This may sound strange, but I'm a big fan of the concrete block.

听起来可能有点怪， 我是个水泥砖的狂热爱好者。


The first concrete blocks were manufactured in 1868 with a very simple idea: modules made of cement of a fixed measurement that fit together.

第一块水泥砖制造于1868年 是源于一个非常简单的想法： 把水泥制成的固定大小的块 组装到一起。


Very quickly concrete blocks became the most-used construction unit in the world.

很快水泥砖就成为了 全世界使用最多的建筑单元，


They enabled us to to build things that were larger than us, buildings, bridges, one brick at a time.

它使得我们能制造远大于自身的东西， 建筑，桥梁， 就这样一砖一瓦砌成。


Essentially concrete blocks had become the building block of our time.

水泥砖实质上已经成为 我们这个时代的积木。


Almost a hundred years later in 1947, LEGO came up with this.

在大约100年后的1947年， 乐高带来了这个


It was called the Automatic Binding Brick.

当时被叫做自动组装积木。


And in a few short years, LEGO bricks took place in every household.

然后在短短几年内， 乐高积木占领了每个家庭，


It's estimated that over 400 billion bricks have been produced -- or 75 bricks for every person on the planet.

据估计已经制造出的乐高积木超过4千亿块 -- 或者说全球人均75块


You don't have to be an engineer to make beautiful houses, beautiful bridges, beautiful buildings.

你不必是一个工程师 也可以建造漂亮的房子，漂亮的桥梁，漂亮的建筑。


LEGO has essentially taken the concrete block, the building block of the world, and made it into the building block of our imagination.

乐高实质上就是把水泥砖，这种真实世界中的积木， 运用到建造我们想象中的 建筑积木。


Meanwhile the exact same year, at Bell Labs the next revolution was about to be announced, the next building block.

恰恰在同一年， 在贝尔实验室，一项新的革命即将发布， 下一代积木。


The transistor was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of static bricks piled on top of each other to a world where everything was interactive.

晶体管是一个小的塑料元件 它将把我们从 静态的砖块堆积起来的世界 带入到一切都可以交互的新世界。


Like the concrete block, the transistor allows you to build much larger, more complex circuits, one brick at a time.

像水泥砖一样， 你可以运用它 一个晶体管一个晶体管地制造出更大的、更复杂的电路。


But there's a main difference: The transistor was only for experts.

但是有一个主要的区别： 只有专家才能玩转晶体管。


I personally don't accept this, that the building block of our time is reserved for experts, so I decided to change that.

我个人不能接受 我们这个时代的积木 只有专家才可以玩， 所以我决定改变它。


Eight years ago when I was at the Media Lab, I started exploring this idea of how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers.

8年前当我在媒体实验室的时候， 我开始思索 如何才能把工程师所独有的力量 也赋予艺术家和设计师。


A few years ago I started developing littleBits.


我给大家演示一下是怎么玩的。


LittleBits are electronic modules with each one specific function.

LittleBits是电子的模块 每一块都有特定的功能。


They're pre-engineered to be light, sound, motors and sensors.

它们都预先设定好 作为光的，声音的， 马达或者传感器。


And the best part about it is they snap together with magnets.

最棒的就是 它们是用磁力吸合在一起的


这些小块是按颜色分类的。


Green is output, blue is power, pink is input and orange is wire.

绿色是输出，蓝色是电源， 粉色是输入，橙色是连接线。


So all you need to do is snap a blue to a green and very quickly you can start making larger circuits.

因此你所需要做的就是把蓝色接到绿色上 然后很快你就能开始制造更大的电路了


You put a blue to a green, you can make light.

把蓝的接到绿的， 你就做了一个灯


You can put a knob in between and now you've made a little dimmer.

你可以在中间放一个旋钮 你就做成了一个小调光器。


Switch out the knob for a pulse module, which is here, and now you've made a little blinker.

拿掉旋钮 换上脉冲模块， 在这儿， 现在你就创造出了一个小信号灯。


Add this buzzer for some extra punch and you've created a noise machine.

加入这个蜂鸣器 来增加点效果 你就创造出了一台噪音机。


So beyond simple play, littleBits are actually pretty powerful.

除了简单地玩， 实际上littleBits 的功能很强劲。


Instead of having to program, to wire, to solder, littleBits allow you to program using very simple intuitive gestures.

不需要编程、接线、焊接， littleBits可以让你 用简单的直觉动作完成编程。


So to make this blink faster or slower, you would just turn this knob and basically make it pulse faster or slower.

比如要把这个闪烁调快或者调慢一点， 你只需要转这个旋钮 实际上是让它脉冲得快或者慢一点。


The idea behind littleBits is that it's a growing library.

隐藏在littleBits之后的想法是 这是一个可成长的资料库。


We want to make every single interaction in the world into a ready-to-use brick.

我们想把世界上的每一个单独的交互功能 做成一个随手可用的积木。


Lights, sounds, solar panels, motors -- everything should be accessible.

光，声音，太阳能板，马达 -- 一切都应该触手可得。


We've been giving littleBits to kids and seeing them play with them.

我们曾经把littleBits给孩子们并看他们玩。


那是一种不可思议的体验。


The nicest thing is how they start to understand the electronics around them from everyday that they don't learn at schools.

最棒的就是他们开始理解 他们日常身边的电器 这些学校里是学不到的。


For example, how a nightlight works, or why an elevator door stays open, or how an iPod responds to touch.

比如，夜灯是如何工作的 或者为什么电梯门能一直开着， 再或者iPod对触摸是怎么反应的。


We've also been taking littleBits to design schools.

我们也曾经把littleBits带到设计学校。


So for example, we've had designers with no experience with electronics whatsoever start to play with littleBits as a material.

比如说，我们曾经让设计师 完全没有电子相关经验的设计师 用littleBits做素材开始玩。


Here you see, with felt and paper water bottles, we have Geordie making ...

大家可以看到，用毡和纸瓶子 乔迪做出了...


A few weeks ago we took littleBits to RISD and gave them to some designers with no experience in engineering whatsoever -- just cardboard, wood and paper -- and told them "Make something."

几星期前我们带着littleBits去了罗德岛设计学院 把它交给一些 完全没有工程经验的设计师 只给一些纸板、木头和纸 -- 跟他们说 “做点什么”


Here's an example of a project they made, a motion-activated confetti canon ball.

这就是他们完成的一个项目 一个动作触发的彩纸屑炮弹


But wait, this is actually my favorite project.

等等，这个实际上是我最喜欢的一个项目。


It's a lobster made of playdough that's afraid of the dark.

是一个橡皮泥做的龙虾 它很怕黑。


To these non-engineers, littleBits became another material, electronics became just another material.

对这些非工程技术人员，littleBits成为了另一种材料， 电子也只是一种材料。


And we want to make this material accessible to everyone.

而且我们想使这种材料对所有人都可用。


You can go on the website, download all the design files, make them yourself.

你可以到网站上，下载所有的设计文件，自己来制造。


We want to encourage a world of creators, of inventors, of contributors, because this world that we live in, this interactive world, is ours.

我们想鼓励一个 人人都是创造者、发明家、贡献者的世界。 因为我们所生活的这个世界， 这个交互的世界，属于我们每个人。


不要犹豫，开始你的发明吧。


Today I'm going to talk about unexpected discoveries.

今天，我要谈一谈 一些出人意料的发现


Now I work in the solar technology industry.

现在我在太阳能技术产业工作


And my small startup is looking to force ourselves into the environment by paying attention to ...

我那间小小的公司刚刚创办 正在寻求迫使我们 融入自然的方法 这要通过关注...


这段小视频 展示了我们所做的工作


We'll just -- we can just skip -- I'll just skip through the video instead ...

也许我们可以跳过-- 我会跳过视频...


不会吧，我的时间已经到了？


So a couple of years ago I started a program to try to get the rockstar tech and design people and work in the one environment that represents pretty much everything they're supposed to hate; we have them work in government.

几年前，我启动了一个 让一些厉害的搞技术和设计的人员们 在一个应该代表 他们所憎恨的一切的环境 - 政府部门 - 内工作一年的项目。


The program is called Code for America, and it's a little bit like a Peace Corps for geeks.

这个项目叫做 “美国代码”， 有点像怪杰的和平队。


We select a few fellows every year and we have them work with city governments.

我们每年筛选几个人， 然后让他们为政府工作。


Instead of sending them off into the Third World, we send them into the wilds of City Hall.

不将他们送入第三世界， 但将他们送入市政府厅。


And there they make great apps, they work with city staffers.

在那里，他们创造很好的应用程序，并与市政府人员一起工作。


But really what they're doing is they're showing what's possible with technology today.

但他们真正的目的是展现今天科技 可以创造的可能性。


Al is a fire hydrant in the city of Boston.

Al是一个伯斯顿市内的消防栓。


Here it kind of looks like he's looking for a date, but what he's really looking for is for someone to shovel him out when he gets snowed in, because he knows he's not very good at fighting fires when he's covered in four feet of snow.

这里看起来它似乎是在等它的约会， 但它真正等待的是一个可以将它被深埋在雪下的时候可以将它挖出来的人， 因为它知道当它被四英尺的雪埋入时， 它救火的能力就会下降。


Now how did he come to be looking for help in this very unique manner?

它是如何用这样一种特殊的方式 来寻求帮助的呢？


We had a team of fellows in Boston last year through the Code for America program.

去年我们“美国代码” 有个在伯斯顿工作的团队。


They were there in February, and it snowed a lot in February last year.

他们在的时候正值二月，而去年二月雪下得很多很大。


And they noticed that the city never gets to digging out these fire hydrants.

他们注意到这个城市的 消防栓很少会被挖出。


But one fellow in particular, a guy named Erik Michaels-Ober, noticed something else, and that's that citizens are shoveling out sidewalks right in front of these things.

那个团队的其中一个人， 叫Erik Michaels-Ober， 留意到了另外一个现象： 市民们会将这些消防栓 前面的走道上的雪铲除。


So he did what any good developer would do, he wrote an app.

所以他做了任何一个优秀的程序员都会做的事情， 他写了一个应用程序。


It's a cute little app where you can adopt a fire hydrant.

这是一个可以让你领养一个消防栓的可爱简易的程序。


So you agree to dig it out when it snows.

然后你同意会在下雪后将它挖出。


If you do, you get to name it, and he called the first one Al.

如果你这么做了，你可以为它取个名字； 他叫了这第一个Al。


And if you don't, someone can steal it from you.

但如果你不将它挖出，其他人可以将它从你那儿偷走。


So it's got cute little game dynamics on it.

所以它有一些小小的娱乐性质在里面。


这是一个相对来说比较小的程序，


It's probably the smallest of the 21 apps that the fellows wrote last year.

它或许是那个团队那年 所写的二十一个程序中最小的一个。


But it's doing something that no other government technology does.

但它做到了 任何其他政府科技无法做到的事情；


There's a guy in the I.T. department of the City of Honolulu who saw this app and realized that he could use it, not for snow, but to get citizens to adopt tsunami sirens.

一个在夏威夷檀香山市的IT部门上班的人 看到了这个程序，然后意识到 它不一定要用它来铲雪， 也可以用它让市民领养海啸警报器。


It's very important that these tsunami sirens work, but people steal the batteries out of them.

这些海啸警报器的功能很重要， 但往往有人会偷那里面的电池。


So he's getting citizens to check on them.

所以他让市民们主动去检查它们。


And then Seattle decided to use it to get citizens to clear out clogged storm drains.

然后西雅图决定用它 让市民清理暴雨后杜塞的下水道口。


And Chicago just rolled it out to get people to sign up to shovel sidewalks when it snows.

芝加哥才开始 用它让人们将走道上的雪铲除。


So we now know of nine cities that are planning to use this.

我们现在知道还有九个城市 计划使用它。


And this has spread just frictionlessly, organically, naturally.

它就这样平稳地，有机地，自然地， 散布了开来。


If you know anything about government technology, you know that this isn't how it normally goes.

如果你对政府的科技有些了解， 你会知道这并不是普遍的结果。


Procuring software usually takes a couple of years.

开发完成一个软件往往需要几年。


We had a team that worked on a project in Boston last year that took three people about two and a half months.

去年我们在伯斯顿有一个 三个人的团队花了两个半月完成了一个项目。


It was a way that parents could figure out which were the right public schools for their kids.

它可以帮助家长决定 哪一个公立学校对他们的孩子最适合。


We were told afterward that if that had gone through normal channels, it would have taken at least two years and it would have cost about two million dollars.

之后，我们被告知，如果这个项目通过正常的渠道， 它将需要至少两年的时间， 并会花费将近两百万美元左右。


There is one project in the California court system right now that so far cost taxpayers two billion dollars, and it doesn't work.

加利福尼亚的法院系统正有一个 至今花费了纳税人 二十亿美元的一个项目， 而它还并不能正常运作。


And there are projects like this at every level of government.

而在政府的每一个阶级 都有类似的种种项目。


So an app that takes a couple of days to write and then spreads virally, that's sort of a shot across the bow to the institution of government.

所以一个只需要几天来编程， 并像病毒般散布的程序， 对政府机构来说 是一个警钟。


It suggests how government could work better -- not more like a private company, as many people think it should.

它见证了政府可以变得更有效率 - 但不是更像私有公司， 像很多人觉得的那样。


And not even like a tech company, but more like the Internet itself.

甚至不像一个科技公司， 而更像网络本身。


And that means permissionless, it means open, it means generative.

这意味着无须批准， 公开，多产。


But what's more important about this app is that it represents how a new generation is tackling the problem of government -- not as the problem of an ossified institution, but as a problem of collective action.

但这种程序所代表的，更重要的， 是新一代的人 将政府的问题 当作团体行动的问题来寻求解决方式， 而并不是一个死板的机构。


And that's great news, because, it turns out, we're very good at collective action with digital technology.

而这是很好的信息， 因为，事实表明，我们在对于数码技术 的团体运行非常擅长。


Now there's a very large community of people that are building the tools that we need to do things together effectively.

现在已经有一个非常大的团体 在建造可以让我们做事 更加有效率的工具。


It's not just Code for America fellows, there are hundreds of people all over the country that are standing and writing civic apps every day in their own communities.

它不仅仅是“美国代码”的员工们， 全国有几百个人 每天在自己的社区中编写程序 并将其致用在他们自己的社区。


They are frustrated as hell with it, but they're not complaining about it, they're fixing it.

虽然他们对此非常失望， 但他们并没有抱怨， 而在尝试着改善它。


And these folks know something that we've lost sight of.

这些人知道一些 我们已经失去的东西，


And that's that when you strip away all your feelings about politics and the line at the DMV and all those other things that we're really mad about, government is, at its core, in the words of Tim O'Reilly, "What we do together that we can't do alone."

那就是，当你剥开一切 让我们愤怒的外壳， 比如我们对政治的感觉， 和在车辆管理局外的长队， 政府，在其中心， 用提姆·奥莱理的话说， “政府能帮我们达成我们一个人无法达成的事情。”


Now a lot of people have given up on government.

现在有很多人都对政府完全灰了心。


And if you're one of those people, I would ask that you reconsider, because things are changing.

如果你是他们其中的一个， 我希望你能重新考虑下， 因为很多事情都在改变。


Politics is not changing; government is changing.

政治没有改变， 但政府正在改变。


And because government ultimately derives its power from us -- remember "We the people?" -- how we think about it is going to effect how that change happens.

而因为政府的能量， 从最根本上 来自于我们人民， 我们如何看待它 将会影响到它的改变。


Now I didn't know very much about government when I started this program.

当我开始这个项目的时候我对政府所知不多。


And like a lot of people, I thought government was basically about getting people elected to office.

就像很多人， 我以为政府仅仅是选举人员进入部门工作。


Well after two years, I've come to the conclusion that, especially local government, is about opossums.

两年后，我得到了一个结论。 政府，特别是地方政府， 是关于负鼠.


This is the call center for the services and information line.

这里是服务和信息的电话热线中心。


It's generally where you will get if you call 311 in your city.

如果你在你的城市拨打311， 你将会被连接到这里。


If you should ever have the chance to staff your city's call center, as our fellow Scott Silverman did as part of the program -- in fact, they all do that -- you will find that people call government with a very wide range of issues, including having an opossum stuck in your house.

如果你会有机会 在你的市热线中心工作， 像我们项目的同事Scott Silverman就做这个 - 事实上，他们都需要做这项服务 - 你就会发现人们为了非常不同的问题 打电话给政府咨询， 包括家中困入了一个负鼠。


Scott 接到了这通电话。


He types "Opossum" into this official knowledge base.

他将“负鼠”输入了官方的信息库。


He doesn't really come up with anything. He starts with animal control.

什么都没有。他从动物控制中心开始。


And finally, he says, "Look, can you just open all the doors to your house and play music really loud and see if the thing leaves?"

而最后，他说：“这样吧，你可以将你家的门全部打开， 然后放起很大声的音乐， 然后看看这东西会不会离开？”


而这起了作用。 Scott，好样的。


But that wasn't the end of the opossums.

但这并不是负鼠故事的结尾。


It has an app, a Web and mobile app, called Citizens Connect.

它有一个程序，一个网站和移动的程序， 叫做 “市民联通”。


This is the work of the very smart people at the Office of New Urban Mechanics in Boston.

它是一群在波斯顿的 新城市结构部门的很聪明的人编写的。


So one day -- this is an actual report -- this came in: "Opossum in my trashcan. Can't tell if it's dead.

有一天 - 这是一个真实的报告 - 这个信息被贴了出来： “垃圾桶里有一个负鼠。看不出来它是否死了。


But what happens with Citizens Connect is different.

“市民联通”对这种问题有不同的处理方式。


Scott之前是人对人的交流。


But on Citizens Connect everything is public, so everybody can see this.

但在“市民联通”上面一切都是公开的， 所以每个人都可以看见。


这一次，一个邻居看到了。


And the next report we got said, "I walked over to this location, found the trashcan behind the house.

我们收到的下一份报告写着： “我路过了这个地点， 找到了房子后面的垃圾桶。


负鼠? 看到了。的确活着。


Turned trashcan on its side. Walked home.


So this is great. This is the digital meeting the physical.

所以这很好。这就是现实和数码世界的交汇。


And it's also a great example of government getting in on the crowd-sourcing game.

这也是政府加入 众包游戏的一个很好的例子。


But it's also a great example of government as a platform.

但这也是一个由政府来做交流平台的很好的例子。


And I don't mean necessarily a technological definition of platform here.

而在这里我并不是 在说平台的技术层面的定义。


I'm just talking about a platform for people to help themselves and to help others.

我只是想提到一个可以让 人们互相帮助的平台。


So one citizen helped another citizen, but government played a key role here.

一个公民帮助另外一个公民， 而政府在其中扮演重要的角色。


And it could have connected them with government services if they'd been needed, but a neighbor is a far better and cheaper alternative to government services.

它可以通过政府设施服务来帮助需要的人， 但一个邻居远比政府服务 简单和见效。


When one neighbor helps another, we strengthen our communities.

当一个邻居帮助另外一个的时候， 我们的社会联系也会加强。


We call animal control, it just costs a lot of money.

我们打电话给动物控制中心的话，只会花很多的钱。


Now one of the important things we need to think about government is that it's not the same thing as politics.

一个我们需要思考的很重要的事情 便是政府并不同于政治。


And most people get that, but they think that one is the input to the other.

很多人明白这点， 但他们仍然认为政治是政府的输入口。


That our input to the system of government is voting.

我们对政府系统的输入口是 通过选票。


Now how many times have we elected a political leader -- and sometimes we spend a lot of energy getting a new political leader elected -- and then we sit back and we expect government to reflect our values and meet our needs, and then not that much changes?

至今为止，我们选了多少政治领袖 - 而有些时候我们会花大量的精力 来支持一个新的政治领袖的选举 - 然后我们期望着政府做一些 反映我们价值观和我们的需要的事情， 但最后没有多少改变发生？


That's because government is like a vast ocean and politics is the six-inch layer on top.

那是因为政府就像一片巨大的海洋， 而政治只是最顶上的一层。


And what's under that is what we call bureaucracy.

下面的便是 我们所谓的官僚机构。


And we say that word with such contempt.

我们用如此鄙夷的语气谈论这个词。


But it's that contempt that keeps this thing that we own and we pay for as something that's working against us, this other thing, and then we're disempowering ourselves.

但正是这种鄙夷 保持了这个我们拥有 并为其付钱维持的东西 一直与我们的愿望背道而驰， 而由此我们正失去我们自己的能量。


人们似乎认为政治很性感。


If we want this institution to work for us, we're going to have to make bureaucracy sexy.

如果我们希望这个部门来为我们服务， 我们必须要让官僚机构也变得性感。


Because that's where the real work of government happens.

因为政府的真正工作在那里发生。


We have to engage with the machinery of government.

我们必须参与政府的系统。


So that's OccupytheSEC movement has done.

而这正是占领美国证券交易委员会运动做的。


It's a group of concerned citizens that have written a very detailed 325-page report that's a response to the SEC's request for comment on the Financial Reform Bill.

他们是一群忧心忡忡的公民 他们写了一份非常详细的， 325页的报告 来回应美国证券交易委员会SEC 对于金融改革法案的要求。


That's not being politically active, that's being bureaucratically active.

这不是参与政治， 而是积极参与到官僚机构中。


Now for those of us who've given up on government, it's time that we asked ourselves about the world that we want to leave for our children.

现在，对于我们之间的已经放弃了政府的人， 是时候问我们自己 我们希望留下怎样的世界给我们的孩子。


You have to see the enormous challenges that they're going to face.

大家必须意识到他们需要 面对巨大的挑战。


Do we really think we're going to get where we need to go without fixing the one institution that can act on behalf of all of us?

在我们没有改善好这个可以 代表我们行动的机构之前， 我们真的认为我们可以达到我们想要达到的目标吗？


We can't do without government, but we do need it to be more effective.

我们不能没有政府， 我们需要它 变得更有效率。


The good news is that technology is making it possible to fundamentally reframe the function of government in a way that can actually scale by strengthening civil society.

好的消息是，科技正使这变得可行 在本质上重新定义 政府的功能 而通过它我们可以 来加强我们的公民社会。


And there's a generation out there that's grown up on the Internet, and they know that it's not that hard to do things together, you just have to architect the systems the right way.

现在的一代正在网络中长大， 而他们知道 同时做一件事情并不难， 只需要将系统建构好。


Now the average age of our fellows is 28, so I am, begrudgingly, almost a generation older than most of them.

我们的工作人员的平均年龄是28岁， 所以我，很不甘的， 几乎比他们大部分老了一代。


This is a generation that's grown up taking their voices pretty much for granted.

这一代 在长大中已经习惯代言他们自身。


They're not fighting that battle that we're all fighting about who gets to speak; they all get to speak.

他们不再需要经历我们那一代关于 谁可以拥有言论自由的战斗； 他们都拥有言论自由。


They can express their opinion on any channel at any time, and they do.

他们可以通过任何渠道 在任何时间表达他们的意见， 他们也的确这么做。


So when they're faced with the problem of government, they don't care as much about using their voices.

所以当他们面对政府的瑕疵时， 他们不怎么关心 用他们的话语权来代言。


They're using their hands to write applications that make government work better.

他们正在使用他们的双手 来编写可以让政府更好地运作的程序。


And those applications let us use our hands to make our communities better.

而这些程序让我们用我们自己的双手 来完善我们的社会。


That could be shoveling out a hydrant, pulling a weed, turning over a garbage can with an opossum in it.

它可以是将消防栓从雪中挖出，将杂草拔除， 或将有负鼠的垃圾桶放倒。


And certainly, we could have been shoveling out those fire hydrants all along, and many people do.

当然，很多人早就开始将消防栓 从雪中挖出了。


But these apps are like little digital reminders that we're not just consumers, and we're not just consumers of government, putting in our taxes and getting back services.

但这些程序就如同小数字闹钟，可以提醒 我们不光是作为消费者。 我们也不仅仅是政府的消费对象， 缴税而换回服务。


我们不光是这些， 我们还是公民。


And we're not going to fix government until we fix citizenship.

在改善政府之前， 我们必须承担我们作为公民的责任。


So the question I have for all of you here: When it comes to the big, important things that we need to do together, all of us together, are we just going to be a crowd of voices, or are we also going to be a crowd of hands?

所以在这里我留给大家一个问题： 当我们面对一些很大的，很重要的， 并需要我们齐心协力一起做 事情的时候， 我们会只是有话语权的一群人， 还是我们 也会是众手协力而成事的一群人？


Well this is a really extraordinary honor for me.


I spend most of my time in jails, in prisons, on death row.

我大多数时候都 在管教所，在监狱里，在死囚室中


I spend most of my time in very low-income communities in the projects and places where there's a great deal of hopelessness.

大部分时间我在低收入的社区里工作 在充满绝望的地区，做前途暗淡的项目


And being here at TED and seeing the stimulation, hearing it, has been very, very energizing to me.

今天来到TED 看到听到这些激动人心的演讲 给了我一针强心剂


And one of the things that's emerged in my short time here is that TED has an identity.

在这短短的时间里，我注意到 TED有自己的定位


And you can actually say things here that have impacts around the world.

你可以看到这里发生的事情 影响全世界


And sometimes when it comes through TED, it has meaning and power that it doesn't have when it doesn't.

有时当事情发生在TED的讲台上 比发生在别处 更有意义，更有影响


And I mention that because I think identity is really important.

我提起这个是因为我觉得自我定位很重要


And we've had some fantastic presentations.

我们已经听了一些精彩的演说


And I think what we've learned is that, if you're a teacher your words can be meaningful, but if you're a compassionate teacher, they can be especially meaningful.

我们已经体会到 作为一个老师，你的话是有影响力的 如果你是个很慈善的老师 你的教导就格外意味深长


If you're a doctor you can do some good things, but if you're a caring doctor you can do some other things.

作为一个医生，你能够帮助人 如果你是个体恤病人的医生，你能帮助更多


And so I want to talk about the power of identity.

所以我想讲讲定位的重要性


And I didn't learn about this actually practicing law and doing the work that I do.

我不是从做律师 或者做其他项目学到怎样自我定位的


I actually learned about this from my grandmother.

我其实是从我外婆那里学到的


I grew up in a house that was the traditional African-American home that was dominated by a matriarch, and that matriarch was my grandmother.

我的家庭 是一个传统的黑人家庭 只有一个女家长 就是我的外婆


She was tough, she was strong, she was powerful.

她很坚韧， 也很强壮 威风凛凛


She was the end of every argument in our family.


She was the beginning of a lot of arguments in our family.

不过很多事儿也是她挑起来的


She was the daughter of people who were actually enslaved.


Her parents were born in slavery in Virginia in the 1840's.

弗吉尼亚州19世纪40年代，她父母落草为奴


She was born in the 1880's and the experience of slavery very much shaped the way she saw the world.

我外婆是十九世纪八十年代生的 这段父母被奴役的经历 决定了她看世界的角度


And my grandmother was tough, but she was also loving.

我的外婆很强势，但她也很慈爱


When I would see her as a little boy, she'd come up to me and she'd give me these hugs.

当我是个小男孩时 每次见到她都拥抱我


And she'd squeeze me so tight I could barely breathe and then she'd let me go.

她抱得那么紧，我都透不过气来 然后她才会放开我


And an hour or two later, if I saw her, she'd come over to me and she'd say, "Bryan, do you still feel me hugging you?"

一两个小时之后，当我再见她 她会过来问我：“还能感觉我的拥抱么？”


And if I said, "No," she'd assault me again, and if I said, "Yes," she'd leave me alone.

如果我说“感觉不到了”，她就再度出击 直到我说“感觉得到”，她才放开我


And she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her.

她就是有这个能力 让你老是想亲近她


And the only challenge was that she had 10 children.

唯一的挑战是她有十个儿女


And sometimes when I would go and spend time with her, it would be difficult to get her time and attention.

常常当我去和外婆亲近时 很难让她注意到我，有时间陪我


My cousins would be running around everywhere.

我的表兄妹们总是无处不在


And I remember, when I was about eight or nine years old, waking up one morning, going into the living room, and all of my cousins were running around.

我记得，当我八九岁时的一次 我早上醒来，跑到客厅 所有的表兄妹都在


And my grandmother was sitting across the room staring at me.

我外婆坐在房间的另一端 盯着我看


And at first I thought we were playing a game.

一开始我以为我们在玩游戏


And I would look at her and I'd smile, but she was very serious.

我就看回去，对她笑笑 但我外婆是很严肃的


And after about 15 or 20 minutes of this, she got up and she came across the room and she took me by the hand and she said, "Come on, Bryan. You and I are going to have a talk."

大概十五还是二十分钟之后 她站起来，穿过房间 牵住我的手 对我说：“过来，布莱恩，我们得谈谈。”


And I remember this just like it happened yesterday.

这就像是昨天才发生的一样


She took me out back and she said, "Bryan, I'm going to tell you something, but you don't tell anybody what I tell you."

她把我带到一边说：“我想和你说些事， 你不许和任何人说。”


我答应了：“好的，姥姥。”


She said, "Now you make sure you don't do that." I said, "Sure."

她说：“保证绝不说出去。”我回答：“保证。”


Then she sat me down and she looked at me and she said, "I want you to know I've been watching you."

然后我们坐下，她看着我 说：“我想让你知道 我观察你一段时间了。”


接着她说：“你是个特别的孩子。”


She said, "I think you can do anything you want to do."

她说：“我确信你是无所不能的。”


And then she said, "I just need you to promise me three things, Bryan."

接着她说：“我想让你向我保证三件事。”


She said, "The first thing I want you to promise me is that you'll always love your mom."

她说：“第一，我想让你保证 你会永远爱你的妈妈。”


She said, "That's my baby girl, and you have to promise me now you'll always take care of her."

她说：“你妈妈是我的心头肉， 你得向我保证你会永远爱护她。”


Well I adored my mom, so I said, "Yes, Mama. I'll do that."

我很爱我妈妈，我说：“好，姥姥，我会。”


Then she said, "The second thing I want you to promise me is that you'll always do the right thing even when the right thing is the hard thing."

接着她说：“第二件事，是你要答应我 你会永远走正路 即使走正路是很难的选择。”


And I thought about it and I said, "Yes, Mama. I'll do that."

我想了想回答：“好的姥姥，我会的。”


Then finally she said, "The third thing I want you to promise me is that you'll never drink alcohol."

最后她说：“第三件事，我要你保证 你永不喝酒。”


Well I was nine years old, so I said, "Yes, Mama. I'll do that."

我才九岁，我答应：“好，姥姥，我保证。”


I grew up in the country in the rural South, and I have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year younger.

我在南部的乡下长大 我有个哥哥大我一岁，还有个妹妹小我一岁


When I was about 14 or 15, one day my brother came home and he had this six-pack of beer -- I don't know where he got it -- and he grabbed me and my sister and we went out in the woods.

当我十四五岁时 一天我哥哥带回到家半打啤酒—— 我都不知道他怎么弄到的—— 他带上我和我妹妹，跑到树林里


And we were kind of just out there doing the stuff we crazily did.


And he had a sip of this beer and he gave some to my sister and she had some, and they offered it to me.

他喝了一口啤酒，递给我妹妹，她也喝了 然后他们递给了我


I said, "No, no, no. That's okay. You all go ahead. I'm not going to have any beer."

我说：“我不要。没事，你们喝。我不喝。”


My brother said, "Come on. We're doing this today; you always do what we do.

我哥哥说：“来嘛，我们今个儿都喝。你老是和我们一条阵线的。


I had some, your sister had some. Have some beer."

我喝了点，妹妹也喝了点，你来些。”


I said, "No, I don't feel right about that. Y'all go ahead. Y'all go ahead."

我说：“不，我不想喝。你们喝你们喝。”


And then my brother started staring at me.


He said, "What's wrong with you? Have some beer."

问：“你有什么毛病？喝一点。”


Then he looked at me real hard and he said, "Oh, I hope you're not still hung up on that conversation Mama had with you."

接着他细细打量了我一会，问我： “噢，你不会还想着 姥姥要你保证的事吧。”


I said, "Well, what are you talking about?"

我说：“你在说什么呀？”


He said, "Oh, Mama tells all the grandkids that they're special."

他说：“姥姥和每个外孙都说他很特别。”


And I'm going to admit something to you.

现在我想向大家坦白一件事


I'm going to tell you something I probably shouldn't.


因为这个演讲是会到处播的


But I'm 52 years old, and I'm going to admit to you that I've never had a drop of alcohol.

我今年五十二了 我要向大家承认 我从来没有喝过一滴酒


I don't say that because I think that's virtuous; I say that because there is power in identity.

这不是为了显派我多有道德 是为了说明自我定位的威力


When we create the right kind of identity, we can say things to the world around us that they don't actually believe makes sense.

当我们决定了正确的定位 我们就可以让全世界接受 他们本来想不到的事情


We can get them to do things that they don't think they can do.

我们能让世界做 他们本来觉得做不到的事情


When I thought about my grandmother, of course she would think all her grandkids were special.

当我想到我的外婆 她当然觉得每个外孙都很特别


My grandfather was in prison during prohibition.

我的外公因为违了禁在蹲监狱


My male uncles died of alcohol-related diseases.

我不止一个舅舅死与和酗酒有关的疾病


And these were the things she thought we needed to commit to.

这些原则都是我外婆相信我们应该坚持的


Well I've been trying to say something about our criminal justice system.

我想向大家介绍的 是我们刑事执法系统


和四十年前比 这个国家变了很多


In 1972, there were 300,000 people in jails and prisons.

在1972年，监狱里只有三十万人


The United States now has the highest rate of incarceration We have seven million people on probation and parole.

今天美国是世界上 服刑人口比例最高的国家 我们有七百万人在缓刑期和假释期


And mass incarceration, in my judgment, has fundamentally changed our world.

在我看来，这样的大量判刑 完全改变了我们的世界


In poor communities, in communities of color there is this despair, there is this hopelessness, that is being shaped by these outcomes.

在贫穷的社区里，在有色人种社区里 充满了绝望 这样的绝望 是由这些改变带来的


One out of three black men between the ages of 18 and 30 is in jail, in prison, on probation or parole.

三分之一的黑人男性 十八岁到三十岁之间的 不是在监狱里，就是在缓刑期或者假释期


In urban communities across this country -- Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington -- 50 to 60 percent of all young men of color are in jail or prison or on probation or parole.

在全国各处的城市社区里—— 洛杉矶，费城，巴尔的摩，华盛顿—— 百分之五十到六十的有色人种的年轻人 不是在监狱里，就是在缓刑期或者假释期


Our system isn't just being shaped in these ways that seem to be distorting around race, they're also distorted by poverty.

我们的司法系统不仅是改变了 而是围绕着种族问题扭曲了 也围绕着贫困扭曲了


We have a system of justice in this country that treats you much better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent.

这个国家的司法系统 会对你特殊照顾 如果你是有罪的富人而不是无辜的穷人的话


Wealth, not culpability, shapes outcomes.

财富，而不是过失本身 决定了最终结果


And yet, we seem to be very comfortable.


The politics of fear and anger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems.

玩弄恐惧和愤怒的政治手腕 说服了我们 事不关己


We're looking at some very interesting developments in our work.

我们日常工作能看一些很有意思的变革


My state of Alabama, like a number of states, if you have a criminal conviction.

我所在的阿拉巴马州，像很多其他州一样 如果你被判有罪 就终身剥夺你的政治权力


Right now in Alabama 34 percent of the black male population has permanently lost the right to vote.

现在在阿拉巴马州 百分之三十四的黑人男性 永远失去了投票权


We're actually projecting in another 10 years will be as high as it's been since prior to the passage of the Voting Rights Act.

我们向前看十年 这个剥夺政治权利的比例 将和投票权法案通过之前 一样的高


The United States is the only country in the world where we sentence 13-year-old children to die in prison.

美国是世界上唯一能将 十三岁的孩子 判成终身监禁的国家


We have life imprisonment without parole for kids in this country.

我国对孩子判终身监禁，还不得假释


And we're actually doing some litigation.

我们其实现在就在帮这些人上诉


It's interesting, this question of the death penalty.


In many ways, we've been taught to think that the real question is, do people deserve to die for the crimes they've committed?

我们从各种渠道了解到 根本问题是 人该不该为他们犯的罪行偿命


But there's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity.

但是另一方面 问题是我们的自我定位


The other way of thinking about it is not, do people deserve to die for the crimes they commit, but do we deserve to kill?

另一个想问题的方式 不是人们该不该为罪行偿命 而是我们配不配杀他们


我是说，这个问题非常震撼


Death penalty in America is defined by error.


For every nine people who have been executed, we've actually identified one innocent person who's been exonerated and released from death row.

每九个被判死刑的人 有一个后来会被证明无罪 被免死刑


A kind of astonishing error rate -- one out of nine people innocent.

这种错误率—— 九分之一的人完全无辜


In aviation, we would never let people fly on airplanes if for every nine planes that took off one would crash.

学航空的人知道，如果每九架飞机里 会有一架出事故 我们肯定是不会让这玩意儿载人飞的


But somehow we can insulate ourselves from this problem.

但是莫名其妙地我们就能忽视死刑的问题


因为这不是我们自身的问题


I talk about race and this question of whether we deserve to kill.

种族，还有 我们配不配执行死刑


And it's interesting, when I teach my students about African-American history, I tell them about slavery.

这很发人深省。当我教美国黑人历史的时候 我和学生讲奴隶制


I tell them about terrorism, the era that began at the end of reconstruction that went on to World War II.

和他们讲恐怖主义 那个始于大复兴晚期 一直到二战时期的时代


We don't really know very much about it.

我们并不真的了解那段历史


But for African-Americans in this country, that was an era defined by terror.

但是对于这个国家的黑人来说 那是个白色恐怖时代


In many communities, people had to worry about being lynched.

在很多社区，人们害怕随时会被私刑处死


人们担心随时会被炸弹袭击


It was the threat of terror that shaped their lives.

那个白色恐怖时代，改变了他们的生活


And these older people come up to me now and they say, "Mr. Stevenson, you give talks, you make speeches, you tell people to stop saying we're dealing with terrorism for the first time in our nation's history after 9/11."

那时的人现在上了年纪，来和我说 “史蒂文森先生，你到处演讲 你得告诉大家 别说什么911以后是我们美国有史以来 第一次对付恐怖主义。”


They tell me to say, "No, tell them that we grew up with that."

他们让我说：“我们就是在恐怖里长大的。”


And that era of terrorism, of course, was followed by segregation and decades of racial subordination and apartheid.

那个恐怖主义的时代，当然了 最后演变成了无法逾越的鸿沟 数十年的种族歧视 和种族隔离


And yet, we have in this country this dynamic where we really don't like to talk about our problems.

然而，我们这个国家 不喜欢讨论存在的问题


We don't like to talk about our history.


And because of that, we really haven't understood what it's meant to do the things we've done historically.

正因如此，我们不能真正理解 我们有史以来做了什么


We're constantly running into each other.


We're constantly creating tensions and conflicts.


We have a hard time talking about race, and I believe it's because we are unwilling to commit ourselves to a process of truth and reconciliation.

我们没法讨论种族问题 我相信是因为我们不愿意正视 一系列的事实，不愿意达成和解


In South Africa, people understood that we couldn't overcome apartheid without a commitment to truth and reconciliation.

在南非，人们知道 我们不能忘记种族隔离 除非我们诚实面对，达成和解


In Rwanda, even after the genocide, there was this commitment, but in this country we haven't done that.

在卢旺达，即使种族灭绝后，人们还是正视了 但是在美国我们不愿意这么干


I was giving some lectures in Germany about the death penalty.

我也在德国谈过死刑的问题


It was fascinating because one of the scholars stood up after the presentation and said, "Well you know it's deeply troubling to hear what you're talking about."

结果很绝妙 因为在讲谈后有个学者站起来 说：“你要知道， 听你谈这个很痛心。”


He said, "We don't have the death penalty in Germany.

她说：“我们德国没有死刑。


And of course, we can never have the death penalty in Germany."

当然了，我们德国永远也不可能有死刑。”


And the room got very quiet, and this woman said, "There's no way, with our history, we could ever engage in the systematic killing of human beings.

全场肃静 这位女士说： “因为我们的历史， 我们永不可能决定 有系统地杀人。


It would be unconscionable for us to, in an intentional and deliberate way, set about executing people."

公开化且下意识地 执行死刑，对我们来说 是良心上无法接受的


What would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation state of Germany was executing people, especially if they were disproportionately Jewish?

如果我整天 都看着德国人杀人 毫无道理地屠杀犹太人 我会有什么感受？


And yet, in this country, in the states of the Old South, we execute people -- where you're 11 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white than if the victim is black, if the defendant is black and the victim is white -- in the very states where there are buried in the ground the bodies of people who were lynched.

但是，在我们这个国家 在南方各州 我们真的在屠杀—— 当仅仅因为受害人是白人而不是黑人 你被判死刑的机率上升十倍时 当仅仅因为被告是黑人而不是白人 你被判死刑的机率上升二十一倍时—— 在这些州，到处埋着 被私刑处死的人


Well I believe that our identity is at risk.

我相信这说明我们有定位危机


That when we actually don't care about these difficult things, the positive and wonderful things are nonetheless implicated.

当我们对这些棘手的问题 置之不顾时 我们却仍旧对那些正面的好事儿 一如既往地关心


But ultimately, those realities are shadowed by suffering, abuse, degradation, marginalization.

但是最终 这些好的现实 都被痛苦煎熬， 滥用职权，剥夺人权 边缘化，蒙上了阴影


And for me, it becomes necessary to integrate the two.

对于我来说两者合一 是必要的


Because ultimately we are talking about a need to be more hopeful, more committed, more dedicated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world.

因为最终我们谈的 是怎么更有希望 更有保障，更有贡献 来应付生活在这个复杂社会中的种种挑战


And for me that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor, the disadvantaged, those who will never get to TED.

对于我来说那需要 花时间思考和讨论 穷人阶层，弱势群体 那些永远也没机会来TED的人


But thinking about them in a way that is integrated in our own lives.

不过想着他们其实在某种意义上 是把他们融合进我们的生活里


You know ultimately, we all have to believe things we haven't seen.

要知道最终，我们得相信那些没亲眼见的事


We do. As rational as we are, as committed to intellect as we are.

我们不得不。作为理智的社会，这么聪明的社会


Innovation, creativity, development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone.

革新，创造 发展，并不仅仅 在我们脑子里空想出来的


They come from the ideas in our mind that are also fueled by some conviction in our heart.

它们是从我们脑子里的智慧 和我们心里的信念 相结合的产物


And it's that mind-heart connection that I believe compels us to not just be attentive to all the bright and dazzly things, but also the dark and difficult things.

这个灵智合一 我相信会驱使我们 不仅仅是对那些 光明的事情更上心 同时对那些黑暗面和棘手的事情也是一样


Vaclav Havel, the great Czech leader, talked about this.

韦克拉乌·哈韦尔，这位捷克的杰出领导人，谈过这个问题


He said, "When we were in Eastern Europe and dealing with oppression, we wanted all kinds of things, but mostly what we needed was hope, an orientation of the spirit, a willingness to sometimes be in hopeless places and be a witness."

他说：“当我们在东欧解决强制压迫的问题时 我们希望能成就很多 但是最重要的，我们要一个希望 一个心灵的指向 一种不惮于体会绝望的态度 以及为史留证的意愿。”


Well that orientation of the spirit is very much at the core of what I believe even TED communities have to be engaged in.

这个心灵的指向 就是我的核心信念 我们的TED社会 也要参与进来


There is no disconnect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering, to poverty, to exclusion, to unfairness, to injustice.

这里不应有任何东西把 高新的科技和完美的设计 和我们的人性间隔开来 只要我们还能注意到痛苦 注意到贫穷，制约，不公，和冤屈


Now I will warn you that this kind of identity is a much more challenging identity than ones that don't pay attention to this.

我想提醒大家 这样的定位 是很有挑战性的 比起那些漠不关心的定位来说


I had the great privilege, when I was a young lawyer, of meeting Rosa Parks.

当我是个年轻律师，我有幸见到帕克斯夫人


And Ms. Parks used to come back to Montgomery every now and then, and she would get together with two of her dearest friends, these older women, Johnnie Carr who was the organizer of the Montgomery bus boycott -- amazing African-American woman -- and Virginia Durr, a white woman, whose husband, Clifford Durr, represented Dr. King.

帕克斯夫人曾时不时会到蒙哥马利 每次她都会和两个好友会面 两位上了年纪的女性 姜妮·卡尔，她是蒙哥马利 公车抵制运动的组织者—— 非常出色的黑人女性—— 还有弗吉尼亚·杜尔，一位白人女性 她丈夫克利福德·杜尔是马丁·路德·金的律师


And these women would get together and just talk.

这些女士们经常聚在一起讨论问题


And every now and then Ms. Carr would call me, and she'd say, "Bryan, Ms. Parks is coming to town. We're going to get together and talk.

有时卡尔夫人会给我打电话 问我：“帕克斯夫人回来了，我们要聚聚。


你愿不愿意来听我们谈话？”


我会说：“当然，夫人，我愿意。”


And she'd say, "Well what are you going to do when you get here?"

她会问：“你来这里具体干什么呀？”


我会说：“我就想听听。”


And I'd go over there and I would, I would just listen.


It would be so energizing and so empowering.

这些聚会总是非常激动和鼓舞人心的


And one time I was over there listening to these women talk, and after a couple of hours Ms. Parks turned to me and she said, "Now Bryan, tell me what the Equal Justice Initiative is.

有一次我在那里听她们谈话 几小时后帕克斯夫人问我 她问：“布莱恩，和我讲讲你的平等司法倡议。


和我讲讲你打算做什么。”


I said, "Well we're trying to challenge injustice.

我说：“我们想向不公正的待遇提出挑战。


We're trying to help people who have been wrongly convicted.

我们想帮那些被误判了刑的人。


We're trying to confront bias and discrimination in the administration of criminal justice.

我们想和在刑法制度里的 偏见和歧视做对抗。


We're trying to end life without parole sentences for children.

给孩子被判终身无法假释的制度给终结掉。


We're trying to do something about the death penalty.

我们想为死刑制度做些改变。


We're trying to reduce the prison population.


We're trying to end mass incarceration."

我们还想杜绝过度泛滥的监禁。”


I gave her my whole rap, and when I finished she looked at me and she said, "Mmm mmm mmm."

我做了一个全本无删减的演讲，当我结束时，她盯着我 说：“别别别。”


She said, "That's going to make you tired, tired, tired."

她说：“这些会让你很累，很累，很累的。”


And that's when Ms. Carr leaned forward, she put her finger in my face, she said, "That's why you've got to be brave, brave, brave."

这时卡尔夫人凑过来，她把手放在我脸边说： “这就是为什么你要很勇敢很勇敢很勇敢。”


And I actually believe that the TED community needs to be more courageous.

我确信TED这个社会 需要更有胆量些


We need to find ways to embrace these challenges, these problems, the suffering.

我们需要找到出路 来面对这些挑战 这些问题，这些痛苦


Because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity.

因为最终，我们的整体的人性取决于 每个人的人性


I've learned very simple things doing the work that I do.


I've come to understand and to believe that each of us is more than the worst thing we've ever done.

我开始理解，开始相信 我们每一个人 都不会被我们最坏的一面所定义


I believe that for every person on the planet.

我相信，对于这个星球上的每一个人


I think if somebody tells a lie, they're not just a liar.

如果他撒了个谎，并不说明他就是个骗子


I think if somebody takes something that doesn't belong to them, they're not just a thief.

如果他拿了不属于他的东西 并不说明他就是个惯偷


I think even if you kill someone, you're not just a killer.

甚至你杀了人，并不说明你就是个冷血杀手


And because of that there's this basic human dignity that must be respected by law.

因为我相信人类有基本的尊严 法律必须尊重它


I also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of this globe, that the opposite of poverty is not wealth.

我也相信 在我们国家的很多地方 当然甚至这个世界的很多地方 贫穷的反面，不是富裕


I actually think, in too many places, the opposite of poverty is justice.

我认为，在很多很多地方 贫穷的反面，是公正


And finally, I believe that, despite the fact that it is so dramatic and so beautiful and so inspiring and so stimulating, we will ultimately not be judged by our technology, we won't be judged by our design, we won't be judged by our intellect and reason.

最后，我相信 尽管很有声色 很美妙，很鼓动人心 也很刺激 但我们本身最终不会被科技所评价 也不会被设计所衡量 我们也不会被智慧和哲学来打分


Ultimately, you judge the character of a society, not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privileged, but by how they treat the poor, the condemned, the incarcerated.

最终，人们会评价我们这个社会 不是根据我们怎么款待富人，有特权的人 而是根据我们怎么对待穷人 被谴责的人，被囚禁的人


Because it's in that nexus that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are.

因为正是在这个合流点 我们真正地开始对于我们是什么样的人 有了深入的理解


I sometimes get out of balance. I'll end with this story.

我常失去平衡。我想用个故事结束我的演讲


很累，就像大家每个人一样


Sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important.

有时这些想法太多而思考跟不上 结果是很严重的


And I've been representing these kids who have been sentenced to do these very harsh sentences.

我曾经为这些孩子们辩护 他们被判了很重的刑


And I go to the jail and I see my client who's 13 and 14, and he's been certified to stand trial as an adult.

我去管教所，看见我的被告都是十三四岁 他们被说成是成年人，作为成年人对待


I start thinking, well, how did that happen?

我开始想，到底是怎么一回事？


How can a judge turn you into something that you're not?

一个法官，怎么能够把一个人 判定成一个不同的人？


And the judge has certified him as an adult, but I see this kid.

这个法官说他是成年人，但我只看见一个孩子


And I was up too late one night and I starting thinking, well gosh, if the judge can turn you into something that you're not, the judge must have magic power.

一天晚上我彻夜难眠，不止地想 天哪，如果法官能把你写成另一个人 这个法官肯定有魔法


Yeah, Bryan, the judge has some magic power.

对了，布莱恩，这个法官有魔法


And because I was up too late, wasn't thinking real straight, I started working on a motion.

因为我睡得太晚，脑子不清楚 我开始做一个议案


And I had a client who was 14 years old, a young, poor black kid.

我有个被告，十四岁，一个黑人小孩子


And I started working on this motion, and the head of the motion was: "Motion to try my poor, 14-year-old black male client like a privileged, white 75-year-old corporate executive."

我开始做他的辩护 标题是：“提案：将我的 十四岁的穷黑孩子 想成一个七十五岁的特级 白人企业高管。”


And I put in my motion that there was prosecutorial misconduct and police misconduct and judicial misconduct.

在这个提案里 我说检察院，警察局和法庭都处理不当


There was a crazy line in there about how there's no conduct in this county, it's all misconduct.

说这个法院没有合情合法这一说之类的疯话 全是故意乱判


And the next morning, I woke up and I thought, now did I dream that crazy motion, or did I actually write it?

第二天早上我醒来回想，我是做了个梦呢 还是真的写了这个提案？


And to my horror, not only had I written it, but I had sent it to court.

恐怖的是，不光我真写了 我还寄给法院了


A couple months went by, and I had just forgotten all about it.

几个月过去了 我全忘了有这么回事


And I finally decided, oh gosh, I've got to go to the court and do this crazy case.

最后我决定 天哪，我得上庭去做这个案子


And I got into my car and I was feeling really overwhelmed -- overwhelmed.

我跳上车 觉得很紧张——非常紧张


And I got in my car and I went to this courthouse.


And I was thinking, this is going to be so difficult, so painful.

我在想，这将会是场硬仗，会很痛苦


And I finally got out of the car and I started walking up to the courthouse.

最后我终于钻出车子，开始往法庭走


And as I was walking up the steps of this courthouse, there was an older black man who was the janitor in this courthouse.

当我上台阶时 有个上了年纪的黑人老伯，法院的清洁工


When this man saw me, he came over to me and he said, "Who are you?"

他看见我，跑来说 他问：“你是谁？”


I said, "I'm a lawyer." He said, "You're a lawyer?" I said, "Yes, sir."

我说：“我是律师。”他说：“你，是律师？”我说：“是的。先生。”


And this man came over to me and he hugged me.

这个老伯凑过来 给了我一个拥抱


他说：“我真为你骄傲。”


And I have to tell you, it was energizing.

我得和大家承认 这可给了我一针强心剂


It connected deeply with something in me about identity, about the capacity of every person to contribute to a community, to a perspective that is hopeful.

他的话提醒了我心深处 我的自我定位 提醒了我每个人都应该 对社会，对更好的前景做出的贡献


And as soon as I walked inside, the judge saw me coming in.

我一走进去，法官看见我就说：


He said, "Mr. Stevenson, did you write this crazy motion?"

“史蒂文森先生，是你写了这个疯案么？”


I said, "Yes, sir. I did." And we started arguing.

我说：“是先生，是我写的。”我们开始争论


And people started coming in because they were just outraged.

人们陆续跑进来，因为大家都愤怒了


我的确写了不少挺够劲的事情


And police officers were coming in and assistant prosecutors and clerk workers.

警察也进来了 助理检察官也进来了，书记员也进来了


And before I knew it, the courtroom was filled with people angry that we were talking about race, that we were talking about poverty, that we were talking about inequality.

我还没回过神来，整个法庭站满了人 全很愤怒，因为我们在谈种族问题 我们在谈贫穷 我们在谈不平等待遇


And out of the corner of my eye, I could see this janitor pacing back and forth.

我眼角瞟到那个清洁工，在外面走来走去


And he kept looking through the window, and he could hear all of this holler.

不断向里张望，他也都能听到人们的抱怨


And finally, this older black man with this very worried look on his face came into the courtroom and sat down behind me, almost at counsel table.

最后，这个黑人老伯进来了 一脸担心地坐在我后面 几乎顶到了辩护台


About 10 minutes later the judge said we would take a break.

十分钟后，法官提议休息一下


And during the break there was a deputy sheriff who was offended that the janitor had come into court.

休息期间，一个副警长觉得清洁工进法庭 有失面子


And this deputy jumped up and he ran over to this older black man.

这个副警长跳起来，向这个老伯冲过去


He said, "Jimmy, what are you doing in this courtroom?"

说：“吉米，你来法庭里干什么？”


And this older black man stood up and he looked at that deputy and he looked at me and he said, "I came into this courtroom to tell this young man, keep your eyes on the prize, hold on."

这个老黑人站起来 看看这个副警长，看看我 他说：“我进来 是想告诉这个年轻人 往前看，往好了看，挺住。”


I've come to TED because I believe that many of you understand that the moral arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice.

我今天来TED 是因为我相信这里很多人都明白 这个世界的道德的弧线尽管很长 但是永远向着公正的一边倾斜


until we care about human rights and basic dignity.

在我们开始关心人权和尊严之前 我们无法真正完成进化


That all of our survival is tied to the survival of everyone.

我们的生存 和每一个人的生存都分不开


That our visions of technology and design and entertainment and creativity have to be married with visions of humanity, compassion and justice.

我们在科技和设计上的前景 在娱乐和创造力上的眼光 必须与人性，慈善，和公正的远见


And more than anything, for those of you who share that, I've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize, hold on.

相结合 最重要的是 对于每个执着此见的人 我只想和你说 往前看，往好了看，挺住


Chris Anderson: So you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience, this community, to help you on your way and to do something on this issue.

克里斯·安德森：你应该听到看到 这些听众，这个群体 想帮你，想做贡献的意愿了


Other than writing a check, what could we do?

除了给你写支票 我们还能做什么？


BS: Well there are opportunities all around us.


If you live in the state of California, for example, there's a referendum coming up this spring where actually there's going to be an effort to redirect some of the money we spend on the politics of punishment.

比如，如果你在加州住 今年春天有个公投 将是个很大的工夫 关于重新分配我们在惩戒人上花的钱


For example, here in California we're going to spend one billion dollars on the death penalty in the next five years -- one billion dollars.

比如，在加州 在未来五年内 我们将花掉一亿美元—— 一亿呀


And yet, 46 percent of all homicide cases don't result in arrest.

同时，百分之四十六的凶杀案 都没有下落


56 percent of all rape cases don't result.

百分之五十六的强奸案，查不出来


So there's an opportunity to change that.

这个公投是个改变现状的机会


And this referendum would propose having those dollars go to law enforcement and safety.

这个公投将提出把这些钱 花在执法和保安上


And I think that opportunity exists all around us.

我认为这个机会我们能帮忙


CA: There's been this huge decline in crime in America over the last three decades.

克瑞斯：在近三十年 美国的犯罪率有个大下降


And part of the narrative of that is sometimes that it's about increased incarceration rates.

有人说部分原因是 和大幅上升的监禁率有关


What would you say to someone who believed that?

你对持这个说法的人会怎么讲？


BS: Well actually the violent crime rate has remained relatively stable.

布莱恩：其实犯罪率 几乎没怎么变


The great increase in mass incarceration in this country wasn't really in violent crime categories.

这个国家上升的监禁率 并不是在暴力犯罪这一类里的


而是由毒品的滥用所导致的


And we got carried away with the rhetoric of punishment.

上升的主要原因 我们在花哨的惩戒上走得有点太远了


And so we have three strikes laws that put people in prison forever for stealing a bicycle, for low-level property crimes, rather than making them give those resources back to the people who they victimized.

同时我们有三击出局的规定 能把一些人永久监禁起来 只是因为偷了辆自行车，或者一点点财物 我们并不给他们机会对受害人 作出补偿


I believe we need to do more to help people who are victimized by crime, not do less.

我相信我们需要给犯罪的人更多帮助 而不是剥夺他们仅有的


And I think our current punishment philosophy does nothing for no one.

我想现今的刑法哲学 对谁也没有利


And I think that's the orientation that we have to change.

我认为这个大方向应该改变


CA: Bryan, you've struck a massive chord here.

克里斯：布莱恩，你今天震了大家一把


你真是很个能鼓舞人心的家伙


Thank you so much for coming to TED. Thank you.

非常感谢你来TED。谢谢


Announcer: Threats, in the wake of Bin Laden's death, have spiked.

（鼓掌） 播音员：在本拉登被击毙后，恐怖威胁数量激增。


Announcer Two: Famine in Somalia. Announcer Three: Police pepper spray.

播音员2：索马里出现饥荒。播音员3：警察使用胡椒喷雾。


Announcer Four: Vicious cartels. Announcer Five: Caustic cruise lines.

播音员4：凶恶的毒枭。播音员5：破裂的游轮。


Announcer Six: Societal decay. Announcer Seven: 65 dead.

播音员6：社会风气败坏。播音员7：65人死亡。


Announcer Eight: Tsunami warning. Announcer Nine: Cyberattacks.

播音员8：海啸警告。播音员9：网络攻击。


Multiple Announcers: Drug war. Mass destruction. Tornado.

多位播音员：毒品战争、大规模破坏、飓风、


Recession. Default. Doomsday. Egypt. Syria.

经济衰退、违约、末日、埃及、叙利亚、


Peter Diamandis: So those are just a few of the clips I collected over the last six months -- could have easily been the last six days or the last six years.

彼得迪曼蒂斯：这是我在过去6个月里 收集的一些视频。 如果是在6天，或者过去6年里 也可以轻易收集到类似的片段。


The point is that the news media preferentially feeds us negative stories because that's what our minds pay attention to.

重点是新闻媒体倾向于 向我们灌输负面信息。 因为我们的大脑特别容易关注这些。


And there's a very good reason for that.

当然大脑这样做是有很重要的理由。


Every second of every day, our senses bring in way too much data than we can possibly process in our brains.

每时每刻， 我们的“传感器”收集大量的信息 多到我们的大脑处理不过来。


And because nothing is more important to us than survival, the first stop of all of that data is an ancient sliver of the temporal lobe called the amygdala.

而其中没有比与生存相关的信息 更重要的。 所有信息输入的第一站就是 颞叶上一个叫做大脑扁桃体的 非常原始的部分。


Now the amygdala is our early warning detector, our danger detector.

大脑扁桃体是我们的早期预警侦测器， 危险探测仪。


It sorts and scours through all of the information looking for anything in the environment that might harm us.

它将所有信息分类并仔细查阅， 探测环境中任何可能的威胁。


So given a dozen news stories, we will preferentially look at the negative news.

所以每当我们打开报纸， 就会不自觉地阅读 各种负面信息。


And that old newspaper saying, "If it bleeds it leads," is very true.

那个过去有关报纸的说法： ”流血事件必上头条。“ 其实是很有道理的。


So given all of our digital devices that are bringing all the negative news to us it's no wonder that we're pessimistic.

而现在我们有各种数字化设备， 无时无刻地向我们 输送各种负面新闻。 难怪大家这么容易悲观。


It's no wonder that people think that the world is getting worse.

难怪人们觉得 世界在倒退。


Perhaps instead, it's the distortions brought to us of what's really going on.

并不是这样， 我们所接受的信息 是被扭曲的。


Perhaps the tremendous progress we've made over the last century by a series of forces are, in fact, accelerating to a point that we have the potential in the next three decades to create a world of abundance.

我们的社会在上世纪 一系列事件的影响下 所经历的巨大的进步 正在不断加速， 事实上，这样的速度令我们在未来三十年中， 拥有创造一个富足的世界的可能性。


Now I'm not saying we don't have our set of problems -- climate crisis, species extinction, water and energy shortage -- we surely do.

我并不是说 这些问题不存在－ 气候危机，物种灭绝， 水资源和能源短缺的情况都确实发生了。


And as humans, we are far better at seeing the problems way in advance, but ultimately we knock them down.

作为人类，我们太擅长对 危机做出各种预估， 但最终我们会消除它们。


So let's look at what this last century has been to see where we're going.

让我们来回顾下 上个世纪发生了什么， 来了解我们正向着什么方向在前进。


Over the last hundred years, the average human lifespan has more than doubled, average per capita income adjusted for inflation around the world has tripled.

过去的几百年里， 人类的平均寿命增加了2倍以上， 经过通货膨胀调整计算，全世界的人均收入 增加了3倍。


Childhood mortality has come down a factor of 10.

婴儿死亡率 下降了10倍。


Add to that the cost of food, electricity, transportation, communication have dropped 10 to 1,000-fold.

食品、用电、交通、 通信的成本 下降了10倍到1000倍不等。


Steve Pinker has showed us that, in fact, we're living during the most peaceful time ever in human history.

史蒂夫平克为我们指出, 我们正生活在人类历史上 最和平的时代。


And Charles Kenny that global literacy has gone from 25 percent to over 80 percent in the last 130 years.

还有查尔斯·肯尼提到 世界范围的识字率在过去的130年里从25％ 上升到了80％。


We truly are living in an extraordinary time.

我们确实生活在一个伟大的时代。


And we keep setting our expectations higher and higher.

我们不断地把期望越定越高。


In fact, we redefine what poverty means.

事实上，我们已经更改了“贫穷”的涵义。


Think of this, in America today, the majority of people under the poverty line still have electricity, water, toilets, refrigerators, television, mobile phones, air conditioning and cars.

想一下，在今天的美国 大部分生活在贫困线下的人 仍然拥有电力，饮用水，厕所，冰箱， 电视，行动电话， 空调和汽车。


The wealthiest robber barons of the last century, the emperors on this planet, could have never dreamed of such luxuries.

上世纪最富有的强盗大亨，这个星球上的帝王们， 永远都想象不到这样的奢侈生活。


Underpinning much of this is technology, and of late, exponentially growing technologies.

而这一切的基础 是科技。 和近代 指数式增长的科技。


My good friend Ray Kurzweil showed that any tool that becomes an information technology jumps on this curve, on Moore's Law, and experiences price performance doubling every 12 to 24 months.

我的好朋友雷·库兹威尔 展示了任何信息科技的工具 都遵从这条曲线，即摩尔定律。 并经历每12到24个月 性价比翻一倍的增长。


That's why the cellphone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than a supercomputer of the '70s.

这就是为什么你口袋里的行动电话 相比70年代的超级电脑要便宜 100万倍，而且还要快上1000倍


This is Moore's Law over the last hundred years.

这是过去几百年里的摩尔定律。


I want you to notice two things from this curve.

我想要大家注意这曲线所体现的2件事


Number one, how smooth it is -- through good time and bad time, war time and peace time, recession, depression and boom time.

第一，它非常的平滑－ 无论时代是好是坏，无论战争或和平， 经济衰退或增长。


This is the result of faster computers being used to build faster computers.

这是因为更快的电脑被用来制造 更更快的电脑所产生的结果。


It doesn't slow for any of our grand challenges.

它不会因为我们面临的巨大挑战所延缓。


And also, even though it's plotted on a log curve on the left, it's curving upwards.

尽管在左边 呈现出对数曲线 它也是仍然是向上弯曲。


The rate at which the technology is getting faster is itself getting faster.

科技前进加速的本身 也在不断变快。


And on this curve, riding on Moore's Law, are a set of extraordinarily powerful technologies available to all of us.

在这摩尔定律的曲线上， 是一系列对所有人都开放 的强大的科技。


Cloud computing, what my friends at Autodesk call infinite computing; sensors and networks; robotics; 3D printing, which is the ability to democratize and distribute personalized production around the planet; synthetic biology; fuels, vaccines and foods; digital medicine; nanomaterials; and A.I.

云计算， 我在Autodesk公司的朋友称之为无限计算； 传感器和网络，机器人； 3D打印，让我们获得在全世界范围普及和部署 个性化生产的能力； 人造生命； 带来新的燃料，疫苗和食物； 数字化医药；纳米材料和人工智能。


I mean, how many of you saw the winning of Jeopardy by IBM's Watson?

观众中多少人看到了IBM的Watson超级电脑在 Jeopardy智力竞赛的获胜？


In fact, I scoured the headlines looking for the best headline in a newspaper I could.

我查看各种报纸的新闻头条 找到我觉得最好的


And I love this: "Watson Vanquishes Human Opponents."

我喜欢这句：”Watson征服人类对手。“


Jeopardy不是个容易的比赛。


It's about the nuance of human language.

获胜关键在于理解人类语言中的微妙细节。


And imagine if you would A.I.'s like this on the cloud available to every person with a cellphone.

你可以想象一下 像这样的人工智能存在于云计算中 所有拥有行动电话的人都可以使用的景象。


Four years ago here at TED, Ray Kurzweil and I started a new university called Singularity University.

四年前在TED, 雷·库兹威尔和我创立了一所新的大学 叫做“Singularity University”。


And we teach our students all of these technologies, and particularly how they can be used to solve humanity's grand challenges.

我们教给学生各种科技 特别是如何利用这些科技 来解决人类面临的巨大挑战。


And every year we ask them to start a company or a product or a service that can affect positively the lives of a billion people within a decade.

每一年我们都要求学生 创立一件公司或制作一种产品或者提供一项服务 能在十年内对十亿人的生活产生 积极而实际的影响。


Think about that, the fact that, literally, a group of students can touch the lives of a billion people today.

想象一下一群学生 今天可以影响到十亿人的生活。


30 years ago that would have sounded ludicrous.

30年前这听起来非常可笑。


Today we can point at dozens of companies that have done just that.

今天我们可以列举出几十间 有这样成就的公司。


When I think about creating abundance, it's not about creating a life of luxury for everybody on this planet; it's about creating a life of possibility.

当我想到创造富足社会， 并不是要为地球上的每一个人创造奢华的生活； 而是创造充满可能性的生活。


It is about taking that which was scarce and making it abundant.

是把原先稀缺的资源 变得充沛


You see, scarcity is contextual, and technology is a resource-liberating force.

稀缺性是相对的， 而科技是一股解放资源的力量。


So this is a story of Napoleon III in the mid-1800s.

这是一个拿破仑三世的故事 在1800到1810年中期。


He invited over to dinner the king of Siam.


All of Napoleon's troops were fed with silver utensils, Napoleon himself with gold utensils.

所有拿破仑的士兵 使用银器用餐， 拿破仑自己则使用金器。


But the King of Siam, he was fed with aluminum utensils.

但是泰国国王 使用铝制的餐具。


You see, aluminum was the most valuable metal on the planet, worth more than gold and platinum.

铝 曾经是世界上最贵重的金属， 比黄金和白金还要昂贵。


It's the reason that the tip of the Washington Monument is made of aluminum.

这就是为什么华盛顿纪念碑的 顶端是铝制的。


You see, even though aluminum is 8.3 percent of the Earth by mass, it doesn't come as a pure metal.

即使铝占了地球 总重量的8.3%。 但它不是以纯金属的形态存在。


它都是和氧或者硅酸结合。


But then the technology of electrolysis came along and literally made aluminum so cheap that we use it with throw-away mentality.

但是随后出现了电解技术 使得铝的价格如此低廉 以致我们就把铝制品当一次性用品般看待。


So let's project this analogy going forward.

让我们把这个比喻应用到其他方面，


Ladies and gentlemen, we are on a planet that is bathed with 5,000 times more energy than we use in a year.

女士们先生们， 我们生活的这个星球上 接收着相当于我们年平均能源消耗 5000多倍的能量。


16 terawatts of energy hits the Earth's surface every 88 minutes.

每88分钟有16太瓦的能源 投向地球表面。


It's not about being scarce, it's about accessibility.

问题并不是能源稀缺， 而是可及性。


For the first time, this year the cost of solar-generated electricity is 50 percent that of diesel-generated electricity in India -- 8.8 rupees versus 17 rupees.

今年是有史以来第一次 在印度，太阳能发电的成本降低至 化石燃料发电成本的一半-- 8.8卢布相比较17卢布。


The cost of solar dropped 50 percent last year.

去年太阳能发电的成本降低了一半


Last month, MIT put out a study showing that by the end of this decade, in the sunny parts of the United States, solar electricity will be six cents a kilowatt hour compared to 15 cents as a national average.

上个月，MIT发布了一个研究报告 显示到2020年 在美国阳光充足的地区， 太阳能电力费用会降至6美分一千瓦／小时 相比较全国平均 标准是15美分。


And if we have abundant energy, we also have abundant water.

如果我们有充足的能源， 也就会有丰富的洁净水。


下面我们来聊下水的战争。


Do you remember when Carl Sagan turned the Voyager spacecraft back towards the Earth, in 1990 after it just passed Saturn?

还记得吗？ 1990年，Carl Saga在航海者太空飞船 经过土星的时候， 调转其方向面对地球。


He took a famous photo. What was it called?

拍下了一幅著名的照片，叫什么名字？


因为我们生活在一颗"水行星"上


We live on a planet 70 percent covered by water.


Yes, 97.5 percent is saltwater, two percent is ice, and we fight over a half a percent of the water on this planet, but here too there is hope.

是的，97.5％是海水 2%是冰山， 我们则在争夺世界上1.5%的水资源， 但我们仍然有希望。


And there is technology coming online, not 10, 20 years from now, right now.

有一项科技正准备投入应用， 并不是未来的10年20年以后， 就是现在。


There's nanotechnology coming on, nanomaterials.


And the conversation I had with Dean Kamen this morning, one of the great DIY innovators, I'd like to share with you -- he gave me permission to do so -- his technology called Slingshot that many of you may have heard of, it is the size of a small dorm room refrigerator.

今天早上我和一个伟大的DIY 发明家Dean Kamen聊天。 我想要和大家分享－我得到了他的允许－ 他开发的技术叫做“弹弓” 在座的一些朋友可能听说过， 它是一个小房间一般大的冰箱，


a thousand liters of clean drinking water a day out of any source -- saltwater, polluted water, latrine -- at less than two cents a liter.

每天可以从 任何水源中－海水，污染水，公共厕所－ 生产出一千公升的洁净饮用水。 每公升的成本低于2美分。


The chairman of Coca-Cola has just agreed to do a major test of hundreds of units of this in the developing world.

可口可乐的主席最近授意 在多个发展中国家对 数百台“弹弓”进行大规模测试。


And if that pans out, which I have every confidence it will, Coca-Cola will deploy this globally to 206 countries around the planet.

如果测试成功， 我很有信心它会成功， 可口可乐将会在全球206个国家 对该设备 进行部署。


This is the kind of innovation, empowered by this technology, that exists today.

这就是当下已经存在的由科技 驱动的创新。


我们在移动电话上看到这点。


My goodness, we're going to hit 70 percent penetration of cellphones in the developing world by the end of 2013.

我的天哪，在2013年底，发展中国家的 移动电话渗透率将 达到70％。


Think about it, that a Masai warrior on a cellphone in the middle of Kenya than President Reagan did 25 years ago.

想象一下。 在肯尼亚中部的一个马赛士兵 拥有的比25年前的里根总统 更好的移动通讯。


And if they're on a smartphone on Google, they've got access to more knowledge and information than President Clinton did 15 years ago.

如果他们使用智能手机访问Google, 他们将得到比克林顿总统15年前


They're living in a world of information and communication abundance that no one could have ever predicted.

所得到的更多的知识和信息。 他们生活在一个信息和通讯富足的世界 这在过去没人能预测到的。


Better than that, the things that you and I spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for -- GPS, HD video and still images, libraries of books and music, medical diagnostic technology -- are now literally dematerializing and demonetizing into your cellphone.

还有更棒的， 我们花费了 成千上百美金所获得的－ GPS，高清电视和 图形图像， 以及医疗诊断技术－ 被非物质化并非商业化 输入到你的行动电话中。


Probably the best part of it is what's coming down the pike in health.

这其中最好的 部分或许是医疗。


Last month, I had the pleasure of announcing with Qualcomm Foundation something called the $10 million Qualcomm Tricorder X Prize.

上个月我很荣幸和高通基金共同宣布 1000万美金高通手持移动分析仪X大赛。


We're challenging teams around the world to basically combine these technologies into a mobile device that you can speak to, because it's got A.I., you can cough on it, you can do a finger blood prick.

我们向全世界的团队发出挑战 来将这些科技 组合进移动设备。 你可以向它说话，因为它拥有人工智能 也可以对着它咳嗽，或者扎手指验血。


And to win, it needs to be able to diagnose you better than a team of board-certified doctors.

要赢得竞赛，这个设备需要能为你提供比一组 经过委员会验证的医师更好的诊断。


So literally, imagine this device in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors, 25 percent of the disease burden and 1.3 percent of the health care workers.

想象这个设备 应用在缺少医师，25％的疾病负担 仅有1.3%的医疗人员 的发展中国家。


When this device sequences an RNA or DNA virus that it doesn't recognize, it calls the CDC and prevents the pandemic from happening in the first place.

如果这个设备对病毒的RNA或者DNA进行测序后 无法识别， 它会呼叫疾病控制中心 第一时间防止大规模疫情的爆发。


But here, here is the biggest force for bringing about a world of abundance.

还有最能创造 富足的世界的力量。


我称之为“崛起的十亿人”。


We just passed the seven billion mark on Earth.

地球上的人口最近超过了70亿。


And by the way, the biggest protection against a population explosion is making the world educated and healthy.

顺便提一下， 防止人口爆炸性增长的最好方法就是 让全世界人接受更多教育 变得更健康。


In 2010, we had just short of two billion people online, connected.

在2010年， 我们有接近20亿的人 与网络连接。


By 2020, that's going from two billion to five billion Internet users.

到2020年， 英特网用户将会从20亿 增长到50亿。


Three billion new minds who have never been heard from before are connecting to the global conversation.

30亿未曾 被注意的新用户。 将参与到这全球的对话中来。


What will they consume? What will they desire?

他们将会消费什么？他们的愿望是什么？


And rather than having economic shutdown, we're about to have the biggest economic injection ever.

我们将迎来的是最大的， 是经济活力的注入而不是衰退。


These people represent tens of trillions of dollars injected into the global economy.

这些人代表着 几十万亿美元的消费力 将会注入全球经济体。


And they will get healthier and they'll become better educated by using the Khan Academy, 3D printing and infinite computing [become] more productive than ever before.

他们会因为使用手持移动分析仪 而更健康， 也会因为观看Khan Academy变得更有聪慧， 随着3D打印和无限计算 的普及而变得比以往 任何时代都更有生产力。


So what could three billion rising, healthy, educated, productive members of humanity bring to us?

30亿健康，接受教育， 富有生产力的人类社会成员 能为我们带来什么？


How about a set of voices that have never been heard from before.

一系列我们从未接触过的新思维。


What about giving the oppressed, wherever they might be, the voice to be heard and the voice to act for the first time ever?

还有给予受到压制的， 或者其他困难的 人们首次获得受到关注 和帮助的机会。


What will these three billion people bring?


What about contributions we can't even predict?

或许是我们都还未能预见的贡献？


The one thing I've learned at the X Prize driven by their passion with a clear focus can do extraordinary things, things that large corporations and governments could only do in the past.

我在筹办X大赛的过程中体会到的一点是 目标清晰，富有激情的 小型团队就能取得 卓越的成就， 在过去只有大企业和政府 才能做到的事情。


Let me share and close with a story that really got me excited.

让我来分享一个故事作为结尾， 这个故事让我非常兴奋。


There is a program that some of you might have heard of.

在座的有一些可能听说过这个项目。


是一个叫做Foldit的游戏。


It came out of the University of Washington in Seattle.

它来自西雅图的华盛顿大学。


And this is a game where individuals can actually take a sequence of amino acids and figure out how the protein is going to fold.

它是一个 能让个人获取一个氨基酸序列， 并分析出其中的蛋白质是如何折叠的。


And how it folds dictates its structure and its functionality.

其折叠的方式决定了该氨基酸的结构和功能。


And it's very important for research in medicine.

这是非常重要的医学研究。


And up until now, it's been a supercomputer problem.

直到目前，这都还是一个由超级电脑来处理的问题。


And this game has been played by university professors and so forth.

这个游戏起先 是给大学教授玩。


And it's literally, hundreds of thousands of people came online and started playing it.

然后成百上千的人也上线 开始玩这个游戏。


And it showed that, in fact, today, the human pattern recognition machinery is better at folding proteins than the best computers.

它也展示出时至今日， 人类的模式辨识机能 仍然要比最好的电脑都要强。


And when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein folder in the world, it wasn't an MIT professor, it wasn't a CalTech student, it was a person from England, from Manchester, a woman who, during the day, was an executive assistant at a rehab clinic and, at night, was the world's best protein folder.

当大家排列出最好的 蛋白质折叠专家时， 并不是MIT的教授， 也不是加州理工学院的学生， 而是一位来自曼彻斯特的英国女性。 白天在一家康复治疗整所 行政助理的工作， 而夜晚也是全世界最好的蛋白质折叠专家。


Ladies and gentlemen, what gives me tremendous confidence in the future is the fact that we are now more empowered as individuals to take on the grand challenges of this planet.

女士们先生们 给予我对未来 巨大信心的， 是我们每一位作为个人都被赋予 挑战全世界面临的难题的能力。


We have the tools with this exponential technology.

我们拥有快速发展的科技和工具，


We have the passion of the DIY innovator.

也有DIY发明家的激情。


We have the capital of the techno-philanthropist.

大家都有能力成为技术－慈善家。


And we have three billion new minds coming online to work with us to solve the grand challenges, to do that which we must do.

同时还有30亿新的用户 来到线上与我们合作 一起解决巨大的挑战， 做到我们必须要做的事情。


We are living into extraordinary decades ahead.

我们正要迎来卓越的几十年。


I'm going to speak about a tiny, little idea.

我要讲的是 一个很小概念


And because the idea can be explained in one minute, I will tell you three stories before to fill in the time.

这个概念一分钟就能讲完了 所以我先讲三个故事 来混时间


And the first story is about Charles Darwin, one of my heroes.

第一个故事 讲的是达尔文 我的偶像之一


And he was here, as you well know, in '35.

他曾来过这里 大家都知道 那是1935年


And you'd think he was chasing finches, but he wasn't.

你们可能以为他在追鸟雀 其实不是


And he described one of them as very "common."


A big fishery was run on it until the '80s.

这种鱼被大量捕捉 到八十年代


现在 这种鱼已经被列入国际自然保护联盟的红色名录


Now this story, we have heard it lots of times on Galapagos and other places, so there is nothing particular about it.

这个故事 我们已经听过很多遍了 在加拉帕戈斯群岛和其他地方都听过 没什么新鲜的


But the point is, we still come to Galapagos.

问题在于 我们现在还会去加拉帕戈斯群岛


The brochures still say it is untouched.

旅游宣传册上还说 这里未经开发


The second story, also to illustrate another concept, is called shifting waistline.

第二个故事 讲的是另一个概念 叫做变动的"腰准线"


Because I was there in '71, studying a lagoon in West Africa.

（众人笑） 1971年的时候 我在那里 考察西非的一片西湖


I was there because I grew up in Europe and I wanted later to work in Africa.

我去那里是因为我在欧洲长大 我想以后到非洲工作


我以为我可以融入当地社会


And I got a big sunburn, and I was convinced that I was really not from there.

我还被晒伤了一大块 结果我发现我的确不是非洲来的


And the lagoon was surrounded by palm trees, as you can see, and a few mangrove.

这片泻湖 被棕榈树环绕 你们可以看到一些红树


And it had tilapia about 20 centimeters, a species of tilapia called blackchin tilapia.

这里有罗非鱼 大概20厘米长 这种罗非鱼叫黑颚罗非鱼


And the fisheries for this tilapia sustained lots of fish and they had a good time and they earned more than average in Ghana.

人们捕捞罗非鱼 这让许多鱼存活了下来 它们活得很好 渔业的收入在加纳 高出平均水平


When I went there 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to half of their size.

二十七年之后 我回到那里 这种鱼的大小缩减了一半


它们的发育在遗传上被改变了


And the fish also were happy to be there.

鱼儿们也很喜欢生活在那里


So nothing has changed, but everything has changed.

似乎没什么变化 但其实 一切都改变了


My third little story is that I was an accomplice in the introduction of trawling in Southeast Asia.

第三个故事讲的是 将拖网捕捞 引入非洲东南部的 有我一份


In the '70s -- well, beginning in the '60s -- Europe did lots of development projects.

在七十年代--其实是六十年代初期-- 欧洲进行了许多发展项目


Fish development meant imposing on countries that had already 100,000 fishers to impose on them industrial fishing.

渔业发展 意味着强迫 渔民人数在达十万人的国家 进行工业捕鱼


And this boat, quite ugly, is called the Mutiara 4.

这艘船 挺难看的 叫Mutiara 4号


And I went sailing on it, and we did surveys throughout the southern South China sea and especially the Java Sea.

我乘上这艘船 我们一路做调查 沿着中国南海 尤其是爪哇海


And what we caught, we didn't have words for it.

我们捕捞到了 叫不出名字的东西


What we caught, I know now, is the bottom of the sea.

现在我知道了 我们捞到的 是海底的生物


And 90 percent of our catch were sponges, other animals that are fixed on the bottom.

百分之九十 是海绵 以及其他固定在海底的动物


And actually most of the fish, they are a little spot on the debris, the piles of debris, were coral reef fish.

实际上 大多数鱼 就是那堆杂物中的小点 它们是生活在珊瑚礁中的鱼


Essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the deck and then was thrown down.

海底被端上了甲板 后来又被扔下去


And these pictures are extraordinary because this transition is very rapid.

这些照片意义非凡 因为这个变化过程非常快


Within a year, you do a survey and then commercial fishing begins.

不到一年 你再进行调查 接着渔业又开始了


The bottom is transformed from, in this case, a hard bottom or soft coral into a muddy mess.

海底发生了变化 坚硬的海底或柔软的珊瑚 变成了一滩泥泞


They were not eaten, they were thrown away because they were dead.

它们没有被吃掉 而是因为死了而被扔掉的


有一次 我们捉到一只活的


And then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat.

他们想杀掉它 因为海龟肉很美味


This mountain of debris is actually collected by fishers into an area that's never been fished.

这堆积如山的杂物 是渔民们捞上来的 他们每次进入未经捕捞的海域 都能捞到这些东西


We transform the world, but we don't remember it.

我们改变了世界 但却不认账


We adjust our baseline to the new level, and we don't recall what was there.

我们把基准线 调整到一个新水平 而把之前的水平抛在脑后


If you generalize this, something like this happens.

归纳一下 就会出现这样的情况


You have on the y axis some good thing: biodiversity, numbers of orca, the greenness of your country, the water supply.

Y轴代表美好的事物 生物多样性 逆戟鲸的数量 你的国家的绿化 水资源供应


And over time it changes -- it changes because people do things, or naturally.

随着时间的变化而变化 之所以变化 是因为人们的活动或自然的变化


Every generation will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extrapolate forward.

每代人 都会 以他们有意识之初的画面 作为标准 并往前推测


And the difference then, they perceive as a loss.

所产生的差距 他们视为一种损失


But they don't perceive what happened before as a loss.

但他们没有把之前发生的事情视为一种损失


At the end you want to sustain miserable leftovers.

最后你希望 保住最后可怜的幸存者


And that, to a large extent, is what we want to do now.

而这在很大程度上 就是我们现在要做的


We want to sustain things that are gone or things that are not the way they were.

我们想要保护那些消失殆尽的东西 或者那些发生了变化的东西


Now one should think this problem affected people certainly when in predatory societies, they killed animals after a few generations.

现在人们应当认为 这个问题当然会对人产生影响 他们捕杀动物 而直到几代人之后


Because, obviously, an animal that is very abundant, before it gets extinct, it becomes rare.

才意识到他们的所作所为 因为 很显然 在一种动物灭绝 或濒临灭绝前 这种动物的数量还是很多的


所以你不会失去数量多的动物物种


And therefore they're not perceived as a big loss.

所以这些动物的消失 不会被视为重大损失


Over time, we concentrate on large animals, and in a sea that means the big fish.

随着时间推移 我们关注大型动物 在海洋中 这指的是大型鱼类


我们捕捞鱼类致使它们的数量越来越少


Over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the baseline.

一段时间时候 我们只剩下少数鱼了 我们就把这个数量看做基准线


And the question is, why do people accept this?

问题是 人们为什么对此安之若素呢


Well because they don't know that it was different.

这是因为他们不知道情况变化了


And in fact, lots of people, scientists, will contest that it was really different.

事实上 许多人 尤其是科学家 反对这种意见


And they will contest this because the evidence presented in an earlier mode is not in the way they would like the evidence presented.

他们反对 是因为 早前的分析模型中所呈现的证据方式 并不是 他们想要的呈现方式


For example, the anecdote that some present, as Captain so-and-so observed lots of fish in this area cannot be used or is usually not utilized by fishery scientists, because it's not "scientific."

举个例子 有人讲了一个故事 说某某船长 发现这个地区有很多鱼 这个故事不能拿来当证据 渔业科学家通常也不会采纳这个故事 因为它不够“科学”


So you have a situation where people don't know the past, even though we live in literate societies, because they don't trust the sources of the past.

这就造成了一个情况： 人们对过去一无所知 尽管 我们生活在文明社会中 因为他们不相信 关于过去的信息来源


And hence, the enormous role that a marine protected area can play.

他们也不了解 一个海洋保护区域的重大角色


Because with marine protected areas, we actually recreate the past.

因为 我们实际上是通过海洋保护区 来重塑过去


We recreate the past that people cannot conceive because the baseline has shifted and is extremely low.

我们重塑了过去 让人们无法设想过去的情况 因为基准线变动了 变得极低


That is for people who can see a marine protected area and who can benefit from the insight that it provides, which enables them to reset their baseline.

这适用于 那些看到一片海洋保护区的人 和那些 从其中的深层意义获益的人 这让他们有能力重置他们的基准线


How about the people who can't do that because they have no access -- the people in the Midwest for example?

那么那些没有能力这么做的人呢 他们没法知道 例如中西部地区的人们


There I think that the arts and film can perhaps fill the gap, and simulation.

我想 艺术作品和电影 可以填补这个空缺 还有原态模拟


这是切萨皮克湾的原态模拟


There were gray whales in Chesapeake Bay a long time ago -- 500 years ago.

很久以前 有灰鲸生活在切萨皮克湾 那是五百年前


And you will have noticed that the hues and tones are like "Avatar."

你会注意到上面的色调 酷似“阿凡达”


And if you think about "Avatar," if you think of why people were so touched by it -- never mind the Pocahontas story -- why so touched by the imagery?

（众人笑） 一想到“阿凡达” 一想到人们为何会为之动容 风中奇缘的故事就不说了 为何人们会被里面的画面所打动


Because it evokes something that in a sense has been lost.

这是因为它激发了 我们遗失了的某样东西


And so my recommendation, it's the only one I will provide, is for Cameron to do "Avatar II" underwater.

我建议 这也是我唯一的建议 希望卡梅隆的“阿凡达2”能在水下拍摄


Hi. I'm Kevin Allocca, I'm the trends manager at YouTube, and I professionally watch YouTube videos.

你好。 我是凯文·阿劳卡。 我是YouTube的趋势分析经理， 而我的专业就是观看YouTube视频。


So we're going to talk a little bit today about how videos go viral and then why that even matters.

所以今天我们要讨论一下为什么一些视频会风靡 甚至会变得重要。


We all want to be stars -- celebrities, singers, comedians -- and when I was younger, that seemed so very, very hard to do.

我们都想成为明星 -- 名人， 歌手， 喜剧演员 -- 而当我年轻时，这是非常，非常难办到的。


But now Web video has made it so that any of us or any of the creative things that we do can become completely famous in a part of our world's culture.

不过现在网络视频让它成真 所以我们任何人都可以发挥创意做想做的事 然后瞬间成名 成为世界文化的一部分。


Any one of you could be famous on the Internet by next Saturday.

你们任何人都可在网络成名 就在下周六。


But there are over 48 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute.

不过每分钟有超过48小时的视频 上传到YouTube。


And of that, only a tiny percentage ever goes viral and gets tons of views and becomes a cultural moment.

在众多中， 仅有极小比率 会风靡及得到万人收看率，并成为一种霎时文化。


Three things: tastemakers, communities of participation and unexpectedness.

三要素： 时髦开创者，社区参与 还有意想不到。


熊先生· 瓦斯奎兹： 噢，我的老天。噢，我的上帝。


KA: Last year, Bear Vasquez posted this video that he had shot outside his home in Yosemite National Park.

KA: 去年，熊先生 · 瓦斯奎兹上传了这视频 就在他优胜美地公园的住家外拍摄的。


In 2010, it was viewed 23 million times.

在2010年，这部视频被观看了两千三百万次。


This is a chart of what it looked like when it first became popular last summer.

(笑声） 这张图表显示了 这部视频刚在夏末流行的状况。


But he didn't actually set out to make a viral video, Bear.

不过熊先生并没有要拍风靡视频的意向。


Because that's what you do when your name is Yosemite Mountain Bear.

因为这正是自称“优胜美地山熊”的人会做的事。


And he had posted lots of nature videos in fact.

他还上传了许多自然景观的视频。


And this video had actually been posted all the way back in January.

这视频实际上在 去年一月就上传了。


所以之间到底是发生了什么事？


Jimmy Kimmel posted this tweet that would eventually propel the video to be as popular as it would become.

吉米·吉梅尔一则推文 推波助澜让这个视频大受欢迎。


Because tastemakers like Jimmy Kimmel introduce us to new and interesting things and bring them to a larger audience.

因为有像吉米·吉梅尔这种潮流先锋 为我们介绍新颖又有趣的事物 从而让观众接触到这些事物。


Rebecca Black: ♫ It's Friday, Friday. Gotta get down on Friday. ♫ ♫ Everybody's looking forward to the weekend, weekend. ♫ ♫ Friday, Friday. Gettin' down on Friday. ♫ KA: So you didn't think that we could actually have this conversation without talking about this video I hope.

丽贝卡·布莱克：♫今天是周五，周五。玩乐派对在周五。♫ ♫每个人都期待着过周末，周末。♫ ♫周五，周五。玩乐在周五。♫ 凯文：如果没有这部视频，你未必能想到 我们将有接下来这场谈论。


Rebecca Black's "Friday" is one of the most popular videos of the year.

丽贝卡·布莱克的“周五”是年度最红的视频之一。


It's been seen nearly 200 million times this year.

今年吸引了将近两亿的观看次数。


这张图表展现了它流行的趋势。


And similar to "Double Rainbow," it seems to have just sprouted up out of nowhere.

跟熊先生的“两道彩虹”雷同， 这部视频好像不知从哪儿就猛然窜红。


那天究竟发生什么事情呢？


噢，就是那天，一个周五，真的。


And if you're wondering about those other spikes, those are also Fridays.

如果你疑惑那些高峰时期，那些全是在周五。


But what about this day, this one particular Friday?

但是在那天， 这个特别的周五究竟发生什么呢？


Well Tosh.0 picked it up, a lot of blogs starting writing about.

就是Tosh.0选中了它，很多部落格也争相讨论。


Michael J. Nelson from Mystery Science Theater was one of the first people to post a joke about the video on Twitter.

奥秘科学剧院（电视节目)的迈克尔·约翰·纳尔逊 率先在他的推特上嘲弄这部视频。


But what's important is that an individual or a group of tastemakers took a point of view and they shared that with a larger audience, accelerating the process.

重点有这样一个或一群潮流先锋 看了视频后 跟广大观众分享他们的观点，加速整个视频窜红。


And so then this community formed of people who shared this big inside joke and they started talking about it and doing things with it.

而这个群体形成 共享笑话并不断分享， 不但会讨论它，还会恶搞出自己的版本。


And now there are 10,000 parodies of "Friday" on YouTube.

所以现在有上万个恶搞版"周五”在YouTube上传播。


Even in the first seven days, there was one parody for every other day of the week.

就连周一至周末 都有不同的滑稽模仿。


Unlike the one-way entertainment of the 20th century, this community participation is how we become a part of the phenomenon -- either by spreading it or by doing something new with it.

不像二十世纪的单向娱乐媒体， 这是一个集体参与 从而让我们成为全民现象一部分-- 通过传播或者自主创新。


So "Nyan Cat" is a looped animation with looped music.

这只“Nyan Cat" 是一种连环动画片 配合连续的背景音乐。


It's been viewed nearly 50 million times this year.

今年被观看次数多达五千万次。


And if you think that that is weird, you should know that there is a three-hour version of this that's been viewed four million times.

假如你觉得这个是不可思议， 你就更难想象这段视频还有三小时的版本 吸引了四百万人观看。


甚至还有猫会看这部视频。


Cats were watching other cats watch this video.

猫在看其他猫观看这部视频。


But what's important here is the creativity that it inspired amongst this techie, geeky Internet culture.

但这最重要的 是激发了创意 的这种科技，极客网络文化。


An entire remix community sprouted up that brought it from being just a stupid joke to something that we can all actually be a part of.

整个混音群窜红 让这个原本只是个愚弄笑话 变成大家都可以参与创作的玩意。


Because we don't just enjoy now, we participate.

因为现在我们不仅在享乐， 我们还参与其中。


And who could have predicted any of this?


Who could have predicted "Double Rainbow" or Rebecca Black or "Nyan Cat?"

谁能料到“两道彩虹”或丽贝卡·布莱克 又或者“Nyan Cat” (喵喵喵）会红呢？


What scripts could you have written that would have contained this in it?

你会写怎样的剧本 会在里面包含这些创作？


In a world where over two days of video get uploaded every minute, only that which is truly unique and unexpected can stand out in the way that these things have.

在这个每分钟就上传足够两天 观看的网络视频世界， 只有那些独特和难以想象的视频 才能引人关注。


When a friend of mine told me that I needed to see this great video about a guy protesting bicycle fines in New York City, I admit I wasn't very interested.

我的一个朋友大力推荐一段很赞的视频 是一个抗议纽约市单车罚款的人拍的， 我得承认我原本没什么兴趣。


Casey Niestat: So I got a ticket for not riding in the bike lane, but often there are obstructions that keep you from properly riding in the bike lane.

凯西·尼塞特：我吃了一张罚单，因为我没在自行车道上骑车， 不过常常因为许多障碍 让你根本没法在自行车道上好好骑车。


KA: By being totally surprising and humorous, Casey Niestat got his funny idea and point seen five million times.

凯文：以出人意料的幽默方式 凯西·尼塞特有他有趣的想法和论点 吸引了五百万人次观看。


And so this approach holds for anything new that we do creatively.

这种方式适用于 我们创新的每一件事上。


And so it all brings us to one big question ...

所以促使我们 有这样一个问题...


熊先生 · 瓦斯奎兹：这代表什么？


Tastemakers, creative participating communities, complete unexpectedness, these are characteristics of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture where anyone has access and the audience defines the popularity.

潮流先锋，创意参与团体， 以及怪咖， 这些是新媒体和新文化的特征 在其中人人能参与 让观众定义何为流行。


I mean, as mentioned earlier, one of the biggest stars in the world right now, Justin Bieber, got his start on YouTube.

正如我上述， 现在最红的艺人贾斯汀·比伯， 也是从YouTube上窜红。


And we all now feel some ownership in our own pop culture.

在自创流行文化中 我们都有自主权。


And these are not characteristics of old media, and they're barely true of the media of today, but they will define the entertainment of the future.

然而这一切并不是旧媒体的特征， 也不能完全代表今天的媒体， 不过它们一定会成为未来媒体的娱乐形态。


How can I speak in 10 minutes about the bonds of women over three generations, about how the astonishing strength of those bonds took hold in the life of a four-year-old girl huddled with her young sister, her mother and her grandmother for five days and nights in a small boat in the China Sea more than 30 years ago, bonds that took hold in the life of that small girl

10分钟何尝够我来讲述， 关于三代妇女间的纽带， 关于这条纽带的惊人的力量 把 4岁小姑娘和 她的妹妹 母亲、祖母绑在一起， 5天5夜 挤在一条小船飘在中国海 已经过去了30多年， 一直留在小女孩的脑海中


and never let go -- that small girl now living in San Francisco and speaking to you today?

不曾磨灭-- 那个小女孩现在居住在旧金山 今天正在为你们讲述


It is a jigsaw puzzle still being put together.

就像一幅正在被拼接的拼图一样


Let me tell you about some of the pieces.


Imagine the first piece: a man burning his life's work.

回想起来的第一个画面是 一个男人拼尽全力地工作。


He is a poet, a playwright, a man whose whole life had been balanced on the single hope of his country's unity and freedom.

他是一个诗人兼剧作家 一生 都致力于 国家的统一和自由。


Imagine him as the communists enter Saigon, confronting the fact that his life had been a complete waste.

想象着他作为一名共产主义者进入胡志明市 面对着 完全被抛弃的一生


Words, for so long his friends, now mocked him.


我从来不了解他的真实生活。


But our lives are much more than our memories.

但是我们的生活比记忆更加丰富。


My grandmother never let me forget his life.


My duty was not to allow it to have been in vain, and my lesson was to learn that, yes, history tried to crush us, but we endured.

而我的职责就是不让他的经历成为徒劳 我的责任是从中学习 是的，历史试图打垮我们 而我们一直忍受着。


The next piece of the jigsaw is of a boat in the early dawn slipping silently out to sea.

下一块拼图是 黎明的早上一叶扁舟 悄悄滑向大海


My mother, Mai, was 18 when her father died -- already in an arranged marriage, already with two small girls.

我母亲，Mai，18岁 丧父 经历了一系列婚姻， 有了两个小女儿。


For her, life had distilled itself into one task: the escape of her family and a new life in Australia.

对于她，生活唯一目的就是 逃离家庭 在澳大利亚开始新生活。


It was inconceivable to her that she would not succeed.

这对她来说， 简直就是天方夜谭。


So after a four-year saga that defies fiction, a boat slipped out to sea disguised as a fishing vessel.

因此，4年的蔑视小说的长篇故事 一条小船滑向大海， 远离渔船。


The greatest fear was of pirates, rape and death.

最大的威胁是海盗， 强奸和死亡。


Like most adults on the boat, my mother carried a small bottle of poison.

和所有成年人一样， 我母亲带了一小瓶毒药。


If we were captured, first my sister and I, then she and my grandmother would drink.

如果我们被抓获，我妹妹、我、 母亲和祖母依次服毒自尽。


My first memories are from the boat -- the steady beat of the engine, the bow dipping into each wave, the vast and empty horizon.

我的第一个记忆来自于小船-- 发动机均匀的节奏 浅浅的波浪 一望无尽的海平面


I don't remember the pirates who came many times, but were bluffed by the bravado of the men on our boat, or the engine dying and failing to start for six hours.

我不记得海盗来了几次， 却被船上男人们的虚张声势 吓跑了， 引擎熄火， 6个小时无法启动。


But I do remember the lights on the oil rig off the Malaysian coast and the young man who collapsed and died, the journey's end too much for him, and the first apple I tasted, given to me by the men on the rig.

但是我记得边石油钻井反射的光； 来自马来西亚海岸 年轻小伙虚脱而死， 旅途早早结束； 我尝到的第一个苹果， 来自同船的一个男人。


再也没有吃到那么美味的苹果。


After three months in a refugee camp, we landed in Melbourne.

在难民集中营的三个月后， 我们定居在墨尔本。


And the next piece of the jigsaw is about four women across three generations shaping a new life together.

下一片拼图是 关于三代妇女 共同创造的新生活。


We settled in Footscray, a working-class suburb whose demographic is layers of immigrants.

定居于Footscray， 一个的工薪阶层市郊, 以移民为主.


Unlike the settled middle-class suburbs, whose existence I was oblivious of, there was no sense of entitlement in Footscray.

不像定居其他中级阶层市郊， 我忘记了我的存在， 更别说权利了。


The smells from shop doors were from the rest of the world.

商店透出的味道仿佛来自另一个世界。


And the snippets of halting English were exchanged between people who had one thing in common, they were starting again.

说着同样磕磕绊绊的英语， 人们相互交流着。 有一件事情是相同的， 又重新开始了。


My mother worked on farms, then on a car assembly line, working six days, double shifts.

母亲一开始在农村干活， 后来去了汽车组装线， 一周工作6天，双班倒。


Somehow she found time to study English and gain IT qualifications.

有时她挤时间学习英语， 获得了IT资格证。


All the dollars were allocated and extra tuition in English and mathematics was budgeted for regardless of what missed out, which was usually new clothes; they were always secondhand.

节约每一分钱。 剩余的钱都用来缴英语和数学的学费， 不管再难， 即使没有 新衣服穿， 穿二手的。


Two pairs of stockings for school, each to hide the holes in the other.

上学时穿两双袜子， 一双遮挡另一双上的洞。


A school uniform down to the ankles, because it had to last for six years.

学校的制服盖过了膝盖， 因为它得坚持6年。


And there were rare but searing chants of "slit-eye" and the occasional graffiti: "Asian, go home."

虽然很少，但是搜寻圣歌的 边边角角， 偶尔的涂鸦说 “亚洲人，回家去吧！”


一些事情刺痛了我的内心。


There was a gathering of resolve and a quiet voice saying, "I will bypass you."

一股力量在凝聚， 安静的声音在说：“我要超越你。”


My mother, my sister and I slept in the same bed.

我、我妹妹和我母亲 睡在同一张床上。


My mother was exhausted each night, but we told one another about our day and listened to the movements of my grandmother around the house.

每晚母亲都拖着疲惫的身体回家， 但是我们互相交流一天的事情， 听着旁白房间 祖母的动静。


My mother suffered from nightmares all about the boat.

我母亲一直梦魇困扰着， 都是关于小船的。


And my job was to stay awake until her nightmares came so I could wake her.

我的工作就是保持清醒，在她做恶梦的时候 叫醒她。


She opened a computer store then studied to be a beautician and opened another business.

她开了一家计算机商店， 学习美容， 将来开一家美容店。


And the women came with their stories about men who could not make the transition, angry and inflexible, and troubled children caught between two worlds.

关于男人的故事， 没有过渡， 生气，呆板， 问题小孩，就像两个世界。


我生活在一个平行的世界。


In one, I was the classic Asian student, relentless in the demands that I made on myself.

一方面，我是典型的亚洲学生， 自己特别狠；


In the other, I was enmeshed in lives that were precarious, tragically scarred by violence, drug abuse and isolation.

另一方面，我纠缠于现实的危险， 暴力冲突的可悲， 毒品泛滥和种族隔离。


And for that work, when I was a final year law student, I was chosen as the young Australian of the year.

当我曾为法律系毕业生的时候， 我被选择作为当年的澳大利亚年轻代表。


And I was catapulted from one piece of the jigsaw to another, and their edges didn't fit.

我直接 从一个片段跳到了另一个， 没有漂亮的连接。


Tan Le, anonymous Footscray resident, was now Tan Le, refugee and social activist, invited to speak in venues she had never heard of and into homes whose existence she could never have imagined.

Tan Le一名Footscray普通居民， 现在是难民，社会积极分子， 被邀请演讲， 去一个从未听说过的 去一个无法想象是否存在的地方。


I didn't know how to talk about anything.


I wanted to retreat to the routines and comfort of life in an unsung suburb -- a grandmother, a mother and two daughters ending each day as they had for almost 20 years, telling one another the story of their day and falling asleep, the three of us still in the same bed.

我想要退回到原来， 无名市郊的舒适生活-- 祖母、目前和两个女儿 过着20多年的平淡生活， 相互谈论着过去的日子， 渐渐入睡， 我们三个还在一个床上。


我告诉我母亲，我做不到。


She reminded me that I was now the same age she had been when we boarded the boat.

她提醒我，她带我们乘船出国的时候， 正好是我现在的年龄。


"Just do it," she said, "and don't be what you're not."

“放手去做”，她说 “做真正的自己”


So I spoke out on youth unemployment and education and the neglect of the marginalized and the disenfranchised.

因此我讲到了失业低龄化和教育问题 忽视边缘群体和剥夺政治权利。


And the more candidly I spoke, the more I was asked to speak.

我说的越坦率， 越是有人邀请我演讲。


I met people from all walks of life, so many of them doing the thing they loved, living on the frontiers of possibility.

遇见周围的人们， 做着自己喜欢的事情， 生活的


And even though I finished my degree, I realized I could not settle into a career in law.

即使我完成了我的学业， 我意识到我不能局限于法律职业。


There had to be another piece of the jigsaw.

这儿还有另一个拼图的片段。


And I realized at the same time that it is okay to be an outsider, a recent arrival, new on the scene -- and not just okay, but something to be thankful for, perhaps a gift from the boat.

同一时间，我意识到 作为局外人也可以， 最近的事情， 屏幕上的新闻 不仅仅是可以， 一些事情归功于 来自小船的经历。


Because being an insider can so easily mean collapsing the horizons, can so easily mean accepting the presumptions of your province.

因为作为一个局内人， 太容易放弃视野， 太容易 接收你的假设。


I have stepped outside my comfort zone enough now to know that, yes, the world does fall apart, but not in the way that you fear.

我现在得站在舒适区足够远 是的，世界开始破碎， 不是按照你担心的那样。


Possibilities that would not have been allowed were outrageously encouraged.

不允许贸然或者 鼓励放大可能性。


There was an energy there, an implacable optimism, a strange mixture of humility and daring.

这里有能量， 无情的乐观， 混合着人道和胆量。


I gathered around me a small team of people for whom the label "It can't be done" was an irresistible challenge.

我聚集了一个小组 “不能完成”的标签 是我们唯一的挑战。


整整一年，我们一名不文。


At the end of each day, I made a huge pot of soup which we all shared.

每一天最后，我都做一大锅汤 大家共享。


Most of our ideas were crazy, but a few were brilliant, and we broke through.

我们大多数的想法都很疯狂， 还有少数很明智， 我们突破着。


Three months later I had relocated, and the adventure has continued.

我到达3个月后， 继续冒险。


Before I close though, let me tell you about my grandmother.

在最后让我说说 我的祖母。


She grew up at a time when Confucianism was the social norm and the local Mandarin was the person who mattered.

她成长的时代 儒教盛行， 本地Mandarin最大。


几个世纪的生活都不曾改变。


Her father died soon after she was born.

她出生的时候，父亲去世，


At 17 she became the second wife of a Mandarin whose mother beat her.

她17岁嫁给了一个Mandarin， 做二房，遭到婆婆的打骂。


With no support from her husband, she caused a sensation by taking him to court and prosecuting her own case, and a far greater sensation when she won.

没有丈夫的支持， 带着丈夫去法院起诉自己， 从而轰动一时， 胜诉的她更是名声远扬。


"It can't be done" was shown to be wrong.

（鼓掌） “不可能”变成了可能。


I was taking a shower in a hotel room in Sydney I looked through the shower screen and saw her standing on the other side.

当她在600英里外的墨尔本 逝世时， 我正在悉尼的宾馆房间洗澡。 透过玻璃， 我看到她站在对面。


我母亲的电话几分钟后来了。


A few days later, we went to a Buddhist temple in Footscray and sat around her casket.

几天后， 我们去Footscray的佛寺， 坐在她的棺材旁。


We told her stories and assured her that we were still with her.

我们讲述着故事， 向她保证我们一直陪着她。


At midnight the monk came and told us he had to close the casket.

午夜僧人告诉我们， 他必须盖上棺材。


我母亲让我们感受祖母的手。


She asked the monk, "Why is it that her hand is so warm and the rest of her is so cold?"

她问僧人 “为什么祖母的手是温的， 其他地方那么凉？”


"Because you have been holding it since this morning," he said.

“因为您从早上一直握到现在”，他说


If there is a sinew in our family, it runs through the women.

如果说我们家族有动力， 那它一定来着于妇女们。


Given who we were and how life had shaped us, we can now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have thwarted us.

考虑到我们自身和生活的塑造， 我们现在可以预见， 一个男人必须挫败我们才能融入我们。 必须挫败我们才行。


Now I would like to have my own children, and I wonder about the boat.

现在我想要自己孩子， 自己的小船。


Yet I am afraid of privilege, of ease, of entitlement.

然而我害怕特权、 安乐 和权利。


Can I give them a bow in their lives, dipping bravely into each wave, the unperturbed and steady beat of the engine, the vast horizon that guarantees nothing?

给他们生命的桨， 勇敢地划入每个波浪， 自然地、稳稳地发动机， 宽广的视野， 不用任何担保，我能做到吗？


But if I could give it and still see them safely through, I would.

但是我可以放任它， 看着他们安全的通过， 这也是我希望的。


Trevor Neilson: And also, Tan's mother is here today in the fourth or fifth row.

同时，Tan的目前今天也来到的现场， 就坐于第四、五排。


My story begins right here actually in Rajasthan about two years ago.

我的故事就发生在拉贾斯坦邦 是在大约两年前


I was in the desert, under the starry skies with the Sufi singer Mukhtiar Ali.

我在沙漠，在一个满是星光的天空下 和一名苏菲派的歌手木泰哈·阿里


And we were in conversation about how nothing had changed since the time of the ancient Indian epic "The Mahabharata."

我们的谈话是关于 没有任何事情被改变 自从古代印度史诗《摩呵婆罗多》的时候起


So back in the day, when us Indians wanted to travel we'd jump into a chariot and we'd zoom across the sky.

回到过去，当我们想去旅游 我们跳进了一个战车飞驰过了天空


现在我们用飞机可以同样做到


Back then, when Arjuna, the great Indian warrior prince, when he was thirsty, he'd take out a bow, he'd shoot it into the ground and water would come out.

在那个时候， 当印度伟大的战王阿朱那， 当他渴了，他拔出一支箭， 射进地里水就会出来


Now we do the same with drills and machines.

现在我们同样地 用钻头和机器


The conclusion that we came to was that magic had been replaced by machinery.

我们得到的结论就是 魔法被 机器代替了


I found myself becoming a little bit of a technophobe.

我发掘自己有点像个技术恐惧者


I was terrified by this idea that I would lose the ability to enjoy and appreciate the sunset without having my camera on me, without tweeting it to my friends.

我对这种想法感到恐惧 我将会失去 享受和欣赏日落的能力 在没有相机，没有和我的朋友们微博的情况下


And it felt like technology should enable magic, not kill it.

而且我觉得科技 应该实现魔法，而不是扼杀它


When I was a little girl, my grandfather gave me his little silver pocket watch.

当我还是一个小女孩， 我的爷爷给我他的小银怀表


And this piece of 50-year-old technology became the most magical thing to me.

这个50年久的科技玩意 成了对我最有魔力的东西


It became a gilded gateway into a world full of pirates and shipwrecks and images in my imagination.

在我的想象力中，它变成了一个镀金的大门 带我通向一个充满了海盗和失事船只 和富有想象的世界


So I felt like our cellphones and our fancy watches and our cameras had stopped us from dreaming.

所以我觉得我们的手机 我们华丽的手表和我们的相机 让我们停止了梦想


And so I jumped in, I jumped into this world of technology, to see how I could use it to enable magic as opposed to kill it.

所以我投入进了这个科技的世界， 看看如何能用它们来创造魔法 而不是扼杀它们


I've been illustrating books since I was 16.

我从16岁起就开始为书来作插图


And so when I saw the iPad, I saw it as a storytelling device that could connect readers all over the world.

当我看到iPad, 我把它当作一个讲故事的设备 可以将全世界的读者都联系起来


它可以知道我们是如何拿着它


It brings together image and text and animation and sound and touch.

它将图像和文字 动画，声音和触感都结合起来


Storytelling is becoming more and more multi-sensorial.

讲故事变成了 越来越多的多感官


但是我们能用它做什么呢？


So I'm actually just going to go in and launch Khoya, an interactive app for the iPad.

所以我实际上要推出Khoya, 一个iPad互动程序


So it says, "Place your fingers upon each light."

它说，“将您的手指 放在每一个灯上”


And so -- It says, "This box belongs to ... " And so I type in my name.

然后-- 它说，“这个盒子属于...” 所以我把我的名字输入进去


And actually I become a character in the book.

那我就成了这本书里的一个人物


At various points, a little letter drops down to me -- and the iPad knows where you live because of GPS -- which is actually addressed to me.

在不同的页面，一小封信掉下来给我-- 因为GPS, iPad知道你住在哪里 标记给我的


The child in me is really excited by these kinds of possibilities.

我的孩子那一面十分兴奋 因为这些各种各样的可能性


Now I've been talking a lot about magic.


And I don't mean wizards and dragons, I mean the kind of childhood magic, those ideas that we all harbored as children.

并不是指巫婆和神龙， 而是指孩子们的魔法， 那些我们孩童时候心存的想法


This idea of fireflies in a jar, for some reason, was always really exciting to me.

不知道为什么，萤火虫在坛子里的想法 常常令我十分兴奋


And so over here you need to tilt your iPad, take the fireflies out.

在这里你需要倾斜你的iPad, 让这些萤火虫出来


And they actually illuminate your way through the rest of the book.

它们就可以照亮你的整本书


Another idea that really fascinated me as a child was that an entire galaxy could be contained within a single marble.

另一个令人着迷的主意就是当我还是个孩子 整个银河系将被 一块大理石包裹着


And so over here, each book and each world becomes a little marble that I drag in to this magical device within the device.

所以在这里 每一本书都 变成一个小的大理石 我将它们用这个装置 托进这个魔法的装置里面


All along, all fantasy books have always had maps, but these maps have been static.

随之，所有神奇的书都有地图， 但是这些地图一直是静止的


This is a map that grows and glows and becomes your navigation for the rest of the book.

这是一张地图变化并且发热 成为你剩下这本书的导航


It reveals itself to you at certain points in the book as well.

在这本书的某处它也会显示出自己


Another thing that's actually really important to me is creating content that is Indian and yet very contemporary.

另一个对我而言真的重要的事情就是 创造非常印度 却又非常现代的内容


So we've all heard about fairies and we've all heard about nymphs, but how many people outside of India know about their Indian counterparts, the Apsaras?

我们都听说过仙女，听说过女神， 但是有多少在印度之外的人 知道关于她们的对应者，飞天？


These poor Apsaras have been trapped inside Indra's chambers for thousands of years in an old and musty book.

这些可怜的飞天被困在因陀罗的小屋子里数千年 在一个古老的发霉的书中


And so we're bringing them back in a contemporary story for children.

因此我们将她们带回来 带到和孩子们同时代的故事里


And a story that actually deals with new issues like the environmental crisis.

一个解决新问题的故事， 如同环境危机


Speaking of the environmental crisis, I think a big problem has been in the last 10 years is that children have been locked inside their rooms, glued to their PCs, they haven't been able to get out.

(音乐） 谈起环境危机， 我觉得最近10年的一个最大的问题 就是孩子们被关在他们的房间里， 紧紧帖在他们的电脑上，他们不能出去


But now with mobile technology, we can actually take our children outside into the natural world One of the interactions in the book is that you're sent off on this quest where you need to go outside, take out your camera on the iPad and collect pictures of different natural objects.

但是现在用移动式的科技， 我们可以用科技 把我们的孩子领出去带到自然世界 在这本书中的一个互动就是 这个要求命令 你需要去到外面世界， 用你iPad上的相机 收集不同的自然物的照片


When I was a child, I had multiple collections of sticks and stones and pebbles and shells.

当我还是一个孩子，我有各种不同的收集 如木条，石头，鹅卵石和贝壳


不知道为什么孩子们不再收集了


So in bringing back this childhood ritual, you need to go out and, in one chapter, take a picture of a flower and then tag it.

所以我把这个孩子时候的仪式带了回来， 你需要走出去 在一个章节里，照一张花儿的照片 然后给它标记命名


In another chapter, you need to take a picture of a piece of bark and then tag that.

在另一个章节里，你需要照一张树皮的照片 然后标记它


And what happens is that you actually create a digital collection of photographs that you can then put up online.

接下来发生的就是 你实际上创造了一个数码的相片的收集 你可以把它放到网上


A child in London puts up a picture of a fox and says, "Oh, I saw a fox today."

一个在伦敦的孩子放上去了一张狐狸的照片 说，“哦，我今天看到了一只狐狸”


A child in India says, "I saw a monkey today."

一个在印度的孩子说，“我今天看到了一只猴子”