The smallest company, the biggest company, has to be capable of doing three things beautifully: The product that you want to sell has to be fantastic, you have to have fantastic marketing, and you have to have tremendous financial management.

不论是大公司还是小企业， 都能把以下三件事做得很好： 产品质量要过硬， 市场营销要高效， 财务管理要精明。


We have never met a single human being in the world who can make it, sell it and look after the money.

这世上从来没有一个人 能同时做好生产、销售以及财务的工作。


We've done the research, and we have looked at the 100 iconic companies of the world -- Carnegie, Westinghouse, Edison, Ford, all the new companies, Google, Yahoo.

我们做过调查，对世界上 100家标杆企业进行研究-- 卡内基培训公司，西屋公司，爱迪生公司，福特汽车公司， 以及所有这些新兴产业的公司，如谷歌，雅虎。


There's only one thing that all the successful companies in the world have in common, only one: None were started by one person.

世界上所有成功的企业只有一个 共同点，只有一个： 没有一个企业是靠一人之力创建的。


Now we teach entrepreneurship to 16-year-olds in Northumberland, and we start the class by giving them the first two pages of Richard Branson's autobiography, and the task of the 16-year-olds is to underline, in the first two pages of Richard Branson's autobiography how many times Richard uses the word "I" and how many times he uses the word "we."

现在我们在诺森伯兰郡 教授16岁青年们创业学，我们一开始 把理查德·布兰森自传的前两页给他们看， 这些学生们的任务就是用下划线标出 并统计理查德·布兰森自传前两页中 用了多少次“我”这个字 和用了多少次“我们”这个词。


Never the word "I," and the word "we" 32 times.

“我”一次都没有，“我们”用了32次。


他刚起步时并非单枪匹马。


没人能独自创立一个企业。没人。


So we can create the community where we have facilitators who come from a small business background sitting in cafes, in bars, and your dedicated buddies who will do to you, what somebody did for this gentleman who talks about this epic, somebody who will say to you, "What do you need?

所以我们可以建立一个社区， 在这个社区里，我们有来自小型企业背景的辅助商 在咖啡馆中、酒吧里为你出谋划策， 我们能为你提供这位满怀抱负的先生 所受到的帮助， 我们会问你：“你需要什么？


你能做什么？你能生产出来吗？


Okay, can you sell it? Can you look after the money?"

你能销售出去吗？你能打理资金吗？”


"Oh, no, I cannot do this.""Would you like me to find you somebody?"

“啊，这个我办不到。”“那要我替你找人帮忙吗？”


我们鼓舞各个社区进行创业。


We have groups of volunteers supporting the Enterprise Facilitator to help you to find resources and people and we have discovered that the miracle of the intelligence of local people is such that you can change the culture and the economy of this community just by capturing the passion, the energy and imagination of your own people.

我们有志愿者团队帮助创业辅助商 为客户集结资源及人力。 我们发现当地人群的智慧 能创造出奇迹 能改变社区的文化和经济， 只要你能好好利用人们这份热情， 这种活力，这种想象力。


There are a lot of ways the people around us can help improve our lives.

我们周围的人能以很多种方式 来帮我们把生活变得更美好


We don't bump into every neighbor, so a lot of wisdom never gets passed on, though we do share the same public spaces.

我们不一定能常常碰到我们的邻居 所以即使我们生活在同一片公共空间里 邻居的智慧也难以被传递开来


So over the past few years, I've tried ways to share more using simple tools like stickers, stencils and chalk.

所以在过去的几年里，我尝试着以不同的方式 如用贴纸、展板和粉笔这些简单工具 来在公共空间里与邻居分享更多的东西


And these projects came from questions I had, like: How much are my neighbors paying for their apartments?

这些项目都源自于我自己的一些疑问，如 我的邻居得付多少房租？


How can we lend and borrow more things, without knocking on each other's doors at a bad time?

我们怎么样能够从邻里间互借到更多的东西 同时避免在不合时宜的时候敲开对方的门？


How can we share more memories of our abandoned buildings, and gain a better understanding of our landscape?

我们怎样能够更好地分享各自的 关于被毁弃的建筑的回忆 并更好地理解我们居住的这片土地？


How can we share more of our hopes for our vacant storefronts, so our communities can reflect our needs and dreams today?

怎样更能表达我们对空置的店面的期待 使我们的社区能反映出 我们现在的需求和梦想？


Now, I live in New Orleans, and I am in love with New Orleans.

我现时住在新奥尔良 并深深地爱上了这座城市


My soul is always soothed by the giant live oak trees, shading lovers, drunks and dreamers for hundreds of years, and I trust a city that always makes way for music.

那些生生不息的巨型橡树总是可以抚慰我的灵魂 几百年来，情侣、醉汉和追梦人们 总会稍息在树影下 我深信这一座充满着音乐律动的城市


I feel like every time someone sneezes, New Orleans has a parade. The city has some of the most beautiful architecture in the world, but it also has one of the highest amounts of abandoned properties in America.

每当有人打喷嚏时， 我都感觉新奥尔良来了一只游行队伍 新奥尔良拥有世界上很多最漂亮的建筑 但同时，她也是全美拥有最多 废弃建筑的城市


I live near this house, and I thought about how I could make it a nicer space for my neighborhood, and I also thought about something that changed my life forever.

我住在这栋房子附近，我就想如何让它 在这片社区里成为一个更好的地方 也思考了另一件事 这件事彻底改变了我的人生


In 2009, I lost someone I loved very much.

2009年，我失去了一个我挚爱的人


Her name was Joan, and she was a mother to me.

她的名字叫琼，对我来讲，她就像我的母亲一样


And her death was sudden and unexpected.

她死得很突然，没有人预料到


然后我思考了很多关于死亡的事


And ... this made me feel deep gratitude for the time I've had.

然后⋯⋯ 这件事让我对我拥有的时光怀着深切致意


And ... brought clarity to the things that are meaningful to my life now.

并且 显现出了那些 对我的生命有真正意义的东西


But I struggle to maintain this perspective in my daily life.

但我却很难在日常生活中保持这种心态


I feel like it's easy to get caught up in the day-to-day, and forget what really matters to you.

我觉得人们太容易被日复一日的琐碎困住 而忘记什么才是真正重要的事


So with help from old and new friends, I turned the side of this abandoned house into a giant chalkboard, and stenciled it with a fill-in-the-blank sentence: "Before I die, I want to ..."

我于是在一些新老朋友的帮助下 把这栋废弃的房子的一面墙 做成了一个巨型黑板 我在上面写满了同一道填空题 “在死之前，我想⋯⋯”


So anyone walking by can pick up a piece of chalk, reflect on their life, and share their personal aspirations in public space.

所以每一个路过的人都可以捡起一根粉笔 在公共场合里留下一些他们人生的痕迹 且来分享他们内心深处的愿望


I didn't know what to expect from this experiment, but by the next day, the wall was entirely filled out, and it kept growing.

我并不知道该从这个实验里期待些什么 但是第二天，整个墙壁都被填满了 而且不断有人添加新的答案


And I'd like to share a few things that people wrote on this wall.

我想跟大家分享一些人们在那面墙上 写的东西


"Before I die, I want to be tried for piracy." "Before I die, I want to straddle the International Dateline."

“在死之前，我想为我的海盗行为接受审判” “在死之前，我想跨过国际日期变更线”


"Before I die, I want to sing for millions."

“在死之前，我想在上百万的观众面前唱歌”


“在死之前，我想种一棵树”


"Before I die, I want to live off the grid."

“在死之前，我想过隐居的生活”


"Before I die, I want to hold her one more time."

“在死之前，我想再抱她一次”


"Before I die, I want to be someone's cavalry."

“在死之前，我想成为某个人的骑士”


"Before I die, I want to be completely myself."

“在死之前，我想要做完全真实的自己”


So this neglected space became a constructive one, and people's hopes and dreams made me laugh out loud, tear up, and they consoled me during my own tough times.

这个本来被遗忘的建筑变成了一个极具建设性的地方 这些人的希望和梦想 让我放声大笑，也黯然落泪 也曾在我经历困境的时候给我安慰


It's about knowing you're not alone; it's about understanding our neighbors in new and enlightening ways; it's about making space for reflection and contemplation, and remembering what really matters most to us as we grow and change.

这让我们相信自己并不孤单 让我们对邻居有了全新的 启发心智的了解 这为我们营造了一个反省和思考的空间 也提醒我们在不断成长改变的过程中 什么才是最为重要的


I made this last year, and started receiving hundreds of messages from passionate people who wanted to make a wall with their community.

这个黑板是我去年做的，然后我就不断收到 一些热情的人们给我发的信息 说想在他们的社区里也设立一面这样的墙壁


So, my civic center colleagues and I made a tool kit, and now walls have been made in countries around the world, including Kazakhstan, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, and beyond.

所以我和我的同事们就做了一个小型工具箱 现在，这面墙壁已经遍布全球 包括哈萨克斯坦，南非 澳大利亚 阿根廷等地


Together, we've shown how powerful our public spaces can be if we're given the opportunity to have a voice, and share more with one another.

这些迹象表明，如果我们能有一个 表达自己的意愿并与他人分享的机会 那么公共空间将发挥巨大的作用


Two of the most valuable things we have are time, and our relationships with other people.

我们所拥有的最珍贵的两样东西，一个是时间 还有一个，是与他人的联系


In our age of increasing distractions, it's more important than ever to find ways to maintain perspective, and remember that life is brief and tender.

在这个物欲横流的时代里 努力坚持自我，铭记人生的短暂与生命的脆弱 变得比以往任何时代都更重要


Death is something that we're often discouraged to talk about, or even think about, but I've realized that preparing for death is one of the most empowering things you can do.

我们总是没有勇气谈论死亡 甚至没有勇气去想着死亡 但是我意识到，为死亡做心理准备 是我们能够做到的最有力的事情之一


Thinking about death clarifies your life.

思考死亡能够让你对自己的人生有更清醒的认识


Our shared spaces can better reflect what matters to us, as individuals and as a community, and with more ways to share our hopes, fears and stories, the people around us can not only help us make better places, they can help us lead better lives.

公共空间可以更好的体现到底什么对我们是真正重要的 无论是对个人来说或者对于整个社区来说 有了更多的方式来分享我们的希望，恐惧和经历 我们身边的人不仅能够帮助我们创造更美好的地方 更帮助我们过上更美好的生活


Now I'd like to introduce you to my brothers.

我想介绍给你们认识我的两个兄弟


Remi今年22岁 又高又帅


He's speechless, but he communicates joy in a way that some of the best orators cannot.

他不讲话，但能传达欢乐 用他特有的方式，最好的演讲家也望尘莫及


He shares it unconditionally and he shares it regardless.

他无条件无保留地分享他的那份爱


He's not greedy. He doesn't see skin color.

他不贪心，也不在乎别人是什么肤色


He doesn't care about religious differences, and get this: He has never told a lie.

他无所谓宗教信仰的差异，还有： 他从来没说过谎


When he sings songs from our childhood, attempting words that not even I could remember, he reminds me of one thing: how little we know about the mind, and how wonderful the unknown must be.

当他唱起我们儿时的歌谣 唱出就连我都忘记了的歌词 他提醒了我 我们对精神知之甚少 而未知的事物是如此迷人


Samuel is 16. He's tall. He's very handsome.

Samuel今年16岁，也是又高又帅


He doesn't remember if he stole my chocolate bar, but he remembers the year of release for every song on my iPod, conversations we had when he was four, weeing on my arm on the first ever episode of Teletubbies, and Lady Gaga's birthday.

他不记得偷了我的巧克力棒 但记得我iPod里面每首歌的发行年份 他四岁时我们的谈话 看天线宝宝第一集时尿在我手臂上的囧事 还有Lady Gaga的生日


And in fact, because their minds don't fit into society's version of normal, they're often bypassed and misunderstood.

事实是，就因为他们的思维不符合 社会对正常人的定义 他们经常被孤立、被误解


But what lifted my heart and strengthened my soul was that even though this was the case, although they were not seen as ordinary, this could only mean one thing: that they were extraordinary -- autistic and extraordinary.

但让我坚定信念的是 即使现实如此 就算他们不被当作正常人看 这也只说明了一件事 他们是非凡的 虽然患有自闭症，但非凡无比


Now, for you who may be less familiar with the term "autism," it's a complex brain disorder that affects social communication, learning and sometimes physical skills.

你们中的一些人可能还不太了解“孤独症”这个术语 它是由复杂的大脑功能紊乱而导致的社交障碍 学习障碍，有时伴有运动功能障碍


It manifests in each individual differently, hence why Remi is so different from Sam.

每一个病例的情况都是特殊的 所以Remi与Sam的情况也是不同的


And across the world, every 20 minutes, one new person is diagnosed with autism, and although it's one of the fastest-growing developmental disorders in the world, there is no known cause or cure.

在全世界，每20分钟，就有一个 新的孤独症确诊病例 虽然这是全球增长最快的疾病之一 但是我们尚不清楚它的致病原因和治疗方法


And I cannot remember the first moment I encountered autism, but I cannot recall a day without it.

我记不起第一次知道“孤独症”这个词的情形 我也记不起有哪一天我是对“孤独症”一无所知的


I was just three years old when my brother came along, and I was so excited that I had a new being in my life.

我三岁的时候，弟弟出生了 我非常兴奋 我有了新的家人


And after a few months went by, I realized that he was different.

而就在几个月之后 我意识到他与众不同


He didn't want to play like the other babies did, and in fact, he didn't seem very interested in me whatsoever.

他不愿意像其他婴儿那样玩儿 实际上，他好像 对我一点儿也不感兴趣


Remi lived and reigned in his own world, with his own rules, and he found pleasure in the smallest things, like lining up cars around the room and staring at the washing machine and eating anything that came in between.

Remi沉浸在他自己的世界里，应用他自己制定的法则 他从细微的事物中寻找乐趣 比如绕着屋子排列他的玩具车 盯着洗衣机 把他和洗衣机之间的所有东西都吃下去


And as he grew older, he grew more different, and the differences became more obvious.

当他长大了，他变得更加独特 这些特别的地方更加明显


Yet beyond the tantrums and the frustration and the never-ending hyperactivity was something really unique: a pure and innocent nature, a boy who saw the world without prejudice, a human who had never lied.

除了经常性的发脾气、沮丧 和永无休止的多动 还有一点特别之处 就是他纯真无邪的天性，不带偏见地看世界 他是个从不撒谎的人


Now, I cannot deny that there have been some challenging moments in my family, moments where I've wished that they were just like me.

我无法否认 家里的确有过艰难的时候 我多想他们跟我一样


But I cast my mind back to the things that they've taught me about individuality and communication and love, and I realize that these are things that I wouldn't want to change with normality.

但我转而又想到他们教我的那些事 关于个性、交流和爱 我意识到这些东西 我可不愿意用“正常”去换


Normality overlooks the beauty that differences give us, and the fact that we are different doesn't mean that one of us is wrong.

“正常”忽视了差异带来的美 人与人的差异不代表其中一方是错的


It just means that there's a different kind of right.

只是说明“对”有不同种类


And if I could communicate just one thing to Remi and to Sam and to you, it would be that you don't have to be normal.

我只想说一句话，对Remi 对Sam 对你们 你们不必一定是“正常”的


Because autistic or not, the differences that we have -- We've got a gift! Everyone's got a gift inside of us, and in all honesty, the pursuit of normality is the ultimate sacrifice of potential.

无论是否是孤独症 我们之间的差异—— 我们每个人都有各自的天赋 老实说，追求“正常” 也就是完全抹杀了潜能


The chance for greatness, for progress and for change dies the moment we try to be like someone else.

卓越、进步和改变的可能性 在我们想与他人变得一样的努力中消亡


Five years ago, I experienced a bit of what it must have been like to be Alice in Wonderland.

五年前，我曾有过一个 有如漫游爱丽丝仙境的经历。


Penn State asked me, a communications teacher, to teach a communications class for engineering students.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学让我这个教沟通学的老师 给工程系的学生上沟通学课。


And I was scared. Really scared. Scared of these students with their big brains and their big books and their big, unfamiliar words.

我被吓到了。 我真的被吓坏了。这些学生发达的大脑， 还有他们所读的巨著，及他们使用的又长又生僻的词语通通都吓到我了。


But as these conversations unfolded, I experienced what Alice must have when she went down that rabbit hole and saw that door to a whole new world.

不过随着对话的展开， 我的经历就如爱丽丝一样，顺着那个兔子洞 下去，看到了那扇通往一个全新世界的大门。


That's just how I felt as I had those conversations with the students. I was amazed at the ideas that they had, and I wanted others to experience this wonderland as well.

这就是我和那些学生们对话时的感受。 我对他们的想法感到惊奇， 而且我希望其他人也能体验这种在仙境中的感觉。


And I believe the key to opening that door is great communication.

我相信打开那扇门的关键 就是要有很好的交流与沟通。


We desperately need great communication from our scientists and engineers in order to change the world.

为了改变世界，我们迫切需要从我们的 科学家和工程师那里得到良好的沟通。


Our scientists and engineers are the ones that are tackling our grandest challenges, from energy to environment to health care, among others, and if we don't know about it and understand it, then the work isn't done, and I believe it's our responsibility as non-scientists to have these interactions.

我们的科学家和工程师们解决的都是 我们所面临的最大的难题，从能源 到环境再到卫生保健，等等。 如果我们不明白也不理解的话， 他们的工作对我们就没有什么意义了，并且我相信 我们作为非科学家们有责任与他们进行互动交流。


But these great conversations can't occur if our scientists and engineers don't invite us in to see their wonderland.

可是如果我们的科学家和工程师们不把我们领进门 去看看他们的仙境的话，我们之间也就不可能有很好的交流。


So scientists and engineers, please, talk nerdy to us.

所以科学家和工程师们，请跟我们说说高科技是什么吧。


I want to share a few keys on how you can do that to make sure that we can see that your science is sexy and that your engineering is engaging.

我想来分享几个有用的方法，告诉你们如何才能保证 让我们也觉得你们的科学"性感"迷人、 你们的工程学魅力四射。


First question to answer for us: so what?

第一个要回答我们的问题： 高科技又怎样？


Tell us why your science is relevant to us.

告诉我们，为什么你们的科学与我们有关。


Don't just tell me that you study trabeculae, but tell me that you study trabeculae, which is the mesh-like structure of our bones because it's important to understanding and treating osteoporosis.

别光告诉我你们研究骨小梁， 要告诉我你们研究骨小梁是因为这种骨骼的网状组织 对认识和治疗骨质疏松症很重要。


And when you're describing your science, beware of jargon.

另外当你们描述科学原理时，要注意术语的使用。


Jargon is a barrier to our understanding of your ideas.

术语是我们理解你们想法的一个障碍。


Sure, you can say "spatial and temporal," but why not just say "space and time," which is so much more accessible to us?

当然了，你们可以说“空间性与瞬时性”，可是为什么不说 "空间与时间"呢？这对我们来说容易理解多了。


And making your ideas accessible is not the same as dumbing it down.

让你们的想法简单易懂并不等于简化它，


Instead, as Einstein said, make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler.

相反，正如爱因斯坦所说，让一切 尽可能的简单，而不是简化。


You can clearly communicate your science without compromising the ideas.

你不必非得改变你的观点才能清楚地 传达出你的科学理论。


A few things to consider are having examples, stories and analogies. Those are ways to engage and excite us about your content.

可以考虑用一些例子、故事、 还有类比。这些都是使你们的谈论内容 吸引我们、让我们兴奋的方法。


And when presenting your work, drop the bullet points.

还有在用幻灯片演示你们的研究成果时，不要使用点句式。


Have you ever wondered why they're called bullet points? What do bullets do? Bullets kill, and they will kill your presentation.

你想过为什么点句式符号叫"子弹"点儿吗？ 子弹是干什么的？子弹能杀人， 也能灭了你的演示报告。


A slide like this is not only boring, but it relies too much on the language area of our brain, and causes us to become overwhelmed.

像这样的幻灯片不仅仅乏味无聊，而且太过依赖 我们大脑的语言区，使我们不知所措。


Instead, this example slide by Genevieve Brown is much more effective. It's showing that the special structure of trabeculae are so strong that they actually inspired the unique design of the Eiffel Tower.

而这张由Genevieve Brown制作的示例幻灯片 效果就好多了。它向我们说明骨小梁的特殊结构 超级强大，甚至连埃菲尔铁塔的独特设计


And the trick here is to use a single, readable sentence that the audience can key into if they get a bit lost, and then provide visuals which appeal to our other senses and create a deeper sense of understanding of what's being described.

都受到了它的启发。 这里的窍门就是使用简单、易读的句子， 让观众即使有点儿不明白也能够掌握要点， 然后接下来提供一些能够刺激我们感官的图像， 并且能让我们对所描述的内容 有更深层次的理解。


So I think these are just a few keys that can help the rest of us to open that door and see the wonderland that is science and engineering.

以上这些就是我觉得能够帮助 我们大家打开那扇大门的钥匙，感受科学与工程学 仙境的好方法。


And because the engineers that I've worked with have taught me to become really in touch with my inner nerd, I want to summarize with an equation. Take your science, subtract your bullet points and your jargon, divide by relevance, meaning share what's relevant to the audience, and multiply it by the passion that you have for this incredible work that you're doing, and that is going to equal incredible interactions

那么因为与我共事过的工程师们教会我 接触我内心存在的学术狂人， 我想用一个方程式来总结一下我的观点。 用你们研究的科学，减去你们的点句式 和术语，除以相关内容， 就是要分享和观众有关的内容， 再乘以你对自己正在从事的 这份神奇工作的激情， 它就会等于：具备充分理解的、


And so, scientists and engineers, when you've solved this equation, by all means, talk nerdy to me. Thank you.

因此，科学家和工程师们，当你们解决了 这个方程式以后，就想尽一切办法，跟我说说高科技吧。 谢谢。


One of my favorite words in the whole of the Oxford English Dictionary is "snollygoster."

我很喜欢的词之一 在整个牛津英语词典里叫“snollygoster”。


不仅因为它听起来很不错。


And what snollygoster means is "a dishonest politician."

而且它的意思是 “一个诡诈的政客”。


Although there was a 19th-century newspaper editor who defined it rather better when he said, "A snollygoster is a fellow who seeks office regardless of party, platform or principle, and who, when he wins, gets there by the sheer force of monumental talknophical assumnancy."

尽管这只是一个19世纪的 报纸编辑给出的一个很好的定义，他的原话： “‘snollygoster’是一个这样的家伙，他会为了谋求高位 而不在乎任何政党、任何舞台或任何原则， 他会用其三寸不烂之舌 口若悬河而赢得高位。”


Now I have no idea what "talknophical" is.

我一点儿也不明白“talknophical”是什么意思。


大概是和言语词汇相关的词汇，我假设。


But it's very important that words are at the center of politics, and all politicians know they have to try and control language.

但是言语词汇对于政治中心之作用是非常重要的， 并且所有的政客都明白他们必须尝试着控制他们的话语言论。


It wasn't until, for example, 1771 that the British Parliament allowed newspapers to report the exact words that were said in the debating chamber.

举例来说，一直到1771年， 英国议会才允许新闻报纸报道 在辩论会上政客们说的真实话语。


And this was actually all down to the bravery of a guy with the extraordinary name of Brass Crosby, who took on Parliament.

而且实际上这全是因为一个勇敢的人， 这个伟大的名字叫布艾斯·克若斯比 ， 在议会上提议。


And he was thrown into the Tower of London and imprisoned, but he was brave enough, he was brave enough to take them on, and in the end he had such popular support in London that he won.

他被丢到了伦敦塔里 遭到囚禁， 但是他还是很勇敢 拥有足够的勇气在议会上提议， 并且到最后他在伦敦拥有众多的支持声音而赢得了胜利。


And it was only a few years later that we have the first recorded use of the phrase "as bold as brass."

而且仅仅几年后 我们有了第一次记录使用短语 “as bold as brass” （意译：敢作敢为）


Most people think that's down to the metal.

很多人认为这个短语出自于金属什么的。


It's not. It's down to a campaigner for the freedom of the press.

不是的，它是出自于 一个新闻自由卫士。


But to really show you how words and politics interact, I want to take you back to the United States of America, just after they'd achieved independence.

不过为了真实的表明 词汇和政治怎样互相影响， 我想带你回到过去的美国， 在它刚刚宣布独立的时候。


And they had to face the question of what to call George Washington, their leader.

那时他们有一个问题要面对 就是怎样称号乔治·华盛顿, 他们的领袖。


What do you call the leader of a republican country?

应该尊称一个共和国的领袖为什么？


And this was debated in Congress for ages and ages.

就这个问题在国会上争论了很久很久。


And there were all sorts of suggestions on the table, which might have made it.

并且产生了很多建议， 这些建议貌似可行。


I mean, some people wanted him to be called Chief Magistrate Washington, and other people, His Highness George Washington, and other people, Protector of the Liberties of the People of the United States of America Washington.

我的意思是，一些人想叫他为 首席行政官华盛顿， 而另一些人称他为乔治·华盛顿殿下， 还有人叫他美利坚联合政府自由解放的保卫者华盛顿。


没有一个朗朗上口的名字。


Some people just wanted to call him King.


他们认为是个称号是过去用过并经过考验的。


And they weren't even being monarchical there, they had the idea that you could be elected King for a fixed term.

他们甚至并没有延续君主制， 他们的主意是你可以是选举的国王 有一个固定的任期。


你知道的，这样大概会可行。


And everybody got insanely bored, actually, because this debate went on for three weeks.

而且每一个人都感到神经错乱似地厌烦了，事实上， 因为这场辩论持续了3个礼拜。


I read a diary of this poor senator, who just keeps coming back, "Still on this subject."

我读过一个当时可怜议员的日记， 里面持续的记录着，“竟然又是这个议题。”


And the reason for the delay and the boredom was that the House of Representatives were against the Senate.

而致使延期和厌倦的原因是 众议院对战参议院。


The House of Representatives didn't want Washington to get drunk on power.

众议院不想让华盛顿 沉醉于权力。


They didn't want to call him King in case that gave him ideas, or his successor ideas.

他们不想称他为国王 以防万一他或他的继任者会产生什么想法。


So they wanted to give him the humblest, meagerest, most pathetic title that they could think of.

所以他们给他一个他们能够想到的，最低微的、最微不足道的、 最为可悲的头衔。


而这个头衔叫“President”。


President. They didn't invent the title. I mean, it existed before, but it just meant somebody who presides over a meeting.

President （会议主持，总统）。他们没有创造这个头衔。我的意思是，这个头衔以前就有， 但是它是指一个会议的主持人。


同陪审团主席的意思相似。


And it didn't have much more grandeur than the term "foreman" or "overseer."

并且它一点也不显得非常极其地位显赫 比起“foreman”和“overseer”来。


There were occasional presidents of little colonial councils and bits of government, but it was really a nothing title.

虽然偶尔会有一些小型殖民地的会议主持人 并有一丝政府管理的意思，但是它真的是个什么都不是的头衔。


And that's why the Senate objected to it.

而且这也是为什么参议院反对这个头衔。


They said, that's ridiculous, you can't call him President.

他们说这个真的很荒谬，你们不能叫他会议主持。


This guy has to go and sign treaties and meet foreign dignitaries.

这个人还得去签条约和接见外宾。


And who's going to take him seriously if he's got a silly little title like President of the United States of America?

谁还会认真对待他， 如果他只有一个这样愚蠢的小头衔 比如美利坚联邦政府主持？


And after three weeks of debate, in the end the Senate did not cave in.

之后经过三周的辩论， 最后参议院也没有屈服。


Instead, they agreed to use the title "President" for now, but they also wanted it absolutely set down that they didn't agree with it from a decent respect for the opinions and practice of civilized nations, whether under republican or monarchical forms of government, whose custom it is to annex, through the office of the Chief Magistrate, titles of respectability -- not bloody President -- and that in the intercourse with foreign nations,

作为替代，他们同意先用着头衔“President”， 但他们也要求绝对确定下来 他们不同意这个头衔 是出于对文明国家的意见和做法的尊重， 无论是民主党还是共和党执政， 他们会自定义它， 通过首席行政官办公室，获得非常体面的头衔称号 - 而不是杯具的“President”- 还有在同外国交际时，


the majesty of the people of the United States may not be hazarded by an appearance of singularity, i.e., we don't want to look like bloody weirdos.

美利坚人们的威严 可能不会有被这个奇特头衔损害的危险， 即我们不想被后人看成一群杯具的变态。


Now you can learn three interesting things from this.

现在从这个故事里你能够了解到三件有趣的事情。


First of all -- and this is my favorite -- is that so far as I've ever been able to find out, the Senate has never formally endorsed the title of President.

首先，也是我最喜欢的地方， 到目前为止所有我能找到的资料里， 参议院从来没有正式的认可过“总统”这个头衔。


Barack Obama, President Obama, is there on borrowed time, just waiting for the Senate to spring into action.

巴拉克·奥巴马，“总统奥巴马”的头衔，到现在还是暂借的， 只是在一直等待参议院的突然正式任命。


Second thing you can learn is that when a government says that this is a temporary measure -- -- you can still be waiting 223 years later.

第二件事你可以了解到 当美国政府宣称这只是一项临时措施时 -- -- 它会持续223年之久。


But the third thing you can learn, and this is the really important one, this is the point I want to leave you on, is that the title, President of the United States of America, doesn't sound that humble at all these days, does it?

但第三件事你能了解到的， 而且也是非常重要的一件， 我很想让你们记住这个要点， 就是这个头衔，美利坚联邦政府总统， 听起来从来也没有过地位低微的意思，不是吗？


Something to do with the slightly over 5,000 nuclear warheads he has at his disposal and the largest economy in the world and a fleet of drones and all that sort of stuff.

大概是有着超过5000多的 核弹头被他支配控制着， 还有着全世界最大的经济体， 还有一大群战机及其他军事力量。


Reality and history have endowed that title with grandeur.

现实和历史赋予了这个头衔高贵的含义。


他们得到了他们要的体面头衔。


And also, the Senate's other worry, the appearance of singularity -- well, it was a singularity back then.

而且，参议院担心的另一件事，这个头衔听起来很古怪 -- 哦，它曾经在那段时光听起来古怪。


But now, do you know how many nations have a president?

但是现在，你知道现在有多少个国家有总统吗？


All because they want to sound like the guy who's got the 5,000 nuclear warheads, etc.

这都是因为他们想让自己的头衔听起来 像那个拥有5000多个核弹头的家伙，等等。


And so, in the end, the Senate won and the House of Representatives lost, because nobody's going to feel that humble when they're told that they are now the President of the United States of America.

所以到最后，参议院胜利了 众议院输了， 因为没有人会感到不体面 当他们被告知他们现在是 美利坚联邦政府总统。


And that's the important lesson I think you can take away, and the one I want to leave you with.

而且这是很重要的一课我认为你们能够学到的， 也是我想留给你们的要点。


Politicians try to pick words and use words to shape reality and control reality, but in fact, reality changes words far more than words can ever change reality.

政客们小心翼翼地选择用词，并利用词汇塑造 和控制现实，但是事实上， 现实改变词汇远远超过 词汇能改变的现实。


I'm 150 feet down an illegal mine shaft in Ghana.

我在加纳地下50米深的一个非法矿井里


The air is thick with heat and dust, and it's hard to breathe.

空气污浊闷热，充斥着尘土 让人很难呼吸


I can feel the brush of sweaty bodies passing me in the darkness, but I can't see much else.

我可以感觉到来来往往大汗淋漓的人们从我身边擦过 但是在一片黑暗中，我也看不见什么其他的东西了


I hear voices talking, but mostly the shaft is this cacophony of men coughing, and stone being broken with primitive tools.

我听到周围有人说话的声音 但更多是咳嗽声 混杂着用简陋工具砸碎石头的噪音


Like the others, I wear a flickering, cheap flashlight tied to my head with this elastic, tattered band, and I can barely make out the slick tree limbs holding up the walls of the three-foot square hole dropping hundreds of feet into the earth.

跟其他人一样，我头上顶着一个时亮时灭的廉价探照灯 用一条破烂的皮筋绑在脖子上 我勉强摸到墙上光溜溜的树枝扶手 它们支撑着这个一米见方 深上百米的井筒


When my hand slips, I suddenly remember a miner I had met days before who had lost his grip and fell countless feet down that shaft.

我的手滑了一下，立即想到数天前碰到的一名矿工 他一手抓空 就掉下了无底深井


As I stand talking to you today, these men are still deep in that hole, risking their lives without payment or compensation, and often dying.

当我今天站在这里跟你们演讲的时候 这些矿工们还在这样的矿井里 冒着生命危险干活,没有工资,没有补贴 还经常丢命


I got to climb out of that hole, and I got to go home, but they likely never will, because they're trapped in slavery.

我最后爬出了矿井得以回家 而这些被奴役的矿工可能永远没有回家的那一天


For the last 28 years, I've been documenting indigenous cultures in more than 70 countries on six continents, and in 2009 I had the great honor of being the sole exhibitor at the Vancouver Peace Summit.

在过去的28年里我一直在拍摄本土文化的纪录片 走访了6大洲70多个国家 而在2009年，我非常荣幸地 能以独立参展商的身份出席了温哥华和平峰会


Amongst all the astonishing people I met there, I met a supporter of Free the Slaves, an NGO dedicated to eradicating modern day slavery.

在那里我遇到了很多令人倾佩的人 我认识了一位Free the Slaves 非政府组织的支持者 这个组织致力于根除现代社会的奴役现象


We started talking about slavery, and really, I started learning about slavery, for I had certainly known it existed in the world, but not to such a degree.

我们聊起了奴隶制度 而此时我才开始真正了解奴役的现实 虽然我一直都知道世上奴隶制尚存 但完全不知道事态的严重性


After we finished talking, I felt so horrible and honestly ashamed at my own lack of knowledge of this atrocity in my own lifetime, and I thought, if I don't know, how many other people don't know?

在我们的谈话结束后，我感觉非常的糟糕 并且为自己对这样残暴的现象缺乏认知 我不知道，还有多少人也一样不知道？


It started burning a hole in my stomach, so within weeks, I flew down to Los Angeles to meet with the director of Free the Slaves and offer them my help.

这个想法让我坐立难安 几周后我就飞去了洛杉矶 去见Free The Slaves组织的负责人，想要有所作为


Thus began my journey into modern day slavery.

由此开始了我深入现代奴隶制度的旅程


Oddly, I had been to many of these places before.

奇怪的是，那些地方我都去过


Some I even considered like my second home.

有的我还把他们当成是我的第二故乡


But this time, I would see the skeletons hidden in the closet.

但是这一次，我要去挖掘那些见不得光的秘密


A conservative estimate tells us there are more than 27 million people enslaved in the world today.

据保守估计 当今全世界有超过2700万人被奴役 这个数字是在跨大西洋奴隶贸易中


That's double the amount of people taken from Africa during the entire trans-Atlantic slave trade.

从非洲被贩卖的黑奴总数的两倍 150年前，一个农奴的价格


A hundred and fifty years ago, an agricultural slave cost about three times the annual salary That equates to about $50,000 in today's money.

抵得上美国一名普通工人 年薪的三倍 相当于今天的5万美金


Yet today, entire families can be enslaved for generations over a debt as small as $18.

但是在今天，一整个家庭被世代奴役的代价 可能就只有18美金的欠债


Astonishingly, slavery generates profits of more than $13 billion worldwide each year.

让人震惊的是，奴隶在全球产生的利润 每年超过130亿美金


Many have been tricked by false promises of a good education, a better job, only to find that they're forced to work without pay under the threat of violence, and they cannot walk away.

他们当中很多人都是被虚假承诺所骗 轻信所谓好的教育机会、好的工作机会 而被迫无偿工作 经受暴力威胁，并且无法逃脱


Today's slavery is about commerce, so the goods that enslaved people produce have value, but the people producing them are disposable.

今天的奴隶制度关乎商业利益 奴隶制造的商品具有价值 但是创造价值的人却是被随意处置的


Slavery exists everywhere, nearly, in the world, and yet it is illegal everywhere in the world.

奴隶制度存在于世上的几乎每一个角落 即使它无论在何处都是违法的


In India and Nepal, I was introduced to the brick kilns.

在印度和尼泊尔，我被带到砖窑里


This strange and awesome sight was like walking into ancient Egypt or Dante's Inferno.

那里的景象极其怪异 感觉就像走进了古埃及或者但丁描述的地狱


Enveloped in temperatures of 130 degrees, men, women, children, entire families in fact, were cloaked in a heavy blanket of dust, while mechanically stacking bricks on their head, up to 18 at a time, and carrying them from the scorching kilns to trucks hundreds of yards away.

在50多摄氏度的高温中 男人，女人，小孩，事实上是一整个家庭 在厚厚的灰尘笼罩下 机械地把砖块往自己的头顶上垒 每次叠上18块 然后搬运到离砖窑几百米远的卡车上


Deadened by monotony and exhaustion, they work silently, doing this task over and over for 16 or 17 hours a day.

单调和疲惫消磨着他们 他们安静着劳动着，一遍又一遍的干着同样的活 一天16到17个小时


There were no breaks for food, no water breaks, and the severe dehydration made urinating pretty much inconsequential.

中途不能休息，不能吃饭，不能喝水 由于极度的缺水 他们基本上也不需要上厕所


So pervasive was the heat and the dust that my camera became too hot to even touch and ceased working.

由于那里面的闷热和尘土 我的相机烫得没法拿 也无法运转


Every 20 minutes, I'd have to run back to our cruiser to clean out my gear and run it under an air conditioner to revive it, and as I sat there, I thought, my camera is getting far better treatment than these people.

每20分钟，我就必须跑回车上 清理我的设备，让它在空调底下吹着冷气 它才能重新启动 我坐在车上想，就连摄像机受到的待遇 都比这些活生生的人要好得多


Back in the kilns, I wanted to cry, but the abolitionist next to me quickly grabbed me and he said, "Lisa, don't do that. Just don't do that here."

回到窑内，我忍不住想哭 但是身旁的废奴主义同伴迅速地拉住了我 他说：“Lisa 别哭，别在这里哭”


And he very clearly explained to me that emotional displays are very dangerous in a place like this, not just for me, but for them.

然后他跟我解释到 在这样的地方抒发自己的情绪是很危险的 不仅对我而言危险，对这些工人们也是


我没有办法给他们提供任何直接的帮助


我不能给他们钱，我什么也给不了


I could get them in a worse situation than they were already in.

我的行为很有可能 会让他们的境遇比现在更糟


I'd have to rely on Free the Slaves to work within the system for their liberation, and I trusted that they would.

我只能指望Free the Slaves组织能够在体系内发挥作用 解放他们 我相信他们可以做到


As for me, I'd have to wait until I got home to really feel my heartbreak.

就我来说，我必须等回到家以后 才能去品尝这份心痛


In the Himalayas, I found children carrying stone for miles down mountainous terrain to trucks waiting at roads below.

在喜马拉雅，我见到了做苦力的小孩 背着石头走上几公里的山路 到路边等着的卡车旁


The big sheets of slate were heavier than the children carrying them, and the kids hoisted them from their heads using these handmade harnesses of sticks and rope and torn cloth.

那些大石板 比搬运石板的孩子还要重 孩子们用树枝，绳子，破烂的衣服制成背带 绑在自己身上


It's difficult to witness something so overwhelming.

目睹这样沉甸甸的场景是一件极其痛苦的事


How can we affect something so insidious, yet so pervasive?

我们怎么才能干预这些隐藏于舆论之外 但却堪称普遍的恶事？


Some don't even know they're enslaved, people working 16, 17 hours a day without any pay, because this has been the case all their lives.

一些人甚至都不认为他们在被人奴役 每天工作十六七个小时 得不到半点酬劳 因为他们生来就过着这样的日子


When these villagers claimed their freedom, the slaveholders burned down all of their houses.

如果这些人要为自己争取自由 奴隶主就烧掉他们所有的房子


I mean, these people had nothing, and they were so petrified, they wanted to give up, but the woman in the center rallied for them to persevere, and abolitionists on the ground helped them get a quarry lease of their own, so that now they do the same back-breaking work, but they do it for themselves, and they get paid for it, and they do it in freedom.

这些人一无所有 他们吓坏了，他们想要放弃 但是照片中间这位女士团结众人坚持到底 在当地的废奴主义者 帮助他们争取采石场的租约 这样，他们继续干着同样的重活 但现在是为自己而干，能拿到酬劳 他们拥有了自由


Sex trafficking is what we often think of when we hear the word slavery, and because of this worldwide awareness, I was warned that it would be difficult for me to work safely within this particular industry.

非法性交易 是我们在听到奴役时最常联想到的 因为全球皆知 我曾被警告说，若我坚持拍摄这个行业


In Kathmandu, I was escorted by women who had previously been sex slaves themselves.

人身安全将难以得到保障 在加德满都 我由一些从前是性奴的女人随护


They ushered me down a narrow set of stairs that led to this dirty, dimly fluorescent lit basement.

她们带着我走下一段段狭窄的楼梯 到了一个肮脏昏暗的地下室


Cabin restaurants, as they're known in the trade, are venues for forced prostitution.

包厢餐厅在业内被人熟知 是强迫卖淫的场所


Each has small, private rooms, where the slaves, women, along with young girls and boys, some as young as seven years old, are forced to entertain the clients, encouraging them to buy more food and alcohol.

一个个小隔间里，性奴们 女人和小孩 有些只有七岁大 被迫取悦客户 好让他们消费更多的食物和酒


Each cubicle is dark and dingy, identified with a painted number on the wall, and partitioned by plywood and a curtain.

每个小隔间都很暗很脏 墙上画着号码 由三夹板和窗帘隔开


The workers here often endure tragic sexual abuse at the hands of their customers. Standing in the near darkness, I remember feeling this quick, hot fear, and in that instant, I could only imagine what it must be like to be trapped in that hell.

在这里工作的人 通常都要忍受客人们残忍的性虐待 记得当时站在几乎是一片黑暗当中 我刹那间感到一阵强烈的恐惧 那一刻我在想 被困在这个地狱里是多么的恐怖


I had only one way out: the stairs from where I'd come in.

这里只有一个出口：就是我来时走过的楼梯


There were no windows large enough to climb through.


These people have no escape at all, and as we take in such a difficult subject, it's important to note that slavery, including sex trafficking, occurs in our own backyard as well.

这些人完全无法逃跑 当我们面对如此艰难的课题 重要的是要知道奴役，包括非法性交易 在我们的后院里同样存在


Tens of hundreds of people are enslaved in agriculture, in restaurants, in domestic servitude, and the list can go on.

几千人成为农奴 餐馆奴工、家庭奴工 还不止这些


Recently, the New York Times reported that between 100,000 and 300,000 American children are sold into sex slavery every year.

最近，纽约时报报道 美国每年有10万到30万小孩 被买卖成为性奴


It's all around us. We just don't see it.

这些事就发生在我们身边，我们只是不知道罢了


The textile industry is another one we often think of when we hear about slave labor.

纺织业 也是我们听到奴役劳动时经常联想到的


I visited villages in India where entire families were enslaved in the silk trade.

我在印度拜访过一个村子 全家人都是丝绸贸易的奴隶


The dyed black hands are the father, while the blue and red hands are his sons.

那双被染黑了的手属于这家的父亲 蓝色和红色的手属于两个儿子


They mix dye in these big barrels, and they submerge the silk into the liquid up to their elbows, but the dye is toxic.

他们在大桶里搅拌燃料 然后把丝绸深深地浸进去，直到染料淹到手肘 这些染料都是有毒的


“我们没有自由”，他们说道


"We hope still, though, that we could leave this house someday and go someplace else where we actually get paid for our dyeing."

“可我们还是希望，哪天可以逃离这个屋子 去其他的地方 在那里工作能拿到报酬”


It's estimated that more than 4,000 children are enslaved on Lake Volta, the largest man-made lake in the world.

据估计，有超过4000名儿童 在沃尔特湖水库被奴役 那里是世界上最大的人工湖


When we first arrived, I went to have a quick look.

我们一到那里，我就去看了个大概


I saw what seemed to be a family fishing on a boat, two older brothers, some younger kids, makes sense right?

我看到似乎是一家人在船上捕鱼 两个哥哥，几个小点的孩子，挺像的吧？


Children are taken from their families and trafficked and vanished, and they're forced to work endless hours on these boats on the lake, even though they do not know how to swim.

孩子们从家里被带出来 被贩卖 被迫在船上无休止的工作 他们在湖上工作，甚至还不会游泳


He was trembling when our boat approached, frightened it would run over his tiny canoe.

当我们的船靠近的时候 他在发抖 他怕我们的船会撞上上他的独木舟


He was petrified he would be knocked in the water.


The skeletal tree limbs submerged in Lake Volta often catch the fishing nets, and weary, frightened children are thrown into the water to untether the lines.

湖面下浸着些树的枝干 经常会挂住渔网 这些疲惫、害怕的孩子们就被扔到水中 去解开渔网


For as long as he can recall, he's been forced to work on the lake.

从他记事开始， 就被迫在湖上工作


Terrified of his master, he will not run away, and since he's been treated with cruelty all his life, he passes that down to the younger slaves I met these boys at five in the morning, when they were hauling in the last of their nets, but they had been working since 1 a.m.

他非常害怕主人，不敢逃跑 由于他从小就被残酷对待 他也用同样的方法 对待比他小的奴隶 我在早上五点时看到这些男孩子们 在收最后一个渔网 可他们从凌晨1点就开始工作了


And it's important to note that these nets weigh more than a thousand pounds when they're full of fish.

要知道这些渔网装满鱼的时候 重量有上千斤啊！


我要介绍你们认识Kofi


Kofi was rescued from a fishing village.


I met him at a shelter where Free the Slaves rehabilitates victims of slavery. Here he's seen taking a bath at the well, pouring big buckets of water over his head, and the wonderful news is, as you and I are sitting here talking today, Kofi has been reunited with his family, and what's even better, his family has been given tools to make a living and to keep their children safe.

见到他是在一个收容所里 Free the Slaves组织用于复元奴役受害者的一个地方 照片上他正在井边洗澡 把一桶桶水往头上倒 好消息是 此时此刻 Kofi 已经和家人团聚了 更让人欣喜的是，他们一家已能够自己谋生 并确保孩子们的安全


Kofi 身上体现了一种可能性


Who will he become because someone took a stand and made a difference in his life?

正因为有人表明了立场，影响了他的人生 他的未来才可能有所改变


Driving down a road in Ghana with partners of Free the Slaves, a fellow abolitionist on a moped suddenly sped up to our cruiser and tapped on the window.

开车行驶在加纳的一条路上 与Free the Slaves的伙伴一起 一个骑着电单车的同行人突然加速 靠近我们的车，敲着车窗


He told us to follow him down a dirt road into the jungle.

他让我们跟他改走一条土路通向丛林


At the end of the road, he urged us out of the car, and told the driver to quickly leave.

在路的尽头，他催促我们下车 让司机赶紧走


Then he pointed toward this barely visible footpath, and said, "This is the path, this is the path. Go."

然后他指着地上一排很不明显的脚印说 “就是这里，就是这条路。走！”


As we started down the path, we pushed aside the vines blocking the way, and after about an hour of walking in, found that the trail had become flooded by recent rains, so I hoisted the photo gear above my head After another two hours of hiking, the winding trail abruptly ended at a clearing, and before us was a mass of holes that could fit into the size of a football field,

我们拨开挡路的藤蔓 徒步走了约一个小时 小径被近期的雨水淹没了 我把拍摄器材举过头顶 趟着齐胸口深的水继续走 又走了两个小时 蜿蜒的小径戛然而止 我们面前的空地上出现了一大片坑洞


and all of them were full of enslaved people laboring.

每个都有一个橄榄球场那么大


Many women had children strapped to their backs while they were panning for gold, wading in water poisoned by mercury.

每个坑洞里都有奴隶在工作 很多妇女还背着自己的小孩 他们在淘金 在被汞污染的脏水里行走


Mercury is used in the extraction process.


These miners are enslaved in a mine shaft in another part of Ghana.

这些人被奴役 在加纳的另一处矿井里


When they came out of the shaft, they were soaking wet from their own sweat.

当她们走出矿井时 全身汗湿


I remember looking into their tired, bloodshot eyes, for many of them had been underground for 72 hours.

我记得他们布满红血丝的眼睛里充满疲惫 其中很多人已在井下工作72个小时


The shafts are up to 300 feet deep, and they carry out heavy bags of stone that later will be transported to another area, where the stone will be pounded so that they can extract the gold.

这些井有差不多有90多米深 他们抬出来装满重石的袋子 这些石头被运送到另外一个区域被捣碎 以便提取金子


At first glance, the pounding site seems full of powerful men, but when we look closer, we see some less fortunate working on the fringes, and children too.

乍看之下，砸石场的男人个个健壮 但我们凑近了却发现 一些在边缘地带的工人身有残疾 还有一些小孩


All of them are victim to injury, illness and violence.

他们都是伤病暴力的受害者


In fact, it's very likely that this muscular person will end up like this one here, racked with tuberculosis and mercury poisoning in just a few years.

事实上，这些肌肉强健的男人 若干年后很有可能会跟这个人一样 被汞中毒和肺结核苦苦折磨


This is Manuru. When his father died, his uncle trafficked him to work with him in the mines.

这是Manuru。当他父亲死的时候 他的叔叔把他卖到自己在工作的这个矿场


When his uncle died, Manuru inherited his uncle's debt, which further forced him into being enslaved in the mines.

在他叔叔死后，Manuru要继续背负他叔叔的欠债 他被迫继续在矿场工作


When I met him, he had been working in the mines for 14 years, and the leg injury that you see here is actually from a mining accident, one so severe doctors say his leg should be amputated.

我见到他时，他已在矿场工作了14年 照片中看到的这个腿伤 是在一次凿矿意外中造成的 当时情况危急，医生说要截肢


On top of that, Manuru has tuberculosis, yet he's still forced to work day in and day out in that mine shaft.

除了这个伤以外 他还患有肺结核 即使这样，他也必须每天 在井下没日没夜的工作


Even still, he has a dream that he will become free and become educated with the help of local activists like Free the Slaves, and it's this sort of determination, in the face of unimaginable odds, that fills me with complete awe.

即使如此，他也梦想着能够重获自由 在Free the Slaves这样的组织帮助下 接受教育 就是这样的信念 面对令人难以想象的苦难 让我充满敬畏


我希望我们给这些被奴隶的人一道光


When I was working in the field, I brought lots of candles with me, and with the help of my interpreter, I imparted to the people I was photographing that I wanted to illuminate their stories and their plight, so when it was safe for them, and safe for me, I made these images.

当我在拍摄的途中 我带了很多蜡烛 在翻译的帮助下 我把蜡烛分给了我的拍摄对象 我希望能点亮他们的故事 和他们的困境 当我们都安全的时候 我拍了这一系列的照片


They knew their image would be seen by you out in the world.

他们知道这些影像 会被外面的人看见


I wanted them to know that we will be bearing witness to them, and that we will do whatever we can to help make a difference in their lives.

我想要让他们知道，我们将为他们作证 尽我们所能 让他们的人生有所改变


I truly believe, if we can see one another as fellow human beings, then it becomes very difficult to tolerate atrocities like slavery.

我确实相信 当我们把他们当做同胞 就会很难容忍奴役这样的暴行


These images are not of issues. They are of people, real people, like you and me, all deserving of the same rights, dignity and respect There is not a day that goes by that I don't think of these many beautiful, mistreated people I've had the tremendous honor of meeting.

这些影像非关于议题，而是关于人 真实的人，和你我一样 都值得在生命里 获得一样的权利、尊严和尊重 我没有一天不想 这些美丽、但却受到不公正待遇的人们 这些我三生有幸能够遇见的人们


I hope that these images awaken a force in those who view them, people like you, and I hope that force will ignite a fire, and that fire will shine a light on slavery, for without that light, the beast of bondage can continue to live in the shadows.

我希望这些影像 能够在你们这样的观者心中唤起一股力量 我希望这股力量的星星之火 能够成为被奴役者的希望之光 因为若没有这光亮 奴役之兽将继续活在阴影里


So, well, I do applied math, for anyone who does applied math, is that we are like management consultants.

话说，我是学应用数学的 对于每一个学应用数学的人来说 有一个特殊的难题，就是 我们和管理顾问都很像


So I am going to give you some -- attempt today to try and explain to you what I do.

所以我今天会给你们一些实例 来解释我们是干什么的


So, dancing is one of the most human of activities.

嗯，跳舞是人类众多的活动之一


We delight at ballet virtuosos and tap dancers you will see later on.

我们会因芭蕾舞大师和踢踏舞蹈者而感到欣悦 稍后你们就会知道了


Now, ballet requires an extraordinary level of expertise and a high level of skill, and probably a level of initial suitability that may well have a genetic component to it.

如今芭蕾需要非凡的专业知识 和杰出的专业技巧 甚至一定的初级适应性 这可能就是所说的天赋


Now, sadly, neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease gradually destroy this extraordinary ability, as it is doing to my friend Jan Stripling, who was a virtuoso ballet dancer in his time.

不过，可悲的是，神经系统疾病，例如帕金森症 慢慢地在摧毁这一卓越的才能 这正发生在我的朋友Jan Striling身上 他曾是他那个时代的芭蕾舞大师


So great progress and treatment has been made over the years.

这些年他接受过很多治疗也有很大的进步


However, there are 6.3 million people worldwide who have the disease, and they have to live with incurable weakness, tremor, rigidity and the other symptoms that go along with the disease, so what we need are objective tools to detect the disease before it's too late.

然而，世上有630万的人 患有这种疾病，而且他们还得忍受 无法治愈的虚弱，震颤，僵化 等其他伴随而来的症状的折磨 所以我们需要客观的工具 在病重之前将之检测出来


We need to be able to measure progression objectively, and ultimately, the only way we're going to know when we actually have a cure is when we have an objective measure that can answer that for sure.

我们需要客观地测量进展 最后，想要知道何时有治愈之方的唯一方法 就是当我们 拥有了能准确回答那些问题的客观测量法


But frustratingly, with Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders, there are no biomarkers, so there's no simple blood test that you can do, and the best that we have is like this 20-minute neurologist test.

但令人泄气的是，帕金森症 和其他运动障碍疾病，都没有生物标志物 所以你没法做简单的血液检查 我们能做到的最好的 就是像这个20分钟的神经学测试


You have to go to the clinic to do it. It's very, very costly, and that means that, outside the clinical trials, it's just never done. It's never done.

你必须得到诊所去，而且花费相当相当大 这也意味着，在临床试验之外 从来没人做过这个测试，从来没有


But what if patients could do this test at home?

但如果病人能在家完成这个测试呢？


Now, that would actually save on a difficult trip to the clinic, and what if patients could do that test themselves, right?

这也能为病人节省下那段去诊所的路程 如果病人能独立完成这个测试呢？


就不需要花大量的钱去雇佣员工


Takes about $300, by the way, in the neurologist's clinic to do it.

顺便提下，如果去神经科诊所做的话


So what I want to propose to you as an unconventional way in which we can try to achieve this, because, you see, in one sense, at least, we are all virtuosos like my friend Jan Stripling.

这个费用要300美金 所以我想向你们提出一个非常规的的方法 一个我们能尝试去达到目的的方法 因为你也知道，在某种意义上，至少 我们都是像我朋友Jan Stripling一样的艺术大师


So here we have a video of the vibrating vocal folds.

我这里有一个关于声襞颤动的视频


Now, this is healthy and this is somebody making speech sounds, and we can think of ourselves as vocal ballet dancers, because we have to coordinate all of these vocal organs when we make sounds, and we all actually have the genes for it. FoxP2, for example.

这个是健康状态下的某人在发声 我们把自己想当作是声音的芭蕾舞者 因为当我们发声时 我们得去协调这些发声器官，确实 这些是与生俱来的，例如Foxp2基因


And like ballet, it takes an extraordinary level of training.

而且和芭蕾一样，这也需要经过特殊地训练


I mean, just think how long it takes a child to learn to speak.

可以想一想，小孩学说话得花多长时间


From the sound, we can actually track the vocal fold position as it vibrates, and just as the limbs are affected in Parkinson's, so too are the vocal organs.

从声音里，我们可以追寻到 声襞颤动时的位置 正如帕金森能影响我们四肢 它也能影响我们发声器官


So on the bottom trace, you can see an example of irregular vocal fold tremor.

你可以看到底部的颤动轨迹 是一种不规则的声襞颤动


We see vocal tremor, weakness and rigidity.


The speech actually becomes quieter and more breathy after a while, and that's one of the example symptoms of it.

讲话会变得小声而且之后伴随更多气息音 这些都是症状的例子


So these vocal effects can actually be quite subtle, in some cases, but with any digital microphone, and using precision voice analysis software in combination with the latest in machine learning, which is very advanced by now, we can now quantify exactly where somebody lies on a continuum between health and disease using voice signals alone.

事实上，这些声效大部分时候挺难以捉摸的 但只要有任何一款数码麦克风 搭上精密的声音分析软件 再组合用上最新的目前已非常先进的 机器研究 现在我们就能准确地定量 他人处于健康和疾病这一直线上的位置 这仅仅只需要语音信号而已


So these voice-based tests, how do they stack up against expert clinical tests? We'll, they're both non-invasive.

那么这些以语音为基础的测试，他们会怎样 与专业的临床测试展开较量呢？其实他们都是无创技术


The neurologist's test is non-invasive. They both use existing infrastructure.

神经学测试是无创性的，而且他们都使用现有的基础设备


You don't have to design a whole new set of hospitals to do it.

你无需去设计一系列新的医院来完成测试


And they're both accurate. Okay, but in addition, voice-based tests are non-expert.

他们也都具有精确性。虽然这么说，但是 基于语音的测试却不是专家级别的


That means they can be self-administered.


They're high-speed, take about 30 seconds at most.

而且速度也快，最多只要30秒


They're ultra-low cost, and we all know what happens.

价格很低，我们也知道是怎么一回儿事


When something becomes ultra-low cost, it becomes massively scalable.

一旦价格低廉 它也就能被大规模地扩展


So here are some amazing goals that I think we can deal with now.

我这儿有些现在能拿出来说的伟大的目标


We can reduce logistical difficulties with patients.

我们能减少和病人有关的后勤问题


No need to go to the clinic for a routine checkup.

没必要去诊所做例行的检查


We can do high-frequency monitoring to get objective data.

我们能进行高频率的监测以获取客观数据


We can perform low-cost mass recruitment for clinical trials, and we can make population-scale screening feasible for the first time.

我们能为临床试验组织大量征召且耗费很低 我们也能使人数的规模的展示 在第一时间变得可行


We have the opportunity to start to search for the early biomarkers of the disease before it's too late.

我们也有机会开始寻找 这种疾病在病入膏肓前的早期生物标志物


So, taking the first steps towards this today, we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative.

所以，从今天开始朝这个方向迈出第一步 我们开始了Parkinson's Voice Initiative这个项目


With Aculab and PatientsLikeMe, we're aiming to record a very large number of voices worldwide to collect enough data to start to tackle these four goals.

和Aculab还有PatientsLikeMe一起合作，我们希望 记录下大量世界各地的声音 收集足够的数据来达到这四个目标


We have local numbers accessible to three quarters of a billion people on the planet.

我们的市话号码能接通地球上 7亿5000万人的来电


Anyone healthy or with Parkinson's can call in, cheaply, and leave recordings, a few cents each, and I'm really happy to announce that we've already hit six percent of our target just in eight hours.

任何健康或者患有帕金森疾病的人都能打进来，很便宜 留下录音，每次只要几分钱 我很高兴宣布我们仅在8小时内 就达到了我们目标的6%


Thank you. Tom Rielly: So Max, by taking all these samples of, let's say, 10,000 people, you'll be able to tell who's healthy and who's not?

谢谢 Tom Rielly: Max，靠着这些采样 不妨说，在一万人中 你能够辨别出谁是健康的，谁是患病的？


What are you going to get out of those samples?

你又想从这些采样中得出什么呢？


Max Little: Yeah. Yeah. So what will happen is that, during the call you have to indicate whether or not you have the disease or not, you see. TR: Right.

Max Little:对，是的。所以是这样的 在来电期间，你得告诉我们 你是否患有这种疾病。TR：嗯


ML: You see, some people may not do it. They may not get through it.

ML:要知道，有些人可能不会打给我们，或者没接通


But we'll get a very large sample of data that is collected from all different circumstances, and it's getting it in different circumstances that matter because then we are looking at ironing out the confounding factors, and looking for the actual markers of the disease.

但我们还是会得到大量 来自不同环境下的采样数据 而且重点是不同的环境，因为这样 我们才能消除掉那些混淆的因素 寻求这种疾病真正的标记


TR: So you're 86 percent accurate right now?

TR:所以你现在拥有86%的准确率了？


Actually, my student Thanasis, I have to plug him, because he's done some fantastic work, and now he has proved that it works over the mobile telephone network as well, which enables this project, and we're getting 99 percent accuracy.

事实上，我的学生Thanasis，我得提一下他 因为他做出一些出色的成果 现在他已经证明了在移动电话网上也能进行这个项目 所以现在我们接近99%的准确率了


TR: Ninety-nine. Well, that's an improvement.

TR:九十九，好吧，这还挺了不起的


So what that means is that people will be able to — ML: TR: People will be able to call in from their mobile phones and do this test, and people with Parkinson's could call in, record their voice, and then their doctor can check up on their progress, see where they're doing in this course of the disease.

所以这也意味着人们能—— ML: TR:人们能用手机打进你们的电话 然后做这项测试，帕金森病人也能打通电话 然后记录下声音，之后他们的医生就能检查他们的进展 确定他们处于这种疾病的哪个阶段


TR: Thanks so much. Max Little, everybody.


Before March, 2011, I was a photographic retoucher based in New York City.

2011年3月之前，我是摄影修片师， 常驻纽约市。


我们苍白无力、面如死灰。


We hide in dark, windowless rooms, and generally avoid sunlight.

我们总呆在漆黑一片、不见天日的屋子里，工作室没有窗， 主要是为了抵御阳光。


We make skinny models skinnier, perfect skin more perfect, and the impossible possible, and we get criticized in the press all the time, but some of us are actually talented artists with years of experience and a real appreciation for images and photography.

我们帮苗条的模特变得更苗条，把完美的肌肤修缮得更无懈可击， 把不可能的事变成了可能， 我们一直被媒体批判， 但是我们其实是才华横溢的艺术家， 经验丰富， 懂得欣赏图片和照片。


On March 11, 2011, I watched from home, as the rest of the world did, as the tragic events unfolded in Japan.

2011年3月11日，正如全球其他人一样，我在家里看到 日本上演的悲剧。


Soon after, an organization I volunteer with, All Hands Volunteers, were on the ground, within days, working as part of the response efforts.

不久之后，我参加做志愿者的一个组织 “携手志愿者”团队马上就赶赴了现场，仅仅在几天之内， 在当地开展应急救援活动。


I, along with hundreds of other volunteers, knew we couldn't just sit at home, so I decided to join them for three weeks.

我和其他百余名志愿者 都深知：我们不能在家干等着。 因此我也决定加入他们的行列，做3周志愿救援活动。


On May the 13th, I made my way to the town of Ōfunato.

5月13日，我来到日本大船渡县，


It's a small fishing town in Iwate Prefecture, about 50,000 people, one of the first that was hit by the wave.

那是日本岩手县的一个小渔村， 人口大约只有5万人， 是当时第一波受灾的地方。


The waters here have been recorded at reaching over 24 meters in height, and traveled over two miles inland.

当时的海啸洪峰最高时刻 高达逾24米， 冲击到内陆足足有2英里的地方。


As you can imagine, the town had been devastated.

你可以想象，这个小镇肯定备受摧残。


We pulled debris from canals and ditches.

我们拨开运河和水沟里的瓦砾，


We cleaned schools. We de-mudded and gutted homes ready for renovation and rehabilitation.

我们帮助学校和那些被埋没的房屋打扫、清理， 以便重建、翻新。


We cleared tons and tons of stinking, rotting fish carcasses from the local fish processing plant.

我们清理了大量的发臭、腐烂的鱼尸骨， 那些鱼都是当地工厂里加工、处理的鱼。


我们自己也变得又脏又臭，但是我们心里很舒坦。


For weeks, all the volunteers and locals alike had been finding similar things.

一连几周，所有的志愿者和当地居民一样， 都找到了一些类似的东西。


They'd been finding photos and photo albums and cameras and SD cards.

他们不断地发现照片、相册、 相机和SD储存卡。


每个人对此的反应和行动也如出一辙。


They were collecting them up, and handing them in to various places around the different towns for safekeeping.

他们把这些照片等东西收集起来，把它们送往 各个镇里进行保管。


Now, it wasn't until this point that I realized that these photos were such a huge part of the personal loss these people had felt.

直至现在，我才意识到， 丢失了这些照片肯定是 这些人失去的一块重大部分。


As they had run from the wave, and for their lives, absolutely everything they had, everything had to be left behind.

当他们遭受海啸袭击之时，可想而知，必然四处奔波，寻求一线生机， 自然把其他东西， 他们的所有东西都抛诸脑后。


At the end of my first week there, I found myself helping out in an evacuation center in the town.

我呆在日本的第一周的最后几天，我发现自己 在帮该镇的一个疏散中心，


I was helping clean the onsen, the communal onsen, the huge giant bathtubs.

帮助一个公社温泉清扫 社里的巨大浴盆。


This happened to also be a place in the town where the evacuation center was collecting the photos.

刚好当地 的疏散中心正在收集人们丢失的照片，


This is where people were handing them in, and I was honored that day that they actually trusted me to help them start hand-cleaning them.

人们把收集到的照片送到那个公社温泉， 当时我十分有幸得到了他们的信任， 让我开始清洗、还原那些照片。


Now, it was emotional and it was inspiring, and I've always heard about thinking outside the box, but it wasn't until I had actually gotten outside of my box that something happened.

那些时刻令人触动，也非常有激励意义， 我一直听人们说：要有创意！ 直到那时清理那些照片，我才真的做到了 所谓的“创新”。


As I looked through the photos, there were some were over a hundred years old, some still in the envelope from the processing lab, I couldn't help but think as a retoucher that I could fix that tear and mend that scratch, and I knew hundreds of people who could do the same.

当我翻看那些照片时，有些 甚至有逾百年的历史， 有些仍被保存在加工实验室的信封里， 我不禁从一个修图师的角度思考， 或许我可以帮他们修复这些被撕破和被划痕的照片， 而且我也认识很多会修图的人可以帮他们复原这些照片。


So that evening, I just reached out on Facebook and asked a few of them, and by morning the response had been so overwhelming and so positive, I knew we had to give it a go.

所以，当天傍晚，我就登陆脸谱网 问了一些修图师朋友，还没到第二天早上， 就有很多很多回复消息，说他们乐意帮忙， 我知道我们应该行动起来，


于是我们就开始了修图行动。


这是初次尝试（的一张照片）。


Not terribly damaged, but where the water had caused that discoloration on the girl's face had to be repaired with such accuracy and delicacy.

还不算毁坏得太严重，但是被水浸没的地方 导致照片中小女孩的脸掉色了， 我们不得不精心修复，做到十分精确，


Otherwise, that little girl isn't going to look like that little girl anymore, and surely that's as tragic as having the photo damaged.

否则，小女孩的脸就不会 看上去像她的脸了——那多悲剧啊， 就跟毁了照片一样。


Over time, more photos came in, thankfully, and more retouchers were needed, and so I reached out again on Facebook and LinkedIn, and within five days, 80 people wanted to help from 12 different countries.

随着时间推移，越来越多需要修复的照片被运送过来， 我们也需要更多修图师来帮忙处理这些照片， 于是我又登陆脸谱网和职业链接网站寻求帮助， 仅仅5天，就有80位修图师表示愿意来帮忙， 他们来自12个不同的国家。


Within two weeks, I had 150 people wanting to join in.

两周内，我共得到150位志愿者的答复， 他们表示愿意加入我们的行列。


Within Japan, by July, we'd branched out to the neighboring town of Rikuzentakata, further north to a town called Yamada.

截至七月，仅在日本境内，我们就设立了多处分支 有的在就近的陸前高田市， 有的分支北至茨城县。


Once a week, we would set up our scanning equipment in the temporary photo libraries that had been set up, where people were reclaiming their photos.

每周，我们都在 临时照相馆里架起扫描设备， 人们前来这些临时照相馆领回他们的照片。


The older ladies sometimes hadn't seen a scanner before, but within 10 minutes of them finding their lost photo, they could give it to us, have it scanned, uploaded to a cloud server, it would be downloaded by a gaijin, a stranger, somewhere on the other side of the globe, and it'd start being fixed.

有时候，一些年长的女士从未见过扫描仪， 待她们找到自己遗失的照片后，在十分钟内， 她们可以把照片给我们进行扫描， 然后上传至云端服务器，之后上传的照片 可能会被一个非日本人、或陌生人下载， 他们可能来自地球的另一端， 那时照片就开始被修复。


The time it took, however, to get it back is a completely different story, and it depended obviously on the damage involved.

然而，那时，他们再要拿回这些照片所需花的时间 就截然不同了， 当然，这取决于受损程度，


It could take an hour. It could take weeks.

可能一小时就能修复好，也可能需要长达几周，


The kimono in this shot pretty much had to be hand-drawn, or pieced together, picking out the remaining parts of color and detail that the water hadn't damaged.

照片中美丽的和服必须通过手绘处理， 或者一点一点拼接而成，再配上掉了的颜色， 把那些没有被水冲坏的地方进行细节处理。


Now, all these photos had been damaged by water, submerged in salt water, covered in bacteria, in sewage, sometimes even in oil, all of which over time is going to continue to damage them, so hand-cleaning them was a huge part of the project.

所有这些受海啸影响的照片， 在盐水里浸泡，受细菌侵蚀， 又埋没在垃圾里，有时甚至被油污浸染，所有这些 经过一段时间都会持续破坏这些照片， 因此手工清洗照片是这个项目的一个重大组成部分。


We couldn't retouch the photo unless it was cleaned, dry and reclaimed.

而如果这些照片不先清洗干净，我们也无法开展修复， 修复前，它们还必须进行干燥，认领完毕。


Now, we were lucky with our hand-cleaning.

我们的手工清洗活动非常顺利，


We had an amazing local woman who guided us.

当地有一位女士指导我们清洗，


It's very easy to do more damage to those damaged photos.

这些照片很容易再次受损，


As my team leader Wynne once said, it's like doing a tattoo on someone.

正如我的队长维恩曾说， 这就像在对人进行纹身一样。


你不能有任何闪失，否则结果将一团糟。


The lady who brought us these photos was lucky, as far as the photos go.

那位给我们这些照片的女士非常幸运， 就这些照片而言，


She had started hand-cleaning them herself and stopped when she realized she was doing more damage.

她也开始自己亲手清洗照片，直到 她意识到她自己清洗其实对照片造成了更多损害。


Areas like her husband and her face, which otherwise would have been completely impossible to fix, we could just put them together in one good photo, and remake the whole photo.

否则，照片里，她和她先生的脸部 就无法完全修复了。 我们也因此得以把所有部分整合到一张好的相片里， 然后重新制作这张照片。


When she collected the photos from us, she shared a bit of her story with us.

当她从我们这里接过照片的时候， 她跟我们分享了一些照片背后的故事。


Her photos were found by her husband's colleagues at a local fire department in the debris a long way from where the home had once stood, and they'd recognized him.

她的这些照片其实是由她丈夫的同事发现的， 在当地的消防部队的瓦砾下发现的， 那个地方其实离她家很远， 他们居然认出了他。


The day of the tsunami, he'd actually been in charge of making sure the tsunami gates were closed.

海啸发生的当天，他正在负责 确保海啸防御大门处于关闭状态。


He had to go towards the water as the sirens sounded.

警报拉响的时候，他不得不冲向海啸最前线。


Her two little boys, not so little anymore, but her two boys were both at school, separate schools.

她的两个儿子，虽然已经不小了， 还在在两个不同的学校上学，


其中一个孩子的学校被海啸冲击到了，


It took her a week to find them all again and find out that they had all survived.

她花了整整一周才找回失散的亲人， 当时他们都死里逃生了。


The day I gave her the photos also happened to be her youngest son's 14th birthday.

我们还给她复原照片的那天又恰好是 她小儿子的14岁生日！


For her, despite all of this, those photos were the perfect gift back to him, something he could look at again, something he remembered from before that wasn't still scarred from that day in March when absolutely everything else in his life had changed or been destroyed.

对她来说，尽管悲催的灾难和种种艰辛，那些照片 是给他儿子最好的礼物， 这些照片让他可以重新翻阅，重拾记忆， 那不再是三月的某一天给他留下的烙印， 当他生活中的一切都发生了改变， 或者说其实是被摧毁了。


After six months in Japan, 1,100 volunteers had passed through All Hands, hundreds of whom had helped us hand-clean over 135,000 photographs, the large majority — — a large majority of which did actually find their home again, importantly.

在日本呆了6个月以后， “携手志愿者”共有1,100名志愿者加入帮助日本救灾， 其中几百名帮我们手工清洗 超过13.5万张照片， 其中的大部分———— 其中大部分最终回到了失主手里， 这一点也异常重要。


Over five hundred volunteers around the globe helped us get 90 families hundreds of photographs back, fully restored and retouched.

全球超过500名志愿者 帮我们找回了90个家庭的数百张照片， 这些照片全部被复原、修复。


During this time, we hadn't really spent more than about a thousand dollars in equipment and materials, most of which was printer inks.

在这期间，我们没有为 设备或材料花上千元美金， 大部分是用打印机墨水完成的。


A photo is a reminder of someone or something, a place, a relationship, a loved one.

照片是一个提醒和留念，提醒我们一些人、一些事， 某个地方、某段感情、某个深爱的人。


They're our memory-keepers and our histories, the last thing we would grab and the first thing you'd go back to look for.

它们帮我们记录、保存回忆和我们的过去， 照片是紧急时刻最容易被我们忽视的， 但有时雨过天晴后我们第一个想找回来的东西。


That's all this project was about, about restoring those little bits of humanity, giving someone that connection back.

这就是这个项目的全部， 为了恢复人性中的一点小碎片， 挽回人们与过去的连接点，


When a photo like this can be returned to someone like this, it makes a huge difference in the lives of the person receiving it.

当这样一张照片重回它的主人身边， 它将带来巨大的不同， 为失主的生活带来很大的不一样。


The project's also made a big difference in the lives of the retouchers.

这个项目也为我们这些修图师带来了很大改变，


For some of them, it's given them a connection to something bigger, giving something back, using their talents on something other than skinny models and perfect skin.

对一些修图师，这段经历为他们建立了一些联系， 联系到一些更宏大的事情，例如回馈社会， 施展他们的才能， 不仅仅用于苗条的模特，和拥有完美的肌肤的人。


I would like to conclude by reading an email I got from one of them, Cindy, the day I finally got back from Japan after six months.

我想读给大家一封电子邮件作为结尾， 我收到其中一封，来自辛迪， 是六个月之后我从日本回家的那天，


"As I worked, I couldn't help but think about the individuals and the stories represented in the images.

”当我在修复那些照片的时候，我不禁想到其中的每个人 以及照片中传递的那些故事。


One in particular, a photo of women of all ages, from grandmother to little girl, gathered around a baby, struck a chord, because a similar photo from my family, my grandmother and mother, myself, and newborn daughter, hangs on our wall.

其中特别是一张，照了各个年龄阶段的女士， 上至老奶奶，下至小女孩，围着一个小婴儿， 这张照片颇为触动心弦，因为我家也有一张类似的照片， 我的祖母、母亲和我， 围着刚出生的女儿，这张照片挂在我家的墙上，


Across the globe, throughout the ages, our basic needs are just the same, aren't they?"

纵观全球，超越年龄界限， 我们有一些最基本的需求亘古不变，不是吗？“


with this photo of a bullet piercing through an apple, and exposure just a millionth of a second.

爱哲顿博士用这张子弹击穿苹果的照片 激起了我们的敬佩和好奇， 这张照片的曝光时间只有一百万分之一秒。


But now, 50 years later, we can go a million times faster and see the world not at a million or a billion, but one trillion frames per second.

但现在，五十年后，我们可以再快一百万倍， 也就是不仅在一百万分之一秒， 或者十亿分之一秒， 而是在万亿分之一秒见捕捉到世界。


I present to you a new type of photography, femto-photography, a new imaging technique so fast that it can create slow motion videos of light in motion.

现在我给你展示一种新型照相技术， 叫做飞秒成像， 这是一种技术太快以至于 它能捕捉到光的运动。


And with that, we can create cameras that can look around corners, beyond line of sight, or see inside our body without an x-ray, and really challenge what we mean by a camera.

所以用这个技术，我们可以制造 能看到光路拐角的照相机， 能看到视野之外 或者不用X光就能透视我们身体的照相机， 这种相机挑战了我们关于照相机的定义。


Now if I take a laser pointer and turn it on and off in one trillionth of a second -- which is several femtoseconds -- I'll create a packet of photons barely a millimeter wide.

现在，如果我用一个激光笔， 并且在万亿分之一秒内开关一次—— 也就是几飞秒—— 我就会制造一些光子， 这些光子仅仅是几毫米宽，


And that packet of photons, that bullet, will travel at the speed of light, and again, a million times faster than an ordinary bullet.

并且这些光子，像子弹一样， 会以光速前进， 也就是比子弹速度高一百万倍。


Now, if you take that bullet and take this packet of photons and fire into this bottle, how will those photons shatter into this bottle?

现在，如果你把这个子弹，这些光子 打入这个瓶子里， 这些光子会怎么样撞击瓶子？


光在慢动作下会是什么样？


[Light in Slow Motion ... 10 Billion x Slow] Now, the whole event -- Now remember, the whole event is effectively taking place in less than a nanosecond -- that's how much time it takes for light to travel.

现在，着整个事情—— （鼓掌） （鼓掌） 现在，请记住，这整个事情 其实是在一纳秒内发生的 ——也就是光走的时间——


But I'm slowing down in this video by a factor of 10 billion, so you can see the light in motion.

但现在我再把这个录像放慢一百万倍 让你看到运动中的光。


But Coca-Cola did not sponsor this research. Now, there's a lot going on in this movie, so let me break this down and show you what's going on.

但可口可乐可没有资助这个实验。 现在，在这里有很多事会发生， 所以让我一件一件的展示。


So the pulse enters the bottle, our bullet, with a packet of photons that start traveling through and that start scattering inside.

现在，光束进入瓶子，也就是我们的子弹， 穿过瓶子， 并且在内部散射开来。


Some of the light leaks, goes on the table, and you start seeing these ripples of waves.

一些光流了出来，到了桌子上， 所以你开始看到这些波纹。


Many of the photons eventually reach the cap and then they explode in various directions.

许多光子最终到达了瓶盖处 并且向四周散去。


As you can see, there's a bubble of air and it's bouncing around inside.

你能看到，这里是一个空气泡， 它在里面反弹。


Meanwhile, the ripples are traveling on the table, and because of the reflections at the top, you see at the back of the bottle, after several frames, the reflections are focused.

同时，波纹也到了桌子上， 并且因为在顶部的反射， 你能看到在瓶子底部，几帧之后， 反射汇聚了。


Now, if you take an ordinary bullet and let it go the same distance and slow down the video -- again, by a factor of 10 billion -- do you know how long you'll have to sit here to watch that movie?

现在，如果你用普通的子弹 走同样的路程，平且放慢视频， 同样是一百万倍，你知道 你需要等多久来看到这个全过程吗？


一天，一周？实际上，是一年。


It'll be a very boring movie -- of a slow, ordinary bullet in motion.

这当然会很无聊 一个慢的，普通的子弹运动录像。


And what about some still-life photography?

但一些静物照相又如何呢？


You can watch the ripples, again, washing over the table, the tomato and the wall in the back.

你可以又一次看到波纹在桌子上展开， 背景是西红柿和墙。


It's like throwing a stone in a pond of water.

这就像在水池里扔一块石头。


I thought: this is how nature paints a photo, one femto frame at a time, but of course our eye sees an integral composite.

我想，这就是自然如何绘制的西红柿， 一飞秒一飞秒， 但当然我们眼睛看到的是整体的结合。


But if you look at this tomato one more time, you will notice, as the light washes over the tomato, it continues to glow. It doesn't become dark. Why is that?

但如果你在看一下这个西红柿， 你就会注意到，当光在西红柿上走过时， 它一直在闪耀。它并没有变暗。


Because the tomato is actually ripe, and the light is bouncing around inside the tomato, and it comes out after several trillionths of a second.

为什么？因为西红柿熟了， 并且光在西红柿内部反射， 在几万亿分之一秒后出来。


So in the future, when this femto-camera is in your camera phone, you might be able to go to a supermarket and check if the fruit is ripe without actually touching it.

所以，在未来，当飞米成像相机 在你的手机里的时候， 你就可以去超市， 不用摸就能检查一下水果是否熟了。


So how did my team at MIT create this camera?

那么，我在麻省理工学院的团队是怎么做出这个相机的呢？


Now, as photographers, you know, if you take a short exposure photo, you get very little light.

现在，作为摄影师，你知道， 如果你想要短时曝光，你只有一点点光，


But we're going to go a billion times faster than your shortest exposure, so you're going to get hardly any light.

但我们需要比最短的曝光时间 快一百万倍， 所以你几乎得不到任何光。


So what we do is we send that bullet -- that packet of photons -- millions of times, and record again and again with very clever synchronization, and from the gigabytes of data, we computationally weave together to create those femto-videos I showed you.

所以，我们做的是， 把这些光子送进去，并重复百万多次， 每次都以极好的同步录像， 然后从几个GB的数据中， 我们“编织”起来一幅图， 而这幅图就是你们之前看到的。


And we can take all that raw data and treat it in very interesting ways.

并且我们把所有的原始数据到算进去时， 进行很有趣的处理。


But what about a new power for a future superhero: To see around corners.

但想象一个未来的超人： 他能看到拐角后面的东西。


The idea is that we could shine some light on the door, it's going to bounce, go inside the room, some of that is going to reflect back on the door, and then back to the camera.

这原理是我们可以把一些光打到门上， 这些光会反射进入房间， 一些会返回到门上， 然后进入照相机，


And we could exploit these multiple bounces of light.

这样我们就可以利用这些光的反射。


And it's not science fiction. We have actually built it.

这可不是科幻片。我们真正的做出来了。


在左边，你看到了我们的飞秒成像相机。


There's a mannequin hidden behind a wall, and we're going to bounce light off the door.

在墙后面有一个人体模型， 我们将进行光反射。


So after our paper was published in Nature Communications, it was highlighted by Nature.com, and they created this animation.

所以，在我们的论文发表 在《自然》上后， 它被推荐到自然的官网上， 然后他们创造了这个动画。


Ramesh Raskar: We're going to fire those bullets of light, and they're going to hit this wall, and because of the packet of the photons, they will scatter in all the directions, and some of them will reach our hidden mannequin, which in turn will again scatter that light, and again in turn, the door will reflect some of that scattered light.

我们将要发射这些光子弹， 它们将要撞击这个墙， 并且因为这束光 会散射到各个方向， 一些会最终打到我们的隐藏的假人上， 并且会继续散射， 知道这个门也会反射 一些光，


And a tiny fraction of the photons will actually come back to the camera, but most interestingly, they will all arrive at a slightly different time slot.

而一部分光会最终 返回到相机里，但最有趣的是， 他们会在略微不同的时间到达。


And because we have a camera that can run so fast -- our femto-camera -- it has some unique abilities.

而且因为我们有一个可以运行如此之快的相机， 也就是我们的飞秒相机，这个相机就有一些特别的能力。


It has very good time resolution, and it can look at the world at the speed of light.

它有很好的时间分辨率， 并且可以以光速捕捉世界。


And this way, we know the distances, of course to the door, but also to the hidden objects, but we don't know which point corresponds to which distance.

所以这样，我们不仅知道相机到门的距离， 同时知道到隐藏物品的距离， 但我们不知道哪个点 对应哪个距离。


By shining one laser, we can record one raw photo, which, if you look on the screen, doesn't really make any sense.

通过用激光，我们能记录一个原始的照片， 也就是你们在屏幕上看到的这个，好像没什么意义，


But then we will take a lot of such pictures, dozens of such pictures, put them together, and try to analyze the multiple bounces of light, and from that, can we see the hidden object?

但然后我们会拍很多照片， 很多很多，放到一起， 然后分析光的反射， 现在我们能看到那个隐藏的物体了吗？


Now, we have some ways to go before we take this outside the lab on the road, but in the future, we could create cars that avoid collisions with what's around the bend.

现在我们在把他们应用到生活中 还有一些路要走， 但在未来，我们可以把这个技术放到车里， 这样车就能防止碰撞，因为他们能看到拐角，


Or we can look for survivors in hazardous conditions by looking at light reflected through open windows.

或者我们可以搜寻幸存者， 因为我们能看到在窗户上反射的光，


Or we can build endoscopes that can see deep inside the body around occluders, and also for cardioscopes.

或者我们可以建造透视仪， 来看到身体里的情况，


But of course, because of tissue and blood, this is quite challenging, so this is really a call for scientists to start thinking about femto-photography as really a new imaging modality to solve the next generation of health-imaging problems.

我们甚至可以透视心脏。 但当然，由于各种组织和血液的干扰， 这回相当困难， 所以我们呼吁科学家来真正重视飞秒成像， 把这个技术作为一种 解决下一代健康问题的新模型。


Now, like Doc Edgerton, a scientist himself, science became art -- an art of ultra-fast photography.

现在，就像爱哲顿博士，一个科学家， 科学变成了艺术，一种高速摄影艺术，


And I realized that all the gigabytes of data that we're collecting every time, are not just for scientific imaging.

而且我意识到我们每次 收集到的大量资料 不仅是科学成像，


But we can also do a new form of computational photography, with time-lapse and color coding.

而且还是一种新的计算性摄影， 这种技术蕴含了时间延迟和彩色编码，


Remember: The time between each of those ripples is only a few trillionths of a second.

记住，这些波纹之间的时间 仅仅是几个万亿分之一秒。


But there's also something funny going on here.

但有些有趣的事正在发生，


When you look at the ripples under the cap, the ripples are moving away from us.

当你看到这些盖子下的波纹时， 他们正在离我们远去。


The ripples should be moving towards us.

但这些波纹应该向我们移动。


It turns out, because we're recording nearly at the speed of light, we have strange effects, and Einstein would have loved to see this picture.

结果是，因为我们在以接近光速 来录这些东西， 我们有一些奇怪的现象， 爱因斯坦会相当高兴看到这些图片。


The order at which events take place in the world appears in the camera sometimes in reversed order.

事件发生的顺序 在相机里有时候被反转了，


So by applying the corresponding space and time warp, we can correct for this distortion.

所以通过对应时间和空间的扭曲， 我们可以修正这个扭曲。


So whether it's for photography around corners, or creating the next generation of health imaging, or creating new visualizations, since our invention, we have open-sourced all the data and details on our website, and our hope is that the DIY, the creative and the research communities will show us that we should stop obsessing about the megapixels in cameras -- and start focusing on the next dimension in imaging.

所以不管是看到拐角， 还是为下一代制造健康影像， 还是增加新的可视化， 自从我们的发明， 我们就已经把所有的资料和细节放到了我们的网上， 并且我们希望，这个DIY，这个创意的研究团体， 可以告诉我们 我们不应该再迷上高像素———— 而开始关注成像技术的另一个维度。


A mobile phone can change your life, and a mobile phone gives you individual freedom.

手机能改变人们的生活 而且能带给你个人的自由。


With a mobile phone, you can shoot a crime against humanity in Syria.

有了手机， 你能在叙利亚拍下危害人类的犯罪行为。


With a mobile phone, you can tweet a message and start a protest in Egypt.

有了手机， 你能在埃及上tweet发状态 并掀起一场抗议活动。


And with a mobile phone, you can record a song, load it up to SoundCloud and become famous.

有了手机， 你还能录下一首歌，然后上传到SoundCloud 并一夜成名。


All this is possible with your mobile phone.

这一切都是有可能的，只有你有手机。


I'm a child of 1984, and I live in the city of Berlin.

我生于1984年， 我住在柏林这个城市。


Let's go back to that time, to this city.

让我们回到过去，回到1984的柏林。


Here you can see how hundreds of thousands of people stood up and protested for change.

你能看到 成千上万的人 站了起来，为了改变而抗议


This is autumn 1989, and imagine that all those people standing up and protesting for change had a mobile phone in their pocket.

这是1989年的秋天， 想象一下那些为了变革 而站起来的人们， 如果在他们的口袋里都有一个手机，


Who in the room has a mobile phone with you?


Hold your phones up, hold your phones up!

把手机举起来，把手机举起来！


Hold it up. An Android, a Blackberry, wow.

举高了。安卓的，黑莓的，哇。


That's a lot. Almost everybody today has a mobile phone.

还真挺多的。如今几乎每个人都有个手机了。


But today I will talk about me and my mobile phone, and how it changed my life.

但今天我想讲下关于我和我的手机的故事， 以及它是怎样改变我的生活的。


这里有35830行的数据资料


为什么会在这里展示这些资料呢？


Because in the summer of 2006, the E.U. Commission tabled a directive.

因为在2006年的夏天， 欧盟委员会推出了一条指令


This directive [is] called Data Retention Directive.


This directive says that each phone company in Europe, each Internet service company all over Europe, has to store a wide range of information about the users.

这条指令的内容是，在欧洲的每家电讯公司 在欧洲的每家互联网服务公司 必须对用户的数据资料进行大范围地保留


Who calls whom? Who sends whom an email?

谁给谁打电话了，谁给谁发邮件了


And if you use your mobile phone, where you are.

而且还要记录在哪里使用了手机


All this information is stored for at least six months, up to two years by your phone company or your Internet service provider.

所有这些信息都将被电讯公司保存， 保存半年到两年不等。 互联网服务商也一样。


And all over Europe, people stood up and said, "We don't want this."

整个欧洲的人民都起来反映， “我们并不想要这样”


They said, we don't want this data retention.

他们说，我们不要保留这些数据


We want self-determination in the digital age, and we don't want that phone companies and Internet companies have to store all this information about us.

我们想在这个数字化的时代自己做主 我们不要那些电讯公司和互联网服务公司 来为我们保留数据资料


They were lawyers, journalists, priests, they all said: "We don't want this."

人民当中不乏律师，记者，牧师， 他们都说：“我们不需要这个。”


And here you can see, like 10 thousands of people went out on the streets of Berlin and said, "Freedom, not fear."

这些就是你所看到的，约一万民众 走上柏林的街道，呼唤道， “要自由，不要恐惧”


And some even said, this would be Stasi 2.0.

有人甚至会说，这可能会变成Stasi的2.0版本


Stasi was the secret police in East Germany.

Stasi以前是东德的秘密警员


And I also ask myself, does it really work?

我也问过自己，真的会这样吗？


Can they really store all this information about us?

他们真的能储存关于我们的全部数据资料吗？


每次我用手机，他们都会这样做吗？


So I asked my phone company, Deutsche Telekom, which was at that time the largest phone company in Germany, and I asked them, please, send me all the information you have stored about me.

所以我咨询了我的电讯公司，德国电信 当时它是德国最大的电讯公司 我告诉他们， 麻烦把你们储存的关于我的数据资料都发给我


And I asked them once, and I asked them again, and I got no real answer. It was only blah blah answers.

我一而再，再而三地要求， 结果就像石沉大海，得到的只是一些涟漪般的搪塞。


But then I said, I want to have this information, because this is my life you are protocoling.

但我还是坚持，我就是要我的数据资料， 因为你们记录保存的是我的生活啊。


So I decided to start a lawsuit against them, because I wanted to have this information.

所以我决定对他们提出诉讼， 因为我就是要拿回资料。


But Deutsche Telekom said, no, we will not give you this information.

但德国电信拒绝了，说 我们不会给你的


So at the end, I had a settlement with them.

最后，我们达成了一个协议


I'll put down the lawsuit and they will send me all the information I ask for.

我放弃诉讼 他们把我要求的数据资料发给我


Because in the mean time, the German Constitutional Court ruled that the implementation of this E.U. directive into German law was unconstitutional.

因为在这段期间， 德国宪法法院明文规定了 将这项欧洲指令写入德国法律 是不符合宪法的。


So I got this ugly brown envelope with a C.D. inside.

然后我收到了这个巨丑的牛皮信封 里面还有张光盘


在光盘里，就是你们看到的


Thirty-five thousand eight hundred thirty lines of information.

三万五千八百三十行的数据信息


At first I saw it, and I said, okay, it's a huge file. Okay.

第一眼看到这些时，我无奈了 好吧，这文件还真挺大的


But then after a while I realized, this is my life.

过了一会我意识到， 这是我的生活啊


This is six months of my life, into this file.

这是我半年的生活啊 就在这个文档里面


So I was a little bit skeptical, what should I do with it?

然后我就有些顾虑了，我应该怎么处理这些数据？


Because you can see where I am, where I sleep at night, what I am doing.

因为你能看到我人在何处， 我在哪过夜， 我在干什么。


But then I said, I want to go out with this information.


Because I want to show the people what does data retention mean.

因为我想让人们明白数据保留是怎么一回事儿


So together with Zeit Online and Open Data City, I did this.

所以在《时代在线 》和《城市开放资料》的帮助下，


This is a visualization of six months of my life.

我做了这个我半年生活的视觉图


You can zoom in and zoom out, you can wind back and fast forward.

你可以放大和缩小 你能够回放和快进


And you can even see how I go from Frankfurt by train to Cologne, and how often I call in between.

你甚至能看到 我是怎样坐火车从法兰克福市去到科隆市 以及在路上我打电话的频率


All this is possible with this information.

有了这些数据资料，一切都成为了可能


但这不单单是我一个人的事


而是我们大家都与之相关的


First, it's only like, I call my wife and she calls me, and we talk to each other a couple of times.

首先，很简单，我给我妻子打电话，她也打给我 我们彼此通了几次话


And then there are some friends calling me, and they call each other.

然后又有些朋友打给我 而且他们彼此也相互联系


And after a while you are calling you, and you are calling you, and you have this great communication network.

接着他又打给他，他又打给她， 她又打给她，然后我们就组成了 一个庞大的通讯网


But you can see how your people are communicating with each other, what times they call each other, when they go to bed.

但你却能看到里面的人都在和谁交流着 什么时候他们会打电话，什么时候会去睡觉


You can see the hubs, like who are the leaders in the group.

如果你得到了这些数据信息，


If you have access to this information, you can see what your society is doing.

你就知道谁是这个圈子的主导者 你也能知道你的社交圈都在做些什么


If you have access to this information, you can control your society.

如果你得到了这些数据信息， 那么你就能操控你的社交圈


This is a blueprint for countries like China and Iran.

这是像中国和伊朗这类国家的蓝图


This is a blueprint how to survey your society, because you know who talks to whom, who sends whom an email, all this is possible if you have access to this information.

这也是如何监测你的社交圈的蓝图 因为你会知道谁和谁谈了话 谁发邮件给了谁，这些都是可以做到的 如果你得到了这些数据信息，


And this information is stored for at least six months in Europe, up to two years.

而且它们可以保存至少半年的时间 在欧洲，最长是两年


Like I said at the beginning, imagine that all those people on the streets of Berlin in autumn of 1989 had a mobile phone in their pocket.

就像我开头说的 想象一下那些在1989年秋天 走上柏林街头的人们 如果他们口袋里都有手机


And the Stasi would have known who took part at this protest, and if the Stasi would have known who are the leaders behind it, this may never have happened.

那么Stasi就会知道谁参与了抗议活动 如果Stasi提前了解到 谁是活动的始作俑者， 那么抗议也就不会发生了


The fall of the Berlin Wall would maybe not [have been] there.


And in the aftermath, also not the fall of the Iron Curtain.

之后也不会有冷战铁幕的落下


Because today, state agencies and companies want to store as much information as they can get about us, online and offline.

因为现在，州立机构和公司 都想尽可能地保留关于我们的数据资料 不管是网上的还是现实中的


They want to have the possibility to track our lives, and they want to store them for all time.

他们都不想放过一丝能追踪我们生活的机会 他们也想永久地保留这些数据资料


But self-determination and living in the digital age is no contradiction.

然而，自我做主和生活在这个数字时代 并不冲突


But you have to fight for your self-determination today.

只不过如今你得自己去争取自主权


So, when you go home, tell your friends that privacy is a value of the 21st century, and it's not outdated.

所以，在你回去之后， 告诉你朋友， 隐私在21世纪是很重要的 它还没过时


When you go home, tell your representative only because companies and state agencies have the possibility to store certain information, they don't have to do it.

在你回去以后，告诉那些代表们 虽然那些公司和州立机构 可以对资料信息进行保留，但他们并非一定要这么做


And if you don't believe me, ask your phone company what information they store about you.

如果你不相信我， 就去问问你的电讯公司他们存了你什么资料信息


So, in the future, every time you use your mobile phone, let it be a reminder to you that you have to fight for self-determination in the digital age.

所以在以后，每次你使用手机时， 让手机成为一个提醒 提醒你得在这个数字时代为自己争取自主权