In this paper, modules are separated solely based on the topology of protein networks.


The biological significance of modular structures is accessed by functional and evolutionary data.


The modular structures show highly evolutionary conservation when comparing the orthologous proteins in yeast and fly modules.


The modules of protein-protein interaction networks of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiare and fly Drosophila melanogaster was identified using simulation annealing algorithm.


For the protein networks, the largest component contains 3862 nodes (about 94% out of 4216 nodes for the entire network) forming 7208 edges for yeast and 6279 nodes (95% of all) forming 10094 edges.


The overall modularity is 0.666 for yeast and 0.685 for fly suggestting a high modular organization of the network (table 1).


A Critique of A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education


As higher education enters a period of tremendous growth and change, it is more important than ever to have a national understanding of the mission, goals and accomplishments of the many institutions we support, and the academy in its entirety.


Without achieving this before adjustments are made, American higher education will fall victim to much scrutiny and criticism, and our nation will be divided on one of our most important and prized possessions.


Fortunately, we have highly educated leaders at the helm of our institutions in America as well as effective national leadership focused on the United States education system as a whole.


Their combined knowledge, experience and understanding of this nation's system of higher education is unique and immeasurable, resulting in a powerful team to guide academe during periods of insecurity.


One group, the Commission on the Future of Higher Education, has such members.


In a charge led by the Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings, this commission set out to evaluate the current state of higher education and recommend higher education reform in an effort to secure our position as a world leader in education.


Their conclusion is clear, change is necessary and it's needed now.


The report outlines the challenges that higher education will likely face in the coming decades and offers recommendations to secure our position in an increasingly globally aware society.


However, despite the commission's efforts to perform a comprehensive critique, it repeatedly fell short, repeatedly lacking both scope and focus.


From the beginning, A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education lacks the ability to define the broad goals of American postsecondary education, for both the academy and their students.


In a broad generalization, the Commission's report calls for a national approach to higher education, where all colleges and universities find themselves on a level playing field, and where they strive to prepare students for the workplace skills that employers are seeking.


In their eyes, institutions will adopt new missions and will become flexible enough to accommodate the many populations of students that seek postsecondary education.


Likewise, students will have the freedom to move between these indistinguishable institutions through general education classes and flexible credit transferring, leading to more accountable practices and measurable outcomes by evaluating student gains via national exams.


The commission believes the future of American higher education lies with the ability to reduce costs while still maintaining quality practices and developing relationships within the academy and across the secondary-postsecondary threshold.


The commission calls on higher education administrators to make these changes, not national educational reform.


The result is a crumbling foundation on which the commission continued to build their critique upon.


Perhaps the most troubling is the Commission's inability to construct appropriate goals for higher education, including a definition of learning and how that learning is approached.


Rather than focusing on the means, the report's focus becomes the end, of which employer approved seems to be prominent.


Much like institution types have become indistinguishable, so too have skills and knowledge.


The report calls for student outcomes to include workplace skills to accomplish tasks rather than placing an emphasis on critical thinking, interdisciplinary knowledge and the ability to solve a variety of problems.


To many institutions, the contemporary goal of higher education has been to prepare students to be lifetime consumers and producers of knowledge rather than to simply teach skills.


Barr and Tagg (1995) recognize that higher education has reconfigured their understanding of their institutional goals, moving from the belief that college provides instruction to a more modern view that it is an institution that produces learning.


Moore's Ford Massacre: Activists Reenact Racist Lynching as a Call for Justice

Masakr na mostě Moore's Ford: aktivisté si připomněli rasistické lynčování


A 1948 Ford Mercury passed through a group of onlookers in rural Monroe, Georgia, and rumbled toward the small Moore's Ford Bridge.

Ford Mercury z roku 1948 projel kolem přihlížejících obyvatel Monroe, Georgie a kodrcal se směrem k mostu Moore's Ford.


Before the car, which had four black passengers and a white driver, could reach the bridge, a group of white men with guns stepped forward to block its path.

Než však automobil se čtyřmi pasažéry černé pleti a bílým řidičem stačil k mostu dorazit, cestu mu zahradila skupina bělochů se zbraněmi.


The leader of the mob - a middle aged man in a pinstriped suit - took a long drag on his cigar and peered through the windshield.

Vůdce skupinky - muž středního věku v pruhovaném obleku - dlouze potáhl z cigarety a zahleděl se na čelní sklo automobilu.


"We want that n----r Roger!" the man barked.


Screams ripped through the silence as a young black man was dragged from the front passenger seat.

Ticho přeruší řev mladého černocha, který je vytažen ze sedadla spolujezdce.


Fortunately, this horrific scene, which played out on July 22, is just a reenactment.

Tato scéna je naštěstí pouhou rekonstrukcí událostí, ke kterým došlo 22. července.


But when a noose is thrown around the neck of "Roger," nearly everyone in the audience let out very real gasps.

Když ale jeden z mužů přehodí přes „Rogerův“ krk oprátku, obecenstvo vzdychne vzrušením.


Since 2005, civil rights activists have returned to the Moore's Ford Bridge to recreate the night two black couples - Roger and Dorothy Malcom, and George and Mae Murray Dorsey - were lynched by the Ku Klux Klan in 1946.

Od roku 2005 se k mostu Moore's Ford vrací pravidelně skupina aktivistů, kteří rekonstruují onu osudovou noc roku 1946, kdy byli dva černošské páry - Roger a Dorothy Malcomová a George a Mae Murra Dorseyová - zabiti členy Kukluxklanu.


No one has ever been charged with the murders.


"It's mind boggling that all of these years, not a single person has been arrested - even though we see them in our communities; even though we know who they are," said Tyrone Brooks, who helps organize the reenactment.

„Je s podivem, že za všechny ty roky nebyla zatčena jediná osoba - přesto, že je stále vídáme v naší komunitě; i když známe jejich totožnost,“ nechal se slyšet Tyrone Brooks, který pomáhá rekonstrukci události organizovat.


"It's a stain on a history, but it's a burden on our souls."

„Je to skvrna na naší historii a břemeno v našich duších.“


Brooks is a 71-year-old former Georgia state congressman and lifelong civil rights activist.

Brooks je 71letý bývalý kongresman státu Georgia a celoživotní bojovník za občanská práva.


For him, the reenactment serves as a dramatic call to action and an annual reminder to the Monroe community that an injustice has never been corrected.

V jeho očích představuje rekonstrukce události dramatickou výzvu ke konání. Každoročně komunitě města Monroe připomíná, že spravedlnosti nebylo učiněno za dost.


"We want prosecution, we want closure, we want healing, we want reconciliation, but we have to have justice first," he said.

„Požadujeme soudní stíhání a uzavření případu, chceme klid v mysli a usmíření, ale spravedlnost především,“ uvedl Brooks.


"We can't get to healing and reconciliation until we get justice."

„Do té doby nemůže být zahájen proces uzdravení a usmíření.“


A coroner places a sheet over the body of one of the victims of the Moore's Ford lynching on July 27, 1946.

Soudní lékař přikrývá 27. července 1946 jedno z těl obětí lynčování u Moore's Ford.


According to FBI files obtained by NBC News, more than 50 men from Monroe and the surrounding counties were suspected in the lynching.

Dle spisů FBI, které získalo zpravodajství NBC News, se lynčování mělo zúčastnit až 50 mužů z Monroe a okolních okresů.


Though the suspects have remained at large for decades, civil rights activists say the twin motivations for the lynchings were always well known throughout town: politics and sex.

Přesto, že podezřelí zůstávají po desítky let na svobodě, přívrženci občanských práv tvrdí, že oba důvody lynčování - politika a sex - byly známy všem obyvatelům města.


In April 1946, a Supreme Court ruling enabled black citizens in Georgia to cast ballots for the first time during the primary race later that summer.

V dubnu 1946 získali na základě rozhodnutí nejvyššího soudu obyvatelé černé pleti státu Georgia vůbec poprvé právo účastnit se voleb, které byly naplánovány na léto.


Around the same time of the election, according to the FBI, black sharecropper Roger Malcom stabbed Barnett Hester, a white landowner, during a fight - ostensibly over a woman.

A právě v období letních voleb měl podle FBI zemědělec černé pleti Roger Malcom během potyčky bodnout majitele pozemků bílé pleti Barnetta Hestera - údajně kvůli své ženě.


Brooks said the town rumor was that Hester had been sleeping with Malcom's wife, Dorothy, and that the baby she was carrying was not her husband's.

Ve městě se podle Brookse tradovalo, že Hester obcoval s Malcomovou ženou Dorothy a přivedl ji do jiného stavu.


On July 25, 1946, Loy Harrison, a prominent white landowner, paid $600 to bail Malcom out of jail, according to the FBI.

Dle vyjádření FBI složil 25. července 1946 tehdejší významný majitel pozemků bílé pleti Loy Harrison za Malcoma kauci ve výši 600 $.


He was accompanied to the prison by Dorothy, and their cousins, Mae Murray and George Dorsey.

Do věznice ho doprovázela Dorothy a bratranci Mae Murray a George Dorsey.


But, driving away from the jail, as they approached Moore's Ford Bridge, a lynch mob surrounded the car.

Při návratu z věznice, zrovna před vjezdem na most Moore's Ford, jim cestu zahradila skupina podezřelých.


"As it turns out it was Harrison who set up and ordered the murders," one FBI report concludes.

„Jak se ukázalo, vraždy naplánoval a zorganizoval Harrison,“ vyvodila FBI.


"It is also apparent that there was a conspiracy among state and local law enforcement, who not only took part in the murders, disposed of evidence and concealed the identity of witnesses."

„Je rovněž zřejmé, že došlo k tajné dohodě mezi státními a místními ochránci zákona, kteří se nejen účastnili lynčování, ale zbavili se též důkazů a zatajili identitu svědků.“


Brooks se k celé záležitosti vyjádřil stručněji.


"It was a voting rights massacre," he said.

„Byl to masakr kvůli volebnímu právu,“ uvedl.


"They were all killed to send a message to black people in this community: 'If you register and if you vote, this is what will happen to you.'"

„Vraždy měly jasný podtext pro všechny místní obyvatele černé pleti: ‚takhle dopadnete, pokud se zaregistrujete a půjdete volit'.“


For nearly a decade, Cassandra Greene has directed the annual reenactment of the Moore's Ford Bridge lynchings.

Každoroční rekonstrukci události u mostu Moore's Ford organizuje téměř deset let Cassandra Greeneová.


Her performance is graphic, gripping and grounded in a kind of deep racism that many would like to believe no longer exists in America.

Její představení je obrazné, poutavé a výstižné. Ukazuje hluboce zakořeněný rasismus, který by mnozí rádi považovali v moderní Americe za vyhynulý.


It's difficult to watch, and even more difficult to look away, but Greene said that's the point.

Sledovat tuto rekonstrukci není snadné a ještě obtížnější je odvrátit zrak, ale Greeneová říká, že to má svůj smysl.


"We don't want to talk about the lynching because it makes us face the ugliness in all of us," she said.

„Nikdo nechce mluvit o lynčování, protože při tom musíme čelit nepříjemným pocitům, které se ukrývají v každém z nás,“ řekla Greeneová.


"But I can't build a relationship with you, if you won't hear me, or hear what I've been through."

„Mezi námi však nemůže vzniknout vztah, pokud si nevyslechnete, čím jsem musela projít.“


Rehearsals for this year's production began in June, and on the first day nearly 30 actors - a dozen white and the rest black - crowded into a room and listened as Greene launched into a well-rehearsed overview of the play.

Hlavní zkoušky letošní rekonstrukce započaly v červnu a hned první den se přibližně 30 herců - tucet bělochů, zbytek černoši - nahrnulo do místnosti, kde je Greeneová seznámila s velmi pečlivě naplánovaným představením.


Wade Marbaugh serves as Greene's co-director.

Wade Marbaugh vykonává pozici pomocného režiséra.


He's played the part of the head Klansman for years, but he said the role never gets any easier.

Mnoho let hrál vůdce Kukluxklanu, ale dle jeho slov je role vyčerpávající.


"I feel dirty because this is not who I am," said Marbaugh.

„Mám z toho špatný pocit, protože to odporuje tomu, kým jsem,“ řekl Marbaugh.


"But I think it's very important to keep this history alive because we don't want to go back to those times."

„Myslím, že je velmi důležité si tuto část historie pravidelně připomínat, protože se do takové doby nikdy nechceme vrátit.“


Across the room, actors Darrius Bradshaw and Nick Rascona, who play Roger Malcom and Barnett Hester, rehearsed their lines.

Herci Darrius Bradshaw a Nick Rascona, kteří hrají roli Rogera Malcoma, potažmo Barnetta Hestera, nacvičují své role.


The play begins with Malcom shouting and shoving Hester, livid that he's been sleeping with his wife, Dorothy.

Představení začíná potyčkou - Malcom se dohaduje s Hesterem a viní ho, že se vyspal s jeho ženou.


And then everyone (at least all the black actors) bursts into laughter.

V ten moment všichni (alespoň tedy každý herec černé pleti) vybuchnou v smích.


"I just don't think white people back then said 'n---a.'"

„Jenom si nemyslím, že tehdy běloši říkali ‚n--r' takovým tónem.“


"Yea," one of the other black cast members quipped.

„Přesně,“ vyhrkne jeden z herců černé pleti.


And just like that the energy in the room shifts; a sense of camaraderie replaces the discomfort.

Energie v místnosti je najednou lepší; nepřátelství nahradí pocit sblížení.


Everyone is dedicated to getting this right, not only for the sake of the play, but also for the memory of the four people killed.

Všichni chtějí, aby bylo představení autentické. Už jen pro to, aby bylo učiněno za dost čtyřem obětem masakru.


This time, when Rascona says the N-word, it's sharp and emphatic.

Rascona tentokrát klade důraz na správné vyslovení slova na N.


The reenactment ends violently and quickly.


There's screams, gunfire and then, silence.


A woman dressed in funeral black, stands over the actors bodies and performs Billie Holiday's mournful eulogy, "Strange Fruit."

Žena oblečená v černém stojí nad těly herců a pěje truchlivou píseň Billie Holidayové „Strange Fruit“.


S každým slovem je v místnosti cítit smutek.


A hundred yards back, a group of about four dozen spectators wipe sweat and tears away from their eyes.

Na pozadí toho všeho si asi tucet přihlížejících utírá pot a slzy z očí.


The audience is almost evenly split between black and white.

V obecenstvu se nachází prakticky stejný počet černochů a bělochů.


One couple has traveled from Ithaca, New York, to see the performance, many are from just down the road.

Jeden pár přicestoval až z newyorské Ithacy, mnoho přihlížejících je z blízkého okolí.


They've all weathered Georgia's oppressive humidity for the nearly eight hours as Brooks lead them on a pilgrimage to the grave sites of the Malcoms and Dorseys.

Každý z nich snáší místní vlhké podnebí téměř osm hodin a Brooks je v zástupu vede k hrobům Malcolma a Dorsey.


Up until this point, the murders have remained an anecdote, but now, standing on the same land where the lynchings took place, the air feels haunted.

Až do této chvíle mohlo být na vraždy pohlíženo s odstupem, ale nyní, stojíc na stejném místě, kde došlo k lynčování, je atmosféra strašidelná.


As the final notes of the song fade, Greene invites the crowd to move closer and inspect the bodies.

S posledními slovy písně vyzve Greeneová dav přihlížejících k inspekci těl.


Children crouch by their heads, take in the fake blood and still bodies, and whisper to each other.

Děti si klekají k hlavám obětí, sledují falešnou krev a nehybná těla a šeptají si něco do ucha.


"They're not really dead," one little boy mutters, as if to remind himself.


After a few minutes Greene thanks the crowd, and suddenly it's over.

Uběhne pár minut a Greeneová poděkuje obecenstvu. Je konec.


The actors throw off the lynching rope and wipe away tears.


Bradshaw hugs Marbaugh, the man in the suit who played the head Klansman.

Bradshaw objímá Marbaugha, muže v obleku, který si zahrál vůdce Kukluxklanu.


Nick Rascona hugs two of his castmates, and then breaks down crying in their arms; the emotional toll of the performance finally getting to him.

Nick Rascona obejme své dva kamarády-herce a rozpláče se v jejich náručí; nakonec na něj doléhají emoce.


"We know that's not what's in your heart.


Later, the audience sits down to dinner with the actors.

Později téhož dne zasedá obecenstvo spolu s herci k večeři.


At one table, a white couple from Atlanta chats animatedly about the reenactment with a black couple they just met.

U jednoho stolu mladý bělošsky pár se zaujetím hovoří o představení s černým párem, se kterým se dnes seznámili.


Denise Duplinski struggled to find words for how the performance made her feel.

Denise Duplinskiová sotva nacházela slova, která by vyjádřila její pocit z dnešního představení.


"It's hard to hear those horrible awful words, and deeds ... come out of people that look like you and who do it because they look like you," she said.

„Je obtížné poslouchat ta ošklivá slova a dívat se na ty ohyzdné skutky... které konají lidé, jež vypadají jako vy a dělají to proto, že vypadají jako vy,“ řekla k rekonstrukci.


"What this really does to me is make me think that lynchings are still going on," she added, "they're just called police shootings now."

„Nutí mě to uvědomit si, že lynčování je stále aktuální téma,“ dodala k tomu, „jenom se mu říká policejní potyčky“.


Across the room, Tyrone Brooks holds court at his table, eating and reminiscing about civil rights.

Na druhé straně místnosti sedí Tyrone Brooks v soudní síni. Vychutnává si večeři a mluví přitom o občanských právech.


He said he's already begun planning for next year's performance.

Dle vlastních slov už začal plánovat představení na další rok.


"The reenactment is inspirational in a way because it describes the horror of what we endured, but it also is a teaching moment," he said.

„Rekonstrukce těchto událostí je inspirující, jelikož popisuje strach, který jsme museli prožít - je to však zároveň moment k zamyšlení,“ řekl.


"It's like, if you don't learn from this, it can happen again.

„Pokud se z toho nepoučíme, kdo ví... mohlo by se to stát znovu.


Those who don't study their history, those who do not know their history, are doomed to repeat it."

Lidé, kteří neznají a nestudují historii své země jsou odsouzeni k jejímu opakování.“


The Central Message of Chaucer’s Retraction


The length and the abstractness of Chaucer’s Retraction can be deceiving and misleading, it can potentially lead readers to believe that the Chaucer’s retraction is trivial and insignificant.


The strong religious references may even deter the reader from exploring further.


And because the text is disconnected and isolated from other tales and other parts of The Canterbury Tale, people can even treat it like the unfinished Cook’s Tale.


One of the most vital messages of The Canterbury Tales is hidden in Chaucer’s Retraction : Since Geoffrey Chaucer possess the awareness and honesty like the Pardoner, he has the guts to confess his sins.


And his intention is not to just confess his sin or ask for his own forgiveness, but he hints that the readers should also ask for the mercy of God to forgive their sins.


The identity of speaker, Chaucer, is central to the meaning of the retraction.


In this passage of Chaucer’s Retraction, And if ther be any thyng that displea-se hem, I preye hem also that they arrette it to the defaute of myn unknnynge and nat to my wyl (1082-1083, Chaucer’s Retraction).


Chaucer asserts that anything that offends the reader should be imputed to his lack of ability and not to his will.


Here, it is the second time that Chaucer has made the similar type of claim in The Canterbury Tales.


In Chaucer’s Tale of Sir Topas, the Host interrupts Chaucer’s tedious tale by saying Namoore of this, for Goddes dignittee,/ for thou makest me/So weryof thy verray lewednesse (906, Sir Thopas).


Why wiltow lette me. / Moore of my tale than another man/ Syn that it is the beste tale I kan (926-928, Sir Thopas).


Chaucer claims that he has told the story the best of his ability, the beste tale I kan.


Ironically, no one in the history of the literature would doubt Chaucer’s ability to compose poetry with complex ideas.


The readers are fully aware that Chaucer has the ability to tell a magnificent and profound tale.


Is Chaucer lying? What is important to point out is that we must distinguish the author Chaucer and the character Chaucer in the poem.


They are completely different people: the author, Geoffrey Chaucer is unquestionably one of the greatest English author and poet of all time.


He is the first author to finish his masterpiece in the vernacular English language.


The reason why we are still reading Chaucer’s text today is because the greatness and the inherited values and ideas embedded in this rich text.


On the other hand, the character Chaucer in the book is a completely different character.


He is a story teller, and he tells the worst tales among all pilgrims.


In The Tale of Sir Topas, each stanza is intentionally filled up with clichés and absurdities.


This is a symbolic move on Geoffrey Chaucer’s part.


The character Chaucer is a representation of writers, especially the writers who do not have the skill to compose fresh rhymes or innovative thoughts, who continue to write clichés and conventional expressions.


Those writers are precisely who Geoffrey Chaucer criticizes and makes fun of because there is no profound literal value or an attempt to solve social problems.


In contrast, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is precisely the opposite: the tales resembles an entire society, high and low, male and female, old and young, Christian or pagan, educated or ignorant, town and country.


They are certainly amusing tales to read on the surface, but the political implication and social satire under the surface are why The Canterbury Tales stands out from all other books.


The author Geoffrey Chaucer mocks the character Chaucer and his conventional writing.


Despite the enormous sums of money they're paid to stand up at a Japanese plate, a good number decide it's not worth it and run for home.

I přes obrovské sumy peněz, které dostávají za to, že se vztyčí na japonské metě, se jich nemálo rozhodne, že to vlastně nestojí za to, a utíkají domů.


He spends his days sketching passers-by, or trying to .

Tráví den kreslením portrétů kolemjdoucích či se o to alespoň snaží.


Winning a bonus for a third year wasn't that important to her, Mrs. Yeargin insists .

Yearginová trvá na tom, že získat prémie v třetím roce po sobě pro ni nebylo až tak důležité.


But company officials said yesterday that they decided to take a $43 million pretax charge for the period to cover a restructuring of world-wide manufacturing operations, citing extended weakness in the market as well as a decision to switch to more economical production techniques.

Představitelé společnosti však včera oznámili, že se rozhodli vzít si za toto období částku ve výši 43 milionů před zdaněním na úhradu restrukturalizace celosvětových výrobních provozů, a jako důvod uvedli další oslabení trhu a rozhodnutí přejít na ekonomičtější výrobní techniky.


``This much fragmentation makes attracting and keeping today's rate-sensitive customers costly.''

"Tato velká fragmentace dosti zdražuje proces přilákání a udržení si dnešních zákazníků citlivých na sazby."


American Express Co. and General Motors Corp.'s beleaguered Buick division are joining forces in a promotion aimed at boosting Buick's sales while encouraging broader use of the American Express card.

Společnost American Express Co. a sužovaná divize Buick společnosti General Motors Corp. (GM) spojují síly v propagační akci orientované na zvýšení prodejů Buicku a zároveň rozšíření karty American Express.


That represents a very thin ``excess'' return, certainly far less than what most fundamental stock pickers claim to seek as their performance objective.

To znamená velmi malý zisk "navíc", bezesporu mnohem menší, než o jaký usiluje většina tradičních sběračů akcií jako hlavní cíl své práce.


``I don't want to denounce it because denouncing it would be like denouncing capitalism,'' he explains .

"Nechci ho odsuzovat, protože jeho odsuzování by bylo jako odsuzování kapitalismu," vysvětluje.


It shed about 7 pence, however, after dealers said the market was disappointed that Ford didn't move to tender a bid for control of the company.

Ztratil okolo 7 pencí, avšak až poté, co obchodníci řekli, že burza je zklamána, že firma Ford se nepřiměla k tomu, aby předložila nabídku na ovládnutí této společnosti.


Investors are appealing to the Securities and Exchange Commission not to limit their access to information about stock purchases and sales by corporate insiders.

Investoři naléhají na Komisi pro regulaci prodeje cenných papírů (SEC), aby neomezovala jejich přístup k informacím o nákupech a prodejích akcií vedoucími pracovníky společností.


Many investors wrote asking the SEC to require insiders to report their purchases and sales immediately, not a month later.

Mnoho investorů, kteří napsali Komisi, požadovalo, aby zavázala vedoucí pracovníky společností k hlášení svých nákupů a prodejů okamžitě, ne s měsíčním zpožděním.


``We must do more to help the Japanese here in Baja if we want them to invest elsewhere,'' says Mr. Ruffo, the governor-elect of the National Action Party and himself a succesful businessman.

"Musíme udělat více, abychom pomohli Japoncům tady ve státě Baja, pokud po nich chceme, aby investovali i jinde," říká pan Ruffo, který byl právě zvolen guvernérem Národní strany akce a sám je úspěšným obchodníkem.


Investors in the over-the-counter market dumped banking and insurance issues, sending the Nasdaq composite index lower for the third consecutive session.

Investoři na mimoburzovním trhu se zbavovali emisí bankovních a pojišťovacích institucí, čímž vyvolali snížení kompozitního indexu Nasdaq již třetí po sobě jdoucí burzovní den.


To strengthen its capital base, Banco Exterior this year issued $105 million in subordinated debt, launched two rights issues and sold stock held in its treasury to small investors.

Aby posílila svůj základní kapitál, vydala letos banka Banco Exterior podřízené dluhopisy v hodnotě 105 milionů dolarů, zahájila dvě nárokové emise a prodala akcie držené ve své finanční správě malým investorům.


Oppenheimer's Mr. Palmero, meanwhile, is steering clear of Gaylord Container, Stone Container and Federal Paper Board.

Palmero ze společnosti Oppenheimer se prozatím vyhýbá společnostem Gaylord Container, Stone Container a Federal Paper Board.


Kidder Peabody's Mr. Jarrett also sees some benefits to the stock market's recent drop.

Jarrett ze společnosti Kidder Peabody také vidí v současném propadu trhů cenných papírů jistý přínos.


Despite the initial support expected , trading in the contract is likely to start slowly.

Navzdory očekávané počáteční podpoře se obchodování se smlouvou rozjede pravděpodobně pomalu.


The company said it expects to use the proceeds to repay certain bank debt and for general corporate purposes, including establishing new operating centers and possible acquisitions.

Společnost uvedla, že předpokládá, že výtěžek použije na splacení jistého bankovního dluhu a na obecné cíle podniku včetně zavedení nových provozních center a možných akvizic.


``I've always relied heavily on the grid and found it never to fail.''

"Vždy jsem se velmi spoléhala na mřížku a zjistila, že nikdy nezklame."


Not only does your product have to be excellent, but you also have to be able to collect.''

Nejenže váš výrobek musí být prvotřídní, ale ještě musíte být schopni inkasovat."


Mr. Pilson recalls that in April 1986, after CBS's annual meeting in Philadelphia, he and Mr. Tisch took the 90-minute train ride back to New York, and Mr. Pilson used this extended private audience to outline his ambitions.

Neal Pilson si vzpomíná na to, že v dubnu 1986, po každoročním setkání CBS v Philadelphii, s Laurencem Tischem nasedli na vlak a hodinu a půl jeli do New Yorku, přičemž Neal Pilson využil příležitosti rozhovoru mezi čtyřma očima k tomu, aby mu nastínil své vize.


Robert L. Wood, 37-year-old chief financial officer, was named chairman and chief executive officer of this independent power producer, succeeding Raymond L. Hixson, 63.

Robert L. Wood, 37letý finanční ředitel, byl jmenován předsedou a generálním ředitelem tohoto nezávislého výrobce energie, a vystřídal tak 63letého Raymonda L. Hixsona.


The Italian auto maker confirmed that it was discussing technical cooperation with Saab, but declined to comment on rumors that it was planning to buy Saab's car division.

Tento italský výrobce automobilů potvrdil, že se společností Saab jednal o technické spolupráci, ale odmítl se vyjádřit k dohadům, že plánuje koupit automobilovou divizi společnosti Saab.


At dawn on a cool day, hundreds travel to the private market in Radzymin, a town not far from Warsaw, hauling pigs, cattle and sacks of feed that the state's official buyers can't induce them to sell .

Za úsvitu jednoho chladného dne stovky z nich jedou na soukromý trh do Radzyminu, města nedaleko od Varšavy, kam vlečou selata, dobytek a pytle s krmivem, které je státní oficiální nákupčí nemohou přinutit prodat.


Early in the day, bond dealers said trading volume was heavy as large institutional investors scrambled to buy long-term Treasury bonds on speculation that the stock market's volatility would lead to a ``flight-to-quality'' rally.

Dopoledne zprostředkovatelé burzovních obchodů s obligacemi uvedli, že obchodovaný objem je rozsáhlý, jelikož se velcí institucionální investoři drali o koupi dlouhodobých státních dluhopisů na základě spekulace, že nestabilita burzy povede k zotavení trhu "útěkem ke kvalitě".


In its first day of when-issued trading here, Euro Disney soared like Dumbo to close at 814 pence ($13.05), up 15% from its 707-pence offering price.

V prvním dni obchodování před jejich zdejším skutečným vydáním vyletěly akcie společnosti Euro Disney jako slon Dumbo, aby uzavřely na 814 pencích (13.05 dolaru), což je 15% zvýšení z nabídkové ceny 707 pencí.


Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack Kemp called on the Federal Reserve System to lower interest rates.

Ministr pro bytovou výstavbu a rozvoj měst Jack Kemp vyzval Federální rezervní systém, aby snížil úrokové sazby.


It was offered as an expression of cooperation to Mr. Gonzalez, who is investigating the $2.5 billion failure of Lincoln Savings&Loan Association.

Gonzalezovi, který vyšetřuje selhání spořitelního a úvěrového sdružení Lincoln Savings & Loan Association v hodnotě 2.5 miliardy dolarů, jej nabídl jako vyjádření nabídky spolupráce.


``If you are born to give parties, you give parties.

"Pokud jste se narodili s talentem pro pořádání večírků, pořádáte večírky.


Several medical concerns, including Pfizer Inc., Hewlett-Packard Co., Colgate and Abbott Laboratories intend to pursue a similar consortium approach.

Některé medicínské koncerny včetně společností Pfizer Inc., Hewlett-Packard Co., Colgate a Abbott Laboratories zamýšlejí uplatňovat podobný společný přístup.


``It helps to point out how many important people came through Cleveland on their way to the top,'' says George Miller, executive director of the New Cleveland Campaign, a nonprofit organization devoted to citing the city's strengths.

"Pomohlo by, kdybychom zdůraznili, kolik významných osobností prošlo na své cestě na vrchol Clevelandem," říká George Miller, výkonný ředitel organizace Kampaň za nový Cleveland, neziskové organizace, která se věnuje připomínání předností tohoto města.


``It's horrible to say, but it's unfortunate that earthquake wasn't in Phoenix -- it might have knocked out some of our empty buildings,'' said C.W. Jackson, a prominent Arizona businessman with interests in real estate, banking and many other businesses.

"Je strašné tohle říkat, ale je škoda, že ve Phoenixu nebylo zemětřesení - mohlo strhnout některé z našich prázdných budov," řekl C. W. Jackson, přední arizonský podnikatel s účastí v nemovitostech, bankovnictví a mnoha dalších oborech.


``That's the problem with trying to hedge too much,'' said Mr. Brouwer.

"To je problém, který přináší snaha příliš se zajistit," řekl Brouwer.


They dropped 0.4% as dealers continued to offer rebates to attract customers.

Klesly o 0.4 %, jelikož prodejci i nadále nabízeli slevy, aby přilákali zákazníky.


Junk bonds ended about one-half point higher with so-called high-quality issues from RJR Capital Holdings Corp. and Petrolane Gas Service Limited Partnership rising one point.

Rizikové obligace skončily přibližně o půl bodu výše a takzvané vysoce kvalitní emise společnosti RJR Capital Holdings Corp. a společnosti Petrolane Gas Service Limited Partnership stouply o jeden bod.


The charity admits spending a lot on fund raising, but says that was necessary to establish a donor base it can tap at much lower cost in years to come.

Charita připouští, že utratila mnoho za shromažďování financí, ale tvrdí, že bylo nutné vybudovat dárcovskou základnu, ze které bude v příštích letech možno těžit s mnohem menšími náklady.


But there was a dearth of sellers, traders said , so buyers had to bid prices up to entice them.

Byl ale nedostatek prodejců, uvedli obchodníci, takže kupci museli nabízet cenu, aby je přilákali.


In exchange for dramatically lower tax rates, the framers of that legislation sought to eliminate most of the exemptions, deductions and credits that gave some taxpayers an advantage over others.

Výměnou za dramaticky nižší daňové sazby se tvůrci těchto zákonů snažili zlikvidovat většinu výjimek, snížení a dobropisů, které některé poplatníky zvýhodňují oproti ostatním.


Now they plan to sell us products that sift through all the information to give us what we really want to know .

Nyní plánují prodat nám produkty, které všechny informace protřídí, aby nám poskytly to, co opravdu chceme vědět.


``Politics has essentially put up a roadblock'' to finding sites for new federal prisons, Mr. Bennett said at a news conference called to report on his ``emergency assistance program'' for the capital.

"Politika v podstatě postavila silniční zátaras" pro hledání míst pro nové federální věznice, řekl Bennett na tiskové konferenci svolané za účelem oznámení "krizového podpůrného programu" pro hlavní město.


The single most important contribution the government could make now to help the poor is to get the specter of drugs out of their neighborhoods.

Jediným velmi významným příspěvkem, kterým by vláda nyní mohla pomoci chudým, je odstranit z jejich sousedství hrozbu drog.


A main factor mitigating more widespread damage was the location of the quake's epicenter -- 20 miles from the heart of the Silicon Valley and more than 50 miles from downtown San Francisco and Oakland.

Hlavním faktorem, který zabránil ještě většímu rozšíření škod, byla poloha epicentra zemětřesení - 20 mil od středu oblasti Silicon Valley a více než 50 mil od centra San Franciska a Oaklandu.


Like West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, he represents the postwar generation that has grown up during Germany's division.

Podobně jako západoněmecký kancléř Helmut Kohl zastupuje poválečnou generaci, která vyrůstala během dělení Německa.


The first priority for Wang's sales force is to make sure it holds on to existing customers.

Nejvyšší prioritou pro prodejní sílu společnosti Wang je udržet stávající zákazníky.


The committee gave the government until Nov. 15 to revise the proposal.

Výbor dal vládě k přepracování návrhu čas do 15. listopadu.


Although it may not be legally obligated to sell the company if the buy-out group can't revive its bid, it may have to explore alternatives if the buyers come back with a bid much lower than the group's original $300-a-share proposal.

Ačkoliv není právně zavázáno prodat společnost, nebude-li moci skupina mající zájem o výkup svou nabídku oživit, bude asi muset zvážit různé alternativy, přijdou-li kupci s novou nabídkou, mnohem nižší než byl původní návrh skupiny, který činil 300 dolarů za podíl.


People in Glass houses tend to look stoned.

Lidé na Glassových koncertech mají sklon se opít na mol.


Nearly half of U.S. consumers say they'll pay up to 5% more for packaging that can be recycled or is biodegradable, according to a survey commissioned by the Michael Peters Group, a design consultant.

Podle průzkumu vypracovaného skupinou Michael Peters Group, poradce v oblasti designu, téměř polovina zákazníků ve Spojených státech tvrdí, že zaplatí až o 5 % více za obal, který lze recyklovat nebo který je rozkladatelný biologickou cestou.


``If K mart can't get its act together in discounting, why is it spending time worrying about other growing markets ?''

"Když K mart nedokáže zvládnout své aktivity v diskontech, proč ztrácí čas staráním se o jiné rostoucí trhy?"


Mr. Trump, who vowed Wednesday to ``go forward'' with the bid, said he was dropping it ``in light of the recent change in market conditions.''

Pan Trump, který ve středu slíbil "postoupit" s nabídkou, řekl, že ji nechal padnout "ve světle nedávných změn tržních podmínek."


Grinned Griffith Peck, a trader in Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc.'s OTC department: ``I tell you, this market acts healthy.''

Zubící se Griffith Peck, obchodník mimoburzovního obchodování společnosti Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc.: "To vám povím, tenhle trh se chová zdravě."


In Taiwan and South Korea, rising wages are forcing manufacturers to seek other overseas sites for labor-intensive production.

Na Tchaj-wanu a v Jižní Koreji nutí rostoucí mzdy výrobce hledat další místa pro pracovně náročnou výrobu v zahraničí.


It is in my estimation the best wine Stag's Leap has produced , and with fewer than 700 cases available, it is sure to sell quickly.

Odhaduji, že je to nejlepší víno, jaké kdy bylo ve Stag's Leap vyrobeno, a jelikož ho máme necelých 700 beden, jistě se rychle vyprodá.


But in August, First Atlanta National Bank introduced its Crown Account, a package designed to lure customers such as Ms. Driskill.

V srpnu však zavedla banka First Atlanta National Bank svůj Královský účet, balíček připravený k nalákání takových zákazníků, jako je paní Driskillová.


The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have .

Farníci z kostela sv. Michaela a Všech andělů se zastavili u dveří do kostela v rozhovoru, tak jak to zdejší členové odjakživa dělávají.


In heavy trading on the New York Stock Exchange, Campbell's shares rose $3.375 to close at $47.125.

Při tvrdém obchodování na Newyorské burze cenných papírů vzrostly cenné papíry firmy Cambell o 3375 dolaru a uzavíraly na 47125 dolaru.


Even with mutual funds, the little investor continues to tolerate high fees, high commissions and poor performance, while index-fund managers slowly amass a better record with lower fees, lower commissions and less risk.

Drobný investor dokonce i v případě investičních fondů nadále toleruje vysoké poplatky, vysoké provize a ubohý zisk, zatímco manažeři indexového fondu pomalu hromadí lepší výsledky za nižší poplatky, nižší provize a menší riziko.


But like Mr. Egnuss, few expect it to be halted entirely, and a surprising number doubt it should be .

Ale tak jako pan Egnuss, málo lidí očekává, že bude zcela zastaveno, a překvapivé množství pochybuje o tom, zda by mělo být.


In addition, a big loan that First Boston made to Ohio Mattress Co. wasn't repaid on time when its $450 million junk financing for a buy-out of the bedding company was withdrawn .

Mimoto velká půjčka, kterou firma First Boston poskytla firmě Ohio Mattress Co. nebyla včas splacena, když bylo odvoláno financování podřadných dluhopisů ve výši 450 milionů dolarů, aby byla vykoupena základní společnost.


The ultimate result came in Hymowitz v. Lilly, where the highest New York court expanded the market-share approach for the first time to say that drug makers that could prove Mindy Hymowitz's mother didn't use their pill must still pay their share of any damages .

Definitivní výsledek přišel v případu Hymowitz versus Lilly, kde Nejvyšší soud v New Yorku poprvé rozšířil stanovisko o podílu na trhu a oznámil, že výrobci léčiv, kteří by mohli dokázat, že matka Mindy Hymowitzové neužívala jejich pilulky, musí přesto zaplatit svůj podíl na odškodném.


The Ginnie Mae 9% securities were yielding 9.32% to a 12-year average life.

9% cenné papíry firmy Ginnie Mae vynášely 9.32 % za průměrné 12leté trvání.


Even expect stolen bases, says the wiry and fit Mr. Campaneris: ``If you know how to slide , it's no problem,'' he says .

Dokonce čekejte ukradené mety, říká šlachovitý Campaneris, který je v dobré formě: "Když víte, jak se sklouznout, není to problém," tvrdí.


European politicians were less reluctant to have their governments investigate and harass new religions.)

Evropští politici se tolik nerozpakovali a umožnili orgánům státní správy, aby nová náboženství sledovaly a zkoumaly.)


Mr. Bush announced several weeks ago that he intended to send such a mission, composed of top government aides and business and labor leaders.

Prezident Bush před několika týdny oznámil, že má v úmyslu vyslat takovou delegaci, která se bude skládat z nejvyšších vládních poradců, vedoucích podnikatelských osobností a odborových vůdců.


Meanwhile, the big players haven't tried to copy the NEC standard.

Velcí hráči se mezitím ani nepokusili okopírovat standard firmy NEC.


But yesterday, Mr. Carpenter said big institutional investors, which he wouldn't identify , ``told us they wouldn't do business with firms'' that continued to do index arbitrage for their own accounts.

Jenže včera Michael Carpenter uvedl, že velcí institucionální investoři, které blíže nespecifikoval, "nám sdělili, že nebudou obchodovat s firmami", jež i nadále provádějí indexové arbitráže na vlastní účet.


MiniScribe said it expects to begin full volume production of the drives in the U.S. and Singapore in the first quarter next year.

Společnost MiniScribe uvedla, že počítá se zahájením plného objemu výroby zmíněných mechanik ve Spojených státech a Singapuru v prvním čtvrtletí příštího roku.


I personally do not want to hasten Mr. Lehman's demise, but I can see him figuring prominently in his own article.

Já osobně nechci uspíšit demisi pana Lehmana, ale připadá mi, jako by ten článek psal sám o sobě.


In the second step of a reorganization that began earlier this year, Boeing Co. said it will create a Defense and Space Group to consolidate several divisions.

V druhém kroku reorganizace, která začala na začátku roku, společnost Boeing Co. uvedla, že vytvoří skupinu pro obranu a letectví, v níž se sloučí několik divizí.


Is that the forecast?'' Mr. O'Brien asks , trying to pin down the economist.

Je to vaše předpověď?" zeptá se O'Brien ve snaze získat od ekonoma odpověď.


To keep the exchange rate pegged , Mr. Lawson tightened monetary policy and pushed interest rates up to 15%.

Za účelem udržení stávajícího kurzu zpřísnil Nigel Lawson měnovou politiku a vyhnal úrokové sazby až na 15 %.


The company said the move was necessary to meet capital requirements.

Společnost uvedla, že tento krok byl nutný ke splnění kapitálových požadavků.


Put March 31, 1992, at a fixed 107 3\/4 to yield 3.43%.

Upsány 31. března 1992 na pevných 107 3/4 s výnosem 3.43 %.


At its November meeting, it will try to revise its quotas to satisfy Persian Gulf members that can produce far more oil than their allotments.

Na svém listopadovém zasedání se pokusí přehodnotit své limity, aby uspokojilo členy OPEC z Perského zálivu, kteří mohou produkovat mnohem více ropy, než kolik činí jejich podíly.


Meeting in Strasbourg Wednesday, the commission voted, as expected, to formally object to the accord between Air France, the state-owned airline, and state-controlled domestic carrier Air Inter.

Na středečním setkání ve Štrasburku komise podle očekávání odhlasovala, že podá oficiální námitku proti dohodě mezi státem vlastněnými aeroliniemi Air France a státem kontrolovaným domácím dopravcem Air Inter.


The Fed would eliminate the cause of the potential panic rather than attempting to treat the symptom -- the liquidity of the banks.

Federální rezervní banka by spíše odstraňovala příčinu možné paniky, ale nesnažila by se léčit příznak - likviditu bank.


Meanwhile, the pimp Pompey (Glen Allen Pruett), dressed in black leather and a prominent codpiece, indulges in enough obscene gestures and pelvic thrusts to launch a space probe.

Mezitím se pasák Pompey (Glen Allen Pruett), oděný v černé kůži a s výrazným poklopcem, oddává tolika obscénním gestům a pohybům pánví, že by dokázal vypustit kosmickou sondu.


Finally, the case of Dr. Morgan gave Congress an opportunity to act with unaccustomed decisiveness and to engage in one of its favorite pastimes -- bashing the District of Columbia government.

Případ doktorky Morganové nakonec poskytl Kongresu příležitost jednat s nezvyklou rozhodností a zabývat se jedním ze svých oblíbených koníčků - kritizování vlády federální oblasti District of Columbia.


But the plan now is being ``reformulated ,'' Delmed said , declining to provide most of the new terms of the combination.

Tento plán se však nyní "upravuje", uvedla společnost Delmed, avšak odmítla uvést většinu nových podmínek sloučení.


West Germany's BMW commissioned the Nuremberg post office to test a prototype battery-powered car.

Západoněmecká společnost BMW pověřila poštu v Norimberku, aby vyzkoušela prototyp baterií poháněného auta.


Still, with competitors such as Eastman Kodak Co. faltering in copier sales, Xerox's sales increases ``were encouraging,'' says Eugene Glazer of Dean Witter Reynolds Inc.

Přesto ve srovnání s konkurencí v oblasti prodeje kopírek, jako je společnost Eastman Kodak Co., to "byl povzbudivý" nárůst prodeje společnosti Xerox, uvádí Eugene Glazer ze společnosti Dean Witter Reynolds Inc.


Thus, optimistic entrepreneurs await a promised land of less red tape -- just as soon as Uncle Sam gets around to arranging it.

Optimističtí podnikatelé tedy čekají na zemi zaslíbenou, kde bude méně byrokracie - jen co si strýček Sam najde čas, aby to zařídil.


Shearson Lehman Hutton declined to comment.

Shearson Lehman Hutton se odmítl vyjádřit.


The researchers discovered that Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists and fundamantalist Protestants were nearly always against the defendants; the lawyers resolved to try to keep them off the jury.

Vědci zjistili, že episkopalisté, presbyteriáni, metodisti a fundamentalističtí protestanti byli téměř vždy proti obžalovaným; právníci se rozhodli pokusit se vyčlenit je z poroty.


Jeanene Page, of North Salt Lake City, Utah, likes the broader selection.

Jeanene Pageová z města North Salt Lake City v Utahu má širší výběr ráda.


Then the two camps upped the ante: Reports that Chosen Soren had donated directly to JSP members were rapidly countered by statements that the South Korean residents' organization had long been donating directly to LDP members.

Potom oba tábory zvýšily sázku: na zprávy, že organizace Chosen Soren obdarovala přímo členy JSP, následovala rychlá odpověď v podobě prohlášení, že organizace občanů Jižní Koreje dlouho obdarovávala přímo členy LDP.


Debenture holders will also receive the equivalent of 10% of the common stock of CNW Holdings.

Držitelé dluhopisů také získají ekvivalent v 10% kmenových akciích společnosti CNW Holdings.


For example, Nissho Iwai Corp., one of the biggest Japanese trading houses, now buys almost twice as many goods from China as it sells to that country.

Společnost Nissho Iwai Corp., jedna z největších japonských obchodních firem, dnes například kupuje dvakrát tolik zboží z Číny, než kolik do této země vyváží.


Because wholesale energy prices shot up by a steep 6.5% last month, many analysts expected energy prices to rise at the consumer level too.

Vzhledem k tomu, že velkoobchodní ceny energií minulý měsíc prudce stouply o neuvěřitelných 6.5 %, řada analytiků očekávala, že ceny energií porostou také na spotřebitelské úrovni.


Yesterday, Prudential-Bache Securities Inc. said it postponed a $220 million senior subordinated debenture offering by York International Corp.

Společnost Prudential-Bache Securities Inc. včera oznámila, že nabídku prioritních podřízených dluhopisů za 220 milionů dolarů od společnosti York International Corp. odkládá.


On Oct. 3, following conversations with Secretary of State James Baker, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze arrived in Managua to acclaim ``Nicaragua's great peace efforts.''

Po debatách s ministrem zahraničních věcí Jamesem Bakerem přijel 3. října sovětský ministr zahraničí Eduard Ševarnadze do Managuy a projevil nadšený souhlas s "velkým nikaragujským mírovým úsilím".


Prompted by an earlier California earthquake, as well as a fire in a Los Angeles office tower, Great Western Bank in the past year hired three emergency planners and spent $75,000 equipping a trailer with communications gear to serve as an emergency headquarters.

Společnost Great Western Bank, inspirována dřívějším zemětřesením v Kalifornii a také požárem v kancelářském věžáku v Los Angeles, si v minulém roce najala tři plánovače pro krizové situace a utratila 75000 dolarů za vybavení přívěsného vozu komunikačními potřebami, aby sloužil jako nouzové hlavní ústředí.


Much of the cost of cleaning up after the earthquake will involve repairing highways and bridges.

Velká část nákladů na úklid po zemětřesení se bude týkat opravy dálnic a mostů.


On Farmers, Mr. Prideaux said it is too early to quantify the level of potential claims.

Pokud jde o firmu Farmers, Prideaux řekl, že je příliš brzy na to, aby byla vyčíslena výše případných nároků.


But when Mr. Maynard came forward with his machine in the early 1970s nobody else was offering them in the U.S..

Když ale na počátku roku 1970 přišel Maynard se svým přístrojem, nikdo jiný v USA tyto přístroje nenabízel.


In the end, Teddy returns alone to America, leaving Ruth in Max's chair.

Na konci se Teddy vrací do Ameriky sám a Ruth nechává v Maxově křesle.


Rival Boston Herald columnist Howie Carr, who usually rails at Statehouse ``hacks'' and nepotism, argued that the new drawings were designed to hide Mr. Madden's ``rapidly growing forehead'' and the facial defects of ``chinless'' Dan Shaughnessy, a Globe sports columnist.

Sloupkař konkurenčního deníku Boston Herald Howie Carr, který obvykle ostře vystupuje proti "nájemným pisálkům" a proti protekci v Kapitolu, tvrdí, že nové kresby byly navrženy, aby skryly páně Maddenovo "rychle se zvětšující čelo" a obličejové vady "bezbradého" sportovního sloupkaře deníku Globe Dana Shaughnessyho.


``Underwriters of the TVA bonds reduced their market risk by selling Treasurys to cover at least part of their {TVA} holdings,'' said James R. Capra, a senior vice president at Shearson Lehman Government Securities Inc.

"Upisovatelé dluhopisů společnosti TVA snížili své tržní riziko prodejem státních obligací, aby pokryli alespoň část své držby (dluhopisů TVA)," řekl James R. Capra, hlavní viceprezident společnosti Shearson Lehman Government Securities Inc.


A cutoff of U.S. military aid would merely abandon them to die in vain.

Ukončení americké vojenské pomoci je jen nechá, aby zbytečně zemřeli.


Although the union-bidder expects to patch together a substitute offer, consisting of less cash, the failure to get cash from Japanese and American banks confirmed a growing fear among arbitragers that the pageant of high-leverage takeover deals is ending.

Ačkoliv sdružení nabízejících očekává, že poskládá dohromady náhradní nabídku obsahující menší hotovost, neúspěch při získávání finanční hotovosti od japonských a amerických bank jen potvrdil rostoucí obavy mezi arbitrážními makléři, že slavnost vysoce zadlužených převzetí končí.


Still, despite the sudden reappearance of stock-market turbulence, managers of Japanese investment funds said they weren't planning to unload U.S. or European equities.

A i přesto, že se náhle vrátila turbulence akciového trhu, manažeři japonských investičních fondů řekli, že nemají v plánu se zbavit amerických či evropských kmenových akcií.


Last month, the Senate voted to send a delegation of congressional staffers to Poland to assist its legislature, the Sejm, in democratic procedures.

Minulý měsíc hlasoval Senát pro vyslání delegace zaměstnanců Kongresu do Polska, aby pomáhala místnímu zákonodárnému sboru, Sejmu, s demokratickými procedurami.


Theories and concepts do not exist in a vacuum.


Rather, they grow out of a historical context that both nourishes while constrains their development.


In the process of development, these concepts and theories dialogue and interact with (perhaps agree, disagree, or complement) other components in the context.


As Magraret Somers suggests, concept is produced, organized, constrained, and contained by its embeddedness in a conceptual network, which is a structured relation matrix of theoretical principles and conceptual assumptions.


(Somers 1995, p.134) Keeping Somers’ idea in mind, I will attempt to locate several concepts of Polanyi, Adrent, and Harbermas in a conceptual network of utilitarian and liberal social thoughts.


Conceptual network: phantasms of Leviathan, Locke’s dichotomy between public and private, and social naturalism


While Polanyi, Adrent, and Harbermas composed their thoughts in the twentieth centuries, we still can see their interaction with the 17th century specters of Hobbes’


Leviathan and of Locke’s civil society and social naturalism in their theories.


To solve the problem of order, Hobbes creates a powerful Leviathan, but Leviathan per se becomes a source of coercion.


Locke then succeeds to address threats of Leviathan/absolutism/tyranny by devising a civil society -- a private sphere distinct from and independent of the state.


In order to ensure individual freedom and property in this private realm, Locke adroitly arranges the temporal sequence of the occurrence of these two spheres.


In his narrative, civil society, the prepolitical community, emerges first.


Through the formation of a social contract by individuals in the civil society, state--a representative government-- is established and gains its legitimacy.


In addition to this dexterous arrangement in temporal order, Somers suggests that Locke creates a super powerful metanarrative by grafting his narrative to the binary epistemological coding of social naturalism.


In this combination of narrative and binary codes, the private realm, the civil society, wins its epistemological privilege over the public realm--the state, because the former falls on the natural side in the epistemological divide while the latter falls on the non-natural side(Somers 1999, p.145).


In this way, the sole place of social organization in Hobbes’ narrative, the state, is split into two parts—state/the public realm and civil society/the private realm (Somers 1999, p. 122).


Meanwhile, because of its naturalness, the private realm/civil society has sustained its superior position to the public realm/state, as well as its heroic reputation of establishing the social foundations for individual freedom and autonomy against the coercions of the state(Somers 1999, p.137).


The great dichotomy of modern political thought was born (Somers 1999, p.122).


Afterwards, this dichotomy has become a shadow in which subsequent political and social thoughts have been built.


To facilitate relating the concepts of Polanyi, Adrendt, and Harbermas to this conceptual network, it is helpful to take a closer look at Locke’s private realm/civil society in advance.


Distinct from Marx’s narrow notion of civil society that is merely associated with market, Locke’s civil society is a more comprehensive concept that refers to a plethora of institutions outside the state (Alexander 2006, p.24).


It is true that Locke locates the sphere of commerce, property, and exchange in the private sphere, yet according to Locke’s arrangement, it is the political culture of public opinion and social trust that ensure order, freedom and moral cohesion outside the institutions of the state (Somers 1999, p.143).


As Alexander emphasizes, this notion of civil society is endowed with a distinctively moral and ethical force (Alexander 2006, p.25).


As I will mention later, the notion of civil society would be narrowed down to an economic realm or even to the market by subsequent thinkers.


Karl Polanyi’s concept of the discovery of society


Polanyi fundamentally diverges from the utilitarian and liberal tradition.


His object in The Great Transformation is critique of economic liberalism.


Distinct from utilitarian and liberal tradition’s dividing the society into two realms: state and anti-state, Polanyi takes a holistic view on the society.


As Somers points out, the foundational concept of Polanyi’s theories is the idea of totality-- a social whole that provides the necessary context for grasping particular social dynamics.


Repression and the emergence of the bourgeois self: the social origins of neuroses


The self - a concept with which we are well acquainted today - refers to the construction of an individual consciousness in relationship to itself, other individuals, and society.


It is a concept built on Enlightenment ideas of the individual as a person possessing reason and free will.


It was the child of thinkers like Rousseau, Hobbes and Hegel who focused their philosophical investigations on the individual.


Once the individual was created as a subject in the consciousness of everyday life, the self arose in modern discourse.


The construction of the self is a rule-governed process in which certain development is encouraged, while other qualities are curtailed.


In Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis Freud outlines repression as a means by which the self is shaped, in the sense that certain ideas are repressed, or removed, from consciousness.


Frantz Fanon builds on Freud's theory in Black Skin, White Masks to describe the construction of the self within the social structures erected by colonialism.


Freud and Fanon focus on neuroses as symptoms of the development of the self gone awry as a means by which to study the process of development itself.


Fanon and Freud agree that the rules governing this process are derived from society.


However, while Freud only tangentially discusses the role civilization plays in the psychological development of the self, Fanon goes so far as to claim that the self is socially constructed.


Since the rules governing this process are formulated in society, then the emergence of the bourgeois self refers to the construction of the self in a particular - bourgeois - society.


In this paper I will discuss construction of the self and the role that society plays in this process as presented by Freud and Fanon.


I will first outline Freud's theory of repression and discuss how repression shapes the self.


I will then examine the role that Freud attributed to society, specifically bourgeois society, in this process.


I will then draw out how Fanon used Freud's theory of repression to argue that development of the self is socially constructed.


Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis in the interest of treating patients with hysterical, or neurotic, symptoms.


He initially postulated with Breuer that these symptoms were the result of previously experienced traumas.


However, he later redefined his theory to propose that neuroses are the result of conflicting impulses within the self.


When an intolerable impulse arises a struggle ensues, with the objectionable wish on one side and the individual's ethical and aesthetic standards on the other (22).


A complex arises as the internal struggle ends with the repression of the undesirable wish, which is pushed out of consciousness into the unconscious.


At first it appears that the struggle has been resolved.


However, the unsatisfied wish still lurks in the unconscious waiting to resurface.


It later makes its re-entry into the conscious realm, disguised in another, often harmful, form.


Thus Freud traces the appearance of neuroses to the repression of certain ideas and wishes that are in conflict with what is deemed acceptable by the self.


Freud does offer other mechanisms, in addition to repression, for resolving this conflict.


Language, Literacy, and Policyin the Philippine Context


It is said that language is the faculty that is most uniquely human.


So much of our selves and our identities are tied to the language we speak; the way we see and understand the world is strongly shaped by it.


Perhaps this is the reason why issues of language are often so contentious.


This is especially so in states that are not nation-states; that is, countries that are made up of more than one ethno-linguistic group.


In such states, language is often pressed into service as a means to unite people, as a basis for their imagined community (Anderson, 1991).


The selection of one language for that purpose, however, means that some other language is not selected, and so the source of strife.


Some states have adopted the solution of allowing for more than one language in the polity, a situation where one maintains allegiance to the larger entity, while also retaining affiliation with one’s own smaller group.


Keeping such in balance, however, is not always easy; where one ends and the other begins is not always clear.


Such ambiguities become apparent in institutions and domains where language must be used and where literacy is a must, such as government, education, and commerce.


The last introduces a further complication.


In a globalized world, there is no way to escape doing commerce with other nations, and such commerce must necessarily be done in the global lingua franca, which happens to be English.


As such, in some states, there are not just two, but three or more languages in the mix.


An estimated 160 languages are spoken throughout the country.


Of these, seven languages have more than one million speakers, and two of these – Tagalog and Cebuano – have more than ten million native speakers each (World Bank, 1995).


And there is a strong regionalism that often falls along these linguistic lines.


Indeed, while weather is the standard topic for strangers in other parts of the world, Filipinos who meet for the first time, especially when overseas, ask each other what region or province they come from, which answer becomes the basis for their conversation.


This regionalism might have to do with the country being a developing nation where three-fourths of the population lives near or below the poverty threshold (National Statistics Office, 2003).


It has been noted that in hard times, people will cling to their language and ethnic group; in times of plenty, they pay little attention to resources like ethnic languages (Paulston, 1988, p.7).


Language can determine opportunity, and opportunity is crucial for those who depend on it for survival.


This sociolinguistic situation presents challenges for Philippine education and public policy.


On the one hand, the educational system needs to deal with the diversity of languages in which that education will be delivered and in which literacy skills must be developed.


On the other hand, it must do this while working with limited financial resources.


This scarcity of resources dictates that education be delivered efficiently and effectively, according to what is known about language and learning.


As such, there are several questions that research and policy need to answer, and which this paper will discuss.


The golden share dates from Jaguar's public offering in 1984 and was designed to protect the company from takeover.

Zlatá akcie vznikla při veřejné nabídce společnosti Jaguar v roce 1984 a byla vytvořena na ochranu společnosti proti převzetí.


I am referring to those young men who chose to disobey their country's call to arms during the Vietnam war and fled to Canada or some other sanctuary to avoid combat.

Mám na mysli ty mladé muže, kteří se během války ve Vietnamu rozhodli neuposlechnout, když je vlast povolala do zbraně, a vyhnuli se boji útěkem do Kanady nebo do jiné země, která jim poskytla útočiště.


Medco Research developed the drug and licensed it to Lyphomed for sale in the U.S. and Canada.

Firma Medco Research tento lék vyvinula a oprávnila firmu Lyphomed k jeho prodeji v USA a Kanadě.


Under this plan, two provisions currently in the House version of the deficit-cutting bill -- repeal of both the catastrophic-illness insurance program and a controversial 1986 tax provision intended to counter discrimination in employee-benefit plans -- would be made into a separate bill.

Podle tohoto plánu by dvě nařízení, která jsou nyní ve sněmovní verzi návrhu zákona o snížení deficitu - zrušení jak katastrofálně nemocného pojistného programu, tak i kontroverzního daňového ustanovení z roku 1986 určeného, aby vyvážil diskriminaci v plánech na zaměstnanecké příspěvky, - byla dána do odděleného zákona.


Forest-products issues showing strength included Champion International, which went up 1 3\/8 to 31 7\/8; Weyerhaeuser, up 3\/4 to 27 1\/4; Louisiana-Pacific, up 1 1\/8 to 40 3\/8, and Boise Cascade, up 5\/8 to 42.

Mezi cenné papíry z lesnického odvětví vykazující stabilitu se zařadily firmy Champion International, která navýšila o 1 3/8 na 31 7/8, Weyerhaeuser o 3/4 na 27 1/4, Louisiana-Pacific o 1 1/8 na 40 3/8 a Boise Cascade o 5/8 na 42.


Employees like the option but firms say it's too tough to run .

Zaměstnancům se tato možnost líbí, ale firmy tvrdí, že provozovat takový program je příliš zatěžující.


Meanwhile, as the Sunday evening show struggles to stay afloat against the tough competition of ``Murder, She Wrote ,'' the grapevine idea is threatening to turn into a weed: The tactic apparently has inspired sample viewings, but accolades are slow in coming.

Mezitím hrozí, že zatímco se pořady nedělního večera snaží udržet se nad vodou v silné konkurenci seriálu "To je vražda, napsala", šeptanda se změní v ticho: Zdá se, že taktika vyvolala pokusné sledování, avšak ohlasy přicházejí jen zvolna.


One color photo displays a rainbow of dress shirts tied in a knot; another picture shows neckties with bold designs.

Jedna barevná fotografie zobrazuje širokou paletu frakových košil uvázaných na uzel; jiný obrázek předvádí vázanky ve smělém provedení.


Air-raid sirens sounded the alarm at 2:25 a.m., summoning 12,000 air wardens to duty.

Protiletecké sirény ohlašovaly poplach ve 2:25 ráno a svolaly do služby 12000 leteckých hlídek.


The implications for Britain, France and the rest of Europe of having their currencies tied to the economic policy of a neutral country need considering before we judge Mr. Lawson's resignation to be unfortunate.

Než označíme rezignaci Nigela Lawsona za nešťastnou, je nutno zvážit, jaké důsledky bude mít pro Británii, Francii a zbytek Evropy spojení jejich měn s ekonomickou politikou neutrální země.


While Southern Co. has been reluctant to discuss the grand jury investigations, Edward L. Addison, chief executive officer, has said the company is prepared to defend its tax and acccounting practices if any charges are brought against it.

A i když se společnost Southern Co. k trestnímu stíhání nechtěla vyjadřovat, výkonný ředitel společnosti Edward L. Addison uvedl, že společnost je připravena hájit své daňové a účetní postupy, pokud proti ní budou vznesena nějaká obvinění.


On Oct. 20, the town's mayor, Robert Reid, made an announcement on behalf of CBS during half-time at the Middletown High School football game asking for volunteers.

20. října vystoupil primátor města Robert Reid jménem společnosti CBS během mezičasu fotbalového zápasu vysoké školy v Middletown a žádal o dobrovolníky.


While renewing military aid had been considered out of the question, rejected by Congress and de-emphasized by the Bush administration, Mr. Ortega's statement provides Contra supporters with the opportunity to press the administration on the issue.

Přestože obnovení vojenské pomoci bylo považováno za vyloučené, neboť bylo odmítnuto Kongresem a odsunuto Bushovou vládou, prohlášení prezidenta Ortegy poskytuje stoupencům Contras možnost v této věci na vládu tlačit.


The team reported they managed to induce bacteria to produce a non-toxic version of the poisons produced by the bacterium that causes whooping cough.

Tým oznámil, že se jim podařilo izolovat bakterii, která vytváří netoxickou verzi jedovatých látek produkovaných bakterií způsobující černý kašel.


Recently, some 60 environmental and outdoor groups representing such divergent points of view as the Sierra Club, the League of Women Voters and the National Rifle Association joined together to request a reassessment of the environmentally unsound Central Utah Project.

Nedávno se spojilo asi 60 ekologických a přírodních skupin reprezentujících tak odlišné názory jako organizace Sierra Club, Liga voliček a Národní střelecké sdružení, aby požadovali přehodnocení ekologicky nepříznivého Ústředního projektu Utahu.


With our schedule, it's hard to sleep well knowing what is going to happen the next day''.

Při našem rozvrhu je těžké dobře spát, když víte, co vás zítra čeká."


For Ms. Johnson, dealing with the earthquake has been more than just a work experience.

Pro paní Johnsonovou bylo řešení zemětřesení víc než jen profesionální zkušenost.


SYDNEY-Qintex Australia Ltd., under pressure from bank lenders, has called in accounting firm Peat Marwick Hungerfords to help oversee asset sales and restructure the resorts and media company.

Společnost SYDNEY-Qintex Australia Ltd. pod tlakem bankovních věřitelů povolala účetní firmu Peat Marwick Hungerfords, aby jí pomohla zkontrolovat prodeje aktiv a restrukturovat střediska i celou mediální společnost.


``The people who suffer in the short run are defendants, but the people who suffer in the long run are all of the people, because there won't be a vigorous private bar to defend the Bill of Rights,'' says Gerald Lefcourt, a criminal defense attorney who says he has turned down a number of cases to avoid possible fee seizures.

"Lidé, kteří tím trpí krátkodobě, jsou obžalovaní, avšak lidé, kteří trpí dlouhodobě, jsou všichni ostatní, jelikož by neexistoval dostatečně silný soukromý obhájce pro obhajobu Listiny základních práv a svobod," říká Gerald Lefcourt, obhájce trestných činů, který uvádí, že odmítl řadu případů, aby se vyhnul možnému zkonfiskování svých poplatků.


Asked whether there is anything Congress should do to curb the LBO boom, Mr. Brady responded, ``I think the LBO phenomenon, (while) it won't stop completely, will be a thing of the past.''

Na otázku, zda Kongres něco může udělat pro to, aby omezil rozkvět akvizic na dluh, Brady odpověděl: "Myslím si, že jev akvizic na dluh sice plně neustane, ale stane se překonanou záležitostí."


Those investors think SCI TV needs new equity to survive.

Tito investoři si myslí, že SCI TV potřebuje k přežití nový vlastní kapitál.


They are looking for a new editor for National Lampoon and are trying to sell Heavy Metal.

Hledají nového vydavatele pro časopis National Lampoon a snaží se prodat časopis Heavy Metal.


New Jersey gubernatorial candidate Rep. James Florio pointedly returned from campaigning to vote against the president yesterday in contrast with his opponent, GOP Rep. James Courter, who has ardently supported abortion restrictions in the past but was absent.

Kandidát na guvernéra státu New Jersey, poslanec James Florio, se včera okázale vrátil ze své kampaně, aby hlasoval proti prezidentovi, v kontrastu se svým oponentem, republikánským poslancem Jamesem Courterem, který v minulosti horečně podporoval omezení potratů, ale teď nebyl přítomen.


The gross national product report, due to be released before today's opening, is expected to show that the economy continued to expand in the third quarter at a moderate pace.

Zpráva o hrubém národním produktu, která má být vydána před dnešním zahájením obchodování, by měla ukázat, že se ekonomika ve třetím čtvrtletí i nadále rozvíjela mírným tempem.


In response to questions after the annual meeting, Mr. Miller said the company is no longer looking for an equity investor.

V odpovědi na otázky po výroční schůzi Miller uvedl, že společnost již nehledá přímého investora.


Market watchers also noted an absence of institutional interest later in the session helped pave the way for broader declines when Wall Street opened weaker .

Pozorovatelé trhu také na sklonku burzovního dne zaznamenali, že nedostatek institucionálního zájmu pomohl připravit půdu pro zřetelnější poklesy ve chvíli, kdy burza Wall Street otevírala oslabená.


But the board's decision prompted many to bail out of the stock yesterday.

Rozhodnutí rady však pobídlo mnohé k tomu, že se včera svých akcií rychle vzdali.


Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas says it hasn't had any problem recruiting, even after a nurse contracted the virus while injecting an AIDS patient.

Nemocnice Parkland Memorial Hospital v Dallasu uvádí, že s náborem nemá žádné problémy, dokonce ani poté, co se virem nakazila sestra při aplikaci injekce pacientovi s AIDS.


Public preference is important, So product names should match up, And firms that find they're lagging behind Should now take steps to ketchup!

Co líbí se lidem, na tom záleží, správně pojmenovat, o to tu běží, kdo nechce stát stranou jako hňup, přepíše protlak na kečup!


The problem for IBM trial lawyers Thomas Barr and David Boies was how to make such a highly technical case understandable .

Problémem pro soudní advokáty společnosti IBM Thomase Barra a Davida Boiese bylo, jak učinit tento vysoce odborný případ srozumitelným.


``Radio Shack continues to be lackluster,'' said Dennis Telzrow, analyst with Eppler, Guerin&Turner in Dallas.

"Prodejny Radio Shack stále nejsou dostatečně atraktivní," řekl Dennis Telzrow, analytik u společnosti Eppler, Guerin & Turner v Dallasu.


But Mr. Lesko's staff is beginning to wonder whether there isn't some larger phenomenon foiling the contest.

Leskovi zaměstnanci si však začínají lámat hlavu nad tím, zda tu není nějaký velký jev, který soutěž kazí.


The Hildebrandt course enables students to brush up on negotiation skills by role playing in simulated deals.

Kurz společnosti Hildebrandt umožňuje studentům osvěžit si vyjednávací dovednosti při hraní rolí v simulovaných událostech.


A spokesman for the insurance and financial services firm, based in Newark, N.J., said it hopes to make a decision within three to four months.

Mluvčí této společnosti sídlící v Newarku v New Jersey, která se zabývá pojišťovacími a finančními službami, řekl, že společnost doufá, že v průběhu tří až čtyř měsíců učiní rozhodnutí.


Weirton, of Weirton, W. Va., said $60.3 million of the proceeds were used to prepay the remaining amounts on the note outstanding to National Intergroup Inc., the parent of National Steel.

Společnost Weirton z Weirtonu v Západní Virginii uvedla, že 60.3 milionu dolarů výnosu bylo použito na předběžné zaplacení zbývajícího obnosu z nesplacených směnek společnosti National Intergroup Inc., mateřské společnosti společnosti National Steel.


``This tells you AT&T is serious about continuing to manage their cost structure and is committed to 20%-a-year earnings growth,'' said Jack Grubman, an analyst with PaineWebber Inc.

"To znamená, že firma AT&T to myslí s pokračováním řízení struktury nákladů vážně a že se zavázala k ročnímu růstu výdělků o 20 %," uvedl Jack Grubman, analytik společnosti PaineWebber Inc.


Instead of replicating the S&P 500 or some other index exactly, some stocks are overweighted or underweighted in the portfolio.

Namísto přesného kopírování indexu S&P 500 či jiného indexu jsou některé akcie v portfoliu nadhodnoceny nebo podhodnoceny.


Pinpoint Information Corp., Chantilly, Va., a producer of $1,800-a-year personalized newsletters about the computer industry that started full operation last month, relies on 12 human readers to code news releases by topic in order to select items for each subscriber.

Společnost Pinpoint Information Corp. z Chantilly ve Virginii, tvůrce individuálních informačních bulletinů o počítačovém průmyslu po 1800 dolarech ročně, která spustila plný provoz minulý měsíc, se opírá o 12 živých čtenářů, kteří třídí zpravodajské články podle témat, aby se vybraly položky pro každého předplatitele.


As former Fed Chairman William McChesney Martin used to say, they would have to take the punch bowl away just as the party is getting interesting.

Jak říkával bývalý předseda Federálního rezervního systému William McChesney Martin, láhev punče odnesli zrovna ve chvíli, kdy se večírek začínal rozbíhat.


B.A.T has declined to identify the potential bidders.

Společnost B. A. T. odmítla případné zájemce identifikovat.


One news show we saw yesterday even displayed 25 federal officials meeting around a table.

Jeden ze zpravodajských pořadů, který jsme včera shlédli, dokonce ukazoval, jak se u stolu sešlo 25 federálních představitelů.


Ms. Tilly of the tweety-bird voice showed great comic promise during her stint as the mobster's girlfriend on the television show, ``Hill Street Blues.''

Ve své roli přítelkyně člena zločinecké bandy v televizní show "Hill Street Blues" prokázala Tillyová se svým cvrlikajícím hláskem značný humorný potenciál.


But any increase isn't likely to be any kind of a surge.


This temblor-prone city dispatched inspectors, firefighters and other earthquake-trained personnel to aid San Francisco.

Toto město, které často postihuje zemětřesení, vyslalo inspektory, hasiče a další personál vyškolený pro případ zemětřesení na pomoc San Francisku.


Canada's trade surplus with all countries narrowed to C$ 203.5 million in August from C$ 528.3 million in July, Statistics Canada said .

Federální úřad Statistics Canada uvedl, že kanadský přebytek při obchodování se všemi státy poklesl v srpnu z červencových 528.3 miliónu kanadských dolarů na 203.5 miliónu kanadských dolarů.


``Due to health reasons, Lt. Col. Noriega has elected to postpone his visit to Washington,'' it read .

Ve zprávě stálo: "Ze zdravotních důvodů se podplukovník Noriega rozhodl odložit svou návštěvu Washingtonu."


His early promises to make India a modern nation remain bogged down in bloated bureaucracy.

Jeho prvotní sliby, že učiní z Indie moderní stát, uvízly v bahně přebujelé byrokracie.


However, the officials said it was too early to disclose the nature of the proposed projects or indicate when the talks might be concluded .

Avšak zástupci koncernu rovněž uvedli, že je příliš brzo na odhalení podstaty a charakteru navrhovaných projektů a na usuzování, kdy tato jednání skončí.


Last spring, the comptroller's office called a halt to Mr. Paul's fling, giving him six months to sell the paintings .

Loni na jaře úřad kontrolora zastavil Paulovy radovánky a dal mu šest měsíců na to, aby obrazy prodal.


When Wall Street turned , however, the big boys entered the market, looking for bargains.

Jakmile však burza na Wall Street otočila, na trh vstoupili velcí hráči a hledali výhodné obchody.


And the time is coming when all great things will be done by the cooperation of many men in which each man performs that function for which he is best suited, each man preserves his individuality and is supreme in his particular function, and each man at the same time loses none of his originality and proper personal initiative, and yet is controlled by and must work harmoniously with many other men.


Frederick Winslow Taylor was born into an affluent upper class liberal family in the state of Philadelphia on March 20, 1865.


His father Franklin Taylor, was a lawyer by profession but made enough money from mortgages and did not have to keep a regular job.


His mother, Emily Winslow, was a dynamic lady and is said to have run an underground railroad station for runaway slaves.


Both parents were staunch followers of Quakerism and believed in high thinking and plain living.


Parental authority was supreme in the house and none of the three children of the family, Edward, Frederick and Mary could question their parents.


In this atmosphere, Frederick developed into a young man with a lot of self-control.


Fred was a person given to lofty thinking by nature and was eternally engaged in solving practical problems faced by him and his friends.


He was by no means an average person and wanted to improve things continuously.


An example of his innovativeness right from childhood is his analyzing and attempting to find a solution to his own problem of having nightmares, which he observed he'd been having when sleeping on his back.


After a stay of two years with his family in many countries across Europe, during which he learnt a lot about the countries in addition to their languages, Frederick went to school in Exeter, New Hampshire.


His competitive spirit made him study in dim light to make up for his poor memory and the eye problems that he developed consequently forced him to discontinue his education.


After some therapy at home, Fred seized upon an opportunity to learn through an apprenticeship at a small Philadelphia pump manufacturing company, the trades of a pattern-maker and machinist.


His openness about learning is demonstrated in a statement from his diary:


The very best training I had was in the early days of apprenticeship…when under a workman…I learned appreciation, respect and admiration for the everyday working mechanic.


Having learnt certain tricks of the trade over a period of four years, Frederick joined the Midvale Steel Company.


In his early times of employment as an apprentice, machinist etc., Fred gave more importance to learning and hence went up the ladder quicker than an ordinary worker while taking nominal wages, and living with help from his father.


He phenomenally rose from the rank of a shop-clerk to that of a Research Director, and thereby Chief Engineer in a short span of six years.


It is here that he came up with many of his ideas based on systematic observation and subsequent analysis.


Also, he picked up a Mechanical Engineering degree at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey while holding a full-time job at the age of twenty-five years, a record yet to be broken.


Frederick Taylor's analysis of metal cutting, especially with single-point cutting tools, which was done at Midvale, is considered one of the pioneering works in the field.


Theory of Scientific Management and other contributions


Frederick Taylor's contribution to the world of management science can be categorized into two, one being scientific management and the other being organizational theory.


He also introduced many other concepts used in modern management practices, but they cannot be dealt with in as much detail in the current essay due to length restrictions.


Initially, I answered that the problems in the Jim Colbert case were that the school's location is unsafe, a language barrier exists between Carlos's parents and Jim, Carlos rarely receives homework assistance at home, Carlos's reading group may be too advanced for him, and Jim has too few allies in his school.


I would now add that the largest problem of the entire case is that Jim did not use the resources available to him to the best of his ability.


Jim did speak frequently with Paul, a fellow teacher, and enlist the help of Mrs. Rush, a floating aide, for as long as she was available.


However, Jim should have put forth much more effort toward finding someone to help Carlos improve his phonics and spelling scores.


Although this case study does mention that Jim asked the principal why Carlos was placed in the 3-A class, it does not state anywhere that Jim specifically talked with either the principal or assistant principal (if there was one in his school) about the difficulties he was encountering with Carlos.


Both of these people would have most likely been able to offer an ample amount of suggestions.


Generally, principals are highly qualified people who have a vast amount of knowledge about problems that arise in schools.


It is possible that Jim's principal may have even dealt with a similar occurrence and was successful at making the situation better for everyone involved.


In addition, I believe that the principal would have appreciated knowing what was currently happening in Jim's classroom.


In Social Class Difference in Family-School Relationships: The Importance of Cultural Capital, Annette Lareau describes middle and working class culture.


On page eighty two, Laurette says, Middle-class culture provides parents with more information about schooling and promotes social ties among parents in the school community.


This furthers the interdependence between home and school.


Working-class culture, on the other hand, emphasizes kinship and promotes independence between the spheres of family life and schooling.


It is evident from the information Jim divulges about Carlos's parents that he believes them to come from working-class culture.


It is unfortunate that Jim makes assumptions such as these because he does not have enough information to do so.


Making assumptions about Carlos's parents further negates the situation as well as makes conversation between Carlos's parents and Jim more difficult than necessary.


Another possibility could have been for Jim to speak with someone in the faculty of his school or community who was a fluent speaker of Spanish.


He could have used this person as a resource to help facilitate communication between Carlos' parents and himself in a conference.


Alternatively, Jim could have also tried to get in touch with Carlos's sister.


Regardless of which family members Jim was able to come in contact with, a conference would have allowed Jim the opportunity to voice his concerns about Carlos's progress in spelling and phonics.


In retrospect, I believe I overlooked how large a problem it was that Jim did not use the aforementioned resources to his advantage.


Which problems are within Jim's control?


It is important to remember that while some of the problems that arise in this case are within Jim's control, others are not.


I initially answered that Jim is able to control amount of allies he has in the school, which I view to be very few.


I also said that Carlos' reading group is a factor that Jim can control.


I would now add that he can also control his attitude.


Jim's attitude is a feature of this case that only he has the power to manage.


APPLYING ERIKSON'S IDENTITY THEORY: A CRITIQUE OF MARCIA AND A PROPOSIAL FOR AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL


Identity is a central topic in personality psychology.


After all, how can we study personality without studying what it means to be a particular person?


Social identities are essential to studying the person and can consist of gender, racial, ethnic, cultural, sexual, and ego identities, among many others.


Most models of identity formation are based on, or at least influenced by, Erikson's psychosocial theory of identity development.


Erikson is generally considered the founder of identity theory, and his writings are the framework for several classic and contemporary models.


One of the most applied of these is Marcia's four status model of ego identity.


Marcia's model has become one of the standards of identity development and variations of the model have been used to measure and explain many types of social identities.


However, I do not believe that this model is the most accurate interpretation of Erikson's theory of identity.


Drawing on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, along with various other identity models and empirical studies, I propose an alternative framework that I believe can better explain both Erikson's theory, as well as some of the empirical evidence from recent research.


ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT


Identity is the focus of Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development theory (1968).


According to the theory, identity issues come to the forefront during an individual's adolescent years.


During this time, young people go through an identity crisis—a process of developing their ego identity while struggling with identity confusion.


According to Erikson (1982), identity develops through a process of interaction between the individual and the community.


Identity development means nothing without considering the social contexts because identity is developed in relation to society.


Society identifies, labels and stereotypes individuals according to the social process of the time (21).


The individual reacts to this identification by accepting or rejecting these labels.


In turn, the community reacts to the decisions made by the individual and re-identifies the individual accordingly and the process continues.


For example, consider a youth who lives in a conservative suburban neighborhood.


She may choose to react against this identity by dying her hair blue and getting tattoos.


Society in turn re-labels the youth as a rebel ; this new label in turn will effect how the youth views her identity.


It is clear that this developmental interaction between individual and society heavily depends on the historical and social contexts.


For instance, dying one's hair blue is a very different statement and would cause very different societal reactions depending on whether one lives in a small southern town in the 1950s or in San Francisco in 2007.


The drive to test alternative, often extreme, identities and rebel against societal standards is called role repudiation.


This may include diffidence —a hesitation to develop an identity; defiance against society and identity development; and/or negative identity —affirming socially unacceptable identity aspects (Erikson 1982).


This rebellion is articulated as being the antithesis of a committed, mature identity, and if maintained, may lead to a regression to earlier developmental stages.


However, he also argues that identity formation is impossible to establish without going through this process of being able to distinguish what may be incorporated into one's identity from what should be protested as alien to the self (Erikson 1988).


The result of the successful completion of this stage of development is ego identity.


Ego identity is the formation of a unified and stabile personality that can be recognized by the self as well as others as being characteristic of that person (Erikson 1982).


Ego identity is achieved by identity exploration and determining which aspects of one's identity is to be kept and which aspects are to be discarded.


This period of experimentation is called moratorium, during which individuals may take time to test out their identity before committing to them.


Search for SUSY signatures in the Dilepton Channel at CDF


One of the best channels for direct Supersymmetry searches is the dilepton channel (two high-pT leptons + 6ET).


Many of the present limits for SUSY have been set at Run I of CDF.


Run II will present further opportunities for either discovery of SUSY particles or setting better limits.


Presented here are outlines of some of the more promising signatures in this channel: stop quark decay into dileptons and chargino/neutralino decay into dileptons.


Also presented is a model that may help explain a softness in lepton pT in the top dilepton sample at Run II of CDF using SUSY.


Supersymmetric theories have long provided a theoretical framework which can overcome many of the shortfalls of the Standard Model.


The major shortfall of Supersymmetry (SUSY), however, has been a complete lack of direct experimental measurements, to date.


Many of the present limits for SUSY particles have been set by the CDF experiment, which looks at pp collisions at ps = 1.96 TeV.


The CDF detector is further described here [].


Many SUSY particle decay chains end in leptons.


Since lepton events are relatively rare at hadron colliders, lepton signatures are a favorable channel in which to look for new phenomena.


The dilepton sample is also an interesting sample to search for new phenomena due to several curiosities.


First, there is the number of events that was observed in the top dilepton sample at CDF during Run I.


The predicted number of tt events in the dilepton channel in 110 pb−1 of data is 5.3 based on the measured cross-section of 6.5 pb (for the nominal theoretical cross-section of 4.7 pb the expected rate is 3.8).


Also, for a top mass of 174 GeV, approximately 20 % of dilepton events from tt are expected to have a lepton with ET> 100 GeV and 15% are expected to have 6ET> 100 GeV.


While within present statistical errors, these predicted values do vary from what was actually observed in Run I (Table 1).


In fact, of the five events that were observed with ET> 100 GeV or 6ET> 100 GeV, only two are kinematically consistent with coming from a 174 GeV top quark.


Second, there is the recently (Winter 2003) measured pT distribution for leptons in the top dilepton candidate sample.


This issue will be further discussed in Section 4.


For all of the scenarios discussed, only R-parity conserving SUSY models will be considered.


2 Stop Squark Signals in the Dilepton Channel


The large Yukawa coupling of the top quark (due to its high mass) has the consequence that its supersymmetric partner, the stop quark, could be the lightest of the SUSY quarks.


From an experimental point of view, writing the SUSY Lagrangian in terms of mass eigenstates rather than the more customary weak eigenstates (˜tL and ˜tR) is useful.


One of my friends says that only quitters read user instructions.

Jeden můj přítel říká, že návody k použití čte jen srab.


It is a form of modern art, and often pure surrealism.

Jde o jednu z moderních forem umění, často ryzí surrealismus.


I look back with nostalgia on the distant past, when user instructions for anything were a rare phenomenon.

S nostalgií vzpomínám na doby dávno minulé, kde návod k použití čehokoliv byl spíše raritním úkazem.


For example, my first gramophone only came with one sheet of paper with hieroglyphs showing how to connect certain components, all depicted through secret signs.

Tak třeba můj první gramofon obsahoval jen jeden papír, na němž byly hieroglyfy zobrazující zapojení nějakých součástek, u všech byly nějaké tajné značky.


When an internal part broke years later, I offered the paper to a shaman who wasn't afraid to unscrew any panel.

Když se mi po letech pokazilo cosi uvnitř, nabídl jsem onu listinu šamanovi, který se nebál odšroubovat zadní desku.


With a grin, he advised me what the labyrinthine paper was suitable for.

S úšklebkem mi poradil, k čemu je onen papír s labyrintem čar vhodný.


It was a well-established aid during a chronic lack of toilet paper.

Ano, šlo o zvyklou pomůcku při chronické depleci toaletního papíru.


He playfully found the broken wire and allowed me to listen to my dear records again.

Hravě nalezl rozpojený drátek a umožnil mi opět poslouchat drahé vinylové placky.


Even a relatively simple fruit juicer which just needed a grapefruit pressed down on it required about ten pictures.

I relativně jednoduchý odšťavňovač ovoce, kde se prostě přidržel překrojený grep, vyžadoval asi deset obrázků.


The drawing with a description of how to insert one piece into another was especially charming.

Zvláště povedený byl náčrtek s popisem, jak zasunout jeden díl do druhého.


It came in two parts, and there was no other possible procedure.

Souprava byla dvoudílná a jiný postup prostě nebyl možný.


Doing it the other way round required a considerable effort and involved breaking the plastic parts.

Dát ho opačně vyžadovalo značné úsilí s nutností odlomení jistých plastových součástí.


My contempt for instructions ended with my Seat Leon.

Mé pohrdání návody skončilo u mého samohybu značky Seat Leon.


The 2003 production year still had a booklet with instructions for minor repairs, including replacing the indicator light.

Rok výroby 2003 ještě měl takovou knížečku s návodem drobných oprav, mezi které patřila mimo jiné výměna žárovky blinkru.


After a total of three steps, the job should have been done.

Celkem tři kroky a dílo mělo být hotovo.


Unfortunately, the author of the manual failed to state that, while the light bulb was was replaced in just three steps:

Bohužel, autor návodu opomněl uvést, že zatímco žárovka vpravo šla vyměnit opravdu jen ve třech krocích.


2. Unscrew the broken bulb and screw in a new one.

2. vyšroubuj prasklou žárovku a našroubuj novou.


the bulb on the left had a problem in the form of the battery cover.

Žárovka vlevo měla problém v podobě umístění krytu baterie.


At first I expected that inserting my upper right limb into the guts of the car would allow me to find a spring or a screw so I could detach the cover easily, and then I would follow points 1-3 suggested by the thrifty author of the service book.

Zpočátku jsem se domníval, že zasunutím pravé horní končetiny do útrob vozu našmátrám nějakou pružinku, šroubek, kterým onen kryt snadno odsunu a poté se již budu řídit body 1-3 úsporného autora servisní knížky.


Nothing could be further from the truth.


That cover had no place, no space for a slender Cinderella-esque hand, let alone that of an obese Silesian.

Ten kryt neměl žádné místo, žádný prostor ani pro štíhlou ručku Popelčinu, natož obézního Slezana.


I lost half an hour of my life with no success to show for it whatsoever.

Ztratil jsem půl hodiny svého života, a to zcela bez jakéhokoliv úspěchu.