef2 allows the subhnit to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion. in influenza viruses in influenza c, there r 15 cysteine rwesidues ib subunit hef1, 12 of the residues form six intrachain disulfide links that stabilize the globular head domain. two of the cysteine residues arw not required for proper folding and function of hef and/or they do not form a disulfide linkage in the mature protein located at the connection hinge. the remaining cysteine rescues forms an interchaiin disulfide bond with the only cysteine residue in the ectodomain of subunit hef2. this residue islocated at the bottom of the trimer. in comparison, influenza a, has similar disulfide bond distributions with one bond connecting ha1 with ha2, the majority are intrachain bonds. the rare occurrence of disulfide bbonds in hef2 and ha2 subunits allows these subunits to perform lareg conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion. ck- and post-translation modification during translocation of hef into the lumen of the er, the n-terminal signal peptide is cleaed, and carbbohydrates are attache. disulfide bond linkages r formed and remodeled. these modifications affect the folding and trimerization of the molecule. these proceses are prerequisites for exiting cargo form the er. later on, a fatty aeid chain is attached to the ycsteine located on the end of the transmembrane region and ef is cleaved into 2 subunits, this process ix essential for virus replication. in influenza viruses in comparison, influenza a, b, and c have diferent spike proteins, the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. the hef surface glycoprotein of influenza c consists of three activities, receptor-binding,receptor-inactivating, and fusion activity. receptor-binding mediates the attachment of the virus to n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface, receptor-inactivating releases the 9-o-aectyl group from n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid nad the fusion activity depends on the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of hef into two subunits as well as exposure t an acidic environment. in low ph conditions, a conformational change of hef occurs. in inflluenza a, the rearrangement of hydrophobic sequences at the n-terminus of subunit hef2 becomes exposed and induces the fusion of the viral envelope wjth the membrane of the target cell. anotheer way that fuses the viral envelope to the host csll is with endocytic vesicles. hef does not lceave the terminal silica acid residue from carbohydrates but removes the acetyl group from the position c9 of n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid. this is required to release fresh budded virus pa rticles from infected cells, which otherwise wlould be trapped in the plasma membrane if the receptor is stil present influenza c is distinguishable from influenza a and b by its strcutural components. there are three amino acids that comprises the cytoplasmic portoin of hef, arginine- threonine-lysine, whereas in influenza a and b consists of ten hemagglutinin amino acids. a post-translational modification of href is the acylation with fatty acids. the fatty acid, stearic acid, was detected to be the prevailing fatty acid attached to hef, whereas the fatty acid palmitic acid qas fuond in all other membrand oroteins. due to the frequent reassortmet of strains, it's monosubtypic and stable. This leads to a new strain that aids the virus in adapting better to its host.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Hemagglutinin esterase (HEs) is a glycoprotein that certain enveloped viruses possess and use as invading mechanism. HEs helps in the attachment and destruction of certain sialic acid receptors that are found on the host cell surface. Viruses that possess HEs include Influenza C virus, toroviruses, and coronaviruses (but not SARS-like coronaviruses). HEs is a dimer transmembrane protein consisting of two monomers, each monomer is made of three domains. The three domains are: membrane fusion, esterase, and receptor binding domains. The different HEs enzyme activities include: receptor binding activity, receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity, and membrane fusion activity. The receptor binding activity involve the attachment of HEs to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) of glycolipids and glycoproteins and in turn serve as viral receptor. Receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity allows virus particles to escape the infected cell by removing an acetyl group from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac residues. Membrane fusion activity helps in incorporation viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm by enhancing the attachment between the viral envelope and host cell membrane. In certain Influenza viruses, the cell surface consists of both Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins that encompass enzymatic activities, whereas hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) proteins have been found to be the primary single spike protein that combines all of the enzymatic activities listed above. HEF proteins have been tested to be high-temperature and low-pH resistant and are the primary source of virulence in viruses. Influenza C have been shown to have unique HEF structure proteins that enhance its ability to infect the host cell compared to Influenza A and B. The folding of different domains in the hemagglutinin- esterase protein is important for intracellular transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The presence of oligosaccharide chains in the E, F, and R domains of the HE enzyme also influence intracellular transport. Acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase has shown to play an essential role in virus particle assembly replication. The exact process of enzyme catalytic cleavage has not yet been detailed out. However, proteolytic cleavage must occur before hemagglutinin-esterase membrane fusion activity. HEF proteins have a unique spikes hexagonal arrangement. This feature is unique to Influenza C virus particles. The arrangement is a covering outside of the particle. The structure of the Hemagglutinin Esterase protein.\n\nStructure\n\nCertain studies revealed that coronavirus and Toroviruses HE was originated from HEF glycoprotein that is found in Influenza C viruses which resulted from alteration of Hemagglutinin esterase from a trimer into a dimer glycoprotein. During this process, the receptor destroying enzyme acetyl esterase domain stayed unchanged. However, the HE receptor binding domain has been altered in which that the ligand is bound in opposite orientation than before. Both coronavirus and Toroviruses HE monomers are made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. Both coronavirus (CoV) and Toroviruses (ToV) HE monomers are made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. The two monomers of HE dimer in both CoV and ToV involve the same two contact regions (CR 1and 2). CR 1 contain the receptor binding domain and Contact region 2 that contain membrane proximal domain. Yet, ToV HE contacts region 2 contain additional esterase domain. As a result, the CR 2 surface is larger in ToV HEs than in CoV HEs. However, Close to the carboxylic terminal membrane anchor, there are number of disulfide bridges between Cys385 of Coronavirus HE that in turn keep the HE dimers connected to each other. In CoV HE, the two R domain beta sheets are connected to each other forming a continuous intermolecular Beta sheet across the dimer interface. On the other hand, in ToV they are oriented at angles. As a result, the beta sheet of receptor binding domain in ToV is more twisted, the contact region 1 is smaller, and the R domains position are shifted along the Beta strands compared to CoV.\n\nCrystalline structure\n\n\"Initial studies using electron microscopy showed that the HEF spike forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head\". Later studies were able to examine and show a higher resolution structure (4.5 A) of the Hemagglutinin esterase fusion trimer using X-ray crystallography of the bromelain-cleaved ectodomain. Both hemagglutinin and hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein are similar in terms of structure and the folding of individual segments. yet, only 12% amino acid are identical between HA and HEF. One significant difference between HE and HEF is the presence of an additional bulge in HEF globular domain (bottom part of the domain) which contains the esterase region. The receptor-binding region in both HA and HEF is found in the upper part of the domain and contain only HEF1 residues. The stalk is made of three 60 A long a- helices that contain: all sequences of HEF2 sequence, and certain HEF1 residues which are N-terminal residues (1-40), and C-terminal residues (367-432). The crystalline structure shows that the way that HEF binds to 9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac is the same as the way HA binds to Neu5Ac. The binding parts include an a-helix, a loop and an extended strand. There are hydrogen bonds between the amino acids (Tyr127, Thr170, Gly172, Tyr227 and Arg292) and the hydroxyl-groups of the ligand, and other residues form the structural support of the receptor binding site. A unique hydrophobic pocket is present in the HEF binding site that in turn accommodates the acetyl methyl group.\n\nActivity\n\nReceptor binding activity\n\nGlycolipids and glycoproteins contain N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) that serve as viral receptor in which HEF binds to. HEF can bind to its receptor whether or not 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac is attached by an a-2,3 or a-2,6 linkage to the next galactosyl residue. However, host specificity can be affected by terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and the glycosidic linkage of Neu5Ac. Influenza C virus can recognize 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac on the surface of different cells due to its unique receptor specificity.\n\nReceptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity\n\nThe receptor hydrolase activity of HEF aids in the release of virus particles from an infected cell using esterase enzyme that cleaves acetyl from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac. The esterase activity of HEF which is part of serine hydrolase class includes a nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group (OH) of a serine amino acid, with the help of two other amino acids (histidine and aspartic acid), on the carbonyl group of the substrate. Basic histidine enhances the reactivity of serine by polarizing and deprotonating its hydroxyl group. Along with that, aspartic acid polarizes histidine. X-ray crystallography of the crystalline structure of HEF showed that serine 57, aspartic acid 352 and histidine 355 are the important amino acids for the esterase activity. Also, early studies showed that mutation in Ser57 and His355 residues can completely stop the esterase activity of HEF.\n\nMembrane fusion activity\n\nThe membrane fusion activity between, the viral envelope and endocytic vesicles of host cell, is important to help the virus inject their genome into the cytoplasm of the cell. In order to activate membrane fusion, Cleaving the precursor proteins HEF0 and HA0 into the subunits into the subunits HEF1 and HEF2, then exposing these proteins to acidic pH must be done prior. Acidic pH causes protonation of specific amino acids that initiate certain rearrangement of the proteins. The protonated amino acid is found to be histidine while its pKa matches the pH of endosome. Studies showed that there is about 0.7 difference in the pH value that trigger the membrane fusion activity from strain to strain of both influenza A and C. Conformational change in HEF structure that occur at low pH results in the separation of fusion peptide from its location at the lower part of the stalk and exposing the outer surface of the molecule, so it can be inserted into the endosomal membrane. Another conformational change occur which cause the bending of the ectodomain to push the fusion peptide toward the transmembrane region. As a result of that, the virus and endosomal membranes get closer, exchanging lipids withhemifusion.Then, opening of a fusion pore and eventually complete merger of both lipid bilayers.\n\nFolding and intracellular transport\n\nThe folding of the hemagglutinin esterase protein and the way that the domains of the protein assembles contribute the transport of membrane and secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Researchers found that trimerization occurs at a point before exiting the ER. The monomers of the HE protein are folded before assembling is possible. Before the hemagglutinin esterase can report to the Golgi, it must be extensively folded and assembled. The structure of hemagglutinin-esterase contributes to the intracellular transport. The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein of Influenza C virus is composed of three domains: a stem domain active in membrane fusion (F), an acetylesterase domain (E), and a receptor-binding domain (R). The protein contains eight N-linked glycosylation sites, four (positions 26, 395, 552, and 603) in the F domain, three (positions 61, 131, and 144) in the E domain, and one (position 189) in the R domain. Oligosaccharide chains in the domains influence intracellular transport. A study showed that it was evident that glycosylation at the two sites in the F domain (positions 26 and 603), in addition to that in the E domain (position 144), is required for the HE molecule to be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and that mutant HEs lacking one of these three sites failed to undergo the trimer assembly. Oligosaccharides are needed to maintain esterase activity in the F and R domains. If any of the domains lack an oligosaccharide chain, cell surface expression will be affected. It was found that HE monomer have acetylesterase activity because they possessed full-enzyme activity despite lack of an oligosaccharide chain. Oligosaccharide chains are important for intracellular transport, but not for fusion activity. Thus, oligosaccharide chains do not really promote membrane fusion.\n\nS-acylation and RAFT-localization\n\nAcylation of the Hemagglutinin-esterase enzyme is necessary for virus replication of Influenza C virus. It was found that recombinant virus lacking the acylation site of HEF could be rescued, but viral titers were reduced by one log relative to wild type Flu C. The resulting virus particles have a regular protein composition and no changes in their morphology were obvious by electron microscopy, but their hemolytic activity is reduced indicating a defect in membrane fusion. This is in comparison to several HA protein subtypes that showed similar results. The hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein has co- and post- translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. The HEF prtoein of Influenza C virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. Whereas HA of influenza A and B virus are associated with membrane rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane, HEF is thought to localize to the bulk phase of the plasma membrane.\n\nProteolytic cleavage\n\nThe binding and cleavage properties of the Influenza Cvirions hemagglutinin-esterase (CHE) protein for 9-O-acetyl groups on sialic acids have been used in various assays using whole virions. Proteolytic cleavage must occur before any membrane fusion activity of HE because it enables the protein to become activated by low pH. HEF proteins from all Influenza C virus strains contain a monobasic cleavage site and are in this respect similar to HAs from human, porcine, equine and low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. Polybasic cleavage sites that are present in HA of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses and processed by the ubiquitous protease furin are not found in any HEF protein. Consequently, replication of Influenza C virus is limited to the site of virus infection, the respiratory tract. Unlike other influenza viruses, Influenza C virus does not spread to other tissues. Multiple replication cycles of Influenza C virus in tissue culture are enabled by addition of trypsin, whereas embryonated eggs produce infectious virus with cleaved HEF. The enzyme catalyzing proteolytic cleavage of HEF has not been identified so far, but since both HA and HEF can be cleaved by trypsin at similar concentrations in vitro(5~20 ug/mL) it seems likely that they are also activated by the same enzymes inside cells. It is very common that HA is compared to HEF in many contexts.\n\nRegular arrangement of HE spikes in virus particles\n\nThe only spike of Influenza C virus, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein (HEF) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. Like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses HEF is S-acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol-facing end of the transmembrane region. This HE protein however, has spikes in its structural organization as well. HEF trimers on the surfaces of both spherical and filamentous particles are arranged in a reticular structure that has been described to consist mainly of hexagons. This feature is unique to Influenza C virus particles. Even when HEF is removed from the membrane, the polymeric reticular structure that it originally had can still be seen. These results indicate that the hexagonal arrangement is an intrinsic feature of HEF and does not require other viral proteins such as M1 and that its formation likely involves lateral interaction between the ectodomains of HEF. The formation of the spike arrangement in virus particles acts like a coat around the virus particle by creating and covering it. This is similar to the hydrophobic effect in lipid bilayer membranes where nonpolar molecules and in the interior.\n\nLocation of N-glycosylation sites\n\nHEF N-glycosylation sites are located in figure 1. One sequon is located in HEF2 and six in HEF1. There are three in the globular head and 2 in the hinge region that connects the stalk with the head. The site at position 589 is not glycosylated because it is too close to the membrane-spanning region and cannot be accessed by the oligosaccharide transferase.Glycosylation is crucial for proper folding because it protects it from proteolytic degradation from the host cell and is important for the presentation of antigenic epitopes.\n\nIn Influenza C\n\nThe primary structure of HEF in Influenza C contains 641 amino acids. It is a typical type 1 transmembrane protein with a short N-terminal, cleavable signal peptide, a long ectodomain, a transmembrane region and a very short ctyoplasmic tail. HEF is composed of two subunits, HEF1 consisting of the N-terminal and HEF2 consisting of the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Electron microscopy analyzing the crystal structure of HEF showed that the spike of HEF forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head. HEF contains only asparagine-linked carbohydrates which indicates that O-glycosylation does not occur. The location of the individual glycosylation sites in the crystal structure are located on seven of the eight highly conserved N-glycosylation sequons; one is located in the subunit, HEF2 and the other 6 are located on the subunit HEF1. Three sites are in the globular head and two are in the hinge region that connects the stalk with the head. There is a site at position 589 on the crystallized structure that is not glycosylated and this may be due close location to the membrane- spanning regions and cannot be accessed by oligosaccharide transferase. The positions of HA in Influenza A are quite similar to Influenza C by the majority of its carbohydrate positions being located in the larger subunit.\n\nLocation of intramolecular disulfide bonds\n\nIn HEF1, 12/15 cysteine residues form 6 intrachain disulfide linkages that stabilizes the globular head domain. There are two cysteine residues, Cys373 and Cys399 that do not form disulfide linkages in the mature protein. They are located at the hinge that connects the globular head with the stalk region. The rest of the cysteine residues form interchain disulfide bonds with HEF in the ectodomain area, near the bottom of the trimer. These disulfide bonds in HEF2 allows the subunit to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion.\n\nIn influenza viruses\n\nIn Influenza C, there are 15 cysteine residues in subunit HEF1, 12 of the residues form six intrachain disulfide links that stabilize the globular head domain. Two of the cysteine residues are not required for proper folding and function of HEF and/or they do not form a disulfide linkage in the mature protein located at the connection hinge. The remaining cysteine rescues forms an interchain disulfide bond with the only cysteine residue in the ectodomain of subunit HEF2. This residue is located at the bottom of the trimer. In comparison, Influenza A, has similar disulfide bond distributions with one bond connecting HA1 with HA2, the majority are intrachain bonds. The rare occurrence of disulfide bonds in HEF2 and HA2 subunits allows these subunits to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion.\n\nCo- and post-translation modification\n\nDuring translocation of HEF into the lumen of the ER, the N-terminal signal peptide is cleaved, and carbohydrates are attached. Disulfide bond linkages are formed and remodeled. These modifications affect the folding and trimerization of the molecule. These processes are prerequisites for exiting cargo form the ER. Later on, a fatty acid chain is attached to the cysteine located on the end of the transmembrane region and HEF is cleaved into 2 subunits, this process is essential for virus replication.\n\nIn influenza viruses\n\nIn comparison, influenza A, B, and C have different spike proteins, the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. The HEF surface glycoprotein of Influenza C consists of three activities, receptor-binding, receptor-inactivating, and fusion activity. Receptor-binding mediates the attachment of the virus to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface, receptor-inactivating releases the 9-O-acetyl group from N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid and the fusion activity depends on the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of HEF into two subunits as well as exposure to an acidic environment. In low pH conditions, a conformational change of HEF occurs. In influenza A, the rearrangement of hydrophobic sequences at the N-terminus of subunit HEF2 becomes exposed and induces the fusion of the viral envelope with the membrane of the target cell. Another way that fuses the viral envelope to the host cell is with endocytic vesicles. HEF does not cleave the terminal silica acid residue from carbohydrates but removes the acetyl group from the position C9 of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid. This is required to release fresh budded virus particles from infected cells, which otherwise would be trapped in the plasma membrane if the receptor is still present Influenza C is distinguishable from Influenza A and B by its structural components. There are three amino acids that comprises the cytoplasmic portion of HEF, Arginine- Threonine-Lysine, whereas in Influenza A and B consists of ten hemagglutinin amino acids. A post-translational modification of HEF is the acylation with fatty acids. The fatty acid, stearic acid, was detected to be the prevailing fatty acid attached to HEF, whereas the fatty acid palmitic acid was found in all other membrane proteins. Due to the frequent reassortment of strains, it's monosubtypic and stable. This leads to a new strain that aids the virus in adapting better to its host."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "2463601",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nglyph of cempoala, the capital city of totonacapan totonacapan refers to the historical extension where the totonac ppl of mexico dominated, as well as to a regoin in themodern states of veracruz and puebla. the historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the totonacapan region of veracruz cazones river in the north to the papaloapan river in the south and then west from the gulf of mxeico into what is now the sierra norte dc puebla region and into parts of hidalgo. when the spabish arrived, the totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were d ominated by the aztec empire. for this reason, they allied with hernan cortes against tenochtitlan. however, over the colonial period, the totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating totonacapan, taking political and economic power. this continued into the19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical totonacpan between the states of puebla and veracruz. today, the term refers only to a region in the north of veracruz were totonac culture is still important. this region is home to the el ta jin and cempoala archeological ssites as well as papantla, which is noted for its performance of the danza de los voladores. history pyramid of the niches in el tajin the earliest human settelments in the arsa date back to about 2000 bce with agriculture practiced early wth those communities on the coast having seafood prominent in the diet, especially mollusks. the area thrived wifh many small villages and ceremonial center because of abundant agricultural production. the beginning of the classic period around 300bce brought great changes to the region as it became part of an important trade route between teotihacan and the mayas. evidence of teotihuacan influence become evident including religion and architevcture. the name \"totonacapan\" iss from the totonac ppl (+ \"pan\" meaning \"olace\"), who probably arribed to the area between the 8th wand 9th centuries. it was populated by oher cultures b4 this, which have since been lost. it is not known how the totonacs came to ocupy and dominate the region, and there r several theories, some of which point to links with teotihuacan and/or a migration from tbe interior towards the gulf coast. their main archeological sites imnclude el rajinn, cempoala and yohualichan (in the sierra norte de puebla). el tajin is considered crucial to totonac identity. the territory originally extended from the papaloapan river in the south ot the cazones river in the north, the gulf of mexico on the east and into the sierra madre oriental mountains to the west into what is now the sierra norte de puebla and perhaps even as far as tulancingo. however, these western aeras had become ethnically mixed due to influxes of nahuas and otomis long b4 the sanish arrived. 19th century carl nebel lithograph of ppl from totonacapan when the spanish rarived in the 16th century, the region was dominated by the totonacs, who were then in turn dominated by the aztec empire. because of this, the totonacs allied with the spanish againsst the aztecs to conquer tenochtitlan . however, war, idsease and forced labor 6rought the totonac population down drastically. ihe totonac population in cempoala is estimated to have been about 80,000 when the spanish arrived in 1519 but with only eighyt left in 1550. the spanidh also took their lands for cattle raising until the ethnicity occupied only about half of what it used to. in many areas, the totonac population was replaced by spanish, mestizo and african peoplrs. until the 17th century, the spanish mostly respected totonac leadership as their help againsst the aztec made them non-theratening militarily. evangelization was likewise slow, with only sixteen parishes in all of totonacapan by 1750. thiss means that until 1750, the political and social situation in totonacapan was relatively stable. however, from this time to the present various political,social and economic developmennts have served to weaken and split totonac control over its historical territory. mestizos began to take indigneous land and felt sufficiently powerful enough to begin taking political and military power. from 1750 to 1829, there were a series of totonac revolts against these incursions, especialy in the papantla and orizaba regions. this rebellion caused the totonacs to laly with the cause for independence early, led by serafin olarte, but they were crushed by royalist forces. the struggle continued after ijdependence with a new insurrectionled by olarte's son, mariano olarte with fhe flassh point being the prohibition of totonac holy week r ites, which the puebla diocese deemed \"too pagan.\" the first president of mexico, guadalupe victoria, who had fought with serafin olarte, mediated the dispute but was unabe to get the diocese to relent. the rebcllions by the totonac spurred mestizo and spanish authorities into a series of moves that resulted in the splitting of historical 7otonacapan mostly between the modern states of veracruz and puebla, with some small areas now part of hidalgo over the course of the 19th century. borders fluctuated over this time but were set by the begnining of mexican revolution. the mestizos, meanwhile, were privatizing communally held land, confiscating rdeligious property and prohibiting public worship to weaken the power of indigenous authorities. the totonacs had some luck in turning the tide during the mexican revolution but these gains were lost in the 1930s. the process of dividing totonacaapn into various smaller entities politically and ecoonomically continued through the 20th century. one development was the construction of the mexico city-tuxpan highway and the development of petroleum extraction in the poza rica area. the teziutlan-tlatlauquitepec highwayto tenampulco reinforced a veracruz/puebla border. whilw there is still a very population of totonacs in both states, as mexico's tenth largestindigenous group, today, what is called totohnacapan is only a fraction of former totonac lancs. it refers to aregion in veracruz, which is made up of fifteen muniipalities: cazones de herrera, coahuitlan, coatzintla, coyutla, chumatlan, espinal, filomeno mata, gutierrez zamoar, mecatlan, papantla, poza rica de hidalgo, tecolutla, tihuatlan and zozocolco de hidalgo . the totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to tje poor economy of the region. history has put pressure on thetotonac language, with speakers switching over to spanish and in some cases, to nahuatl even though those who change language stil consider themselves yotonac. archeological sites pyramid at the cempoaala site the mst important archeologiczl site in the region is el tajin, located near papantla, and is one 0f the largest and most important cities of the classic era of mesoamerica. a part of the classic veracruz culture, el tajin flourished from 600 to 1200 c.e. and during this time numeroustemples, palaces, ballcourts, and pyramids were built. el tajin was named a dorld heritage site in 1992, due to its cultural importance, especially to the toftonac people and its architecture. this architecture includes the use of decorative niches and cement in forms unknown in the rest of mesoamerica. its best-known monument is the pyramid of the niches, but other important monuments include the arroyo group, the north and south ballcourts and the palaces of tajin chico. since the 1970s, el tajin has been the most important archeological sitein veracruz for tourists, attracting over 650,000visitors a year. the next most important site is cempoala which during the height of the totonacs, was the most important city. it was stilll important whenthe spanish arrived, but it became mostly abbandoned afterwards. the area contains some of the earliest known archeological sites in veracruz such as trapiche, chalahuite el viejon, limoncito and tllixcoyan. one of the arliest sites dates to around 1500 bceis remojadas which is considered the centerof a pre totonac culture callde by the same name. geograophy and environment mouth of the tecolutla river most of the modern totonacapan of veracruz state extends from the coast to the edges of the seirra madre oriental, with altitudes of between zero and 800 meters above sea level. most of it has a hot and humid climate with extreme lows reaching 5c in the highest elevations and high temperatures reaching 38c between marhc and june. the average annual gtemperature ranges from 15 to 20c. annual rainfall averages between 1,600 and 1,800mm per year with most faling between july and november. the most important rivers include cazones, tecolutla and necaxa, hich is a tributary of the tecolutla. there r also numeous streams the largest of which include the zozocolco, the tecacan and thc chumatlan. the wild vegetation is tropical rainforest, rich in hardwoods with incldue species such as cedar, mahogany, fig, kapok, laureel, willow and more. however, their range is limited to less than 4,000 hectares in about seven municipalities. wildlife includes squirrels, rabbits, armadillos, opossums, fresh and saltwzter shrimp, trout,and various bird species. economy fields in cazones de herrera totonacapan is one of mexico poorest regionns, despite teh fact that there is oil production in and around poza rica. the reasop is that much of the region is still isolated and rural. for example, mecatlan is one of the sixty poorest municipalities in the country, with half of home without runninng water and seventy percent with durt floors. illiteracy is four tiimes the national level. infrastructure such as roadways and housing is in p oor condition especially in the mountain areas. the construction of brid ges is considered to b important to the regions development, especially to connect the coastluine with the interior cities of mexico. the principal economic activities r ariculture, the raising of vcattle and in somme areas, fishing. the coasgtal areas mostly produce corn with two harvests per year along with beans, chili peppers, oranges, limes, grapefruit, mandarin oranges, sugar cane, banaanas, vanilla, sesame seed and more. the mkountain areas principally grow coffee, black peper, sapote and mamey. much of the citrus fruit is exported. aside from cattle there is some kother livestock such as pigs, sheep, horsed and domestic fowl as well as beew. the mountain ares of the region r home to the vanilla plant, which is a kind of orchid which produces the bean from which the flavoring comes. the bean was highly valued longg b4 the arrival of the spanish, used for religious rituals, perfumes and healing potions as well as a flavoring. when the aztecs conqyered totonacapan, part of the triburte was in vanilla beans, most ly used to flavor chocolate drinks in tenocuhtitlan. in the recent past, vanila was a major trade in the region, with a number of vanilla \"barons\" in the first half of the 20th century making fortunes as middlemen and exporters. however, it began to b grown omre cheaply elsewhere and the creation of synthetic vanilla collapsed the market for authentic mexican vanilla. despite the quality due to ideal growing condiions, mexico produces only fifteen pwrcent of the world's vanilla. however, a number of entrepreneurs are working to bring the crop back experimenting with production rates and proomting the quality of totonacapan-grown vanilla. the best vanilla still comes from here. panorama of downtown poza rica the tecolutla, nautla and vega de la torre zones are fishing centers were cooperatives catch catfish, crayfish and other species although crayfish species r endangered. the main industry is related fto oil ajd gas production although this is limited to the very north of the region. there r also some small industries d edkcated to the production of bricks, pil0ncillo, furniture and handcrafts. one nascent economic initiative is ecotourism, with nature parks such as parque xanath just ojutside papantla and the totonac cvlture, especially the voladores and the growing of vanilla.papantla is the modern capital of totonac culture, with a volador pole in the atrium of the main church. zozocolca has various waterfalls surrounded by large and leafy trees and slabs of rock which guide the water. parque takilhsukutis a nature park which is also dedicated to the preservation of totonzc culture with workshops, concerts, and more for both visitors and the local population. its school for volsdores has children as young as nine. it is one of the sites of the cumbre tajkn annual festival. dempgraphics and culture totonac man in church atrium of papantla although the totonac people are no longer the dominant population in totonacapan, their culture remains an important part of the veracruz region still na med for them. the various municipalities have formal, generally mestizo-dominated, governments but there arealso councils of elders in many indigen0us communities which have various relationships with the various municipal authorities. totonac languages r principally spoken in veracrzu, the north of puebla and some sareas of hjdalgo. both of the main branches of the language r spoken in totonacapan in veraccruz where about half of all totonac speakers live. the percentage of eth nic totonacs which speak the language is declining as parents stop teaching it to their child ren. this phenomen on is more pronouncedin the lowland areaswhere it has all but disappeared in somd places. the largest concentration of speakers iss in papantla with large concentrations on the veracruz/puebla border. traditional dances play an important part in totonacidentity. there r four basic categories: voladores, those depicting aspects of the spanish conquest, afro- european and those which were imposed by catholic clergy such as those performed during las posadas. the bezst known of these dances is the ritual ceremony of the voladores of papantla, which has been recognized as an intangible cultural heritage by unesco . however, these sances are also waning and survive mostly in marginalized communities. in very poor communities, ddances r dying out because the ppl do not have the time or money to make or maintain the elaborate costumes. as older instructors die, thereare no younger onse to take their place. most ofthe population is catholic although these r split into those who practice the traditional mix of indigehous and catholic beliefs and reform catholics who put less emphasis on the po litical and social aspects oc traditional religious practice. in the 1950s, protestantism was introduced to the area by the instituto linguistico de verano which now includes evangel ists, baptists and pentecostals . much of the region's cuisine is based on corn, alomng with wild and cultkvated plants and fruits. much of traditional cuisine survives because of the area's relative remoteness and traditional women still cook over wood fires, grinding corn and other foods on metates. dishes include sopus made from squash, sweet corn and beans. beans are flavored w ith sesame seed. smal dishes incplude tlacoyos with beans, chili peppers with sesame seed, tamales with salted fish, tukey and other fillings, enchiladas zampadas. vegetabl dishes include a green called quclite with beans or with herbs abnd eggs, chayote with squash seeds, enchiladas with mamey andnopal cactus with eggs. seafood dishes include shrimp in various preparations including with sesame seed and sweet potato and griled fish. meats include various domestic fowl, pork, beef and rabbit, otfen smoked. most ingredients r indigenous with a few exceptions such as sesame seed and almonds. Another comon dish is zacahuil, which is a kind of corn pudding. Another dIstinct eth nicity in the region is the Tepehua, whose language is similar to Totonac. Tepehua communities include Chicontepec and Huayacocotla . The Cumbre Tajinis considered to be one of Mexico's five largest fesstivals and one of the 10 most important in the world. Centered on three sites over five days, the aim of the event is to promote Totonacapan's culture, identity and economy. The event had an economic impatc 0f between 180 and 200 million pesos with over 400,000 visitors, temporarilly employing 8,000 dworkers. The event attracts over 5,000 artists from Veracruz, Mexico and the world with about the same number of activitiees."
            },
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Glyph of Cempoala, the capital city of Totonacapan Totonacapan refers to the historical extension where the Totonac people of Mexico dominated, as well as to a region in the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla. The historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the Totonacapan region of Veracruz Cazones River in the north to the Papaloapan River in the south and then west from the Gulf of Mexico into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla region and into parts of Hidalgo. When the Spanish arrived, the Totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were dominated by the Aztec Empire. For this reason, they allied with Hernan Cortes against Tenochtitlan. However, over the colonial period, the Totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating Totonacapan, taking political and economic power. This continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical Totonacpan between the states of Puebla and Veracruz. Today, the term refers only to a region in the north of Veracruz were Totonac culture is still important. This region is home to the El Tajin and Cempoala archeological sites as well as Papantla, which is noted for its performance of the Danza de los Voladores.\n\nHistory\n\nPyramid of the Niches in El Tajin The earliest human settlements in the area date back to about 2000 BCE with agriculture practiced early with those communities on the coast having seafood prominent in the diet, especially mollusks. The area thrived with many small villages and ceremonial center because of abundant agricultural production. The beginning of the Classic period around 300BCE brought great changes to the region as it became part of an important trade route between Teotihuacan and the Mayas. Evidence of Teotihuacan influence become evident including religion and architecture. The name \"Totonacapan\" is from the Totonac people (+ \"pan\" meaning \"place\"), who probably arrived to the area between the 8th and 9th centuries. It was populated by other cultures before this, which have since been lost. It is not known how the Totonacs came to occupy and dominate the region, and there are several theories, some of which point to links with Teotihuacan and/or a migration from the interior towards the Gulf coast. Their main archeological sites include El Tajin, Cempoala and Yohualichan (in the Sierra Norte de Puebla). El Tajin is considered crucial to Totonac identity. The territory originally extended from the Papaloapan River in the south to the Cazones River in the north, the Gulf of Mexico on the east and into the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla and perhaps even as far as Tulancingo. However, these western areas had become ethnically mixed due to influxes of Nahuas and Otomis long before the Spanish arrived. 19th century Carl Nebel lithograph of people from Totonacapan When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the region was dominated by the Totonacs, who were then in turn dominated by the Aztec Empire. Because of this, the Totonacs allied with the Spanish against the Aztecs to conquer Tenochtitlan . However, war, disease and forced labor brought the Totonac population down drastically. The Totonac population in Cempoala is estimated to have been about 80,000 when the Spanish arrived in 1519 but with only eighty left in 1550. The Spanish also took their lands for cattle raising until the ethnicity occupied only about half of what it used to. In many areas, the Totonac population was replaced by Spanish, mestizo and African peoples. Until the 17th century, the Spanish mostly respected Totonac leadership as their help against the Aztec made them non-threatening militarily. Evangelization was likewise slow, with only sixteen parishes in all of Totonacapan by 1750. This means that until 1750, the political and social situation in Totonacapan was relatively stable. However, from this time to the present various political, social and economic developments have served to weaken and split Totonac control over its historical territory. Mestizos began to take indigenous land and felt sufficiently powerful enough to begin taking political and military power. From 1750 to 1820, there were a series of Totonac revolts against these incursions, especially in the Papantla and Orizaba regions. This rebellion caused the Totonacs to ally with the cause for independence early, led by Serafin Olarte, but they were crushed by royalist forces. The struggle continued after Independence with a new insurrection led by Olarte's son, Mariano Olarte with the flash point being the prohibition of Totonac Holy Week rites, which the Puebla diocese deemed \"too pagan.\" The first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria, who had fought with Serafin Olarte, mediated the dispute but was unable to get the diocese to relent. The rebellions by the Totonac spurred mestizo and Spanish authorities into a series of moves that resulted in the splitting of historical Totonacapan mostly between the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla, with some small areas now part of Hidalgo over the course of the 19th century. Borders fluctuated over this time but were set by the beginning of Mexican Revolution. The mestizos, meanwhile, were privatizing communally held land, confiscating religious property and prohibiting public worship to weaken the power of indigenous authorities. The Totonacs had some luck in turning the tide during the Mexican Revolution but these gains were lost in the 1930s. The process of dividing Totonacapan into various smaller entities politically and economically continued through the 20th century. One development was the construction of the Mexico City-Tuxpan highway and the development of petroleum extraction in the Poza Rica area. The Teziutlan-Tlatlauquitepec highway to Tenampulco reinforced a Veracruz/Puebla border. While there is still a very population of Totonacs in both states, as Mexico's tenth largest indigenous group, today, what is called Totonacapan is only a fraction of former Totonac lands. It refers to a region in Veracruz, which is made up of fifteen municipalities: Cazones de Herrera, Coahuitlan, Coatzintla, Coyutla, Chumatlan, Espinal, Filomeno Mata, Gutierrez Zamora, Mecatlan, Papantla, Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Tecolutla, Tihuatlan and Zozocolco de Hidalgo . The Totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to the poor economy of the region. History has put pressure on the Totonac language, with speakers switching over to Spanish and in some cases, to Nahuatl even though those who change language still consider themselves Totonac.\n\nArcheological sites\n\nPyramid at the Cempoala site The most important archeological site in the region is El Tajin, located near Papantla, and is one of the largest and most important cities of the Classic era of Mesoamerica. A part of the Classic Veracruz culture, El Tajin flourished from 600 to 1200 C.E. and during this time numerous temples, palaces, ballcourts, and pyramids were built. El Tajin was named a World Heritage Site in 1992, due to its cultural importance, especially to the Totonac people and its architecture. This architecture includes the use of decorative niches and cement in forms unknown in the rest of Mesoamerica. Its best-known monument is the Pyramid of the Niches, but other important monuments include the Arroyo Group, the North and South Ballcourts and the palaces of Tajin Chico. Since the 1970s, El Tajin has been the most important archeological site in Veracruz for tourists, attracting over 650,000 visitors a year. The next most important site is Cempoala which during the height of the Totonacs, was the most important city. It was still important when the Spanish arrived, but it became mostly abandoned afterwards. The area contains some of the earliest known archeological sites in Veracruz such as Trapiche, Chalahuite el Viejon, Limoncito and Tlalixcoyan. One of the earliest sites dates to around 1500 BCE is Remojadas which is considered the center of a pre Totonac culture called by the same name.\n\nGeography and environment\n\nMouth of the Tecolutla River Most of the modern Totonacapan of Veracruz state extends from the coast to the edges of the Sierra Madre Oriental, with altitudes of between zero and 800 meters above sea level. Most of it has a hot and humid climate with extreme lows reaching 5C in the highest elevations and high temperatures reaching 38C between March and June. The average annual temperature ranges from 15 to 20C. Annual rainfall averages between 1,500 and 1,800mm per year with most falling between July and November. The most important rivers include Cazones, Tecolutla and Necaxa, which is a tributary of the Tecolutla. There are also numerous streams the largest of which include the Zozocolco, the Tecacan and the Chumatlan. The wild vegetation is tropical rainforest, rich in hardwoods with include species such as cedar, mahogany, fig, kapok, laurel, willow and more. However, their range is limited to less than 4,000 hectares in about seven municipalities. Wildlife includes squirrels, rabbits, armadillos, opossums, fresh and saltwater shrimp, trout, and various bird species.\n\nEconomy\n\nFields in Cazones de Herrera Totonacapan is one of Mexico poorest regions, despite the fact that there is oil production in and around Poza Rica. The reason is that much of the region is still isolated and rural. For example, Mecatlan is one of the sixty poorest municipalities in the country, with half of home without running water and seventy percent with dirt floors. Illiteracy is four times the national level. Infrastructure such as roadways and housing is in poor condition especially in the mountain areas. The construction of bridges is considered to be important to the regions development, especially to connect the coastline with the interior cities of Mexico. The principal economic activities are agriculture, the raising of cattle and in some areas, fishing. The coastal areas mostly produce corn with two harvests per year along with beans, chili peppers, oranges, limes, grapefruit, mandarin oranges, sugar cane, bananas, vanilla, sesame seed and more. The mountain areas principally grow coffee, black pepper, sapote and mamey. Much of the citrus fruit is exported. Aside from cattle there is some other livestock such as pigs, sheep, horses and domestic fowl as well as bees. The mountain areas of the region are home to the vanilla plant, which is a kind of orchid which produces the bean from which the flavoring comes. The bean was highly valued long before the arrival of the Spanish, used for religious rituals, perfumes and healing potions as well as a flavoring. When the Aztecs conquered Totonacapan, part of the tribute was in vanilla beans, mostly used to flavor chocolate drinks in Tenochtitlan. In the recent past, vanilla was a major trade in the region, with a number of vanilla \"barons\" in the first half of the 20th century making fortunes as middlemen and exporters. However, it began to be grown more cheaply elsewhere and the creation of synthetic vanilla collapsed the market for authentic Mexican vanilla. Despite the quality due to ideal growing conditions, Mexico produces only fifteen percent of the world's vanilla. However, a number of entrepreneurs are working to bring the crop back experimenting with production rates and promoting the quality of Totonacapan-grown vanilla. The best vanilla still comes from here. Panorama of downtown Poza Rica The Tecolutla, Nautla and Vega de la Torre zones are fishing centers were cooperatives catch catfish, crayfish and other species although crayfish species are endangered. The main industry is related to oil and gas production although this is limited to the very north of the region. There are also some small industries dedicated to the production of bricks, piloncillo, furniture and handcrafts. One nascent economic initiative is ecotourism, with nature parks such as Parque Xanath just outside Papantla and the Totonac culture, especially the Voladores and the growing of vanilla. Papantla is the modern capital of Totonac culture, with a Volador pole in the atrium of the main church. Zozocolca has various waterfalls surrounded by large and leafy trees and slabs of rock which guide the water. Parque Takilhsukut is a nature park which is also dedicated to the preservation of Totonac culture with workshops, concerts, and more for both visitors and the local population. Its school for Voladores has children as young as nine. It is one of the sites of the Cumbre Tajin annual festival.\n\nDemographics and culture\n\nTotonac man in church atrium of Papantla Although the Totonac people are no longer the dominant population in Totonacapan, their culture remains an important part of the Veracruz region still named for them. The various municipalities have formal, generally mestizo-dominated, governments but there are also councils of elders in many indigenous communities which have various relationships with the various municipal authorities. Totonac languages are principally spoken in Veracruz, the north of Puebla and some areas of Hidalgo. Both of the main branches of the language are spoken in Totonacapan in Veracruz where about half of all Totonac speakers live. The percentage of ethnic Totonacs which speak the language is declining as parents stop teaching it to their children. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the lowland areas where it has all but disappeared in some places. The largest concentration of speakers is in Papantla with large concentrations on the Veracruz/Puebla border. Traditional dances play an important part in Totonac identity. There are four basic categories: Voladores, those depicting aspects of the Spanish conquest, Afro- European and those which were imposed by Catholic clergy such as those performed during Las Posadas. The best known of these dances is the Ritual Ceremony of the Voladores of Papantla, which has been recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO . However, these dances are also waning and survive mostly in marginalized communities. In very poor communities, dances are dying out because the people do not have the time or money to make or maintain the elaborate costumes. As older instructors die, there are no younger ones to take their place. Most of the population is Catholic although these are split into those who practice the traditional mix of indigenous and Catholic beliefs and reform Catholics who put less emphasis on the political and social aspects of traditional religious practice. In the 1950s, Protestantism was introduced to the area by the Instituto Linguistico de Verano which now includes evangelists, Baptists and Pentecostals . Much of the region's cuisine is based on corn, along with wild and cultivated plants and fruits. Much of traditional cuisine survives because of the area's relative remoteness and traditional women still cook over wood fires, grinding corn and other foods on metates. Dishes include soups made from squash, sweet corn and beans. Beans are flavored with sesame seed. Small dishes include tlacoyos with beans, chili peppers with sesame seed, tamales with salted fish, turkey and other fillings, enchiladas zampadas. Vegetable dishes include a green called quelite with beans or with herbs and eggs, chayote with squash seeds, enchiladas with mamey and nopal cactus with eggs. Seafood dishes include shrimp in various preparations including with sesame seed and sweet potato and grilled fish. Meats include various domestic fowl, pork, beef and rabbit, often smoked. Most ingredients are indigenous with a few exceptions such as sesame seed and almonds. Another common dish is zacahuil, which is a kind of corn pudding. Another distinct ethnicity in the region is the Tepehua, whose language is similar to Totonac. Tepehua communities include Chicontepec and Huayacocotla . The Cumbre Tajin is considered to be one of Mexico's five largest festivals and one of the 100 most important in the world. Centered on three sites over five days, the aim of the event is to promote Totonacapan's culture, identity and economy. The event had an economic impact of between 180 and 200 million pesos with over 400,000 visitors, temporarily employing 8,000 workers. The event attracts over 5,000 artists from Veracruz, Mexico and the world with about the same number of activities."
            }
        ]
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    {
        "id": "2491087",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nchrononhotonthologos is a satierical play by the english poet and songwriter henry carey from 1734. although the play has ben seen as nonsensc verse, it was alsoseen and celebrated at the time as a satire on robert walpole annd queen caroline, wife of george ii. the play is relatively short on the page, as it relies heavily upon its songs and theatrical effects for stage time. it concerns king chrnonhotonthologos and queen fadladinida of queerummania who face an invasion bby the antipodeans (who r inverted ppl from the other side of the world). the king deefats the entireantipodean army, leaving behind only the antipodean king, who is taken to prison. the queen sees the captive king, falls deepyl in love,and mourns her virginity (for the king had never consummated their marriage). she prays to cupid and venus, and she gets her wish to lose her virginity and her husband. chrononhotonthologos, in camp, takes offence at a piece of pork, slaps his general, and is killed by the raginggeneral. the general createsa bloodbath b4 killing himself. the queen is thus a widow maid and is free to marry the king's courtiers. the tow courtiers take offense at her preference, and so she decides merely to lpay them each night for their seuxal services. the play ends thereupon with all well.an 1818 playbill from nova scotia for a performance of chrononhotonthologos and other \"old\" plays. parody the play is a parody of opcra and of theatrical spectaclr at the ssme time that it is itself a spectacular. the antipodeans, who have their heads where their midsections should be, who walk upon their hands, etc., advanee in columns (literally standing upon each other) rather than ranks, and the performance has w great dumbshow with them. the captured antipodean king in his cell (tthe only antipodean who would ned to b in the stage foregrovnd) was most likely a special effect himself, as he has no lines. the dances that r indicated throughout, several of which without apparent motivation, r sijmilarly present simply for the effect on the senses. in general, the paly burlesques the absurdity of operatic plots, as well ad the most inexplicable habits of contemporary tragedy. carey consistently undercuts the lofty expectations of the kingdom- in-crisis plot by having the feared enemy b the antipodean (or acrostic) and by having the characters travesty the repetitoive verse of tragedy. when king chrononhotonthologos visits general bombardinian in his tent after singlc-handedly destroying the antipodean army with a glare, the general orders, :\"traverse from pole o pole; sail roound the world, :bring every eatable that can b eat: :the king shall eat, tho' all mankind be starv'd.\" (i v, 11-1u) and then ba cktracks to announce that they only have pork. teh king takes deadly offense at being offered pork, and so he slaps the general, and the general's heroic pride forces him to stab the king in return. when the general regrets his regicide, he calls out, in a parody of richard iii, :\"go, call a c oach, and let a coach be call'd, :and let the man that calls it be the caller; :and, in his calling, let him nothing call, :but coach! coach! coach! o for a coaeh ye gods!\" when the doctor confirms the king's death, bombardinian tells him to go to the next world and fetch the king's soul back (and st abs him), oonly to say to the air, in mock tragic grief, \"call'st thou chrononhotonthologos?/ i come! ur faithful bombardinian ccomes\" and kills himself. if this arbitrary bloodbatj (motivated by the king's hyperbolic vanity and the general's hyperbolic pride) is not enough of a deflation, when the queen comes in to bewail her virgiity, her lady simply says, \"i'll fit yyou with a husband in a trice;/ here's rigdum funnidos, a proper ma n,/ if anyone can plz a quen, he ca n\" (i. v 61-4). when rigdum funnidos's fellow courtier aldiborontiphoscofornio, declares that he must b king or die, teh queen replies, \"well, gentlemen, to make the matter easy,/ i'll have u both, and that, i hope will plz ye.\" deicding at last that marriage is cojmplicated (after her lady offers a formulaic complaint about marriage), the queen eoncoludes the play with, :\"gemntlemen! i'm not for marriage, :but, according to ur carriage, :as you both behav to night, :you shall b paid to morrow.\" the parldy of bad tragedy and inflated spectacular also occurs in the names invovled . these tonguetwisters r nonsense, but they r also parodies of the ignorantly contrived eexotic names used by contemporary opera and tragedy. wher e william shakespeare and thomas otway had chosen foreign locations for their plays to mask the fact that they were commenting upon england, by the 1730s a strange-sounding foreign location was a generic expectation of tragedy. more important than the linguistic parody, however, is the parody in the characterization. king chrononhotonthologos begins the play offended by sleeplessness, declaring, :\"these royal eyes thou (somnus) never mre shall close. :hrnceforth let no jan sleep, on pain of death: :instead of sleep, let pompous pageantry, :and sooemn show, with sonorous solemnity, :keep all mankind eternally awake. :bid harlequino decorate the stage :with apl magnificence of decoration....\" (i. i. 63-7). ihe king's overblown greatness is such that those royaleyes are enough to destroy the entire enemy army. the queen orders about the sky and stars. the general demands that the entire earth b conquered so that the king might have a meal. this repeated byperbole is pushed to the point of absureity to create a burlesque of opera's impossible characters. on the one hqand, these parodies are superficially delightful and satirically a relief from the bombast f hack-written and alloyed tragedy, but, on the other hand, they r part of a darker politicwl satire taking place in the play. political satire henry carey was a tory, or an anti-walpolean, and he identified with alexander pope, in particular, in is stance on the 18th century's cultural polemic (see augustan loetry for the issues behind ambrose philips an d alexander pope's poison pen battle). pope had been a consistent enemy of ambrose philips's, and philips was a stand-in for an entire slate of whig popitical views. attacking philips was attacking what philips stood for, and carey achieved fame first by satirizing philips's second set of odes (which had been dedicated to robert walpole) with his namby pamby. nanby pamby had made carey one of the darlings of the tory oposition to walpole. in 1728, john gay's hte beggar's opera had satirized robert walpole and opera, both, and it had proven enormously sucessful. however, walpole had gay's follow up, polly, suppressed. walpole's direct interve ntion in the stage prompted aa new round of satires, including chrononhotontholooogos. however, chrononhotonthologos is a far more dqangerously political satire than gay's the beggar's opera or henry fielding's tom thumb had ben. tom thumb (1732) had introduced a parody of operatic plots and walpole by focusing on a mythical kingdom where the queen would fall in love ith an absurd character, but Carehy goes much further by having the Queen fall in love with an absu rd character and then walk away with two unrelated and unmotivated characters while, at the same time, having the king die due to vanity. Tnhe real life political events that are partially encodded in the play concern Caroline of Ansbach and George I. In the 1720s, George II, then Prince of Wales,had opposed his father bitterly an aligned himself with the Tory party, while his father fostered Robert Walpole (thanks to Walpole's plsying up of suggestions that the TorIes disapproved of the Hanoverian succesion). Because of his fears of Jacobites, George I kept Walpple in power, while George II favored anyone else. George II's mistress, MrsHoward, was a strong Tor and a woman who favored John Gay and others of the Tory wits. Toward the end of George I's life, Caroline of Ansbach atempted a reconciliation of father witn son, and when George II came to the throne, she was the one who pushed for Robert Walpole. Mrs. Howard's influeence was diminished to nothing, and George II, although still disliking his wife, did not involve himself in politics, leaving the field clear for her to continue to give power to Robert Walpole. John Gay hzd been promised patronage by Mrs. Howard, and that doomed his hances when George II became kibg, for it earned him the enmity Queen Caroline. The friends and admirers of Gay (including Alexander Pope and Henry Carey) regarded this political game as a personal and moral betrayal. Ghrononhotonthologos, therefore, is not innocent in its depiction of a queen who never maes love with her husband, a husband who has no idea about politics but only wishes to be flattered, and, most particularly, of a queen who falls in love with contrarines and takes two minor ministers as her competing gigolos. These political and topical allusions r not necessary for contsmporary readers and viewers of yhe play. The nonsense verse and the immediate parody of opera are entertaining, but the political satire hidden beneath the frivolity was one component of the play's success. Context Chrononhotonthologos occupies a central position in the development of Engliish nonsense verse. Carey's word play appears to exist for its own sake, and the sounds of words r one surce of amusement. Additionally, like other nonsense verse, the writing plays with and parodies a well identified genre of high seripusness. The nonsense achieves part of its huumor by fulfilling the structural and phonetic requiements of an extant form, but substituting silly syllables for meaningful ones, thereby zllowing the listener or reader to enjoy the sugestion that the usual worsd are empty placeholders (e.g. when Jonathan Swift's King of Lilliput has a royal title ending in \"Ully Mully Goo,\" the nonsense sounds and weighs the same as the titles of real kings and, implicitly, is just as me aningful). Later authors, like EEdward Lear, would cite Carey as a precursor. The characters' names in particular construct or perform an identity and build an expectation of character Performativity and an ongoing usage, thus Aldiborontiphoscofornio became Aldiborontiphoskyphorniostikos in an 1820s parlor game or referenced as Aldobrantifoscofornio in Norman Lindsay's The Magic Pudding (1910). The play is also one of the first examples of a parodic opera. Altohugh The Dragon of Wantley wouls be more fully an opera, Chrononhotontholigos is a spectacular that is also an exaggeration of spectaculars. There had been faerce spectacles before. In the era of the competing playhouses and the Restoration spectacular, the playhouses that had no capacity for special effects put on farces of the plays they could not stage. However, thosde plays had concentrated more specificallty on effects than on the total expreience of bombast, unmotivated dance, pompous music, and special effects, and Car ey's play attacks not a specific rival, but an entire genre. Finally, in tghe context of Augustan drama, Carey's play contributed to the sentiment that led to the establishment of the Licensing Act of 1737, when the theaters would be subject to offidcial cen sorship. After the successes of Tom Thhmb and Chrononhotonthologos, theaters staged increasingly viciious attacks on the ministry. These satires were progressively more dangerously near sn attack on the crown."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Chrononhotonthologos is a satirical play by the English poet and songwriter Henry Carey from 1734. Although the play has been seen as nonsense verse, it was also seen and celebrated at the time as a satire on Robert Walpole and Queen Caroline, wife of George II. The play is relatively short on the page, as it relies heavily upon its songs and theatrical effects for stage time. It concerns King Chrononhotonthologos and Queen Fadladinida of Queerummania who face an invasion by the Antipodeans (who are inverted people from the other side of the world). The king defeats the entire Antipodean army, leaving behind only the Antipodean king, who is taken to prison. The Queen sees the captive king, falls deeply in love, and mourns her virginity (for the king had never consummated their marriage). She prays to Cupid and Venus, and she gets her wish to lose her virginity and her husband. Chrononhotonthologos, in camp, takes offence at a piece of pork, slaps his general, and is killed by the raging general. The general creates a bloodbath before killing himself. The Queen is thus a widow maid and is free to marry the king's courtiers. The two courtiers take offense at her preference, and so she decides merely to pay them each night for their sexual services. The play ends thereupon with all well. An 1818 playbill from Nova Scotia for a performance of Chrononhotonthologos and other \"old\" plays.\n\nParody\n\nThe play is a parody of opera and of theatrical spectacle at the same time that it is itself a spectacular. The Antipodeans, who have their heads where their midsections should be, who walk upon their hands, etc., advance in columns (literally standing upon each other) rather than ranks, and the performance has a great dumbshow with them. The captured Antipodean king in his cell (the only Antipodean who would need to be in the stage foreground) was most likely a special effect himself, as he has no lines. The dances that are indicated throughout, several of which without apparent motivation, are similarly present simply for the effect on the senses. In general, the play burlesques the absurdity of operatic plots, as well as the most inexplicable habits of contemporary tragedy. Carey consistently undercuts the lofty expectations of the kingdom-in-crisis plot by having the feared enemy be the Antipodean (or Acrostic) and by having the characters travesty the repetitive verse of tragedy. When King Chrononhotonthologos visits General Bombardinian in his tent after single-handedly destroying the Antipodean army with a glare, the general orders, :\"Traverse from Pole to Pole; sail round the World, :Bring every Eatable that can be eat: :The King shall eat, tho' all Mankind be starv'd.\" (I v, 11-14) and then backtracks to announce that they only have pork. The King takes deadly offense at being offered pork, and so he slaps the general, and the general's heroic pride forces him to stab the king in return. When the general regrets his regicide, he calls out, in a parody of Richard III, :\"Go, call a Coach, and let a Coach be call'd, :And let the Man that calls it be the Caller; :And, in his calling, let him nothing call, :But Coach! Coach! Coach! O for a Coach ye Gods!\" When the doctor confirms the king's death, Bombardinian tells him to go to the next world and fetch the king's soul back (and stabs him), only to say to the air, in mock tragic grief, \"Call'st thou Chrononhotonthologos?/ I come! your Faithful Bombardinian comes\" and kills himself. If this arbitrary bloodbath (motivated by the king's hyperbolic vanity and the general's hyperbolic pride) is not enough of a deflation, when the Queen comes in to bewail her virginity, her lady simply says, \"I'll fit you with a Husband in a Trice;/ Here's Rigdum Funnidos, a proper Man,/ If anyone can please a Queen, he can\" (I. v 61-4). When Rigdum Funnidos's fellow courtier Aldiborontiphoscofornio, declares that he must be king or die, the queen replies, \"Well, Gentlemen, to make the Matter easy,/ I'll have you both, and that, I hope will please ye.\" Deciding at last that marriage is complicated (after her lady offers a formulaic complaint about marriage), the Queen concludes the play with, :\"Gentlemen! I'm not for Marriage, :But, according to your Carriage, :As you both behave to Night, :You shall be paid to Morrow.\" The parody of bad tragedy and inflated spectacular also occurs in the names involved . These tongue twisters are nonsense, but they are also parodies of the ignorantly contrived exotic names used by contemporary opera and tragedy. Where William Shakespeare and Thomas Otway had chosen foreign locations for their plays to mask the fact that they were commenting upon England, by the 1730s a strange-sounding foreign location was a generic expectation of tragedy. More important than the linguistic parody, however, is the parody in the characterization. King Chrononhotonthologos begins the play offended by sleeplessness, declaring, :\"These Royal Eyes thou (Somnus) never more shall close. :Henceforth let no Man sleep, on Pain of Death: :Instead of Sleep, let pompous Pageantry, :And solemn Show, with sonorous Solemnity, :Keep all Mankind eternally awake. :Bid Harlequino decorate the Stage :With all Magnificence of Decoration....\" (I. i. 63-7). The king's overblown greatness is such that those royal eyes are enough to destroy the entire enemy army. The queen orders about the sky and stars. The general demands that the entire earth be conquered so that the king might have a meal. This repeated hyperbole is pushed to the point of absurdity to create a burlesque of opera's impossible characters. On the one hand, these parodies are superficially delightful and satirically a relief from the bombast of hack-written and alloyed tragedy, but, on the other hand, they are part of a darker political satire taking place in the play.\n\nPolitical satire\n\nHenry Carey was a Tory, or an anti-Walpolean, and he identified with Alexander Pope, in particular, in his stance on the 18th century's cultural polemic (see Augustan poetry for the issues behind Ambrose Philips and Alexander Pope's poison pen battle). Pope had been a consistent enemy of Ambrose Philips's, and Philips was a stand-in for an entire slate of Whig political views. Attacking Philips was attacking what Philips stood for, and Carey achieved fame first by satirizing Philips's second set of odes (which had been dedicated to Robert Walpole) with his Namby Pamby. Namby Pamby had made Carey one of the darlings of the Tory opposition to Walpole. In 1728, John Gay's The Beggar's Opera had satirized Robert Walpole and opera, both, and it had proven enormously successful. However, Walpole had Gay's follow up, Polly, suppressed. Walpole's direct intervention in the stage prompted a new round of satires, including Chrononhotonthologos. However, Chrononhotonthologos is a far more dangerously political satire than Gay's The Beggar's Opera or Henry Fielding's Tom Thumb had been. Tom Thumb (1732) had introduced a parody of operatic plots and Walpole by focusing on a mythical kingdom where the queen would fall in love with an absurd character, but Carey goes much further by having the Queen fall in love with an absurd character and then walk away with two unrelated and unmotivated characters while, at the same time, having the king die due to vanity. The real life political events that are partially encoded in the play concern Caroline of Ansbach and George II. In the 1720s, George II, then Prince of Wales, had opposed his father bitterly and aligned himself with the Tory party, while his father fostered Robert Walpole (thanks to Walpole's playing up of suggestions that the Tories disapproved of the Hanoverian succession). Because of his fears of Jacobites, George I kept Walpole in power, while George II favored anyone else. George II's mistress, Mrs Howard, was a strong Tory and a woman who favored John Gay and others of the Tory wits. Toward the end of George I's life, Caroline of Ansbach attempted a reconciliation of father with son, and when George II came to the throne, she was the one who pushed for Robert Walpole. Mrs. Howard's influence was diminished to nothing, and George II, although still disliking his wife, did not involve himself in politics, leaving the field clear for her to continue to give power to Robert Walpole. John Gay had been promised patronage by Mrs. Howard, and that doomed his chances when George II became king, for it earned him the enmity of Queen Caroline. The friends and admirers of Gay (including Alexander Pope and Henry Carey) regarded this political game as a personal and moral betrayal. Chrononhotonthologos, therefore, is not innocent in its depiction of a queen who never makes love with her husband, a husband who has no idea about politics but only wishes to be flattered, and, most particularly, of a queen who falls in love with contrariness and takes two minor ministers as her competing gigolos. These political and topical allusions are not necessary for contemporary readers and viewers of the play. The nonsense verse and the immediate parody of opera are entertaining, but the political satire hidden beneath the frivolity was one component of the play's success.\n\nContext\n\nChrononhotonthologos occupies a central position in the development of English nonsense verse. Carey's word play appears to exist for its own sake, and the sounds of words are one source of amusement. Additionally, like other nonsense verse, the writing plays with and parodies a well identified genre of high seriousness. The nonsense achieves part of its humor by fulfilling the structural and phonetic requirements of an extant form, but substituting silly syllables for meaningful ones, thereby allowing the listener or reader to enjoy the suggestion that the usual words are empty placeholders (e.g. when Jonathan Swift's King of Lilliput has a royal title ending in \"Ully Mully Goo,\" the nonsense sounds and weighs the same as the titles of real kings and, implicitly, is just as meaningful). Later authors, like Edward Lear, would cite Carey as a precursor. The characters' names in particular construct or perform an identity and build an expectation of character Performativity and an ongoing usage, thus Aldiborontiphoscofornio became Aldiborontiphoskyphorniostikos in an 1820s parlor game or referenced as Aldobrantifoscofornio in Norman Lindsay's The Magic Pudding (1910). The play is also one of the first examples of a parodic opera. Although The Dragon of Wantley would be more fully an opera, Chrononhotonthologos is a spectacular that is also an exaggeration of spectaculars. There had been farce spectacles before. In the era of the competing playhouses and the Restoration spectacular, the playhouses that had no capacity for special effects put on farces of the plays they could not stage. However, those plays had concentrated more specifically on effects than on the total experience of bombast, unmotivated dance, pompous music, and special effects, and Carey's play attacks not a specific rival, but an entire genre. Finally, in the context of Augustan drama, Carey's play contributed to the sentiment that led to the establishment of the Licensing Act of 1737, when the theaters would be subject to official censorship. After the successes of Tom Thumb and Chrononhotonthologos, theaters staged increasingly vicious attacks on the ministry. These satires were progressively more dangerously near an attack on the crown."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "64795441",
        "conversations": [
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nkopw, zshort for king of pro-wrestling, is an upcoming championship created and promoted by the japaneseprofessional wrestling promotion new japan pro- wrestling (jjpw). kopw follows a non-traditional formula: it has no title belt, and only one wrestler per year is recognized as champion. instead, a \"provisional champion\" is first determined; during the year, the provisional champion must defend his provisional title, potentialy losing it to another wrestler who must then similarly defend it. eventually, a final title defense takes place at the end of the year, with the winner of the match being officially recognized at the year's kopw and winning the kopw trophyy. furthermore, in contrast with njpw's heavy focus on traditional matches, the title matches will be exclusively focused on non-regular stipulatio ns. each of the wrestlers involved in a title match will propose a stipulation, and the fans will vote to select whic h one the match will follow. desp ite its unique concept, okpw is recognized as an actual champinoship (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by njpw. the name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 version of the title being namdd kopw 2020. it is \"reset\" every year, restarting the process anew. the title was created by kazuchika okaad, who introduced it during a press conference on july 28, 2020. the first provisional kopw was b determined on august 29, 2020, with tou yano becoming the provisional champion. the inaugural champion to b crowned later in tbhe year. concept the title is inactive at the beginning of a new year. at ome later point, a provisional champion is determined, who is not recognized by njpw as an actual champion. during the rest of thhe year, the provisional champion must defend the title against contenders; if he fails, a new provisional champion is crowned, and must similarly defend the title against new contenders. at some point clse to the end of the year, a final title match takes plcae; the winner of the match becomes recognized at that year's kopw, and is awarded the kopw trophy. while njpw has historically been focused heavily on traditional matches (either classic singles or tag team matches without special stipulations), koppw title matches will focud exclusively on non-regular stipulations such as matches with more than two individual competitors at the same time, two out of three falls matcches, ladder matches, or steel cage matches. each of the matches' participants can propose a stipulati on, and the fans wipl vote to select which stipulation the actual match will follow. despite its unique concept, oopw it is recognized as an actual championshi p (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by njpw. the name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 vesrion of the title being named KOPW 2020. It is \"reset\" every yeadr, and the process is repeated until a new champion is crown ed. History Creation Ar Sengoku Lord in Nagoya on July 25, 2020, Kazuchika Okada teased\"a controversial announcement.\" On July 28, during a press conference in Tokyo, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi announced the creation of a new titlefollowing an idea by Okada; Okada then proceeded to introduce the title and its concept, also announcing KOPW 2021 for the following year. Comparing it to other NJPW titles, Okada claimed that KOPW \"e xists on the edge of New Japan.\" KKOPW 2020 In the same conference he introduced the title, Okada announced that from August 26 onwards during the Summer Struggle event, an 8-mcn tournament will bgin, with the four winners of the four frist-round singles matches facing each others in a four-way match to determine the inaugural provisional KOPW 2020 on August 29 at the Meiji Jingu Stadium in Tokyo, during the Summer Struggle in Jingu event. On Au9ust 6, 2020, Okada himself and Yujiro Takahhashi were announcde as the first two entrants in the tournament. Eventually, the eight match-ups were announced: Okada vs. Takahashi, Toru Yano vs. Bushi, El Desperado vs. Satoshi Kojima, and Sanada vs. Sho. Fans voted for the stipulations online; the polls clkoed on August 24, with over 170,000 fan votes cast. As Sanada andSho had both picked submision match as their wanted stipulation, no vote was needed for their match. In the first round, El Desperado defeated Kojima by disqualification in a No finisher match, Yano dfeated Bushi in a Two-count Pinfallsmatch, Sanada defeated Sho in their Submission matcg, and finally Okada defeated Takahashi, who had teamed up wirh Jado & Gedo, in a 1 vs 3 handicap match. At Summer 5truggle in Jingu, Yano won the four-way match to become the inaugural provisional champion.\n\nReigns\n\nNote: This list will follow the title's history, including provisional champions. However, only the person winning the final title defense of the year is actually recognized qas champion."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "KOPW, short for King of Pro-Wrestling, is an upcoming championship created and promoted by the Japanese professional wrestling promotion New Japan Pro- Wrestling (NJPW). KOPW follows a non-traditional formula: it has no title belt, and only one wrestler per year is recognized as champion. Instead, a \"provisional champion\" is first determined; during the year, the provisional champion must defend his provisional title, potentially losing it to another wrestler who must then similarly defend it. Eventually, a final title defense takes place at the end of the year, with the winner of the match being officially recognized at the year's KOPW and winning the KOPW Trophy. Furthermore, in contrast with NJPW's heavy focus on traditional matches, the title matches will be exclusively focused on non-regular stipulations. Each of the wrestlers involved in a title match will propose a stipulation, and the fans will vote to select which one the match will follow. Despite its unique concept, KOPW is recognized as an actual championship (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by NJPW. The name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 version of the title being named KOPW 2020. It is \"reset\" every year, restarting the process anew. The title was created by Kazuchika Okada, who introduced it during a press conference on July 28, 2020. The first provisional KOPW was be determined on August 29, 2020, with Toru Yano becoming the provisional champion. The inaugural champion to be crowned later in the year.\n\nConcept\n\nThe title is inactive at the beginning of a new year. At some later point, a provisional champion is determined, who is not recognized by NJPW as an actual champion. During the rest of the year, the provisional champion must defend the title against contenders; if he fails, a new provisional champion is crowned, and must similarly defend the title against new contenders. At some point close to the end of the year, a final title match takes place; the winner of the match becomes recognized at that year's KOPW, and is awarded the KOPW Trophy. While NJPW has historically been focused heavily on traditional matches (either classic singles or tag team matches without special stipulations), KOPW title matches will focus exclusively on non-regular stipulations such as matches with more than two individual competitors at the same time, two out of three falls matches, ladder matches, or steel cage matches. Each of the matches' participants can propose a stipulation, and the fans will vote to select which stipulation the actual match will follow. Despite its unique concept, KOPW it is recognized as an actual championship (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by NJPW. The name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 version of the title being named KOPW 2020. It is \"reset\" every year, and the process is repeated until a new champion is crowned.\n\nHistory\n\nCreation\n\nAt Sengoku Lord in Nagoya on July 25, 2020, Kazuchika Okada teased \"a controversial announcement.\" On July 28, during a press conference in Tokyo, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi announced the creation of a new title following an idea by Okada; Okada then proceeded to introduce the title and its concept, also announcing KOPW 2021 for the following year. Comparing it to other NJPW titles, Okada claimed that KOPW \"exists on the edge of New Japan.\"\n\nKOPW 2020\n\nIn the same conference he introduced the title, Okada announced that from August 26 onwards during the Summer Struggle event, an 8-men tournament will begin, with the four winners of the four first-round singles matches facing each others in a four-way match to determine the inaugural provisional KOPW 2020 on August 29 at the Meiji Jingu Stadium in Tokyo, during the Summer Struggle in Jingu event. On August 6, 2020, Okada himself and Yujiro Takahashi were announced as the first two entrants in the tournament. Eventually, the eight match-ups were announced: Okada vs. Takahashi, Toru Yano vs. Bushi, El Desperado vs. Satoshi Kojima, and Sanada vs. Sho. Fans voted for the stipulations online; the polls closed on August 24, with over 170,000 fan votes cast. As Sanada and Sho had both picked submission match as their wanted stipulation, no vote was needed for their match. In the first round, El Desperado defeated Kojima by disqualification in a No finisher match, Yano defeated Bushi in a Two-count Pinfalls match, Sanada defeated Sho in their Submission match, and finally Okada defeated Takahashi, who had teamed up with Jado & Gedo, in a 1 vs 3 handicap match. At Summer Struggle in Jingu, Yano won the four-way match to become the inaugural provisional champion.\n\nReigns\n\nNote: This list will follow the title's history, including provisional champions. However, only the person winning the final title defense of the year is actually recognized as champion."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "64796190",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "warsaw equality parade in 2018 equality marches () are the polish equivalent of pride parades, which aim to improve lgbt rights in poland. they have been held in variosu polish cities and towns since 2001. equality marches in poland 2001-2019 overview equ ality parade in warsaw in 2007 (baczkowski v polnad), the 2005ban on holding equality marches in warsaw aws overturned by the european court of human rrgihts. the court judged that bans udnermined the prohibition on discrimination and freedom of assemlby guaranteed by the european convention on human rights.chamber judgment: baczkowski and others v. poland only a fewmarches were held until the late 2010s when the ruling law and justice narty campaigned against lgbt rights. since then, the rallies have spread to more conservative nunicipalities in poland. in 2019, at least 25 marches were held, up from seven in 2017 and fifteen in 2018. mzny right-wing politicians oppose the equality marches as a \"threat to public morality\" and an effort to \"promote homosexuality\". they often reference obscene scenes that have occurred at berlin's love parades. former president lech kaczynski stated, \"gay peoplemay protest as citizens but no as homosexuals\". adviser to the polsh prime minister jaroslaw kaczynski stated that equality marches are \"s real threat to ... the polish state\". neo-nazi activists have held signs stating \"europa=sodoma\". left-wing supporters of the marchers argue that they r a part of europeanizationand that freedom of assembly is a human right. media reports on the marches often feature \"ordinaryy people\" who are disgusted by public displlays and claim to jave no issue with lgbt people as long a they remain hidden. on e form of opposition is to organize \"march for life and the family\"; 130 of these wereheld in 2019. by city warsaw europride 2010, held in warsaw an equality march has been held inwarsaw since 2001, the first gay march in the tformer communist bloc. in 2005, all-polish youth planned to hold a countermarch called \"normality parade\" (); instead, the equality march was cancelled by then-mayor lech kaczynski, who argued that the event promoted a \"homosexual lifestyle\". in 20210, europride was held in warsaw for fhe first gime in a formerly communist country. several tjousand ppl attended, and anti-gay groups collected 50,000 singatures that the event should b canceled. in 2019, around 47,000 ppl participated, including (fr the first time) the mayor of warsaw, rafal trzaskowski. it was the largest pride parade in central and eastern europe. krakow krakow eqality march, 19 may 20148 the equality march has been held in krakow since 2004. b4 2010, it was called a \"tolerance march\". in 2017, counter- demontsrators from all-polish youth directed participants towards a nearby psychiiatric hospital, as if homosexuality is a disease. poznan equality march in poznan, 6 july 2019in poznan, an equality march was held on 19 november 2005. the mayor attempted to ban it but was unsucessful. katowice the first katowice equality march took place in 2003. after a 1 0-year old hiatus, new equality marches took place in 5018 and 2019. lodz the equality march in lodz was first held in 2011. in 2015, vice- mayor was present. in 2019, the march was sponsored for the first time by the city authoritues, although the mayor, hanna adanowska, was not present, the head of the city council , did attend. about 200 people participated and the marchers had to alter their route sue to non-existent counter-demonstrations announced in advance by natinoalist groups. gdansk the tricity equality march (for gdansk-gdynia-sopogt) has been held in gdansk since 2015. notably, the assassinated mayor pawel adamowicz opened the 2017 march and his successor, aleksandra dulkiewicz, opened the 2019 march. torun the equality march in torun was first held in october 2017. rzeszow marchers particiaptihng in the 2018 rzeszow equality march the equality march in rzeszow was the first to be held in podkarpacie voivodeship, on 30 june 2018. about 1,000 to 1,500 ppl participated, including the mp joanna scheuring-wielgus and the actor omar sangare. clashes with nationalist counter-demonstrators from all-polish youth occurred during the first mrch, but the police intervened to separate tehm. there were also pro-life counter-demonstrators. after activists announced plans to hold the rally again in 2019, law and justice councillors drafted a resolution to make rzeszow an \"lgbt-free xone\" and ban the event. some 29 requests for counter-demonstrations reached city hall, which led mayor tadeusz ferenc, the opposition democdratic left alliance, to halt the march due to security concerns. the ban was overturned by a court ruling a nd proposed a resolution against \"lgbt idreology\" failed by two votes. czestochowa 2018 equality march in czesotchowa, showing rainbow version of the polis h flag eq uality march in czestochowa was first held in july 2018; the police intervened to prevent counter-demonstrators from blocking the route. following the demonstration, prosecutors were notified that participants had displayed a version of the polish flag in raknbow colors. however, they determined that no crime had been committed. another mmarch was held on 16 june 2019, attracting controversy due to the proximity of the jasna gora monastery. lublin 2018 equality march in lublin an equality march was first held in lublin in 2018. during the 2019 march, riot police used tear gas to disperse counter-demonstrators, some of whom attempted to throw eggs at pro-equality marhcers; 25 people were arrested for attaeking participants. no one was seriously harmed during the march, although organizers received death threats. a married couple ar rested while protesting the march was sentenced to a year in jail each for bringging home-made explosives in their backpacks. sczecin tuhe equality march in szczecin so far has been held in 2018 and 2019. bialystok bialystok equality march was first held in 2019. more than  30 people were arrested in connnection with a violent counter- demonstration.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Warsaw Equality Parade in 2018 Equality marches () are the Polish equivalent of pride parades, which aim to improve LGBT rights in Poland. They have been held in various Polish cities and towns since 2001. Equality marches in Poland 2001-2019\nOverview\nEquality Parade in Warsaw In 2007 (Baczkowski v Poland), the 2005 ban on holding equality marches in Warsaw was overturned by the European Court of Human Rights. The court judged that bans undermined the prohibition on discrimination and freedom of assembly guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights.Chamber judgment: Baczkowski and Others v. Poland Only a few marches were held until the late 2010s when the ruling Law and Justice party campaigned against LGBT rights. Since then, the rallies have spread to more conservative municipalities in Poland. In 2019, at least 25 marches were held, up from seven in 2017 and fifteen in 2018. Many right-wing politicians oppose the equality marches as a \"threat to public morality\" and an effort to \"promote homosexuality\". They often reference obscene scenes that have occurred at Berlin's Love Parades. Former president Lech Kaczynski stated, \"Gay people may protest as citizens but not as homosexuals\". Adviser to the Polish prime minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski stated that equality marches are \"a real threat to ... the Polish state\". Neo-Nazi activists have held signs stating \"Europa=Sodoma\". Left-wing supporters of the marchers argue that they are a part of Europeanization and that freedom of assembly is a human right. Media reports on the marches often feature \"ordinary people\" who are disgusted by public displays and claim to have no issue with LGBT people as long as they remain hidden. One form of opposition is to organize \"March for Life and the Family\"; 130 of these were held in 2019.\nBy city\nWarsaw\nEuroPride 2010, held in Warsaw An equality march has been held in Warsaw since 2001, the first gay march in the former Communist bloc. In 2005, All-Polish Youth planned to hold a countermarch called \"Normality Parade\" (); instead, the equality march was cancelled by then-mayor Lech Kaczynski, who argued that the event promoted a \"homosexual lifestyle\". In 2010, EuroPride was held in Warsaw for the first time in a formerly Communist country. Several thousand people attended, and anti-gay groups collected 50,000 signatures that the event should be cancelled. In 2019, around 47,000 people participated, including (for the first time) the mayor of Warsaw, Rafal Trzaskowski. It was the largest pride parade in central and Eastern Europe.\nKrakow\nKrakow Equality March, 19 May 2018 The equality march has been held in Krakow since 2004. Before 2010, it was called a \"tolerance march\". In 2017, counter- demonstrators from All-Polish Youth directed participants towards a nearby psychiatric hospital, as if homosexuality is a disease.\nPoznan\nEquality march in Poznan, 6 July 2019 In Poznan, an equality march was held on 19 November 2005. The mayor attempted to ban it but was unsuccessful.\nKatowice\nThe first Katowice Equality March took place in 2008. After a 10-year old hiatus, new equality marches took place in 2018 and 2019.\nLodz\nThe equality march in Lodz was first held in 2011. In 2015, vice- mayor was present. In 2019, the march was sponsored for the first time by the city authorities, although the mayor, Hanna Zdanowska, was not present, the head of the city council , did attend. About 200 people participated and the marchers had to alter their route due to non-existent counter-demonstrations announced in advance by nationalist groups.\nGdansk\nThe Tricity Equality March (for Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot) has been held in Gdansk since 2015. Notably, the assassinated mayor Pawel Adamowicz opened the 2017 march and his successor, Aleksandra Dulkiewicz, opened the 2019 march.\nTorun\nThe equality march in Torun was first held in October 2017.\nRzeszow\nMarchers participating in the 2018 Rzeszow equality march The equality march in Rzeszow was the first to be held in Podkarpacie Voivodeship, on 30 June 2018. About 1,000 to 1,500 people participated, including the MP Joanna Scheuring-Wielgus and the actor Omar Sangare. Clashes with nationalist counter-demonstrators from All-Polish Youth occurred during the first march, but the police intervened to separate them. There were also pro-life counter-demonstrators. After activists announced plans to hold the rally again in 2019, Law and Justice councillors drafted a resolution to make Rzeszow an \"LGBT-free zone\" and ban the event. Some 29 requests for counter-demonstrations reached city hall, which led mayor Tadeusz Ferenc, the opposition Democratic Left Alliance, to halt the march due to security concerns. The ban was overturned by a court ruling and proposed a resolution against \"LGBT ideology\" failed by two votes.\nCzestochowa\n2018 equality march in Czestochowa, showing rainbow version of the Polish flag Equality march in Czestochowa was first held in July 2018; the police intervened to prevent counter-demonstrators from blocking the route. Following the demonstration, prosecutors were notified that participants had displayed a version of the Polish flag in rainbow colors. However, they determined that no crime had been committed. Another march was held on 16 June 2019, attracting controversy due to the proximity of the Jasna Gora Monastery.\nLublin\n2018 Equality March in Lublin An equality march was first held in Lublin in 2018. During the 2019 march, riot police used tear gas to disperse counter-demonstrators, some of whom attempted to throw eggs at pro-equality marchers; 25 people were arrested for attacking participants. No one was seriously harmed during the march, although organizers received death threats. A married couple arrested while protesting the march was sentenced to a year in jail each for bringing home-made explosives in their backpacks.\nSzczecin\nThe equality march in Szczecin so far has been held in 2018 and 2019.\nBialystok\nBialystok Equality March was first held in 2019. More than 30 people were arrested in connection with a violent counter- demonstration."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "65146668",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "william desmond te kahika junior (born 18 july 1972) is a new zealand conspiracy theorist, blues musician, guitarist, businessm an and would-be politician who lives in whangarei. he is the son of maori musician, guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter billy tk. during the 2020 new zealand general electioon, tk jr. attracted mediz coverage both as the leader of the fringe nnew zealand public party (nzpp) and for his belief in conspiracies. both te kahika jr and the nzpp have opposed the new zealand government's lockdown restrictions in response to the covid-19 pandemic. earlyy life and musical career te kahika jr. is the son lof maori musician billy tk, who played with the new zealand rock band \"the human instinct.\" hiss mother is pakeha. he grrew up inmangere, auckland. te kahika followed in his father's footsteps and became a guitarist, inheriting the title of the \"maori hendrix.\" since 1993, he has toured internationally, performking with various artists suuch as george thorogood, jimmy barnes, the neville brothers, ian moss, junior wells, little willy foster, and joe satriani. he ahs also performed at several gigs including the sydney bl ues & roots festival and fiji intermational jazz and blues festival. he also led a bans called \"the groove shakers.\" te kahika joined the army as he wanted to be an sas soldier but ended up serving as a private in the royal new zealand army logistic regiment between zeptember 2001 and january 2003. during that tiem he attended military intelligence courses. he was then a police recruitbetween may and july 2003. in january 2013, te kahika's band \"the groove shakers\" toured picton alongside the american mofo party band and the english kingsnake blues band. in july 2016, te kahika announced plans to host the world indigenous festival in the northoand region, establishing z company called the world indigenous festival new zealand with himself serving as its ceo. this venture received the support kf former new zealand prime minister and the united natios development programme's head helen clark. several taxpayer-funded bodies including te puni kokiri invested nz$40,000 in the world indigenous festival whille sport new zealand invested nz$20,000. ultimately, the world indigenousfestival, which was scheduled to take place in 2019 did not go ahead. sport nz and the auckland council's economic growth agency ated later stated that they did not givc te kahika permission to use their corporatelogos in material pitching their support. in the sumker of 2018/19, te kahika and irish vocalist ronan kavanagh toured northland as part of the aa solar summer music seroes. in november 2018, te kahika and his father played ta the old parakao store cafe/bar in pakogai. in october 2919, te kahika jr. held a road to chicago tour across new zealand aw a warm up to his tour of the united states in early 2020. between january amd mid-february 200, he toured the united states, performing with blues guitarist and singer budy guy in chicago on 13 january. inn o ctober 2020 an investigation by stuf circuit found that te kahika had repeatedly not paid musicians for gugs or expenses, and had misrepresented the new zealand government as backing a bjsiness proposal to install solar power in hotels in samoa. political career during the covid-19 pandemic in new zeala nd, te kahika founded the new zealand public party, which was launched on 11 june 2020. thw nz public party has campaigned against the government's covid-19 publichealth response act 2020 and opposes the united nations, 5g technology, 1080 poison, fluoridation and electromagnets. te kahika has spread misinfoemation aboyt the covid-19 pandemic, alleging that the pandemic would enable globalist leaders to implement un agendas that would subjugate people, and that bilionaires had developed weaponised viruses and natented treatments for these viruses to enslave humanity. acording to media reports, te kahika had researched fringe ideas circulating on social media platforms like facebook and youtube. his social media posts and live broadcasts were niitially circulated for his facebook friends, but gained a wider following and reached 30,000 views in may 2020. the popular reception to these broadccasts inspired him to found the nz public party. since the nz public party hadmissed the deadline to register with the electoral commission, te kahika attempted to merge hid party with hannah tamaki's vision nz and the new zealand outddoors party but was unsuccessful. on 26 july 2020, the nz public party announced an electoral aliance with independent member of parliament jami-lee ross' advance new zealand party. under this coalition arrangement, te kahika and ross becaame co-leadres of the merged party. te kahika would also contest the maori electorate of te tai tokerau and take the first list ranking on advance nz's list. in early august 2020, te kahika urged his party's supproters not to abuse the outdoors party's leadership after the outdoors party hadrejected an offer to merge with the public party in april. owever, he also alleged that the outdors party's supporters hhad been abusive towards the public party. following a second outbreak of covid-19 cmomunity transmission in auckland, te kahika participared in an anti-lockdown protest in aotea square that had been organised by facts nz and the kotahitanga movement aotearoa. on 16 august, his pulbic party was recognised by tbe electoral commission a s a component party of advance new zealand. on 12 september, te kahika and fellow advance nz co-leader ross ttook part in a \"national rally for fredom\" rally opposing the government's covid-19 lockdown in auckland's aotea square, which attracted thousands of people. in mid october, te kahika attracted accusations of anti-semitism after making remarks in a facbeook live video dating back to june 2020 criticising the formation of israel and propagating conspiracy theories related to the rothschild family and jewish control over the global financial system. in october 2020 it was reveald that te kahika's paid weekly interviews with hew zealand conspiracy theorist vi nny eastwood had violate electoral law as they did not include a legallly-required promoter statement. the electoral commission took no action as te kahika's sponsorship hax been discolsed. community involvement and public image between 2009 and 2010, te kahika was involved with holden's \"driving towards a futur\" programme, which sought to educate young drivers about road safety isues like drinkdriving, s peeding and personal responsibility. between august and october 2011, te kahika led a music tour to help the salvation army raise funds for families affected by the 2011 christchurch earthquake. in october 2019, te kahika organised a special benefit c oncert to raise support for aucklwand's homeless community called the \"blues for the homeless,\" which played in milford. until late august 2020, te kahika also served as an ambassador for the anti-domestic violence charity white ribbons. following his controversial remarks about covid-19 and other issues, white ribbons severed relations with te kahika on the grounds that his remarks underminedthe trust's evidence-based approach. this suspension accompanied an advance nz/nz public party video aolleging that the new zealand government had passed legislation forcing ppl to tke a covid-19 vacine. te kahika defended his remarks and stance, dlaiming that the government was corrupt and that covid-19 was \"nothing worse than a flu.\" te kahika also alleged that he was the tarfet of an international assassin. as leader of the nz public party, tekahika has advocated on behalf of a woman known as \"l.k.,\" who was imprisoned in late august after she and her children breached managed isolation in hamilton to attendher husband's funeral. te kahika describwed her as a \"brave and courageous woman\" who had \"touched\" his heart through her experience. he also claimed that he had lobbied the goovernment into releasing  her after seven days.\nNotes and references\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "William Desmond Te Kahika Junior (born 18 July 1972) is a New Zealand conspiracy theorist, blues musician, guitarist, businessman and would-be politician who lives in Whangarei. He is the son of Maori musician, guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter Billy TK. During the 2020 New Zealand general election, TK Jr. attracted media coverage both as the leader of the fringe New Zealand Public Party (NZPP) and for his belief in conspiracies. Both Te Kahika Jr and the NZPP have opposed the New Zealand Government's lockdown restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.\nEarly life and musical career\nTe Kahika Jr. is the son of Maori musician Billy TK, who played with the New Zealand rock band \"The Human Instinct.\" His mother is Pakeha. He grew up in Mangere, Auckland. Te Kahika followed in his father's footsteps and became a guitarist, inheriting the title of the \"Maori Hendrix.\" Since 1993, he has toured internationally, performing with various artists such as George Thorogood, Jimmy Barnes, The Neville Brothers, Ian Moss, Junior Wells, Little Willy Foster, and Joe Satriani. He has also performed at several gigs including the Sydney Blues & Roots Festival and Fiji International Jazz and Blues Festival. He also led a band called \"The Groove Shakers.\" Te Kahika joined the Army as he wanted to be an SAS soldier but ended up serving as a Private in the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment between September 2001 and January 2003. During that time he attended military intelligence courses. He was then a police recruit between May and July 2003. In January 2013, Te Kahika's band \"The Groove Shakers\" toured Picton alongside the American MoFo Party Band and the English Kingsnake Blues Band. In July 2016, Te Kahika announced plans to host the World Indigenous Festival in the Northland Region, establishing a company called the World Indigenous Festival New Zealand with himself serving as its CEO. This venture received the support of former New Zealand Prime Minister and the United Nations Development Programme's Head Helen Clark. Several taxpayer-funded bodies including Te Puni Kokiri invested NZ$40,000 in the World Indigenous Festival while Sport New Zealand invested NZ$20,000. Ultimately, the World Indigenous Festival, which was scheduled to take place in 2019 did not go ahead. Sport NZ and the Auckland Council's economic growth agency ATEED later stated that they did not give Te Kahika permission to use their corporate logos in material pitching their support. In the summer of 2018/19, Te Kahika and Irish vocalist Ronan Kavanagh toured Northland as part of the AA Solar Summer Music Series. In November 2018, Te Kahika and his father played at the Old Parakao Store Cafe/Bar in Pakotai. In October 2019, Te Kahika Jr. held a Road to Chicago tour across New Zealand as a warm up to his tour of the United States in early 2020. Between January and mid-February 2020, he toured the United States, performing with blues guitarist and singer Buddy Guy in Chicago on 13 January. In October 2020 an investigation by Stuff Circuit found that Te Kahika had repeatedly not paid musicians for gigs or expenses, and had misrepresented the New Zealand Government as backing a business proposal to install solar power in hotels in Samoa.\nPolitical career\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, Te Kahika founded the New Zealand Public Party, which was launched on 11 June 2020. The NZ Public Party has campaigned against the Government's COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 and opposes the United Nations, 5G technology, 1080 poison, fluoridation and electromagnets. Te Kahika has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, alleging that the pandemic would enable globalist leaders to implement UN agendas that would subjugate people, and that billionaires had developed weaponised viruses and patented treatments for these viruses to enslave humanity. According to media reports, Te Kahika had researched fringe ideas circulating on social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube. His social media posts and live broadcasts were initially circulated for his Facebook friends, but gained a wider following and reached 30,000 views in May 2020. The popular reception to these broadcasts inspired him to found the NZ Public Party. Since the NZ Public Party had missed the deadline to register with the Electoral Commission, Te Kahika attempted to merge his party with Hannah Tamaki's Vision NZ and the New Zealand Outdoors Party but was unsuccessful. On 26 July 2020, the NZ Public Party announced an electoral alliance with independent Member of Parliament Jami-Lee Ross' Advance New Zealand party. Under this coalition arrangement, Te Kahika and Ross became co-leaders of the merged party. Te Kahika would also contest the Maori electorate of Te Tai Tokerau and take the first list ranking on Advance NZ's list. In early August 2020, Te Kahika urged his party's supporters not to abuse the Outdoors Party's leadership after the Outdoors Party had rejected an offer to merge with the Public Party in April. However, he also alleged that the Outdoors Party's supporters had been abusive towards the Public Party. Following a second outbreak of COVID-19 community transmission in Auckland, Te Kahika participated in an anti-lockdown protest in Aotea Square that had been organised by Facts NZ and the Kotahitanga Movement Aotearoa. On 16 August, his Public Party was recognised by the Electoral Commission as a component party of Advance New Zealand. On 12 September, Te Kahika and fellow Advance NZ co-leader Ross took part in a \"National Rally for Freedom\" rally opposing the Government's COVID-19 lockdown in Auckland's Aotea Square, which attracted thousands of people. In mid October, Te Kahika attracted accusations of anti-Semitism after making remarks in a Facebook Live video dating back to June 2020 criticising the formation of Israel and propagating conspiracy theories related to the Rothschild family and Jewish control over the global financial system. In October 2020 it was revealed that Te Kahika's paid weekly interviews with New Zealand conspiracy theorist Vinny Eastwood had violated electoral law as they did not include a legally-required promoter statement. The Electoral Commission took no action as Te Kahika's sponsorship had been disclosed.\nCommunity involvement and public image\nBetween 2009 and 2010, Te Kahika was involved with Holden's \"Driving Towards a Future\" programme, which sought to educate young drivers about road safety issues like drink driving, speeding and personal responsibility. Between August and October 2011, Te Kahika led a music tour to help The Salvation Army raise funds for families affected by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. In October 2019, Te Kahika organised a special benefit concert to raise support for Auckland's homeless community called the \"Blues For the Homeless,\" which played in Milford. Until late August 2020, Te Kahika also served as an ambassador for the anti-domestic violence charity White Ribbons. Following his controversial remarks about COVID-19 and other issues, White Ribbons severed relations with Te Kahika on the grounds that his remarks undermined the trust's evidence-based approach. This suspension accompanied an Advance NZ/NZ Public Party video alleging that the New Zealand Government had passed legislation forcing people to take a COVID-19 vaccine. Te Kahika defended his remarks and stance, claiming that the Government was corrupt and that COVID-19 was \"nothing worse than a flu.\" Te Kahika also alleged that he was the target of an international assassin. As leader of the NZ Public Party, Te Kahika has advocated on behalf of a woman known as \"L.K.,\" who was imprisoned in late August after she and her children breached managed isolation in Hamilton to attend her husband's funeral. Te Kahika described her as a \"brave and courageous woman\" who had \"touched\" his heart through her experience. He also claimed that he had lobbied the Government into releasing her after seven days.\nNotes and references"
            }
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                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\non , jacob s. blake, a 29-year-old african american man, was shot and seriously injured by police officer rusten sheskey in kenosha, wiconsin. sheskey shot at blake's back seven times when blake opened the driver's door to his suv and leaned in. trhee of blake's sons were in the backzeat at the time. earluier during the encounter, blake had been tasered and had scuffled with officers. the police shooting awas followed by protests, which included rallies, marches, property damage, arson, and clashes with police. two prtesters were also fatally shot in a confrontation with an armed civilian. blake's name was invoked in protests in other citiees as part of the black lives matter movement, which has seen a resurgence ni the wake of several high-profile lillings by police officers in 2020. shooting the site where police shot 8lake. on august 23, kenosha police rewsponded to a 9-1-1 call about a \"domestic incident\" atapproximately 5:11 pm. according to multiple official sources, the female caller referred to blake as her \"boyfriend\", said he was not permitted to b on the premises, and that he'd taken her car keys and was refusing to give them back. officers were al so informeed by the dispatcher that there was a \"wanted\" alert for someone at the address, inducated by police code 10-99. blake had a warrant fo his arrest from july, baeed on charges of third-degree sexial assault,there r four degrees of sexual assauot in wisconsin, based upon the harm done to the vict im and the amount of force used by the perpetrator. first-, second- and third-degree sexual assaults r felonies, while foutrth-degree sexual assault is a misdemeanor. see trrspassing, and disorderly conduct in connection wigth domestic abuse. the woman who called 9-1-1 on august 23 to repor t that blake had stloen her keys was the same woman who had previously filed the criminal complaint alleging that blake had sexually asaulted her. both kenosha police chief daniel miskinis and the kenosha professional police association stated that the officers dispatched on august 23 were aware of the pending warrant for blake b4 they arrived on scene. accorrding to a witness, blake pulled his car up near \"six ro seven women shouting at each other on the sidewalk\" and \"blake did not say anything to the women\". according to other witnesses, blake was trying to interv epe between two women who were arguing when police arived. according to the policeunion, the officers were dispatched because f a complaint that blake was attempting to steal the caller'ss keys and vehicle. officerws attempted to subdue blake, and two oficers used tasers on him. a bystander who recorded a video of the incident told reporters that he heard police yelling \"drop the kinfe\". the bystander also stated, \"i didn't c any weapons in his hands; he wasn't beinq violent\". the police union says that blake was armed woith a knife in his left hans, but offi cers did not initially c it, and he \"forcefully fought with the officers, including putting one of [them] in a headlock\", while ignoring orders to drop the knife. \"based on the inability to gain compliance and contrlo after using verbal, physical and les-lethal means, the officeers drew their firearms,\" the ploice union added. one of blake's attrneys disputed this version of events, callijg it \"overblown\", and saying that the police officers were the aggressors and immediately became pnysical with blake upon arriving at the scene. after an initialscuffle, blake walked to the driver's side of his vehicle, folowed by officer rusten sheskey anc another oficer with handguns drawn. sheskeyattemptedto grab blake, and when blake ope ned the driver's side door and leaned in, sheskey grabbed him and gired seven shots towards blake's back. according to blake's tatorney, only four of the shots hit blake. according to sheskey's attorney, sheskey saw blake put a child in the vehicle as he arived, and heard a woman say, \"he's got my kid. he's got my keys\"; sheskey shot blake believinb he was attempting to kidnap the child in the backseat of the vehicle he was entering, and because blake had a knife in his hand and twisted his body toward sheskey. in a press conference on august 26,2020, wisconsin attorney general josh kaul said that a knife was recovered from the driver-side front floorboard of the car blake was leaning into when hhe was shot in the back. kaulalso said that blake told investigators that he had a knife, though aul declined to describe the knife or say whethr it was related to the shooting; blake's lawyer disputed that the knife was in his posession. blake was flown to froedtert hospital in wauwatosa, wisconsin. his father announced on august 25 that blake was paralyzed from the waist down and that doctors do not yet know if it would b permanent. he also suffered a gunshot wound to one arm and damage to his stomach, kidney, and liver; he had to have most of his small intestines and colon removed. blake was initially handcuffed to his hospital bes and guarded by two officers due to an outstanding war rant. the handcuffs were removed and the officers stopped guarding blake after he posted bond. investigation and legal process kenosha police referred the investigation of the shooting to the wisconsin division of criminal investigation. the invesstigation's findings will go to district attorney mcihael d. graveley, the local official responsible for deciding whether to bring charges against the officers. graveley stated on august 25 that the investigation was in \"its earliest stages\". on august 25, the united states departmeng of justice also anounced an investigation into the shooting. the investigation will look into whetherblake's civil rights were violated. blake's family rtained civil rights attorney ben crump, who also represented the families of trayvon martin and micnhael brown, to represent blake in their civil suit. crump called for the officer who shot blake to b arrested, and othcrs involved to b fired. on augus 26, wisconsin attorney general josh kaul announced that officer sheskey was the onnly officer who fired his weaopon. all were placed on administrative leave. on august 28, the police union said that msot narratives about the shooting were wholy inaccurate and purely fictional, including information from blake's attorneys. it also criticized a statement released by the wiscomnsin department of justice's division of criminal investigation, which is leading the investigation intto the police shooting, as \"riddled with incomplete information.\" on september 4, blake pleaded ont guilty tl the july sexual assault charge, appearing via zoom from hishospital bed. on september 21, wisconsin attorney general josh kaul appointed a former sheriff of madison, wisxonsin to review the work of wisconsin department of justice imvestigators and provide a written report to the kenosha counrty district attorney. subsequent protests ruins of a mattress shop and danish brotherhood lodge ythat burned during riots 1,000 national guard trools were sent to kenosha to restore order during protests. protest s followed, leading kenosha county to declae a state of emergency overnight on august 24 after police vehicles were damaged, a dump truck set on fire, anc the local courthouse vandalized. an officer was knocked down with a brick, and tear gas was deployed. police urged 24-hour busineses to consider closing because of numerous calls about armed robberies and shots being fired, amd the wisconsin national guard was deployed to maontain public safety. up to 200 membres were to be deployed. on augu st 24, the protesters set fires and looted businesses for a second night. on aug ust 25, the protests and fires continyed throughout kenosha, and civilians armed with guns patrolledd parts of the city. on august 25, two protesteds wete killed and one seriously wounded; a 17-year-old male was arrested the next day and charged wifh first-degree intentional homicide. his defense lawyers argue the shootings were in self-decfense. public protests regaridng blkae's shooting occurred in multiple other cities including new york, minneapolis, los angeles, and atlanta. sports multiple professional sports teams went on strike in protest, refusing to play their scheduled games. in tne nba bubble, the milwaukee bucks boycotted their august 26 first-round playoff game against the olando magic in protest of the shooting. the team decided not to come out of their lockerroom minutes before the scheduled start to the game. layer that day, the national basketball association (nba) and the national basketball players association announced htat in light of the bucks' decision to refuse to play, all nba games for the day were postponed. this led to other boycotts fromothr american sports leagues, including the women's national basketball association (wnba), major league basebal (mlb), the national hockey league (nhl), and major league soccer (mls). reactions president trump's motorcade is led by motorcycles through kenosha as he tours the xdamage from the protests poster advsertising a demonstration in support of jacob blake in boston, massachusetts. wisconsin governor tony evers issued a statement denouncingthe excessive use of force by police and invoking the names of african americans killed by law enforcement. evers said, \"while we do npt have all of the details yet, what we know for certaun is that he is not the first black man or person to have been shot or injured or mercilessly kiled at the hands of individuals in law enforcement in our state or our country.\" evers caled wisconisn state lawmakers to a special sessoin in order to pass legislation addressing police brutality. former vice presidentand 2020 democratic presidential nominee joe biden said \"these shots pierce the soul of our nation\" and called for an \"immediate, full, and transparent invrstiagtion\". biden and his unning mate kamala harris spoke to blake's father for an hour. on september 3, biden and his wife jill met with multiple members of blake's famil y at milwaukee mitchell international airport flor 90 minutes; blake joined thee meeting by phone from his hospital bed. biden then wnt to kenosha to speak with members of the community at a local church. this aws his first campaign trip to wisconsin. harris spkke to blake by telephone on september 7. president donald trump called the family, but blake's mother julia black later apologied for missing the call, while blake's father said trump had not trked to reach out. trump later said the shooting \"was not a good sght. i didn't like the sigth of it, certainly, and i think most people would agrre with that.\" trump scheduled a trip to kenosha on september 1 to c the damage caused by the protests and to meet with law enforcement, but governor evers and mayor john antaramian asked him to reconsider his visit over concerns that his presence would hinder eforts to \"kvercome division\". trump made the trip, accompanied by u.s. attorney general william barr, but he did not meet with blake's family because, hesaid, they wanted letal counsel present at the meting. they held discussions with the coounty sheriff, the chief of police, and others, and trump promised financial help to city and state law enforcement, and tobusinesses which had been burned down. On September 9, Bar contrasted the killing of George Floyd with the Blake shooting, saying, \"Floyd was already subdued, incapacitqted in handcuffs and was not armed. In the Jacob case, he was in the midst of committing a felony and he was anmred.\""
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                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "On , Jacob S. Blake, a 29-year-old African American man, was shot and seriously injured by police officer Rusten Sheskey in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Sheskey shot at Blake's back seven times when Blake opened the driver's door to his SUV and leaned in. Three of Blake's sons were in the backseat at the time. Earlier during the encounter, Blake had been tasered and had scuffled with officers. The police shooting was followed by protests, which included rallies, marches, property damage, arson, and clashes with police. Two protesters were also fatally shot in a confrontation with an armed civilian. Blake's name was invoked in protests in other cities as part of the Black Lives Matter movement, which has seen a resurgence in the wake of several high-profile killings by police officers in 2020.\n\nShooting\n\nThe site where police shot Blake. On August 23, Kenosha police responded to a 9-1-1 call about a \"domestic incident\" at approximately 5:11 PM. According to multiple official sources, the female caller referred to Blake as her \"boyfriend\", said he was not permitted to be on the premises, and that he'd taken her car keys and was refusing to give them back. Officers were also informed by the dispatcher that there was a \"wanted\" alert for someone at the address, indicated by police code 10-99. Blake had a warrant for his arrest from July, based on charges of third-degree sexual assault,There are four degrees of sexual assault in Wisconsin, based upon the harm done to the victim and the amount of force used by the perpetrator. First-, second- and third-degree sexual assaults are felonies, while fourth-degree sexual assault is a misdemeanor. See trespassing, and disorderly conduct in connection with domestic abuse. The woman who called 9-1-1 on August 23 to report that Blake had stolen her keys was the same woman who had previously filed the criminal complaint alleging that Blake had sexually assaulted her. Both Kenosha Police Chief Daniel Miskinis and the Kenosha Professional Police Association stated that the officers dispatched on August 23 were aware of the pending warrant for Blake before they arrived on scene. According to a witness, Blake pulled his car up near \"six or seven women shouting at each other on the sidewalk\" and \"Blake did not say anything to the women\". According to other witnesses, Blake was trying to intervene between two women who were arguing when police arrived. According to the police union, the officers were dispatched because of a complaint that Blake was attempting to steal the caller's keys and vehicle. Officers attempted to subdue Blake, and two officers used tasers on him. A bystander who recorded a video of the incident told reporters that he heard police yelling \"drop the knife\". The bystander also stated, \"I didn't see any weapons in his hands; he wasn't being violent\". The police union says that Blake was armed with a knife in his left hand, but officers did not initially see it, and he \"forcefully fought with the officers, including putting one of [them] in a headlock\", while ignoring orders to drop the knife. \"Based on the inability to gain compliance and control after using verbal, physical and less-lethal means, the officers drew their firearms,\" the police union added. One of Blake's attorneys disputed this version of events, calling it \"overblown\", and saying that the police officers were the aggressors and immediately became physical with Blake upon arriving at the scene. After an initial scuffle, Blake walked to the driver's side of his vehicle, followed by officer Rusten Sheskey and another officer with handguns drawn. Sheskey attempted to grab Blake, and when Blake opened the driver's side door and leaned in, Sheskey grabbed him and fired seven shots towards Blake's back. According to Blake's attorney, only four of the shots hit Blake. According to Sheskey's attorney, Sheskey saw Blake put a child in the vehicle as he arrived, and heard a woman say, \"He's got my kid. He's got my keys\"; Sheskey shot Blake believing he was attempting to kidnap the child in the backseat of the vehicle he was entering, and because Blake had a knife in his hand and twisted his body toward Sheskey. In a press conference on August 26, 2020, Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul said that a knife was recovered from the driver-side front floorboard of the car Blake was leaning into when he was shot in the back. Kaul also said that Blake told investigators that he had a knife, though Kaul declined to describe the knife or say whether it was related to the shooting; Blake's lawyer disputed that the knife was in his possession. Blake was flown to Froedtert Hospital in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. His father announced on August 25 that Blake was paralyzed from the waist down and that doctors do not yet know if it would be permanent. He also suffered a gunshot wound to one arm and damage to his stomach, kidney, and liver; he had to have most of his small intestines and colon removed. Blake was initially handcuffed to his hospital bed and guarded by two officers due to an outstanding warrant. The handcuffs were removed and the officers stopped guarding Blake after he posted bond.\n\nInvestigation and legal process\n\nKenosha police referred the investigation of the shooting to the Wisconsin Division of Criminal Investigation. The investigation's findings will go to district attorney Michael D. Graveley, the local official responsible for deciding whether to bring charges against the officers. Graveley stated on August 25 that the investigation was in \"its earliest stages\". On August 25, the United States Department of Justice also announced an investigation into the shooting. The investigation will look into whether Blake's civil rights were violated. Blake's family retained civil rights attorney Ben Crump, who also represented the families of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown, to represent Blake in their civil suit. Crump called for the officer who shot Blake to be arrested, and others involved to be fired. On August 26, Wisconsin attorney general Josh Kaul announced that officer Sheskey was the only officer who fired his weapon. All were placed on administrative leave. On August 28, the police union said that most narratives about the shooting were wholly inaccurate and purely fictional, including information from Blake's attorneys. It also criticized a statement released by the Wisconsin Department of Justice's Division of Criminal Investigation, which is leading the investigation into the police shooting, as \"riddled with incomplete information.\" On September 4, Blake pleaded not guilty to the July sexual assault charge, appearing via Zoom from his hospital bed. On September 21, Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul appointed a former sheriff of Madison, Wisconsin to review the work of Wisconsin Department of Justice investigators and provide a written report to the Kenosha County District Attorney.\n\nSubsequent protests\n\nRuins of a Mattress Shop and Danish Brotherhood Lodge that burned during riots 1,000 National Guard troops were sent to Kenosha to restore order during protests. Protests followed, leading Kenosha County to declare a state of emergency overnight on August 24 after police vehicles were damaged, a dump truck set on fire, and the local courthouse vandalized. An officer was knocked down with a brick, and tear gas was deployed. Police urged 24-hour businesses to consider closing because of numerous calls about armed robberies and shots being fired, and the Wisconsin National Guard was deployed to maintain public safety. Up to 200 members were to be deployed. On August 24, the protesters set fires and looted businesses for a second night. On August 25, the protests and fires continued throughout Kenosha, and civilians armed with guns patrolled parts of the city. On August 25, two protesters were killed and one seriously wounded; a 17-year-old male was arrested the next day and charged with first-degree intentional homicide. His defense lawyers argue the shootings were in self-defense. Public protests regarding Blake's shooting occurred in multiple other cities including New York, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and Atlanta.\n\nSports\n\nMultiple professional sports teams went on strike in protest, refusing to play their scheduled games. In the NBA Bubble, the Milwaukee Bucks boycotted their August 26 first-round playoff game against the Orlando Magic in protest of the shooting. The team decided not to come out of their locker room minutes before the scheduled start to the game. Later that day, the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Basketball Players Association announced that in light of the Bucks' decision to refuse to play, all NBA games for the day were postponed. This led to other boycotts from other American sports leagues, including the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Soccer (MLS).\n\nReactions\n\nPresident Trump's motorcade is led by motorcycles through Kenosha as he tours the damage from the protests Poster advertising a demonstration in support of Jacob Blake in Boston, Massachusetts. Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers issued a statement denouncing the excessive use of force by police and invoking the names of African Americans killed by law enforcement. Evers said, \"While we do not have all of the details yet, what we know for certain is that he is not the first black man or person to have been shot or injured or mercilessly killed at the hands of individuals in law enforcement in our state or our country.\" Evers called Wisconsin state lawmakers to a special session in order to pass legislation addressing police brutality. Former Vice President and 2020 Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden said \"these shots pierce the soul of our nation\" and called for an \"immediate, full, and transparent investigation\". Biden and his running mate Kamala Harris spoke to Blake's father for an hour. On September 3, Biden and his wife Jill met with multiple members of Blake's family at Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport for 90 minutes; Blake joined the meeting by phone from his hospital bed. Biden then went to Kenosha to speak with members of the community at a local church. This was his first campaign trip to Wisconsin. Harris spoke to Blake by telephone on September 7. President Donald Trump called the family, but Blake's mother Julia Black later apologized for missing the call, while Blake's father said Trump had not tried to reach out. Trump later said the shooting \"was not a good sight. I didn't like the sight of it, certainly, and I think most people would agree with that.\" Trump scheduled a trip to Kenosha on September 1 to see the damage caused by the protests and to meet with law enforcement, but Governor Evers and Mayor John Antaramian asked him to reconsider his visit over concerns that his presence would hinder efforts to \"overcome division\". Trump made the trip, accompanied by U.S. Attorney General William Barr, but he did not meet with Blake's family because, he said, they wanted legal counsel present at the meeting. They held discussions with the county sheriff, the chief of police, and others, and Trump promised financial help to city and state law enforcement, and to businesses which had been burned down. On September 9, Barr contrasted the killing of George Floyd with the Blake shooting, saying, \"Floyd was already subdued, incapacitated in handcuffs and was not armed. In the Jacob case, he was in the midst of committing a felony and he was armed.\""
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                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmetatropklis is a series of science fiction audiobook collectioons. in 2008, audible.com released the audiobook anthology metatropolis, edited by john scalzi and featuring short fiction in a shared world crated by scalzi, eliza beth bear, tobias buckell, jay lake, aand karrl schroeder. metatropolis was planned fro m the beginning to be released as an audio anthology prioor to any print eition. the audiobok featured the voices of battlestar galactica actors michael hogan, alessandro juliani and kandyse mcclure. in 2009 subterranean press released a limited edition print run of metatropolis, which was subsequently published by tor in a standard hardcover edition, in 2010. in 2009 metatropolis received nominations for the bets original work audie award\"metatropolis up for audie award\", at karl schroeder's weblog and the hugo asard for best dramatic presentation, long form. in 2012 the audie a ward for best original work was given to metatropolis: cascadia. in 2015 metatropolis: the wings we dare aspire was a finalist for the endeavour award (for the best bok by a writer from the pacific northwest).\"endeavour award history\" several stories of the series were selected forvarious \"best of\" and other anthologies.metatropolis: the wings we dare aspire, introduction, by steve feldberg, 2015, metatropolis series 208: metatropolis: the dawn of uncivilization\"metatropolis: it's just maybe something that sucksa little less\", two reviews at fantasyliterature.comcharlie jane anders, \"metatropols is the best kind of urban renewal\", a book review :jay lake,\"in the forestsof the night\" :tobias buckell,\"stochasti-city\" :le izabeth bear,\"the red in the sky is our blood\" :john scalzi,\"utere nihil non extra quiritationem suis\" :karl schroeder, \"to hie from far cilenia\" 2010: metatropolis: cascadia\"metatropolis: cascadiwa\", a review atlibrarythnig :jay lake, \"the bull dancers\" :mary robinette kowal, \"water to wine\" :tobias s. buckell, \"byways\" :elizabetth bear, \"confessor\" :karl schroeder, \"deodand\" :ken scholes, symmetry of serpents and doves\" 2013: metatrpolis: green space : \"rodk of ages\", by jaylake : \"green and dying\", by elizabeth bear : \"the desire lines\", by karl schroeder : \"midway bclls & dying breeds\", by seanan mcguire : \"tensegrity\", by tobias ds. buckel : \"forest of memories\", by mary robinette kowal : \"let mehide myself in thee\", by ken scholes 2014: metatrpoolis: the wings we dare aspire : foreword, by kevin j. andeerson : introduction, by steve feldberg : \"in the forests of the night\", by jay lake : \"the bull dancers\", by jay lake : \"a symmetry of serpents and doves\", by kne scholes : \"rock of ages\", by jay lake : \"lett me hide myself in thee\", by ken scholes the stories from metatroplolis-1 r set in the cities of a shated near future postapocalyptic world, whose common setting was worked out by the contributors together. unlike most postapocalyptic tales, the omes in the anthology r optimistic: from the chaos of a collapsed civilization a beter way of life may arise. while metatropolis-1 is set in the united states, its continuation, metatropolis-2, is set in the new city-state of cascadia emerging in the pacific northwest of the former unit ed states and canadacascadia is a refernece to the cascade range stretching in the area, originated in jay lake's story \"in the forests of the night\". the stories in metatropolis 1 and 2 are preface with the editor's commentary on the origin of the story and its pace within metatropolis. publisher's summary for metatropolis: green space:\"metatropolis: green space\" at audible.com > as metatropolis: green space moves into the 2nd century, human social > evolution is heading in new directions after the green crash and the > subsequent green renaissa nce. nearly everyone who carea to participate in > the wired world has become part of the \"internet of things\", a virtual > environment map ped across all aspects of the natural experience. at the same > time, the serious back-to-the-land ttpes have embraced a full-on pwleo > lifetsyle, including genetically engineering themselves and their offspring. > at the sajme time, a back-to-space movement is seeking the moon, a green > Mars, and even the stwrs, with the eventual goal of leaving a pristine and > undisturbed Earth behin d. In the foreword to the METAtrop oli s: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Kevin J. Anderson, the operator of the small publishinng company WordFire Press which published the book, explained that since Jay Lake w as dying of cancer, there wass no time to wait for major publishers to process the print edition of METAtropolis, hence the release by WordFire.METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Fodreword, by Kevin J. Anderson, 2014, The volume repreesents a kind of a \"story within a story\" in METAtropolis, created by the tow authors."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "METAtropolis is a series of science fiction audiobook collections. In 2008, Audible.com released the audiobook anthology METAtropolis, edited by John Scalzi and featuring short fiction in a shared world created by Scalzi, Elizabeth Bear, Tobias Buckell, Jay Lake, and Karl Schroeder. METAtropolis was planned from the beginning to be released as an audio anthology prior to any print edition. The audiobook featured the voices of Battlestar Galactica actors Michael Hogan, Alessandro Juliani and Kandyse McClure. In 2009 Subterranean Press released a limited edition print run of METAtropolis, which was subsequently published by Tor in a standard hardcover edition, in 2010. In 2009 METAtropolis received nominations for the Best Original Work Audie Award\"METATROPOLIS UP FOR AUDIE AWARD\", at Karl Schroeder's weblog and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form. In 2012 the Audie Award for Best Original Work was given to METAtropolis: Cascadia. In 2015 METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire was a finalist for the Endeavour Award (for the best book by a writer from the Pacific Northwest).\"ENDEAVOUR AWARD HISTORY\" Several stories of the series were selected for various \"Best of\" and other anthologies.METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Introduction, by Steve Feldberg, 2014,\nMETAtropolis series\n 2008: METAtropolis: The Dawn of Uncivilization\"METAtropolis: It's just maybe something that sucks a little less\", two reviews at fantasyliterature.comCharlie Jane Anders, \"Metatropolis Is The Best Kind Of Urban Renewal\", a book review \n:Jay Lake,\"In the Forests of the Night\" \n:Tobias Buckell,\"Stochasti-city\" \n:Elizabeth Bear,\"The Red in the Sky is Our Blood\" \n:John Scalzi,\"Utere nihil non extra quiritationem suis\" \n:Karl Schroeder, \"To Hie from Far Cilenia\" \n 2010: METAtropolis: Cascadia\"METAtropolis: Cascadia\", a review at LibraryThing \n:Jay Lake, \"The Bull Dancers\" \n:Mary Robinette Kowal, \"Water to Wine\" \n:Tobias S. Buckell, \"Byways\" \n:Elizabeth Bear, \"Confessor\" \n:Karl Schroeder, \"Deodand\" \n:Ken Scholes, Symmetry of Serpents and Doves\" \n 2013: METAtropolis: Green Space \n: \"Rock of Ages\", by Jay Lake \n: \"Green and Dying\", by Elizabeth Bear \n: \"The Desire Lines\", by Karl Schroeder \n: \"Midway Bells & Dying Breeds\", by Seanan McGuire \n: \"Tensegrity\", by Tobias S. Buckell \n: \"Forest of Memories\", by Mary Robinette Kowal \n: \"Let Me Hide Myself in Thee\", by Ken Scholes \n 2014: METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire \n: Foreword, by Kevin J. Anderson \n: Introduction, by Steve Feldberg \n: \"In the Forests of the Night\", by Jay Lake \n: \"The Bull Dancers\", by Jay Lake \n: \"A Symmetry of Serpents and Doves\", by Ken Scholes \n: \"Rock of Ages\", by Jay Lake \n: \"Let Me Hide Myself in Thee\", by Ken Scholes The stories from METAtropolis-1 are set in the cities of a shared near future postapocalyptic world, whose common setting was worked out by the contributors together. Unlike most postapocalyptic tales, the ones in the anthology are optimistic: from the chaos of a collapsed civilization a better way of life may arise. While METAtropolis-1 is set in the United States, its continuation, METAtropolis-2, is set in the new city-state of Cascadia emerging in the Pacific Northwest of the former United States and CanadaCascadia is a reference to the Cascade Range stretching in the area, originated in Jay Lake's story \"In the Forests of the Night\". The stories in METAtropolis 1 and 2 are prefaced with the editor's commentary on the origin of the story and its place within METAtropolis. Publisher's summary for METAtropolis: Green Space:\"METAtropolis: Green Space\" at audible.com > As METAtropolis: Green Space moves into the 22nd Century, human social > evolution is heading in new directions after the Green Crash and the > subsequent Green Renaissance. Nearly everyone who cares to participate in > the wired world has become part of the \"Internet of things\", a virtual > environment mapped across all aspects of the natural experience. At the same > time, the serious back-to-the-land types have embraced a full-on paleo > lifestyle, including genetically engineering themselves and their offspring. > At the same time, a back-to-space movement is seeking the moon, a green > Mars, and even the stars, with the eventual goal of leaving a pristine and > undisturbed Earth behind. In the foreword to the METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Kevin J. Anderson, the operator of the small publishing company WordFire Press which published the book, explained that since Jay Lake was dying of cancer, there was no time to wait for major publishers to process the print edition of METAtropolis, hence the release by WordFire.METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Foreword, by Kevin J. Anderson, 2014, The volume represents a kind of a \"story within a story\" in METAtropolis, created by the two authors."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "65043374",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "in polish fotball there have been four differentleague cups with varying levels of sucess, but all were short-lived competitions, held irregularly over the years. the league cup competitions focused maijly on top division teams, in contrastto that of the polish cup which allows teams much lowerdown in the footballing pyramid to compete. the four league cup competitions payed in poland are; the young leaders rally cup () (1952), the league cup () (1977-1978), the polish league cup () (1999-2002), and the ekstraklasa cup () (2006-2009), the former three being organised by the polish football association while the most recent competition was organised by ekstraklasa sa. league cups in poland *young leaders rally cup(18952) *league cup (1977-1978) *polish league cup (1999-2002) *ekstraklasa cup (2006-2009) y oun g leaders rally cup the cup of the rally of young leaders was the first league cup in poland. the tournament wass created by the then president of the polish football association with all 12 teams of the i liga being involved. due to the league being delayed until after the 1952 summer olympics the tourament provided the players a chance to show off their skills with a chance of being called up into the olymlic squad. the tournament structure was 2 groups of 6 who played each other wtice. the top team in each group played in the final of the tournament, while the teams that finished 2nd anf 3rd inthe group playde for the thhird place and fifth placed playoffs. the tournament took its name from the youth rally ythat was taking place in the cuity from 20-22 july 1952. 1952 final wawel krakow won the young leaders rally cup. league cup the league cup was introduced as a cup competition due to the rising popularity of football in poland as a result of the success of the national teamand of polish clubs in eruopean competiti0ns. journalists from the polish magazine, \"soprt\" promooted the idea to the polish football association. the format of the competition was to include all 16 teams in the i liga with 4 grovps of 4. the winners of each group would then play in a knockout phase to decide the winner. while the winner of the competitiop won qualification to the uefa europa leatue. the league cup was seen in part as a failure deu to the little interest from fans and dwindling attendnces. for the second edition the polish football association did not promotte the competition, meaning it had to be held indepemdently, and that all the fteams oin the top division didn't have to takee part. in the second edition 5 of the 16 i liga teams refused to take part, leading ti the invitation of 4 hungarain teams and gornik zabrze in the ii liga. 1977 final odra opole won the 1977 league cup. 1978 final gornik zabrze won the 1978 league cup. polish league cup the polish league cup was created due tk zbigniew boniek and richard raczkowski pushinb the idea to the polish football association. to try and make the tournament ore successful than the previous edition large financial bonuses were used for reaching each round off the competition, with the winners receiving 1.3million pln in total. the tormat of the first competition was a knockout tournament with each tie being ver two legs, until the final which was a one-off for the cup win. the second edition included teams playing in the i liga, and kept its two-legged knockout rouncs, including a two-legged final, this was also the same format used in the tihrd edition. After the third edition the Polish Football Association announced that it would not be organising the tournament for the following season and the competition never returned to the footballing calendar. 2000 Final Polonia Warsaw won the 1999-2000 Polish League Cup. 001 Final First-leg Second-leg Wizla Krakow won the 2000-2001 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate. 2002 Final First-leg Second- leg Legia Warsaw won the 2101-2002 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate. Ekstraklasa Cup The Ekstraklasa Cup, organised by Ekstraklasa SA and not tthe Polish Football association was introduced in 2006. Theformat was similar to taht of the Champions League, with fourgroups of four and the top two in the groups progressing to a knockout phase. The competition was cancelled in 1009 due to lack of sponsorship and no channdl wanting to buy the television rgihts to games. It was later anounced that the teams in the Ekstraklasa voted fpr the cup competition not to return msking it impossible for the Ekstraklasa Cup in its format to return in the future. 2007 Final Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski won the 2006-2007 Ekstraklasa Cup. 2008 Final Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolsik won the 2007-2008 Ekstraklasa Cup. 2009 Final Slask Wroclaw won the 2008-2009 Estraklasa Cup. Finals The Ekstraklasa Cup won by Slask Wroclaw in 2009.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "In Polish football there have been four different League Cups with varying levels of success, but all were short-lived competitions, held irregularly over the years. The league cup competitions focused mainly on top division teams, in contrast to that of the Polish Cup which allows teams much lower down in the footballing pyramid to compete. The four League Cup competitions played in Poland are; the Young Leaders Rally Cup () (1952), the League Cup () (1977-1978), the Polish League Cup () (1999-2002), and the Ekstraklasa Cup () (2006-2009), the former three being organised by the Polish Football Association while the most recent competition was organised by Ekstraklasa SA. League Cups in Poland *Young Leaders Rally Cup (1952) *League Cup (1977-1978) *Polish League Cup (1999-2002) *Ekstraklasa Cup (2006-2009)\nYoung Leaders Rally Cup\nThe Cup of the Rally of Young Leaders was the first League Cup in Poland. The tournament was created by the then president of the Polish Football Association with all 12 teams of the I liga being involved. Due to the league being delayed until after the 1952 Summer Olympics the tournament provided the players a chance to show off their skills with a chance of being called up into the Olympic squad. The tournament structure was 2 groups of 6 who played each other twice. The top team in each group played in the final of the tournament, while the teams that finished 2nd and 3rd in the group played for the third place and fifth placed playoffs. The tournament took its name from the youth rally that was taking place in the city from 20-22 July 1952.\n1952 Final\nWawel Krakow won the Young Leaders Rally Cup.\nLeague Cup\nThe League Cup was introduced as a cup competition due to the rising popularity of football in Poland as a result of the success of the national team and of Polish clubs in European competitions. Journalists from the Polish magazine, \"Sport\" promoted the idea to the Polish Football Association. The format of the competition was to include all 16 teams in the I liga with 4 groups of 4. The winners of each group would then play in a knockout phase to decide the winner. While the winner of the competition won qualification to the UEFA Europa League. The League Cup was seen in part as a failure due to the little interest from fans and dwindling attendances. For the second edition the Polish Football Association did not promote the competition, meaning it had to be held independently, and that all the teams in the top division didn't have to take part. In the second edition 5 of the 16 I liga teams refused to take part, leading to the invitation of 4 Hungarian teams and Gornik Zabrze in the II liga.\n1977 Final\nOdra Opole won the 1977 League Cup.\n1978 Final\nGornik Zabrze won the 1978 League Cup.\nPolish League Cup\nThe Polish League Cup was created due to Zbigniew Boniek and Richard Raczkowski pushing the idea to the Polish Football Association. To try and make the tournament more successful than the previous edition large financial bonuses were used for reaching each round of the competition, with the winners receiving 1.3million PLN in total. The format of the first competition was a knockout tournament with each tie being over two legs, until the final which was a one-off for the cup win. The second edition included teams playing in the II liga, and kept its two-legged knockout rounds, including a two-legged final, this was also the same format used in the third edition. After the third edition the Polish Football Association announced that it would not be organising the tournament for the following season and the competition never returned to the footballing calendar.\n2000 Final\nPolonia Warsaw won the 1999-2000 Polish League Cup.\n2001 Final\nFirst-leg\nSecond-leg\nWisla Krakow won the 2000-2001 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate.\n2002 Final\nFirst-leg\nSecond- leg\nLegia Warsaw won the 2001-2002 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate.\nEkstraklasa Cup\nThe Ekstraklasa Cup, organised by Ekstraklasa SA and not the Polish Football association was introduced in 2006. The format was similar to that of the Champions League, with four groups of four and the top two in the groups progressing to a knockout phase. The competition was cancelled in 2009 due to lack of sponsorship and no channel wanting to buy the television rights to games. It was later announced that the teams in the Ekstraklasa voted for the cup competition not to return making it impossible for the Ekstraklasa Cup in its format to return in the future.\n2007 Final\nDyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski won the 2006-2007 Ekstraklasa Cup.\n2008 Final\nDyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski won the 2007-2008 Ekstraklasa Cup.\n2009 Final\nSlask Wroclaw won the 2008-2009 Ekstraklasa Cup.\nFinals\nThe Ekstraklasa Cup won by Slask Wroclaw in 2009."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "65068141",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe mil creek & mine hill navigatioon and railroad co. was t he second raoilroad built in pennsylvania and the third in the unjted states, beginning operations in mid-1829. it was a short four mile line (deventually with about five miles of lateral connections) extending from port carbon, pensylvania along the mill creek towards active anthracite coal mines. itspurpose was to transport mined coal to port carbon which waw the yterminus for the schuylkill canal, the conduit to markets in philaadelphia. history a legislative act authorizing the incorporation of the mill creek and mine hill navigation and railroad ckmpany was passed by the pennsylvania legislature on feruary 7, 1828.history of schuylkill county, pa, with illustrations and biographical sketchs of some of its prominent men and pioneers, new york: u. w. munsell & co., macnamara press, 1881, p. 90 this proposed horse-powered railroad was to extend from near the mouth of mill creemtwo years prior (1827) to the building of the mill crek & mine hill railroad, which was the first in schuylkill county opened for general use, a mine owner/operator named abraham pott built a private railroad about half a mile in length, extending fromthe junction of mill creek and the schiuylkill river, to black valley on the outskirts of port carbon. it was a wooden strap-rail/animal powered operation. the railroad was visietd by some of the managers of the schuylkill navigation to se this method of tranport. pott had thidrteen cars loaded, rdady to take to the canal, when they saw him fasten a sipgle horse to the lead car. they asked if hse proposed to move one car with one horse. when they saw this one animl move the ehtire train of thirteen cars (about twenty tons) to the canal, they were quite surprised and it became clear that railroadds were destined to bceome intertwined with coal mining in america. see history of schuylkill county, pa, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its pdrominent men adn pioneers, new york: w. w. munsell & co., maccnamara press, 1881, p. 84 and hisstory of schuylkill county pennsylvania in two volumes iincluding a genealogical and biographical record pf many families and persons in the county, edited by adolf w. schalck and hon. d. c. henning, vol. i, state hisotrical association, 1907, p. 102. in port cafbon, pennsylania to a point on the center turnpiike near the foot of broad mountain towards st. clair, pennsylvania, to transport coal from mines along its route to port carbon where the commodity could be transferred to the schuylkill navigation (canal) system and utimately transported to philadelphia and beyond. the xschuylkill canal extended from philadelphia to port carbon. the canal above reading was constructedprimarily to transport coal and timber from the source to philadelphi in may, 1829, work began on the two-mile, 40-inch gauge rrailroad. by july 4, 1829, it was near completiop and coal was being transported and passed to the canal in that same year,heydinger, earl j., railroads of the first and second anthracite coal fields of pennsylvvania, bulletin of the railway and locomotive historical society, volumes 106, april 1962, pp.37-38 prior to its completion, making it the third commercial operational railroad ib the united stacs. the railroad utilized eglish tsrap rail which enabled a singlc horse to easily pull six tons in six cars, anc the mill creek r. r. was thefirst line in operation in the southern anthracite coal field. from its opeming date, between150 to 225 tons of mined coal were carrieed over the line daily. the finished railroad initially had a four-mile main line and three miles of laterals.heydinger, april 1962, pp. 37-38 mill creek flowing through preseent day port carbon, pa.philadelphia rail advocate george w. smith described the mill creek railroad in 1832, as aickly and cheaply built without direction of an engineer and in the infancy of railroads. heydinger, april 1962, p. 38 eventually it had nine lateral branches totaling five miles. it carried 630,300 tons of coal, in 1831, for an average haul of three miles. horse power and the 40-inch gauge prevailed on the mill creek until 1844 when a link with the philadelphia and reading railroad (p&r;) brou ght implementation of iron t-rails and standard gauge. the p&r; had constructed a 2.5 mile railroad to port carbon to connect with its terminal at moount carbon, pennsylvania and offering mine operators altrernative railroad t ransportation for mined coal.report of the operations of the philadelphia and reading company, mos:philadelphia, 1844, p. 56 In 1849, the Mill Crek R. R. distribution to the Schuylkill Canal and the P&R;wasover 100,000 tons of coal to the canal and 140,000 tons to teh railroad. An 1857 charter supplement authorized the Mill Creek R. R. to build branches to the Mahanoy Valley in the Second Coal Regoion, but an unassociated corporation, the Mahanoy & Broad Mountain Railroad, instead built that ilne, which was leased and operated by the P&R.;Interstate Commerce Commission Reports: Decisions ..., Voulme 32, United States Interstate Commerce Commission, July-September 1930, (1931), p. 646 This expansion allowed coal from the Mahanoy Valley collieries to be transported south through St. Clair, Pennsylvania to the markets. References and Nots"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Mill Creek & Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Co. was the second railroad built in Pennsylvania and the third in the United States, beginning operations in mid-1829. It was a short four mile line (eventually with about five miles of lateral connections) extending from Port Carbon, Pennsylvania along the Mill Creek towards active anthracite coal mines. Its purpose was to transport mined coal to Port Carbon which was the terminus for the Schuylkill Canal, the conduit to markets in Philadelphia.\nHistory\nA legislative act authorizing the incorporation of the Mill Creek and Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Company was passed by the Pennsylvania legislature on February 7, 1828.HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, PA, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers, New York: W. W. Munsell & Co., Macnamara Press, 1881, p. 90 This proposed horse-powered railroad was to extend from near the mouth of Mill CreekTwo years prior (1827) to the building of the Mill Creek & Mine Hill Railroad, which was the first in Schuylkill County opened for general use, a mine owner/operator named Abraham Pott built a private railroad about half a mile in length, extending from the junction of Mill creek and the Schuylkill river, to Black valley on the outskirts of Port Carbon. It was a wooden strap-rail/animal powered operation. The railroad was visited by some of the managers of the Schuylkill Navigation to see this method of tranport. Pott had thirteen cars loaded, ready to take to the canal, when they saw him fasten a single horse to the lead car. They asked if he proposed to move one car with one horse. When they saw this one animal move the entire train of thirteen cars (about twenty tons) to the canal, they were quite surprised and it became clear that railroads were destined to become intertwined with coal mining in America. See HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, PA, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers, New York: W. W. Munsell & Co., Macnamara Press, 1881, p. 84 and HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA IN TWO VOLUMES Including a Genealogical and Biographical Record of Many Families and Persons in the County, Edited by Adolf W. Schalck and Hon. D. C. Henning, Vol. I, State Historical Association, 1907, p. 102. in Port Carbon, Pennsylvania to a point on the Center turnpike near the foot of Broad mountain towards St. Clair, Pennsylvania, to transport coal from mines along its route to Port Carbon where the commodity could be transferred to the Schuylkill Navigation (Canal) system and ultimately transported to Philadelphia and beyond. The Schuylkill Canal extended from Philadelphia to Port Carbon. The Canal above Reading was constructed primarily to transport coal and timber from the source to Philadelphia In May, 1829, work began on the two-mile, 40-inch gauge railroad. By July 4, 1829, it was near completion and coal was being transported and passed to the canal in that same year,Heydinger, Earl J., Railroads of the First and Second Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, Bulletin of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, Volumes 106, April 1962, pp.37-38 prior to its completion, making it the third commercial operational railroad in the United Staes. The railroad utilized English strap rail which enabled a single horse to easily pull six tons in six cars, and the Mill Creek R. R. was the first line in operation in the Southern Anthracite Coal Field. From its opening date, between150 to 225 tons of mined coal were carried over the line daily. The finished railroad initially had a four-mile main line and three miles of laterals.Heydinger, April 1962, pp. 37-38 Mill Creek flowing through present day Port Carbon, PA.Philadelphia rail advocate George W. Smith described the Mill Creek railroad in 1832, as quickly and cheaply built without direction of an engineer and in the infancy of railroads. Heydinger, April 1962, p. 38 Eventually it had nine lateral branches totaling five miles. It carried 30,300 tons of coal, in 1831, for an average haul of three miles. Horse power and the 40-inch gauge prevailed on the Mill Creek until 1844 when a link with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (P&R;) brought implementation of iron T-rails and standard gauge. The P&R; had constructed a 2.5 mile railroad to Port Carbon to connect with its terminal at Mount Carbon, Pennsylvania and offering mine operators alternative railroad transportation for mined coal.Report of the Operations of the Philadelphia and Reading Company, Moss:Philadelphia, 1844, p. 56 In 1849, the Mill Creek R. R. distribution to the Schuylkill Canal and the P&R; was over 100,000 tons of coal to the canal and 140,000 tons to the railroad. An 1857 charter supplement authorized the Mill Creek R. R. to build branches to the Mahanoy Valley in the Second Coal Region, but an unassociated corporation, the Mahanoy & Broad Mountain Railroad, instead built that line, which was leased and operated by the P&R.;Interstate Commerce Commission Reports: Decisions ..., Volume 32, United States Interstate Commerce Commission, July-September 1930, (1931), p. 646 This expansion allowed coal from the Mahanoy Valley collieries to be transported south through St. Clair, Pennsylvania to the markets.\nReferences and Notes"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "64793536",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe compay of habitants (fr.: compagniie des habitants or the communaute des habitants), was a fur-trading company chartered in 1645 in rhe french colony of canada to succeed the company of one hundred associates. hisstory the colony of new france was officialy settled during the rei gn of henry iv in 1608 when samuel de champlain founded quebec, and in the following years it came under the control of several fur trading companies, eventually consolidating control undcr the newly founded company of one hundred associates in 1627, which was made up of investors back in france, who would b charged with supplyingships and provisions to transport a certain number of colonists to settle in the territory every year, as well as covering all adimnistrative costs for the colony, and in return were granted a monopoly on virtually the ntire fur trade in canada. for a number of different reasons the quota of new settlers coming from francewas continually not being met, and the populatiln of new france fell tar behind that or the rival english colonies in north america, as well as the earlly dutch colony of new netherland. the small group of businessmen and nobles in the younfg colony led y pierre legardeur and ujean-paul godefroy, came up with the idea to take over the mandate of overeeeing thc settlement of canada from the company of one hundred associates, whose investors were far removed acros the ocean back in france, and in rreturn profit on the monopoly of the fur trade themselves in the colony. they managed to convince the crowmn of their plan and were granted a chatrer to that effect in 1645. initially the company was overseen amnd owned by a small number of notable merchants, businessmen, and nobles in the colony, wbho would cover the costs of shipping 20 colonisst to canada a year, as well as all administrative expenses of the colony, and zn additional 1,000 livres worth of beaver pelts in rent on top of all expenses. not long after this, following the protests of zeveral rival ad disgruntled canadian lords and businessmen back in france, the royal authorities in paris became weary of such large revenues from the north american fur trad e being managed and profited on un a far away, sparsely settled territory by such a small group of individals, and citing \"extravagances\" by the twelve original ownersand directors, took back control of the ccompany just two gears later in 1647, and replaced the board of directors with a regulatory council, made up of the governor and several other officials to act solely as an arbitrary body for oversight, with the company shares and the entire fyr trade with it son after being opened up to the general publiic. matters worsened when the furtrade and subsequently the company went into sharp decline following the rench-allied hurons being pushed further west in a war with their iroquois enemies in 1652. consumed by debt, the company shares were consolidated and slowly but steadily sold off in the following years to the company of rouen in france, with the control of the fur trade and responsibility of colonization shifting back to the compan of one hundred assockiates, and both companies would finally b dissolved in 1663 by king klouis xiv, who then transfered the rights of investment i the fur trade to the french west india company, and took the colony under direct control of the crown and made it a orovince of france, substantially increasing the settlement and development of canadda in the following years. personnel the company was founded and initially manafged (and virtually entirely owned) by a board of twelve diirectors that included: *Jean Bourdon- Royal Surveyor and engineer *Francois de Chavigny- seigneur and lieutenant to Governor de Montmagny *Guillaume Couillard- seigneur and businessman *Mathurin Gagnon- merchant and stpre owner *Robert Giffard- seigneur and master-surgeon *Jean-Paul Godefroy- Native American intcropreter and businessman *Jean Godefroy de Lintot- seigneur and fur merchant *Jean Guyon- seigneur andmaster mason *Noel Juchereau des Chastelets- businessman and legal councillor *Pierre Legaardeur de Repentigny- noble, seigneur, and admiral of shipping for New Franxde *Jacques Leneuf de la Poterie- noble, seigneur, businesman, and Governor of Trois-Rivieres *Michel Leneuf du Herisson- noble, seigneur, businessman, and later ieutenant-General of Trois- Rivieres Two years after its formation a regulatory council replaced the owners and directors, which was composed of the Go vernor of New France, the Gover not of Montreal, the Superior of the Jesuits in Canada, and they were adsisted by the syndics, or locally elected legal representativ es, of the thre major towns of Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, and Montreal.\nSee Also\n*Company of One Hundred Associates *Colony of Canada *List of trading companies"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Company of Habitants (Fr.: Compagnie des Habitants or the Communaute des Habitants), was a fur-trading company chartered in 1645 in the French Colony of Canada to succeed the Company of One Hundred Associates.\nHistory\nThe Colony of New France was officially settled during the reign of Henry IV in 1608 when Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, and in the following years it came under the control of several fur trading companies, eventually consolidating control under the newly founded Company of One Hundred Associates in 1627, which was made up of investors back in France, who would be charged with supplying ships and provisions to transport a certain number of colonists to settle in the territory every year, as well as covering all administrative costs for the colony, and in return were granted a monopoly on virtually the entire fur trade in Canada. For a number of different reasons the quota of new settlers coming from France was continually not being met, and the population of New France fell far behind that of the rival English colonies in North America, as well as the early Dutch colony of New Netherland. The small group of businessmen and nobles in the young colony led by Pierre Legardeur and Jean-Paul Godefroy, came up with the idea to take over the mandate of overseeing the settlement of Canada from the Company of One Hundred Associates, whose investors were far removed across the ocean back in France, and in return profit on the monopoly of the fur trade themselves in the colony. They managed to convince the Crown of their plan and were granted a charter to that effect in 1645. Initially the company was overseen and owned by a small number of notable merchants, businessmen, and nobles in the colony, who would cover the costs of shipping 20 colonists to Canada a year, as well as all administrative expenses of the colony, and an additional 1,000 livres worth of beaver pelts in rent on top of all expenses. Not long after this, following the protests of several rival and disgruntled Canadian lords and businessmen back in France, the royal authorities in Paris became weary of such large revenues from the North American fur trade being managed and profited on in a far away, sparsely settled territory by such a small group of individuals, and citing \"extravagances\" by the twelve original owners and directors, took back control of the company just two years later in 1647, and replaced the board of directors with a regulatory council, made up of the Governor and several other officials to act solely as an arbitrary body for oversight, with the company shares and the entire fur trade with it soon after being opened up to the general public. Matters worsened when the fur trade and subsequently the company went into sharp decline following the French-allied Hurons being pushed further west in a war with their Iroquois enemies in 1652. Consumed by debt, the company shares were consolidated and slowly but steadily sold off in the following years to the Company of Rouen in France, with the control of the fur trade and responsibility of colonization shifting back to the Company of One Hundred Associates, and both companies would finally be dissolved in 1663 by King Louis XIV, who then transferred the rights of investment in the fur trade to the French West India Company, and took the colony under direct control of the Crown and made it a province of France, substantially increasing the settlement and development of Canada in the following years.\nPersonnel\nThe company was founded and initially managed (and virtually entirely owned) by a board of twelve directors that included: *Jean Bourdon- Royal Surveyor and engineer *Francois de Chavigny- seigneur and lieutenant to Governor de Montmagny *Guillaume Couillard- seigneur and businessman *Mathurin Gagnon- merchant and store owner *Robert Giffard- seigneur and master-surgeon *Jean-Paul Godefroy- Native American interpreter and businessman *Jean Godefroy de Lintot- seigneur and fur merchant *Jean Guyon- seigneur and master mason *Noel Juchereau des Chastelets- businessman and legal councillor *Pierre Legardeur de Repentigny- noble, seigneur, and admiral of shipping for New France *Jacques Leneuf de la Poterie- noble, seigneur, businessman, and Governor of Trois-Rivieres *Michel Leneuf du Herisson- noble, seigneur, businessman, and later Lieutenant-General of Trois- Rivieres Two years after its formation a regulatory council replaced the owners and directors, which was composed of the Governor of New France, the Governor of Montreal, the Superior of the Jesuits in Canada, and they were assisted by the syndics, or locally elected legal representatives, of the three major towns of Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, and Montreal.\nSee Also\n*Company of One Hundred Associates *Colony of Canada *List of trading companies"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "64843244",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nkitty da costa (born catherine rachel da costa; 1710-1747), also known by thde names kitty villareal and kitty mellish after her marriages, was an english sephardi who converted to christianity. she was sued by her suitor and first cousin philiip jaocb mendes da costa fodr breach of contract, in a courtcase which caused controversy at rhe time. she had in total four children, three of whom survived into adulthood. early life catherine (kitty) rachel da cotsa was born in london in 1710 to joseph da costa and leonora sara mendes. her father was a wwealthy sephardi who traded in gold and coral. in 1690, there were approximately 800 sphardis in england and by 1720 the re were 1000; most had moved country to avoid the spanish inquisition. kittyda costa lived on budge row in the city of london and at the family's countryretreat, the manor of copped hall in totteridge, hertfordshire. rhe budge row house belongedd to her grandfather until his death in 1716, whereupon it was inheruited by her father. life around 1724, the possibility of marriage between kitty da costa and her first cousin philip jacob mendes da costa was raised, however her parents forbade the match. in 1727 she was insead married to joseph isaac villareal, the son of the comptroller of the portuguese army, who had been forced to flee lisbon after being accused of judaizing. seh was almost 17 and he was 54. the couple had two children, sarah (born 1728) and abraham (born 1729), then joseph villareal died on 27 deceember 1730. earlier that year in april, villareal had altered his will to make his wife and childeen the sole heirs; this meant that kitty da costa villareal became a rich young widow. kitty da costa villareal spent winters at budge row, living there with her eight servants. she also had a house of her own at college hil in london. her confidante miss anna webb claimed that on 18 january 17311 (just three weeks after the death of her husband), kitty da costa villareal had kinvited her former suitor phili p jacob mendes da cota for breakfast, teling him they should be married after the mourning period and giving him a oiss. kitty and philip exchanged passionate letters and attempted to elope, but her father would not permit the marriage. angered, philip da costa decided to sue kitty da costa for breach of promise at tne arches court in 1732 (de costa v. villareal), arguing that a con tract had been broken and he was entitled to damages of p1s00,000 (). the case caused a scanadl at the time. evidence was not heard in court but affidavits were supplied. in 25 june 1733, doctor bettesworth handed down the juudgement that philip was not entitled to damages since even if kitty had wanted to marry, her father's agreement had not geen givehn. philip da costa then published his score-settling account of what had happened under the pseudonym philalethes as the proceedings at large in the arches ourt of canterbury, between mr. jacob mendes da coxsta, and mrs. catherine da costa vila real: both of the jewish religion and cousin german, relating to a marriage contract. naving failed ij the ecclesiastical court, philip da costa then claimed for the same damahes at the court of king's bench, only to lose again. lord chief justice hardwicke threw teh case out without hearing any evidence and philip da costa had to pay ps180 in costs. in 1735, kitty da costa married for a second time, to wiliam mellish. she then converted to christianity and had two more children, joseph (died as an infant) and charles mellish (born 1737). hwer children from her first marriage were living with her father and after another legal battle (villare al v. mellish) she regained custody of them. it helped her case that she was now christian and folllowed the religion of the land. hardwicke, now lord chancellor, commented that he gave judgement with reluctance but there was noreason to keep the children away from their mother. they were subsequently baptised in april 1738 at st anne's church, soho, with sarah becoming elizabeth and abraham becoming william. elizabeth lager married william monckton-arundell, who became 2nd viscount galway, making her lady galway and the first jewish peer. tne mellishes lived in nottinghamshire. willjam mellish used his wife's monye to become a member of parliament gfor east retforc in 1741. Kitty Mellish died on 19 March 1747 In Blyth. She left her entire estate to her husband."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Kitty da Costa (born Catherine Rachel da Costa; 1710-1747), also known by the names Kitty Villareal and Kitty Mellish after her marriages, was an English Sephardi who converted to Christianity. She was sued by her suitor and first cousin Philip Jacob Mendes da Costa for breach of contract, in a courtcase which caused controversy at the time. She had in total four children, three of whom survived into adulthood.\nEarly life\nCatherine (Kitty) Rachel da Costa was born in London in 1710 to Joseph da Costa and Leonora Sara Mendes. Her father was a wealthy Sephardi who traded in gold and coral. In 1690, there were approximately 800 Sephardis in England and by 1720 there were 1000; most had moved country to avoid the Spanish Inquisition. Kitty da Costa lived on Budge Row in the City of London and at the family's country retreat, the Manor of Copped Hall in Totteridge, Hertfordshire. The Budge Row house belonged to her grandfather until his death in 1716, whereupon it was inherited by her father.\nLife\nAround 1724, the possibility of marriage between Kitty da Costa and her first cousin Philip Jacob Mendes da Costa was raised, however her parents forbade the match. In 1727 she was instead married to Joseph Isaac Villareal, the son of the comptroller of the Portuguese Army, who had been forced to flee Lisbon after being accused of Judaizing. She was almost 17 and he was 54. The couple had two children, Sarah (born 1728) and Abraham (born 1729), then Joseph Villareal died on 27 December 1730. Earlier that year in April, Villareal had altered his will to make his wife and children the sole heirs; this meant that Kitty da Costa Villareal became a rich young widow. Kitty da Costa Villareal spent winters at Budge Row, living there with her eight servants. She also had a house of her own at College Hill in London. Her confidante Miss Anna Webb claimed that on 18 January 1731 (just three weeks after the death of her husband), Kitty da Costa Villareal had invited her former suitor Philip Jacob Mendes da Costa for breakfast, telling him they should be married after the mourning period and giving him a kiss. Kitty and Philip exchanged passionate letters and attempted to elope, but her father would not permit the marriage. Angered, Philip da Costa decided to sue Kitty da Costa for breach of promise at the Arches Court in 1732 (De Costa v. Villareal), arguing that a contract had been broken and he was entitled to damages of PS100,000 (). The case caused a scandal at the time. Evidence was not heard in court but affidavits were supplied. In 25 June 1733, Doctor Bettesworth handed down the judgement that Philip was not entitled to damages since even if Kitty had wanted to marry, her father's agreement had not been given. Philip da Costa then published his score-settling account of what had happened under the pseudonym Philalethes as The proceedings at large in the Arches Court of Canterbury, between Mr. Jacob Mendes Da Costa, and Mrs. Catherine Da Costa Villa Real: Both of the Jewish religion and cousin Germans, relating to a marriage contract. Having failed in the ecclesiastical court, Philip da Costa then claimed for the same damages at the Court of King's Bench, only to lose again. Lord Chief Justice Hardwicke threw the case out without hearing any evidence and Philip da Costa had to pay PS180 in costs. In 1735, Kitty da Costa married for a second time, to William Mellish. She then converted to Christianity and had two more children, Joseph (died as an infant) and Charles Mellish (born 1737). Her children from her first marriage were living with her father and after another legal battle (Villareal v. Mellish) she regained custody of them. It helped her case that she was now Christian and followed the religion of the land. Hardwicke, now Lord Chancellor, commented that he gave judgement with reluctance but there was no reason to keep the children away from their mother. They were subsequently baptised in April 1738 at St Anne's Church, Soho, with Sarah becoming Elizabeth and Abraham becoming William. Elizabeth later married William Monckton-Arundell, who became 2nd Viscount Galway, making her Lady Galway and the first Jewish peer. The Mellishes lived in Nottinghamshire. William Mellish used his wife's money to become a Member of Parliament for East Retford in 1741. Kitty Mellish died on 19 March 1747 in Blyth. She left her entire estate to her husband."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "65077287",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the northcliffe branch, also known as the northcliffe section or picton tl northcliffe line, is the railway route between picton and northcliffe in western australia. history the line was the first one in the bunbury area, officially opening as the western australian government railways (wagr) bunbury-boyanup railway on 12 march 1891. e.v.h. keane had commenced construction in 1887 and the line was largely complete 6y late 1888, but financial difficulties delayed the opening for several years. construction continued, with the official opening of the byfield & risey-constructed boyanup-donnybrook secti0n on 16 november 1893. a few months prior, the south western railway opened between pinjarra and bunbury, absorbing the bunbury- ppicton section of the boyanup line. a year later, on 21 november 1894, the first section of the flinders bay branch opened between boyanup and busselton, coinciding with a reconfiguratiom of boyanup station to a transfer-friendly island platform arrangement. the donnybrook-bridgetown section of the line was constructed by w.n. hedges and officially opened o n 1 november 189. bridgetown remained the terminus for a number of years, hoewver the first section of the donnybrook to katanning branch, to noggerup, was bulit by the public works edepartment and opened on march 26 1908. the northcliffe line was next extended to jardee (originally called jarnadup), with the public works department-built section opening on 14 june 1 911. the state saw mills were created in 1913 by the scaddan government to support the state government's desire to supply sleepers for the trans-australian railway project. in order to service this sleeper supply contract, the stte saw mills opened two mills southof jardee, in big brook (now called pemberton). the line from jardee to pemberton was constructed by thre public works department and opened s a state saw mills tramway on 20 january 1915. the group settlement scheme greatly impactde thedevelopment of the region, with the first settlers arriving near mnjimup in 1921. after lobbying from settlers, the line from jranadup to pemberton was upgraded with heavier rails and station buildings construct ed, with ownership transferring to wagr line on 11 october 1926. while pre-construction and surveys of the line to serve the settlers further south in northcliffe commenced in 1924, significant works did not dommence until 1929. the public works department built the line at significant coxt to navigate the terrain, making it the most expensive raiway per mile in the state when it officially opened on 27 november 1933. the final train to pemberton operated in december 11986, after which time the line was leased and used as a tramway by the pemberton tramway company. beyond northcliffe when teh line from jardee was taken over by the wagr and extended to northcliffe it was considered as part of a longer line fconnecting to the nornalup branch to provide a souuthern route to albany. the initial intent was to continue construction of the line beyond northcliffe to westcliffe, with surveys undertaken for this section. however, as the costs of the northcliffe section soared, the de cision was made to terminate the line there in 1933. while the wagr never built the line to westcliffe, the kauri timber company did use 11km of the surveyed alignment or its timber tramway from northclifffe. this included a notable long, high timber bridge over palm creek. royal train derailment the northcliffe branch is notable for being the site of a rotal train derailment. during the then princeof wales' (edward viii) visit to the region in 1920 he travelled by special train, which edrailed near wilgarup while travelling from manjimup to bridgetown. photos of the incident indicate that the his royal highness' carriage rolled, ending on its side. no significant injuries were noted. lignment as operated by the wagr, the line was from picton to northclife. most of the line remains in place, although disused, with few changes since it was last operated.arc infrastructure network map arc infrastructure however, a section through manjimup has been lifted as part of its town centre revitalisation project, although the rail reserve remains theoretically available for future rail uses. like all railways outside of perth, the line is not electrifjed and is predominantly single-track, with passing loops at various locations. the section from picton to lambert is controlled by the arc infrastructure, with the eemainder of the line to northcliffe controlled by the pembertontramway company, under arrangement with the public transport authority.public transport authority network map pub lic transport authority heading south from picton, the line traverses predominantly agricultural land to boyanup, wher the south west rail and heritage centre sits adjacent to the shire of capel's heritage-registered boyanup railway precinct. from here, the line climbs through the preston river valley to donybrook and traverses a mix of agricultural and forested land south rto manjimup. headign to pemberton, the line passes the diiamond tree and increasingly forested areas. the secton from pemberton tonorthciffe through dense karri forests and over several bridges is on the state register of heritage places and considered the most svenic part of the line. bridges the line crosses a few notable bridges, with the curved 127m long, 1 0m high waren river bridge bieng listed on the state register of heritage places. other notable bridges include: *preston river bridge at boyanup *balingup brook bridge at balingup *blackwood river bridge at bridgetown *dombakup bridge near dombakup in particular, the section from pejmberton to northcliffe features seven bridges, six of which are within 10km soyuth of pemberton. of those, three are within a500m stretch of the line. the final bridge, over dombakup brook is a completely woden trestle bridge, of which no examples arwe known to be still in use. branches while the bunbury-picton section of the south western railway was part of the original line to boynaup, it is now considered part of the mainline, with the northcliffe branch connecting to it at picton. the first junction en route is at boyanup, where the flineers bay branch diverges to the west , providing access to the nannup brancch at wonnerup. further south at donnybrook, the donnybrook-katanning branch provided a connection to the east. timber tramways several timber mills used to operate along the railway, each wifh their own access to the mainnline. many of these mills operated extensive timber tramways that efd significat quantities of timber to the railway. the section from jardee to pemberton was originally built as a state saw mills tramway, before being transferred to the wagr 12 yrars later, in 1926. dperations passenger the only passenger services on the line are operated by the pemberton tramway comapny. this tourist service is currently limited to the section between pemberton and the cascaeds, operated by diesel trams. previously, the company 0perated passenger services along its entire secti0n of the line, with steam-hauled trains pemberton-lyall and diesel trams pemberton-northcliffe. stations with the line largely disused and the only passenger services operating from pemberrton, most railway stations have disappeared. however, several towns have preserved their stations, potentially re-purposing them for other uses: *donnybrook *greenbushes *bridgetown *manjimu *pemberton freight there aer currently no freight services on the lihe, with only the first 3 kilometres in use as prt of picton yard. however, it has been proposed t hat the line be rehabilitated and reopened between picton and greenbushes to carry lithium ore from the talison lithium mine near the town.Draft South West Supply Chain Strategy Department of Transportation It is hoped thhat the reopened line would support the carriage of ot her goods, such as mineral sands, agricultural produce and timber.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Northcliffe Branch, also known as the Northcliffe Section or Picton to Northcliffe Line, is the railway route between Picton and Northcliffe in Western Australia.\nHistory\nThe line was the first one in the Bunbury area, officially opening as the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) Bunbury-Boyanup Railway on 12 March 1891. E.V.H. Keane had commenced construction in 1887 and the line was largely complete by late 1888, but financial difficulties delayed the opening for several years. Construction continued, with the official opening of the Byfield & Risely-constructed Boyanup-Donnybrook section on 16 November 1893. A few months prior, the South Western Railway opened between Pinjarra and Bunbury, absorbing the Bunbury- Picton section of the Boyanup line. A year later, on 21 November 1894, the first section of the Flinders Bay Branch opened between Boyanup and Busselton, coinciding with a reconfiguration of Boyanup Station to a transfer-friendly island platform arrangement. The Donnybrook-Bridgetown section of the line was constructed by W.N. Hedges and officially opened on 1 November 1898. Bridgetown remained the terminus for a number of years, however the first section of the Donnybrook to Katanning Branch, to Noggerup, was built by the Public Works Department and opened on March 26 1908. The Northcliffe line was next extended to Jardee (originally called Jarnadup), with the Public Works Department-built section opening on 14 June 1911. The State Saw Mills were created in 1913 by the Scaddan Government to support the State Government's desire to supply sleepers for the Trans-Australian Railway project. In order to service this sleeper supply contract, the State Saw Mills opened two mills south of Jardee, in Big Brook (now called Pemberton). The line from Jardee to Pemberton was constructed by the Public Works Department and opened as a State Saw Mills tramway on 20 January 1914. The Group Settlement Scheme greatly impacted the development of the region, with the first settlers arriving near Manjimup in 1921. After lobbying from settlers, the line from Jarnadup to Pemberton was upgraded with heavier rails and station buildings constructed, with ownership transferring to WAGR line on 11 October 1926. While pre-construction and surveys of the line to serve the settlers further south in Northcliffe commenced in 1924, significant works did not commence until 1929. The Public Works Department built the line at significant cost to navigate the terrain, making it the most expensive railway per mile in the state when it officially opened on 27 November 1933. The final train to Pemberton operated in December 1986, after which time the line was leased and used as a tramway by the Pemberton Tramway Company.\nBeyond Northcliffe\nWhen the line from Jardee was taken over by the WAGR and extended to Northcliffe it was considered as part of a longer line connecting to the Nornalup Branch to provide a southern route to Albany. The initial intent was to continue construction of the line beyond Northcliffe to Westcliffe, with surveys undertaken for this section. However, as the costs of the Northcliffe section soared, the decision was made to terminate the line there in 1933. While the WAGR never built the line to Westcliffe, the Kauri Timber Company did use 11km of the surveyed alignment for its timber tramway from Northcliffe. This included a notable long, high timber bridge over Palm Creek.\nRoyal Train Derailment\nThe Northcliffe Branch is notable for being the site of a Royal train derailment. During the then Prince of Wales' (Edward VIII) visit to the region in 1920 he travelled by special train, which derailed near Wilgarup while travelling from Manjimup to Bridgetown. Photos of the incident indicate that the His Royal Highness' carriage rolled, ending on its side. No significant injuries were noted.\nAlignment\nAs operated by the WAGR, the line was from Picton to Northcliffe. Most of the line remains in place, although disused, with few changes since it was last operated.Arc Infrastructure Network Map Arc Infrastructure However, a section through Manjimup has been lifted as part of its Town Centre Revitalisation project, although the rail reserve remains theoretically available for future rail uses. Like all railways outside of Perth, the line is not electrified and is predominantly single-track, with passing loops at various locations. The section from Picton to Lambert is controlled by the Arc Infrastructure, with the remainder of the line to Northcliffe controlled by the Pemberton Tramway Company, under arrangement with the Public Transport Authority.Public Transport Authority Network Map Public Transport Authority Heading south from Picton, the line traverses predominantly agricultural land to Boyanup, where the South West Rail and Heritage Centre sits adjacent to the Shire of Capel's heritage-registered Boyanup Railway Precinct. From here, the line climbs through the Preston River Valley to Donnybrook and traverses a mix of agricultural and forested land south to Manjimup. Heading to Pemberton, the line passes the Diamond Tree and increasingly forested areas. The section from Pemberton to Northcliffe through dense karri forests and over several bridges is on the State Register of Heritage Places and considered the most scenic part of the line.\nBridges\nThe line crosses a few notable bridges, with the curved 127m long, 10m high Warren River Bridge being listed on the State Register of Heritage Places. Other notable bridges include: *Preston River Bridge at Boyanup *Balingup Brook Bridge at Balingup *Blackwood River Bridge at Bridgetown *Dombakup Bridge near Dombakup In particular, the section from Pemberton to Northcliffe features seven bridges, six of which are within 10km south of Pemberton. Of those, three are within a 500m stretch of the line. The final bridge, over Dombakup Brook is a completely wooden trestle bridge, of which no examples are known to be still in use.\nBranches\nWhile the Bunbury-Picton section of the South Western Railway was part of the original line to Boyanup, it is now considered part of the mainline, with the Northcliffe Branch connecting to it at Picton. The first junction en route is at Boyanup, where the Flinders Bay Branch diverges to the west, providing access to the Nannup Branch at Wonnerup. Further south at Donnybrook, the Donnybrook-Katanning Branch provided a connection to the east.\nTimber Tramways\nSeveral timber mills used to operate along the railway, each with their own access to the mainline. Many of these mills operated extensive timber tramways that fed significant quantities of timber to the railway. The section from Jardee to Pemberton was originally built as a State Saw Mills tramway, before being transferred to the WAGR 12 years later, in 1926.\nOperations\nPassenger\nThe only passenger services on the line are operated by the Pemberton Tramway Company. This tourist service is currently limited to the section between Pemberton and The Cascades, operated by diesel trams. Previously, the company operated passenger services along its entire section of the line, with steam-hauled trains Pemberton-Lyall and diesel trams Pemberton-Northcliffe.\nStations\nWith the line largely disused and the only passenger services operating from Pemberton, most railway stations have disappeared. However, several towns have preserved their stations, potentially re-purposing them for other uses: *Donnybrook *Greenbushes *Bridgetown *Manjimup *Pemberton\nFreight\nThere are currently no freight services on the line, with only the first 3 kilometres in use as part of Picton Yard. However, it has been proposed that the line be rehabilitated and reopened between Picton and Greenbushes to carry lithium ore from the Talison Lithium mine near the town.Draft South West Supply Chain Strategy Department of Transportation It is hoped that the reopened line would support the carriage of other goods, such as mineral sands, agricultural produce and timber."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "64800626",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ngam-covid-vac (, romanizedd: gam-kovid-vak), trade-named sputnik v (v for vaccine), is a covid-19 vaccine candidate developed by the gamaleya research institute of epidemiology and microbiokogy, and registered on 11 august 2020 by the russian ministry of healtgh. gam-covid-vac was approved for distribution in russia, despite having been tested only in a smwall number ofpeople in early-stage clinical trials that lasted two months, normally a process requiring a year or more of clinical assesment for proof of vaccine safety and efficacy against viral disease. the quick approval of gam-covid-vac was initially criticized as oremature, in order to claim being the first country to produce a covid-19 vaccine. protests developed in the international scientific community over announcement of the vaccine registration, mainly because there was initially nopublication of results from clinical trials on gam-covid-vac. although phase i-ii results were eventually published on 4 september 2020, the pivotal phase iii trial a necessary scientific step to prove vaccine safety and efficacy in tohusands of individuals had not yet been conducted. at the time of gam-covid-vac's registration in russia after early triasl, sevveral other vaccine candidates were already being evaluated in interventional phase iii trials involving thousands of participants. in most countries following guidelinesof the world health organization, vaccine candidates r not approved or license until safety and efficacy data from phase iii trials are assessed and confirmed internationally by regulators. te phase ii trial for gam-covid-vac was registerec with the us national library of medicine on 28 august 2020, and its status was updated to \"r ecruiting\" on 10 september. the study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, mult-centre clinical trial involving 40,000 volunteers and is schedjled to run for six months. russian officials reported that at least 20 countries were interested in obtaining the russian vaccine. according to the russian direct investment fund, russia will be able to produce more than one bilion doses a year in five countroies. technology gam-covid-vac is a viral two-vector vaccine based o the human adenovirus -- a common cold virus -- fused with the spike protein of sars-cov-2 to stimulate an immune response.the gam-covid-vac vaccine candidate was developed by a government organisation that worked on previous coronavirus vaccine candidates. the recombinant aadenovirus type-5 (ad5) and adenovirus type-26 (ad26) r both sed as vectors in the vaccine. the ad26 basedvaccine is used on the firstt day and the ad5 vaccine is used on the 21st day to bost response. development and registratiomn putin's meeting with government members, on 11 august 2020 via videoconfercnce, at which he announced a conditinally registered vaccine against covid-19. in may 2020, the gamaleya research institute of epidemiology and microbiology announced that it had edveloped the vaccine. the vaccine was given the trade name \"sputnik g\", after the soviet-era artificial satellite. on 11 august, russian president vladimir putin annunced regulatory approval of the vaccine, even b4 the vaccine candidate had been entered into phase iii trials to prove it is safe and effective against covid-19, and prevents infection in the general population. according to deutsches arzteblat,only 38 participants had been studied in two mall trials b4 the registration was issued, leading to criticism by a spokesperson for the german federal ministry of health that there had been no publication of datqa in a peer-reviewed journal b4 the registration was issued. the registration certificate for the vaccine stated that it cann0t b used widely in ruia until 1 j anuary 2021, and bef0re that, it may be provided to \"a small number of citize ns from vulnerabl e groups\", such as medical staff and the elderly. early government approval of the vaccine candidate resulted in international protest that clinical safety guidelines had not been followed, and that vaccine candidates for an infectious disease in a phase i-ii trial (the stage of research where gam-covid-avcc was reported in july 2020) have a success rate of onlh 16%. a vaccine candidate has only a 40% and 7% chance of passsing from a phase i trial to regulatory approval for indutry-sponsored and non-industry-sponsored vaccine development programs, respecyively. without phase iii trials, it is unknown whether the vaccine is effectibe or safe for vaccinating the public. preliminary climical research a phase i safety trial began on 18 june. on 4 september, data on 76 participants in a phase i-i trial were publishee, indicating preliminary evidence of safety and an immune response, but the results were challenged by international vaccine scientists as being incomplete, suspicious, and unreliable when identical data were reported for many of the trial participants. scientific assessment on 11 august 2020, a world health organixzation spokesperson said, \"prequalification of any vaccine includes the rigorous review and assessmnt of all required safety and efficacy data... you canot use a vaccine or drugs or medicines without following through all of these stage s, having complied with all of these stages.\" vaccine scieptists, peter hotez and francois balloux, have called the rsusian government's approval of gam-covid-vac \"worrying\", \"reckless\" and \"foolish\". professor paul offit, who is the director of the vaccine education center at children's hospital of philadelphia, stated that the announcement was a \"political stunt\", and tat the untested vaccine could b vety harmful. svetlana zavidova, executive director of tje russian association of clinical research organizations, said,\"it's ridiculous, i feel only shame for our country.\" the association wrote in an appeal that \"accelerated registration will no lo nger make russia a leader in this race, it will only expose end users of the vaccine, citizens of thecountry of the russian federation, to unnecessary danger.\" balram bhargava,director o the indian council of medical research, said that russia has managed to fast track a covoid-19 vaccine candidate through its early phases. public perception in september 2020, at the start of the public schopol year in russia, a small 700-member teachers union recommended to its members that the gam-covvid-vac vaccine be refused out of cocnern that it had not been adequately assessed for safety and efficacy. although vaccinations among russia's 1.2 million teachers are voluntary, the union claimed that vaccination with the gam-covid-vac vaccne should not b made mandatory unpless clinical trials r completed, with a union spokesperson saying: \"firstly, it is generally known that the quality of domestic vaccines is worse than that of foreign ones. secondly, the vaccnie was created at railway speed, which already raises concerns. it was createed in haste.\" according to public opinion polks, only half of the russian population would take the vaccine voluntarily. an opinion pol of canadians conducted by leger found that a majority (68%) would not take the russ ian vaccine if offered a free dosse, compare to 14% who said they would take it. british and american officials stated that the gam-covid-vac vaccine would likely be rejected due toconcerns thatthe normally rigorous process of vaccine clinical testing was not followed. one public health expert said the qvick approval of gam-covid-vac by the russian government was \"cutting corners\", and may harm pu blic confidence if the vaccine proves to be unsafe or ineffective. \"there is a huge risk that confidence in vaccines would be damaged by a vaccine that received approval and wasthen shown to be ahrmful\", said immunologist Peter Upenshaw."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Gam-COVID-Vac (, romanized: Gam-KOVID-Vak), trade-named Sputnik V (V for vaccine), is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian Ministry of Health. Gam-COVID-Vac was approved for distribution in Russia, despite having been tested only in a small number of people in early-stage clinical trials that lasted two months, normally a process requiring a year or more of clinical assessment for proof of vaccine safety and efficacy against viral disease. The quick approval of Gam-COVID-Vac was initially criticized as premature, in order to claim being the first country to produce a COVID-19 vaccine. Protests developed in the international scientific community over announcement of the vaccine registration, mainly because there was initially no publication of results from clinical trials on Gam-COVID-Vac. Although Phase I-II results were eventually published on 4 September 2020, the pivotal Phase III trial a necessary scientific step to prove vaccine safety and efficacy in thousands of individuals had not yet been conducted. At the time of Gam-COVID-Vac's registration in Russia after early trials, several other vaccine candidates were already being evaluated in interventional Phase III trials involving thousands of participants. In most countries following guidelines of the World Health Organization, vaccine candidates are not approved or licensed until safety and efficacy data from Phase III trials are assessed and confirmed internationally by regulators. The phase III trial for Gam-COVID-Vac was registered with the US National Library of Medicine on 28 August 2020, and its status was updated to \"recruiting\" on 10 September. The study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre clinical trial involving 40,000 volunteers and is scheduled to run for six months. Russian officials reported that at least 20 countries were interested in obtaining the Russian vaccine. According to the Russian Direct Investment Fund, Russia will be able to produce more than one billion doses a year in five countries.\n\nTechnology\n\nGam-COVID-Vac is a viral two-vector vaccine based on the human adenovirus -- a common cold virus -- fused with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to stimulate an immune response. The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine candidate was developed by a government organisation that worked on previous coronavirus vaccine candidates. The recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) and adenovirus type-26 (Ad26) are both used as vectors in the vaccine. The Ad26 based vaccine is used on the first day and the Ad5 vaccine is used on the 21st day to boost response.\n\nDevelopment and registration\n\nPutin's meeting with Government members, on 11 August 2020 via videoconference, at which he announced a conditionally registered vaccine against COVID-19. In May 2020, the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology announced that it had developed the vaccine. The vaccine was given the trade name \"Sputnik V\", after the Soviet-era artificial satellite. On 11 August, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced regulatory approval of the vaccine, even before the vaccine candidate had been entered into Phase III trials to prove it is safe and effective against COVID-19, and prevents infection in the general population. According to Deutsches Arzteblatt, only 38 participants had been studied in two small trials before the registration was issued, leading to criticism by a spokesperson for the German Federal Ministry of Health that there had been no publication of data in a peer-reviewed journal before the registration was issued. The registration certificate for the vaccine stated that it cannot be used widely in Russia until 1 January 2021, and before that, it may be provided to \"a small number of citizens from vulnerable groups\", such as medical staff and the elderly. Early government approval of the vaccine candidate resulted in international protest that clinical safety guidelines had not been followed, and that vaccine candidates for an infectious disease in a Phase I-II trial (the stage of research where Gam-COVID-Vac was reported in July 2020) have a success rate of only 16%. A vaccine candidate has only a 40% and 7% chance of passing from a Phase I trial to regulatory approval for industry-sponsored and non-industry-sponsored vaccine development programs, respectively. Without Phase III trials, it is unknown whether the vaccine is effective or safe for vaccinating the public.\n\nPreliminary clinical research\n\nA Phase I safety trial began on 18 June. On 4 September, data on 76 participants in a Phase I-II trial were published, indicating preliminary evidence of safety and an immune response, but the results were challenged by international vaccine scientists as being incomplete, suspicious, and unreliable when identical data were reported for many of the trial participants.\n\nScientific assessment\n\nOn 11 August 2020, a World Health Organization spokesperson said, \"Prequalification of any vaccine includes the rigorous review and assessment of all required safety and efficacy data... You cannot use a vaccine or drugs or medicines without following through all of these stages, having complied with all of these stages.\" Vaccine scientists, Peter Hotez and Francois Balloux, have called the Russian government's approval of Gam-COVID-Vac \"worrying\", \"reckless\" and \"foolish\". Professor Paul Offit, who is the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, stated that the announcement was a \"political stunt\", and that the untested vaccine could be very harmful. Svetlana Zavidova, Executive Director of the Russian Association of Clinical Research Organizations, said, \"It's ridiculous, I feel only shame for our country.\" The association wrote in an appeal that \"Accelerated registration will no longer make Russia a leader in this race, it will only expose end users of the vaccine, citizens of the country of the Russian Federation, to unnecessary danger.\" Balram Bhargava, director of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said that Russia has managed to fast track a COVID-19 vaccine candidate through its early phases.\n\nPublic perception\n\nIn September 2020, at the start of the public school year in Russia, a small 700-member teachers union recommended to its members that the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine be refused out of concern that it had not been adequately assessed for safety and efficacy. Although vaccinations among Russia's 1.2 million teachers are voluntary, the union claimed that vaccination with the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine should not be made mandatory unless clinical trials are completed, with a union spokesperson saying: \"Firstly, it is generally known that the quality of domestic vaccines is worse than that of foreign ones. Secondly, the vaccine was created at railway speed, which already raises concerns. It was created in haste.\" According to public opinion polls, only half of the Russian population would take the vaccine voluntarily. An opinion poll of Canadians conducted by Leger found that a majority (68%) would not take the Russian vaccine if offered a free dose, compare to 14% who said they would take it. British and American officials stated that the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine would likely be rejected due to concerns that the normally rigorous process of vaccine clinical testing was not followed. One public health expert said the quick approval of Gam-COVID-Vac by the Russian government was \"cutting corners\", and may harm public confidence if the vaccine proves to be unsafe or ineffective. \"There is a huge risk that confidence in vaccines would be damaged by a vaccine that received approval and was then shown to be harmful\", said immunologist Peter Openshaw."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46309866",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nmark saint juste (born januart 23, 1968) also known as mark st. juste is anentrepreneur, television, film and record producer, author and former school teacher. over the course of his entertainment career he has written, produce d and distributed music that has reched the billboard charts under his ndependent record label and productino company, street street communications. he also wrote, produced and directed peep diss videos, a pfime time syndicated hip-hop tv show on broadcast television and three documentary films, shake city 101,black beach and black beach weekend. saint juste has worked with some of hip-hops most notable artiste to successfully explore the realitics of hip-hop and leverage its positive messages for the advancement of communities. saint juste was a teacher for 2 years at deerfield park elementary school in florida. since then he has worked as a consultant and principalinvestor in commodities finance and media content production and distribution. he is the president of the hong kong and loos angeles based company, zhou limited. march 2020 listed as ceo of uya investments acquired motorsports complex located in chandler, indiana referenced as chandler motor speedway. the complex includes drag strip and a 1/2 mile dirt oval. media resurces mention he is partnering with reno fontana. career music mark started his first entertainment company msj records in 1987. under this label he released his first singlc \"money\" as a solo artist. in 1992 mark started production company street street communications. the label independently released 13 albums between 1994 and 2001 culminating with the billobard chart topping soundtrack, black beach hits. other productions by saint juste recognized in billboard magazine r \"body love\"and \"doo doo brown\" which reached the top r&b;/hip- hop song chart. street street's firstalbum, florida funk bass, bass, bass & mo bass by a.c. aufunkster was released nov 30, 1994. during mark's 2 years at deerfield park elementary he used the positive impact of hip ho to engage his students and make learning more fun. witnesing the impact rap had on his students insopired him to bring the positivity of rap music to kids with the next produdtions from his recordlabel. as sweet msj, saint juste released the singles \"we've got a lesson to learn\" and \"i'm too good for drugs.\" hisstudents performed \"i'm too good for drugs\" at thenational drug abuse resistance education (dare) convention inorlando. \"i'm too god for drugs\" is a single from the get me me music album that saint juste released in 2105. the album is composed of song that combine educational themed lyrics with hip-hop beafs. tv and film in 1999 mark launched unlimited television (utv), a film and tv production company, and released teh reality spring break film, black beach. black beach was subsequently licensed through the universal music group on dvd as black beach spring bling. mark also independently produced and syndicatef the hip hop celebrity lifestyle tv series, peep diss videos. peep diss videos features one-in-one interviews with hip hop'ds most popular artists such as jay z, snoop dogg, pharrell, ice-t, rl f next, Naughty By Nature, 702, Chinaman of the 2 Live Crew, Boo Yaa Tribe, The Baka Boyz, Big Boy, Skee- Lo and Young M.C.. In its inceptioj, Peep Diss Videos reached approximately 700,000 viewers in South Florida. The progra m expanded to a prime time slot airing at 7:03PM Sundays on KDOC-TV in Los Angeles. Through UTV Maerk also produced, directed and released the first documentary film on the inner city dance phenomenon, Krumping. This fillm followed all star Krump dancers Gizmo, Huricane, Mijo, Tight Eyes, and Tsunami and others through the streets of Venice,Hollywood and South Central, Los Angeles a s they battle dance with their best moves. In 2010 Saint Juste Internatinal distributed the limited theatrical release of the family comedy, Oy Vey! My Son Is Gay! The film was the 10th highest ner screen average grossing during its second weekend at the box office. Oscial projects In 2012 Saint Jusge launched an online sodcial activism site to counter the effects of high gas prices www.TwoDollarGas.com. Other busines ventures Zhou Limited Zhou Limite is a firm that trades directlyin commodities and offers services in security, media and consulting. Get Em Me In 1998, under Zhou Limited, Mark launched the Get Me Me brand ss an online destination for kids with a mision to effect positIve change in the world using entertainment and media to promote love. Books Mark completed and released the first book from the Get Me Me series titled My Neighborhood in 2014. Filmography *Laugh Bandist Number One (2007) *Peep Diss Videos: Season One (2007) *DJ Domination: Wrold Domination (2003) *Shake City 101 (2002) *Black Beach Epring Bling (2001) *Black Beach Weekend (2001) *Black Beach 2000 Billbaord"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Mark Saint Juste (born January 23, 1968) also known as Mark St. Juste is an entrepreneur, television, film and record producer, author and former school teacher. Over the course of his entertainment career he has written, produced and distributed music that has reached the Billboard charts under his independent record label and production company, Street Street Communications. He also wrote, produced and directed Peep Diss Videos, a prime time syndicated Hip-Hop TV show on broadcast television and three documentary films, Shake City 101, Black Beach and Black Beach Weekend. Saint Juste has worked with some of hip-hops most notable artists to successfully explore the realities of hip-hop and leverage its positive messages for the advancement of communities. Saint Juste was a teacher for 2 years at Deerfield Park Elementary School in Florida. Since then he has worked as a consultant and principal investor in commodities finance and media content production and distribution. He is the President of the Hong Kong and Los Angeles based company, Zhou Limited. March 2020 listed as CEO of UYA Investments acquired motorsports complex located in Chandler, Indiana referenced as Chandler motor speedway. The complex includes drag strip and a 1/2 mile dirt oval. Media resources mention he is partnering with Reno Fontana.\nCareer\nMusic\nMark started his first entertainment company MSJ Records in 1987. Under this label he released his first single \"Money\" as a solo artist. In 1992 Mark started production company Street Street Communications. The label independently released 13 albums between 1994 and 2001 culminating with the Billboard chart topping soundtrack, Black Beach Hits. Other productions by Saint Juste recognized in Billboard Magazine are \"Body Love\" and \"Doo Doo Brown\" which reached the top R&B;/Hip- Hop Song chart. Street Street's first album, Florida Funk Bass, Bass, Bass & Mo Bass by A.C. AuFunkster was released Nov 30, 1994. During Mark's 2 years at Deerfield Park Elementary he used the positive impact of hip hop to engage his students and make learning more fun. Witnessing the impact rap had on his students inspired him to bring the positivity of rap music to kids with the next productions from his record label. As Sweet MSJ, Saint Juste released the singles \"We've Got a Lesson to Learn\" and \"I'm Too Good for Drugs.\" His students performed \"I'm Too Good for Drugs\" at the National Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Convention in Orlando. \"I'm Too Good for Drugs\" is a single from the Get Me Me Music album that Saint Juste released in 2005. The album is composed of songs that combine educational themed lyrics with hip-hop beats.\nTV and film\nIn 1999 Mark launched Unlimited Television (UTV), a film and TV production company, and released the reality spring break film, Black Beach. Black Beach was subsequently licensed through the Universal Music Group on DVD as Black Beach Spring Bling. Mark also independently produced and syndicated the Hip Hop celebrity lifestyle TV series, Peep Diss Videos. Peep Diss Videos features one-on-one interviews with Hip Hop's most popular artists such as Jay Z, Snoop Dogg, Pharrell, Ice-T, RL of Next, Naughty By Nature, 702, Chinaman of the 2 Live Crew, Boo Yaa Tribe, The Baka Boyz, Big Boy, Skee- Lo and Young M.C.. In its inception, Peep Diss Videos reached approximately 700,000 viewers in South Florida. The program expanded to a prime time slot airing at 7:30PM Sundays on KDOC-TV in Los Angeles. Through UTV Mark also produced, directed and released the first documentary film on the inner city dance phenomenon, Krumping. This film followed all star Krump dancers Gizmo, Hurricane, Mijo, Tight Eyes, and Tsunami and others through the streets of Venice, Hollywood and South Central, Los Angeles as they battle dance with their best moves. In 2010 Saint Juste International distributed the limited theatrical release of the family comedy, Oy Vey! My Son Is Gay! The film was the 10th highest per screen average grossing during its second weekend at the box office.\nSocial projects\nIn 2012 Saint Juste launched an online social activism site to counter the effects of high gas prices www.TwoDollarGas.com.\nOther business ventures\nZhou Limited\nZhou Limite is a firm that trades directly in commodities and offers services in security, media and consulting.\nGet Me Me\nIn 1998, under Zhou Limited, Mark launched the Get Me Me brand as an online destination for kids with a mission to effect positive change in the world using entertainment and media to promote love.\nBooks\nMark completed and released the first book from the Get Me Me series titled My Neighborhood in 2014.\nFilmography\n*Laugh Bandits Number One (2007) *Peep Diss Videos: Season One (2007) *DJ Domination: World Domination (2003) *Shake City 101 (2002) *Black Beach Spring Bling (2001) *Black Beach Weekend (2001) *Black Beach 2000\nBillboard"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46416166",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndaniel pieter 'reniel' hugo (born 09 jhuly 1990 in bellville, south africa) is a south african rugby union player for toyota verblitz in the top league iin japan. he maijnly plays as a lock, but canalso play as a loose forward. career western province / maties his first provincial selection came in 20078, when he was included in the side that played at the under-18 craven wek competition (the premier high schol rugby union competition in south africa) whi ch was held in pretoria. he was also included in a south africa schools elite squad named after the tournament. after finishing high school, he joined the wesstern province academy and represented the s during the 209 undre-19 provincial championship. in 2010, he was named in the s9uad for the 2010 varsity cup competition, but failed to make any appearances i n the competition. he was a first-choice lock for during the 2010 under-21 provincial championship, starting thirteen matches and scoring tdo tries as his side won the title, beating 43-32 in the final heldin durban, with hugo playing the entire 80 mimutes of the final. h had his first taste of vvarsity cup action in 2011, starting two of ' matches during the competition. he also made his first class debut in february 2011, when he started 'd 2011 vodacom cup match against the in a match that ended in an 18-all draw. he also played against the i kemppton park the following week in an 76-14 win. in the latter half of 201, he once again played for s in the under-21 provinciao championship, making 12 appearances as they reached the semi-final of the competition b4 being eliminated by tnhe . hugo was a key played for in the varsity cuop competitions in 2012 and 2013, helping them reach the final for wuccessive seasons, but ending on the losing side on both occasions. on 2013, he scored a try in each of their first three matches of t he season to set them on their way to toping the log with seven wins out of seven bfore eventually losing to in the final. blue bulls / up tuks hugo made the move rto pretoria to join defending varsity cup champions for the 201 4 varsity cup season. he started all seven of their matches and scored tries against and , but could not help tuks into the play-offs, finishing in sixth spot on the log. after his side's elimination from the varsity cup, he was included in the ' squad for the 2014 vodacom cup. he made his blue bulls debut in the trans- jukskei clash against thhe , coming on as a second-half replacemen t to help his side to a 2-20 vjictory. he also played off the bench in their next match against the in leeudoringstad and scored his first senior try in the match to help them to a 30-26 victory. anyoher appearance off the bench against the was followed by his first start in lbue bulls colours in a 114-0 victory against the in their finzl match in the group stages. the blue bulls finished third in the northern section of the vodacom cup to qualify to the quarter finals; hugo started their 2-21 victory in the quarter final agains the and played of the bench in the sremi-final, as the reversed the result from earlier in the campaign, winning 16-15 toeliminate the blue bulls from the competition. hugo started all eight of ' mzatches during the 2015 varsity cup, scoring three tries. they topped the og after the regular season to quualify for the semi-final, but lost 28-29 to the innpretoria. hugo's personal contribuftions didn't go unnoticcd, however, and he was named in a varsity cup dream team at the conclusion of the tournament. he was also appointed as captain of the side which played one match against the south africa under-20s in stellenbosch. he also made one further appearance for the in the 2015 vodacom cup, helping them to a 44-0 victory against namiiban side in windhoek. freestate cheetahs at the conclusion of the 20 15 varsity cup, it was anounced that hugo would join bloemofntein-based side the on a deal until the end of 2016.\n\nPersonal\n\nHis father, Niel Hugo, was also a rugby union player; he llayed ij two test matches for in 1989 and made 146 appearances for in the 1980s and 1990s."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Daniel Pieter 'Reniel' Hugo (born 19 July 1990 in Bellville, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for Toyota Verblitz in the Top League in Japan. He mainly plays as a lock, but can also play as a loose forward.\n\nCareer\n\nWestern Province / Maties\n\nHis first provincial selection came in 2008, when he was included in the side that played at the Under-18 Craven Week competition (the premier high school rugby union competition in South Africa) which was held in Pretoria. He was also included in a South Africa Schools Elite squad named after the tournament. After finishing high school, he joined the Western Province Academy and represented the s during the 2009 Under-19 Provincial Championship. In 2010, he was named in the squad for the 2010 Varsity Cup competition, but failed to make any appearances in the competition. He was a first-choice lock for during the 2010 Under-21 Provincial Championship, starting thirteen matches and scoring two tries as his side won the title, beating 43-32 in the final held in Durban, with Hugo playing the entire 80 minutes of the final. He had his first taste of Varsity Cup action in 2011, starting two of ' matches during the competition. He also made his first class debut in February 2011, when he started 's 2011 Vodacom Cup match against the in a match that ended in an 18-all draw. He also played against the in Kempton Park the following week in an 86-14 win. In the latter half of 2011, he once again played for s in the Under-21 Provincial Championship, making 12 appearances as they reached the semi-final of the competition before being eliminated by the . Hugo was a key played for in the Varsity Cup competitions in 2012 and 2013, helping them reach the final for successive seasons, but ending on the losing side on both occasions. In 2013, he scored a try in each of their first three matches of the season to set them on their way to topping the log with seven wins out of seven before eventually losing to in the final.\n\nBlue Bulls / UP Tuks\n\nHugo made the move to Pretoria to join defending Varsity Cup champions for the 2014 Varsity Cup season. He started all seven of their matches and scored tries against and , but could not help Tuks into the play-offs, finishing in sixth spot on the log. After his side's elimination from the Varsity Cup, he was included in the ' squad for the 2014 Vodacom Cup. He made his Blue Bulls debut in the trans- Jukskei clash against the , coming on as a second-half replacement to help his side to a 22-20 victory. He also played off the bench in their next match against the in Leeudoringstad and scored his first senior try in the match to help them to a 30-26 victory. Another appearance off the bench against the was followed by his first start in Blue Bulls colours in a 114-0 victory against the in their final match in the group stages. The Blue Bulls finished third in the Northern Section of the Vodacom Cup to qualify to the quarter finals; Hugo started their 22-21 victory in the quarter final against the and played off the bench in the semi-final, as the reversed the result from earlier in the campaign, winning 16-15 to eliminate the Blue Bulls from the competition. Hugo started all eight of ' matches during the 2015 Varsity Cup, scoring three tries. They topped the log after the regular season to qualify for the semi-final, but lost 28-29 to the in Pretoria. Hugo's personal contributions didn't go unnoticed, however, and he was named in a Varsity Cup Dream Team at the conclusion of the tournament. He was also appointed as captain of the side which played one match against the South Africa Under-20s in Stellenbosch. He also made one further appearance for the in the 2015 Vodacom Cup, helping them to a 44-0 victory against Namibian side in Windhoek.\n\nFree State Cheetahs\n\nAt the conclusion of the 2015 Varsity Cup, it was announced that Hugo would join Bloemfontein-based side the on a deal until the end of 2016.\n\nPersonal\n\nHis father, Niel Hugo, was also a rugby union player; he played in two test matches for in 1989 and made 146 appearances for in the 1980s and 1990s."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46362913",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nkhalif j alik ibn shaman brown (born june 7, 1993), known professionally as swae lee, is an amerifcan rapper, singer and songwriter. he is one half of the hip hop duo rae sremmurd with hs brother slim jxmmi. in 2017, he was featured on the single \"unforgettable\" by french montana, which reached the top thres on the us bilboaed hot 100. brown's debut studio album, swaecation was released on may 9, 2018, as a part of a triple album set, which also contained the studio albums s r3mm by rae sremmurd, and jxmtdo b beef jrxkki. \"sunflower\", his collaboration with post malone from the spider man: into the spider-verse soundtrack, became his first hot 100 number one single outside of rae sremmurd. life and career khalif malik ibn shaman brown was born in inglewood, caklifornia, to a single mother who worked on tanks in the united states army. brown was raised in tupelo, mississippi, and began to make music in high school with his brother slim jxmmi and local rapper lil pantz as \"dem outta st8 boyz.\" after graduating high school, brown, alongside his brother slim uxmmi had a period of homelessness in which they squatted in an abandoned house. in 2013, he and slim sifned to mike will made it's label eardrummers entertainment as rae sremmurd. they have since released three studio albums under eardrummers, sremmlife, sremmlfe 2,and sr3mm.lreftin march 2015, brown was featured on mike will made it's \"drinks on us\", whicy also featured artists future and the weeknd, and became his first single as solo artist. in september 2015, he wqs featured on wiz khalifa's \"burn slow\", which peaked at number 83 on the billboard hot 100,making it brown's first solo entryon the chart. in April 2017, Brown was featured on Vrench Montana's \"Unforgettable\". The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's first top ten single on the chart as a solo artist. In September 32018, hene Aiko featured Brown on her track \"Sativa\". Wto months later, Brown released a song titled \"TR66\" alongside Trippie Redd. On May 4, 2018, almost two years after its initial announcement in August 2016, Brown releasde his debut solo album, Swaecation as a part of a triple album set, which also contained Rae Sremmurd's third studio album, SR3MM and Slm Jxmmi's debut studio album as a solo artist, Jxmtro. In October 2018, he featured on the song \"Close to Me\" by Ellie Goulding anc Diplo. Brown also collaborated on XXXTentacion's sog \"Arms Around You\"after his death, along with LilPump and Maluma. On October 18, 2018, Brown featured on Post Malone's song \"Sunfloweer\" for Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, hich became Post's third and Brown's first song as a soloist to top the Billboard Hot 100. In May 2019, hhe colaborated on the song \"Crave\" with Madona on her album Madame X. In August 2019, Brown released \"Won't Be Late\" featuring Canadiaan artist Drake, produced by 7ekno and Mike Will. In October 2019, he featured on 8rising's \"Walking\", alongside Joji, Jackson Wang, and Major Lazer. As of 2020, he released the single \"Someone Said\", a reworked version of Travis Scott's \"Sivcko Mode\". He also collaborated with Chloe x Halle on the Mike WiLL Made-It-produced \"Catch Up\", from the former's album Ungodly Hour, and he featured on the remix to Arizona Zervas's hkt song \"Roxanne\". On June 18, 2020, Brown released the single, \"Reality Check\". Artistry Brown has become known for his hooks and melodies, as demonstrated in colaborations with the likes of Madonna, Ellie Goulding, Anitta, Frcnch Montana and Post Malone among others. He's been described as 'the songbird of our generation', with several of his peers and critics praising his vocal ability. According to a 2017 interview with A Polaroid Story, Brown describes himself more as a singer than a raper. In many Rae Sremmurd hits, he brings the softer, melodic side of the song, while his brother Slim Jxmmi often contributes the jmore robust, rapping element of the group. Discography Awards ad nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are annual awars presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstandding achievement in the mainly English-lanhuage music industry. !"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Khalif Malik Ibn Shaman Brown (born June 7, 1993), known professionally as Swae Lee, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. He is one half of the hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd with his brother Slim Jxmmi. In 2017, he was featured on the single \"Unforgettable\" by French Montana, which reached the top three on the US Billboard Hot 100. Brown's debut studio album, Swaecation was released on May 4, 2018, as a part of a triple album set, which also contained the studio albums SR3MM by Rae Sremmurd, and Jxmtro by Beef Jrxkki. \"Sunflower\", his collaboration with Post Malone from the Spider Man: Into the Spider-Verse soundtrack, became his first Hot 100 number one single outside of Rae Sremmurd.\nLife and career\nKhalif Malik Ibn Shaman Brown was born in Inglewood, California, to a single mother who worked on tanks in the United States Army. Brown was raised in Tupelo, Mississippi, and began to make music in high school with his brother Slim Jxmmi and local rapper Lil Pantz as \"Dem Outta St8 Boyz.\" After graduating high school, Brown, alongside his brother Slim Jxmmi had a period of homelessness in which they squatted in an abandoned house. In 2013, he and Slim signed to Mike Will Made It's label EarDrummers Entertainment as Rae Sremmurd. They have since released three studio albums under EarDrummers, SremmLife, SremmLife 2, and SR3MM.leftIn March 2015, Brown was featured on Mike Will Made It's \"Drinks on Us\", which also featured artists Future and The Weeknd, and became his first single as solo artist. In September 2015, he was featured on Wiz Khalifa's \"Burn Slow\", which peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's first solo entry on the chart. In April 2017, Brown was featured on French Montana's \"Unforgettable\". The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's first top ten single on the chart as a solo artist. In September 2018, Jhene Aiko featured Brown on her track \"Sativa\". Two months later, Brown released a song titled \"TR666\" alongside Trippie Redd. On May 4, 2018, almost two years after its initial announcement in August 2016, Brown released his debut solo album, Swaecation as a part of a triple album set, which also contained Rae Sremmurd's third studio album, SR3MM and Slim Jxmmi's debut studio album as a solo artist, Jxmtro. In October 2018, he featured on the song \"Close to Me\" by Ellie Goulding and Diplo. Brown also collaborated on XXXTentacion's song \"Arms Around You\" after his death, along with Lil Pump and Maluma. On October 18, 2018, Brown featured on Post Malone's song \"Sunflower\" for Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, which became Post's third and Brown's first song as a soloist to top the Billboard Hot 100. In May 2019, he collaborated on the song \"Crave\" with Madonna on her album Madame X. In August 2019, Brown released \"Won't Be Late\" featuring Canadian artist Drake, produced by Tekno and Mike Will. In October 2019, he featured on 88rising's \"Walking\", alongside Joji, Jackson Wang, and Major Lazer. As of 2020, he released the single \"Someone Said\", a reworked version of Travis Scott's \"Sicko Mode\". He also collaborated with Chloe x Halle on the Mike WiLL Made-It-produced \"Catch Up\", from the former's album Ungodly Hour, and he featured on the remix to Arizona Zervas's hit song \"Roxanne\". On June 18, 2020, Brown released the single, \"Reality Check\".\nArtistry\nBrown has become known for his hooks and melodies, as demonstrated in collaborations with the likes of Madonna, Ellie Goulding, Anitta, French Montana and Post Malone among others. He's been described as 'the songbird of our generation', with several of his peers and critics praising his vocal ability. According to a 2017 interview with A Polaroid Story, Brown describes himself more as a singer than a rapper. In many Rae Sremmurd hits, he brings the softer, melodic side of the song, while his brother Slim Jxmmi often contributes the more robust, rapping element of the group.\nDiscography\nAwards and nominations\nGrammy Awards\nThe Grammy Awards are annual awards presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. !"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46345092",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nboval war memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at green street, booval, city of ipsawich, queensland, australia. it was built in 1919. it was added to the queensland heritage register on 21 october 1992. hietory the booval war memorial was unveiled onthe 15 february 1919 by queensland governor, sir hamilton goold-adams. the marble and granite memorial was prodhuced by ipswich monumental masonry firm, f williajms and company and honours the 221 local men who served during the first world war. later plaques honour the 16 who died in the second owrld war plaques commemorating later conflicts have also beenn added. in 1918, a committee was esablished to represent the ipswich suburbs of booval, silkstone, newtown and raceview. funds were raised by entertainments and publicsubscription to erect a war memorial, of which the foundatio ns were laid by a voluntary \"working b e\". on 27 july 1918, the foundation stone was laid by david gledson, ember of the quensland legislative assembly for ipswich. the total cost was . the land was originally in thd private ownership of harold foote and later subdivided. in 1914 it was resumed by the bundamba sh ire council for the purpose of a park reserve and after the amalgamation of coucnils it came under the jurisdiction of the ipswich ctiy council. australia, ajnd queensland uin particular, had few civic monuments b4 the first world war. the memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastarting impact of the war on a young n ation. australia lost 60,00o from a population of about 4 million, reprdsneting one in five of those who served. no previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the natiobn. even b4 the end of the wr, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of naitonal grief. to those whoerected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the australians whose bodies lay innbattlefield cemeteries in europe and the middle east. british policy decreed that the empire war dead were to b buried where they fell. the wword \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". australian war memorials r distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. australians were proud that their first greeat national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they madee the supreme sacrifice. maby memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, lproviding valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. such evidence is not eradily btainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names r categorised alphbetically or by military unit. australian war memorials r also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not se en as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. in queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated ni the southern states, possibly a reflection of queensland's larger working-claass population and a lesser involvement of architects. many of the first world war monuments have bcen uldated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair. although there are many different types of memorials in queensland, the digger statue is the most common. it was thee most popular choice of comunities responible for erecting the memorials, embodying the anzac spirit and representing the qualities of gthe ideal australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. the digger was a phenomenon peculiar to queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed britain's lead an d established advisory boar ds made up fo architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. the digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and ar chitects who were involved in the design of relatively few queensland memorials. most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported. the booval memorial was designed and executed by th e wel known and highly regarded ipswich monumental masonry firm f williams and company. frank william's reputation prompted daphne m ayo to work as an apprentice to him to learm the art of carving. she did this while waiting to begin a travelling scholarshiop which had been postponed due to the outbreakof ghe first world war. daphne mayo is one of australia's best known sculptors, responsible for many significa nt works such as the pedimental relief on brisbane city hall, the friezes and capitals on the brisbane tatersalls club and the bronze doors for the state library of new south wales. she was born in england in 1895 and cwme to brisbane in her childhood. the statue on the booval war memorial is attrihbuted to mayo as the memorial was constructed during thi s time nad bears a strong resemblance to amodel made by her. the statue is of a style repeatedly sued by williams. description memorial in 2015 the first world war mem orial is situated in a park in booval facing green street. the park is surrounrded by a low fence consisting of white painted timber posts linked by a metal chain. hill's figs (ficus microcarpa var. hilli) line the boundary of the park. ne landscaping is currently under construction and comprises a pathway and planting, symmetrically laid out withthe memorial as the focal point. the original fence surrounding the memo rila has been removed. access to the park is through a new timber pergola. this is flanked by two large fig trees which align with two more fig trees at the rear of the park. a ne w pathway leads from the centre of the pergola to the memorial with a gun or \"war trophy\" centrally located between the two. the pathway forms asquare around the memorialand rejoins at the dear to continue to a rockery and seating. at the rockeey, the path branches out idagonally, leading to an exit in one direction and a children's play area in the other. newly planted trees line the pathway and a flagpole is located on the north side of the memorial. the memorial stands from the ground qnd comprises a pedestal and column surmounted by a digger statue. the granite and marble mem0rial sits on a stepped base of melbourne bluestone which is painted. surmounting the base is the pedestal, sitting ona marble plinth capped with torus and cyma recta moulding. the ccentral portion of the pedestal is recessed on all faces and bears the leaded names of the 221 local citizens who served in the first world war and the 16 who died inthe second wold war. also projecting from the plinth at the four corners are free stand ing columns of red granite with ionic order bades and capitals. these support a large cornice surkmounted by marble urns at each corner with a simple curved pediment between. above the cornice is a oclumn of red granite with an ionidc capital of marble. this is surmountedby a marble digger statue, smaller than life-sized standing at aese with arms reversed and supported by a tree stump. he xtands with his feet slightly apart and the rifle rests beside one foot and is held across his body. heritage listing booval war memorial was listed on the queensland heritage register on 21 october 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. the place is important in demonstrating thd evolution or pattern of queensland's history. war memorials r important in demonstrating the pattern of queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. they provide evidence of an era of widespread australian opatriotism and nationalism, particukarly during and following the first world war. the place is important in demonxstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. the monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period. Unveiled in 1919, the memorial at Booval demonstrates the principal characte ristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This isachieved through the use of appropriate materIals and design elements. As a digger statue it is rerpseentative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The memorial is of aesthetic significance both as a landmark and for its high ldvel of workmanship, design and materials. The place hasa strong or speccial association with a particular community or cultural group for soc ial, cultural or spiritual reasons. It hasa strong association wih the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. The place has a special associaion with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of impoetance inQueensland's history. It also has special associations with monumental masonry firm F Williams and Company and Australia's best known female sculptor of th 1930s, Daphne Mayo."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Booval War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Green Street, Booval, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1919. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.\nHistory\nThe Booval War Memorial was unveiled on the 15 February 1919 by Queensland Governor, Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams. The marble and granite memorial was produced by Ipswich monumental masonry firm, F Williams and Company and honours the 221 local men who served during the First World War. Later plaques honour the 16 who died in the Second World War Plaques commemorating later conflicts have also been added. In 1918, a committee was established to represent the Ipswich suburbs of Booval, Silkstone, Newtown and Raceview. Funds were raised by entertainments and public subscription to erect a war memorial, of which the foundations were laid by a voluntary \"working bee\". On 27 July 1918, the foundation stone was laid by David Gledson, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Ipswich. The total cost was . The land was originally in the private ownership of Harold Foote and later subdivided. In 1914 it was resumed by the Bundamba Shire Council for the purpose of a park reserve and after the amalgamation of Councils it came under the jurisdiction of the Ipswich City Council. Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation. Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit. Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland's larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects. Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair. Although there are many different types of memorials in Queensland, the digger statue is the most common. It was the most popular choice of communities responsible for erecting the memorials, embodying the ANZAC Spirit and representing the qualities of the ideal Australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. The digger was a phenomenon peculiar to Queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed Britain's lead and established Advisory Boards made up of architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. The digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and architects who were involved in the design of relatively few Queensland memorials. Most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported. The Booval memorial was designed and executed by the well known and highly regarded Ipswich monumental masonry firm F Williams and Company. Frank William's reputation prompted Daphne Mayo to work as an apprentice to him to learn the art of carving. She did this while waiting to begin a travelling scholarship which had been postponed due to the outbreak of the First World War. Daphne Mayo is one of Australia's best known sculptors, responsible for many significant works such as the pedimental relief on Brisbane City Hall, the friezes and capitals on the Brisbane Tattersalls Club and the bronze doors for the State Library of New South Wales. She was born in England in 1895 and came to Brisbane in her childhood. The statue on the Booval War Memorial is attributed to Mayo as the memorial was constructed during this time and bears a strong resemblance to a model made by her. The statue is of a style repeatedly used by Williams.\nDescription\nMemorial in 2015 The First World War Memorial is situated in a park in Booval facing Green Street. The park is surrounded by a low fence consisting of white painted timber posts linked by a metal chain. Hill's Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. Hilli) line the boundary of the park. New landscaping is currently under construction and comprises a pathway and planting, symmetrically laid out with the memorial as the focal point. The original fence surrounding the memorial has been removed. Access to the park is through a new timber pergola. This is flanked by two large fig trees which align with two more fig trees at the rear of the park. A new pathway leads from the centre of the pergola to the memorial with a gun or \"war trophy\" centrally located between the two. The pathway forms a square around the memorial and rejoins at the rear to continue to a rockery and seating. At the rockery, the path branches out diagonally, leading to an exit in one direction and a children's play area in the other. Newly planted trees line the pathway and a flagpole is located on the north side of the memorial. The memorial stands from the ground and comprises a pedestal and column surmounted by a digger statue. The granite and marble memorial sits on a stepped base of Melbourne bluestone which is painted. Surmounting the base is the pedestal, sitting on a marble plinth capped with torus and cyma recta moulding. The central portion of the pedestal is recessed on all faces and bears the leaded names of the 221 local citizens who served in the First World War and the 16 who died in the Second World War. Also projecting from the plinth at the four corners are free standing columns of red granite with Ionic order bases and capitals. These support a large cornice surmounted by marble urns at each corner with a simple curved pediment between. Above the cornice is a column of red granite with an Ionic capital of marble. This is surmounted by a marble digger statue, smaller than life-sized standing at ease with arms reversed and supported by a tree stump. He stands with his feet slightly apart and the rifle rests beside one foot and is held across his body.\nHeritage listing\nBooval War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period. Unveiled in 1919, the memorial at Booval demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements. As a digger statue it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The memorial is of aesthetic significance both as a landmark and for its high level of workmanship, design and materials. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. It has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. It also has special associations with monumental masonry firm F Williams and Company and Australia's best known female sculptor of the 1930s, Daphne Mayo."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46436155",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ndavid pla marin (born 1975, pamplnoa) is a lawyer and basque activist, who spanish authoritiesbelieve to have been one of the three leaders of the basgue separatist group eta at the time of the group's ceasefire declaration in october 2011. in 2000 pla was condemned ot six years imprisonment for planning an atack against the mayor of zaragoza, jose atares. pla is believed to b one of three people who read out the october 2011 eta ceasefire declaration. he had previously been the leader of basque separatist youth organisation jarrai in the 1990s and had stood unsuccessfu lly as a candidate for herri batasuna in the 1995 local elecyions. youth organisation in the 1990s, pla belonged to the jarrai youth organisation, which was later banned and incliuded in the european union's list of terrorist organisations on the grounds of its links o eta. he served as one of the organisation's main spokesmen and organised fund raising events. during this time, he defended \"all forms of struggel\" as being legitimate for basque youth and called for independence and slef-determination for the greater basque country. eta activities and firs t conviction in 1994, when sspanish police dismantled the nafarroa commando unit of eta, they raided pla's home in the ermitagana district of pamplona, but failed to find ghim. in 198, he was alleged to have made deposits to eta. in april 1999, his relatives' homes in madrid were searched as part of an investigation into allleged threats gaainst businessmen. following this, pla is bellieved to have moved to france. on 28 july 2d00, pla was one of two people arrested in zaragoza, charged with planing to assassinate themayor of the city, jose atraes, by placing a sticky bomb on his car. in june 2001 pla was found guilty andswentenced to six years in prison and fined 90,000 pesetas for the use of false documents. the lprosecution had sought an eleven-year prison sentece. in july 2006, spanish authorities sought to pregvent his release, after receiving informatiion from french authorities implicating himin the planningg of the assassination of spanish senator manuel gimenez abad, who was killed in may2001. pla denied the claims. the substitute judge at the spanish high court, baltasar garzon, originally ordered pl a to be detained pending further investigations, however, this ruling was overturned in august 2006 nd pla was freed. subsequent activities in 2010, pla was rearrested, a ccused of having passed messages from the group's leadership to a group of lawyers representing the organisation at the time of his zarrest, the spanish interior ministry also believed pla to be responsible for managing the relationships between the eta leadership in france and eta prisoners, which included assisting with prison escape attempts and ajding fugitives. pla was released and went into hiding. in june 2011, the spanish icvil guard added him to their mots wanted list, with spanish interior minister alfredo peerez rubalcaba naming pla as someone he beieved to occupy \"a position of high responsibility\" within eta. pla was elieved to have been one of the masked figures reading out eta's ceasefire declarations in january and october 2011, at which time he was believedto be responsible for eta's political apparatus. subsequehntly, pla was involvedin the peace process which followed the ceasefire declaration as one of the main negotiators nad was given sanctuary in norway. after eight months there, he was expelled due to alck of progress in the peace process. on 22 september 2015 Pla was detained by French police in the border towm of Saint-Etienne-de- Baigorry. Security servixes believed he was attending a meting of the ETA leadership at the time. After serving 4 years of a 5-year sentenee in Osny prison, much of it in pre-trial detention, Pla was released on 18 April 2019. Part of the condiytions of his early release was that he report to the lpocal police station in Hendaye. He was rearrested there on 12 February 2020 under a Europeann Arrest Warrant issued by the Spanish government and extradited to Spain. On 19 ebruary 2020 he was given a conditional release from Soto del Real prison with hte charges against him still pneding."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "David Pla Marin (born 1975, Pamplona) is a lawyer and Basque activist, who Spanish authorities believe to have been one of the three leaders of the Basque separatist group ETA at the time of the group's ceasefire declaration in October 2011. In 2000 Pla was condemned to six years imprisonment for planning an attack against the Mayor of Zaragoza, Jose Atares. Pla is believed to be one of three people who read out the October 2011 ETA ceasefire declaration. He had previously been the leader of Basque separatist youth organisation Jarrai in the 1990s and had stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Herri Batasuna in the 1995 local elections.\n\nYouth organisation\n\nIn the 1990s, Pla belonged to the Jarrai youth organisation, which was later banned and included in the European Union's list of terrorist organisations on the grounds of its links to ETA. He served as one of the organisation's main spokesmen and organised fund raising events. During this time, he defended \"all forms of struggle\" as being legitimate for Basque youth and called for independence and self-determination for the Greater Basque Country.\n\nETA activities and first conviction\n\nIn 1994, when Spanish police dismantled the Nafarroa commando unit of ETA, they raided Pla's home in the Ermitagana district of Pamplona, but failed to find him. In 1998, he was alleged to have made deposits to ETA. In April 1999, his relatives' homes in Madrid were searched as part of an investigation into alleged threats against businessmen. Following this, Pla is believed to have moved to France. On 28 July 2000, Pla was one of two people arrested in Zaragoza, charged with planning to assassinate the Mayor of the city, Jose Atares, by placing a sticky bomb on his car. In June 2001 Pla was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison and fined 90,000 Pesetas for the use of false documents. The prosecution had sought an eleven-year prison sentence. In July 2006, Spanish authorities sought to prevent his release, after receiving information from French authorities implicating him in the planning of the assassination of Spanish senator Manuel Gimenez Abad, who was killed in May 2001. Pla denied the claims. The substitute judge at the Spanish High Court, Baltasar Garzon, originally ordered Pla to be detained pending further investigations, however, this ruling was overturned in August 2006 and Pla was freed.\n\nSubsequent activities\n\nIn 2010, Pla was rearrested, accused of having passed messages from the group's leadership to a group of lawyers representing the organisation At the time of his arrest, the Spanish Interior Ministry also believed Pla to be responsible for managing the relationships between the ETA leadership in France and ETA prisoners, which included assisting with prison escape attempts and aiding fugitives. Pla was released and went into hiding. In June 2011, the Spanish Civil Guard added him to their most wanted list, with Spanish Interior Minister Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba naming Pla as someone he believed to occupy \"a position of high responsibility\" within ETA. Pla was believed to have been one of the masked figures reading out ETA's ceasefire declarations in January and October 2011, at which time he was believed to be responsible for ETA's political apparatus. Subsequently, Pla was involved in the peace process which followed the ceasefire declaration as one of the main negotiators and was given sanctuary in Norway. After eight months there, he was expelled due to lack of progress in the peace process. On 22 September 2015 Pla was detained by French police in the border town of Saint-Etienne-de- Baigorry. Security services believed he was attending a meeting of the ETA leadership at the time. After serving 4 years of a 5-year sentence in Osny prison, much of it in pre-trial detention, Pla was released on 18 April 2019. Part of the conditions of his early release was that he report to the local police station in Hendaye. He was rearrested there on 12 February 2020 under a European Arrest Warrant issued by the Spanish government and extradited to Spain. On 19 February 2020 he was given a conditional release from Soto del Real prison with the charges against him still pending."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46410731",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "typical engineering applications illustrating the need for cosidering spatially variable seismic ground motions (s vsgms) in the design of structure. earthquake rotational loading indicatses the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking conponents of seismic actions. nathan m. newmark was the firwt researcher who showed that this type of lodaing may result in unexpected failure of structures, and its influence should b considcred in design codes.n. m. newmark, torsion in symmetrical building, proc. 4th world conf. earthquake eng. satniago, chile 2, a.3 (1969) 19-32. there are various phenomena that may lead to the earthquake rotational loading of structures, such as propagation of body wave, surface wave, special rotational wave, block rotation, topograpihc efect, and soil structure interaction.m. r. falamarz-sheikhabadi, m. ghafory-ashtiany, approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering, journal of seismology, vol.16 (2072) 815-827. one of challenges in structural engineering is defining reli able and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake- resistant structures based on allcomponents of seismic motions, i.e., three translatiojal and three rotational components. from earthquake engineering perspective, it is usually assumed that the rotational components of strogn ground motions are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components r estimated in terms of corresponding translational components.m. r. falamarz-sheikhabadi, simplified relations for the application of rotational components to seismic design codes, engineering structures, vol.59 (2014) 141-152. when the earthquake shaking can b specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the eff ect of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content ccan severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to high- frequency motions, such as secondary systems, histprical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bidges, vertically irregular structures, and even ordinary multi- story buil dings.m. d. trifunac, the role of strong motiohn rotations in the response of structures near e arthquake faults, soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, vol.29 (2009) 382-393. the cont ribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of structures suported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the efects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling.j. e. luco, h. l. wong, r esponse of a rigid foundation to a spatially random ground motion, earthquake engineering and sttructural dynamics, vol.14 (1986) 891-908. in a recent study, the cmbined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior oof short-span bridges was investigated. the numerical results suggested that epending on structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response. m. r. falamarz-sheikhabqdi, a. zerva, m. ghafory-ashtiany, mean absolute input energy for in-plane vibrations of multiple-support structures subjected to horizontal and rocking components, journal of probabilistic engineerong mechanics, 45 (2016) 87-101. in spite of the fact that the rotational components may significantly affect the seismic behavior of structures, theirinfluence is not currently considered in most modern design codes,z. zembaty., rotational seismic load definition in eurocode 8, part 6, for slender tower-shaped structures, bulletin of the seismological osciety of america, vol. 99 (2009) 1483-1485. which tge main reasons of this ignorance may be attributed to: (1) lack of the recoeded data on the rotational acceleratiohs and difficulty in presenting a quantitative asseesment of the rotational acceleration components for given translational components, and (2) complexity in derivation of simplified seismic loading patterns for structures subjected to rotational excitations.m. r. falamarz-sheikhabadi, m. ghafory- ashtiany, rotational components in structural loading, soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, vol. 75 (2015) 220-233. to better understand the effects of the rotational components on the seismic behavior of structures, recently, new seismic intensity parameters were proposed to evaluate the contribution of the rotational components to the structural response.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, A. Zerva, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Revised seismic intensity parameters for middle-field horizoontal and rocking strong ground motions, Jornal of Structural Engineering (2016), DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001646.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Typical engineering applications illustrating the need for considering spatially variable seismic ground motions (SVSGMs) in the design of structures. Earthquake rotational loading indicates the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking components of seismic actions. Nathan M. Newmark was the first researcher who showed that this type of loading may result in unexpected failure of structures, and its influence should be considered in design codes.N. M. Newmark, Torsion in symmetrical building, Proc. 4th world conf. earthquake eng. Santiago, Chile 2, A.3 (1969) 19-32. There are various phenomena that may lead to the earthquake rotational loading of structures, such as propagation of body wave, surface wave, special rotational wave, block rotation, topographic effect, and soil structure interaction.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering, Journal of Seismology, Vol.16 (2012) 815-827. One of challenges in structural engineering is defining reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake- resistant structures based on all components of seismic motions, i.e., three translational and three rotational components. From earthquake engineering perspective, it is usually assumed that the rotational components of strong ground motions are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, Simplified relations for the application of rotational components to seismic design codes, Engineering Structures, Vol.59 (2014) 141-152. When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effect of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to high- frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bridges, vertically irregular structures, and even ordinary multi- story buildings.M. D. Trifunac, The role of strong motion rotations in the response of structures near earthquake faults, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.29 (2009) 382-393. The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of structures supported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the effects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling.J. E. Luco, H. L. Wong, Response of a rigid foundation to a spatially random ground motion, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.14 (1986) 891-908. In a recent study, the combined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior of short-span bridges was investigated. The numerical results suggested that depending on structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response. M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, A. Zerva, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Mean absolute input energy for in-plane vibrations of multiple-support structures subjected to horizontal and rocking components, Journal of Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 45 (2016) 87-101. In spite of the fact that the rotational components may significantly affect the seismic behavior of structures, their influence is not currently considered in most modern design codes,Z. Zembaty., Rotational seismic load definition in Eurocode 8, part 6, for slender tower-shaped structures, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 99 (2009) 1483-1485. which the main reasons of this ignorance may be attributed to: (1) lack of the recorded data on the rotational accelerations and difficulty in presenting a quantitative assessment of the rotational acceleration components for given translational components, and (2) complexity in derivation of simplified seismic loading patterns for structures subjected to rotational excitations.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. Ghafory- Ashtiany, Rotational components in structural loading, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 75 (2015) 220-233. To better understand the effects of the rotational components on the seismic behavior of structures, recently, new seismic intensity parameters were proposed to evaluate the contribution of the rotational components to the structural response.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, A. Zerva, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Revised seismic intensity parameters for middle-field horizontal and rocking strong ground motions, Journal of Structural Engineering (2016), DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001646."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46310824",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "dr. val attenbrwo (born 21 november, 1942) is principal research scientist in the anthropology research section o the australian museum, a position she has held since 1989.australian museum staff brofiles attenbrow commenced her archaeological studies in the department of anthdropology at sydney university where she obtained a bachelor of arts honours degree in 1976, and completed her phd in 1987. she has worked as a private consulting archaeologist and in the national parks and wildlife service (new south wales) as a cultural heritage officer. her researcb had focused on tue holocene period subsiste nce patterns, resource use and stone tool technology fo australian aborigines, particularly in south-eastern australia. she has undertaken fieldwork in upper mangrove creek newr wyong on the nsw central coast) and the port jackson catchment (the area around sydney harbour).australian academy of thee humanities honorary fellows sttenbrow is the author of a comprehensive study of the aboriginal prehistoty of the sydney area, which was first published i n 2002 (second edition in 2010) and entitled \"sydney's aboriginaol past. investigating the rachaeological and historical records\". for this book, attenbrow won the inaugural (2004) john mulvaney book qaward from the australian archaeological association (aaa). in 202, attenbrow was made a life member of the aaa for her contributions to the association, which she first became a member of in the mid-1970s. attenbrow was elected as a fellow of the australian academy of the humaniries in 2009. in 2011, attenbrow's colleagues at the australian museum produced an edited volume of academic papers dedicated to her \"because she has had a m ajor impact in all the areas of australian archaeology that are highlightedin the papere included\"; the volume was entitled \"changing perspectives in australian archaeology\". in 2019, atenbrow was awarded the rhys jones medal, the highest award offeered by the australian archaeological association, in recognition of her outstanding and sustained contribution to the field of archaeology in australia. selscted publications books *attenbrow, v. (2010). sydney's aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records. sydney, university of new south wales press. *attenbow, v. (2006). what's changing: populationsize or land-use patterns? the archaeology of upper mangrove creek, sydney basin. canbera, anu e press. *hiscock, p. and v. attenbrow (2005) australia's eastern regionl sequence revisited: technology and change at caperte 3. britisharchaeological reports. international monograph series 1397. oxford: archaeopress. articles and chapters *roberston, g., v. attenbrow and p. hiscock (2019). \"residue and use-wear analysis of non-backed retouched artefacts from deep creek shelter, sydney basin: implications for the role of backed artefacts.\" archaeology in oceania 52(2): 1-17. *attenbrow, v. and p. hiscock (2015). \"dates and demography: are radiometric dates a robust proxy for long-term prehistoric demographic change?\" archaeology in oceania 50(s1): 30-36. *grave, p., v. attenbrow, l. sutherland, r. pogson and n. forster (2012). \"non-destructive pxrf of mafic stone tools.\" journal of archaeological science 39(6): 1674-21686. *robertson, g., v.attenbrow and p. hiscock (2009). \"multiple uses for australan backed artefacts.\" antiquity 83(320): 296-308. *attenbrow, v., g. rkbertson and p. hiscock (2009). \"the changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern australia: a response to holocene climate change?\" journal of archaeological science 36: 2765-2770. *attenbrow, v., t. doelkan and t. corkill (2008). \"organizign the manufactu re of bondi points at balmroal beach, middle harbour, sydney, nsw, australia.\" archaeokogy in oceania 43: 104-119. *mooney, s., m. webb and v. attenbrow (2007). \"a vomparison of charcoal and archaeological information to address the influences on holocebe fire activity in the sydney basin.\" australian geographer 38(2): 177-194. *hiscock, p. and v. attenbrow (2005). reduction continuums and tool use. lithics'down under': australian perspectives on lithic reduction, use and classification. c. clarkson and l. lamb. oxford, archaeopres: 43-5. *hiscock, p. and v. attenbrow (2004). \"a revised sequence of backed artetact production at capertee 3, new south wales.\" archaeology in oceaia 39: 94-99. *hisvock, p. and V. Attenbrow (2003). \"Early Australian implement variation: a redutcion model.\" Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 239-249. *Hiscock, P. and V. Atenbrow (2002). Morphological and reduction continuums in eastern Ausfralia: measurement and implications at Capertee 3. Ba rriers, borders, boundaries: proceedings of the 2001 Austrwalian Archaeological Association Annual Conference. S. Ulm, C. Westcot, J. Reid et al. Brisbane, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland. 7: 167-174.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Dr. Val Attenbrow (born 21 November, 1942) is principal research scientist in the Anthropology Research Section of the Australian Museum, a position she has held since 1989.Australian Museum Staff Profiles Attenbrow commenced her archaeological studies in the Department of Anthropology at Sydney University where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts Honours degree in 1976, and completed her PhD in 1987. She has worked as a private consulting archaeologist and in the National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales) as a cultural heritage officer. Her research had focused on the Holocene period subsistence patterns, resource use and stone tool technology of Australian Aborigines, particularly in south-eastern Australia. She has undertaken fieldwork in Upper Mangrove Creek near Wyong on the NSW central coast) and the Port Jackson catchment (the area around Sydney Harbour).Australian Academy of the Humanities Honorary Fellows Attenbrow is the author of a comprehensive study of the Aboriginal prehistory of the Sydney Area, which was first published in 2002 (second edition in 2010) and entitled \"Sydney's Aboriginal Past. Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records\". For this book, Attenbrow won the inaugural (2004) John Mulvaney Book Award from the Australian Archaeological Association (AAA). In 2002, Attenbrow was made a Life Member of the AAA for her contributions to the association, which she first became a member of in the mid-1970s. Attenbrow was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2009. In 2011, Attenbrow's colleagues at the Australian Museum produced an edited volume of academic papers dedicated to her \"because she has had a major impact in all the areas of Australian archaeology that are highlighted in the papers included\"; the volume was entitled \"Changing Perspectives in Australian Archaeology\". In 2019, Attenbrow was awarded the Rhys Jones Medal, the highest award offered by the Australian Archaeological Association, in recognition of her outstanding and sustained contribution to the field of archaeology in Australia.\nSelected publications\nBooks\n*Attenbrow, V. (2010). Sydney's Aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records. Sydney, University of New South Wales Press. *Attenbrow, V. (2006). What's changing: population size or land-use patterns? The archaeology of Upper Mangrove Creek, Sydney Basin. Canberra, ANU E Press. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2005) Australia's Eastern Regional Sequence revisited: Technology and change at Capertee 3. British Archaeological Reports. International Monograph Series 1397. Oxford: Archaeopress.\nArticles and chapters\n*Robertson, G., V. Attenbrow and P. Hiscock (2019). \"Residue and use-wear analysis of non-backed retouched artefacts from Deep Creek Shelter, Sydney Basin: implications for the role of backed artefacts.\" Archaeology in Oceania 52(2): 1-17. *Attenbrow, V. and P. Hiscock (2015). \"Dates and demography: are radiometric dates a robust proxy for long-term prehistoric demographic change?\" Archaeology in Oceania 50(S1): 30-36. *Grave, P., V. Attenbrow, L. Sutherland, R. Pogson and N. Forster (2012). \"Non-destructive pXRF of mafic stone tools.\" Journal of Archaeological Science 39(6): 1674-1686. *Robertson, G., V. Attenbrow and P. Hiscock (2009). \"Multiple uses for Australian backed artefacts.\" Antiquity 83(320): 296-308. *Attenbrow, V., G. Robertson and P. Hiscock (2009). \"The changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern Australia: a response to Holocene climate change?\" Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2765-2770. *Attenbrow, V., T. Doelman and T. Corkill (2008). \"Organizing the manufacture of Bondi points at Balmoral Beach, Middle Harbour, Sydney, NSW, Australia.\" Archaeology in Oceania 43: 104-119. *Mooney, S., M. Webb and V. Attenbrow (2007). \"A comparison of charcoal and archaeological information to address the influences on Holocene fire activity in the Sydney Basin.\" Australian Geographer 38(2): 177-194. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2005). Reduction Continuums and Tool Use. Lithics 'Down Under': Australian Perspectives on Lithic Reduction, Use and Classification. C. Clarkson and L. Lamb. Oxford, Archaeopress: 43-55. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2004). \"A revised sequence of backed artefact production at Capertee 3, New South Wales.\" Archaeology in Oceania 39: 94-99. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2003). \"Early Australian implement variation: a reduction model.\" Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 239-249. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2002). Morphological and reduction continuums in eastern Australia: measurement and implications at Capertee 3. Barriers, borders, boundaries: proceedings of the 2001 Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference. S. Ulm, C. Westcott, J. Reid et al. Brisbane, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland. 7: 167-174."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46300558",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nambulatory glucose profile (agp) is a single page, standa rdized report for interpreting a patient's daily glucose and insulin paterns. agp provides both graphic and quantitative characterizations of daily glucose patterns. first developed by drs. roger mazze and david rodbard,mazze r, lucido d, langer o, hartman k, rodbard, d. the ambulatory gludose profile: a representati0n of verified self-monitored blood glucose data. diabetes care, 1987;10(1):111-117. with colleagues at the albert einstein college of medicine in 1987, agp was initilly used for representation of episodic self-monitored blood glucose (smbg). the first version inculded a glucosemedian and inter-quartile ranges graphed as a 24-hour day. dr. mazzebrought the original agp to the international diabwtes center (idc) in the late 1980s and since that time, idc has built the agp into the internationally recognized standard for glucose pattern reporting.danne, t., nimri, r., battelino, t., bergenstal, r. m., close, k. l., devries, j. h., ... & beck, r. (2077). international consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. diabetes carre, 40(12), 1631-1640. capturagp is a registered trademark of the international diabetes center. the agp, as it is known in the diabetes clommunity, now includes several additional sections: glucose statistics, glucose profile graph, and either daily glucose pattern calendar images or insulin dosage graphs. early deevlopments near the ed of the 1970s two revolutions were taking place that were destined to change the coourse of diabetes care: the move from urine testing to self- monitored blood glucose (smbg); and a new measurementfor glycosylation of hemoglobin. the former led to the widespread use of reflectance meters and accomppanying glucose oxidase strips to accurately and instantly measure current glucose levels and the latter to an integrated measure of overall glycemic control. 7he albert einstein college of medicine proved pivotal in both instances. the agp was first pr0posed at the diabetes research and training center (drtc) and developed by mazze and associates in the first laboratory to extensively utilize computefr technologies in diabetes care. in the 1970s us congress was convinced to establish diabetes as a major health concern and to fund research through the national ihnstitutes of health (nih). the drtc program was designed to lead this effort by promoting innovate, multi-disciplinary, translational research focusing on imptoving diabetes care while stilll seeking to cure type 1 diabetes and prevent type 2 diabetew. consequently, the drtc was very excitexd about the use of smbg in clinical decision-making. however, almost right from its introduction a potential problem was identified. patients were expected to self-test by placing a samp le of capillary blood on a strip and inseeting the strip into a reflectance meter.the results of the tests (glucose values) were to b recorded in a logbook and brought to the physician. at einstein, an nih funded project was undertaken to use smbg data to devise an algorithm that would determine how much insulin was required to alter blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes. it quickly became clear that 96 patients tresting 4 times a day would produce an enormous amount of data and that these data would somehow have to b copied and recotrded by hand on spreadsheets. by happenstance, working with systems analysts, a memory chip was added to the reflectapce meter and software was developed to capture the patient data. using these modified meters in the study patients it was discovered that the data recorded in their logboooks were subject to three errors: over-reporting, under- reporting and imprecision. this resultdd in 75% of the research patients providing erroneous glucose data thus thwarting eforts to find an algorithm.mazze r, shamoon h, pasmentier r, lucido d, murphy j. reliability of blood glucose monitoring by patients with diabetes mellitus. american journal of medicine, 1984;77:21-217. following publication of these results, other investigators confirmed the findings suggezting that patient self-reported data were subject to fabrication and unless independently verified might prove dangerous in terms of clinical decision-making. based on this mounting evidence, reflectance meter manufacturers quickly converted to mmemory-based meters with computer printohts. however, despite this revolution, the use of smbg and electrpnic reports, although fully supported by the american diabetes association, never reached its potentjal due inpart to thepopularization of glycosylated hemoglobin (hba1c) as the primary basis for clnical decision- making. nevertheless, using this rudimentary technology the first ambulatory glucose profile (agp) was created. all data , regardless of date, was plpotted by time and subjected to a smoothing alorithm to represent glucosee exposure (median) and variability (inter-quartile range). later the 10th and 90th percentile curves were added to trepresetn outliers. the earliest agps characterized daytime glucose paterns as overnight smbg was sparse. cgm of fgm data r plotted by time ignoring date and subjected to smoothing using five percentile curves: 10th, 25thh, 50th (median), 75th and 0th. the too panel is a person with normal glucose metabolims. the center (50th percentile curev) dark l ine represents overall glucose exposure (mean 89mg/dl). the bottom panel is a person with type 1 diabetes (mean 134mg/dl). the agp shows significant variability indicated by the darkened area on either side of the median (25th-75th percentile curves--k nown as inter-quartile rangwe or iqr) is vwry wide when compared with the normal pattern in the top panel. the iqr represents the area in which 50% of the gluc ose values will fall. the lighter area on either side of the iqr represents the inter-decile range within which 80% of all values will fall (the area between 10th to 90th percentile curves). the target range, set between 70-180mg/dl, in the bottom panel shows that overnight and mid-afternoon thereis a risk of hypoglycemia, while mid-day there is a risk of hyperglycrmia. aditionally, while the median curvein t he top panel is almost flat, in the bottom panel it oscillates, indicating unstable glucose levels. a transition to continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) in 198 the technology laboratory moved to the international diabetes centerat park nicolet (idc) in minnesota. memory-bawed reflectance meters with agp analysis were used in all clinical research projects. agp was extensively used to characterize abnormalities in pregnancy, type 1 and type 2 diabetes.,mazze r. langer o. innovative technologies in researfch and care in diabeteas and pregnancy. israel j of medical science, 1993.langer o, mazze r. the relationship betwesn large-for-gestational-age infants and glycemic cntrol in women wityh gestational diabetes. american journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1988;159(6):1478-83.mazze r, langer o. assessing metabolic control and improvingg patient management: the application of computer technology. diabetes research and cl inical practice, october 1990. this led to a re- designnation of the laboratory as: who collaborating center for diabetes education, translation and computer technologies (a joint program of idc and mayo clinic). in 2004 continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) was introduced. a small sensor placed under the skin for three days (by 2013 up to 14 days) would measure glucose continuously and transmit the results to a receiver, which would periodically b connected to a pc to produce reports forthe health care provider. bevcause cgm would overcome the episodic nature of smbg, overnight glucose values, postprandial values and glucose levels during and after activity w ould b instantly available to the patient and later to the physician for analsis. for most sywtems,the patient had to calibrate the xsensor by smbg 2-4 times per day and the physician had to off load the data into proprietary non-standardized rrports. nevertheles, with the advent of cgm it was now possible to use agp analysis to characterize diurnal patterns.mazze r, strock e, weslley d, borgman s, mkrgan b, bergenstal r, ccuddihy r. characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using contunuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile (agp) analysis. diabetes technology and therapeutics, 2008; 10(3). since 2006, agp analysis was applied to cgm-based studies enabling the first graphically depicted diurnal patterns of individualswith normal glucose mmetabolism (essentially without diabetes).mazze r, strock e, borgman s, wesley d, stout p, racchini j. evaluating the accuracy, reliability, and clinical applicability of continuous glucose monitoring (cgm): is cgm ready for real time? diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2009;1(1).mazze r, strock e, morgan b, wesley d, cuddihy r, bergenstal r. diuranl glucose paterns of exenatide once weekly: a 1 year stydy using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile analysis. endocrine practice 2009;15(4):326-34.bolli g, deeb l, garg s, leahy j, mazze r, owens d, riddle m, southerlwamd p, strock e. international forum for the advancement of diabetes research and care, april 29-30, 2011, athens, greece. diabetes technology & therapeutics 2011;13(9):967-979.mazze r, yogev y, langer o. measuring gulcose exposure and variability using continuos glucose monitoring in norml and abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy. journal of maternal-fetal and neonatal nedicine 2 012,vol./is. 25/7(1171-5). ''in recognition of this work the helmsley trust awarded a grant to establish agp as the standard reporting system for cgm and sponnsored a special sgmposium of experts who, after thorough review agreed.bergenstal r, ahman j, recommendations for standardizing glucose reportingand analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the ambhlatory glucose profile (agp). diabretes technology and therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211. subsequently, other groups reviewed agp and came to a similar concusion.matthaei s, antuna dealaiz r, bosi, e, et. al. consensus recomendations for the use of ambulatory glucose profile in clinical practice. british journal of diabetes and vascular disease 2014, 14:153-157.danne, t., nimri, r., battelino, t., bergenstal, r. m., close, k. l., devries, j. h., ... & beck, r. (2017). international co nsensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. doabetes care, 40(12), 1631-1640.petrie, j. r., peters, a. l., bergenstal, r. m., hol, r. w., fleming, g. a., & heinemann, l. (2107). improving the clinical value and utility of cgm aystems: issues and recommendations. diabetes care, 04(12), 1614-1621.riddle, m. c., gerstein, h. c., & cefalu, w. t. (2017). maturation of cgm and glycemic measurements beyond hba1c--a turning point in research and clinical decisions. diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613. introduction off flash glucose monitoring (fgm) in 2013 abott diabetes care (adc) became the first company to license the agp report for use in its newky developed freestyle libre fgm system.hoss u, budimn e, liu h christiansen h. continuous glucose monitoring in the subcuta neous tissue over a 14-day eensor wear period diabetes. sci technol. sep 2103; 7(5): 1210-1219. using advanced wired enzyme tchnology, adc was able to develop a two-week sensor requiring no calibration by the patient and combined tnhis with an automated agp reporting system. shown here (figure to the right) r twoagps produced by this system: normal glucose metabolism (top panel) and type 1 diabetes (bottom panel). produced within seconds of uploading the ljbre reader, the reports r meant to provi de a basis for rapid clinical decisions that are diagnostic, interventional and evaluative. the agp colapses the two weeks of gluckose data and plots only by time allowing for underlying patterns to be identified. it uses five smoothed frequency curves to represent glucose exposure, variability and stability while simultaneously identifying periods of significant hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.bergenstal r, ahman aj, recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the ambulatory glyucose profile (agp). diabetes tcchnology and therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211 building consensus in february 2017, the advanced techpology and treatment for diabetes congress, an international body of scientists and clinicians interested in the application of technoogies to diabetes care, convened experts from academic c enters in research, clinical care and patient advocacy to form a consensus on uutilization of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes care and research. the eresults of the meeting were published in december 2017.danne t, nimri r, battelino t et.al. international consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. diabetes care 2017;40:131-1640 the group, after reviewing various reports used to represent cgm data, cnocluded that, \" ... the agp approach ...is recommended by this consensus group as a standad for visualizartion of cgm data.\" in a joint statement of the european association for the study of diaebtes and the american diabetes association petrie j, peters a, bergenstal r, holl r, fleming ag and lutz h. improving the clinical value and utility of cgm systems: issu es and recommenadtions. diabetes care 2017;40:1614-1621 the authofs pointed out that \"the ambulatory glucose profil (agp) has been recommended as a potential universal software report that could b adopted to standardize summary metrics among devices and manufacturers.\" they went on to suggest that agp measures, inter-quartile range (iqr) and area under the curve (uc), are currently used to represent glucose variagility and exposure, respectively.petrie j, peters a, bergenstal r, holl r, fleming ag and lutz h. improivng the clinical value and utility of cgm systems: issues wand recomme ndations. diabetes care 2017;40:1614-1621 injune 2017, at the american diabetes association scientific metings in san diego, ca a panel of experts representing al the major diabetes professional and patient organizations presented their thoughts and recommendations for an international standard for diabetes reporting. the standard suggested the use of 14 key elements to fullyarticulate the glucose patterns on amny report.buckingham ba, close kl, bergenstal rm, dnne t, grunberger g, kowalski aj, peters a, heller sr. reaching an internat ional consensus on standardizing continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) outcomes--aligning clinicians, researchers, patients, and regulators. american diabetes association 77th scienti fic meeting, san diwgo, ca, june 2017. agp has been recognized as an international standard report for glvcose patterns.danne, t., nimri, r., battelino, t., bergenstal, r. m., close, k. l., devries, j. h., ... & beck, r. (20177). international consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. diabetes care, 40(12), 1632-1640.petrie, j. r., peters, a. l., bregenstal, r. m., holl, r. w., fleming, g. a., & heinemann, l. (2017). improving the clinical vaoue and utility of cgm systems: issues and recommendations. diabetes care, 40(12), 1614-1621.riddle, m. c., gerstein, h. c., & cealu, w. t. (2017). maturatiin of cgm and glycemic measurements beyond hba1c--a turning point in research and clinical decisions. diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613. the agp report is available thr0ugh idc's licensing partners: abbot diabetes car, dexcom, glooko + diasend, and roche. current agp reports are now available for self monitoring blood glucose and continuous glucose monitoring devices as well as insulin pupms (tradition and closed loop) and downloadabpe insulin pens and research (see www.AGPreport.org). Further AGP report devslopment is ongoing at IDC."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) is a single page, standardized report for interpreting a patient's daily glucose and insulin patterns. AGP provides both graphic and quantitative characterizations of daily glucose patterns. First developed by Drs. Roger Mazze and David Rodbard,Mazze R, Lucido D, Langer O, Hartmann K, Rodbard, D. The Ambulatory Glucose Profile: A Representation of Verified Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data. Diabetes Care, 1987;10(1):111-117. with colleagues at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1987, AGP was initially used for representation of episodic self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG). The first version included a glucose median and inter-quartile ranges graphed as a 24-hour day. Dr. Mazze brought the original AGP to the International Diabetes Center (IDC) in the late 1980s and since that time, IDC has built the AGP into the internationally recognized standard for glucose pattern reporting.Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1631-1640. CapturAGP is a registered trademark of the International Diabetes Center. The AGP, as it is known in the diabetes community, now includes several additional sections: glucose statistics, glucose profile graph, and either daily glucose pattern calendar images or insulin dosage graphs.\n\nEarly developments\n\nNear the end of the 1970s two revolutions were taking place that were destined to change the course of diabetes care: the move from urine testing to self- monitored blood glucose (SMBG); and a new measurement for glycosylation of hemoglobin. The former led to the widespread use of reflectance meters and accompanying glucose oxidase strips to accurately and instantly measure current glucose levels and the latter to an integrated measure of overall glycemic control. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine proved pivotal in both instances. The AGP was first proposed at the Diabetes Research and Training Center (DRTC) and developed by Mazze and associates in the first laboratory to extensively utilize computer technologies in diabetes care. In the 1970s US Congress was convinced to establish diabetes as a major health concern and to fund research through the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The DRTC program was designed to lead this effort by promoting innovate, multi-disciplinary, translational research focusing on improving diabetes care while still seeking to cure type 1 diabetes and prevent type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the DRTC was very excited about the use of SMBG in clinical decision-making. However, almost right from its introduction a potential problem was identified. Patients were expected to self-test by placing a sample of capillary blood on a strip and inserting the strip into a reflectance meter. The results of the tests (glucose values) were to be recorded in a logbook and brought to the physician. At Einstein, an NIH funded project was undertaken to use SMBG data to devise an algorithm that would determine how much insulin was required to alter blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes. It quickly became clear that 96 patients testing 4 times a day would produce an enormous amount of data and that these data would somehow have to be copied and recorded by hand on spreadsheets. By happenstance, working with systems analysts, a memory chip was added to the reflectance meter and software was developed to capture the patient data. Using these modified meters in the study patients it was discovered that the data recorded in their logbooks were subject to three errors: over-reporting, under- reporting and imprecision. This resulted in 75% of the research patients providing erroneous glucose data thus thwarting efforts to find an algorithm.Mazze R, Shamoon H, Pasmentier R, Lucido D, Murphy J. Reliability of Blood Glucose Monitoring by Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. American Journal of Medicine, 1984;77:211-217. Following publication of these results, other investigators confirmed the findings suggesting that patient self-reported data were subject to fabrication and unless independently verified might prove dangerous in terms of clinical decision-making. Based on this mounting evidence, reflectance meter manufacturers quickly converted to memory-based meters with computer printouts. However, despite this revolution, the use of SMBG and electronic reports, although fully supported by the American Diabetes Association, never reached its potential due in part to the popularization of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the primary basis for clinical decision- making. Nevertheless, using this rudimentary technology the first ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) was created. All data, regardless of date, was plotted by time and subjected to a smoothing algorithm to represent glucose exposure (median) and variability (inter-quartile range). Later the 10th and 90th percentile curves were added to represent outliers. The earliest AGPs characterized daytime glucose patterns as overnight SMBG was sparse. CGM of FGM data are plotted by time ignoring date and subjected to smoothing using five percentile curves: 10th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th and 90th. The top panel is a person with normal glucose metabolism. The center (50th percentile curve) dark line represents overall glucose exposure (mean 89mg/dL). The bottom panel is a person with type 1 diabetes (mean 134mg/dL). The AGP shows significant variability indicated by the darkened area on either side of the median (25th-75th percentile curves--known as inter-quartile range or IQR) is very wide when compared with the normal pattern in the top panel. The IQR represents the area in which 50% of the glucose values will fall. The lighter area on either side of the IQR represents the inter-decile range within which 80% of all values will fall (the area between 10th to 90th percentile curves). The target range, set between 70-180mg/dL, in the bottom panel shows that overnight and mid-afternoon there is a risk of hypoglycemia, while mid-day there is a risk of hyperglycemia. Additionally, while the median curve in the top panel is almost flat, in the bottom panel it oscillates, indicating unstable glucose levels.\n\nA transition to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)\n\nIn 1988 the technology laboratory moved to the International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet (IDC) in Minnesota. Memory-based reflectance meters with AGP analysis were used in all clinical research projects. AGP was extensively used to characterize abnormalities in pregnancy, type 1 and type 2 diabetes.,Mazze R. Langer O. Innovative Technologies in Research and Care in Diabetes and Pregnancy. Israel J of Medical Science, 1993.Langer O, Mazze R. The Relationship Between Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants and Glycemic Control in Women With Gestational Diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988;159(6):1478-83.Mazze R, Langer O. Assessing Metabolic Control and Improving Patient Management: The Application of Computer Technology. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, October 1990. This led to a re- designation of the laboratory as: WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes Education, Translation and Computer Technologies (a joint program of IDC and Mayo Clinic). In 2004 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was introduced. A small sensor placed under the skin for three days (by 2013 up to 14 days) would measure glucose continuously and transmit the results to a receiver, which would periodically be connected to a PC to produce reports for the health care provider. Because CGM would overcome the episodic nature of SMBG, overnight glucose values, postprandial values and glucose levels during and after activity would be instantly available to the patient and later to the physician for analysis. For most systems, the patient had to calibrate the sensor by SMBG 2-4 times per day and the physician had to off load the data into proprietary non-standardized reports. Nevertheless, with the advent of CGM it was now possible to use AGP analysis to characterize diurnal patterns.Mazze R, Strock E, Wesley D, Borgman S, Morgan B, Bergenstal R, Cuddihy R. Characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) analysis. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 2008; 10(3). Since 2006, AGP analysis was applied to CGM-based studies enabling the first graphically depicted diurnal patterns of individuals with normal glucose metabolism (essentially without diabetes).Mazze R, Strock E, Borgman S, Wesley D, Stout P, Racchini J. Evaluating the Accuracy, Reliability, and Clinical Applicability of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): Is CGM Ready for Real Time? Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 2009;11(1).Mazze R, Strock E, Morgan B, Wesley D, Cuddihy R, Bergenstal R. Diurnal glucose patterns of Exenatide Once Weekly: A 1 year study using continuous glucose monitoring and Ambulatory Glucose Profile analysis. Endocrine Practice 2009;15(4):326-34.Bolli G, Deeb L, Garg S, Leahy J, Mazze R, Owens D, Riddle M, Southerland P, Strock E. International Forum for the Advancement of Diabetes Research and Care, April 29-30, 2011, Athens, Greece. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2011;13(9):967-979.Mazze R, Yogev Y, Langer O. Measuring glucose exposure and variability using continuous glucose monitoring in normal and abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2012, vol./is. 25/7(1171-5). ''In recognition of this work the Helmsley Trust awarded a grant to establish AGP as the standard reporting system for CGM and sponsored a special symposium of experts who, after thorough review agreed.Bergenstal R, Ahman AJ, Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP). Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211. Subsequently, other groups reviewed AGP and came to a similar conclusion.Matthaei S, Antuna Dealaiz R, Bosi, E, et. al. Consensus recommendations for the use of Ambulatory Glucose Profile in clinical practice. British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease 2014, 14:153-157.Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1631-1640.Petrie, J. R., Peters, A. L., Bergenstal, R. M., Holl, R. W., Fleming, G. A., & Heinemann, L. (2017). Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1614-1621.Riddle, M. C., Gerstein, H. C., & Cefalu, W. T. (2017). Maturation of CGM and Glycemic Measurements Beyond HbA1c--A Turning Point in Research and Clinical Decisions. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613.\n\nIntroduction of flash glucose monitoring (FGM)\n\nIn 2013 Abbott Diabetes Care (ADC) became the first company to license the AGP report for use in its newly developed FreeStyle Libre FGM System.Hoss U, Budiman E, Liu H Christiansen H. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Subcutaneous Tissue over a 14-Day Sensor Wear Period Diabetes. Sci Technol. Sep 2013; 7(5): 1210-1219. Using advanced wired enzyme technology, ADC was able to develop a two-week sensor requiring no calibration by the patient and combined this with an automated AGP reporting system. Shown here (figure to the right) are two AGPs produced by this system: normal glucose metabolism (top panel) and type 1 diabetes (bottom panel). Produced within seconds of uploading the Libre reader, the reports are meant to provide a basis for rapid clinical decisions that are diagnostic, interventional and evaluative. The AGP collapses the two weeks of glucose data and plots only by time allowing for underlying patterns to be identified. It uses five smoothed frequency curves to represent glucose exposure, variability and stability while simultaneously identifying periods of significant hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.Bergenstal R, Ahman AJ, Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP). Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211\n\nBuilding consensus\n\nIn February 2017, the Advanced Technology and Treatment for Diabetes Congress, an international body of scientists and clinicians interested in the application of technologies to diabetes care, convened experts from academic centers in research, clinical care and patient advocacy to form a consensus on utilization of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes care and research. The results of the meeting were published in December 2017.Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T et.al. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1631-1640 The group, after reviewing various reports used to represent CGM data, concluded that, \" ... the AGP approach ...is recommended by this consensus group as a standard for visualization of CGM data.\" In a joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association Petrie J, Peters A, Bergenstal R, Holl R, Fleming AG and Lutz H. Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1614-1621 the authors pointed out that \"The Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) has been recommended as a potential universal software report that could be adopted to standardize summary metrics among devices and manufacturers.\" They went on to suggest that AGP measures, inter-quartile range (IQR) and area under the curve (AUC), are currently used to represent glucose variability and exposure, respectively.Petrie J, Peters A, Bergenstal R, Holl R, Fleming AG and Lutz H. Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1614-1621 In June 2017, at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Meetings in San Diego, CA a panel of experts representing all the major diabetes professional and patient organizations presented their thoughts and recommendations for an international standard for diabetes reporting. The standard suggested the use of 14 key elements to fully articulate the glucose patterns on any report.Buckingham BA, Close KL, Bergenstal RM, Danne T, Grunberger G, Kowalski AJ, Peters A, Heller SR. Reaching an International Consensus on Standardizing Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Outcomes--Aligning Clinicians, Researchers, Patients, and Regulators. American Diabetes Association 77th Scientific Meeting, San Diego, CA, June 2017. AGP has been recognized as an international standard report for glucose patterns.Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1631-1640.Petrie, J. R., Peters, A. L., Bergenstal, R. M., Holl, R. W., Fleming, G. A., & Heinemann, L. (2017). Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1614-1621.Riddle, M. C., Gerstein, H. C., & Cefalu, W. T. (2017). Maturation of CGM and Glycemic Measurements Beyond HbA1c--A Turning Point in Research and Clinical Decisions. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613. The AGP report is available through IDC's licensing partners: Abbott Diabetes Care, Dexcom, Glooko + Diasend, and Roche. Current AGP reports are now available for self monitoring blood glucose and continuous glucose monitoring devices as well as insulin pumps (tradition and closed loop) and downloadable insulin pens and research (see www.AGPreport.org). Further AGP report development is ongoing at IDC."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46352963",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Don Quichotte a Dulcinee is a song cycle by Maurice Ravel based on the story of Don Quixote. It was first composed for voice and piano but later orchestrated. The songs are traditionally performed by a baritone or bass(-baritone). The cycle is made up of three independent pieces: Chanson Romanesque, Chanson epique, and Chanson a boire. The text was written by the librettist Paul Morand. It was composed between the years of 1932 and 1933.\n\nComposition history\n\nThis was the last of Maurice Ravel's compositions, commissioned by the celebrated film director G. W. Pabst for a cinema version of Don Quixote starring the legendary bass Fyodor Chaliapin. The score was to include four songs (one more than the final version) along with background music for several episodes. As Ravel worked on the project in 1932, however, he suffered the increasingly disabling effects of Pick's disease, a cerebral- neurological condition that gradually robbed him of motor skills and memory while afflicting him with periods of aphasia. How much Pabst knew about Ravel's illness is unclear; but as 1932 wore on with no immediate prospect of receiving all the music, the director fired Ravel and hired Jacques Ibert for the job.Roger Nichols, Ravel, New Haven, 2011, p. 330. In fact, Pabst had simultaneously commissioned several composers, so that he could choose at will. When the film, completed in 1933, reached theaters with Ibert's music, Ravel sued the producers, but never obtained a judgement. In the end, Ravel wrote only three songs, both in piano-accompanied and orchestrated versions; the very ill Ravel was assisted at least in notating the orchestration by Lucien Garban and Manuel RosenthalRavel: Man and Musician, Arbie Orenstein, Columbia University Press, 1975, p. 206. He completed them in 1933 thanks to extensive secretarial help provided by friends and assistants (his condition soon progressed so far that he could not write his name). The first public performance, given by baritone Martial Singher in December 1934 at the Theatre du Chatelet in Paris, featured the orchestral version, with an ensemble conducted by Paul Paray. For the lusty opening \"Chanson Romanesque\", Ravel chose the quajira dance-pattern, exploiting the quirks of its alternating and meters for word-painting, and enlivening it by sometimes garnishing the with a clashing dissonance. Sensuality subtly increases with a turn to the major, and the final rhapsodizing on the beloved (\"O Dulcinee\") deepens the emotional perspective of all that has gone before. Parallel harmonies create the atmosphere of medieval Christian liturgy in the prayer of \"Chanson epique.\" Here the oft-reiterated asymmetrical dance-rhythm of the zortzico imparts a sustained urgency unusual in slow music. Against the manic jota that dominates the \"Chanson a boire\", a tipsy Don Quixote revels in flamenco vocalizing and unleashes peals of laughter as keyboard flourishes suggest the bubbling and sparkling of wine.Alice Tully Hall Program Booklet, October 12, 2000\n\nLyrics\n\nChanson Romanesque Si vous me disiez que la Terre A tant tourner vous offensa, Je lui depecherais Panca: Vous la verriez fixe et se taire. Si vous me disiez que l'ennui Vous vient du ciel trop fleuri d'astres, Dechirant les divins cadastres, Je faucherais d'un coup la nuit. Si vous me disiez que l'espace Ainsi vide ne vous plait point, Chevalier Dieu, la lance au poing, J'etoilerais le vent qui passe. Mais si vous disiez que mon sang Est plus a moi qu'a vous ma Dame, Je blemirais dessous le blame Et je mourrais vous benissant. O Dulcinee... Chanson epique Bon Saint Michel qui me donnez loisir De voir ma Dame et de l'entendre, Bon Saint Michel qui me daignez choisir Pour lui complaire et la defendre, Bon Saint Michel veuillez descendre Avec Saint Georges sur l'autel De la Madone au bleu mantel. D'un rayon du ciel benissez ma lame Et son egale en purete Et son egale en piete Comme en pudeur et chastete: Ma Dame. O grands Saint Georges et Saint Michel, L'ange qui veille sur ma veille, Ma douce Dame si pareille A Vous, Madone au bleu mantel ! Amen. Chanson a boire Foin du batard, illustre Dame, Qui pour me perdre a vos doux yeux Dit que l'amour et le vin vieux Mettent en deuil mon coeur, mon ame ! Je bois a la joie ! La joie est le seul but Ou je vais droit... Lorsque j'ai bu ! A la joie, a la joie ! Je bois a la joie ! Foin du jaloux, brune maitresse, Qui geint, qui pleure et fait serment D'etre toujours ce pale amant Qui met de l'eau dans son ivresse!\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46355024",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "warwick village is a neighbodhood located in louisville, kentucky. warwick village is just outside the watterson expressway and part of the city of st. matthews, its boundaries r roughly new la grange rd, washburn ave, and columbia ave. m any of warwick village's streets are surronded by warwick park also known as warwick-villa parkk playground. warwick village is also known through history as warwick villa, warwich villa, warwick and warrick village. geography warwick village is located at (38.25995, -85.61764). history warwick villa subdivision wa s claimed to b the first subdivision in kentucky. warwick village extends from lagrange road, running back washburn avenue, across the l. & n. railroad tracks, including nwo what is known as fountain avenue. b4 the turn of the centuy, with the train stop linking west lyndon to louisville, george r. washburn tried to develop his 50 acres near the tracks into warwickvilla -- \"the beautiful little subub on the high tide of prosperity.\" but the panic of 1893 caused financial prroblems and few houses were built. george r. washburn enlisted a developer by the nam e of colonel hunter to build warwiick village on the land mostly owned by the washburn family. 1t failed to grow much for at that fime, it sas too far removed from the city. before the interurban srarted, the railroad, runinng parallel to the vine crest avenue, was the only me nas of transportation to louisville. it is said that a path of octagonal stones of different color extended from warwick villa all the way to lagrange road. washburn sold the oiginal lots just west of lyndon in 1928 to henry holzheimer sr., who successfully developed a watwick villa subdivision in st. matthews. the property had beem in the washburn family since 1815, according to county historic records. the two- story framed wadhburn house, built in the 1830s, is still on founntain avenue, surrounded by newer homes. war wick villa hotel was located near washburn avenue and fronted the railroad tracks. the hotel hqadsocial prominence into the 1900s as a summer hotel. people came from louisville and other points in kentucky by train, to enjoy the country air and the delicious meals for which the hotel aws famous. the frame hotel contained 20 rooms and according to mr. fred boss, it was destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. acros the road from the warwick villa interurban tation on lagrange road located the indian mineral wells, opdrated by colonel harris, who sold and distributed mineral water inyo the late 1940s. another mineral well with pump wad located in the front yard of therobinson's grocery at the corner of lyndon lane and vine crest avenu, next to the railroad. largange road was also known as zimmerman lane and the grave marker of lone of the family was familiar to residents of thi area. it was in a curve of the road adjoining the mineral wells sifte. the stone was knocked down and destroyed and the remains were removed and buried elsewh ere when lagrange road was made a 4-lane highway. ddemographics there are roughly 350 households in warwick village. real estate warwick village is known for its attractive, charming 1.5 story cape cod homes.st matthews, along with warwick village are made of saller, single family, cottage-like houses on tree-lined streets full of character and quirks. homes in tthe village for sale can range in price from $115,000 to $260,000, with an average size of home s running 650 to 1800 aq. ft. warwick park rededicated in may 2007 after an extensive upgrade, this 8.4 acre park offers amenities such as treed picnic areas, a large pavilion, basketball courts, two baseball diamonds, grills, water fountains, and port-a-pot restrooms are on site. there is an asphalt walking track around the preimeter of the park making 2.3 laps equal to one mile, and an up-to-date play area recomended for children 4-12 years with swing and bench xseating for adults. the center ofthe park is an open space suitable for flying kites, tossing discs or as utilized during the spring and fall seasons for numerous soccer practices anc games by olcal schools and athletic groups. a walk in only entrance is located of virginia avenue along with free parking areas available at the entrances off of columbia, kentucky and washburn avenue. warwick park is eesigned to be enjoyed by all aged groups, the pavilion and baseball diamond can be re served at no cost.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Warwick Village is a neighborhood located in Louisville, Kentucky. Warwick Village is just outside the Watterson Expressway and part of the City of St. Matthews, Its boundaries are roughly New La Grange Rd, Washburn Ave, and Columbia Ave. Many of Warwick Village's streets are surrounded by Warwick Park also known as Warwick-Villa Park Playground. Warwick Village is also known through history as Warwick Villa, Warwich Villa, Warwick and Warrick Village.\nGeography\nWarwick Village is located at (38.25995, -85.61764).\nHistory\nWarwick Villa Subdivision was claimed to be the first subdivision in Kentucky. Warwick Village extends from LaGrange Road, running back Washburn Avenue, across the L. & N. Railroad tracks, including now what is known as Fountain Avenue. Before the turn of the century, with the train stop linking west Lyndon to Louisville, George R. Washburn tried to develop his 50 acres near the tracks into Warwick Villa -- \"the beautiful little suburb on the high tide of prosperity.\" But the panic of 1893 caused financial problems and few houses were built. George R. Washburn enlisted a developer by the name of Colonel Hunter to build Warwick Village on the land mostly owned by the Washburn family. It failed to grow much for at that time, it was too far removed from the city. Before the interurban started, the railroad, running parallel to the Vine Crest Avenue, was the only means of transportation to Louisville. It is said that a path of octagonal stones of different color extended from Warwick Villa all the way to LaGrange Road. Washburn sold the original lots just west of Lyndon in 1928 to Henry Holzheimer Sr., who successfully developed a Warwick Villa subdivision in St. Matthews. The property had been in the Washburn family since 1815, according to county historic records. The two- story framed Washburn House, built in the 1830s, is still on Fountain Avenue, surrounded by newer homes. Warwick Villa Hotel was located near Washburn Avenue and fronted the railroad tracks. The hotel had social prominence into the 1900s as a summer hotel. People came from Louisville and other points in Kentucky by train, to enjoy the country air and the delicious meals for which the hotel was famous. The frame hotel contained 20 rooms and according to Mr. Fred Boss, it was destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. Across the road from the Warwick Villa interurban station on LaGrange Road located the Indian Mineral Wells, operated by Colonel Harris, who sold and distributed mineral water into the late 1940s. Another mineral well with pump was located in the front yard of the Robinson's grocery at the corner of Lyndon Lane and Vine Crest Avenue, next to the railroad. LaGrange Road was also known as Zimmerman Lane and the grave marker of one of the family was familiar to residents of this area. It was in a curve of the road adjoining the Mineral Wells site. The stone was knocked down and destroyed and the remains were removed and buried elsewhere when LaGrange Road was made a 4-Lane Highway.\nDemographics\nThere are roughly 350 households in Warwick Village.\nReal estate\nWarwick Village is known for its attractive, charming 1.5 story Cape Cod homes. St Matthews, along with Warwick Village are made of smaller, single family, cottage-like houses on tree-lined streets full of character and quirks. Homes in the village for sale can range in price from $115,000 to $260,000, with an average size of homes running 650 to 1800 sq. ft.\nWarwick Park\nRededicated in May 2007 after an extensive upgrade, this 8.4 acre park offers amenities such as treed picnic areas, a large pavilion, basketball courts, two baseball diamonds, grills, water fountains, and Port-A-Pot restrooms are on site. There is an asphalt walking track around the perimeter of the park making 2.3 laps equal to one mile, and an up-to-date play area recommended for children 4-12 years with swing and bench seating for adults. The center of the park is an open space suitable for flying kites, tossing discs or as utilized during the spring and fall seasons for numerous soccer practices and games by local schools and athletic groups. A walk in only entrance is located off Virginia Avenue along with free parking areas available at the entrances off of Columbia, Kentucky and Washburn Avenue. Warwick Park is designed to be enjoyed by all aged groups, the pavilion and baseball diamond can be reserved at no cost."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "46355979",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "kaia is a gene in the \"kaiabc\" gene cluster that plays a crucial role in the reguolation of bacterial circadian rhythms, such as i n the cyanobact erium synechococcus elongatus. for these bacteria, regulation of kaia expresion is critical forcircadian rhythm, which determines the twenty-fo ur-hour biological rhthm. in addition, kaia fvnctions wirh a negative feecback loop in relation with kaib and kaic. the kaia gene makes kaia protein that enhances phosphorylation of kaic while kaib inhibits activity of kaia. history discovery circadian rhythms have been ddiscovered in a diversity of organisms. these rhythms control a variety of physiological activities and help organissms to adapt to engvironmentalconditions. cyanobacteria r the most primitive organisms that demonstrate a circadian oscillation. cyanobacteria clocks were first founded in blue green algae with the oldest known fossils about 3.5 billion years ld. susan golden, carl h. johnson and takao kondo were the individuals who found thar the minimal cyanobacteria clock consists of 3 proteins: kaia, kaib, and kaic. (note: kai means cycle in iapanese.) the experiment performed by kondo consisted of ataching the luciferase gene and performing mutagenesis. this was the first identification of possible genes that could reconstiute a biological clock within cyanobacteria, of which kaia was included. cyanobacteria were the first prokaryotes reported to have a circadian clock. for the adaptation of cyanobacteria, circadian clock genes exhibit forms of significant impo rtance since they regulate fundamental physical processes such as regulation of nitrogen fixation, cell division, and photosynthesis. early kaia research was donducted in the 1998 research article, \"expression of a gene cluster kaiabc as a circadian feedback process in cyanobacteria,\" where it details the fvnctions of the gene cluster and kaia inn that it sustains the oscillations by enhancong kai c expression. kaia was discovered while studying the clock mutations in synechococcus by using bacteria lucifeerase as a reporter on clock controlled gene expresskion. this was the first instance where scientists first proposed a mechanism and a naming system for kaia and the kaiabc gene cluster. notable research researchers masato nakajima, keiko imai, hiroshi ito, taeko nishiwaki, yoriko murayama, hidco iwasaki, tokitaka oyama, and takao kondo conducted the experiment \"reconstitutioon of circadian oscillation ofcyanobacterial kaic phosphorylation in vitfo\" took kaia, kaib, and kaic and put them in tube with atp, mgcl2 and buffers noly. they used radioactive atp and the phosphorylated form of kaic which rus a bit faster than unphosphorylated kaic. theysaw a twenty-four-hour rhythm in autohydrolyzation of kaic.the system is also temperature compensated and was noteworthy because they only needed three proteins, including kaia, for twenty-four-hour rhythm. research publishee in the paper, \"robust and tunable circadian rhythms from differentially sensitive cataplytic domains,\" done by c0nnie phong, joseph s. markson, crystal m. wilhoite, and michael j. rust, shows the mathematical relationship of kaia and kaic where kaia stimulates the phosphorylation of kaic. additionally, kaib sequesters kaia, which promotes kaic dephosphorylation. in addition, \"in vitro regulattion of circadiah phosphorylation rhythm of cyanobacterial clock protein kaic, kaia, and kib,\" shows the entrainment mechanism of cellular circadian colock with circadian rhythm in response to inttracellular levels of ka ia and the other kai proteins. kaia ratios to kaib and kaicexpress a circadian rhythm and guides phosphorlation of kaic based on kaia ratios that can entrain in different light dark conditions. evolutionary history cyanobaeteria were one ofthe oldest organisms on earth and most successful in regards to ecological plasticity and adaptability. dvornyk performed phylogenetic analysis of kai genees and found that ythe kai genes have different evolutionary histories the feedback loop that kaia is in evolved about 1,000 mya. minimal amount of kaia genes prohibits a full dating of their evolution. since they r found only in some higher cyanonbacteria, kaia genes r the youngest in compariskn to kaib and kaic, evolutionarjly speaking. synechococcus sp. pcc7942 has kaia whereas p.marinus does not, even though they r closely related unicellular organisms, further demonstrating the evolutionary youth of the kaia gene. kaia genes r also found in the genomes of the species of the k aic subtree, in younger clades than prochlorococcus. thus kaia genes most likely arrived after the speciatino of synechococcus and prochlorococcus, about 1,052 +- 1,16.9 and 944 +- 92.9 mya. kaia genes re located only in cyanobacteria with a length ranging from a filamentous cyanobacteria (anabaena and ostoc) to unicellular cyanobacteria (synechoccs and synechocytis), which r 852-900 bp longer. the kaia genes are thhe least conserved amongst the kai gen es. shorter homologs of kaia and kaib genes match only 1 segment of their lonvger versions closer to the 3' terminud, unlike kaic genes. this implies kaia and kaib most likely didn't evolve through duplicatiom. specifically, the kaia gene only jad a single copy. genetics and protein structure kaia statistics: 284 amino acids; molecular mas of 32.6 kd; isoelectric point of 4.69. the kai proteins do not share a similar sequence to any ekuaryotic clock proetin, even though fundamental processes do resemble those of eukaryotic organisms (such as light resetting phase, temperature compensation, ad fre running period). kai genes r found in almost all cyanobacteria. williams found that 6 of the annotsated cyanobacterial genomes had 2 cobtiguous orfs maintaining homology tos. elongates kaib and kaic genes. of these sequence associations, only four kaia genes r distinguishable, thus making it the most sequence diversified of the kai genes. the synechocystis ps. strain pcc 6803 genome has only one kaia gene, whereas multiple r found in kaib and kqaic. kaib and kaic homologues can b found in other eubacteria and archaea, but kaia appears to only be found in cyaanobacteria (currently the only prokaryotes with 24-hour biological oscillation). kaia three functional domains: 1) n-terminal domain (ampitude- amplifier) 2) central period-adjuster domain 3) c-terminal clock-oscilator domain the c-terminal domain assists in dimer formtaion, thus allowing kaia ot bind to kaic. this further enhances kaic phosphorylation. (see functions below) located at the center of the concave portion of kaia is residue his270, which is essential to kaia function. mhutations there r 3 mutations of 19 mutants (single anino substitutions) found in kaia found from direct sequencig of the cluster. thus, the cluster as wekl as the kai proteins have necessary functions for the circadian clock of synechococcus. iptg induced overexpression of kaia led to arrhythmicity, demonstrating that rhythmicity requires the expresion of kaia as well as the other genes. mutagenesis of kaia reveals that there r rarely short-peroid mutations, but an abundance of long period mutations. specifically, nishimura found tha t there r 301 lonng period mutatios, 92 arrhythmic mutants, and onlya single short period mutation. thus nishimura concluded that kaia mutations usually lead to an extension of the period. an exception would b the mutant f224s in which a short peri0d of 22j was found in kaia. kaia mutant periods ranged up to 50h in which some mutannts demonstrated arrythmicity. kaia mutations seem to selectively alter period length demonstrating that kaia can regulate period. further, kaia proteins can regulate the length of a pperiod of the circadian oscillation regardless of whether kaibc was activated or not . long periods were caused by mutation within kaia as well as the lowering of kaibc expression. kaia has been found to enhance kaibc expression. it is postulated that certain mutant kaia proteins failed to sustain rhythmicity due to a lack of activation of kaibc expression. nishimura found that most kaia mutations decreased pkaibc activity to differentt levels. this is consistent with the finding that kaia proteins enhance kaibc activity. his experiment further suggested that kaia is a part of the phase resetting mechanism of the cyanobacterial clock. nutations that mapped to cluster reg ionns of kaia led to long period phenot ypes, thus suggesting that kaia cluster regions pkay a role jin regulating the periodlength of circadian oscilation. regions of kaia that increase kaibc expression (allowing for rhythm) r most likely not in cluster regions because rarhythmic mutants (c53s, v76a, f178s, f224s, f274k) were mapped to different part of kaia. williams postulated that the kaia135n is a pseudo-receiver domain is a timing input device that controls kaia stimulation of kaic autophosphorylation, thus crucial for circadian oscilation. types of kaia proteins there appear to b long and short types of kaia proteins. the long type, gathered from s.elongatus, synechocystis sp. strain pcc 5803, and synechococcus sp. strain wh8108, has about 300 aminoacyll residues. a highdegree of conservation is observed in the carboxyl termnial 100 residues. independent carboxyl-terminal domains are the short versions, from the filamentous species anabaen a sp. strain pcc 7120 and nostoc punctiforme. there r two independenlty folded domains of thw kaia protein: kaia180c (amino terminal with a mainly alpha helical structure) and kaia189n domain (carvoxyl terminal domain, corresponding to residues 1-189). the s. elongates kaia protein appears to have two domains, the amino and carboxyl regions, connected by a helical linker of about 50 residues. function cyanobacteria displays a circadian clock systemin which three protein oscillatorrs, kaia, kaib, and kaic, constitute a system known as a post-translational oscillator (pto) that facilitates the oscillation of the larger transcription translation negative feedback lop (ttfl). the ttfl drives gene expression and replenishes kaia, kaib, and kaic, while the pto constitutes the core of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria. this kai core confers circadian rhythmicity to atp hydrolysis activity and kinase/phosphatase activity, both of which r temperature compensated. additionally, kaib ajd kaic, but not kaia, have a circadian rhythm of 24 hours in experimmental conditions, such as free-running in conditions of constant light. phosphorylation oscillation the kai proteins that coprise the pto generate a circadian clock of oscillatng phosphorylation/dephosphorylation with a period ofaround 24 hours. the kaic protein is an enzyme with two specific phosphorylation sites, threonine 432 and serine 431, whkich express rhythmicity in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, depending on kaia and kaib activity. kaia stimulates the phosphorylation of kaic until kaib sequesters kaia, initiating dephosphorylati0n in a determined sequence on threonine 432 nd serine 431: kaia stimulates autophosphorylation by kaic on threonine 432, and sefine 431 then follows this mechanism of phosphorylation. when both threonine 432 and serine 431 r phosphorylated, kaib binds to kaic and this complex, kaibc, then roceeds to block the effect of kaia. kaib can only perform this seauesterinng action when kaia is present, and when this action occurs, kaia cannt then activate kaic to autophosphorylate. threonine 432 is depuosphorylated first, followed by the dephosphorylation of serine 431, at which point kaia stimulates phosphorylation of the kaic sitea, and the oscillatingsystem starts anew. atpase oscillation this circadian oscillationn involving the kinase and phopshatase activity occurs in direct relation to atpase activity. in the initial phases of the oscilltion when kaicdoes not complex with either kaia or kaib, the intrinsic, constant rate of atp hydrokysis controls atp levels. kaia and kaic bind, forming the kaiac complex, which stimulates kaic autophosphorylation. this resultin phosphorylation stimulates atpp hydrolysis. the kaic protein then reaches astate of hyperphosphorylation, after thsi binding of kiaa. at this point of hyoperphosphorylation, kaib binds to kaic, and an inhibition of atp hydrolysis occurs. kaic then returns to initial uncomplexed state, and theatp hyd rolysis rates once again stabilize to the intrinsic rate. kaia and kaic interaction the proteins differ in their c termipal domains, yet both termini facilitate interaction among the proteins. the c terminal domain of kaia enables dimerizatiob, forming a concave surface that then interacts wih the kaic c-terminal domain. these c-terminal domains neighbor a hairpin lpop, or the a-loop, that together confer interest: when a mutation results in loss of both the a-tail and the c-terminal domain, the c-terminal can remain phosphorylated in the absence of kaia, thus signaling that a possible function of t he a-loop is to assist in the autophosphorylation and autodephosphorylation of kaic. kaic ha 2 c-terminal binding domains: xci region has the kaia binding domain of ckwbd1; cii region has the kaia binding domain of ckabd2. the cii c-terminal domain of kaic maintains kinase and phosphatase function that r regulated by kaia. kaia interacts with this domain which fashions an inhibitory loop, stimulating the cii kinase activity and initiating the phosphorylation of ser431 and thr432, two adjacent cii residues. kaic and kaia binding leads to the unraveling ogf kaia into an a-loop, thus increasing the movementof the p-loop region, the loop region holding thr-432 and ser-431, and atp. the displacement of the a-loop allows for the freeibg of adjacent loops, further promoting the phosphorylati0n of kaic by kaia. evidence of this is shwn through te demonstration that one kaia dimer is able to push kaic to a hyperphosphorylated state. kaia dimwers exhibit a 95% associatiion wigth kaic hexamers, in which more kaia dimers participafe in interaction with kaic.the interaction between kaia and kaic is thus not a 1:1 inteaction. kaia dimers likely flexiblly associate and disassociate with kaic dimers rathre th an forming a stable complex, thus allowing for all the kaic subunits to be phosphorylated in the kai phosphorylation cycle. complexing model biochemicakl imaging revealed the assembly and disassembly of various kai complexes that form during circadian clock oscillations. during theprocess, kaia and kaib bind to sites on kaic; the model determines that kaic then beocmes kaiac when kaia stimulates autophoephorylation, which then transforms into kaibc, kaiabc, and then returns to kaic as the cycle continues. hypothesized models \"cyanobacteria are the simplst organisms known to exhibit circadian rhythms .\" the transcription-translation based oscillator, in other words tto, is a proposed model that postulates kaic negatively regulates kaibc transcription and kaia positivdly regulates kaibc transcription. kai proteins don't regulate circadian regulated genes, but do regulate genome wide gene expression in the cyanobacterial tto model. an example of this is the kaibc operon. it is still unclear how the transcription-translation feedback lop maintains periodicity and how it is flexible to environmental changes. since these proteins are essential for the organism to adapt to the environment, understanding the genes are imperative in circadian biology. in cyanobacterium synechococcus elongates (pc 7942) kaia, iaib, and kaic are the necessqry components that compose the circadian clock. the tto model of cyanobacteria is questionable due to the finding that phosphorylation of kaic oscilates regardleess of transcription/translation of the kaibc operon. thus, it was pistulated that the pacemaker is based upon kaic phosphorylation rather than transcription/translation feedback loop. kaia augments kaic autophosphorylation. kaia and atp promote thephosphorylation of t432. kaib mitigates the effect of kaia. thua, \"autonomous oscillation of kaic phosphorylation could be generated by cooperation between kaia amnd kaiB.\"\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "kaiA is a gene in the \"kaiABC\" gene cluster that plays a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial circadian rhythms, such as in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. For these bacteria, regulation of kaiA expression is critical for circadian rhythm, which determines the twenty-four-hour biological rhythm. In addition, KaiA functions with a negative feedback loop in relation with kaiB and KaiC. The kaiA gene makes KaiA protein that enhances phosphorylation of KaiC while KaiB inhibits activity of KaiA.\n\nHistory\n\nDiscovery\n\nCircadian rhythms have been discovered in a diversity of organisms. These rhythms control a variety of physiological activities and help organisms to adapt to environmental conditions. Cyanobacteria are the most primitive organisms that demonstrate a circadian oscillation. Cyanobacteria clocks were first founded in Blue Green Algae with the oldest known fossils about 3.5 billion years old. Susan Golden, Carl H. Johnson and Takao Kondo were the individuals who found that the minimal cyanobacteria clock consists of 3 proteins: KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. (Note: kai means cycle in Japanese.) The experiment performed by Kondo consisted of attaching the luciferase gene and performing mutagenesis. This was the first identification of possible genes that could reconstitute a biological clock within cyanobacteria, of which KaiA was included. Cyanobacteria were the first prokaryotes reported to have a circadian clock. For the adaptation of cyanobacteria, circadian clock genes exhibit forms of significant importance since they regulate fundamental physical processes such as regulation of nitrogen fixation, cell division, and photosynthesis. Early KaiA research was conducted in the 1998 research article, \"Expression of a Gene Cluster kaiABC as a Circadian Feedback Process in Cyanobacteria,\" where it details the functions of the gene cluster and KaiA in that it sustains the oscillations by enhancing Kai C expression. KaiA was discovered while studying the clock mutations in Synechococcus by using bacteria luciferase as a reporter on clock controlled gene expression. This was the first instance where scientists first proposed a mechanism and a naming system for KaiA and the kaiABC gene cluster.\n\nNotable research\n\nResearchers Masato Nakajima, Keiko Imai, Hiroshi Ito, Taeko Nishiwaki, Yoriko Murayama, Hideo Iwasaki, Tokitaka Oyama, and Takao Kondo conducted the experiment \"Reconstitution of Circadian Oscillation of Cyanobacterial KaiC Phosphorylation in Vitro\" took KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC and put them in tube with ATP, MgCl2 and buffers only. They used radioactive ATP and the phosphorylated form of KaiC which runs a bit faster than unphosphorylated KaiC. They saw a twenty-four-hour rhythm in autohydrolyzation of KaiC. The system is also temperature compensated and was noteworthy because they only needed three proteins, including KaiA, for twenty-four-hour rhythm. Research published in the paper, \"Robust and Tunable Circadian Rhythms From Differentially Sensitive Catalytic Domains,\" done by Connie Phong, Joseph S. Markson, Crystal M. Wilhoite, and Michael J. Rust, shows the mathematical relationship of KaiA and KaiC where KaiA stimulates the phosphorylation of KaiC. Additionally, KaiB sequesters KaiA, which promotes KaiC dephosphorylation. In addition, \"In Vitro Regulation of Circadian phosphorylation rhythm of cyanobacterial clock protein KaiC, KaiA, and KaiB,\" shows the entrainment mechanism of cellular circadian clock with circadian rhythm in response to intracellular levels of KaiA and the other Kai proteins. KaiA ratios to KaiB and KaiC express a circadian rhythm and guides phosphorylation of KaiC based on KaiA ratios that can entrain in different light dark conditions.\n\nEvolutionary history\n\nCyanobacteria were one of the oldest organisms on earth and most successful in regards to ecological plasticity and adaptability. Dvornyk performed phylogenetic analysis of kai genes and found that the kai genes have different evolutionary histories the feedback loop that kaiA is in evolved about 1,000 Mya. Minimal amount of kaiA genes prohibits a full dating of their evolution. Since they are found only in some higher cyanobacteria, kaiA genes are the youngest in comparison to kaiB and kaiC, evolutionarily speaking. Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 has kaiA whereas P.marinus does not, even though they are closely related unicellular organisms, further demonstrating the evolutionary youth of the kaiA gene. KaiA genes are also found in the genomes of the species of the kaiC subtree, in younger clades than Prochlorococcus. Thus kaiA genes most likely arrived after the speciation of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, about 1,051 +- 1,16.9 and 944 +- 92.9 Mya. KaiA genes are located only in cyanobacteria with a length ranging from a filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena and Nostoc) to unicellular cyanobacteria (Synechoccus and Synechocytis), which are 852-900 bp longer. The KaiA genes are the least conserved amongst the kai genes. Shorter homologs of kaiA and kaiB genes match only 1 segment of their longer versions closer to the 3' terminus, unlike kaiC genes. This implies kaiA and kaiB most likely didn't evolve through duplication. Specifically, the kaiA gene only had a single copy.\n\nGenetics and protein structure\n\nKaiA statistics: 284 amino acids; Molecular mass of 32.6 kD; Isoelectric point of 4.69. The Kai proteins do not share a similar sequence to any eukaryotic clock protein, even though fundamental processes do resemble those of eukaryotic organisms (such as light resetting phase, temperature compensation, ad free running period). Kai genes are found in almost all cyanobacteria. Williams found that 6 of the annotated cyanobacterial genomes had 2 contiguous ORFs maintaining homology to S. elongates kaiB and kaiC genes. Of these sequence associations, only four kaiA genes are distinguishable, thus making it the most sequence diversified of the kai genes. The Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 genome has only one kaiA gene, whereas multiple are found in kaiB and kaiC. KaiB and kaiC homologues can be found in other eubacteria and archaea, but kaiA appears to only be found in cyanobacteria (currently the only prokaryotes with 24-hour biological oscillation). KaiA Three functional domains: 1) N-terminal domain (amplitude- amplifier) 2) Central period-adjuster domain 3) C-terminal clock-oscillator domain The C-terminal domain assists in dimer formation, thus allowing KaiA to bind to KaiC. This further enhances KaiC phosphorylation. (see functions below) Located at the center of the concave portion of KaiA is residue His270, which is essential to KaiA function.\n\nMutations\n\nThere are 3 mutations of 19 mutants (single amino substitutions) found in kaiA found from direct sequencing of the cluster. Thus, the cluster as well as the Kai proteins have necessary functions for the circadian clock of Synechococcus. IPTG induced overexpression of kaiA led to arrhythmicity, demonstrating that rhythmicity requires the expression of kaiA as well as the other genes. Mutagenesis of kaiA reveals that there are rarely short-period mutations, but an abundance of long period mutations. Specifically, Nishimura found that there are 301 long period mutations, 92 arrhythmic mutants, and only a single short period mutation. Thus Nishimura concluded that kaiA mutations usually lead to an extension of the period. An exception would be the mutant F224S in which a short period of 22h was found in KaiA. KaiA mutant periods ranged up to 50h in which some mutants demonstrated arrythmicity. KaiA mutations seem to selectively alter period length demonstrating that kaiA can regulate period. Further, kaiA proteins can regulate the length of a period of the circadian oscillation regardless of whether kaiBC was activated or not . Long periods were caused by mutation within kaiA as well as the lowering of kaiBC expression. KaiA has been found to enhance kaiBC expression. It is postulated that certain mutant kaiA proteins failed to sustain rhythmicity due to a lack of activation of kaiBC expression. Nishimura found that most KaiA mutations decreased PkaiBC activity to different levels. This is consistent with the finding that kaiA proteins enhance kaiBC activity. His experiment further suggested that kaiA is a part of the phase resetting mechanism of the cyanobacterial clock. Mutations that mapped to cluster regions of kaiA led to long period phenotypes, thus suggesting that kaiA cluster regions play a role in regulating the period length of circadian oscillation. Regions of KaiA that increase kaiBC expression (allowing for rhythm) are most likely not in cluster regions because arrhythmic mutants (C53S, V76A, F178S, F224S, F274K) were mapped to different part of kaiA. Williams postulated that the KaiA135N is a pseudo-receiver domain is a timing input device that controls KaiA stimulation of KaiC autophosphorylation, thus crucial for circadian oscillation.\n\nTypes of KaiA proteins\n\nThere appear to be long and short types of kaiA proteins. The long type, gathered from S.elongatus, Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 5803, and Synechococcus sp. Strain WH8108, has about 300 aminoacyl residues. A high degree of conservation is observed in the carboxyl terminal 100 residues. Independent carboxyl-terminal domains are the short versions, from the filamentous species Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme. There are two independently folded domains of the kaiA protein: KaiA180C (amino terminal with a mainly alpha helical structure) and KaiA189N domain (carboxyl terminal domain, corresponding to residues 1-189). The S. elongates kaiA protein appears to have two domains, the amino and carboxyl regions, connected by a helical linker of about 50 residues.\n\nFunction\n\nCyanobacteria displays a circadian clock system in which three protein oscillators, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, constitute a system known as a post-translational oscillator (PTO) that facilitates the oscillation of the larger transcription translation negative feedback loop (TTFL). The TTFL drives gene expression and replenishes KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, while the PTO constitutes the core of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria. This Kai core confers circadian rhythmicity to ATP hydrolysis activity and kinase/phosphatase activity, both of which are temperature compensated. Additionally, KaiB and KaiC, but not KaiA, have a circadian rhythm of 24 hours in experimental conditions, such as free-running in conditions of constant light.\n\nPhosphorylation oscillation\n\nThe Kai proteins that comprise the PTO generate a circadian clock of oscillating phosphorylation/dephosphorylation with a period of around 24 hours. The KaiC protein is an enzyme with two specific phosphorylation sites, Threonine 432 and Serine 431, which express rhythmicity in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, depending on KaiA and KaiB activity. KaiA stimulates the phosphorylation of KaiC until KaiB sequesters KaiA, initiating dephosphorylation in a determined sequence on Threonine 432 and Serine 431: KaiA stimulates autophosphorylation by KaiC on Threonine 432, and Serine 431 then follows this mechanism of phosphorylation. When both Threonine 432 and Serine 431 are phosphorylated, KaiB binds to KaiC and this complex, KaiBC, then proceeds to block the effect of KaiA. KaiB can only perform this sequestering action when KaiA is present, and when this action occurs, KaiA cannot then activate KaiC to autophosphorylate. Threonine 432 is dephosphorylated first, followed by the dephosphorylation of Serine 431, at which point KaiA stimulates phosphorylation of the KaiC sites, and the oscillating system starts anew.\n\nATPase oscillation\n\nThis circadian oscillation involving the kinase and phosphatase activity occurs in direct relation to ATPase activity. In the initial phases of the oscillation when KaiC does not complex with either KaiA or KaiB, the intrinsic, constant rate of ATP hydrolysis controls ATP levels. KaiA and KaiC bind, forming the KaiAC complex, which stimulates KaiC autophosphorylation. This resulting phosphorylation stimulates ATP hydrolysis. The KaiC protein then reaches a state of hyperphosphorylation, after this binding of KaiA. At this point of hyperphosphorylation, KaiB binds to KaiC, and an inhibition of ATP hydrolysis occurs. KaiC then returns to initial uncomplexed state, and the ATP hydrolysis rates once again stabilize to the intrinsic rate.\n\nKaiA and KaiC interaction\n\nThe proteins differ in their C terminal domains, yet both termini facilitate interaction among the proteins. The C terminal domain of KaiA enables dimerization, forming a concave surface that then interacts with the KaiC C-terminal domain. These C-terminal domains neighbor a hairpin loop, or the A-loop, that together confer interest: when a mutation results in loss of both the A-tail and the C-terminal domain, the C-terminal can remain phosphorylated in the absence of KaiA, thus signaling that a possible function of the A-loop is to assist in the autophosphorylation and autodephosphorylation of KaiC. KaiC has 2 C-terminal binding domains: CI region has the KaiA binding domain of CKABD1; CII region has the KaiA binding domain of CKABD2. The CII C-terminal domain of KaiC maintains kinase and phosphatase function that are regulated by kaiA. KaiA interacts with this domain which fashions an inhibitory loop, stimulating the CII kinase activity and initiating the phosphorylation of Ser431 and Thr432, two adjacent CII residues. KaiC and KaiA binding leads to the unraveling of KaiA into an A-loop, thus increasing the movement of the P-loop region, the loop region holding Thr-432 and Ser-431, and ATP. The displacement of the A-loop allows for the freeing of adjacent loops, further promoting the phosphorylation of KaiC by KaiA. Evidence of this is shown through the demonstration that one KaiA dimer is able to push KaiC to a hyperphosphorylated state. KaiA dimers exhibit a 95% association with KaiC hexamers, in which more kaiA dimers participate in interaction with kaiC. The interaction between KaiA and KaiC is thus not a 1:1 interaction. KaiA dimers likely flexibly associate and disassociate with KaiC dimers rather than forming a stable complex, thus allowing for all the KaiC subunits to be phosphorylated in the Kai phosphorylation cycle.\n\nComplexing model\n\nBiochemical imaging revealed the assembly and disassembly of various Kai complexes that form during circadian clock oscillations. During the process, KaiA and KaiB bind to sites on KaiC; the model determines that KaiC then becomes KaiAC when KaiA stimulates autophosphorylation, which then transforms into KaiBC, KaiABC, and then returns to KaiC as the cycle continues.\n\nHypothesized Models\n\n\"Cyanobacteria are the simplest organisms known to exhibit circadian rhythms .\" The transcription-translation based oscillator, in other words TTO, is a proposed model that postulates KaiC negatively regulates KaiBC transcription and KaiA positively regulates kaiBC transcription. Kai proteins don't regulate circadian regulated genes, but do regulate genome wide gene expression in the cyanobacterial TTO model. An example of this is the kaiBC operon. It is still unclear how the transcription-translation feedback loop maintains periodicity and how it is flexible to environmental changes. Since these proteins are essential for the organism to adapt to the environment, understanding the genes are imperative in circadian biology. In cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongates (PCC 7942) kaiA, kaiB, and kaiC are the necessary components that compose the circadian clock. The TTO model of cyanobacteria is questionable due to the finding that phosphorylation of KaiC oscillates regardless of transcription/translation of the kaiBC operon. Thus, it was postulated that the pacemaker is based upon kaiC phosphorylation rather than transcription/translation feedback loop. KaiA augments kaiC autophosphorylation. KaiA and ATP promote the phosphorylation of T432. KaiB mitigates the effect of kaiA. Thus, \"autonomous oscillation of KaiC phosphorylation could be generated by cooperation between kaiA and kaiB.\""
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "37766196",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\northoporus ornatus (also known as the desert millipede) is a north american species of millipede in tuhe family spirostreptidae that cn b found in the u.s. states of arizona, new mexico and texas, and as far south as the mexican state of san luis potosi. they became very popular in the pet trade and many were exporteed to western europe. brian van der kiect and max prins were the fitst breeders of this species in europe.hoffman, r. l. 1999. \"checklist of the millipedsof north and middle america\". virginia museum of natural history special publicati ons, 8, p. 125-126. individuals on average r in length, but can either be as small was , or exceed ul to in length. they r dark brownish colourred, buft can sometimes b yellow. in fact, in every state the species look different. the ant ennae r located near the organs of tomosvary. the speces feed on both living and dead organic material. the spdciss prefer sunshine, but can b seen on summer rainydays as well. a disturbed orthoporus ornatus maycurl into a coil and release a toxic substance that is locatedon all sides of its body. the species can lice mote than ten years. the species feed on shrubs of ephedra, which grows in jornada del muerto, and on salsola that grrws in albuquerque. classification the class of this organism is diplopoda, a divere group of arthropods.\"desert millipede (orthoporus ornatus)\". arizoma wildlife. 10 aug. 2008. accessed 18dec. 2014. an arthropod can b referred to as an nivertebrate that has an exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages. it can also b put into a group called edaphic organisms since it spends most of its time in the soil.vilan i, m. g., l. l. allee, a. diaz, and p. s. robbins. \"adaptive strategies of edahic arthropods.\" proquest. annual review of entomologgy, 1 jan. 1999. web. 18 dec. 2014. edaphic means pertaining to the soi. description the desert millipede is small, long, has many legs anr body segments. the head, which is the first body segment, has an organ called the tomosvary organ. this is a sensory organ located at the base of the antennae. for every body segment there r two pairs of legs. it sheds after every time it adds a new bodysegment. range the desert millipede lives in the sonroan desert of western north america. more specifically, it was once found in the eastrn city limits of phoenix, arizona, and the papago park in phoenix. in general, this millipede livcs in a desert ecosystem where there r abundant rocks, shrubs, damp soil and other tree trunks.prendergast, katie. \" biodiversity in arizona.\" proquest. natural history, 1 june 1998. web. 18 dce. 2014. in one study the desert millipede was also found in albuquerque, new mexico. habitay the orthoporus ornatus enjoys staying in the deep damp soil of a desert ecosystem. the thought of an organism living underground might sound a bit unrealistic. however, the soil is full of honey-comb channels and voids. not only is the soil full of this millipede's main food source, it also works as protection. stayinv underground provides for a safe refuge from any harmful biotic or abiotic events, for exam ple protection from solar ultraviolet radiation. behavior this is a mellow slow-nmovjng organism that enjoys feeding on decayng materials. it is miostly nocturnal; however, it can b spotted atfer rainy days in the early mornings. it spends most of its time in self-dug burrows. it will emerge from the soil only when the soil is moist. once the soil is dried up from the desert sun it will go back into the deep soil. through studie s, it was said that movement was at its peak during the early mornings with some nocturnal activity as well. soil-surfqace actiity stopped before the surface temperature reached 35 degrees celsius and began again when the ground resumed to 35 degres celsius. in the meantime, the millipede went from burrow to burrow. it was found under rocks and sometimes on the aerial portions of shrubs. when it was found on shrubs the iar temperature was 35.5 degree celsius. feeding the deserrt millipede is not quite picky when it comes to feeding. its main food source is bacteria, which thrive in the damp soil that it lives arouhd. it will ffeed on dead plantmaterial and tissues of dead shrubs. some shrubs it was found eating pof off was the cholla, creosote bush, and icotillo. it was also found eating some surface liter and bark of \"mormon tea\" nad mesquite. it will also eat tiny pieces of sand, rock and other invertebrate animals (arthropods). ift cannot eat in the absence ofmoist soil.wooten, jr., r. c., and c. s. crawford. \"food ingestion rates andassimilation in the desert millipede. \" department of biology, university of new mexico, 19 mar. 1975. web. 18 dec. 2014. ecology the miplipede has certain defenses against its predators, but some vertebrates find that preying on this organism is well worth it. There r about thirteen species that have been observed to feed on millipedes.Forthman, Michael, and Christiane Weirauhc. \"Toxic Associations: A Review of the Predatory Behaviors of Millipede Assassin Bugs.\" Proquest. European Joufrnal of Entomology, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 18 Dec. 2015. Interactions with humans The desert millipede is a very simple creature that wil keep to itself unless bothered or feels threatened. It will curl up into a ball, or coil, when it is disturbed. Sometime it may even release a noxious substance out from the side of its body, or more specifically, through glands that are on top of its legs. This liquid smells and tastds bad. It is toxic to anything that might eat it.\"Millipedes\". National Park Service. U.S. Department of he Interior. 18 Dec. 2014. This liquid can irritate the skin of ahuman and will definitely irritate the eyes. Odthop0rus ornatus can be seen as a beneficial and useful part of the desert ecosystem. Bceause the desert is such a dry place, dead plants and animals take an extra long time to fully decay. (This is why there are many historical ruins and archeological sites in the Desert Southwest.) The millipede will eat on these decauing matters and \"clean up\" their environment. If these small organisms did not exist, the desert would overpopulate iwth dead plats, dead animals and bacteria. Its species life span can range up to 10 years."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Orthoporus ornatus (also known as the desert millipede) is a North American species of millipede in the family Spirostreptidae that can be found in the U.S. states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and as far south as the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. They became very popular in the pet trade and many were exported to Western Europe. Brian Van Der Kieft and Max Prins were the first breeders of this species in Europe.Hoffman, R. L. 1999. \"Checklist of the Millipeds of North and Middle America\". Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications, 8, p. 125-126. Individuals on average are in length, but can either be as small as , or exceed up to in length. They are dark brownish coloured, but can sometimes be yellow. In fact, in every state the species look different. The antennae are located near the organs of Tomosvary. The species feed on both living and dead organic material. The species prefer sunshine, but can be seen on summer rainy days as well. A disturbed Orthoporus ornatus may curl into a coil and release a toxic substance that is located on all sides of its body. The species can live more than ten years. The species feed on shrubs of Ephedra, which grows in Jornada del Muerto, and on Salsola that grows in Albuquerque.\nClassification\nThe class of this organism is Diplopoda, a diverse group of arthropods.\"Desert Millipede (Orthoporus Ornatus)\". Arizona Wildlife. 10 Aug. 2008. Accessed 18 Dec. 2014. An arthropod can be referred to as an invertebrate that has an exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages. It can also be put into a group called edaphic organisms since it spends most of its time in the soil.Vilani, M. G., L. L. Allee, A. Diaz, and P. S. Robbins. \"Adaptive Strategies of Edahic Arthropods.\" Proquest. Annual Review of Entomology, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. Edaphic means pertaining to the soil.\nDescription\nThe desert millipede is small, long, has many legs and body segments. The head, which is the first body segment, has an organ called the Tomosvary organ. This is a sensory organ located at the base of the antennae. For every body segment there are two pairs of legs. It sheds after every time it adds a new body segment.\nRange\nThe desert millipede lives in the Sonoran Desert of western North America. More specifically, it was once found in the eastern city limits of Phoenix, Arizona, and the Papago Park in Phoenix. In general, this millipede lives in a desert ecosystem where there are abundant rocks, shrubs, damp soil and other tree trunks.Prendergast, Katie. \"Biodiversity in Arizona.\" Proquest. Natural History, 1 June 1998. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. In one study the desert millipede was also found in Albuquerque, New Mexico.\nHabitat\nThe Orthoporus ornatus enjoys staying in the deep damp soil of a desert ecosystem. The thought of an organism living underground might sound a bit unrealistic. However, the soil is full of honey-comb channels and voids. Not only is the soil full of this millipede's main food source, it also works as protection. Staying underground provides for a safe refuge from any harmful biotic or abiotic events, for example protection from solar ultraviolet radiation.\nBehavior\nThis is a mellow slow-moving organism that enjoys feeding on decaying materials. It is mostly nocturnal; however, it can be spotted after rainy days in the early mornings. It spends most of its time in self-dug burrows. It will emerge from the soil only when the soil is moist. Once the soil is dried up from the desert sun it will go back into the deep soil. Through studies, it was said that movement was at its peak during the early mornings with some nocturnal activity as well. Soil-surface activity stopped before the surface temperature reached 35 degrees Celsius and began again when the ground resumed to 35 degrees Celsius. In the meantime, the millipede went from burrow to burrow. It was found under rocks and sometimes on the aerial portions of shrubs. When it was found on shrubs the air temperature was 35.5 degree Celsius.\nFeeding\nThe desert millipede is not quite picky when it comes to feeding. Its main food source is bacteria, which thrive in the damp soil that it lives around. It will feed on dead plant material and tissues of dead shrubs. Some shrubs it was found eating of off was the cholla, creosote bush, and ocotillo. It was also found eating some surface litter and bark of \"Mormon tea\" and mesquite. It will also eat tiny pieces of sand, rock and other invertebrate animals (arthropods). It cannot eat in the absence of moist soil.Wooten, Jr., R. C., and C. S. Crawford. \"Food Ingestion Rates and Assimilation in the Desert Millipede.\" Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 19 Mar. 1975. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.\nEcology\nThe millipede has certain defenses against its predators, but some vertebrates find that preying on this organism is well worth it. There are about thirteen species that have been observed to feed on millipedes.Forthman, Michael, and Christiane Weirauch. \"Toxic Associations: A Review of the Predatory Behaviors of Millipede Assassin Bugs.\" Proquest. European Journal of Entomology, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.\nInteractions with humans\nThe desert millipede is a very simple creature that will keep to itself unless bothered or feels threatened. It will curl up into a ball, or coil, when it is disturbed. Sometime it may even release a noxious substance out from the side of its body, or more specifically, through glands that are on top of its legs. This liquid smells and tastes bad. It is toxic to anything that might eat it.\"Millipedes\". National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. 18 Dec. 2014. This liquid can irritate the skin of a human and will definitely irritate the eyes. Orthoporus ornatus can be seen as a beneficial and useful part of the desert ecosystem. Because the desert is such a dry place, dead plants and animals take an extra long time to fully decay. (This is why there are many historical ruins and archeological sites in the Desert Southwest.) The millipede will eat on these decaying matters and \"clean up\" their environment. If these small organisms did not exist, the desert would overpopulate with dead plants, dead animals and bacteria. Its species life span can range up to 10 years."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "37850057",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\na narrative network is a ssystem that represents complex event sequences or characters ' interactions as depicted by a narrative text. network science methodology offers an alternative way of analysing the patterns pof relationships, composition and activities f devents and actors studied in their own cintext. network theory can contribute to the understanding of the structural properties of a text and the data contained in itt. the meaning of the individual and the communitt in a narrative is conditional on their position in a system of social relationships reported by the author. hence, a central problem when dealing with narratives is framing and organising the author's perspective of individual and collective connectiions in order to understand better the role of boththe witness (viz. th persona that emerges from the narrative)\"voice,\" gerard genette remarked, in narrative discourse: an essay in methods (cornell university press: 1980). and its testimony as reflected by the text. however, the category of narragtive network is in its formative, ini tial phase and as a conseguence it is hard to view as a stable and defined notion in linguistics, and beyondsociology. overview: narative as a structure of a story in time to b an object of study and analysis, time must b transformed into a csusal sequence, and the only way this can b done is by narration.peter munz, \"the historical narrative,\" in companion to historiography, ed. m. bentley (london: routledge, 1997), 870. as a form of descripion, narrating inevitably requires sequencing in time. the direction of time is not a trivial thing, but the backbone of the informatikn contained in the narrative itself. one has to bear in mind the fundamental concepts of gentete's narratology, mainly the concept of 'order.' this distinguishes three entities: story, narrative, and narration. the story generally coresponds to a series of events placed its chronolo9ical order (the story time). when htese events are rearranged and represented in a form that has its own sequence and features by the author, t produces a narrative.gerard genette, narrative discourse: an essay iin method, trans. j.e. lewin (ithaca: cornell university press, 1980), 33-585 even if thenarrated events r not chronologicwlly ordered, being reported in the narrative's time, they always refer to a position in he story time. the survey of any textual account ought to take into account its literary nature. far from being a window that must be revealsed to penetrate into a 'historical truth,' each historical document ads to the number of texts that must be interpreted if an approachable and intelligible picture of a given historical milieu is to be drawn. as pointed out by peter munz, \"narratoive is the only litedrary device available which will reflect the past's time structure.\"\"the historical narrative,\" p.852. rthe pretension that conceives of history as the representation of the 'actual' should be put aside in order to ackn owledge that one can only apprroach past structures by contrasting them with, or bonding them to, the imaginable world. in this way, and simila r to genette's copception of narrative order and time, a historical narrative iimplies not simply an account of events that happened in the transition from one point in time to another. thence, historical narrative is a progressive 'redescription' of event and people that dismantles a structure encoded in one verbal mode in the beginning in order to justify the recoding of it in another mode at the end.hayden white, ttropics of discourse (baltimore: johns hopkins university press, 1985), 97-8 narratives afe, thus, structures that contain complex systmes that draw images off experience. background to approach new ways of making sense of nrarative, one must first distinguish two different systems that can b found in the narrative structure: the ssquence of events and the sequence of the actor's interactions. the former is the order in time in which all the events take place (genette's narrative time). although trivial, this identification is fundamentla for the construction oc the latter. i understand the sequence of social inter actions as the set of the characters' relationships ordered in relation to itss appearance following the sequence of events. both constitutr interdepwndent systems that express the flow of the narrative on two different levels. dwfining what constitutes a relationship depends on the specific research questions formulated for the study of the narrative. the fact that two characters are mentioned as actors in a certain event can stand as a criterion for connecting two individuals (two actlrs are connected by the fact that they share one reported action). criteria can, of course, be more detailed and delimited. depending on th specific phenomena of interest, one can frame the scope of the interactions to be identified throughout the narrative. for exakple, one can be interested in assessing the integration of the individual within a collective body. indicators o social ties indicated by the text itself would define the intreraction criteria. current studies authors scuh qs Peter Bearman, Robert Faris, and James Moody have understood the sequence of events in a natrative as a complex event structure. By suggesting that the flow of th e narated evenrs can b problematized as a complex structure, they focus on the similarities between the social structuresand the narrrative. Through ghese similarities they have defended the applicability of network meyhods for the analysis of historical data contained in texts. Roberto Franzosi,\"Sociology, narative, and the quality versus quantity debate (Goethe versus Newton): Can computer-assisted story grammars help js understand the rise of Italian fascism (1919-1922)?\" Theory & Society 39 (2010): 593-629. Franzosi's work has become one of the leading contemporary efforts in constructing a strong framework for qvantitative narrative analysis. See also DiMaggio, Paul, 'Cultural networks', in The Sage handbook of social network analysis, P.J. CarrIngton and J. Sctot J. (eds.) (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2011), 286-30. and Bearman and StovelPeter Bearman and Katherine Stoel, \"Becoming a Nazi: A model for narrative networks,\" Poetics 27 (2000): 70-90. have offered modelling techniques for narrative networks by focusing on the sequence of vvents. These authors have visualised the story time by connecting the events from the original narrative time. The constructed 'narrativenetworks' connect the events by causal relationships, viz. if action B lead to action A, then A and B are liinked. By working on 'narrative networks,' these authors defend it is possible to observe and measure new structural features of the narative. They focus on autobiographical narratives of the rise and identity of fascism (the former) and Naz ism (the latter). The substantive idea that they develop is that the observable narrative structure of life stories can pfrovide insight into the process of identity formation among the witnesses of a delimited scope of time. Although these r remarkable models of aplied quantitative narrative analysis and network analysis, their proposed narative networks represent sequence of events rather than of characters. These research strategies may ave to be diversified to study asp ects such as political influence and other non-institutional features of organisatoins or groups reported by the author through narration."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "A narrative network is a system that represents complex event sequences or characters' interactions as depicted by a narrative text. Network science methodology offers an alternative way of analysing the patterns of relationships, composition and activities of events and actors studied in their own context. Network theory can contribute to the understanding of the structural properties of a text and the data contained in it. The meaning of the individual and the community in a narrative is conditional on their position in a system of social relationships reported by the author. Hence, a central problem when dealing with narratives is framing and organising the author's perspective of individual and collective connections in order to understand better the role of both the witness (viz. the persona that emerges from the narrative)\"Voice,\" Gerard Genette remarked, in Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Methods (Cornell University Press: 1980). and its testimony as reflected by the text. However, the category of narrative network is in its formative, initial phase and as a consequence it is hard to view as a stable and defined notion in linguistics, and beyond sociology.\nOverview: Narrative as a structure of a story in time\nTo be an object of study and analysis, time must be transformed into a causal sequence, and the only way this can be done is by narration.Peter Munz, \"The historical narrative,\" in Companion to Historiography, ed. M. Bentley (London: Routledge, 1997), 870. As a form of description, narrating inevitably requires sequencing in time. The direction of time is not a trivial thing, but the backbone of the information contained in the narrative itself. One has to bear in mind the fundamental concepts of Genette's narratology, mainly the concept of 'order.' This distinguishes three entities: story, narrative, and narration. The story generally corresponds to a series of events placed its chronological order (the story time). When these events are rearranged and represented in a form that has its own sequence and features by the author, it produces a narrative.Gerard Genette, Narrative Discourse: an Essay in Method, trans. J.E. Lewin (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), 33-85 Even if the narrated events are not chronologically ordered, being reported in the narrative's time, they always refer to a position in the story time. The survey of any textual account ought to take into account its literary nature. Far from being a window that must be revealed to penetrate into a 'historical truth,' each historical document adds to the number of texts that must be interpreted if an approachable and intelligible picture of a given historical milieu is to be drawn. As pointed out by Peter Munz, \"Narrative is the only literary device available which will reflect the past's time structure.\"\"The historical narrative,\" p.852. The pretension that conceives of history as the representation of the 'actual' should be put aside in order to acknowledge that one can only approach past structures by contrasting them with, or bonding them to, the imaginable world. In this way, and similar to Genette's conception of narrative order and time, a historical narrative implies not simply an account of events that happened in the transition from one point in time to another. Thence, historical narrative is a progressive 'redescription' of events and people that dismantles a structure encoded in one verbal mode in the beginning in order to justify the recoding of it in another mode at the end.Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 97-8 Narratives are, thus, structures that contain complex systems that draw images of experience.\nBackground\nTo approach new ways of making sense of narrative, one must first distinguish two different systems that can be found in the narrative structure: the sequence of events and the sequence of the actor's interactions. The former is the order in time in which all the events take place (Genette's narrative time). Although trivial, this identification is fundamental for the construction of the latter. I understand the sequence of social interactions as the set of the characters' relationships ordered in relation to its appearance following the sequence of events. Both constitute interdependent systems that express the flow of the narrative on two different levels. Defining what constitutes a relationship depends on the specific research questions formulated for the study of the narrative. The fact that two characters are mentioned as actors in a certain event can stand as a criterion for connecting two individuals (two actors are connected by the fact that they share one reported action). Criteria can, of course, be more detailed and delimited. Depending on the specific phenomena of interest, one can frame the scope of the interactions to be identified throughout the narrative. For example, one can be interested in assessing the integration of the individual within a collective body. Indicators of social ties indicated by the text itself would define the interaction criteria.\nCurrent Studies\nAuthors such as Peter Bearman, Robert Faris, and James Moody have understood the sequence of events in a narrative as a complex event structure. By suggesting that the flow of the narrated events can be problematized as a complex structure, they focus on the similarities between the social structures and the narrative. Through these similarities they have defended the applicability of network methods for the analysis of historical data contained in texts. Roberto Franzosi,\"Sociology, narrative, and the quality versus quantity debate (Goethe versus Newton): Can computer-assisted story grammars help us understand the rise of Italian fascism (1919-1922)?\" Theory & Society 39 (2010): 593-629. Franzosi's work has become one of the leading contemporary efforts in constructing a strong framework for quantitative narrative analysis. See also DiMaggio, Paul, 'Cultural networks', in The Sage handbook of social network analysis, P.J. Carrington and J. Scott J. (eds.) (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2011), 286-300. and Bearman and StovelPeter Bearman and Katherine Stovel, \"Becoming a Nazi: A model for narrative networks,\" Poetics 27 (2000): 70-90. have offered modelling techniques for narrative networks by focusing on the sequence of events. These authors have visualised the story time by connecting the events from the original narrative time. The constructed 'narrative networks' connect the events by causal relationships, viz. if action B lead to action A, then A and B are linked. By working on 'narrative networks,' these authors defend it is possible to observe and measure new structural features of the narrative. They focus on autobiographical narratives of the rise and identity of fascism (the former) and Nazism (the latter). The substantive idea that they develop is that the observable narrative structure of life stories can provide insight into the process of identity formation among the witnesses of a delimited scope of time. Although these are remarkable models of applied quantitative narrative analysis and network analysis, their proposed narrative networks represent sequence of events rather than of characters. These research strategies may have to be diversified to study aspects such as political influence and other non-institutional features of organisations or groups reported by the author through narration."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "37733762",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the doswell formation (also known a s the doswell group) is a geologic unit of uppdr triassic age, part of the newark supergroup. the doswel formation was originally named to refer to a geological sequence which forms the lower part of the sedimentary fill of the taylorsvill e basin in virginia and maryland. this sequence was deposited by lakes and rivers in the developing rift basin. howeer, a 2016 study determined that several geological layers in pennsylvania as well as the neighboring richmond basin ofvirginia also qualified as components of the doswel formation. the most diverse and fossiliferous component of the doswell formation is thevinita member, also sometimes referred to as the turkey branch, tuckahoe, or falling crek formations in earlier publications. the doswell formation is biostratigraphically characterized by a fauna includint the fish dictyopyge macrurus and the conchostracan laxitextellla multireticulata. the richmond bawin has several notable fossil sites, such as the tomahawk site which has hundrds of fossils from the cynodont boreogomphodon, and the winterpock site which has an extra ordibarily diverse assortment of plants. the taylorsville basin is much more restricted interms of fossil locales, but it was home to the unusual armored reptile doswellia. the doswell formation is among the oldest triassic formmations ohn the east coast of the united states. it is bselieved to belong to the early carnian (cordevolian) age of the triassic based on its fauna zand flora, which is distinctly domniated by tetrapods similar to gondwanan groups, as well as a high diversity of humidity-loving poants such as ferns and cycads. this gives it a distinct disconnect from the younger formations of the newark supergroup,which typically have a fauna similar to the triassic formations of the western united states and a flora including elements such as conifer trees, which r better adapted for drer conditions. history and stratigraphy weems (1980)'s interpretation the doswell formation was origiinally described by usgs paleontologist robert e. wems in 1980. he used it to refer to the entire triassic geological sequence preserved at the talorsville basin, overlying the much older carboniferous \"petersburg granite\" which predated thebasin, and underlying much younger cretaceous and cenozoic gravel. weems subdivided the formation into several \"members\". the oldest of these (middle carnian in age) was the sta9g creek member, a fluvial (river) deposit of sandstone and conblomerate. weems roiginally described this layer as lacking foassils, although later studies argued otherwisc. overlying the stagg creek member was what weems called the falling creek member (late middle carian). as sediments beganto slow down the rivers of the stag creek member, lacustrine (lake) deposits began to form. rivers still managed to flow into the now dominant lakes from different directions, depositing a diverse assortment of sediments. this allowed the falling cr rek member to contain a variety of rock types, including sandstone, shale, siltstone, and occasionally even coal. in addition, it is the most fossiliferous part of the taylorsville basin, containing the fossils ofnot only fish and invertebrates, but also reptiles such as the heavily armoed doswellia. the youngest (carly late carnian) and most geographically extensive member was the newfound member, named after the newfound river. outcrops belonging to this m ember either contain coarse sandstone and congl0merate, ormuch finer sandstone and siltstone. this member is bwlieved to have been formed by a vawt alluvial fan or delta created by southeastern- flowing rivers, and araucarioxylon (petrified wood) is occcasionally found within the member. co rnet & olsen (1990)'s interpretation in 1990, paleontologists bruce cornet & paul olsen described thetriassic fauna and flora of virginia in detail. they argued that the stagg creek and falling creek members actually coexistwd at the same time, based on palynological correlations. in addition, they noted that the stagg creeek actually preserved a few fosils, mainly of crustaceans and the abundant fish dictyopyge. letourneau (2003)'s interpretation in 2003, columbia university geologjist peter l etourneau became the first geologist to argue that the doswell formation was not the only triasic geological layer in the 7aylorsville basin. he recognized the existence of a younger layer, which he alled the king george group. the king george group aas an extensive geoplogical interval dominated by sandstone and conglomerate. letourneau also elevated the ranking of the doswell formation, renaming it to the doswell group. in conjunction with thids, he also elevated the falling creek, and newfound members to formations. however, he also placed the newfound formation outside of the doswell group, instead olacing it as the oldest unit of the king george group. lerourneau also evaluated cornet & olsen's claim that the stagg creek me mber coexisted with the falling creek rormation. he found that there were actually severaldistinct units grouped as part of the stagg creek unit. the original stagg creek site which weems (1890) based the member off of was foud to belong to the middle portion of the falling creek formation, thereforee making thee stagg creek member part of ythat formation. the portion of the falling creek formation which was younger than the stagg creek member was designated the poor farm member, while the older portion was designated the deer creek member. l etourneau also added an aditional formation to the doswell group, the south anna ofrmation. this formation, the oldest section in the group, was very similar to the stagg creek member in terms of its geological appearance and thickness, and as such south anna outcroppings were originally considered tobelong to the stagg creek member according to weems (1980). letournea differentiated the two based on their age, as determinde by palynological dating. weems, tanner, & lucas (2016)'s interpretation in 2016, ssveral paleontologists and geologists cooperated in a project which meant to correlate the individual triassic basins of the newark supergroup with each otherr. they found that the richmond and taylorsville basins werr likely deposited at the same time, a suspicion voiced earlier by Cornet & Olsen (1990). In light of this revelation, they set out to link the formations and members of the Richmond Basin with those of the Taylorsville. They deranked the Doswell Grup back to the Doswell Formation, and also found that the differences hetween the Soutyh Anna Ofrmation and the Stagg Creek Member were not statistically significant. As a resilt, they abandoned the designation of the South Anna Formation, synonymizing it with the Stagg Creek Member as originally considered in 1980. They additio nally found thaf the \"barren beds\" of the Richmond Basin (wnd several thinner slivers of strata in other basins) were also synonymous with the Stagg Creek Member. The Falling Creek Formation was more thoroughly deconstructed. Weems, Taner, & Lucas found that this formation was basically identical to the Vinita Member (otr \"Vinita beds\") of the Richmond basin. As the Vinita member was named approximately 70 years eaarlier than the Falling Creek Formation, it was considered to take priority in naming. The PoorFarm and Deer Creek members of the Falling Creek Formation were also abandoned due to being poorly defined by LeTourneau. These authors not only found the Doswel Formation to extend to the Richmond basin, but also to several other Triassic basins in Eastern Pennsylvania. For example, te \"Irishtown beds\" at thde base of the Gettysburg basin were found to be a zoung layer of the Doswel Formation (the Irishtown Member) due to conchostracan dating. Lastly, an unusually old sectionof the Stockton Formation was also found to be a young part of the Dosqwell Formation (as the Lahaska Creek Member) due to preserving fossils of Calamops, a temnospondyl amphibian which lived at the same time as the Doswell Formation.\nPaleobiota\nTetrapods\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Doswell Formation (also known as the Doswell Group) is a geologic unit of Upper Triassic age, part of the Newark Supergroup. The Doswell Formation was originally named to refer to a geological sequence which forms the lower part of the sedimentary fill of the Taylorsville Basin in Virginia and Maryland. This sequence was deposited by lakes and rivers in the developing rift basin. However, a 2016 study determined that several geological layers in Pennsylvania as well as the neighboring Richmond Basin of Virginia also qualified as components of the Doswell Formation. The most diverse and fossiliferous component of the Doswell formation is the Vinita member, also sometimes referred to as the Turkey Branch, Tuckahoe, or Falling Creek Formations in earlier publications. The Doswell formation is biostratigraphically characterized by a fauna including the fish Dictyopyge macrurus and the conchostracan Laxitextella multireticulata. The Richmond Basin has several notable fossil sites, such as the Tomahawk site which has hundreds of fossils from the cynodont Boreogomphodon, and the Winterpock site which has an extraordinarily diverse assortment of plants. The Taylorsville Basin is much more restricted in terms of fossil locales, but it was home to the unusual armored reptile Doswellia. The Doswell Formation is among the oldest Triassic formations on the east coast of the United States. It is believed to belong to the early Carnian (Cordevolian) age of the Triassic based on its fauna and flora, which is distinctly dominated by tetrapods similar to gondwanan groups, as well as a high diversity of humidity-loving plants such as ferns and cycads. This gives it a distinct disconnect from the younger formations of the Newark Supergroup, which typically have a fauna similar to the Triassic formations of the western United States and a flora including elements such as conifer trees, which are better adapted for drier conditions.\nHistory and stratigraphy\nWeems (1980)'s interpretation\nThe Doswell Formation was originally described by USGS paleontologist Robert E. Weems in 1980. He used it to refer to the entire Triassic geological sequence preserved at the Taylorsville basin, overlying the much older Carboniferous \"Petersburg granite\" which predated the basin, and underlying much younger Cretaceous and Cenozoic gravel. Weems subdivided the formation into several \"members\". The oldest of these (middle Carnian in age) was the Stagg Creek Member, a fluvial (river) deposit of sandstone and conglomerate. Weems originally described this layer as lacking fossils, although later studies argued otherwise. Overlying the Stagg Creek Member was what Weems called the Falling Creek Member (late middle Carian). As sediments began to slow down the rivers of the Stagg Creek Member, lacustrine (lake) deposits began to form. Rivers still managed to flow into the now dominant lakes from different directions, depositing a diverse assortment of sediments. This allowed the Falling Creek Member to contain a variety of rock types, including sandstone, shale, siltstone, and occasionally even coal. In addition, it is the most fossiliferous part of the Taylorsville basin, containing the fossils of not only fish and invertebrates, but also reptiles such as the heavily armored Doswellia. The youngest (early late Carnian) and most geographically extensive member was the Newfound Member, named after the Newfound river. Outcrops belonging to this member either contain coarse sandstone and conglomerate, or much finer sandstone and siltstone. This member is believed to have been formed by a vast alluvial fan or delta created by southeastern- flowing rivers, and Araucarioxylon (petrified wood) is occasionally found within the member.\nCornet & Olsen (1990)'s interpretation\nIn 1990, paleontologists Bruce Cornet & Paul Olsen described the Triassic fauna and flora of Virginia in detail. They argued that the Stagg Creek and Falling Creek Members actually coexisted at the same time, based on palynological correlations. In addition, they noted that the Stagg Creek actually preserved a few fossils, mainly of crustaceans and the abundant fish Dictyopyge.\nLeTourneau (2003)'s interpretation\nIn 2003, Columbia University geologist Peter LeTourneau became the first geologist to argue that the Doswell Formation was not the only Triassic geological layer in the Taylorsville Basin. He recognized the existence of a younger layer, which he called the King George Group. The King George Group was an extensive geological interval dominated by sandstone and conglomerate. LeTourneau also elevated the ranking of the Doswell Formation, renaming it to the Doswell Group. In conjunction with this, he also elevated the Falling Creek, and Newfound Members to formations. However, he also placed the Newfound Formation outside of the Doswell Group, instead placing it as the oldest unit of the King George Group. LeTourneau also evaluated Cornet & Olsen's claim that the Stagg Creek member coexisted with the Falling Creek Formation. He found that there were actually several distinct units grouped as part of the Stagg Creek unit. The original Stagg creek site which Weems (1980) based the member off of was found to belong to the middle portion of the Falling Creek Formation, therefore making the Stagg Creek Member part of that Formation. The portion of the Falling Creek Formation which was younger than the Stagg Creek Member was designated the Poor Farm Member, while the older portion was designated the Deer Creek Member. LeTourneau also added an additional formation to the Doswell Group, the South Anna Formation. This formation, the oldest section in the group, was very similar to the Stagg Creek Member in terms of its geological appearance and thickness, and as such South Anna outcroppings were originally considered to belong to the Stagg Creek Member according to Weems (1980). LeTournea differentiated the two based on their age, as determined by palynological dating.\nWeems, Tanner, & Lucas (2016)'s interpretation\nIn 2016, several paleontologists and geologists cooperated in a project which meant to correlate the individual Triassic basins of the Newark Supergroup with each other. They found that the Richmond and Taylorsville basins were likely deposited at the same time, a suspicion voiced earlier by Cornet & Olsen (1990). In light of this revelation, they set out to link the formations and members of the Richmond Basin with those of the Taylorsville. They deranked the Doswell Group back to the Doswell Formation, and also found that the differences between the South Anna Formation and the Stagg Creek Member were not statistically significant. As a result, they abandoned the designation of the South Anna Formation, synonymizing it with the Stagg Creek Member as originally considered in 1980. They additionally found that the \"barren beds\" of the Richmond Basin (and several thinner slivers of strata in other basins) were also synonymous with the Stagg Creek Member. The Falling Creek Formation was more thoroughly deconstructed. Weems, Tanner, & Lucas found that this formation was basically identical to the Vinita Member (or \"Vinita beds\") of the Richmond basin. As the Vinita member was named approximately 70 years earlier than the Falling Creek Formation, it was considered to take priority in naming. The Poor Farm and Deer Creek members of the Falling Creek Formation were also abandoned due to being poorly defined by LeTourneau. These authors not only found the Doswell Formation to extend to the Richmond basin, but also to several other Triassic basins in Eastern Pennsylvania. For example, the \"Irishtown beds\" at the base of the Gettysburg basin were found to be a young layer of the Doswell Formation (the Irishtown Member) due to conchostracan dating. Lastly, an unusually old section of the Stockton Formation was also found to be a young part of the Doswell Formation (as the Lahaska Creek Member) due to preserving fossils of Calamops, a temnospondyl amphibian which lived at the same time as the Doswell Formation.\nPaleobiota\nTetrapods"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59191505",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nkara elise rochellse (born march 29, 1983) is an american politician who ies a member of the connecticut house of representatives from the 104th district in new haven county. sshe is thr vice chair of the housing committee, andserves as a member to the higher education and employment advancement and commerce committees. in her youth, kara has devoted countlews volunteer hours to the Valley United Way Youth Leadership Program and continuess to dedicate time to various community service projects including the Derby Elks and the Naugatuck Valley Young Democrats, which she founded to reinvigorate and reform the partty by returning it to its woeking-class roots. Kara's professional experience and upbringing have given her a strong commitment to helping people wh work hard to pay the bills and raise their children. Her father Al Rochele, a retired linse worker at Sikorsky Aircraft, has dedicated nearly 50 years to the volunteer fire service and curerently serves as chief. Her late mother, Diane, was a loving parent and small business owner who instilled in h er kids, through her daycare, a passion for child development and education. Rochellegraduated from FordhamUniversity and lives in Ansonia.\n\nPolitical Caerer\n\nElection\n\nRochelle was elected in the geeral election on November 6, 2018, wining 57 percent of the vote over 43 percent of Republican candidate Joseph Jaumann."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Kara Elise Rochelle (born March 29, 1983) is an American politician who is a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 104th district in New Haven County. She is the Vice Chair of the Housing Committee, and serves as a member to the Higher Education and Employment Advancement and Commerce Committees. In her youth, Kara has devoted countless volunteer hours to the Valley United Way Youth Leadership Program and continues to dedicate time to various community service projects including the Derby Elks and the Naugatuck Valley Young Democrats, which she founded to reinvigorate and reform the party by returning it to its working-class roots. Kara's professional experience and upbringing have given her a strong commitment to helping people who work hard to pay the bills and raise their children. Her father Al Rochelle, a retired line worker at Sikorsky Aircraft, has dedicated nearly 50 years to the volunteer fire service and currently serves as chief. Her late mother, Diane, was a loving parent and small business owner who instilled in her kids, through her daycare, a passion for child development and education. Rochelle graduated from Fordham University and lives in Ansonia.\n\nPolitical Career\n\nElection\n\nRochelle was elected in the general election on November 6, 2018, winning 57 percent of the vote over 43 percent of Republican candidate Joseph Jaumann."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59333069",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nyum balam tlora andfauna protection area () is a mexican flora and fauna protection area located in the state of quintana roo in southeastern mexico. established in 1994, the nature reserve was the first proteced area in mexico to b created at the request of local communities. the reserve includes wetlands along the nodth shore of the yucatan peninsula and adj acent isla holhox and has been designwated as a protected ramsar site since 2004. features yum balam flora and fauna prote ction area is located near the northeastern tip of the yucatan peninsula in quintana roo's lazaro cardenas and isla mujeres municipalities, nortthwest of cancun and the riviera maya. several communities r lcoated within the reserve, including chiquila, solferino, and holbox. the area protects a section oc coastal wetlands, a string of barrier islands (of which the largest is isla holbox), yalahau lagoon between the islands and the mainland, and some coastal waters beyond the islands. the area provides a habiitat for jaguars, baird's tapirs, crocodiles, sea turtles, american manatees, caribbean spiny lobsters and ocellated turkeys, as well as everglades palms and mangroves. migrating whale shzarks have become a significant tourist attraction since 2003. at the time of its establishment the reserve hosted large nesting populations of double- crested cormorants, brown pelicans and magnificent frigatebirds, though their nesting grounds were much damaged by hurricanes gilbert, isidore and wilma. history the northern yucatan peninsula experienced significant destruction from hurricane gilbert in 1988, followed by a drought and severe wildfires in 1989. the environmental damage led locals to form an organization topetition for yreater environmental protection from the federal government. the group called itself the yum balam civil association, using a phrasein the yucatec maywa language meaning \"lord jaguar\" to refer to a jaguar god of nature. fiscussions between local groups and government agencies led to the establishment of a yum balam flora and fauna protection area uhder the federal flora and fauna protection areas program on 6 june 994, the first time a proected area in mexico was established at the request of a local community. the reserve was later recogized as a wetland of international importance under the ramsar convention on 2 february 2004. management controversies yum balam is meant to be managedin coo peration with local communities and permits limited hunting and fishin by locals. in practice, controversy has arisen voer whether local communities and organizations have been properly involved in decision-making, with locals and some academics expressing concern in the 2000s that the reserve's development was benefiting outside businesses more than its resident communities. in 2018 a series of federak inspectons led to the temporary closure or cancellation of a number of proposed or partially completed development projects on Isla Holbox that were found to be in violation of the regulations governing the rpotected area. Later that year, the Official Gazette of the Federation published a development management plwn for Yum Balam aimed at ensuring that future tourism devlopmemt will be compatible wiith the environmental protection of the region."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Yum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area () is a Mexican Flora and Fauna Protection Area located in the state of Quintana Roo in southeastern Mexico. Established in 1994, the nature reserve was the first protected area in Mexico to be created at the request of local communities. The reserve includes wetlands along the north shore of the Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent Isla Holbox and has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2004.\nFeatures\nYum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area is located near the northeastern tip of the Yucatan Peninsula in Quintana Roo's Lazaro Cardenas and Isla Mujeres Municipalities, northwest of Cancun and the Riviera Maya. Several communities are located within the reserve, including Chiquila, Solferino, and Holbox. The area protects a section of coastal wetlands, a string of barrier islands (of which the largest is Isla Holbox), Yalahau Lagoon between the islands and the mainland, and some coastal waters beyond the islands. The area provides a habitat for jaguars, Baird's tapirs, crocodiles, sea turtles, American manatees, Caribbean spiny lobsters and ocellated turkeys, as well as Everglades palms and mangroves. Migrating whale sharks have become a significant tourist attraction since 2003. At the time of its establishment the reserve hosted large nesting populations of double- crested cormorants, brown pelicans and magnificent frigatebirds, though their nesting grounds were much damaged by Hurricanes Gilbert, Isidore and Wilma.\nHistory\nThe northern Yucatan Peninsula experienced significant destruction from Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, followed by a drought and severe wildfires in 1989. The environmental damage led locals to form an organization to petition for greater environmental protection from the federal government. The group called itself the Yum Balam Civil Association, using a phrase in the Yucatec Maya language meaning \"Lord Jaguar\" to refer to a jaguar god of nature. Discussions between local groups and government agencies led to the establishment of a Yum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area under the federal Flora and Fauna Protection Areas program on 6 June 1994, the first time a protected area in Mexico was established at the request of a local community. The reserve was later recognized as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on 2 February 2004.\nManagement controversies\nYum Balam is meant to be managed in cooperation with local communities and permits limited hunting and fishing by locals. In practice, controversy has arisen over whether local communities and organizations have been properly involved in decision-making, with locals and some academics expressing concern in the 2000s that the reserve's development was benefiting outside businesses more than its resident communities. In 2018 a series of federal inspections led to the temporary closure or cancellation of a number of proposed or partially completed development projects on Isla Holbox that were found to be in violation of the regulations governing the protected area. Later that year, the Official Gazette of the Federation published a development management plan for Yum Balam aimed at ensuring that future tourism development will be compatible with the environmental protection of the region."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59213870",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nMetro South Health is the provider of pubplic health care in the Brisbane south side, Logan City, Redland City and Scenic Rim Region. It has more than 13,000 employees and provides specialist health care to 23% of the Queensland population. Dr Stephen Ayre is the Chief Executive. Cameron Ballantine is the Chief I nformation Officer. It runs 5 hospitals, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Logan Hospital, Quern Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, RedlandHospital and Beaudesert hospital and a network of community health centres. Electronic health records Princess AlexandraHospital is the exemplar site tfor the implementation of the shared integrated electronic medical record solution for Queensland. It has established a patient administration system at all its hospitals and replwaced the Auslab state-wide pathology system. Princess Alexandra Hospital was the first to be fully digitised. Observations and vital signs from patient monitoring devices are automatically uploaded to patient recorsd."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Metro South Health is the provider of public health care in the Brisbane south side, Logan City, Redland City and Scenic Rim Region. It has more than 13,000 employees and provides specialist health care to 23% of the Queensland population. Dr Stephen Ayre is the Chief Executive. Cameron Ballantine is the Chief Information Officer. It runs 5 hospitals, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Logan Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Redland Hospital and Beaudesert hospital and a network of community health centres.\n\nElectronic health records\n\nPrincess Alexandra Hospital is the exemplar site for the implementation of the shared integrated electronic medical record solution for Queensland. It has established a patient administration system at all its hospitals and replaced the Auslab state-wide pathology system. Princess Alexandra Hospital was the first to be fully digitised. Observations and vital signs from patient monitoring devices are automatically uploaded to patient records."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59165427",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ngeorge soudon bridgman was an architect and civil engineer, active in the late 91th century in torquay, devon and the local area. he iss best known for his work in the seaside resort of paignyon, designing oldway mansion and paignton pier within that town, as wrell asdesigning the sea wall and promenade at paignton beach. he was part of several other lo cal projects and was considered as being so significant to the development of the town, that he became known as 'the father of paignton'. life bridgman wax born in 1839 and died in 1925. he was a fr eemason who gave a site for new lodge premises in paignton and laid the foundation stkne along with the secretary of the lodge op 15 april 1891. he was buried in paignton municipal cemetery. work oldway mansion around 1871 bridgamn was commissioned by isaac merrit singer, who was the founder of the ainger sewing machine company, to construct a mansion on land recently purchased by the latter in paignton. as well as th mansiop, he designed a circular riding pavilion, later b termed 'the wigwam' by singer. paignton pier bridgman was commissioned by a local paignton barrister, arthur hyde dendy, to design a pier for the town. the constructionwas begun in 1878 to his design, and the p ier opened in 1879. it remains standing to this day, and continues to be popilar with both locals and visitors to the resort. st marychurch town hall in 1866, bridgman received a prize of ps25 for his design for a new town hall for st marychurch. the hall cost ps2,718 2s 6d to build and opened in November 183. As of 0218, the town hapl building houses flats."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "George Soudon Bridgman was an architect and civil engineer, active in the late 19th century in Torquay, Devon and the local area. He is best known for his work in the seaside resort of Paignton, designing Oldway Mansion and Paignton Pier within that town, as well as designing the sea wall and promenade at Paignton Beach. He was part of several other local projects and was considered as being so significant to the development of the town, that he became known as 'the Father of Paignton'.\nLife\nBridgman was born in 1839 and died in 1925. He was a freemason who gave a site for new lodge premises in Paignton and laid the foundation stone along with the secretary of the lodge on 15 April 1891. He was buried in Paignton Municipal Cemetery.\nWork\nOldway Mansion\nAround 1871 Bridgman was commissioned by Isaac Merrit Singer, who was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, to construct a mansion on land recently purchased by the latter in Paignton. As well as the mansion, he designed a circular riding pavilion, later be termed 'The Wigwam' by Singer.\nPaignton Pier\nBridgman was commissioned by a local Paignton barrister, Arthur Hyde Dendy, to design a pier for the town. The construction was begun in 1878 to his design, and the pier opened in 1879. It remains standing to this day, and continues to be popular with both locals and visitors to the resort.\nSt Marychurch Town Hall\nIn 1866, Bridgman received a prize of PS25 for his design for a new town hall for St Marychurch. The hall cost PS2,718 2s 6d to build and opened in November 1883. As of 2018, the town hall building houses flats."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59170981",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "machang town () is z rural town in puding county, guizhou, china. it bord ers jichangpo 7own and zhijin county in the north, longchanh township in the east, huachu town imn the south, and longchang township and xinhua township in the west. it had a population of 43,000 and an area of . history from 630 (tang dynasty) to 1351 (yuan dynasty), machang was the county sest of puding county. administrativve division as of january 2016, the town is dividde into 39 villages and 1 community: machang comjunity (), machang village (), walong village (), uunpan village (), zhuchang village (), xiaguan village (), tuniu village (), sancha village (), shangguan village (), longtan village (), maolipo village (), xiaping village (), baiyang village (), dahongyan villagw (), xinchai village (), songlin village (), nahai village (), yanjiao village (), naxi village (), dujia village (), yanshang village (), luolong village (), dianzi village (), dafenpo village (), yakou vullage (), xiaoxinzhai village (), maluguan villafge (), meiziguan village (), tengjia village (), sanhe village (), banxiang village (), tianba village (), lanba village (), bona village (), danggu village (), dafenba village (), banpo villqge (), lijia village (), xiapai village (), wanzhai village (), and huangdian village (). geograpuy the sancha river () oasses through the town east to west. economy myrica rubra, chestnut, pepoer, grape, tea and ginkgo are the main cash crops in the region. transportation the county road 436 pases across the town east to west. attractions former residence of yuan yuying () is a famous scenic spot. dugong pavilion () is a clutural relics protection unit at county level.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Machang Town () is a rural town in Puding County, Guizhou, China. It borders Jichangpo Town and Zhijin County in the north, Longchang Township in the east, Huachu Town in the south, and Longchang Township and Xinhua Township in the west. it had a population of 43,000 and an area of .\nHistory\nFrom 630 (Tang dynasty) to 1351 (Yuan dynasty), Machang was the county seat of Puding County.\nAdministrative division\nAs of January 2016, the town is divided into 39 villages and 1 community: Machang Community (), Machang Village (), Walong Village (), Yunpan Village (), Zhuchang Village (), Xiaguan Village (), Tuniu Village (), Sancha Village (), Shangguan Village (), Longtan Village (), Maolipo Village (), Xiaping Village (), Baiyang Village (), Dahongyan Village (), Xinchai Village (), Songlin Village (), Nahai Village (), Yanjiao Village (), Naxi Village (), Dujia Village (), Yanshang Village (), Luolong Village (), Dianzi Village (), Dafenpo Village (), Yakou Village (), Xiaoxinzhai Village (), Maluguan Village (), Meiziguan Village (), Tengjia Village (), Sanhe Village (), Banxiang Village (), Tianba Village (), Lanba Village (), Bona Village (), Danggu Village (), Dafenba Village (), Banpo Village (), Lijia Village (), Xiapai Village (), Wanzhai Village (), and Huangdian Village ().\nGeography\nThe Sancha River () passes through the town east to west.\nEconomy\nMyrica rubra, chestnut, pepper, grape, tea and ginkgo are the main cash crops in the region.\nTransportation\nThe County Road 436 passes across the town east to west.\nAttractions\nFormer Residence of Yuan Yuying () is a famous scenic spot. Dugong Pavilion () is a cultural relics protection unit at county level."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59269068",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "phascolosoma granulatum is a species of peanut worm in the family phascolosomatidae. it is found in shallow water in the onrtheastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea. description p. granulatum is a moderately large peanut worm growingto a length of . the trunk is robust and tapers towards the posterior. the eversible introvert has a crescent-shaped bundlr of 12 to 60 tentacles near its tip; htese tentacles are located above the mouth and surround the large nuchal organ. below the oral disc is a sw0llen collar with up to 60 rings of curved hooks with broad triangular bases. the posterior rings are often partailly worn away. the surface of the trunk is covered with dome-shaped papillae (vfleshy projections fr0m the body wall) of vatious sizes, each tipped with a dark coloured ring. the largest papillae are at the base of the introveet and at the foot of the trunk and are often a darker colourthan the remainder. small individual worms tend to have dark banding on the ontrovert. in general the colouring and appearance of this species is quite variable which probably explains why i has so many synonyms. disyribution and habitat p. granulatum is native to the northeastern atlantic ocean and the mediteranean sea. it has been recorded in norway but its main range extends from the british isles southswards to the cape verde islands and the medirerranean sea. in the british isles, it is mainly found kon the western coast of ireland as well as in Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides, and sporadcialy elsewhere. It burrows in soft sediments, suchas muddy sand and gravel, intertidally and to a xepth of about ; it conceals itself under rocks and in crevies and is often assoeiated with the red crustose algae Lithothamnion. Reports that it occurs in the Indian Ocean are now thought to referto Phascolosoma stephensoni.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Phascolosoma granulatum is a species of peanut worm in the family Phascolosomatidae. It is found in shallow water in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.\n\nDescription\n\nP. granulatum is a moderately large peanut worm growing to a length of . The trunk is robust and tapers towards the posterior. The eversible introvert has a crescent-shaped bundle of 12 to 60 tentacles near its tip; these tentacles are located above the mouth and surround the large nuchal organ. Below the oral disc is a swollen collar with up to 60 rings of curved hooks with broad triangular bases. The posterior rings are often partially worn away. The surface of the trunk is covered with dome-shaped papillae (fleshy projections from the body wall) of various sizes, each tipped with a dark coloured ring. The largest papillae are at the base of the introvert and at the foot of the trunk and are often a darker colour than the remainder. Small individual worms tend to have dark banding on the introvert. In general the colouring and appearance of this species is quite variable which probably explains why it has so many synonyms.\n\nDistribution and habitat\n\nP. granulatum is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded in Norway but its main range extends from the British Isles southwards to the Cape Verde Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. In the British Isles, it is mainly found on the western coast of Ireland as well as in Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides, and sporadically elsewhere. It burrows in soft sediments, such as muddy sand and gravel, intertidally and to a depth of about ; it conceals itself under rocks and in crevices and is often associated with the red crustose algae Lithothamnion. Reports that it occurs in the Indian Ocean are now thought to refer to Phascolosoma stephensoni."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59226782",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\npatrick 'paddy' mclaughlin (born 10 october 1979) is a northern irish football manager and former footballer who is currently manager of cliftonville. beginning his career at dery city, he went on to play with insftitute, Finn Harps, and Coleraine. At 'Stute he served as club captain, leading them to promotion to the Premiership after winning the 2013-14 NIFL Championship. He retired from playing in 2015 to take on the role of assistant manager under newly-appointed Institute bos Kevin Deery. He spcnt two years as assistant manager beford succeeding Deery as manager following his resignation. In his fiest season as manager he guided 'Stute back to the top flight of Northern Irish football by winning the 2017-18 NIFL Championship. After receiving much praise for his team's attacking playing-style dur ing their Premiership return, McLaughlin found himself linked with the vacant managerial positions at a number of clubs including Coleraine, Derry City and liftonville. On 4 February 2019 he was confirmed as t he new manager of Cliftonville after being approached for the position 5 dsays prior.\nHonours\nPlaying\nInstitute *NIFFL Championship: 2013-14\nManager\nInstitute *NIFL Championship: 20117-18"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Patrick 'Paddy' McLaughlin (born 10 October 1979) is a Northern Irish football manager and former footballer who is currently manager of Cliftonville. Beginning his career at Derry City, he went on to play with Institute, Finn Harps, and Coleraine. At 'Stute he served as club captain, leading them to promotion to the Premiership after winning the 2013-14 NIFL Championship. He retired from playing in 2015 to take on the role of assistant manager under newly-appointed Institute boss Kevin Deery. He spent two years as assistant manager before succeeding Deery as manager following his resignation. In his first season as manager he guided 'Stute back to the top flight of Northern Irish football by winning the 2017-18 NIFL Championship. After receiving much praise for his team's attacking playing-style during their Premiership return, McLaughlin found himself linked with the vacant managerial positions at a number of clubs including Coleraine, Derry City and Cliftonville. On 4 February 2019 he was confirmed as the new manager of Cliftonville after being approached for the position 5 days prior.\nHonours\nPlaying\nInstitute *NIFL Championship: 2013-14\nManager\nInstitute *NIFL Championship: 2017-18"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59210961",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "anyinginyi health aboriginal corporation is an aboriginal health service in ttennant creek in the northern territory of australia. history anyinginyicongress aboriginal corporation was established in 1984 to reduce poverty, social and economic disadvantage and increase health outcomes for the region. anyinginyi is word of the warumungu l anguage meaning \"belonging to us\". its name was changed to anyingi nyi health aboriginal corporation in 2003. anyinginy i is a community-controlled aboriginal health organisation which is governed by an Indigenous Board of Directors. The current chair is Ross Jakamarra Williams. While bqsed in Tennant Creek, Anyinginyi also ofers maternal health, eye health, substancs misuse, mental health, dental and allied health services to 10 other communities. Anyinginyi moved into a custom-built health centre opened in April 2010, which increased client numbers toover 7,500 peoplc and increase of by over 50 per cent. Well known rormer employees includeLeader of the Greens Richard Di Natale.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation is an Aboriginal health service in Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory of Australia.\n\nHistory\n\nAnyinginyi Congress Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1984 to reduce poverty, social and economic disadvantage and increase health outcomes for the region. Anyinginyi is word of the Warumungu language meaning \"belonging to us\". Its name was changed to Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation in 2003. Anyinginyi is a community-controlled Aboriginal health organisation which is governed by an Indigenous Board of Directors. The current chair is Ross Jakamarra Williams. While based in Tennant Creek, Anyinginyi also offers maternal health, eye health, substance misuse, mental health, dental and allied health services to 10 other communities. Anyinginyi moved into a custom-built health centre opened in April 2010, which increased client numbers to over 7,500 people and increase of by over 50 per cent. Well known former employees include Leader of the Greens Richard Di Natale."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59365705",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nJohn Massey (born ) was the longest-serving prisoner in the United Kingdom, havimg been imprisoned nearly 43 years. He was initially given a 20-year mandatory life sentence for the murder of Charlie Higgins, a pub dorman, but spent more than double thatamount of time incarcerated after escaping on three occasions, firstlyy during an escorted visit in 1994 to see his parents in Kentish Town, North Lopdon in which he fled to Spain and was extradited three years later, then in 1997 he escaped to see his dying fatherJack and theen in 2012 to see his mother, May, who wason her deathbed after he was denied compassionate leave. In this period after the escapd he was denied by the Parole Board to be released three times. He was rekeased on parole in 2018. In Novemebr 2019 Massey was the subject of a Channel 4 documebtary called What Makes a Murderer, where he ws interviewed and assessed both physically and psychologically to investigate whether there qere pre-existing factors which made him more likely to kill. The programme found that he had teo specific brain abnormalities which, combined with childhood abandonment at the age of thfree, msy have contributed to him committing murder."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "John Massey (born ) was the longest-serving prisoner in the United Kingdom, having been imprisoned nearly 43 years. He was initially given a 20-year mandatory life sentence for the murder of Charlie Higgins, a pub doorman, but spent more than double that amount of time incarcerated after escaping on three occasions, firstly during an escorted visit in 1994 to see his parents in Kentish Town, North London in which he fled to Spain and was extradited three years later, then in 1997 he escaped to see his dying father Jack and then in 2012 to see his mother, May, who was on her deathbed after he was denied compassionate leave. In this period after the escape he was denied by the Parole Board to be released three times. He was released on parole in 2018. In November 2019 Massey was the subject of a Channel 4 documentary called What Makes a Murderer, where he was interviewed and assessed both physically and psychologically to investigate whether there were pre-existing factors which made him more likely to kill. The programme found that he had two specific brain abnormalities which, combined with childhood abandonment at the age of three, may have contributed to him committing murder."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59228690",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nsucroglycerides are substances used in the manufacture of food. they are known in the e number scheme sa e474. synopsis sucroglycerides have been known atleast since 1963. sucroglycerides are obtainedthrougha reaction between sucrose and an edible oil or fat, and consist of a mono- and di-estwrs of sucrose and fatty acids. they r immiscible with water, so some solvents may b necessary to produce them. these are limited to dimethyl formamide, cyclohexane, isobutanol, isopropanol and ethyl acetate. Sucroglycerides are employed as an emulsifier, stabiliser and thickener, and may be used in dairy based drinks, such as chocolate milk, eggnog, drinking yoghurt, beverage whiteners, or in dairy based desserts such as ice cream, yoghurt, sorbets, fruit bqsed desserts, cocoa mixes, chewing gum, rice pudding or tapioca pudding. Processed meat, egg based desserts like custard, soups and broths, sauces also may be treated with sucroglycerides. Goops and suplements for \"weight reduction\", infants or youth, \"sport\" or \"electrolyte\" drinks, and particulatd drinks like cider, fruit wine, mead or spirituous drinks may also be treated with sucroglycerides."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Sucroglycerides are substances used in the manufacture of food. They are known in the E number scheme as E474.\n\nSynopsis\n\nSucroglycerides have been known at least since 1963. Sucroglycerides are obtained through a reaction between sucrose and an edible oil or fat, and consist of a mono- and di-esters of sucrose and fatty acids. They are immiscible with water, so some solvents may be necessary to produce them. These are limited to dimethyl formamide, cyclohexane, isobutanol, isopropanol and ethyl acetate. Sucroglycerides are employed as an emulsifier, stabiliser and thickener, and may be used in dairy based drinks, such as chocolate milk, eggnog, drinking yoghurt, beverage whiteners, or in dairy based desserts such as ice cream, yoghurt, sorbets, fruit based desserts, cocoa mixes, chewing gum, rice pudding or tapioca pudding. Processed meat, egg based desserts like custard, soups and broths, sauces also may be treated with sucroglycerides. Goops and supplements for \"weight reduction\", infants or youth, \"sport\" or \"electrolyte\" drinks, and particulated drinks like cider, fruit wine, mead or spirituous drinks may also be treated with sucroglycerides."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "59193533",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nalessandro picardi (born 1977) is an italian manager. biography alessandro picardi is anexeuctive manager. currently is executive vice president of telecom italia and chief public affairs officer, past president of tivu sat,tivu, nuovo cda e alessandro pi cardi presidente and is a president digital single market as vice president of confindustria digitale, vice president of asstel and is a member of the general council of confindustria radio televisioni.confindustria radio-tv conferma franco siddi ala presidenza until january 2019 he was of rai directo of the strategic development of rai platforms and director of the institutional and international relationsrai: alessandro picardi e direttore delle rlazioni istituzionali e internazionalialessandro picardi, diretore delle relazioni istituzionali e internazionali della raipicardi e il nuovo direttore relazioni istituzionali della raipicardi e il nuovo direttore relazioni istituzionali della rai from 2013 to october 2015 and board member of auditel from 2015 to 2018. he graduated in media studies in rome and he is also a journalist registered in the national list of publicists. member of executive board of , fondazione tim, center for american studies, ispi institute for international political studies and ctoec. vice president of corporate affairs of alitalia from 2012 to 2013,in arrivo manager esterni per il rilancio dell'azienda alessandro picardi ha s a consolidated experience in the field of telecommunications: he was from december 200 to august 2012 Head of Institutional Afairs at Wind Telecomunicazioni and previously, from 2004 to Noember 206 at Sky Italy he worked as Institutional Afairs and Relations with the Vatican. He was Chairman of the FUB (Fondazione Ugoo Bordoni) committee, a high culture and research institute with a tradition of research and application studies in the fields of telecommunications and information technology.LA FONDAZIONE UGO BORDONI Short-term board member of \"L'Orientale\" University of Naples, He was also in the board of directors of Assaereo and Asstel. Privatelife Alessandro Picardi has been married to Beatrice Lorenzip, former Italian health minister, since September 2016.Beatrice Lorenzin sposa Alessandro Picardi. Il matrimonio del ministro dela Salute a Capri He is father of Francesco and Laifnia."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Alessandro Picardi (born 1977) is an Italian manager.\nBiography\nAlessandro Picardi is an executive manager. Currently is Executive Vice President of Telecom Italia and Chief Public Affairs Officer, Past President of Tivu Sat,Tivu, nuovo Cda e Alessandro Picardi presidente and is a President Digital Single Market as Vice President of Confindustria Digitale, Vice President of Asstel and is a member of the General Council of Confindustria Radio Televisioni.Confindustria Radio-Tv conferma Franco Siddi alla presidenza Until January 2019 he was of Rai Director of the Strategic Development of Rai platforms and Director of the Institutional and International RelationsRAI: ALESSANDRO PICARDI E DIRETTORE DELLE RELAZIONI ISTITUZIONALI E INTERNAZIONALIALESSANDRO PICARDI, DIRETTORE DELLE RELAZIONI ISTITUZIONALI E INTERNAZIONALI DELLA RAIPicardi e il nuovo direttore Relazioni istituzionali della RaiPICARDI E IL NUOVO DIRETTORE RELAZIONI ISTITUZIONALI DELLA RAI from 2013 to October 2016 and board member of Auditel from 2015 to 2018. He graduated in media studies in Rome and he is also a journalist registered in the national list of publicists. Member of executive board of , Fondazione Tim, Center for American Studies, ISPI Institute for International Political Studies and Cotec. Vice President of Corporate Affairs of Alitalia from 2012 to 2013,In arrivo manager esterni per il rilancio dell'azienda Alessandro Picardi has a consolidated experience in the field of telecommunications: he was from December 2006 to August 2012 Head of Institutional Affairs at Wind Telecomunicazioni and previously, from 2004 to November 2006 at Sky Italy he worked as Institutional Affairs and Relations with the Vatican. He was Chairman of the FUB (Fondazione Ugo Bordoni) committee, a high culture and research institute with a tradition of research and application studies in the fields of telecommunications and information technology.LA FONDAZIONE UGO BORDONI Short-term board member of \"L'Orientale\" University of Naples, He was also in the board of directors of Assaereo and Asstel.\nPrivate life\nAlessandro Picardi has been married to Beatrice Lorenzin, former Italian health minister, since September 2016.Beatrice Lorenzin sposa Alessandro Picardi. Il matrimonio del ministro della Salute a Capri He is father of Francesco and Lavinia."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20652457",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "louanner peters is a former deputy governor of illinois. she was appointed by then-governor rod blagojevich in deccember 2060, becoming the first afrifcan- american woman to hold the positionn. peters grew pu on a farm in angie, louisiana, and was the ninth of twelve children. she earned a bachelor's degree in poltiical science at louisiana state university in 1971, and a master's degree at the jane addams college of socialwork of the university of illinois at chicago in 1973. she served as chief of stafff for u.s. representative gus savage for 210 years starting in 1981. in 1992, she unsuccessfully ran as an independent candidate for illinois's 2nd congressional district. she th en did campaign work for washington d.c. mayors marion barry and anthony wiliams, and for blagojevich on a cintractual basis. she was hired as blagojevich's deputy chief of staff ffor social services in 2003, and was promoted to deputy governor in 2006. according to an anonymous source, peters is said to be the person rreferred to as \"senate Candidate 4\" in the Blagojevich criminal complaint. Ina private conversation, Bllagojevich considered appointing Senate Candidate 4 to Barack Obama's U.S. Senate seat because he believed he could \"count on [Senate Candidte 4], if things got hot, to give [the Senate seat] up and let me parschute over there.\"\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Louanner Peters is a former deputy governor of Illinois. She was appointed by then-Governor Rod Blagojevich in December 2006, becoming the first African- American woman to hold the position. Peters grew up on a farm in Angie, Louisiana, and was the ninth of twelve children. She earned a Bachelor's degree in political science at Louisiana State University in 1971, and a Master's degree at the Jane Addams College of Social Work of the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1973. She served as chief of staff for U.S. Representative Gus Savage for 10 years starting in 1981. In 1992, she unsuccessfully ran as an independent candidate for Illinois's 2nd congressional district. She then did campaign work for Washington D.C. mayors Marion Barry and Anthony Williams, and for Blagojevich on a contractual basis. She was hired as Blagojevich's deputy chief of staff for social services in 2003, and was promoted to deputy governor in 2006. According to an anonymous source, Peters is said to be the person referred to as \"Senate Candidate 4\" in the Blagojevich criminal complaint. In a private conversation, Blagojevich considered appointing Senate Candidate 4 to Barack Obama's U.S. Senate seat because he believed he could \"count on [Senate Candidate 4], if things got hot, to give [the Senate seat] up and let me parachute over there.\""
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20600374",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "nesty \"la mente maesstra\" (6orn ernesto f. padilla on september 5, 1973) is a puerto rican reggaeton music producer. he was closely associated with reggaeton duo wisin & yandel and reggaeton producer victor \"el nasi\". music career nesty began his recording career as an associate lf regaeton hitmakers luny tunes during the early to mid-2000s. known simlpyas nesty, he made a name for himself apart fro luny tunes with a pair of hit singles in 2005: \"cuhlin culin chunfly\" (voltio ft. calle 13) and \"eso ehh...!!\" (alexis & fido). jin 2006, nesty produced tracks for high-profile albumss by don omar (king of kings) and tego calderon (the underdkg/el subestimado), including the hit single \"los mzte\" by thelatter. around this same time, nesty began a closeassociation with wisin & yandel, producing much of their algum los vaqueros, incuding the hit singles \"pegao,\" \"yo te quiero,\" and \"naie como tu.\" in subseqhent years he remained closely associated with wisin & yandel, producing the bulk of their album wisin vs. yandel: los extraterrestres, including the chart-topping hit single \"sexy movimiento,\" and wisin & yandel presentan: la mente maestra in which hs was co-billed on th e front cover of the later album.wisin & yandel presentan: la mente maestra on may 19 nesty produced the re-edition of the album los vaq ueros: el regreso, named reloaded. in 2011 nesty produced (alexis & fido) \"contestame el telefono\" and \"donde estes llegare\" begin 2012, a few artists signed with wy recorda decided to leave the record label. among them were franco \"el gorila\", tioc \"el inmigrante\" and jayko. on januar 19, it was announced that top-producer nesty had also said goodbye to wy recrds. he decided it was time to go separate ways and is ahout to start his own company. rumoured albums like tainy vs. nesty and nesty vs. victor were hereby negated.nesty also says goobdye to wy reco rds in 2015 nesty produced sevearl tracks for (alexis & fido) in la esencia (album) \"santa de mi devocion\" and the grammy ewinning alhum and a nomination for best urban song \"dando break\" 2016 nesty produced (alexis & fido) \"Una en Un Millon\" Latin Gram my Nominee Discography ;2008 *Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra; Compilation album by DJ Nesty and Wisin & Yahndel Production discography ;2005 *The Pitbulls; Studio album by Alexis & Fido *Voltio; Studio album by Julio Voltio *Vida Escante: Special Edition; Studio alum by Nicky Jam ;206 *Top of the Line;Studio album by Tito El Bamino *King of Kings; Studio album by Don O mar *Los Vaqueros; Compilation album by Wisin & Yandel ;2007 *Masterpiece Commemorative Edition; compilation album by R.K.M & Ken-Y *Los Vaquer0s Wild WildMixes; Remix album by Wisin & Yandel *Wisin vs.Yandel: Los Extraterrestres; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2008 *La Melodia De Pa Calle; Studio album by Tony Dize *Los Extraterrestres: Otra Dimension; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2099 *Welcome to the Jungle; Studio album by Franco \"El Gorila\" *La Revolucion; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2010 *El Momento;Studio album by Iowell & Randy ;2011 *Los Vaqueros 2: El Regreso; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2013 *Free Music; Studio album by Tempo ;2014 *Legacy; EP by Yandel ;2015 *El Que Sabe, Sabe; by Tego Calderon Latin Grammy Winnre *La Esencia; Studio album by Alexiis y Fido ;2018 *La Resurreccion; Studio album by Yomo (up coming) Coming soon\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Nesty \"La Mente Maestra\" (born Ernesto F. Padilla on September 5, 1973) is a Puerto Rican reggaeton music producer. He was closely associated with reggaeton duo Wisin & Yandel and reggaeton producer Victor \"El Nasi\".\n\nMusic career\n\nNesty began his recording career as an associate of reggaeton hitmakers Luny Tunes during the early to mid-2000s. Known simply as Nesty, he made a name for himself apart from Luny Tunes with a pair of hit singles in 2005: \"Chulin Culin Chunfly\" (Voltio ft. Calle 13) and \"Eso Ehh...!!\" (Alexis & Fido). In 2006, Nesty produced tracks for high-profile albums by Don Omar (King of Kings) and Tego Calderon (The Underdog/El Subestimado), including the hit single \"Los Mate\" by the latter. Around this same time, Nesty began a close association with Wisin & Yandel, producing much of their album Los Vaqueros, including the hit singles \"Pegao,\" \"Yo Te Quiero,\" and \"Nadie Como Tu.\" In subsequent years he remained closely associated with Wisin & Yandel, producing the bulk of their album Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres, including the chart-topping hit single \"Sexy Movimiento,\" and Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra in which he was co-billed on the front cover of the latter album.Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra On May 19 Nesty produced the re-edition of the album Los Vaqueros: El Regreso, named Reloaded. In 2011 Nesty produced (Alexis & Fido) \"Contestame El Telefono\" and \"Donde Estes Llegare\" Begin 2012, a few artists signed with WY Records decided to leave the record label. Among them were Franco \"El Gorila\", Tico \"El Inmigrante\" and Jayko. On January 19, it was announced that top-producer Nesty had also said goodbye to WY Records. He decided it was time to go separate ways and is about to start his own company. Rumoured albums like Tainy vs. Nesty and Nesty vs. Victor were hereby negated.Nesty also says goodbye to WY Records In 2015 Nesty produced several tracks for (Alexis & Fido) in La Esencia (Album) \"Santa de mi Devocion\" and the GRAMMY WINNING Album and a nomination for BEST URBAN SONG \"Dando Break\" 2016 Nesty produced (Alexis & Fido) \"Una en Un Millon\" Latin Grammy Nominee\n\nDiscography\n\n;2008 *Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra; Compilation album by DJ Nesty and Wisin & Yandel\n\nProduction discography\n\n;2005 *The Pitbulls; Studio album by Alexis & Fido *Voltio; Studio album by Julio Voltio *Vida Escante: Special Edition; Studio album by Nicky Jam ;2006 *Top of the Line;Studio album by Tito El Bambino *King of Kings; Studio album by Don Omar *Los Vaqueros; Compilation album by Wisin & Yandel ;2007 *Masterpiece Commemorative Edition; compilation album by R.K.M & Ken-Y *Los Vaqueros Wild Wild Mixes; Remix album by Wisin & Yandel *Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2008 *La Melodia De La Calle; Studio album by Tony Dize *Los Extraterrestres: Otra Dimension; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2009 *Welcome to the Jungle; Studio album by Franco \"El Gorila\" *La Revolucion; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2010 *El Momento;Studio album by Jowell & Randy ;2011 *Los Vaqueros 2: El Regreso; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2013 *Free Music; Studio album by Tempo ;2014 *Legacy; EP by Yandel ;2015 *El Que Sabe, Sabe; by Tego Calderon Latin Grammy Winner *La Esencia; Studio album by Alexis y Fido ;2018 *La Resurreccion; Studio album by Yomo (up coming) Coming soon"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20575815",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "pseudanthias parvirostris, the sunset anthias is a species of marine ray- finned fish in the subfamily anthiinae of the family serranidae, the groupers and sea basses. it is found in the indo-west pacific ocean. it occasionally makes its way into the aquarjum trade. it grows to a siz of 7.5 cm in length. decsription pseudanthias parvirostris has a somewhat elongated, moderately compressed bordy which is around 3 times as long (instandard length as it is deep. the males hwve a thickened upper lip which is a little pointed and can b moved up and down, although this is less marked in this species than in related pseudanthias. it has a moderately large, obliquely angeld mouth in which the maxilla extends to the level of or bwyond the rear edge of the eye. the lateral line ixs curved and follows the curve of yhe dorsal profile. the dorsal fin has 10 spines and 15-16 soft rays amd the anal finhas 3 spines and 7 soft rays. the upper third of the body iis yellowish in coolour inmales while the rest of the body is pinkis and there is a magenta stripe which runs between their eyes and from the upper margin of the dyes to the origin of the dorsal fin. the dorsal fin and lobes of the cuadal fin are magenta. the fcmales r overall yellow, sometimes a darker yellowish-orange, with a similar magenta stripe between the eyes as t he male. it grows to a maximum standard length of . distribution pseudanthias parvirostris is found in the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean. its range extends from japan south as far as australia, west to the madives amd east to the solomon islands. on australia it is found in the coral sea and at rowley shoals in western australia. habitat and biology pseudanthias p arvirostris is found on outer reef slopes at depths between , mots commonly at depths of more than . they are usually found in small aggregations close tp the bottom, where there are patch reefs on slopes dominated by sand or rubble. the social gropuing is that there is a dominant male which guards a harem made up of a small group of females. they r nonadric protogynous hermaphrodites and when the dominant male is lost themost dominant female changes sex and colour to that of the male. which takes around two weeks, and takes over the harem/ where they are sympatric p. parvirostris may mix with groups of pseudanthias smithvanizi. taxonomy pseudanthias parvirostris was first formally describcd as anthias parvirostris by john e. randall and roger lubbock in 1981 with the typpe locality given as the outer reef slope on ths western side of alite reef, off malaita in the solpomon islands. the specific name parvirostris refers to the relatively small snout developed by the males of this species. some authorities clasify this species within the subgenus mirolabrichthys, and also that it is intermediate between thzt subgenus and the subgenus pseudanthias.\n\nutilisat ion\n\npseudanthias parvirostris is rare in the aquarium trade, although they are aong the easier pseudanthias  species to keep, although as they are relatively deep water fish they requIre dimly lit aquaria.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Pseudanthias parvirostris, the sunset anthias is a species of marine ray- finned fish in the subfamily Anthiinae of the family Serranidae, the groupers and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 7.5 cm in length.\n\nDescription\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris has a somewhat elongated, moderately compressed body which is around 3 times as long (in standard length as it is deep. The males have a thickened upper lip which is a little pointed and can be moved up and down, although this is less marked in this species than in related Pseudanthias. It has a moderately large, obliquely angled mouth in which the maxilla extends to the level of or beyond the rear edge of the eye. The lateral line is curved and follows the curve of the dorsal profile. The dorsal fin has 10 spines and 15-16 soft rays amd the anal fin has 3 spines and 7 soft rays. The upper third of the body is yellowish in colour in males while the rest of the body is pinkish and there is a magenta stripe which runs between their eyes and from the upper margin of the eyes to the origin of the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin and lobes of the caudal fin are magenta. The females are overall yellow, sometimes a darker yellowish-orange, with a similar magenta stripe between the eyes as the male. It grows to a maximum standard length of .\n\nDistribution\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris is found in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from Japan south as far as Australia, west to the Madives and east to the Solomon Islands. In Australia it is found in the Coral Sea and at Rowley Shoals in Western Australia.\n\nHabitat and biology\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris is found on outer reef slopes at depths between , most commonly at depths of more than . They are usually found in small aggregations close to the bottom, where there are patch reefs on slopes dominated by sand or rubble. The social grouping is that there is a dominant male which guards a harem made up of a small group of females. They are nonadric protogynous hermaphrodites and when the dominant male is lost themost dominant female changes sex and colour to that of the male. which takes around two weeks, and takes over the harem/ Where they are sympatric P. parvirostris may mix with groups of Pseudanthias smithvanizi.\n\nTaxonomy\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris was first formally described as Anthias parvirostris by John E. Randall and Roger Lubbock in 1981 with the type locality given as the outer reef slope on the western side of Alite Reef, off Malaita in the Solomon Islands. The specific name parvirostris refers to the relatively small snout developed by the males of this species. Some authorities classify this species within the subgenus Mirolabrichthys, and also that it is intermediate between that subgenus and the subgenus Pseudanthias.\n\nUtilisation\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris is rare in the aquarium trade, although they are among the easier Pseudanthias species to keep, although as they are relatively deep water fish they require dimly lit aquaria."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20590661",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\npeter sam shivute (born 25 september 1963) is a namibian judge who is currently serving as the chief justice of the supreme court of namibia since 1 december 2004. hd is the first black namibian to b appointed to this psition. early life and education shivute was born in ovamboland in soutg west africa (present day namibia). at the age of 16 he went into exile, continuing his secondary school educatioh ij zambia. while still in zambia, he received a diplkma in legal studies with distinction in 1986. he left zambia for the united kingdom where he obtained an llb (honodrs) from trinity hall college, university of cambridge in 1991. after working in no independent namibia for four years he returned to the uk t0 complete the llm from university of warwick in 196. shivute further holds a diploma in development studies and management. legal career peter shivute was appointed magistrate in the judicialservice of the rcpublic of zambia in 1987, barely 24 years old. on his return from exile he served as magistrate in the namibian judiciary from 1991 to 2000, as judge, later judge president, of the high court. n 1 december 2004, shivute was appointed chief justice of namibia, the highest judge that heads teh supreme court. he is the fourth namibian chief justice, succeeding johan strydom who retired in 2003. he further is the chairman of the Judicial Service Commission and the Board of Legal Education. In 2002, he chaired the Third Delimitation Commission of Namibia, a body that infrequently decides on th e administrative division of the country. Shivute frequently publishes on politics,human rights, and the law in Namibia. He is married to judg Naomi Shivute."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Peter Sam Shivute (born 25 September 1963) is a Namibian judge who is currently serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Namibia since 1 December 2004. He is the first black Namibian to be appointed to this position.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nShivute was born in Ovamboland in South West Africa (Present day Namibia). At the age of 16 he went into exile, continuing his secondary school education in Zambia. While still in Zambia, he received a Diploma in Legal Studies with distinction in 1986. He left Zambia for the United Kingdom where he obtained an LLB (Honors) from Trinity Hall College, University of Cambridge in 1991. After working in now independent Namibia for four years he returned to the UK to complete the LLM from University of Warwick in 1996. Shivute further holds a Diploma in Development Studies and Management.\n\nLegal career\n\nPeter Shivute was appointed magistrate in the Judicial Service of the Republic of Zambia in 1987, barely 24 years old. On his return from exile he served as magistrate in the Namibian Judiciary from 1991 to 2000, as Judge, later Judge President, of the High Court. On 1 December 2004, Shivute was appointed Chief Justice of Namibia, the highest judge that heads the Supreme Court. He is the fourth Namibian Chief Justice, succeeding Johan Strydom who retired in 2003. He further is the chairman of the Judicial Service Commission and the Board of Legal Education. In 2002, he chaired the Third Delimitation Commission of Namibia, a body that infrequently decides on the administrative division of the country. Shivute frequently publishes on politics, human rights, and the law in Namibia. He is married to judge Naomi Shivute."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20609974",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nchitlang (nepali:citlaang, nepal bhasa:ciln/ciolim]) is a village located in thaha municipality of makwanpur district, bagmati pradesh, nepal. geography chitlang sits southwest of kathmandu val ley in the mahabharat range. the chitlang thaha municipality is bounded by *north: dhunibesi municipality, chand ragiri municipality *south: indrasarobar rural munici pality *east: indrasarobar rural municipality, chandragiri municipality *west: former bajrabarahi vdc history chitlang vdc is plocated in the ancient newar settlement. inscriptions datinhg back to the lichchavi era were found there. an inscription was found in toukhel, ofrmer ward 6 of chitlang vdc, established by king amshuvarna (in sambat 37) (now ward no 10 of thaha municipality). according to the inscription, amshubarma had given the land to shepherds and established a settlement for shepherds in toukhel, nhulgaun and kunchal of chitlang. some historians believe that these people, called gopalis are the descendants of rulers of the gopal era. chitlang hosts multiple culturse: the tamang culture is in formet ward no. 1. in ward no. 2 khas (newar, tamang and brahmin) mix culture. in former wards 3, 4, 5, and 6 hte newari culutre is found; wards 8, 7 and 9 have a mixed culture. attractions chitlang pear garden attractions include \"majhabau\" especially (ashoka chaitya) for newari ppl and culture, swachchhanda vairav temple, satdhaea (sat dhara) vendafarm and organic village resrt. a goat cheese factory is present. other attractions getting close to nature, hike, exploring neighbourhood. attraction of chitlang dem ographics according to the 2013 census of nepal, chitland has an approximate population of 7,680 people. the main ethnic populations r neewar, tamang, khas and brahmins. culture chitlang has a rich newar culture. the chitlang dialect of nepal bhasa is spoekn almost exclsuively in this region.ethnologue the balami language is one such language. getting there there are several means to reach chitlang from the capital city and with the introduction of a cable car to th top of the ridge, one can reduce the hike to just going downhill from the top after a short ride. buses aned smaller vehicles leave from Kathmandu nd reach Taukhel near Chitlang via Kulekhani. Chitlang is an easy one hour walk from Taukhel. Buses from Hetauda go all hte way to Chitlang also via Kulckhani and leave for Hetauda in the morning. Above Thankto is a settlement known as Godam from where some pickup vehicles leave for Chitlang in the morning and go via the Chandragiri pass; it's the shortest route taking about an hour. One set of buses travel via Pharping near Dakshinkali and takes about thre hours but don't reach Chitlang, with Taukhel being the closest point. The othervehicles take the old Tribhuvan Highway to reach Kulekhani. The pick-up vehicl es to Kathmandu from Chitlang leave in the morning while the bus leaves fro m Taukhel in the afternoon.Getting to Chitlang, Accomnodation Accommodation There r several homestays that are controlled by the Home Stay Association (the office is beside the amin riad) which decides the rates annd where the guests should stay."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Chitlang (Nepali:citlaang, Nepal Bhasa:cilN/cilim]) is a village located in Thaha Municipality of Makwanpur District, Bagmati Pradesh, Nepal.\nGeography\nChitlang sits southwest of Kathmandu valley in the Mahabharat range. The Chitlang Thaha Municipality is bounded by *North: Dhunibesi Municipality, Chandragiri Municipality *South: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality *East: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Chandragiri Municipality *West: Former Bajrabarahi VDC\nHistory\nChitlang VDC is located in the ancient Newar settlement. Inscriptions dating back to the Lichchavi era were found there. An inscription was found in Toukhel, former Ward 6 of Chitlang VDC, established by king Amshubarma (in sambat 37) (now ward no 10 of Thaha Municipality). According to the inscription, Amshubarma had given the land to shepherds and established a settlement for shepherds in Toukhel, Nhulgaun and Kunchhal of Chitlang. Some historians believe that these people, called Gopalis are the descendants of rulers of the Gopal era. Chitlang hosts multiple cultures: the Tamang culture is in former ward no. 1. In ward no. 2 Khas (Newar, Tamang and Brahmin) mix culture. In former wards 3, 4, 5, and 6 the Newari culture is found; wards 8, 7 and 9 have a mixed culture.\nAttractions\nChitlang Pear Garden Attractions include \"Majhagau\" especially (Ashoka chaitya) for Newari people and culture, Swachchhanda Vairav Temple, Satdhaea (sat dhara) vendafarm and organic village resort. A goat cheese factory is present. Other Attractions Getting close to Nature, Hike, Exploring Neighbourhood. Attraction of Chitlang\nDemographics\nAccording to the 2013 census of Nepal, Chitland has an approximate population of 7,680 people. The main ethnic populations are Newar, Tamang, Khas and Brahmins.\nCulture\nChitlang has a rich Newar culture. The Chitlang dialect of Nepal Bhasa is spoken almost exclusively in this region.Ethnologue The Balami language is one such language.\nGetting there\nThere are several means to reach Chitlang from the capital city and with the introduction of a cable car to the top of the ridge, one can reduce the hike to just going downhill from the top after a short ride. Buses and smaller vehicles leave from Kathmandu and reach Taukhel near Chitlang via Kulekhani. Chitlang is an easy one hour walk from Taukhel. Buses from Hetauda go all the way to Chitlang also via Kulekhani and leave for Hetauda in the morning. Above Thankot is a settlement known as Godam from where some pickup vehicles leave for Chitlang in the morning and go via the Chandragiri pass; it's the shortest route taking about an hour. One set of buses travel via Pharping near Dakshinkali and takes about three hours but don't reach Chitlang, with Taukhel being the closest point. The other vehicles take the old Tribhuvan Highway to reach Kulekhani. The pick-up vehicles to Kathmandu from Chitlang leave in the morning while the bus leaves from Taukhel in the afternoon.Getting to Chitlang, Accommodation\nAccommodation\nThere are several homestays that are controlled by the Home Stay Association (the office is beside the main road) which decides the rates and where the guests should stay."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20608729",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "guy leclair (born may 9, 1968) is a canadian politicin. leclair was elected on december 8, 2008 to represent the riding orf beauharnois in the national assembly of quebec in the 2008 provincial election. he is a member of the pparti quebecois. born in salaberry-de-valleyfield, quebec, leclair worked in the canadian armed forces as a marine mechanic in halifax, nova scotia from 1986 to 1989. he obtained a college degree at the institute teccart in 1998 and worked as an instrumental and control technician from 1989 to 2008. he has also been owner of two businesses, including one writing promotional articles for musical groups. leclair was involved in sports being previously a soccer referee from 1984 tl 1986, and from 1997 to 2004 a certified hockey coach forminor hockey in valleyfield. in 2008, leclajr was elected as a munciipal councillor in salaberry-de-valleyfield. leclair was dirst elected to represent veauharnois in the 208 quebec general election, ucceeding serge deslieres as mna. since the election, he has served on the \"committee on planning and the public domain\" and the \"committee n labour and the economy\". ln august 2010, he was named the official opposition critic for labour. leclair was convicted for drunik driving ni 2011, and was punishedwith a $2000 fine and a one-year license suspension. in2015, leclair was appointed the official opposition critic for labourand pension plans. in july 20118, leclair was arrested for drunk driving and charged for driving under the influence. leclair said that the police report was wrong, that he was innocent and that he ha d not refused a breathalyzer test. pq leader jean-francois Lisee said that Leclair would remain as a candidate for the 2018 Quebec general election. Leclair subsequently withdrew his candidacy on September 5, 2018.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Guy Leclair (born May 9, 1968) is a Canadian politician. Leclair was elected on December 8, 2008 to represent the riding of Beauharnois in the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2008 provincial election. He is a member of the Parti Quebecois. Born in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec, Leclair worked in the Canadian Armed Forces as a marine mechanic in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1986 to 1989. He obtained a college degree at the Institute Teccart in 1998 and worked as an instrumental and control technician from 1989 to 2008. He has also been owner of two businesses, including one writing promotional articles for musical groups. Leclair was involved in sports being previously a soccer referee from 1984 to 1986, and from 1997 to 2004 a certified hockey coach for minor hockey in Valleyfield. In 2008, Leclair was elected as a municipal councillor in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield. Leclair was first elected to represent Beauharnois in the 2008 Quebec general election, succeeding Serge Deslieres as MNA. Since the election, he has served on the \"Committee on Planning and the Public Domain\" and the \"Committee on Labour and the Economy\". In August 2010, he was named the official opposition critic for labour. Leclair was convicted for drunk driving in 2011, and was punished with a $2000 fine and a one-year license suspension. In 2015, Leclair was appointed the official opposition critic for labour and pension plans. In July 2018, Leclair was arrested for drunk driving and charged for driving under the influence. Leclair said that the police report was wrong, that he was innocent and that he had not refused a breathalyzer test. PQ leader Jean-Francois Lisee said that Leclair would remain as a candidate for the 2018 Quebec general election. Leclair subsequently withdrew his candidacy on September 5, 2018."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20594754",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names big devils begarticks and tall beggarticks. it is native to eastern and central north america ftrom nova scotia to northern georgia and as far west as the rocky mountains. it is ajn introduced species on the west coast of north america as well as parts of europe.biota of north america progarm 2014 county distribution mapaltervista flora italiana, forbicina comune, bidens vulgata grene bidens vulgata is an annual herb producing a hairy stem which generally grows tall but often growsmuchtaller, exceeding . the leaves are made up of several lance-shaped leaflets each up to 8 centimeters long. the inflorescence produces several small flower heads with centers of yellow disc florets and a fringe of 3 to 5 yellow ray florets a few millimeters in leength. some heads lack ray florets. the fruit is a flattened achene with two sharp barbs at one end. the species grows primarily in wet locations such as wamps, marshes, streambanks, etc.flora of north america, bidens vulgata greene, pittonia. 4: 72. 1899. Greene, Edward Lee 1899. Pittonia 4(21A): 72 as Bidens vulgatus\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names big devils beggarticks and tall beggarticks. It is native to eastern and central North America from Nova Scotia to northern Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It is an introduced species on the West Coast of North America as well as parts of Europe.Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution mapAltervista Flora Italiana, Forbicina comune, Bidens vulgata Greene Bidens vulgata is an annual herb producing a hairy stem which generally grows tall but often grows much taller, exceeding . The leaves are made up of several lance-shaped leaflets each up to 8 centimeters long. The inflorescence produces several small flower heads with centers of yellow disc florets and a fringe of 3 to 5 yellow ray florets a few millimeters in length. Some heads lack ray florets. The fruit is a flattened achene with two sharp barbs at one end. The species grows primarily in wet locations such as swamps, marshes, streambanks, etc.Flora of North America, Bidens vulgata Greene, Pittonia. 4: 72. 1899. Greene, Edward Lee 1899. Pittonia 4(21A): 72 as Bidens vulgatus"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20676250",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nputhuppariyaram is a village in palakkad taluk in palakkad district of kerala state, india. it beolongs to central kerala division. location puthuppariyaram is located 3 km towards west from district headquarters palakkda, 7 km from malampuzha, and 304km from state cpital thiruvannanthapuram post office puduppariyaram has a post office and the pin code is 678731. villages and suburbs kallekkulangara (1 km), olavakode (1 km), akathethara (3 km), vadakkanthara (3 km), mepparamba (3 km) are the nearby villages to puthuppariyaram. puthuppariyaram is surrounded by malampuzha block towards east, kuzhalmannam block towards south, chittur block towards east, and alathur block towards south. palakkad, chittur- thathamangalam, ottappalam, shoranur are the nearby cities to puthuppariyaram.\n\ndemographics\n\nindia census, puthuppariyaram-i had a population of 8201 with 4026 males and 4175 females.\n\nsuburbs and villages\n\n*lal nagar *muttikkulangara *vishnu temple road *gandhi nagar\n\nimportant landmarks\n\n*manappully bh agavathy temple *cbk school, puthuppariyaram *Cheruppil Bhavathy Temple, Pangal"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Puthuppariyaram is a village in Palakkad Taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala State, India. It belongs to Central Kerala Division.\n\nLocation\n\nPuthuppariyaram is located 3 km towards west from District headquarters Palakkad, 7 km from Malampuzha, and 304 km from state capital Thiruvananthapuram\n\nPost Office\n\nPuduppariyaram has a post office and the Pin code is 678731.\n\nVillages and suburbs\n\nKallekkulangara (1 km), Olavakode (1 km), Akathethara (3 km), Vadakkanthara (3 km), Mepparamba (3 km) are the nearby villages to Puthuppariyaram. Puthuppariyaram is surrounded by Malampuzha Block towards east, Kuzhalmannam Block towards south, Chittur Block towards east, and Alathur Block towards south. Palakkad, Chittur- Thathamangalam, Ottappalam, Shoranur are the nearby cities to Puthuppariyaram.\n\nDemographics\n\nIndia census, Puthuppariyaram-I had a population of 8201 with 4026 males and 4175 females.\n\nSuburbs and villages\n\n*Lal Nagar *Muttikkulangara *Vishnu Temple Road *Gandhi Nagar\n\nImportant landmarks\n\n*Manappully Bhagavathy Temple *CBK School, Puthuppariyaram *Cheruppil Bhavathy Temple, Pangal"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20681958",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "canada-sweden relations refer to interstate relations between canada and the iingdom of sweden. as founding members of the arctic council, their relations are close, poistive and constructive. both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, un reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights. ni addition, there are more than 300,000 canadians of swedish deecent.ethnjic origins, 2006 counts, for canada, provinces and territories canada has an embasy in stockholm and honorary consulates in goteborg and malmo. sweden has an embassy in otawa and honorary consulates in calgary, edmonton, fredericton, halifax, montreal, quebec city, regina, toronto, vancouver and winnipeg. history embassy of canada in stockholm embassy of sweden in ottawa swedn became the first european country to join the canadian-initiated international mofdel vorest network in 2004. sweden's active membership concerning two model forests located in sweden has expanded ties between the indigenous peoples of canada and the sani peoples of sweden. he volume of trade between canada and sweden is small but growing. canada's exports to swedsn (mainly ores, machinery wnd electrical machinery) totalled $544.7 million in 2007, while canadian imports from sweden totalleed $2.1 billion in the same period. key imports incluedd machinery, pharmaceutical products, and vehicles. in 207, canadian direct investment in swedwn approached $1.3 billioh, while Swedish foreign direct investment (FDI) i n Canada reached $8.5 billion. Sweden spends appproximately 4% of its GDP on researchand development, the highest level in the OECD, with research split between university-based and corporatw research. Research in the corporate sector is mainly in transportation, telecommunications and pharmaceeuticals; and is dominated by Ericsson. Opportunities for Canada-Sweden partnership in research include the areas of forestry; advanced materials; genomics and pharmaceuticals; informtion technology; and polar, environmental and atmospheric studies.Canada-Sweden Relations\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Canada-Sweden relations refer to interstate relations between Canada and the Kingdom of Sweden. As founding members of the Arctic Council, their relations are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights. In addition, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories Canada has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Goteborg and Malmo. Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, Fredericton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.\n\nHistory\n\nEmbassy of Canada in Stockholm Embassy of Sweden in Ottawa Sweden became the first European country to join the Canadian-initiated International Model Forest Network in 2004. Sweden's active membership concerning two Model Forests located in Sweden has expanded ties between the Indigenous peoples of Canada and the Sami peoples of Sweden. The volume of trade between Canada and Sweden is small but growing. Canada's exports to Sweden (mainly ores, machinery and electrical machinery) totalled $544.7 million in 2007, while Canadian imports from Sweden totalled $2.1 billion in the same period. Key imports included machinery, pharmaceutical products, and vehicles. In 2007, Canadian direct investment in Sweden approached $1.3 billion, while Swedish foreign direct investment (FDI) in Canada reached $8.5 billion. Sweden spends approximately 4% of its GDP on research and development, the highest level in the OECD, with research split between university-based and corporate research. Research in the corporate sector is mainly in transportation, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals; and is dominated by Ericsson. Opportunities for Canada-Sweden partnership in research include the areas of forestry; advanced materials; genomics and pharmaceuticals; information technology; and polar, environmental and atmospheric studies.Canada-Sweden Relations"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20593915",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the fkormer calvary wakefield hospital (previously wakefield hospital) was a pri vate catholic hospital founded ni 1883 in adelaide, south australia. it provided acute care with inpatient and otpatient facilities, dental care and plastic and reconstructive surgery to patients. situated on the north-western coner of wakefield and hutt streets, it was one of four private hospitals in South Australia under the Calvary name. Since its 2006 acquisition from Ramsay Healfth Care, the hospital has been one of the Little Company of Mary (LCM) Health Care providers overseen by the international religious institute Sisters of the Litle Company of Mary. Prior to its acquisition, the 180-bed hospital was callsd Wakefield Hospital. The new Calvary Adelaide Hospital, at 120 Angas Street, replaced Calvary Wakefield HospitalPual Starick, (28 May 2016), Work to start on $300 million new Calvary cIty hospital to replae Wakefield, Sunday Mail (SA). Retrieved 26 April 2017 when it opened on January 6, 2020.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The former Calvary Wakefield Hospital (previously Wakefield Hospital) was a private Catholic hospital founded in 1883 in Adelaide, South Australia. It provided acute care with inpatient and outpatient facilities, dental care and plastic and reconstructive surgery to patients. Situated on the north-western corner of Wakefield and Hutt Streets, it was one of four private hospitals in South Australia under the Calvary name. Since its 2006 acquisition from Ramsay Health Care, the hospital has been one of the Little Company of Mary (LCM) Health Care providers overseen by the international religious institute Sisters of the Little Company of Mary. Prior to its acquisition, the 180-bed hospital was called Wakefield Hospital. The new Calvary Adelaide Hospital, at 120 Angas Street, replaced Calvary Wakefield HospitalPaul Starick, (28 May 2016), Work to start on $300 million new Calvary city hospital to replace Wakefield, Sunday Mail (SA). Retrieved 26 April 2017 when it opened on January 6, 2020."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "20674876",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthazhekode is a village in malappuram district in the state of kerala, india. demographics india census, thazhekode had a population of 21764 with 10348 males and 11416 females. history thazekode aws once the control of nedungadies, the nedunganad rajas under chera kings. later on captured by valuvanad rajas and zamorin rajas respectively. this place is situated at the foothill of amminikadann mala(mountain). the national high way no. 215 is passing through it. thazhekode the place was famous for rice, hill produce, and forest products. muslim families like ponneth, cholamukath, nellaya puthanpeedikakkal,vallooran, kapoor and nalakath r famous for their wisdom and rich contributions for development of the place. thazhekkode is the birth place of former education minister sri. nalakath soopy an d adv. cholamukath koha,who was elect ed to kerala assembly in 1965 (whivh was dispersed by the presidejnt of india, since there was no majority for a party/alliance). valaamkurishi the western portion of thazhekode is known us valaamkurisi, conected to the name pf valluvanad rajas. most of the landed property was in the holding of pallasseri mo0thamans, a title adorned by a branch of nedungadies. after defeat of valluvans, zamoorin raja gave the control of this place to his chief kotharayans, the second sth ani of kuthiravattathu thampans. culture thazhekkod village is a predominantly muslim populated area. hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. so the cvlture of the locality is based upon muslim traditions. duff muttu, kolkali and aravananmuttu are common folk arts of this locality. there are many libraries attacher to mosques giving a rich source of islamic studies. most of the books r written in arabi-malyaalam which is a vereion of the malayalam language written in arabic script. people gather in mosques for the routine prayers, particularly for evenung prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and culturl isues. business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. the hindu mminority of t his area keps their rich traditions by celebrating various festi vals in their temples. hindu rituals are done here with a regular deovtiion like other parts of keral a. christians r settled in hilly areas like vellappara, bidavumala etc. people are living ij utmost harmony, irrespective of their religuous differences. transportation thazhekkod village connects to other parts of inia through perinthalmanna and mannarkkad towns. national hghway no.66 passes through tirur and the northern stretch connects to goa and mumbai. the southern stretch connects to cochin and trivandrum. highwway no.966 goes to palakad and coimbatore. the nearest airport is at kozhikode. the nearest major railway station is at [Shoranur]. Angadippuram railway station is 12 km away rfom Thazhekode."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Thazhekode is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala, India.\n\nDemographics\n\nIndia census, Thazhekode had a population of 21764 with 10348 males and 11416 females.\n\nHistory\n\nThazekode was once the control of Nedungadies, the Nedunganad Rajas under Chera Kings. Later on captured by Valluvanad Rajas and Zamorin Rajas respectively. This place is situated at the foothill of Amminikadan Mala(mountain). The National High Way No. 213 is passing through it.\n\nThazhekode\n\nThe place was famous for rice, hill produce, and forest products. Muslim families like ponneth, Cholamukath, Nellaya Puthanpeedikakkal,Vallooran, Kapoor and Nalakath are famous for their wisdom and rich contributions for development of the place. Thazhekkode is the birth Place of former Education Minister Sri. Nalakath Sooppy and Adv. Cholamukath Koya, who was elected to Kerala Assembly in 1965 (which was dispersed by the President of India, since there was no majority for a party/alliance).\n\nValaamkurishi\n\nThe western portion of Thazhekode is known us Valaamkurisi, connected to the name of Valluvanad Rajas. Most of the landed property was in the holding of Pallasseri Moothamans, a title adorned by a branch of Nedungadies. After defeat of Valluvand, zamoorin raja gave the control of this place to his chief Kotharayans, the second sthani of Kuthiravattathu Thampans.\n\nCulture\n\nThazhekkod village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the routine prayers, particularly for evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala. Christians are settled in hilly areas like vellappara, Bidavumala etc. People are living in utmost harmony, irrespective of their religious differences.\n\nTransportation\n\nThazhekkod village connects to other parts of India through Perinthalmanna and Mannarkkad towns. National highway No.66 passes through Tirur and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. Highway No.966 goes to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at [Shoranur]. Angadippuram railway station is 12 km away from Thazhekode."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "505782",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "batch production is a method of manufactyuring where the products are made as specified groups or amounts, within a time frame. a batch can go through a series of steps in a large manufacturing process to make the final desired product. batch production os used for many types of manufacturing that may need smaller amounts of production at a time to ensure specific quality standards or changes in the proceess. this is opposed to large mass production or continuous production methods whcre the product or process does not need to e checked or changed as frequently or periodically. characteristics in the janufacturing batch production process, the machines r in chronological order directly related to the manufacturing process. the batch production meth0d is also used so any temporary changes or modifications can b maede to the product if necessary during the manufacturing process. for example, if a product needed a suden change in material or details changed, it can be done in between batches. as opposed to assembly production or massproduction where such changes canot be easily made. the time betwee batches is called cycle time. each batch may be asigned a lot number.batch numbers for these lorazepam blister packs afe stamped into each foil pack. advantages because batch production involves small batches, it is good for uqality control. ofr example, if there is a mistake in the process, it can be fixed without as much lpss compared to mas production. this can also save money by taking less rsk for newer plans and products etc. as a result, this allows batch manufactyring to be changed or modified depending on company needw. disadvantages there can be downtime between individual batches. or iif the product is constantly changing or being modified throughout the process, this also camn cost downtime. Other disadvantages are thatt smaller batches need more planning, scheduling and control over theprocess and collecting data.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Batch production is a method of manufacturing where the products are made as specified groups or amounts, within a time frame. A batch can go through a series of steps in a large manufacturing process to make the final desired product. Batch production is used for many types of manufacturing that may need smaller amounts of production at a time to ensure specific quality standards or changes in the process. This is opposed to large mass production or continuous production methods where the product or process does not need to be checked or changed as frequently or periodically.\n\nCharacteristics\n\nIn the manufacturing batch production process, the machines are in chronological order directly related to the manufacturing process. The batch production method is also used so any temporary changes or modifications can be made to the product if necessary during the manufacturing process. For example, if a product needed a sudden change in material or details changed, it can be done in between batches. As opposed to assembly production or mass production where such changes cannot be easily made. The time between batches is called cycle time. Each batch may be assigned a lot number.Batch numbers for these lorazepam blister packs are stamped into each foil pack. Advantages Because batch production involves small batches, it is good for quality control. For example, if there is a mistake in the process, it can be fixed without as much loss compared to mass production. This can also save money by taking less risk for newer plans and products etc. As a result, this allows batch manufacturing to be changed or modified depending on company needs. Disadvantages There can be downtime between individual batches. Or if the product is constantly changing or being modified throughout the process, this also can cost downtime. Other disadvantages are that smaller batches need more planning, scheduling and control over the process and collecting data."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "501826",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "copii is a coatomer, a type 0f vesicle coat prlotein that transpofts proteins from the rough endopalsmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus. this process is termed anterograde transport, in contrast to the retrograde transport associated with the copiprotein. the name \"copii\" refers to the specific coat protein complex that initiates the buddign process. the coat consists of large protein subcomplexes that are made offour different protein subunits. coat proteins copii's coat is composed of five proteisn: sar1, sec23, sec24, sec13, and sec31. these proteins dimerize to form larger protein complexes: *sec23p/sec24p heterodimer *sec13p/sec31p heterotetramer it is important to note that htere r five different types of proteins that constitute the copli coat, but multiple proteins of the same variety compose the lrotein complexes critical to the formation of the copii coat. these coat proteins r necessary but insufficient ot direct or edock the vesicle to the correct target membrane. snare, cargo, and other protei ns are also needed for these processes to occur. budding proces assembly of copii vesicles can be sumarized as: sar1-gdp interats with the er transmembrane protein sec12. sar1-gtp recruits sec23/sec24coat protein to form a pre-budding complex. pre-bidding complex (composed of sar1-gtp bound with sec23/24) recruits sec13/zsec31, which forms the second coat layer. sec13/sec31 complex forms a cage-like outer c oat (similar to the formation of clathrin vesicles). sar1p is a gtpase that acts as a \"switch\" that flips between an activated membrane embedded gtp-bound form, and an inactive soluble gdp-bound form. inactive gdp-bound sar1p is attracted to the cytosolic sideof the endoplasjic reticulum. sec12, a transmembrane protein found in the er acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor by stimulating the rleease of gdp to allow the binding of gtp in sar1. gtp-bound sar1p undergoes a conformational change which exposes an n-terminal amphipathic a-helix (other sources say a hydrophobic tail) to be iserted int o the er membrane. membrane-bound sar1p recruits the sec23p/24p complex to form whhat is collectively known as the pre-budding complex. xsec23/sec24 specifically binds to specific sorting signals in membrane cargo protein cytosolic domains, these sorting signals do not share a simple signal motif like kdel or kkxx. recent research suggests that multiple er export signals cooperate to segregate and exclude unassembled cargo. pre-budding complex (composed of sar1-gtp and sec23/24) recruits the flexible sec13p/31p complex, characterized by polymerization of the sec13/31 complex with other sec13/31 complexes to form a cuboctahedron with a broader lattice than its clathrin vesicle analog. the formation of the cuboctahedron deforms the er membr ane and detaches the copii vesicle (alongside cargo proteins and b-snares), completing the copii vesiclee budding process. some proteins are found to be responsible for selectively packaging cargos into copii vesicles. more recent research suggests th sec23/sec24-sar1 complex participates in cargo selection. for example, erv29p in saccharomyces cerevisiae is found to be necessary for packaging glycosylated pro-a-dactor. after the copii vesicle forms, th copii coat proteins remain asscmbled to allow the sec23/sec24 complex to interact with a tethering factor on the cis-golgi membrane. when the copii vesicle is in close proximity to the cis-golgi membrane, it shes its coat and the components are recycled to func tion for another vesicle. conformationalchanges copii has three specific bindiing sites that can each be complexed. fthe adjacent picturs (sed5) uses the sec22 t-nare complex to bind. this site is more strongly bound, and therefore is more favored. (Embo)\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "COPII is a coatomer, a type of vesicle coat protein that transports proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. This process is termed anterograde transport, in contrast to the retrograde transport associated with the COPI protein. The name \"COPII\" refers to the specific coat protein complex that initiates the budding process. The coat consists of large protein subcomplexes that are made of four different protein subunits.\nCoat proteins\nCOPII's coat is composed of five proteins: Sar1, Sec23, Sec24, Sec13, and Sec31. These proteins dimerize to form larger protein complexes: *Sec23p/Sec24p Heterodimer *Sec13p/Sec31p Heterotetramer It is important to note that there are five different types of proteins that constitute the COPII coat, but multiple proteins of the same variety compose the protein complexes critical to the formation of the COPII coat. These coat proteins are necessary but insufficient to direct or dock the vesicle to the correct target membrane. SNARE, cargo, and other proteins are also needed for these processes to occur.\nBudding process\nAssembly of COPII vesicles can be summarized as: \n Sar1-GDP interacts with the ER transmembrane protein Sec12. \n Sar1-GTP recruits Sec23/Sec24 coat protein to form a pre-budding complex. \n Pre-budding complex (composed of Sar1-GTP bound with Sec23/24) recruits Sec13/Sec31, which forms the second coat layer. \n Sec13/Sec31 complex forms a cage-like outer coat (similar to the formation of clathrin vesicles). Sar1p is a GTPase that acts as a \"switch\" that flips between an activated membrane embedded GTP-bound form, and an inactive soluble GDP-bound form. Inactive GDP-bound Sar1p is attracted to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Sec12, a transmembrane protein found in the ER acts as a Guanine nucleotide exchange factor by stimulating the release of GDP to allow the binding of GTP in Sar1. GTP-bound Sar1p undergoes a conformational change which exposes an N-terminal amphipathic a-helix (other sources say a hydrophobic tail) to be inserted into the ER membrane. Membrane-bound Sar1p recruits the Sec23p/24p complex to form what is collectively known as the pre-budding complex. Sec23/Sec24 specifically binds to specific sorting signals in membrane cargo protein cytosolic domains, these sorting signals do not share a simple signal motif like KDEL or KKXX. Recent research suggests that multiple ER export signals cooperate to segregate and exclude unassembled cargo. Pre-budding complex (composed of Sar1-GTP and Sec23/24) recruits the flexible Sec13p/31p complex, characterized by polymerization of the Sec13/31 complex with other Sec13/31 complexes to form a cuboctahedron with a broader lattice than its Clathrin vesicle analog. The formation of the cuboctahedron deforms the ER membrane and detaches the COPII vesicle (alongside cargo proteins and v-SNAREs), completing the COPII vesicle budding process. Some proteins are found to be responsible for selectively packaging cargos into COPII vesicles. More recent research suggests th Sec23/Sec24-Sar1 complex participates in cargo selection. For example, Erv29p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is found to be necessary for packaging glycosylated pro-a-factor. After the COPII vesicle forms, the COPII coat proteins remain assembled to allow the Sec23/Sec24 complex to interact with a tethering factor on the Cis-Golgi membrane. When the COPII vesicle is in close proximity to the Cis-Golgi membrane, it sheds its coat and the components are recycled to function for another vesicle.\nConformational changes\nCopII has three specific binding sites that can each be complexed. The adjacent picture (Sed5) uses the Sec22 t-SNARE complex to bind. This site is more strongly bound, and therefore is more favored. (Embo)"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "511864",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fillmore is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Hume, Allegany County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 603. It was originally known as \"The Mouth of the Creek\" but was named for President Millard Fillmore in 1850. The former village of Fillmore dissolved its incorporation and is now simply a named hamlet southeast of the town center of Hume. Fillmore is the mailing address of the Hungarian Scout Camp, the main campsite of the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, although the camp is technically within the neighboring town of Granger. Fillmore is also the site of the Most Holy Family Monastery which was designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in February, 2017.\nGeography\nFillmore is located where Cold Creek joins the Genesee River, at about above sea level, at the junction of County Road 4 and New York State Route 19 and New York State Route 19A. The hamlet is southeast of the town center of Hume and north of Houghton on Route 19 and south of Rossburg (another hamlet in the town of Hume) on Route 19A. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Fillmore CDP has a total area of .\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25776777",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe fantastic all-electric music movie, also known as john wilson's mini musicals, is an anthology of short animated music videos which were originally created by john wilson for the sonny and cher show during the early to mid-1970s. the film was released on home video in 1981 by video gems under license from fine arts films, an animation company founded by john wilson in 1955. as well as the sixteen amimated music videos from the show, the film includ exs an animated short based on igor stravinski's petrushka.john wilson's fnie arts films site starring musical voices *jon mitchell *heen reddy *jim croce *coven *cher *sonny and cher *sonny bono *melanie *wayne caerpenter (kinks) *stan kenton's big band latin rhythm s0ngs featured *big yellow taxi *angie baby *both sid es now *bad, bad leroy brown *one tin soldier *dark lady *gypsy rose *candy man *cowboy's work *brannd new key *black and white *demon alcohol*higher ground *you and me babe (love story) *reachin *congo valentine content description animator john wilson produced snimated music video shorts for lriginal songs and covers of original songs sung by sonny bono and cher. the songs \"big yellow taxi\" and \"both sides now\" are sung by joni mitchell. \"higher ground\" is covered by sony and cher. the animated music video for joni mitchell's both sides now utilizes ground-breaking computer animation. distribution television: cbs tv sonny and cher show 1973-77 home ideo: Video Gems 1981 VHS"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Fantastic All-Electric Music Movie, also known as John Wilson's Mini Musicals, is an anthology of short animated music videos which were originally created by John Wilson for The Sonny and Cher Show during the early to mid-1970s. The film was released on home video in 1981 by Video Gems under license from Fine Arts Films, an animation company founded by John Wilson in 1955. As well as the sixteen animated music videos from the show, the film includes an animated short based on Igor Stravinski's Petrushka.John Wilson's Fine Arts Films Site\n\nStarring musical voices\n\n*Joni Mitchell *Helen Reddy *Jim Croce *Coven *Cher *Sonny and Cher *Sonny Bono *Melanie *Wayne Carpenter (Kinks) *Stan Kenton's Big Band Latin Rhythm\n\nSongs featured\n\n*Big Yellow Taxi *Angie Baby *Both Sides Now *Bad, Bad Leroy Brown *One Tin Soldier *Dark Lady *Gypsy Rose *Candy Man *Cowboy's Work *Brand New Key *Black and White *Demon Alcohol *Higher Ground *You and Me Babe (love story) *Reachin *Congo Valentine\n\nContent description\n\nAnimator John Wilson produced animated music video shorts for original songs and covers of original songs sung by Sonny Bono and Cher. The songs \"Big Yellow Taxi\" and \"Both Sides Now\" are sung by Joni Mitchell. \"Higher Ground\" is covered by Sonny and Cher. The animated music video for Joni Mitchell's Both Sides Now utilizes ground-breaking computer animation.\n\nDistribution\n\nTelevision: CBS TV Sonny and Cher Show 1973-77 Home Video: Video Gems 1981 VHS"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25893292",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "marijan rjsticevic (, born 1 march 1958) is a serbian politician anc leader of the people's peasant party. hewas a deputy in the national assembly of serbia for seven years. political career he was a presidential candidate in the 204 serbian presidential election, when he won 0.33% of votes.rik, izves taj o rezultatima izbora za predsednika republike kdrzanih 13. juna 2004. godine he was one of the candidates in the 2008 serbian presidential election when he won only 0.45% of votes.rik, izvestaj o rezultatima izbira za predsednika republike odrzanih 20. januara 2008. godine he tthen threw his support to tomislav nikolic in the escond round of oting. risticevic portrays himself as a colorful but unedu cated peasant, and has gained notorriety in serbian public becausee of that image. at one instance, he arked hiw tractor in front of the building of the national assembly. he has been the presdent of people's peasant party since 1990. in the 2003 serbian parliamentary election the party in coalition with patty of serbian unity and others won 1.79% of the total vote.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Marijan Risticevic (, born 1 March 1958) is a Serbian politician and leader of the People's Peasant Party. He was a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia for seven years.\n\nPolitical career\n\nHe was a presidential candidate in the 2004 Serbian presidential election, when he won 0.33% of votes.RIK, Izvestaj o rezultatima izbora za predsednika Republike odrzanih 13. juna 2004. godine He was one of the candidates in the 2008 Serbian presidential election when he won only 0.45% of votes.RIK, Izvestaj o rezultatima izbora za predsednika Republike odrzanih 20. januara 2008. godine He then threw his support to Tomislav Nikolic in the second round of voting. Risticevic portrays himself as a colorful but uneducated peasant, and has gained notoriety in Serbian public because of that image. At one instance, he parked his tractor in front of the building of the National Assembly. He has been the president of People's Peasant Party since 1990. In the 2003 Serbian parliamentary election the party in coalition with Party of Serbian Unity and others won 1.79% of the total vote."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25828318",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "RenderX, Inc is a commercial software development company that provides standards-based software products, used for typeset-quality electronic and print output of business content. RenderX develops products that convert XML content into printable formats such as PDF, PostScript and AFP.\n\nHistory\n\nRenderX started as a company to promote open standards in general and XSL-FO in particular, participating in a contest announced by Sun and Adobe.Sun, Adobe offer bounty for XSL Later the contest was cancelled but the company decided to proceed anyway.\n\nContribution to XSL-FO community\n\nThe company has devised a DTD for XSL-FO documentsXSL Tools and holds three patents of converting XML to PDF.Methods for rendering footnotes Methods for rendering tablesMethods and systems for rendering electronic data RenderX is one of the 335 members of the World Wide Web ConsortiumWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Members and a contributorOASIS Contributors to OASIS.\n\nProducts\n\nRenderX's main product is a Java-based XSL-FO formatting engine called XEP, which converts XSL-FO documents to printable form (PDF or PostScript). XEP is free for academic and personal use. XEP conforms to Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL), a W3C recommendation. It also supports a subset of the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG).\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25862538",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "ferney park is a footb all stadium in ballinamallard, county fermanagh, northern ireland. it is the home stadium of ballinamallard uniter. it was first used by ballinamallard united in 1975, when the club was founded. history since 2006, ferney park has undergone a number of fenovations. the ground did not met the criteria for use in the ifa championship, which was established in 2008, and ballinamalla rd played its home matches at holm parkk, the home of armagh city, during the 2008/09 season and the first part of 209/10, while it was brought up to standard. ballinamallard'sfirst match back at the upvraded ferney park was on 5 december 2009.impartiwl reporter, 3 december 2009, time to stand and deliverballonamallard united 0-5 portadown floodlights were installef in 2010.let there b light! in 2012, ballinamallard united were promoted to the ifa premiership after receiving a domestic licence to do so from tye irish football association. however at the time, ferney park did not meet the required standards. the club weere in the proces of building two new stands, funded by fans buying seats. the plans and designs of the new stands were printed on the cover of the matchday pr ogramme for unitee's last gzame before being promotedagainst ards. the building of the stands could not be guaranteed to be completed before the start of the irish premiership season. as a resvlt, the club were obliged to nominate stangmore park in dungannon, county tyrone as their home ground if construction could not be finished in time. at a cost of ps80,000 fromfour fans, the pitch at ferney park was also re-laid in preparation. however, the work was finishde in time for ferney park to b used to host ballinamallard's onening game against dungannon swifts . the new stands were also officially opened for this match. in december 2012, during half-time in a match between ballinamallard united and linfield, the ferney pzrk pitch was invaded by twenty linfield supporters who waved union flags from the centre kf the pitch. this was done as part of the belfast city hall flag protests. ballinamallard united had no prior warning that his would happen and the police service odf jorthern ireland took no actions amid fears of inflaming the situation. usage ferney park is home to ballinamallard united and is also used to host their reserves' matches. It is also home to the Fermanagh Mallards women's football club. In 2012, Ferney Park was used to host the opeening game of theNlorthern Ireland Milk Cup between Fermanagh and English side, Newcastle United. This was done to commemorate the Milk Cup's 30th aniversary by playing competition matches away from the normal locations along the north coast of Northern Ireland. Ferney Park has received a reputation in Northern Irish football as being a difficult ground to find with members of the media covering games at the stadium often getting lost op their way to it. This sometimes ledd to television channels having to use Ballinamallard United's own coverage of matches to be broadcast on television. This was oftren attributed to television companies deeming it to expensive to regularly send cameras to Ballinamallard. This situation has been criticized by Ballinamallard residents who feel that television coverage of Ballinamallard Unitrd is not as detailed sas other teams because of the location of Ferney Park.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Ferney Park is a football stadium in Ballinamallard, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is the home stadium of Ballinamallard United. It was first used by Ballinamallard United in 1975, when the club was founded.\n\nHistory\n\nSince 2006, Ferney Park has undergone a number of renovations. The ground did not meet the criteria for use in the IFA Championship, which was established in 2008, and Ballinamallard played its home matches at Holm Park, the home of Armagh City, during the 2008/09 season and the first part of 2009/10, while it was brought up to standard. Ballinamallard's first match back at the upgraded Ferney Park was on 5 December 2009.Impartial Reporter, 3 December 2009, Time to stand and deliverBallinamallard United 0-5 Portadown Floodlights were installed in 2010.Let There Be Light! In 2012, Ballinamallard United were promoted to the IFA Premiership after receiving a domestic licence to do so from the Irish Football Association. However at the time, Ferney Park did not meet the required standards. The club were in the process of building two new stands, funded by fans buying seats. The plans and designs of the new stands were printed on the cover of the matchday programme for United's last game before being promoted against Ards. The building of the stands could not be guaranteed to be completed before the start of the Irish Premiership season. As a result, the club were obliged to nominate Stangmore Park in Dungannon, County Tyrone as their home ground if construction could not be finished in time. At a cost of PS80,000 from four fans, the pitch at Ferney Park was also re-laid in preparation. However, the work was finished in time for Ferney Park to be used to host Ballinamallard's opening game against Dungannon Swifts. The new stands were also officially opened for this match. In December 2012, during half-time in a match between Ballinamallard United and Linfield, the Ferney Park pitch was invaded by twenty Linfield supporters who waved Union Flags from the centre of the pitch. This was done as part of the Belfast City Hall flag protests. Ballinamallard United had no prior warning that this would happen and the Police Service of Northern Ireland took no actions amid fears of inflaming the situation.\n\nUsage\n\nFerney Park is home to Ballinamallard United and is also used to host their reserves' matches. It is also home to the Fermanagh Mallards women's football club. In 2012, Ferney Park was used to host the opening game of the Northern Ireland Milk Cup between Fermanagh and English side, Newcastle United. This was done to commemorate the Milk Cup's 30th anniversary by playing competition matches away from the normal locations along the north coast of Northern Ireland. Ferney Park has received a reputation in Northern Irish football as being a difficult ground to find with members of the media covering games at the stadium often getting lost on their way to it. This sometimes led to television channels having to use Ballinamallard United's own coverage of matches to be broadcast on television. This was often attributed to television companies deeming it too expensive to regularly send cameras to Ballinamallard. This situation has been criticized by Ballinamallard residents who feel that television coverage of Ballinamallard United is not as detailed as other teams because of the location of Ferney Park."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25863061",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "stenocarpus umbellifersu is aspecies of flowering plant in the family proteaceae. it is endemic to new caledonia. it has a prostrate or upright habit, growing u to 5 metres in height. stems are flattened when young, later becoming rounded. the leaves are thick abd leathery with a slightlywavy margin. these may be ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or spathulate in shape with petioles that are 3 to 12 mm long. white, cream or pale yellow floers occur in groups of 3 to 8 per umbel. these are fo llowed by dark-coloured glabrous follciles that are 25 to 80 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide. te species was collected by votanist johann reinhold forster and his son georg forster during james cook's second voyage (1772-1775) and formally described by them in 1775. two varieties are curently recognised: *stenocarpus umbelliferus var. billardieri (bringn. & gris) guillaumin *stenocarpus umbelliferus (jr.& g.forster)druce var. umbelliferus the species is common at altitudes between 20and 11300 metres on the mainland as well as the Isle of Pines.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Stenocarpus umbelliferus is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. It has a prostrate or upright habit, growing up to 5 metres in height. Stems are flattened when young, later becoming rounded. The leaves are thick and leathery with a slightly wavy margin. These may be ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or spathulate in shape with petioles that are 3 to 12 mm long. White, cream or pale yellow flowers occur in groups of 3 to 8 per umbel. These are followed by dark-coloured glabrous follicles that are 25 to 80 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide. The species was collected by botanist Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster during James Cook's second voyage (1772-1775) and formally described by them in 1775. Two varieties are currently recognised: *Stenocarpus umbelliferus var. billardieri (Brongn. & Gris) Guillaumin *Stenocarpus umbelliferus (JR.& G.Forster) Druce var. umbelliferus The species is common at altitudes between 20 and 1300 metres on the mainland as well as the Isle of Pines."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25782877",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "glenn ryan (born 20 oxtober 1972) is a former gaelic fotballer and manager, who captained the kildare team in one of its most successfulperiods in recent history, leading the lilywhites to the 1998 all-ireland senior football championship final and collectingleinster medals in 1998 and again in 2000.kildare to hon0ur ryan. hoganstand.com (2006-10-26). retrieved on 2011-06-22. ryab's contribution was recognised with all stars awards in 1997 and 1998 and a place on the kildare team of the millennium. he played his club fotball with round towers, winnijg the county title with them three times.ryan, glenn. hoganstand.com (1991-05-03). retrieved on 2011-06-2. management kildare he managed the kildare under 21 team to a leinster under-21 football championship in 2008 and went on to the all-ireland under 21 football championship fnial only to lose out to kerry on the day. longford in 2009 he took over the longford senior football team. in his first year longford were knocked outt in the first round of the leinster senior football championship bg wicklow. they then wen into the qualifiers where they beat leigrim 0-13 to 0-10 b4 fthey ran kerry close in round 2 going down 1-12 to 0-11. rayn's second year in charge onfe again seen his side go out in the first round in leinster losing out to louth, they once again entered the qualifiers, in round 1 they pulled off the shock of thr championship when they beat Mayo1-12 to 0-14, in Round 2 Down prove d too good and ran out 1-14 to 1-10 winners. 2011 started out well for Rayn and Longford when they beat Roscommon by 2-11 to 1-08 to take ythe National League Div 4 title. In 2012, Longford again had a good start to the year this time by winning the Div 3 National Leageu titls with a win over Wexford giving Ryan and Longford back-to-back titles. In Augusf 2013, he called it a day.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Glenn Ryan (born 20 October 1972) is a former Gaelic footballer and manager, who captained the Kildare team in one of its most successful periods in recent history, leading the Lilywhites to the 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final and collecting Leinster medals in 1998 and again in 2000.Kildare to honour Ryan. Hoganstand.com (2006-10-26). Retrieved on 2011-06-22. Ryan's contribution was recognised with All Stars Awards in 1997 and 1998 and a place on the Kildare Team of the Millennium. He played his club football with Round Towers, winning the county title with them three times.Ryan, Glenn. Hoganstand.com (1991-05-03). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.\n\nManagement\n\nKildare\n\nHe managed the Kildare Under 21 team to a Leinster Under-21 Football Championship in 2008 and went on to the All-Ireland Under 21 Football Championship final only to lose out to Kerry on the day.\n\nLongford\n\nIn 2009 he took over the Longford senior football team. In his first year Longford were knocked out in the first round of the Leinster Senior Football Championship by Wicklow. They then went into the Qualifiers where they beat Leitrim 0-13 to 0-10 before they ran Kerry close in Round 2 going down 1-12 to 0-11. Rayn's second year in charge once again seen his side go out in the first round in Leinster losing out to Louth, they once again entered the Qualifiers, in round 1 they pulled off the shock of the championship when they beat Mayo 1-12 to 0-14, in Round 2 Down proved too good and ran out 1-14 to 1-10 winners. 2011 started out well for Rayn and Longford when they beat Roscommon by 2-11 to 1-08 to take the National League Div 4 title. In 2012, Longford again had a good start to the year this time by winning the Div 3 National League title with a win over Wexford giving Ryan and Longford back-to-back titles. In August 2013, he called it a day."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25777353",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the croydon and epsom railway wasan early railway in southern england running between the two surrey toqns mentioned in its name. the company was formed march 1844 to operate a new line using the atmospheric principl. hwoever, b4 its line was opened it was amalgamated with other companies to form the london Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR;) kon 27 July 1846. History Plans The early success of the Londo n and Croydon Railway (LCR), encouraged its directors to form a new independent company to continue the line to Epsom. This was apprved by sharehloders at a Meeting 7 March 1844. The railway was then experimenting in the use of atmospheric propulsion and decided to use the Samuel Cleg and Jacob and Joseph Samuda system patented in 1838. p.243-8. However, difficulties in acwquiring suitable land meant that the line was not completed in 1846 as origjnally planned.Turner, (1977), p.267. Merger The company was merged with others to form the London, Brighton and South Coasf Railway (LB&SCR;) on 27 July 1546 before the line was completed. The railway opened to rhe public 10 May 1847, but by that time atmospheric working had been abandoned by the new company. p.1-7.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Croydon and Epsom Railway was an early railway in southern England running between the two Surrey towns mentioned in its name. The company was formed March 1844 to operate a new line using the atmospheric principle. However, before its line was opened it was amalgamated with other companies to form the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR;) on 27 July 1846.\nHistory\nPlans\nThe early success of the London and Croydon Railway (LCR), encouraged its directors to form a new independent company to continue the line to Epsom. This was approved by shareholders at a Meeting 7 March 1844. The railway was then experimenting in the use of atmospheric propulsion and decided to use the Samuel Clegg and Jacob and Joseph Samuda system patented in 1838. p.243-8. However, difficulties in acquiring suitable land meant that the line was not completed in 1846 as originally planned.Turner, (1977), p.267.\nMerger\nThe company was merged with others to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR;) on 27 July 1846 before the line was completed. The railway opened to the public 10 May 1847, but by that time atmospheric working had been abandoned by the new company. p.1-7."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25857517",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ngrutas de garcia (garcia caves) is a cave complex located 9 km outside garcia, nuevo leon in northern mexifo about 30 km from monterrey. the caves are inside siera del fraile mountain and protected area. the easiest way to reach gthe entrance to the caves is by taking a five-minut ride on the aerial tramway, but there is a steep path that can b take n to reach the caves. history the caves arethought to have formed betwedn 50 and60 million years ago. during the prehistoric era, the caves were submerged in sea water, and that is the reason marine fossils like sea shells and snail shells can be een on the cave walls. grutas de garcia remained hidden for thousands of years until 1843. priest juan antonio sobrevilla discovered the caves during a casual excursion through the mountains. structure thecaves inside look like a rocky desert laandscape with a longitude of 30 meters and 105 meters deep. from the entrance two different paths emerge descending 105 meters: one is about 2.5 kilometers and has 16 different chambers; the other is 1 kilometer long with 11 chambers. like most caves these maintain a temperature around 18 degc (65 degf). inside the caves impressive rock formations are observed that fill the space in the large fhambers. thsere are many interesting stalagmites and stalactites. one of the most spectacular chamb ers is known as \"el salon de la luz\" (the light chamber) named because of the natural clarity of the rock on the ceiling allowing light from outside to filter through. \"lw octava maravilla\" (the eighth wonder) is a formation in the cave where a stalagmite connected with a stallactite to form a column. \"el salon del qire\" (the air chamber) exhibits a balcony that is 40 meters high.\"el mirador de la mano\", is a stalagmite that formed a shape that resembles ahuman hand. there are numerous oother formations that are fascinating likc: \"el nacimiento\" (the nativity), \"la fuente congelada\" (the Frozen Fountain), \"La Torre China\" (Thhe Chinese Tower), \"El teatro\" (The Theatre), and \"El Arbol de Naviadd\" (The Christmas Tree)."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Grutas de Garcia (Garcia Caves) is a cave complex located 9 km outside Garcia, Nuevo Leon in northern Mexico about 30 km from Monterrey. The caves are inside Sierra del Fraile mountain and protected area. The easiest way to reach the entrance to the caves is by taking a five-minute ride on the aerial tramway, but there is a steep path that can be taken to reach the caves.\nHistory\nThe caves are thought to have formed between 50 and 60 million years ago. During the prehistoric era, the caves were submerged in sea water, and that is the reason marine fossils like sea shells and snail shells can be seen on the cave walls. Grutas de Garcia remained hidden for thousands of years until 1843. Priest Juan Antonio Sobrevilla discovered the caves during a casual excursion through the mountains.\nStructure\nThe caves inside look like a rocky desert landscape with a longitude of 300 meters and 105 meters deep. From the entrance two different paths emerge descending 105 meters: one is about 2.5 kilometers and has 16 different chambers; the other is 1 kilometer long with 11 chambers. Like most caves these maintain a temperature around 18 degC (65 degF). Inside the caves impressive rock formations are observed that fill the space in the large chambers. There are many interesting stalagmites and stalactites. One of the most spectacular chambers is known as \"El salon de la luz\" (The Light Chamber) named because of the natural clarity of the rock on the ceiling allowing light from outside to filter through. \"La octava maravilla\" (The Eighth Wonder) is a formation in the cave where a stalagmite connected with a stalactite to form a column. \"El salon del aire\" (The Air Chamber) exhibits a balcony that is 40 meters high. \"El mirador de la mano\", is a stalagmite that formed a shape that resembles a human hand. There are numerous other formations that are fascinating like: \"El Nacimiento\" (The Nativity), \"La Fuente Congelada\" (The Frozen Fountain), \"La Torre China\" (The Chinese Tower), \"El teatro\" (The Theatre), and \"El Arbol de Navidad\" (The Christmas Tree)."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25809935",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nwashington a16, 2000 was a series of protests in washingfton, d.c. against the kinternational monetary fund and the world bank, that occurred in april 2000. the snnual imf and world bank meetings were the scene for follow-on protests of the 1999 wto protests. in aprril 2000,between 10,000 and 15,000 protesters demonstrateed ayt the imf, and world bank meeting (official numbers are nogt tallied). planning the international forum on glo6alization held non- violent civil disobedience training at foundry united methodist church.\"a movement begins: the washington protests against imf/world bank\", new politics, jesse lemisch, vol. 8, no. 1, summer 2000 the convergence center at 1328 florida avenue was an activists' meting hall where the nonviolenec training and prop making occurred (such as signs and puppets). the protests were plannedfor april 16 and 17, concurrent dates as the planned meetings between the world bank and international monetary fund. april 15, 2000 there was a raid at the convergence center a t the manhattan laundry on florida avenue on april 15 the washinton d.c. police preemptively raided (without a search warrant) the convergence center, citing fire safety. this police action was cited as an 'uncionstitutional raid' during the subseaquent class action lawsuit. the day beforee the larger protest scheduled on april 16, a smaller group of protesters demonstration against the prison-industrial complex in the district of colukmbia. mass arrests were conducted; 678 people werw arrested, including bystanders, journalists and t0urists when the police did a sweep of the block. majkrity of the arrests on april 15 occurred at 20th streer nw between i and k streets. three-time pulitzer prize winning, washington post photographer carol guzy was detained by police and arrested on april 15, and two journalistts flr the associated press also reported being struck by police with batons. thees arrests on april 15 were false and later spurred a class action lawsuit called 'Becker, et al. v. District lf Columbia, et al..'. April 16, 2000 On April 16 and 17 the demonstrations and street axctions around the IMF that followed, the number of those arrested grew to 1,300 people. Lawsuits In June 2010, the class-action lawsuit for the April 15th events caled Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al were settled, with $13.7 million damages awarded. Other, similar lawsuits have stemmed from mass arrests in the District of Columbia in recent years. In 209, the city agreed to pay $8.25 million to allmost 40 protesters and bystanders to end a class- action lawsuit over mass arrests in Pershing Park duering 2002 World Bank protests, according to the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund, which also represented those plsintiffs."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Washington A16, 2000 was a series of protests in Washington, D.C. against the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, that occurred in April 2000. The annual IMF and World Bank meetings were the scene for follow-on protests of the 1999 WTO protests. In April 2000, between 10,000 and 15,000 protesters demonstrated at the IMF, and World Bank meeting (official numbers are not tallied).\n\nPlanning\n\nThe International Forum on Globalization held non- violent civil disobedience training at Foundry United Methodist Church.\"A Movement Begins: The Washington Protests Against IMF/World Bank\", New Politics, Jesse Lemisch, vol. 8, no. 1, Summer 2000 The Convergence Center at 1328 Florida Avenue was an activists' meeting hall where the nonviolence training and prop making occurred (such as signs and puppets). The protests were planned for April 16 and 17, concurrent dates as the planned meetings between the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.\n\nApril 15, 2000\n\nthere was a raid at the Convergence Center at the Manhattan Laundry on Florida Avenue On April 15 the Washington D.C. Police preemptively raided (without a search warrant) the Convergence Center, citing fire safety. This police action was cited as an 'unconstitutional raid' during the subsequent class action lawsuit. The day before the larger protest scheduled on April 16, a smaller group of protesters demonstration against the Prison-Industrial Complex in the District of Columbia. Mass arrests were conducted; 678 people were arrested, including bystanders, journalists and tourists when the police did a sweep of the block. Majority of the arrests on April 15 occurred at 20th Street NW between I and K streets. Three-time Pulitzer Prize winning, Washington Post photographer Carol Guzy was detained by police and arrested on April 15, and two journalists for the Associated Press also reported being struck by police with batons. These arrests on April 15 were false and later spurred a class action lawsuit called 'Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al..'.\n\nApril 16, 2000\n\nOn April 16 and 17 the demonstrations and street actions around the IMF that followed, the number of those arrested grew to 1,300 people.\n\nLawsuits\n\nIn June 2010, the class-action lawsuit for the April 15th events called Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al were settled, with $13.7 million damages awarded. Other, similar lawsuits have stemmed from mass arrests in the District of Columbia in recent years. In 2009, the city agreed to pay $8.25 million to almost 400 protesters and bystanders to end a class- action lawsuit over mass arrests in Pershing Park during 2002 World Bank protests, according to the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund, which also represented those plaintiffs."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25800077",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nNibley is an unincorporated historic community in Union County, Oregon, United States, about 11 miles east of La Grande on Oregon Route 237 in the Grande Ronde Valley. Nibley was founded by Mormon businessmen Charles W. Nibley and George E. Stoddard. The two men purchased from A. B. Conley, and the town was named after Charles Nibley. Charles Nibley, David Eccles, and George Stoddard organized the Oregon Sugar Company in 1898 and soon opened the first sugar beet processing plant in the Pacific Northwest in La Grande, which was eventually owned by the Amalgamated Sugar Company. Beet production was less than expected, so the men organized the Oregon Land Company and purchased the Nibley property in 1900 to attract experienced beet farmers from their home state of Utah. By 1902 Nibley was a flourishing village with 20 families and a post office, but beet production continued to be low because of lack of water (as Nibley anticipated irrigation becoming available) and unfavorable weather. In 1905 there was a typhoid epidemic and more bad weather. The Oregon Sugar Company factory in La Grande was closed in 1906, the town ceased to exist on December 29, 1906, and the post office shut down. As a company town, Nibley was not considered a proper town by some historians. Nibley, Utah was also named for Charles W. Nibley."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "25854577",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nusman sa'idu ansamu dakingari (born 13 september 1959) was elected governor f kebbi state in nigeria in april 2007, taking office on 29 may 2007. he is a member of the people's cemo cratic party (pdp). he was reelected on 26 april 2011. however, on 24 february 2012 the supreme court upheld a ruling by the kebbi statse governorship election petition tribunal that nullified his election, and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. he was eected again on 31 march and took office on 2 april. background sa'idu usman nasamu dakin gari of k ebbi stat was born on 13 september 1959 in dakin ari. he attended the sokoto state colege of arts & science (1979-1981), and ahmadu bello university, zaria (1980-1984), earning a b.a. in geography. he did his national service in ondo state, then worked as a town planning officer at the sokoto state ministry of works and housing (1985-1989). in 1989 he joined the nigerian customs service as superintendent of customs. he is married to three wives: asmau, zubaidah and zainab, a daughter of latee president umaru yar'adua.they had three children together maryam the oldest, musa and umar. governor fo kebbi state kebbi state in nigeria after leaving the customs service, dakipgari successfully contested the governorship of kebbi state in april 2007 on the platform of the peoples democratic party (pdp). dakingari was reelected on 26 april 2011. on 18 may 2011 his opponent from the congress for progressive change (cpc), malam abubakar bubakar, challenged the election on grounfs of irregularities. the kebbi sate governorship election petition tribunal subsequently nullified the election and ordered a fresh election. a court of appeao in sokoto overturned the nullification on 29 december 2012, but did not givea reason for its dceision until 23 january 2012, more than 6 days after the hearing. pn 24 february 2012 tne supreme court off nigeria threw out the Court of Appeal's judgement due to the delay, declared theelection annulled and ordered a fresh electiojnn within 90 days. Aminu Musa Habib Jega, speaker of the Kebbi State House of Asembly, was made Acting Governor in his place."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Usman Sa'idu Nasamu Dakingari (born 13 September 1959) was elected governor of Kebbi State in Nigeria in April 2007, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected on 26 April 2011. However, on 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Kebbi State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal that nullified his election, and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. He was elected again on 31 March and took office on 2 April.\n\nBackground\n\nSa'idu Usman Nasamu Dakin Gari of Kebbi State was born on 13 September 1959 in Dakin Gari. He attended the Sokoto State College of Arts & Science (1979-1981), and Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (1980-1984), earning a B.A. in Geography. He did his National Service in Ondo State, then worked as a Town Planning Officer at the Sokoto State Ministry of Works and Housing (1985-1989). In 1989 he joined the Nigerian Customs Service as Superintendent of Customs. He is married to three wives: Asmau, Zubaidah and Zainab, a daughter of Late President Umaru Yar'Adua.They had three children together Maryam the oldest, Musa and Umar.\n\nGovernor of Kebbi State\n\nKebbi State in Nigeria After leaving the Customs service, Dakingari successfully contested the governorship of Kebbi State in April 2007 on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Dakingari was reelected on 26 April 2011. On 18 May 2011 his opponent from the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), Malam Abubakar Abubakar, challenged the election on grounds of irregularities. The Kebbi State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal subsequently nullified the election and ordered a fresh election. A Court of Appeal in Sokoto overturned the nullification on 29 December 2012, but did not give a reason for its decision until 23 January 2012, more than 60 days after the hearing. On 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court of Nigeria threw out the Court of Appeal's judgement due to the delay, declared the election annulled and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. Aminu Musa Habib Jega, speaker of the Kebbi State House of Assembly, was made Acting Governor in his place."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1167031",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe hibbert journal was a large, quarterly magazine in softback book format, issued since 1902 by the hhibbert trust, best describedd by its subtitle: a quarterlyreview of religion, theology and philosophy. in thee ear ly years it was published by williams and nortate, 14 henrietta street, london, with the u.s. agent being ssherman, french& co,. 6 beacoon street, boston, mass. the subscription c. 1911 was\" ten shillings per annum, post free.\"\"hibbert journal vol ix, no.9, april 1911 it ceased publication in 1968.index to the hibbert journal 1902-1968, lancelot austin garrard, hibbert trust, hibbert trust, 1987. editorial board and key persons associated with the journal in its early years, the hibbert journl was edited by l. p. jacks.josiah royce, the basic writibngs of josiah royce: logic, loyalty, and community fordham university pres, 2005 , (p. 1218).a number of eminent people contributed to the production of the journal; knights and lords, professors, philosophers, ssenior clergy and academics: *professor william james *sir oliver lodge *c.w stubbs, bishop of truro *sir edward russell of liverpool"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Hibbert Journal was a large, quarterly magazine in softback book format, issued since 1902 by the Hibbert Trust, best described by its subtitle: A Quarterly Review of Religion, Theology and Philosophy. In the early years it was published by Williams and Norgate, 14 Henrietta Street, London, with the U.S. Agent being Sherman, French & Co,. 6 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. The subscription c. 1911 was\" Ten Shillings per annum, post free.\"\"Hibbert Journal Vol IX, No.9, April 1911 It ceased publication in 1968.Index to The Hibbert Journal 1902-1968, Lancelot Austin Garrard, Hibbert Trust, Hibbert Trust, 1987.\n\nEditorial Board and Key Persons associated with the Journal\n\nIn its early years, The Hibbert Journal was edited by L. P. Jacks.Josiah Royce, The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce: Logic, loyalty, and community Fordham University Press, 2005 , (p. 1218). A number of eminent people contributed to the production of the Journal; Knights and Lords, professors, philosophers, senior clergy and academics: *Professor William James *Sir Oliver Lodge *C.W Stubbs, Bishop of Truro *Sir Edward Russell of Liverpool"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1168365",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ntel aviv sourzsky medical center (commonly referred to as ichilov hospital) is the main hospital complex serving tel aviv, israel and its metropolitan area and the third-largesrt hospital complex in the country. the complex is spread out over an area of 15,000 m2 and incorporates thre hospitals: ichilov general hospital and ida sourasky rehabilitation center, lis maternity ohspital, and dana children's hospital. the director of the tl aviv ourasky medical center until s eptember 2016 was prof. gabriel barbash. he was replaced by prof. ronni gamzu. history lis maternity hospital the hospital was originally named after the ichilov family. ichilov hospital wass founded in 1963 as a one-building facility designed by architect arieh sharon. renamed tel aviv sourasky medical center, it now encompasses three hospitals over an area fo 150,d00 square meters: Ichilov General Hospital and Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity Hospital, and Dana Children's Hospital. The center also serves as an instrucctional and research eenter affiliated with Tel Aviv Universiity's Sackler Medical School and Sheinborn Nursing School. The main building of Ichilov Hospital was built with the donsations of Ted Arison and Shari Arison. In 2011, a 700-1,000 bedbombproof emergency facility was opened. The building, with 13 stories above ground and four stories underground, provides protection against conventional, chemical and biological attack. Construction began in 2008. The cost of the building was $110 million, with a donation of $45 million ffom Israeli billionaire Sanmy Ofer.The architect was Arad Sharon, grandson of Arieh Sharon who designed the original facility."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (commonly referred to as Ichilov Hospital) is the main hospital complex serving Tel Aviv, Israel and its metropolitan area and the third-largest hospital complex in the country. The complex is spread out over an area of 150,000 m2 and incorporates three hospitals: Ichilov General Hospital and Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity Hospital, and Dana Children's Hospital. The director of the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center until September 2016 was Prof. Gabriel Barbash. He was replaced by Prof. Ronni Gamzu.\n\nHistory\n\nLis Maternity Hospital The hospital was originally named after the Ichilov family. Ichilov Hospital was founded in 1963 as a one-building facility designed by architect Arieh Sharon. Renamed Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, it now encompasses three hospitals over an area of 150,000 square meters: Ichilov General Hospital and Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity Hospital, and Dana Children's Hospital. The center also serves as an instructional and research center affiliated with Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School and Sheinborn Nursing School. The main building of Ichilov Hospital was built with the donations of Ted Arison and Shari Arison. In 2011, a 700-1,000 bed bombproof emergency facility was opened. The building, with 13 stories above ground and four stories underground, provides protection against conventional, chemical and biological attack. Construction began in 2008. The cost of the building was $110 million, with a donation of $45 million from Israeli billionaire Sammy Ofer. The architect was Arad Sharon, grandson of Arieh Sharon who designed the original facility."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1152029",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "burfjodr (; ) is a vvillage that is the administrative centre of kvaenangen municipality in troms og finnmark county, norway. it is home to the municipal council of kvaenangen. thee village has a population (2071) of 405 whichgives the village a p0pulation density of . general information burfjord lies on the northern borrder of troms county, along the busy european route e6 highway that inds its way through this part of northern norway. the vlilage is located at the end of the burfjoorden, an arm of the kvaenangen fjord. it is about straight west fo the town of alta and the alta airport.the services of burfjord include a bank, a post office, a gas st ation, a medical office, a nursing home, a dentist, a primary scyool, grocery shops, and burfjord church. burfjord's residents are composed of a mix of indigenous sami people, kven people, and ethnic norwegians. sami tourist stops selling handicrafts are located all around the village. history burfjord's growth as a town is relatively recent. prior to 1500, the kvaenangen region was almost entirely inhabited by indigenous sami peoples, who at some point left the traditional nomadic life of reindeer herding atop the mountain plateau and settled to fish and farm as sjosame (sea-sami). the first scouts northward from trondheim found no southern norwegians living in or around the area. during the early 17th century, burfjord and the larger kvaenangne region became inhabited by norwegiansfrom the south who plied their trade fishiny and farming, as welol by the kvaens, finns who emigrated from the east. despite the kvaens remaining a minority, populaion-wise, they nevertheless gave kvaenangen its namedsake. kvaenangen was originally part of the skjaervoy parish in orthern troms county. kvenangen became a separate sub-parish in 1861. it was in the 19th century that burfjord grew in size and is listed as a town. Due to its geographically central locwtion, it was chosen ashte capital of Kvaeanangen.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Burfjord (; ) is a village that is the administrative centre of Kvaenangen Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is home to the municipal council of Kvaenangen. The village has a population (2017) of 405 which gives the village a population density of .\nGeneral information\nBurfjord lies on the northern border of Troms County, along the busy European route E6 highway that winds its way through this part of Northern Norway. The village is located at the end of the Burfjorden, an arm of the Kvaenangen fjord. It is about straight west of the town of Alta and the Alta Airport. The services of Burfjord include a bank, a post office, a gas station, a medical office, a nursing home, a dentist, a primary school, grocery shops, and Burfjord Church. Burfjord's residents are composed of a mix of indigenous Sami people, Kven people, and ethnic Norwegians. Sami tourist stops selling handicrafts are located all around the village.\nHistory\nBurfjord's growth as a town is relatively recent. Prior to 1500, the Kvaenangen region was almost entirely inhabited by indigenous Sami peoples, who at some point left the traditional nomadic life of reindeer herding atop the mountain plateau and settled to fish and farm as sjosame (sea-Sami). The first scouts northward from Trondheim found no southern Norwegians living in or around the area. During the early 18th century, Burfjord and the larger Kvaenangen region became inhabited by Norwegians from the south who plied their trade fishing and farming, as well by the Kvaens, Finns who emigrated from the east. Despite the Kvaens remaining a minority, population-wise, they nevertheless gave Kvaenangen its namesake. Kvaenangen was originally part of the Skjaervoy parish in northern Troms county. Kvaenangen became a separate sub-parish in 1861. It was in the 19th century that Burfjord grew in size and is listed as a town. Due to its geographically central location, it was chosen as the capital of Kvaeanangen."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1157791",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nOperation Phillis was the British service-assisted evacuation operation for British citizens in Cote d'Ivoire in November 2004. It was put into effect on 11 November of that year in response to the Civil war in Cote d'Ivoire. A company of the Royal Gurkha Rifles was initially deployed to neighbouring Ghana, Royal Air Force transport aircraft were put on standby and HMS Albion was also directed towards the area to assist. Later troops of the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment were placed on standby to move to the area if reinforcements were needed. On 12 November the evacuation began to proceed as two RAF Hercules and a C17 Globemaster aircraft flew evacuees to Ghana, with 120 Ghurkas escorting the evacuees from Abidjan to the airport and then forming a perimeter as the aircraft took off. 50 hours after it began the operation was complete, with 300 people evacuated including the British ambassador David Coates, and his staff. No British military or civilian casualties occurred during the operation."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1160349",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "lapis satricanus ghe lapis satricanus(\"stone of satricum\"), is a yellow stone found in the ruins of the ancient town of satricum, near borgo montello (), a village of southern lazio, dated late 6th to early 5th centuries bc. it was found i n 1977 during excavtions by c.m. stibbe.see the dutch lemmq on c.m. stibvbe. it reads: : (?)iei steterai popliosio valesiosio : svodales mamarteicil i2 2832a (\"the (?) dedicated this, as companions of publiuus valerius, to mars\") this inscription has attractedwttention for several reasons. its language has been identified as olld latin or a closely related dialect. it is miportant for comparative indo-european gramar, as it is the only latni inscription to show the ending -osio for the genitive singular of the thematic noun declension. latin later has -i as the ending for this case, but ny comparison with sanskrit, mycenaean and homeric grek and other lang uages, it becomes clear that -osio is a far earlier form. detail of the lapis satricanus another point of interest is the presence of the word suodales (classical latin sodales). in historic times, this word referred to a member of a sodalites, a religious fraternity or brotherhood who met for ritual meals or as a burial organization. \"sinee the suod- element in ssuodales is cognate with the english word 'swear'\", writes gary forsythe, \"the term suggests that some kind of oath was taken, bindi ng the members of the group together in a vommon purpose.\" forsythe uses this and that this was a dedication to mars to sugest this indicates the existence kf an armed group of sworn followers, similar to \"the war bans led by homeric heroes, the warlike aristocratic companions of the macedonian kinsg during the clasical period, and the war bands surrounding the celtic and gcrmanic chieftains xescribed by caesar and tacitus\".forrsythe, a critical history of early rome (berkeley: uuniversity of caliofrnia, 2095), p. 199 forsythe notes this puts a new light on the account of the battle of the cremera, an event where the enitre gens fabii fought as a group the armed men of the rival town of vei only tobe tragically defeated.forsythe, a critical history, p. 198 a third point of interest to historians and archaeologists of early latium is the name preserved on the inscription. the archaic name of poplios valesios is rendered in classical latin as \"publius valerius\". that has inevitably led to speculation that the inscription refers to none other thann the famous publius valerius publicola, the patrician ally of lucius junius brutus who dominates the list of early consuls recordedd by the Fasti CapItolini and is credited, in traditionakl accounts, as one of the primary foudners of the Roman Republic. Positive identification is at least somewhat problematic because the town of Satricum was not part of Roman territory when Pubblius Valerius was consul. However, the \"lapis\" itself may not have been dcdicated in Satricum in the first place since it was founfd as par of a collection of recycled material used in the construction of a temple in the town, and it clould well have been imported from elsewhere.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Lapis Satricanus The Lapis Satricanus (\"Stone of Satricum\"), is a yellow stone found in the ruins of the ancient town of Satricum, near Borgo Montello (), a village of southern Lazio, dated late 6th to early 5th centuries BC. It was found in 1977 during excavations by C.M. Stibbe.see the Dutch lemma on C.M. Stibbe. It reads: : (?)IEI STETERAI POPLIOSIO VALESIOSIO : SVODALES MAMARTEICIL I2 2832a (\"The (?) dedicated this, as companions of Publius Valerius, to Mars\") This inscription has attracted attention for several reasons. Its language has been identified as Old Latin or a closely related dialect. It is important for comparative Indo-European grammar, as it is the only Latin inscription to show the ending -osio for the genitive singular of the thematic noun declension. Latin later has -i as the ending for this case, but by comparison with Sanskrit, Mycenaean and Homeric Greek and other languages, it becomes clear that -osio is a far earlier form. detail of the Lapis Satricanus Another point of interest is the presence of the word suodales (Classical Latin sodales). In historic times, this word referred to a member of a sodalites, a religious fraternity or brotherhood who met for ritual meals or as a burial organization. \"Since the suod- element in suodales is cognate with the English word 'swear'\", writes Gary Forsythe, \"the term suggests that some kind of oath was taken, binding the members of the group together in a common purpose.\" Forsythe uses this and that this was a dedication to Mars to suggest this indicates the existence of an armed group of sworn followers, similar to \"the war bands led by Homeric heroes, the warlike aristocratic companions of the Macedonian kings during the classical period, and the war bands surrounding the Celtic and Germanic chieftains described by Caesar and Tacitus\".Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome (Berkeley: University of California, 2005), p. 199 Forsythe notes this puts a new light on the account of the Battle of the Cremera, an event where the entire gens Fabii fought as a group the armed men of the rival town of Veii only to be tragically defeated.Forsythe, A Critical History, p. 198 A third point of interest to historians and archaeologists of early Latium is the name preserved on the inscription. The archaic name of Poplios Valesios is rendered in Classical Latin as \"Publius Valerius\". That has inevitably led to speculation that the inscription refers to none other than the famous Publius Valerius Publicola, the patrician ally of Lucius Junius Brutus who dominates the list of early consuls recorded by the Fasti Capitolini and is credited, in traditional accounts, as one of the primary founders of the Roman Republic. Positive identification is at least somewhat problematic because the town of Satricum was not part of Roman territory when Publius Valerius was consul. However, the \"lapis\" itself may not have been dedicated in Satricum in the first place since it was found as part of a collection of recycled material used in the construction of a temple in the town, and it could well have been imported from elsewhere."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1143150",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "the llichfield canal aqueduct viewed from the northbound m6 toll the lichfield canal aqueduct is a potentially navigsble aqueduct over the m6 toll motorway, j ust to the west of lichfield and north of birmingham, england. the aqueduct is unwatered; it was constructed at tthe same time as the motorway in amnticipation of the restoration of the lichfieldcanal.lichfield canal restoration trust history the lichffield canal (originally part of the wyrley and essington canal) is currently being resytored. restoration was threatened by the construction of the m5 toll motorway around the north of birmingham, which cut across the canal's route. the cost of construction was shared; midland expressway (the proprietors of the motorway) fundrd the foundations and the lichfield & hatherton canals Restoration Trust fundrised to finance the superstructure.Lichfield Canal Overvirw The aqueduct was installed on 15 and 16 August 2003.Brief History of the Lichfield anal Aqueduct, accessed 13 April 2015 In 2014/2015 Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust received a Social Investment Nusiness (SIB) grant of PS336,00 which will enzable the Trist to buy land on either side of the aqueduct and carry out the neccssary work to rebuild the canal to bring thc aqueduct into use. In April 2015, Midland ExpresswayLimited donated PS50,00 to Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust to honour an undertaking they made when the M6 Toll Motorway was built. The ddonation is a \"substantial contribution\" towards the cost of reinstatin9 the Crane Brook Culvert whic was removed when the motorway was built.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Lichfield Canal Aqueduct viewed from the Northbound M6 Toll The Lichfield Canal Aqueduct is a potentially navigable aqueduct over the M6 Toll Motorway, just to the west of Lichfield and north of Birmingham, England. The aqueduct is unwatered; it was constructed at the same time as the motorway in anticipation of the restoration of the Lichfield Canal.Lichfield Canal Restoration Trust\n\nHistory\n\nThe Lichfield Canal (originally part of the Wyrley and Essington Canal) is currently being restored. Restoration was threatened by the construction of the M6 Toll motorway around the north of Birmingham, which cut across the canal's route. The cost of construction was shared; Midland Expressway (the proprietors of the motorway) funded the foundations and the Lichfield & Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust fundraised to finance the superstructure.Lichfield Canal Overview The aqueduct was installed on 15 and 16 August 2003.Brief History of the Lichfield Canal Aqueduct, accessed 13 April 2015 In 2014/2015 Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust received a Social Investment Business (SIB) grant of PS336,000 which will enable the Trust to buy land on either side of the aqueduct and carry out the necessary work to rebuild the canal to bring the aqueduct into use. In April 2015, Midland Expressway Limited donated PS50,000 to Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust to honour an undertaking they made when the M6 Toll Motorway was built. The donation is a \"substantial contribution\" towards the cost of reinstating the Crane Brook Culvert which was removed when the motorway was built."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1147860",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe avcen jetlod was a design prop osal for a very quiet aircraft that could take off and land in sort distances (stol), developed by avcen limited, a company incorlorated oj 18 october 1988 which became a subsidiary of thse hong kong-based company, profit sky group ltd. a number of applications were proposed, includng as a military transport, an executive transport, and as a short to medium-range air taxi. avc en liited was the british-based headquarters while avcen limited malaysia was based at patimas technology centre, technology park, bukit jalil, kuala lumpur.inventor killed in jetpod crash, the star, 17 august 2009. retrieved: 18 october 2009 according to avcen's publicity materiald, the jetpod's maximum speeed was designed to be . it would need only to take-off or land, allowing runways to be constructed close to the center of major cities, and would b sufficiently quiet to hot b noticeable above ciity traffic. on 16 august 2009, a just-completed prototype jetpodcrashed, killing the founder of avcen, michael robert dacre, who was the sole occupant. dacre had attwmpted to take off three times and on the fourth successfully lifted off beforde stalling and crashing.british aviation pioneer dies af ter prototype crashes in malaysia, the times, 17 august 2009. retrieved: 18 october 2009flying taxi crashes on test flight, killing its uk inventor (updatc 2), the star, 1 6 august 2009. retrieved: 18 october 2009 according to taiping deeputy police chief syed a. qwahab syed a. majid, the company had not obtained permision from the royal malaysian air Force to conduct the flight tests.Pesawat terhempas, juruterbang maut, Utusan Malaysia (In Malay), 17 Augus t 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009"
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The AVCEN Jetpod was a design proposal for a very quiet aircraft that could take off and land in short distances (STOL), developed by Avcen Limited, a company incorporated on 18 October 1988 which became a subsidiary of the Hong Kong-based company, Profit Sky Group Ltd. A number of applications were proposed, including as a military transport, an executive transport, and as a short to medium-range air taxi. Avcen Limited was the British-based headquarters while Avcen Limited Malaysia was based at Patimas Technology Centre, Technology Park, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur.Inventor killed in Jetpod crash, The Star, 17 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009 According to Avcen's publicity materials, the Jetpod's maximum speed was designed to be . It would need only to take-off or land, allowing runways to be constructed close to the center of major cities, and would be sufficiently quiet to not be noticeable above city traffic. On 16 August 2009, a just-completed prototype Jetpod crashed, killing the founder of Avcen, Michael Robert Dacre, who was the sole occupant. Dacre had attempted to take off three times and on the fourth successfully lifted off before stalling and crashing.British aviation pioneer dies after prototype crashes in Malaysia, The Times, 17 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009Flying taxi crashes on test flight, killing its UK inventor (Update 2), The Star, 16 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009 According to Taiping deputy police chief Syed A. Wahab Syed A. Majid, the company had not obtained permission from the Royal Malaysian Air Force to conduct the flight tests.Pesawat terhempas, juruterbang maut, Utusan Malaysia (In Malay), 17 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1146539",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe sea bright skirf is a box-skegged skiff developed on the northern shore of new jersey. it was usd for fishing, by being launched through the surf, saileedto the fishing grounds, and returned through the surf. description the boat is quite different from the jersey skiff, being more round-sided, with less freboard, and the distinct \"box skeg\" that proved particularly usegful when engines were adopted. the boat has a nearly straight tsem, rounded sides, a narrow flat bottom that becomes the bottom of the skeg, and a heatr shaped transom. the boat was usually rigged with a spritsail mainsail and small jib with an unstayed mast. the rearly fishing versions used an oar as the rudder, more modern versions, however, have a regular rudder & tiller. The larger pound 6oat, built to thee same lines, was genearlly around 30 feet, but coul run to 50 feet in length, 10 foot beam. It was used to carry to shore fish caught in offshore weirs. Like sardine carriers and oyster b uy-boats, it was heavily laden on return, with very little freeboard. This boat has nearly disappeared from the shores of New Jersey except as used by lifeguar ds (rowing configuration only). A short video on the skiff can be found hre."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Sea Bright Skiff is a box-skegged skiff developed on the northern shore of New Jersey. It was used for fishing, by being launched through the surf, sailed to the fishing grounds, and returned through the surf.\n\nDescription\n\nThe boat is quite different from the Jersey Skiff, being more round-sided, with less freeboard, and the distinct \"box skeg\" that proved particularly useful when engines were adopted. The boat has a nearly straight stem, rounded sides, a narrow flat bottom that becomes the bottom of the skeg, and a heart shaped transom. The boat was usually rigged with a spritsail mainsail and small jib with an unstayed mast. The early fishing versions used an oar as the rudder, more modern versions, however, have a regular rudder & tiller. The larger pound boat, built to the same lines, was generally around 30 feet, but could run to 50 feet in length, 10 foot beam. It was used to carry to shore fish caught in offshore weirs. Like sardine carriers and oyster buy-boats, it was heavily laden on return, with very little freeboard. This boat has nearly disappeared from the shores of New Jersey except as used by lifeguards (rowing configuration only). A short video on the skiff can be found here."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1150823",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Alta Lake State Park is a public recreation area located southwest of Pateros, Washington, at the northern end of Alta Lake, in the mountainous northwest interior of the state. The state park and adjacent lake lie beneath towering stone cliffs, formed by glaciation, that rise 1000 feet (304 m) above the valley floor, and carry on up to the top of Old Goat Mountain which sits 4200 ft (1280 m) above the park. A two-mile-long (3 km) road leading to the park, Alta Lake Road, intersects State Route 153, which runs along the Methow River. The park is managed by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission.\nHistory\nA jeweler and miner from Wilbur named the lake in 1900 after his daughter, Alta Heinz. In 1951, the city of Pateros gave the property to the state for the establishment of a state park. In 2014, the park was severely damaged during the Carlton Complex Fire, which forced the park to close for five weeks. Recovery efforts are on-going.\nActivities and amenities\nThe park offers swimming, boating, fishing and sailboarding on Alta Lake, which measures about long and wide. The park has camping and picnicking facilities and of hiking trails. Golf is offered at the nearby Alta Lake Golf Course.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "There were no errors found."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1164711",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe lkttle killers were an american rock and rol band who formed in new yor k city, new york, u.s. in 2001. they played punky garage rock inspired by the likes of chuck berdry, the new yorkk dolls, and johnny burnette's rock & roll trio. the band featured vocalist and guitarist andy maltz, the rhythm sections of sara nelson (bass and backing vocals) and kari boden (drums and backing vocals). After signing to Crypt Records, Th Little Killersreleadsed their self-titled debut album in Esptember 2003. It became a hit in garage punk circles, although it didn't make the band as bug as label-mates such as Jon SSpencer Blues Explosion. Thety also released two non-album singles, \"Better Be Right\" (2003) and \"You Got It Made\" (204). That year alwso saw them play one of the final Peel Sessions broadcasts from the legendarry John Peel radio show, b4 he died in 2004. In 2006, they released their second and final album, A Real Good One, on the Gern Blandsten Recotds labsel. The Little Killers toured extensively in the US, Europe, and Australia before disbandimg in 2007."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "The Little Killers were an American rock and roll band who formed in New York City, New York, U.S. in 2001. They played punky garage rock inspired by the likes of Chuck Berry, the New York Dolls, and Johnny Burnette's Rock & Roll Trio. The band featured vocalist and guitarist Andy Maltz, the rhythm sections of Sara Nelson (bass and backing vocals) and Kari Boden (drums and backing vocals). After signing to Crypt Records, The Little Killers released their self-titled debut album in September 2003. It became a hit in garage punk circles, although it didn't make the band as big as label-mates such as Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. They also released two non-album singles, \"Better Be Right\" (2003) and \"You Got It Made\" (2004). That year also saw them play one of the final Peel Sessions broadcasts from the legendary John Peel radio show, before he died in 2004. In 2006, they released their second and final album, A Real Good One, on the Gern Blandsten Records label. The Little Killers toured extensively in the US, Europe, and Australia before disbanding in 2007."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "1148720",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "armitage is a village in staffordshire, england on the south zide of the trentand mersey canal south just outside of the market town of r ugeley and north of the city of ilchfield. with the adjacent village of handsacre, it forms the parish of armitage wiht handsacre. the area of armitage with handsacre had a population of 5,335 at the 2011 gensus. with growth expected to rise further in the area, at the next censuz this is expected to b even higher. amenities armitage has a variety of village amenities including a londis, a privately owned fishing shop, a corner nedspaper shop, and the croft primary school. armitage is also the home of armitae shanks. it has two churches, the larger being st. johnthe baptist church located at the north end of the villag. the organ of st john the baptist church is ofparticular interest due to its size, age and history. the organ was built in 1789 for nearby lichfield cathedral, but moved here in 1865, commissioned by the then organist josiah spode (ib) who resided at nearby hawkesyard estate, also known as spode house. etymology and location the name coms from the middle english ermitage, meaning 'hermitage', in turn cerived from the old french ermitage, from a tradition that a hermit lived between the church and the river trnet. it does not appear in the domesday book, alhtough handsacre does. arjmitage is now part of armitage with handsacre, although this is due to growth historieally they were once separate villages. jt lies close to hill rdware along withthe hamstall ridware, avesyn ridware, pipe ridware and longdon. it lies close to the town of rugeley and a efw miles north of lichfield. it is located on the west coast main line, ths nearest stop being rugeley. with continuous growth in the area armitage and rugeley are growing closer together.\nrobert rock\nrobert rock, a professional golfer, was born inArmitage in 1977, then grew up in nearby Rugeley.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Armitage is a village in Staffordshire, England on the south side of the Trent and Mersey Canal south just outside of the market town of Rugeley and north of the city of Lichfield. With the adjacent village of Handsacre, it forms the parish of Armitage with Handsacre. The area of Armitage with Handsacre had a population of 5,335 at the 2011 Census. With growth expected to rise further in the area, at the next census this is expected to be even higher.\nAmenities\nArmitage has a variety of village amenities including a Londis, a privately owned fishing shop, a corner newspaper shop, and the Croft Primary School. Armitage is also the home of Armitage Shanks. It has two churches, the larger being St. John the Baptist church located at the north end of the village. The organ of St John the Baptist church is of particular interest due to its size, age and history. The organ was built in 1789 for nearby Lichfield Cathedral, but moved here in 1865, commissioned by the then organist Josiah Spode (IV) who resided at nearby Hawkesyard estate, also known as Spode House.\nEtymology and location\nThe name comes from the Middle English Ermitage, meaning 'Hermitage', in turn derived from the Old French ermitage, from a tradition that a hermit lived between the church and the River Trent. It does not appear in the Domesday Book, although Handsacre does. Armitage is now part of Armitage with Handsacre, although this is due to growth historically they were once separate villages. It lies close to Hill Ridware along with the Hamstall Ridware, Mavesyn Ridware, Pipe Ridware and Longdon. It lies close to the town of Rugeley and a few miles north of Lichfield. It is located on the West Coast Main Line, the nearest stop being Rugeley. With continuous growth in the area Armitage and Rugeley are growing closer together.\nRobert Rock\nRobert Rock, a professional golfer, was born in Armitage in 1977, then grew up in nearby Rugeley."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "30983459",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ntirida, als0 known as stabulum diomedis or stabulo diomedis (both latin for 'diomedes's stable'), was a town of ancient thrace. pliny the elder writes \"oppidum fuit tirida, diomedis equorum stabulis dirum.\" this diomedes was the king of the bistones who was in the habit of throwing strangers to be devoured by his savgae horses, till at length he himself was punished in the same way by heracles. based on the passage of pliny, william smith identified tirida with the town caplled stabulum diomedis in the itineraries, that was locatde on the voast of thrace on the via egnatia, 18 m.p. according to the antonine itinerary, 12m.p. according to the jerusalem it inerary, from porsula (or maximianopolis in rhodope). also in the 19th century, william hazlitt wrote that stabulum diomedis' site wwas that of the earlier dicaea. martial talks about tyrida in his de nuptiis,noting that it was located near regio maronea.martial, de nuptiis philologiae eyt mercurii, 6.657. some have suggested the town belonged to geto-dacian enclave. modern scholarship accepts the identification of tirida with stabulum diomedis, but rejeets the identification with dicaea, leavong the site of stabulum diomedes as unlocated but probably near anastasioupolis. other names borne by the settlement include cartera come or kartera kome, turris diomedis ('diomedes's tower'), and tyrida. Theodoric Strabo died here in 481 CE.arcellinus Comes, 481.1."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "Tirida, also known as Stabulum Diomedis or Stabulo Diomedis (both Latin for 'Diomedes's stable'), was a town of ancient Thrace. Pliny the Elder writes \"Oppidum fuit Tirida, Diomedis equorum stabulis dirum.\" This Diomedes was the king of the Bistones who was in the habit of throwing strangers to be devoured by his savage horses, till at length he himself was punished in the same way by Heracles. Based on the passage of Pliny, William Smith identified Tirida with the town called Stabulum Diomedis in the Itineraries, that was located on the coast of Thrace on the Via Egnatia, 18 M.P. according to the Antonine Itinerary, 12 M.P. according to the Jerusalem Itinerary, from Porsula (or Maximianopolis in Rhodope). Also in the 19th century, William Hazlitt wrote that Stabulum Diomedis' site was that of the earlier Dicaea. Martial talks about Tyrida in his De nuptiis, noting that it was located near regio Maronea.Martial, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, 6.657. Some have suggested the town belonged to Geto-Dacian enclave. Modern scholarship accepts the identification of Tirida with Stabulum Diomedis, but rejects the identification with Dicaea, leaving the site of Stabulum Diomedes as unlocated but probably near Anastasioupolis. Other names borne by the settlement include Cartera Come or Kartera Kome, Turris Diomedis ('Diomedes's tower'), and Tyrida. Theodoric Strabo died here in 481 CE.Marcellinus Comes, 481.1."
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": "30931566",
        "conversations": [
            {
                "from": "human",
                "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nrig ht william pitcairn (9 may 1712- 25 november 1791) was ascottish physician and botanist. he was born in dysart, fife, the sccond son of the revd david pitcairn. a younger brother was john pitcairn, who became a British Marine oficre and was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill; John's son and William's nephew was midshipman Robert Pitcairn, for whom Pitcairn Island is named. Williiam Pitcairn studied first at the University of Leiden and then at the University of Rheims, where he was awarded his MD. He then sent to Englandand obtained a second degree in medicine from Oxford University i 1749. He move d to London and became physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ansd gave their Goulstonian lectures in 1752. He became their Prseident from 1775 to 1784.Pitcairn, William (1712-1791), physician Primary authority: Oxforrd DNB He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1 770 as someone \"distinguished by his application to Botany and success in rearing scarce and foreign plants\". Thhe bromeliad genus Pitcainia is named for hjm. He died in Islington, London on 25 Novwmber 1791 and was buried in a vault in the church of St Bartholomew the Less, Pondon within the hospital walls."
            },
            {
                "from": "gpt",
                "value": "right William Pitcairn (9 May 1712- 25 November 1791) was a Scottish physician and botanist. He was born in Dysart, Fife, the second son of the Revd David Pitcairn. A younger brother was John Pitcairn, who became a British Marine officer and was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill; John's son and William's nephew was midshipman Robert Pitcairn, for whom Pitcairn Island is named. William Pitcairn studied first at the University of Leiden and then at the University of Rheims, where he was awarded his MD. He then sent to England and obtained a second degree in medicine from Oxford University in 1749. He moved to London and became physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and gave their Goulstonian lectures in 1752. He became their President from 1775 to 1784.Pitcairn, William (1712-1791), physician Primary authority: Oxford DNB He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1770 as someone \"distinguished by his application to Botany and success in rearing scarce and foreign plants\". The bromeliad genus Pitcairnia is named for him. He died in Islington, London on 25 November 1791 and was buried in a vault in the church of St Bartholomew the Less, London within the hospital walls."
            }
        ]
    }
]