各位女同胞们，大家好！ 你们还好吗？


各位女同胞们，大家好！你们还好吗？


（欢呼声） 我叫Maysoon Zayid 虽然接生我的医生当时喝醉了 但我可清醒着呢！

My name is Maysoon Zayid, and I am not drunk, but the doctor who delivered me was.


他从六个不同的方向 切了我妈的肚皮六次 差点闷死我

He cut my mom six different times in six different directions, suffocating poor little me in the process.


就这样，我得了脑瘫 每天无时不刻地都在颤抖

As a result, I have cerebral palsy, which means I shake all the time.


这太累了。我觉得自己特像夏奇拉


夏奇拉遇到了穆罕默德•阿里

I'm like Shakira, Shakira meets Muhammad Ali.


这不是生来就有的病。你根本无法预料

It's not a birth defect. You can't catch it.


没人诅咒我妈的子宫 我有这个毛病 也不是因为我的父母是表兄妹 在我出生那天 发生了一场意外 我得提醒你们，我可不是什么励志人物

No one put a curse on my mother's uterus, and I didn't get it because my parents are first cousins, It only happens from accidents, like what happened to me on my birth day.


也不希望各位 会觉得我可怜

Now, I must warn you, I'm not inspirational.


在某些时刻 你们会希望自己有点残疾

because at some point in your life, you have dreamt of being disabled.


圣诞前夜 你开车在超市转来转去，想找个停车位 猜猜你会看到什么？

It's Christmas Eve, you're at the mall, you're driving around in circles looking for parking, and what do you see?


你会想，“ 天哪！ 我怎么就不能有点残疾呢？”

And you're like, "God, can't I just be a little disabled?"


我得告诉你们 我有99个麻烦，脑瘫只是其中之一

Also, I've got to tell you, I've got 99 problems, and palsy is just one.


如果有什么类似受压迫奥运会 我肯定能拿金牌

If there was an Oppression Olympics, I would win the gold medal.


我是巴勒斯坦人，穆斯林，女性，残疾人 还有，我住在新泽西

I'm Palestinian, Muslim, I'm female, I'm disabled, and I live in New Jersey.


（鼓掌） 如果你自我感觉不太好的话，或许可以考虑参加

If you don't feel better about yourself, maybe you should.


Cliffside Park, New Jersey is my hometown.


我感到高兴的是 我的家乡和我的残疾 有着相同的首字母

I have always loved the fact that my hood and my affliction share the same initials.


我还感到高兴的是 我可以从家步行到纽约市

I also love the fact that if I wanted to walk from my house to New York City, I could.


很多有脑瘫的人根本走不了 但是我的父母相信一切皆有可能

A lot of people with CP don't walk, but my parents didn't believe in "can't."


我父亲的口头禅是 “ 你可以做到。是的，你一定行！”

My father's mantra was, "You can do it, yes you can can."


如果我的三个姐姐在拖地 我也得和她们一块儿拖

So, if my three older sisters were mopping, I was mopping.


如果她们去上公立学校 而我去不了 我的父母就会起诉学校 如果我们的成绩不是全A 我妈就会用拖鞋砸我们

If my three older sisters went to public school, my parents would sue the school system and if we didn't all get A's, we all got my mother's slipper.


我五岁时，父亲开始教我如何走路 我的脚后跟踩着他的脚 就这样走着

My father taught me how to walk when I was five years old by placing my heels on his feet and just walking.


他曾在我面前晃着一美元钞票 让我追着跑

is he would dangle a dollar bill in front of me and have me chase it.


那时我跳脱衣舞的欲望非常强烈


的确如此。第一天去幼儿园时， 我走路的样子 像是被打了好几下的拳击冠军

Yeah. No, by the first day of kindergarten, I was walking like a champ who had been punched one too many times.


在我成长的小镇上，原来只有六个阿拉伯人 而且他们都是我的家人

Growing up, there were only six Arabs in my town, and they were all my family.


现在有二十个阿拉伯人了 他们仍然都还是我的家人 我想没人注意到我们不是意大利人

Now there are 20 Arabs in town, and they are still all my family. I don't think anyone even noticed we weren't Italian.


（鼓掌） 那是在911事件发生前 那时候政客们还没拿“我憎恶穆斯林” 作为竞选口号

This was before 9/11 to use "I hate Muslims" as a campaign slogan.


和我一起长大的小伙伴们对我的信仰没什么意见

The people that I grew up with had no problem with my faith.


但是他们担心 我会在斋月期间饿死

They did, however, seem very concerned that I would starve to death during Ramadan.


我会和他们说 我的脂肪足够多，可以熬过整整三个月 所以整个白天不吃饭对我来说不是什么难事

I would explain to them that I have enough fat to live off of for three whole months, so fasting from sunrise to sunset is a piece of cake.


百老汇！ 这感觉太棒了！（鼓掌） 我的父母付不起理疗费用 所以送我到舞蹈学校

Yeah, on Broadway. It's crazy. My parents couldn't afford physical therapy, so they sent me to dancing school.


我学会如何踩着高跟鞋跳舞 这样我也能踩着高跟鞋走路了

I learned how to dance in heels, which means I can walk in heels.


我来自泽西岛 这儿的人都希望自己看上去很时髦 如果我有朋友穿高跟鞋，我也会和她们一样

And I'm from Jersey, and we are really concerned with being chic, so if my friends wore heels, so did I.


当朋友们都去泽西海岸度假时 我却没跟着去

And when my friends went and spent their summer vacations on the Jersey Shore, I did not.


我在一个战区度过了自己的暑假 我的父母担心 如果我们每个夏天 都不回巴勒斯坦 我们以后就会变成麦当娜

I spent my summers in a war zone, because my parents were afraid that if we didn't go back to Palestine every single summer, we'd grow up to be Madonna.


每个暑假 我的父亲都在尝试帮助我 让我喝鹿奶 在我的后背绑着滚烫的杯子 让我浸泡在死海中 我还记得，海水灼烧着我的眼睛 我在想，“啊！起作用了！起作用了！”

Summer vacations often consisted of my father trying to heal me, so I drank deer's milk, I had hot cups on my back, I was dunked in the Dead Sea, and I remember the water burning my eyes and thinking, "It's working! It's working!"


最后我们发现，唯一有效的治疗方法是瑜伽

But one miracle cure we did find was yoga.


我不得不说，瑜伽实在是太无聊了 在我做瑜伽前， 我是一个站不起来的单口相声演员

I have to tell you, it's very boring, but before I did yoga, I was a stand-up comedian who can't stand up.


我的父母不断向我灌输这样的思想 没有我做不到的事情 没有实现不了的梦想 我的梦想 是能够上日间肥皂剧《综合医院》

My parents reinforced this notion that I could do anything, that no dream was impossible, and my dream was to be on the daytime soap opera "General Hospital."


在反歧视运动中，我上了大学 并在ASU获得了一份数目可观的奖学金 亚利桑那州立大学 这是因为我百分之百符合学校的要求 我就像剧院里的狐猴

I went to college during affirmative action and got a sweet scholarship to ASU, Arizona State University, because I fit every single quota. I was like the pet lemur of the theater department.


我做了其他一些不太聪明的孩子的功课 我不但自己获得了全A 还帮他们获得了全A

I did all the less-than-intelligent kids' homework, I got A's in all of my classes, A's in all of their classes.


每次当我排演话剧 《玻璃动物园》 教授们都会感动得泪流满面

Every time I did a scene from "The Glass Menagerie," my professors would weep.


但我从来没得到过一个角色


大四那年 ASU准备排练一个节目 叫做《在杰克逊翩翩起舞》

Finally, my senior year, ASU decided to do a show called "They Dance Real Slow in Jackson."


这个戏剧是关于一个患有脑瘫的女孩


我在屋顶大叫大嚷 我终于有机会表演啦！

So I start shouting from the rooftops, "I'm finally going to get a part!


感谢万能的上帝！自由万岁！


可是我没得到那个角色。 Sherry Brown 成为了那个女孩

I didn't get the part. Sherry Brown got the part.


我一口气跑到戏剧系的主任那儿 哭的死去活来，好像有人打死了我的猫似的 问她为什么 她说 戏剧部认为我演不了那些动作

I went racing to the head of the theater department crying hysterically, like someone shot my cat, to ask her why, and she said it was because they didn't think I could do the stunts.


”拜托！ 要是我演不了，她也一样“ （鼓掌） 这是我一生下来就开始扮演的角色 但他们却给了一个健全的人

I said, "Excuse me, if I can't do the stunts, This was a part that I was literally born to play they gave it to a non-palsy actress.


大学只不过是在模仿生活而已


在这一点上 好莱坞有着不堪回首的历史

Hollywood has a sordid history of casting able-bodied actors to play disabled onscreen.


毕业后，我搬回家 我的第一个表演机会 是作为一名日间肥皂剧的临时演员

Upon graduating, I moved back home, and my first acting gig was as an extra on a daytime soap opera.


我知道自己不久 将会从《路边小饭馆》走到《奇葩好友》

And I knew that I would be promoted from "Diner Diner" to "Wacky Best Friend" in no time.


然而，我仍是那个徒有虚名的小演员 你只能从我的后脑勺认出我 显而易见 导演们 不会用那些肤浅的患有残疾的少数民族

But instead, I remained a glorified piece of furniture that you could only recognize from the back of my head, and it became clear to me that casting directors didn't hire fluffy, ethnic, disabled actors.


他们只会任用那些完美无瑕的人


我从小是看着乌比•戈德宝 罗西妮•巴尔和艾伦长大的 这些女人都有一个共性： 她们都是喜剧演员

I grew up watching Whoopi Goldberg, Roseanne Barr, Ellen, and all of these women had one thing in common: they were comedians.


所以后来我成为了其中一员


（鼓掌） 我的初次亮相是带着那些著名的喜剧演员 开车从纽约市到新泽西的表演场地 我永远忘不了 当驶过新泽西高速公路时 我第一位乘客意识到他的司机是一位患有脑瘫的女孩

My first gig was driving famous comics from New York City to shows in New Jersey, and I'll never forget the face of the first comic I ever drove when he realized that he was speeding down the New Jersey Turnpike with a chick with CP driving him.


所流露出的表情 我在全美的各种俱乐部中表演 我还在中东用阿拉伯语表演过 没有审查，也没有报道

I've performed in clubs all over America, and I've also performed in Arabic in the Middle East, uncensored and uncovered.


有人说我是第一个 在阿拉伯国家表演的单口相声演员

Some people say I'm the first stand-up comic in the Arab world.


但我从不这么说 我知道他们肯定没听过那些荒唐的言论 女人一点儿也不幽默 他们发现我们神经过敏

I never like to claim first, but I do know that they never heard that nasty little rumor that women aren't funny, and they find us hysterical.


在2003年，我的异父异母的哥哥 Dean Obeidallah和我举办了一个活动 叫做”纽约市阿裔美国人喜剧节“ 现在已经是第十个年头了

In 2003, my brother from another mother and father Dean Obeidallah and I started the New York Arab-American Comedy Festival, now in its 10th year.


我们希望可以改变媒体上 阿拉伯裔美国人的负面形象 同时也告诉那些导演们 南亚人和阿拉伯人并不一样

Our goal was to change the negative image of Arab-Americans in media, while also reminding casting directors that South Asian and Arab are not synonymous.


相比于战胜对残疾人的诽谤 阿拉伯的主流人群 好相处的多

Mainstreaming Arabs was much, much easier than conquering the challenge against the stigma against disability.


我职业生涯的突破起源于2010年


我去一家有线新闻台 做嘉宾 《Keith Olberman 倒计时》

I was invited to be a guest on the cable news show "Countdown with Keith Olbermann."


我走了进去，感觉像是去参加舞会 他们拖着我进了演播室 让我坐在一个不停旋转晃动的椅子上

I walked in looking like I was going to the prom, and they shuffle me into a studio and seat me on a spinning, rolling chair.


我看着舞台监督 “请问一下，能给我换个椅子吗?"

So I looked at the stage manager and I'm like, "Excuse me, can I have another chair?"


她看着我，说道 ”五，四，三，二...."

And she looked at me and she went, "Five, four, three, two ..."


所以我只能紧紧地抓住主持人的桌子 确保不会从镜头中突然消失 访谈结束后，我气炸了

So I had to grip onto the anchor's desk so that I wouldn't roll off the screen during the segment, and when the interview was over, I was livid.


我得到自己梦寐以求的机会，却又搞砸了 我知道自己再没有机会了

I had finally gotten my chance and I blew it, and I knew I would never get invited back.


但是Olbermann不仅把我邀请回去 而且全程都非常尊重我 给我机会去讲话 并把我的椅子用胶带固定住

But not only did Mr. Olbermann invite me back, he made me a full-time contributor, and he taped down my chair.


（鼓掌） 在和Keith Olbermann做节目的过程中 我学到了一个有趣的事 网络上的人类总是丑陋的

One fun fact I learned while on the air with Keith Olbermann was that humans on the Internet are scumbags.


人们总是说，孩子有时候会很残忍 但在成长的过程中，我从来没受过别人的嘲笑

People say children are cruel, but I was never made fun of as a child or an adult.


突然，我的残疾却在网络上遭到攻击

Suddenly, my disability on the world wide web is fair game.


我会看看网上的一些片段 再看些评论 “ 哇，为什么她在不停地扭动身体？”

I would look at clips online and see comments like, "Yo, why's she tweakin'?"


“哇，她是不是智力有问题啊？”


我喜欢的是，“这个可笑的恐怖分子

And my favorite, "Poor Gumby-mouth terrorist.


一个评论家甚至建议 我把自己的残疾视为一种荣誉 剧作家，喜剧演员，瘫痪

One commenter even suggested that I add my disability to my credits: screenwriter, comedian, palsy.


残疾如同一个人的肤色一样明显


如果腿脚不便的人演不了碧昂斯 那么碧昂斯也演不了坐轮椅的人

If a wheelchair user can't play Beyoncé, then Beyoncé can't play a wheelchair user.


残疾人是最大的 喝彩加油吧！

The disabled are the largest — Yeah, clap for that, man. Come on.


残疾人是世界上最大的少数群体 在娱乐节目中

People with disabilities are the largest minority in the world, and we are the most underrepresented in entertainment.


几乎看不到残疾人的身影 医生曾说我走不了 但我现在就站在这儿

The doctors said that I wouldn't walk, but I am here in front of you.


但是，如果我从小与社交媒体相伴 我可能就真的走不了

However, if I grew up with social media, I don't think I would be.


我希望 能在媒体以及人们的日常生活中

I hope that together, we can create more positive images of disability in the media and in everyday life.


为残疾人营造更多的积极形象 或许通过这种方式 互联网会少些诋毁

Perhaps if there were more positive images, it would foster less hate on the Internet.


Maybe it still takes a village to teach our children well.


My crooked journey has taken me to some very spectacular places.


我坎坷的经历却把我带到了 一些美妙的地方 我曾和肥皂剧的女主角Susan Lucci 以及偶像Lorraine Arbus

I got to walk the red carpet flanked by soap diva Susan Lucci and the iconic Loreen Arbus.


一起走过红地毯 我将和Adam Sandler出演一部电影 并和我的偶像 Dave Matthews 一起工作

I got to act in a movie with Adam Sandler and work with my idol, the amazing Dave Matthews.


作为《狂野的阿拉伯人》的主演 我环游世界

I toured the world as a headliner on Arabs Gone Wild.


我代表 新泽西州 出席了2008年的民主党全国委员会

I was a delegate representing the great state of New Jersey at the 2008 DNC.


我成立了Maysoon儿童基金会 希望 能给巴勒斯坦难民营的儿童 一点点我当初父母曾给我的希望

And I founded Maysoon's Kids, a charity that hopes to give Palestinian refugee children a sliver of the chance my parents gave me.


但是最重要的时刻是 当我将要----在此之前 （鼓掌） 但是最重要的时刻是 当我将要为 一个身手敏捷 出手直击要害的人表演 他有帕金森病， 也像我一样会不停地颤抖 穆罕默德•阿里

But the one moment that stands out the most was when I got -- before this moment -- But the one moment that stands out the most was when I got to perform for the man who floats like a butterfly and stings like a bee, has Parkinson's and shakes just like me, Muhammad Ali.


（鼓掌） 这是唯一一次 我父亲看我的直播表演 我把这个演讲献给他

It was the only time that my father ever saw me perform live, and I dedicate this talk to his memory.


我的名字叫Maysoon Zayid 如果我可以， 你一定也行

My name is Maysoon Zayid, and if I can can, you can can.


我想跟大家讲一个故事 是关于一个小镇孩子的

I would like to talk to you about a story about a small town kid.


我不知道他的名字，但我知道他的故事

I don't know his name, but I do know his story.


他住在索马里南部的一个小村庄里

He lives in a small village in southern Somalia.


这个村庄离首都摩加迪休很近


这个小村庄因为干旱所以一直很贫穷 人民食不果腹

Drought drives the small village into poverty and to the brink of starvation.


留在那里实在没什么出路 所以他去了大城市 在这个故事里，索马里的首都摩加迪休，就是大城市

With nothing left for him there, he leaves for the big city, in this case, Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia.


他刚到的时候，没有什么机遇 没工作，没前途

When he arrives, there are no opportunities, no jobs, no way forward.


最后只能住在帐篷城里 就在摩加迪休的郊外

He ends up living in a tent city on the outskirts of Mogadishu.


大概一年过去了，也还是一无所有


有一天，他遇到一个贵人 贵人带他去吃了午餐 还有晚餐和早餐

One day, he's approached by a gentleman who offers to take him to lunch, then to dinner, to breakfast.


他接触了一帮很有活力的人 然后他也得到了休息

He meets this dynamic group of people, and they give him a break.


他还得到一些钱 可以给自己买新衣服 可以给自己老家寄钱

He's given a bit of money to buy himself some new clothes, money to send back home to his family.


有人给他介绍了个年轻的姑娘


在摩加迪休的某一天 在碧蓝的天空下 发生了一场汽车炸弹事件

One beautiful day in Mogadishu, under an azure blue sky, a car bomb goes off.


这个有着城市梦的小镇男孩 就是那个人体炸弹 而当初那帮充满活力的人 都是"青年党"，一个和基地组织有联系的 恐怖组织

That small town kid with the big city dreams was the suicide bomber, and that dynamic group of people were al Shabaab, a terrorist organization linked to al Qaeda.


这个小镇男孩 只是想去城市闯一闯 为什么他的故事是以自杀式袭击为结尾呢？

So how does the story of a small town kid just trying to make it big in the city end up with him blowing himself up?


他在等待一个机会 等待开启他的未来 等待一条可以往前走的路 而这是他一路走来的第一次遭遇

He was waiting for an opportunity, waiting to begin his future, waiting for a way forward, and this was the first thing that came along.


这是将他从等待成年期中解脱出来的 第一次遭遇

This was the first thing that pulled him out of what we call waithood.


而他的故事还在重复着 在世界不同的市中心

And his story repeats itself in urban centers around the world.


这是一个关于被剥夺权利的， 失业城市青年的故事。 他们在约翰尼斯堡发起暴动 在伦敦发起暴动 他们想得到等待成年期之外的东西

It is the story of the disenfranchised, unemployed urban youth who sparks riots in Johannesburg, sparks riots in London, who reaches out for something other than waithood.


对于年轻人，城市带来的希望 大城市梦，就意味着机遇 工作，财富 但年轻人并没有享受到他们所在城市的繁荣

For young people, the promise of the city, the big city dream is that of opportunity, of jobs, of wealth, but young people are not sharing in the prosperity of their cities.


更多的，是年轻人在忍受着最高的失业率

Often it's youth who suffer from the highest unemployment rates.


到2030年，五个住在城市里的人，就有三个 是属于18岁以下的人群

By 2030, three out of five people living in cities will be under the age of 18.


如果我们在城市的发展中 不把年轻人考虑在内的话 如果我们不给他们提供机会的话 等待成年期的这个故事 踏入恐怖主义，暴力和帮派这些雷池 将是未来城市的主题

If we do not include young people in the growth of our cities, if we do not provide them opportunities, the story of waithood, the gateway to terrorism, to violence, to gangs, will be the story of cities 2.0.


在我出生的城市，摩加迪休 70%的人处于失业状态

And in my city of birth, Mogadishu, 70 percent of young people suffer from unemployment.


70%没有工作 没有书读

70 percent don't work, don't go to school.


上个月我回了一趟摩加迪休 然后我走访了玛迪娜医院 那家我出生的医院

I went back to Mogadishu last month, and I went to visit Madina Hospital, the hospital I was born in.


我记得我站在那个满是弹眼的医院前面 我不禁思考 如果我没有离开的话会是怎样？

I remember standing in front of that bullet-ridden hospital thinking, what if I had never left?


如果我也无奈地处于 同样的等待成年期呢？

What if I had been forced into that same state of waithood?


我会成为一名恐怖分子吗？


上个月我回摩加迪休的原因 其实是去举办一场 青年领导力和创业学的峰会

My reason for being in Mogadishu that month was actually to host a youth leadership and entrepreneurship summit.


我带了约90名索马里来的领导

I brought together about 90 young Somali leaders.


我们坐下来一起集思广益 想办法解决城市面临的最大难题

We sat down and brainstormed on solutions to the biggest challenges facing their city.


其中一个在房间里的年轻人叫Aden

One of the young men in the room was Aden.


他在摩加迪休上了大学，之后毕业

He went to university in Mogadishu, graduated.


当时没有工作也没有什么机会


我记得他告诉我 因为他是大学毕业生 没工作，很沮丧 算是“青年党”的理想人选 也是其他恐怖组织想招募的人

I remember him telling me, because he was a college graduate, unemployed, frustrated, that he was the perfect target for al Shabaab and other terrorist organizations, to be recruited.


那些人专门寻找像他一样的人


但他的故事，则是另外一个版本


在摩加迪休，从A地到B地 最大的障碍就是马路

In Mogadishu, the biggest barrier to getting from point A to point B are the roads.


23年的内战 已经完全把道路系统给摧毁了 而此时，摩托车则成了 最便捷的工具

Twenty-three years of civil war have completely destroyed the road system, and a motorbike can be the easiest way to get around.


Aden发现了机遇并牢牢抓住它


开始出租摩托车 租给当地那些买不起摩托车的人

He began renting out motorbikes to local residents who couldn't normally afford them.


在亲朋好友的帮助下 他买了10辆 他最终的梦想 是在接下来的三年内扩展到数百辆

He bought 10 bikes, with the help of family and friends, and his dream is to eventually expand to several hundred within the next three years.


他的故事是如何不同的呢？


我相信是他的发现机遇 并善于把握机遇的能力

I believe it is his ability to identify and seize a new opportunity.


这就是企业家精神 并且我相信企业家精神 是对付等待成年期最有效的工具

It's entrepreneurship, and I believe entrepreneurship can be the most powerful tool against waithood.


他激励着年轻人 成为他们一直拼命在寻找的 经济机遇的创造者

It empowers young people to be the creators of the very economic opportunities they are so desperately seeking.


你也能把年轻人训练成企业家

And you can train young people to be entrepreneurs.


我想跟大家介绍一个年轻人 他曾参加我我举办的一个会议 他叫Mohamed Mohamoud，是一名花商

I want to talk to you about a young man who attended one of my meetings, Mohamed Mohamoud, a florist.


他在帮我培训在创业峰会上 的一部分年轻人 培养他们如何创新 如何营造创业文化

He was helping me train some of the young people at the summit in entrepreneurship and how to be innovative and how to create a culture of entrepreneurship.


他其实是摩加迪休在过去22年里 的第一位花商 直到Mohamed来了，他是直到最近才有的花商 在过去如果你想在你的婚礼上摆上鲜花 你得用塑料花束 而且还得从海外进口

He's actually the first florist Mogadishu has seen in over 22 years, and until recently, until Mohamed came along, if you wanted flowers at your wedding, you used plastic bouquets shipped from abroad.


如果你问别人 “你上次见到鲜花是什么时候？”

If you asked someone, "When was the last time you saw fresh flowers?"


对于很多出生在内战时期的人 他们的答案将会是，“从没见过。”

for many who grew up under civil war, the answer would be, "Never."


所以Mohamed从中发现了机遇


他创立了一个园林绿化和花卉设计的公司

He started a landscaping and design floral company.


他在摩加迪休外开辟了一片农田 他开始种植郁金香和百合花 据他说这些花 能熬过摩加迪休恶劣的气候

He created a farm right outside of Mogadishu, and started growing tulips and lilies, which he said could survive the harsh Mogadishu climate.


然后他开始往婚礼上送花 建立家庭式花园 在城里的生意也忙碌起来 现在他正忙于建立 摩加迪休22年来的首个市民公园

And he began delivering flowers to weddings, creating gardens at homes and businesses around the city, and he's now working on creating Mogadishu's first public park in 22 years.


目前在摩加迪休是没有市民公园的


他想创立一个空间给家庭 年轻人，能一起到这儿来 就像他说的，来感受玫瑰的花香和启迪

He wants to create a space where families, young people, can come together, and, as he says, smell the proverbial roses.


顺便说下，他之所以不种植玫瑰 是因为它们需要很多水分

And he doesn't grow roses because they use too much water, by the way.


所以第一步就是要鼓舞年轻人 所以在那个房间里，Mohamed的出席 对在座的年轻人影响非常深

So the first step is to inspire young people, and in that room, Mohamed's presence had a really profound impact on the youth in that room.


They had never really thought about starting up a business.


他们想过为民间组织工作 为政府工作 但在这个故事里，他的创新 对那些年轻人的影响非常大

They've thought about working for an NGO, working for the government, but his story, his innovation, really had a strong impact on them.


他使得那些年轻人用机遇之地 重新看待这座城市

He forced them to look at their city as a place of opportunity.


他使得他们相信他们也能成为企业家 也能成为改变世界的人

He empowered them to believe that they could be entrepreneurs, that they could be change makers.


那一天结束之前，他们想出了 新颖的解决办法 解决这个城市目前一些最为棘手的问题

By the end of the day, they were coming up with innovative solutions to some of the biggest challenges facing their city.


他们想出了企业式的解决方法 对付当地的问题

They came up with entrepreneurial solutions to local problems.


所以激励年轻人 创造企业文化 是很大的一步跨越 但年轻人需要资金 来实现他们的想法

So inspiring young people and creating a culture of entrepreneurship is a really great step, but young people need capital to make their ideas a reality.


他们需要专业知识和导师指导 带领他们发展和启动他们的商业

They need expertise and mentorship to guide them in developing and launching their businesses.


为年轻人提供他们需要的资源 为他们提供需要的支持，帮助他们从构思转变到创造 你就等同于为城市发展创造催化剂

Connect young people with the resources they need, provide them the support they need to go from ideation to creation, and you will create catalysts for urban growth.


对我来说，企业家精神不仅仅是 开启商业

For me, entrepreneurship is more than just starting up a business.


他的和平公园，名字是他取的 当它建立之时，将会真正意义上 改变人们对这座城市的看法

His Peace Park, and that's what he calls it, when it's created, will actually transform the way people see their city.


Aden雇佣街边的孩童帮他出租 也帮他维护那些摩托车

Aden hired street kids to help rent out and maintain those bikes for him.


他给了他们机会去挣脱 去挣脱等待成年期的无奈

He gave them the opportunity to escape the paralysis of waithood.


这些年轻的企业家 都对他们的城市有着深远的影响

These young entrepreneurs are having a tremendous impact in their cities.


所以我的建议是 带动更多年轻人成为企业家 培养发展他们内在的创新精神 那么就会有更多花和和平公园的故事出现 而不是那些汽车炸弹和等待成年期的故事

So my suggestion is, turn youth into entrepreneurs, incubate and nurture their inherent innovation, and you will have more stories of flowers and Peace Parks than of car bombs and waithood.


我10岁左右的时候， 有一次和爸爸一起去 阿第伦达克山脉露营。那是一片 位于纽约州北部的野生地带。

I was about 10 years old on a camping trip with my dad in the Adirondack Mountains, a wilderness area in the northern part of New York State.


阳光照耀下，树叶闪闪地象晶莹的彩色玻璃。 如果没有脚下的小路， 我们完全可以假装我们是 首批到达这片树林的人类。

The sun made the leaves glow like stained glass, and if it weren't for the path we were following, we could almost pretend we were the first human beings to ever walk that land.


我们最终到达了我们的营地。


那是一个在悬崖上的营地， 可以向下俯瞰一个水晶般晶莹美丽的湖泊。 后来我却发现了很糟糕的事。

It was a lean-to on a bluff looking over a crystal, beautiful lake, when I discovered a horror.


就在悬崖营地的后面， 有个足足有 40 英尺见方的大垃圾堆。 里面有烂苹果核、 用过的铝箔纸、 和破旧的运动鞋。

Behind the lean-to was a dump, maybe 40 feet square with rotting apple cores and balled-up aluminum foil, and a dead sneaker.


我当时非常吃惊， 非常生气，也非常非常困惑。

And I was astonished, I was very angry, and I was deeply confused.


来露营的人实在太懒了， 连自己带来的垃圾都不肯收拾。 他们觉得谁会替他们清理善后呢？

The campers who were too lazy to take out what they had brought in, who did they think would clean up after them?


这个问题一直困扰着我。 成了一个更精练的问题。

That question stayed with me, and it simplified a little.


谁来清理我们留下的垃圾？


但是你可以把这个问题 放在任何你生活的地方。 在伊斯坦布清理我们留下的垃圾？

However you configure or wherever you place the us, who cleans up after us in Istanbul?


在里约清理我们留下的垃圾？ 在巴黎或伦敦呢？

Who cleans up after us in Rio or in Paris or in London?


在纽约，这里， 是环卫部门清理我们留下的 多达11,000吨的垃圾 和每天2000吨的可回收垃圾。

Here in New York, the Department of Sanitation cleans up after us, to the tune of 11,000 tons of garbage and 2,000 tons of recyclables every day.


我个人想去了解这些环卫工人，

I wanted to get to know them as individuals.


我想知道谁在做这样的工作。

I wanted to understand who takes the job.


穿上环卫服 承担起这份责任的感觉是什么样？

What's it like to wear the uniform and bear that burden?


所以我开始了一项关于环卫工人的研究课题。

So I started a research project with them.


我坐在垃圾车上，沿着收垃圾的路线， 采访全纽约在办公室和工作现场 的环卫人员。 我学到了很多， 但我仍然是个局外人。

I rode in the trucks and walked the routes and interviewed people in offices and facilities all over the city, and I learned a lot, but I was still an outsider.


于是我真的找了份环卫工人的工作。

So I took the job as a sanitation worker.


现在我不仅仅是坐在垃圾车里，我开着垃圾车。

I didn't just ride in the trucks now. I drove the trucks.


我自己操纵着电动扫帚扫大街、在路上铲雪。

And I operated the mechanical brooms and I plowed the snow.


那可是一种非凡的特权， 也是令人叹服的受教育过程。

It was a remarkable privilege and an amazing education.


每个人都会问到垃圾臭味。


是有臭味，但它不是你想的那样糟糕。 有的时候气味确实很臭。 但你很快就会适应了。

It's there, but it's not as prevalent as you think, and on days when it is really bad, you get used to it rather quickly.


垃圾的重量却需要很长时间来适应。

The weight takes a long time to get used to.


我就知道即使有几年工作经验的熟练工， 他们的身体还试着在 适应每周 成吨的垃圾。

I knew people who were several years on the job whose bodies were still adjusting to the burden of bearing on your body tons of trash every week.


那么这里面就存在着风险。


跟据劳动统计局的报告， 环卫工作是美国 十大最危险工种之一。 我后来慢慢明白了为什么。

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, sanitation work is one of the 10 most dangerous occupations in the country, and I learned why.


你整天都在路上， 就身处车流之中。

You're in and out of traffic all day, and it's zooming around you.


来往的车辆只想着超过你， 开车的人往往不够小心。

It just wants to get past you, so it's often the motorist is not paying attention.


对环卫工人来说，这实在太糟糕了。


还有呢，垃圾本身就充满了毒害， 这些毒物经常会从垃圾车里飘出， 造成可怕的伤害。

And then the garbage itself is full of hazards that often fly back out of the truck and do terrible harm.


我还了解到垃圾的残酷和可怕。

I also learned about the relentlessness of trash.


当你走下路沿， 在环卫车旁观察一个城市， 你会慢慢认识到垃圾 真的就像大自然本身的力量。

When you step off the curb and you see a city from behind a truck, you come to understand that trash is like a force of nature unto itself.


它也像呼吸或循环的一种形式。

It's also like a form of respiration or circulation.


最后一点，环卫工人被污名化。


当你穿上环卫制服，你被视而不见了。 直到有人找到什么理由难为你， 嫌你的环卫车阻碍交通呀， 嫌你在离他们家很近的地方休息呀， 嫌你在他们的小餐馆喝咖啡呀。 他们会走过来嘲笑你， 告诉你离他们远点。

You put on the uniform, and you become invisible until someone is upset with you for whatever reason like you've blocked traffic with your truck, or you're taking a break too close to their home, or you're drinking coffee in their diner, and they will come and scorn you, and tell you that they don't want you anywhere near them.


我觉得这样的污名化非常地可笑， 因为我坚信环卫工人们 是城市街道上的 最重要的劳动力。 原因有三点。

I find the stigma especially ironic, because I strongly believe that sanitation workers are the most important labor force on the streets of the city, for three reasons.


他们是公共卫生的第一道屏障。

They are the first guardians of public health.


如果他们每天不 高效迅速地清理垃圾的话， 垃圾会从容器中泄露， 它本身的毒害会以一种非常真实的方式 威胁到我们的生活。

If they're not taking away trash efficiently and effectively every day, it starts to spill out of its containments, and the dangers inherent to it threaten us in very real ways.


我们经过数个世纪和数十年攻克的疾病 会再次爆发，开始威胁我们的健康。

Diseases we've had in check for decades and centuries burst forth again and start to harm us.


如果我们不丢掉旧的东西， 我们就没有空间装新的东西。 那样的话，经济的引擎 就会停歇，因为人们的消费减少了。

If we can't throw out the old stuff, we have no room for the new stuff, so then the engines of the economy start to sputter when consumption is compromised.


我不主张资本主义，我在这里只是指出它们的关系。

I'm not advocating capitalism, I'm just pointing out their relationship.


（第三个原因）就是我称之为 我们平均、 必要、经常性的活动速度。

And then there's what I call our average, necessary quotidian velocity.


我的意思是说 在如今的年代和日子里，我们是如此地 习惯于奔忙。

By that I simply mean how fast we're used to moving in the contemporary day and age.


我们通常不会在意、修理、 清洁、 随身携带 我们的咖啡杯，购物袋 和水瓶。

We usually don't care for, repair, clean, carry around our coffee cup, our shopping bag, our bottle of water.


我们使用它们，然后扔掉它们，然后忘掉他们， 因为我们知道会有一支工作队伍 在一旁把这些东西清理掉。

We use them, we throw them out, we forget about them, because we know there's a workforce on the other side that's going to take it all away.


所以今天我想建议大家去 想想环卫工人的处境， 也许能够帮助他们正名。 把他们请来参与谈论 如何建设一个可持续的人道的城市。

So I want to suggest today a couple of ways to think about sanitation that will perhaps help ameliorate the stigma and bring them into this conversation of how to craft a city that is sustainable and humane.


我认为他们的工作是很崇高的，

Their work, I think, is kind of liturgical.


他们每天按时地辛勤地在街上工作。

They're on the streets every day, rhythmically.


在很多城市他们穿着环卫服不停工作。


你知道他们会准时来清理垃圾。


是他们使我们可以安心于自己的工作。


他们几乎成了安心工作的保证。


他们所保持的工作流量 让我们自身安全无忧， 这样的工作流量不管怎样 都需要保持稳定性。

The flow that they maintain keeps us safe from ourselves, and that flow must be maintained always no matter what.


2001年9月11日的第二天， 我听着街上环卫卡车咆哮而来， 我拉着年幼的儿子跑下楼。 有个回收报纸的工人 正在做他每周三都做的工作。

On the day after September 11 in 2001, I heard the growl of a sanitation truck on the street, and I grabbed my infant son and I ran downstairs and there was a man doing his paper recycling route like he did every Wednesday.


我要感谢他做的这些工作 在那么特殊的日子里， 但我忍不住哭了起来。

And I tried to thank him for doing his work on that day of all days, but I started to cry.


他望着我， 只是点点头，然后说， "我们会没事的。

And he looked at me, and he just nodded, and he said, "We're going to be okay.


后来在我刚刚开始 研究环卫工作的时候， 我再次遇见了那个人。

It was a little while later that I started my research with sanitation, and I met that man again.


他的名字叫保利，我们多次一起工作过， 还成为了好朋友。

His name is Paulie, and we worked together many times, and we became good friends.


我愿意相信保利的话是对的。

I want to believe that Paulie was right.


但我们作为这个星球的一份子， 我们需要努力地进行重建。 我们必须考虑到 所有的消耗，包括非常现实的劳动力 消耗。

how we as a species exist on this planet, we must include and take account of all the costs, including the very real human cost of the labor.


而且我们需要更好地了解情况， 和各行业的 专家交流 我们自己的看法， 关于如何建立一个可持续发展体系的看法。 这或许把我们从街道垃圾回收， 这个成功地走过了40年历史， 跨越了美国在内的无数国家的工作， 引领到一个更大的范畴里。 我们可以考虑如何

And we also would be well informed to reach out to the people who do that work and get their expertise on how do we think about, how do we create systems around sustainability that perhaps take us from curbside recycling, which is a remarkable success across 40 years, across the United States and countries around the world, and lift us up to a broader horizon where we're looking at other forms of waste


减少 来自制造业和其他工业来源的垃圾。

that could be lessened from manufacturing and industrial sources.


城市垃圾，我们通常认识中的垃圾 其实只占国内垃圾总量的3％。

Municipal waste, what we think of when we talk about garbage, accounts for three percent of the nation's waste stream.


所以在你的生活的每一天， 在你生命之河里， 下一次当你看到有人在 清理你留下的垃圾时， 请找个时间向他们致意，

So in the flow of your days, in the flow of your lives, next time you see someone whose job is to clean up after you, take a moment to acknowledge them.


作为一名建筑设计师, 我在设计建筑的时候会同时考虑, 建筑与周围的自然环境,, 以及建筑与周围的人文环境, 即传统文化之间的关系.

My work focuses on the connection of both thinking about our community life being part of the environment where architecture grows from the natural local conditions and traditions.


今天, 我将与大家分享两个 基于这种理念的案例.

Today I brought two recent projects as an example of this.


这两个案例都位于新兴国家, 一个在埃塞俄比亚, 另一个在突尼斯.

Both projects are in emerging countries, one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.


这两个案例的共同点之一, 在于设计方案的最终成型过程中, 从多个不同的角度 对建筑的分析, 构成了设计方案重要的组成部分.

And also they have in common that the different analyses from different perspectives becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.


第一个案例起源与我受到邀请 去为埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴 设计一个新的多层购物广场.

The first example started with an invitation in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.


这就是当时我和我的团队 获得的一个样例, 我们被要求 设计成这种样子.

And this is the type of building we were shown as an example, to my team and myself, of what we had to design.


我刚开始看到这个的感觉是 我真不想干了.

At first, the first thing I thought was, I want to run away.


在观察了类似这种风格的建筑之后-- 这个城市有很多这种风格的建筑-- 我们发现了这些建筑最重要的三个问题.

After seeing a few of these buildings -- there are many in the city -- we realized that they have three very big points.


首先, 这些建筑基本上都是空的, 因为他们里面都是一些大的商铺, 当地人是买不起那些大品牌的.

First, these buildings, they are almost empty because they have very large shops where people cannot afford to buy things.


第二个问题, 它们需要大量的能源去调温度, 因为建筑外围铺的都是玻璃, 这种设计将热量困在建筑内部, 这导致我们需要很多制冷设备.

Second, they need tons of energy to perform because of the skin treatment with glass that creates heat in the inside, and then you need a lot of cooling.


这种情况不应该发生在这座城市, 因为这座城市的气候是相当宜人的, 全年温度稳定在20~25度左右.

In a city where this shouldn't happen because they have really mild weather that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.


第三个问题就是这个建筑看起来跟非洲 或者埃塞俄比亚一点关系都没有.

And third is that their image has nothing to do with Africa and with Ethiopia.


对于一个文化底蕴如此丰富的城市, 这太叫人失望了.

It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.


同时, 在我第一次考察埃塞俄比亚的时候, 我被当地的集贸市场深深的迷住了. 每天, 成百上千的人 聚集在露天的建筑环境中, 从小商贩手里 买到各种想要的商品.

Also during our first visit to Ethiopia, I was really captivated by the old merkato that is this open-air structure where thousands of people, they go and buy things every day from small vendors.


这跟我的想法是一致的, 就是在室外 公共场合创造各种活动的想法.

And also it has this idea of the public space that uses the outdoors to create activity.


于是我想, 这才是我想要设计的, 忘掉购物中心吧.

So I thought, this is what I really want to design, not a shopping mall.


但是问题是, 我们怎么才能在这样一个 当代多层建筑中贯彻这些理念呢?

But the question was how we could do a multistory, contemporary building with these principles.


第二个挑战就是当我们开始设计的时候, 这是一座快速发展的城市, 你们在照片上看到的很多建筑物, 在我们设计的时候 根本不存在.

The next challenge was when we looked at the site, that is, in a really growing area of the city, where most of these buildings that you see in the image, they were not there.


而且这座建筑前后靠着的两条平行街道, 在前后几百米都没有小路可以连通.

And it's also between two parallel streets that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.


于是我们首先要做的就是 利用我们这座建筑物的 所有出入口, 将这两条路连起来.

So the first thing we did was to create a connection between these two streets, putting all the entrances of the building.


然后我们通过一个倾斜的中庭的设计, 创造了一个开放的建筑空间, 而且这种设计能够通过自身的形状避免下面的行人 受到日晒雨淋.

And this extends with an inclined atrium that creates an open-air space in the building that self-protects itself with its own shape from the sun and the rain.


围绕着这些空洞, 我们划分出很多的小商铺, 基于我们小集市的想法. 每层的商铺的布局都是随着空洞的形状不同而不同.

And around this void we placed this idea of the market with small shops, that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.


我思考的另一个问题是, 建筑物的外墙如何装饰?

I also thought, how to close the building?


而且我真的希望能够找到一种装饰设计, 能够适合当地的气候条件.

And I really wanted to find a solution that would respond to the local climate conditions.


我开始设想一种纹理结构, 用带有穿孔的水泥制成, 能够用一种受控的方式, 让外界的光线和空气能够进入建筑物中.

And I started thinking about the textile like a shell made of concrete with perforations that would let the air in, and also the light, but in a filtered way.


我们从埃塞俄比亚妇女美丽的传统服装的图案上得到了灵感.

And then the inspiration came from these beautiful patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.


这些图案中包含了一些几何形状的 纹理片段, 我将类似的问题铺满了整个外墙.

That they have fractal geometry properties and this helped me to shape the whole facade.


我们铺外墙使用的 是这些小的预制材料, 这些窗户能够让空气和光线 按照我们控制的方式进入建筑物.

And we are building that with these small prefabricated pieces that are the windows that let the air and the light in a controlled way inside the building.


为了实现这点, 我们使用这些小的有色玻璃, 利用建筑物内部的光源, 在夜间照亮整个建筑.

And this is complemented by these small colored glasses that use the light from the inside of the building to light up the building at night.


但是我们的这些想法一开始并没有打动建造者, 他们的反应类似于, "这根本不是商场. 这不是我们想要的."

With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers because they were like, "This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."


但是随后我们都认识到, 这种设计方案 比传统的购物商场的方案更加的能赚钱, 因为这种设计方案能够出售的店铺数量更多.

But then we all realized that this idea of the market happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall because basically they had more shops to sell.


而且这种外墙的设计, 降低了很多很多的成本, 不仅仅是因为这种预制的材料比玻璃要便宜, 还因为我们不再需要使用那么多的空调来控制温度了.

And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper, not only because of the material compared with the glass, but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.


结果我们最终 还节约了一部分预算.

So we created some budget savings that we used to implement the project.


构造阶段的第一个问题就是思考 如何保证大厦能够在电力上自给自足, 因为所在的城市几乎每天都要拉闸限电.

And the first implementation was to think about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.


于是我们在屋顶铺上了很多的太阳能电池板.

So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.


接着我们想, 能不能在屋顶, 在这些太阳能电池板下面, 放置一些桌椅用来休息, 让这里成为城市中的绿洲, 供人们小憩.

And then under those panels we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars that would create this urban oasis.


屋顶上的这些游廊, 被集中利用来收集雨水, 用于建筑内部的清洁.

And these porches on the roof, all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.


我们现在已经盖到第五层, 预计在明年初的时候完工.

Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.


第二个案例是为突尼斯城规划一个 超过2000套个公寓及附属设施的建筑.

The second example is a master plan of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.


做这么大规模的项目, 这是我做过的最大的项目, 我不仅需要非常深刻的理解突尼斯这个城市, 还需要理解与她相关的种种传统以及文化.

And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed, I really needed to understand the city of Tunis, but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.


在分析的过程中我的注意力被一个阿拉伯人聚居区吸引, 这是一个有着一千多年历史的结构, 砖墙结构, 有12个门, 相互之间通过几乎是直线的道路相连.

During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall, opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.


当我开始在图纸上规划, 我们做的第一件事情 就是延长周边的街道, 将大区块分割12个基本的小区块 在大小和特征上都类似于我们在巴塞罗那 和其它欧洲城市常见的街区规划.

When I went to the site, the first design operation we did was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.


在这些街区规划的基础上, 借鉴刚才提到的想法, 我们选择了一些关键点, 将这些关键点通过直线 连接起来, 改变了一开始的模式.

On top of that, we selected some strategic points reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines, and this modified this initial pattern.


最后一步是考虑具体的区块内建筑的设计, 这些类似公寓的小隔间, 是构成这个巨大规划的基本组成部分.

And the last operation was to think about the cell, the small cell of the project, like the apartment, as an essential part of the master plan.


这个时候我在想, 对于一个位于地中海气候的公寓, 什么样的朝向是最好的?

And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?


答案是南北朝向, 可以利用房子南北两侧的温度差异, 创造了一个自然的穿堂风效果.

And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house and then a natural ventilation.


于是我们实现了这种模式,让所有的公寓 都拥有完美的朝向.

So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments are perfectly oriented in that direction.


这是我们设计的效果, 像是一种结合, 阿拉伯城市风格与欧洲住宅风格的结合.

And this is the result that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.


有些建筑区块是带有走庭院的, 而周围地面上的 人行道能够完整的连接起来.

It has these blocks with courtyards, and then on the ground floor you have all these connections for the pedestrians.


同时她也满足的当地管理部门的需求, 上层建筑中的人口密度高, 地面人口密度不高.

And also it responds to the local regulations that establish a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.


同时她也满足了我们对出入口之间连通性要求.

And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.


这个建筑群的相互连接的形状, 通过三个不同类型的公寓建筑, 起到遮阳的作用. 同时, 让阳光能够透过密集的建筑穿透到地表. 在这些中庭之间, 包含了许多不同的设施, 像是健身馆, 幼儿园等, 以及一系列商业设备, 让公共区域充满活力.

The volume has this connecting shape that shades itself with three different types of apartments and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood And in the courtyards there are the different facilities, such as a gym and a kindergarten and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.


屋顶是这个项目中我最得意的部分, 这就像是将被这些建筑物占用的空间重新还给了社区.

The roof, which is my favorite space of the project is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.


社区的人们可以爬上屋顶, 相互打打招呼聊聊天, 或者做一些运动, 像是在早晨的时候在屋顶上 跑个两公里, 或是在建筑之间来回跳跃.

And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize, and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning, jumping from one building to another.


这两个案例 有一些共同点, 在设计过程中采用了同样的方法.

These two examples, they have a common approach in the design process.


同样, 他们都位于新兴城市, 你能直观的看到 建筑物一个个拔地而起.

And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see the cities literally growing.


在这些城市, 建筑对于人们的影响, 无论当下还是未来 对当地社区及经济的影响, 跟建筑物建造的速度一样快.

In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.


出于这个原因, 我觉得对于建筑设计而言, 这个权衡越来越重要, 即, 寻找简单并且足够便宜的方案, 能够增强和促进当地的人们与城市环境的关系, 并且能够让人很好的接近自然.

For this reason, I see even more importance to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment and that aim to connect nature and people.


我八岁的时候， 班里新来了个女生， 她如此引人注目， 就像所有新来的女孩那样。

So when I was eight years old, a new girl came to join the class, and she was so impressive, as the new girl always seems to be.


她有一大把光泽的秀发 一个可爱的小文具盒 特别擅长记周分首都名字 在拼写上无人能比

She had vast quantities of very shiny hair and a cute little pencil case, super strong on state capitals, just a great speller.


那一年我整个人被嫉妒笼罩 直到我想出那个邪恶的计划

And I just curdled with jealousy that year, until I hatched my devious plan.


有一天我放学后又逗留了一会儿 其实留到挺晚的，我一直潜伏在女卫生间

So one day I stayed a little late after school, a little too late, and I lurked in the girls' bathroom.


等时机一到，我就出动了 潜入教室 从老师桌子上拿了分数册

When the coast was clear, I emerged, crept into the classroom, and took from my teacher's desk the grade book.


我篡改了我对手的分数 只改了一点，就是把某些A等降级了

I fiddled with my rival's grades, just a little, just demoted some of those A's.


好吧，其实是所有的A 当我准备把册子放回抽屉时 不过等等！其他有些同学的分数 也高得令人发指！

All of those A's. And I got ready to return the book to the drawer, when hang on, some of my other classmates had appallingly good grades too.


于是，由于一时的疯狂错乱 我改了所有人的分数 但方式并没什么创造性

So, in a frenzy, I corrected everybody's marks, not imaginatively.


我给了所有人一行的D等分 然后给自己一行A 因为我已经在这了，倒不如做得彻底些

I gave everybody a row of D's and I gave myself a row of A's, just because I was there, you know, might as well.


我现在还难以理解我的行为


我不理解这主意是从哪儿冒出来的

I don't understand where the idea came from.


我不懂为什么这样做时居然很爽

I don't understand why I felt so great doing it.


我也不明白为啥我从未被发现

I don't understand why I was never caught.


我是说，这件事做得如此明显

I mean, it should have been so blatantly obvious.


但重要的是，我为何如此在乎 这个女孩，这个身材瘦小的小女孩 那么擅长于拼写？

But most of all, I am baffled by, that this little girl, this tiny little girl, was so good at spelling?


这点一直让我困惑 嫉妒让我困惑


It's so mysterious, and it's so pervasive.


我们知道婴儿们受嫉妒之苦


也知道灵长类动物会嫉妒，蓝知更鸟极易嫉妒

We know primates do. Bluebirds are actually very prone.


我们知道嫉妒是美国配偶谋杀的 罪魁祸首

We know that jealousy is the number one cause of spousal murder in the United States.


但我却从未读到一篇研究 能够解释“嫉妒”的寂寞 它的长久存在，或它的残酷刺激

And yet, I have never read a study that can parse to me its loneliness or its longevity or its grim thrill.


为了理解它，我们不得不看小说 因为小说是一个实验室 能研究“嫉妒”的 所有可能的形态

For that, we have to go to fiction, because the novel is the lab that has studied jealousy in every possible configuration.


其实，我不知道这样说是不是夸张： 如果我们没有嫉妒 我们会有文学吗？

In fact, I don't know if it's an exaggeration to say that if we didn't have jealousy, would we even have literature?


如果没有不忠的海伦，就没有《奥德赛》


没有心怀妒忌的国王，就没有《一千零一夜》


我们高中都有阅读书单 因为我们正在失去《喧嚣与骚动》 正在失去《了不起的盖茨比》《太阳照常升起》 正在失去《包法利夫人》《安娜·卡列琳娜》

There goes high school reading lists, because we're losing "Sound and the Fury," we're losing "Gatsby," "Sun Also Rises," we're losing "Madame Bovary," "Anna K."


没有嫉妒，就没有普鲁斯特。现在我是说 我知道人们总爱说 普鲁斯特什么都知道 但说到嫉妒这件事 他确实比较懂

No jealousy, no Proust. And now, I mean, I know it's fashionable to say that Proust but in the case of jealousy, he kind of does.


今年是他的巨著《追忆似水年华》一百周年 这部作品是对性嫉妒最透彻的研究 还包括我们可以想到的常见的竞争性 也就是我在行的那种 当我们想到普鲁斯特 我们会想到那些情感细节对吧？

This year is the centennial of his masterpiece, "In Search of Lost Time," and it's the most exhaustive study of sexual jealousy and just regular competitiveness, my brand, that we can hope to have. And we think about Proust, we think about the sentimental bits, right?


我们想到一个小男孩正要入梦

We think about a little boy trying to get to sleep.


想到一块玛德琳蛋糕泡在薰衣草茶中

We think about a madeleine moistened in lavender tea.


我们却忘了他的眼光多么犀利


这些书在弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫看来 跟猫的肠子一样硬

I mean, these are books that Virginia Woolf said were tough as cat gut.


我不知道猫肠是什么 不过我们就假设它坚如顽石吧

I don't know what cat gut is, but let's assume it's formidable.


我们来看看这些因素为何走在一起会如此合拍。 小说和嫉妒，嫉妒和普鲁斯特

Let's look at why they go so well together, the novel and jealousy, jealousy and Proust.


妒忌归结到人，欲望，阻碍 成为一个如此牢固的叙事基础 是不是非常明显？

Is it something as obvious as that jealousy, which boils down into person, desire, impediment, is such a solid narrative foundation?


我不知道。我认为它极大地触动我们的敏感神经 因为只需想想当我们嫉妒时 会发生什么

I don't know. I think it cuts very close to the bone, because let's think about what happens when we feel jealous.


当我们感到嫉妒时，我们会给自己编个故事

When we feel jealous, we tell ourselves a story.


讲述一个关于他人生活的故事 这些故事让我们感觉很糟糕 因为它们本来就是为了让我们难受的

We tell ourselves a story about other people's lives, and these stories make us feel terrible because they're designed to make us feel terrible.


我们自己作为故事的讲者与观众 明确知道要加入哪些细节 从哪插入致命一刀。对吗？

As the teller of the tale and the audience, we know just what details to include, to dig that knife in. Right?


嫉妒让我们都成为业余小说家 而这一点普鲁斯特能明白

Jealousy makes us all amateur novelists, and this is something Proust understood.


在第一卷，《去斯万家那边》 这是一系列作品中的一部 斯万是主要人物之一 正思念他的情人 想着她在床上多棒 突然，在几句话中间 还有，这些都是普鲁斯特式的句子 所以它们长得像河 但是就在这几句中间 斯万猛然一惊，他意识到 “等等，这个女人身上我爱的一切

In the first volume, Swann's Way, the series of books, Swann, one of the main characters, is thinking very fondly of his mistress and how great she is in bed, and suddenly, in the course of a few sentences, and these are Proustian sentences, so they're long as rivers, but in the course of a few sentences, he suddenly recoils and he realizes, "Hang on, everything I love about this woman,


也会是别人可能爱上她的理由

somebody else would love about this woman.


所有她所做的令我快乐的事 也会给别人快乐 或许这会儿就在发生呢。”

Everything that she does that gives me pleasure could be giving somebody else pleasure, maybe right about now."


这就是他开始给自己编织的故事 然后，普鲁斯特写道 斯万每发现他情人的一种新魅力 就加进他“性虐密室中的 一系列工具”中

And this is the story he starts to tell himself, and from then on, Proust writes that every fresh charm Swann detects in his mistress, he adds to his "collection of instruments in his private torture chamber."


现在我们不得不承认，斯万和普鲁斯特 两人的嫉妒心臭名昭著

Now Swann and Proust, we have to admit, were notoriously jealous.


知道吗，普鲁斯特的男朋友们若要跟他分手 就不得不逃离这个国家

You know, Proust's boyfriends would have to leave the country if they wanted to break up with him.


但是你不需要那么嫉妒 才会承认嫉妒的确不容易，对吧？

But you don't have to be that jealous to concede that it's hard work. Right?


它是一种饥渴的情感，必须得到满足


喜欢一大把光泽的秀发 可爱的文具盒

Jealousy likes the vast quantities of shiny hair, the cute little pencil case.


这也是Instagram这么火的原因 普鲁斯特其实将学术语言与嫉妒的语言相联

That's why Instagram is such a hit. Proust actually links the language of scholarship and jealousy.


当斯万挣扎在他的嫉妒中 突然他就开始站在门口偷听 开始贿赂他情人的佣人 他为这些行为辩护

When Swann is in his jealous throes, and suddenly he's listening at doorways and bribing his mistress' servants, he defends these behaviors.


他说：“瞧，我知道你觉得这令人讨厌， 但这与诠释一篇古文 或看着一座纪念碑 没什么两样。”

He says, "You know, look, I know you think this is repugnant, but it is no different from interpreting an ancient text or looking at a monument."


他说：“这些是科学的调查， 有真正的知识价值。”

He says, "They are scientific investigations with real intellectual value."


普鲁斯特试图告诉我们 嫉妒让人难以忍受，让我们看起来荒谬 但在其关键之处，是一种对知识的追求 对令人痛心的真理的追求 事实上，就普鲁斯特而言 真理越令人痛苦越好

Proust is trying to show us that jealousy feels intolerable and makes us look absurd, but it is, at its crux, a quest for knowledge, a quest for truth, painful truth, and actually, where Proust is concerned, the more painful the truth, the better.


悲伤，耻辱，丧失： 这些都是通往普林斯特智慧的路

Grief, humiliation, loss: These were the avenues to wisdom for Proust.


他说：“一个我们需要的女人，一个让我们痛苦的女人 引发了我们全部的情感 远比一个让我们感兴趣的天才所能有的 更加深刻和致命。”

He says, "A woman whom we need, who makes us suffer, elicits from us a gamut of feelings far more profound and vital than a man of genius who interests us."


他是在告诉我们去找残忍的女人吗？

Is he telling us to just go and find cruel women?


不。我想他是说 嫉妒让我们看清自己

No. I think he's trying to say that jealousy reveals us to ourselves.


有没有其他情感也能以这种特别的方式 让我们发掘自己？

And does any other emotion crack us open in this particular way?


其他情感会不会让我们看到 自己的敌意，自己丑恶的企图心 和自己所应得的？

Does any other emotion reveal to us our aggression and our hideous ambition and our entitlement?


其他情感能不能教会我们 如此独特而透彻地看待世界？

Does any other emotion teach us to look with such peculiar intensity?


弗洛伊德不久后就写道这一点


有一天，一位心神不宁的青年拜访弗洛伊德 这个青年认为他妻子背叛了他

One day, Freud was visited by this very anxious young man who was consumed with the thought of his wife cheating on him.


弗洛伊德觉得这个家伙有点诡异 因为他并没有真正关注他妻子做了什么

And Freud says, it's something strange about this guy, because he's not looking at what his wife is doing.


因为他妻子是清白的，大家都知道

Because she's blameless; everybody knows it.


这个可怜的家伙只是 毫无缘由地怀疑着

The poor creature is just under suspicion for no cause.


但他却在寻找他妻子的一些 无意识的、纯属无意的举动

But he's looking for things that his wife is doing without noticing, unintentional behaviors.


她是不是笑得太灿烂了 或者，她真是无意中碰到了那个男人吗？

Is she smiling too brightly here, or did she accidentally brush up against a man there?


弗洛伊德说这个男人正在变成 他妻子无意识行为的看守人

[Freud] says that the man is becoming the custodian of his wife's unconscious.


该小说很善于描述嫉妒是如何训练我们 极端地看问题，却不是准确性

The novel is very good at describing how jealousy trains us to look with intensity but not accuracy.


其实，我们的嫉妒越强烈 我们会越频繁地幻想

In fact, the more intensely jealous we are, the more we become residents of fantasy.


所以我认为嫉妒不仅仅 引诱我们去做暴力的事 或非法的事

And this is why, I think, jealousy doesn't just provoke us to do violent things or illegal things.


嫉妒会促使我们的行为 变得异常极端

Jealousy prompts us to behave in ways that are wildly inventive.


我承认我想到了八岁时候的自己 但我也想到了在新闻上看到的一个故事

Now I'm thinking of myself at eight, I concede, but I'm also thinking of this story I heard on the news.


密歇根一个52岁的妇女被发现 注册一个虚假Facebook账户 并用该账户对自己发送了 一年的恶意消息

A 52-year-old Michigan woman was caught creating a fake Facebook account from which she sent vile, hideous messages to herself for a year.


她还试图陷害 她前男友的现任女友 我必须承认当我听到这时 我的反应是对她钦佩

And she was trying to frame her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend, and I have to confess when I heard this, I just reacted with admiration.


因为，我想说，大家面对现实吧


多么有创造力啊！只不过用错了地方，不是么？

What immense, if misplaced, creativity. Right?


一部派翠西亚·海史密斯的小说

This is something from a Patricia Highsmith novel.


海史密斯是我特别喜爱的作家

Now Highsmith is a particular favorite of mine.


她是美国文学史上非常杰出而又奇诡的一位

She is the very brilliant and bizarre woman of American letters.


她是《火车怪客》和 《天才里普利先生》的作者 这些书都是关于嫉妒如何 让我们思维混乱 而且一旦我们进入了嫉妒的领域 真实性和可能性之间的薄膜 瞬间就被刺穿

She's the author of "Strangers on a Train" and "The Talented Mr. Ripley," books that are all about how jealousy, it muddles our minds, and once we're in the sphere, in that realm of jealousy, the membrane between what is and what could be can be pierced in an instant.


例如汤姆·里普利，她作品里最著名的人物

Take Tom Ripley, her most famous character.


里普利一开始想要你 或想要你所拥有的 然后又想成为你，并拥有你曾经拥有的 你被关在地下室 他应答着你的名字 戴着你的戒指 花光你的银行账户

Now, Tom Ripley goes from wanting you or wanting what you have to being you and having what you once had, and you're under the floorboards, he's answering to your name, he's wearing your rings, emptying your bank account.


但我们怎么做呢？我们不能重复里普利的路

But what do we do? We can't go the Tom Ripley route.


我不能给这个世界带来巨大变化 即便我愿意有一天这点能实现

I can't give the world D's, as much as I would really like to, some days.


这很遗憾，因为我们生活在羡慕的时代

And it's a pity, because we live in envious times.


我是说，我们都是社交媒体的好公民 在那里嫉妒是一种潮流，不是吗？

I mean, we're all good citizens of social media, aren't we, where the currency is envy?


小说能给我们解决办法吗？我不确定

Does the novel show us a way out? I'm not sure.


那我们就来学学小说人物吧，看他们在遇到难解之事 且不确定时是怎么做的

So let's do what characters always do when they're not sure, when they are in possession of a mystery.


让我们回到贝克街221B号 问问夏洛克·福尔摩斯

Let's go to 221B Baker Street and ask for Sherlock Holmes.


当人们想到福尔摩斯 就会想到他的对手莫里亚蒂教授 这个犯罪天才

When people think of Holmes, they think of his nemesis being Professor Moriarty, right, this criminal mastermind.


但我一直更喜欢警探雷斯垂德 一副阴险面孔的苏格兰场头子 他非常需要福尔摩斯 需要他的智慧，但憎恨他

But I've always preferred [Inspector] Lestrade, who is the rat-faced head of Scotland Yard who needs Holmes desperately, needs Holmes' genius, but resents him.


雷斯垂德需要他的帮助，同时憎恨他 在神秘案件的侦破中，总是恼火又苦闷

So Lestrade needs his help, resents him, and sort of seethes with bitterness over the course of the mysteries.


但他们一起工作使得有些事开始改变 最终在“六个拿破仑”的案子中 福尔摩斯一登场，他的智慧就让所有人惊艳 雷斯垂德转向福尔摩斯对他说： “福尔摩斯先生，我们不嫉妒你，

But as they work together, something starts to change, and finally in "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons," once Holmes comes in, dazzles everybody with his solution, Lestrade turns to Holmes and he says, "We're not jealous of you, Mr. Holmes.


还说，苏格兰场里没有人会不愿意 与福尔摩斯握手

And he says that there's not a man at Scotland Yard who wouldn't want to shake Sherlock Holmes' hand.


这是少数几次我们看到福尔摩斯 在探案时被感动，我也很受感动 这个情节也很神秘不是吗？

It's one of the few times we see Holmes moved in the mysteries, and I find it very moving, this little scene, but it's also mysterious, right?


这好像把嫉妒看做 一个几何问题，而不是情感

It seems to treat jealousy as a problem of geometry, not emotion.


这一分钟，福尔摩斯站在雷斯垂德对立面

You know, one minute Holmes is on the other side from Lestrade.


The next minute they're on the same side.


突然间，雷斯垂德允许自己 来仰慕这个他曾憎恶的人

Suddenly, Lestrade is letting himself admire this mind that he's resented.


如果嫉妒真的是一个几何问题改怎么办， 一个关于我们如何选择 与他人关系的立场的问题？

What if jealousy really is a matter of geometry, just a matter of where we allow ourselves to stand in relation to another?


或许到那时，我们不会再憎恨 某人的才华

Well, maybe then we wouldn't have to resent somebody's excellence.


所以当我们等待那一刻到来时 我们要记住，我们还有小说作为慰藉

So while we wait for that to happen, let us remember that we have fiction for consolation.


小说将嫉妒驯化 将它请上餐桌

Fiction alone domesticates it, invites it to the table.


看看它把谁都叫来了： 可爱的雷斯垂德，可怕的汤姆·里普利 疯狂的斯万，还有马塞尔·普鲁斯特自己

And look who it gathers: sweet Lestrade, terrifying Tom Ripley, crazy Swann, Marcel Proust himself.


我们曾经解决过一些大问题


1969年7月21日 巴兹•奥尔德林从阿波罗11号的登月舱里爬了出来 踏上了宁静海 (人类首次登上月球的区域）

On July 21st, 1969, Buzz Aldrin climbed out of Apollo 11's lunar module and descended onto the Sea of Tranquility.


当时只有阿姆斯特朗和奥尔特林二人 但他们在月球上的出现 是一系列呕心沥血努力的成果

Armstrong and Aldrin were alone, but their presence on the moon's gray surface was the culmination of a convulsive, collective effort.


阿波罗计划是美国历史上 在和平时期的 最大的一次动员

The Apollo program was the greatest peacetime mobilization in the history of the United States.


为了登上月球，美国航空航天局 花掉了相当于今天1800亿美元的资金 是当时4%的联邦预算

To get to the moon, NASA spent around 180 billion dollars in today's money, or four percent of the federal budget.


阿波罗雇佣了40万雇员 集合了2万家公司 大学和政府部门

Apollo employed around 400,000 people and demanded the collaboration of 20,000 companies, universities and government agencies.


有人牺牲了，包括阿波罗1号的船员

People died, including the crew of Apollo 1.


在阿波罗计划结束之前 24个人飞向过月球

But before the Apollo program ended, 24 men flew to the moon.


12个人曾踏上月球表面 奥尔德林在阿姆斯特朗去年去世以后 成为了他们中年龄最大的一位

Twelve walked on its surface, of whom Aldrin, following the death of Armstrong last year, is now the most senior.


他们并没有带很多东西回来 841磅的古老岩石 和24位宇航员之后共同强调的 对我们共同家园地球的渺小 和脆弱的认知

They didn't bring much back: 841 pounds of old rocks, and something all 24 later emphasized -- a new sense of the smallness and the fragility of our common home.


他们为什么要去？一个愤世嫉俗的答案是 因为肯尼迪总统要证明他们拥有 比苏联更好的火箭

Why did they go? The cynical answer is they went because President Kennedy wanted to show the Soviets that his nation had the better rockets.


但是肯尼迪1962年在莱斯大学的演说 提供了更好的线索

But Kennedy's own words at Rice University in 1962 provide a better clue.


（影片）肯尼迪：为什么？ 有人问为什么是月球？

John F. Kennedy: But why, some say, the moon?


为什么会选择它作为目标？


他们同样会问 为什么要登上最高的山峰？

And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain?


为什么，35年前要飞跃过大西洋？


为什么莱斯要同德克萨斯比赛（指大学橄榄球赛)?


（鼓掌） 我们选择在这个十年登上月球 以及一些其他的事情 不是因为它们容易，而是因为它们困难。

We choose to go to the moon in this decade, and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.


在当时 阿波罗计划不仅仅是西方对东方的 冷战胜利

Jason Pontin: To contemporaries, Apollo wasn't only a victory of West over East in the Cold War.


在当时，最强烈的情绪 是惊讶于 科技的无穷力量

At the time, the strongest emotion was of wonder at the transcendent powers of technology.


他们去了是因为这是一件大事

They went because it was a big thing to do.


登陆月球只是一连串 科技大胜利中的一件事

Landing on the moon occurred in the context of a long series of technological triumphs.


前半个20世纪制造出了 生产线，飞机， 盘尼西林和结核病疫苗

The first half of the 20th century produced the assembly line and the airplane, penicillin and a vaccine for tuberculosis.


在这一世纪的中期 小儿麻痹症和天花彻底消失

In the middle years of the century, polio was eradicated and smallpox eliminated.


科技本身似乎拥有 阿尔文•托夫勒在1970年说的 “加速推力”

Technology itself seemed to possess what Alvin Toffler in 1970 called "accelerative thrust."


在绝大部分的人类历史中 我们都无法比马 或帆船更快 但在1969年，阿波罗的10名船员们的 飞行速度是每小时25000英里

For most of human history, we could go no faster than a horse or a boat with a sail, but in 1969, the crew of Apollo 10 flew at 25,000 miles an hour.


1970年以后 再也没有人类回到过月球

Since 1970, no human beings have been back to the moon.


没有人再比阿波罗10号的船员 更快 对于科技力量的乐观 已消失殆尽 而那些我们曾寄望于科技解决的大问题 例如前往火星 创造干净的能源，治愈癌症 甚至养活全世界都变得 非常棘手困难

No one has traveled faster than the crew of Apollo 10, and blithe optimism about technology's powers has evaporated as big problems we had imagined technology would solve, such as going to Mars, creating clean energy, curing cancer, or feeding the world have come to seem intractably hard.


我仍记得收看阿波罗17号升空的场面

I remember watching the liftoff of Apollo 17.


我当时5岁 妈妈告诉我不要盯着 土星五号燃烧着的推进器

I was five years old, and my mother told me not to stare at the fiery exhaust of a Saturn V rocket.


我模糊地知道这是最后一次 月球计划 但是我确信在我的有生之年 火星殖民地将出现

I vaguely knew this was to be the last of the moon missions, but I was absolutely certain there would be Mars colonies in my lifetime.


所以，“科技力量解决大问题 的能力出现了问题”这一观点 变得司空见惯

to our capacity to solve big problems with technology" has become a commonplace.


我们在TED的过去两天里就听到过

We've heard it over the last two days here at TED.


感觉科技取悦我们丰富自己 通过的是一些无足轻重的玩具 像是iPhone，Apps和社交网络 或是加速自动交易的算法

It feels as if technologists have diverted us and enriched themselves with trivial toys, with things like iPhones and apps and social media, or algorithms that speed automated trading.


There's nothing wrong with most of these things.


他们延伸並丰富了我们的生活

They've expanded and enriched our lives.


但是他们不能解决人类的大问题

But they don't solve humanity's big problems.


在硅谷有一个狭隘的解释 他们承认，有野心的公司募得的资金更少了 相比于早些年的 英特尔，微软，苹果和基因泰克

So there is a parochial explanation in Silicon Valley, which admits that it has been funding less ambitious companies than it did in the years when it financed Intel, Microsoft, Apple and Genentech.


硅谷说，市场是罪魁祸首 特别是风险投资家提供给 企业家的奖励

Silicon Valley says the markets are to blame, in particular the incentives that venture capitalists offer to entrepreneurs.


硅谷说风投资金的投资方向 由彻底变革型类的想法 转移到了能够逐步解决的问题 甚至是虚假的问题上

Silicon Valley says that venture investing shifted away from funding transformational ideas and towards funding incremental problems or even fake problems.


不过我不认为这样的解释就够了

But I don't think that explanation is good enough.


It mostly explains what's wrong with Silicon Valley.


哪怕当风投家们在他们最能承受风险的时候 他们也是更愿意做小型的投资 有可能在十年内退出的微小投资

Even when venture capitalists were at their most risk-happy, they preferred small investments, tiny investments that offered an exit within 10 years.


风投资本在科技上的投资 总是难以获得回报 例如是需要大量投资 和长期发展过程的能源行业 风投资本也从来没有 投资过能够解决 没有即时商业价值的大问题

to invest profitably in technologies such as energy whose capital requirements are huge and whose development is long and lengthy, and V.C.s have never, never funded the development of technologies meant to solve big problems that possess no immediate commercial value.


不，我们不能解决大问题的原因 更加的复杂和深层次

No, the reasons we can't solve big problems are more complicated and more profound.


有时候我们选择不去解决一些大问题

Sometimes we choose not to solve big problems.


如果我们愿意，我们可以去火星


NASA甚至有了一个计划大纲


但去火星需要一个由民众诉求产生的政治决策 但那永远也不会发生

But going to Mars would follow a political decision with popular appeal, and that will never happen.


我们不去火星，因为每个人都认为 在地球上我们有 更重要的事情要做

We won't go to Mars, because everyone thinks there are more important things to do here on Earth.


有时候，我们无法解决一些大问题 是因为政治系统的失败

Sometimes, we can't solve big problems because our political systems fail.


如今，少于2%的 能源消耗 来自于先进的，可再生的能源 例如太阳能，风能和生物能源 少于百分之二 这纯粹是经济问题

Today, less than two percent of the world's energy consumption derives from advanced, renewable sources such as solar, wind and biofuels, less than two percent, and the reason is purely economic.


煤炭和天然气比太阳能 和风能更便宜 石油比生物燃料便宜

Coal and natural gas are cheaper than solar and wind, and petroleum is cheaper than biofuels.


我们需要的在价格上 拥有竞争力的替代能源，并不存在

We want alternative energy sources that can compete on price. None exist.


现在，科技人员，商业领袖 和经济学家基本都同意 国家政策和国际条约 将可以刺激替代能源的发展 通过显著增加新能源的 研究和发展 和对碳排放的征税

Now, technologists, business leaders and economists all basically agree on what national policies and international treaties would spur the development of alternative energy: mostly, a significant increase in energy research and development, and some kind of price on carbon.


但在现今的政治气候下 没望可以看到美国的能源政策 和国际条约能够反映这一共识

But there's no hope in the present political climate that we will see U.S. energy policy or international treaties that reflect that consensus.


有些时候，那些看起来是科技上的大问题 其实却不是

Sometimes, big problems that had seemed technological turn out not to be so.


饥荒长期以来被认为是 食物短缺造成的

Famines were long understood to be caused by failures in food supply.


但通过30年的研究发现 饥荒是由于政治危机 灾难性地影响了食物分配造成的

But 30 years of research have taught us that famines are political crises that catastrophically affect food distribution.


科技可以增加作物产量 或帮助食物的储存和运输 但是有糟糕的政府就会有饥荒

Technology can improve things like crop yields or systems for storing and transporting food, but there will be famines so long as there are bad governments.


最后，一些大问题会被逃避解决 因为人们不了解这些问题

Finally, big problems sometimes elude solution because we don't really understand the problem.


尼克松总统在1971年对癌症宣战 但我们很快发现 有太多种的癌症 大多数如恶魔般难以治疗 直到过去十年 有效可行的治疗方法 才开始出现

President Nixon declared war on cancer in 1971, but we soon discovered there are many kinds of cancer, most of them fiendishly resistant to therapy, and it is only in the last 10 years that effective, viable therapies have come to seem real.


这不代表科技无法解决大问题

It's not true that we can't solve big problems through technology.


我们可以，但以下四个要素 要同时满足 政治领袖和群众 必须关心解决这个问题 必须有机构支持其解决方案 其必须是技术上的问题 我们必须了解它

We can, we must, but these four elements must all be present: Political leaders and the public must care to solve a problem; institutions must support its solution; It must really be a technological problem; and we must understand it.


阿波罗计划 已经成为科技能够 解决大问题的象征 便符合这些要素

The Apollo mission, which has become a kind of metaphor for technology's capacity to solve big problems, met these criteria.


但这是一个不可复制的案例

But it is an irreproducible model for the future.


已经没有冷战中的军备竞赛 已经没有肯尼迪这样的政治家 会给困难和危险披上英雄主义色彩 没有流行的科幻神话 例如探索太阳系

There is no galvanizing contest like the Cold War, no politician like John Kennedy who can heroize the difficult and the dangerous, and no popular science fictional mythology such as exploring the solar system.


最重要的是，去月球 已经变得容易

Most of all, going to the moon turned out to be easy.


而且有争议地说，这其实 也没解决什么问题

And arguably it wasn't even solving much of a problem.


我们继续着我们的生活 而未来的问题将更难解决

We are left alone with our day, and the solutions of the future will be harder won.


谁知道呢，我们并不缺少挑战

God knows, we don't lack for the challenges.


我今天要讲的是信任。 一开始，我要先向你们交代一下， 人们对信任的基本观点。

So I'm going to talk about trust, and I'm going to start by reminding you of the standard views that people have about trust.


我觉得这些观点都很司空见惯， 在现实社会已经变成陈词滥调了。

I think these are so commonplace, they've become clichés of our society.


第一点是主张：信任感已经大幅地降低了。 这已经是有广泛共识的。

One's a claim: there has been a great decline in trust, very widely believed.


第二点是目的：我们应该有更多的信任感。

The second is an aim: we should have more trust.


第三点是任务：我们应该重建信任感。

And the third is a task: we should rebuild trust.


我觉得人们对这个主张、目的和任务 都有错误的认识。

I think that the claim, the aim and the task are all misconceived.


所以我今天要跟你们说的是 跟这种主张、目的和任务有所不同的观点。 我想让你们更好地理解信任。

So what I'm going to try to tell you today is a different story about a claim, an aim and a task which I think give one quite a lot better purchase on the matter.


首先是主张：为什么人们认为信任感在降低呢？

First the claim: Why do people think trust has declined?


如果我在现有证据的基础上考虑， 我真的不知道答案是什么。

And if I really think about it on the basis of my own evidence, I don't know the answer.


我倾向于认为信任感确实是有降低， 但那是在某些活动中，或者在某些机构里。 而在其他的方面也许是增加的。

I'm inclined to think it may have declined in some activities or some institutions and it might have grown in others.


但当然了，我可以去看看民意调查， 民意调查应该是 觉得信任感在降低的出处。

But, of course, I can look at the opinion polls, and the opinion polls are supposedly the source of a belief that trust has declined.


但当你真的去看看不同时间的民意调查的话， 其实没有多少证据支持这个观点。

When you actually look at opinion polls across time, there's not much evidence for that.


也就是说，那些 在20年前就不被相信的人 主要是记者和政客，现在仍不被信任。

That's to say, the people who were mistrusted 20 years ago, principally journalists and politicians, are still mistrusted.


而20年前就被高度信任的人， 比如法官和护士，现在仍得到高度的信任。

And the people who were highly trusted 20 years ago are still rather highly trusted: judges, nurses.


剩下的人就是居中了。 顺便说一下，在社会上这些居中的人， 差不多就是完全居中。

The rest of us are in between, and by the way, the average person in the street is almost exactly midway.


但是这个证据说得过去吗？


民意调查记录的当然就是一些人们的观点。

What opinion polls record is, of course, opinions.


要不然民意调查能记录什么？


不过就是一些普遍的态度。 你问他们什么，他们就说什么。

So they're looking at the generic attitudes that people report when you ask them certain questions.


你信任政客吗？信任老师吗？

Do you trust politicians? Do you trust teachers?


如果有人问你，“你信任蔬菜商吗？”

Now if somebody said to you, "Do you trust greengrocers?


Do you trust elementary school teachers?"


你可能会问，“信任他们去做什么？”

you would probably begin by saying, "To do what?"


这是一个非常明智的反问。

And that would be a perfectly sensible response.


当你明白问题到底是什么, 你会说， “嗯。我相信一些人，不相信另一些人。”

And you might say, when you understood the answer to that, "Well, I trust some of them, but not others."


简而言之，在我们现实生活中， 我们以不同的方式来寻求信任。

In short, in our real lives, we seek to place trust in a differentiated way.


我们不对信任感的程度做假设。 我们会对特定类型进行具体分析。 那些公务员，官员之类的人， 会被类型化。

We don't make an assumption that the level of trust that we will have in every instance of a certain type of official or office-holder or type of person is going to be uniform.


比如说，我会说我当然相信 一个我知道的小学老师 会教会学生怎么阅读。 但是我不相信她可以开校车。

I might, for example, say that I certainly trust a certain elementary school teacher I know to teach the reception class to read, but in no way to drive the school minibus.


也许最终我知道她确实不是个好司机。

I might, after all, know that she wasn't a good driver.


我也许相信我那爱喝酒的朋友 是个聊天的好伙伴。 但我不会相信他是个守得住秘密的人。

I might trust my most loquacious friend to keep a conversation going but not -- but perhaps not to keep a secret.


在日常生活中我们有了这样的证据， 说信任感是有区分的， 那么为什么民意调查时我们一下子糊涂了， 把信任感想得更概念化了呢？

So if we've got those evidence in our ordinary lives of the way that trust is differentiated, why do we sort of drop all that intelligence when we think about trust more abstractly?


我觉得民意调查是个很差劲的 衡量信任感是否存在的依据。 因为它抹杀了人们良好的判断力。 对考虑信任感的判断力。

I think the polls are very bad guides to the level of trust that actually exists, because they try to obliterate the good judgment that goes into placing trust.


第二，那个目的是怎么回事儿呢？


目的是我们需要更多的信任感。


坦白说，我觉得这个目的挺可笑的。

Well frankly, I think that's a stupid aim.


我会说，人们应该对值得信赖的更加地信任。 而不是去信任不值得信赖的人。

I would aim to have more trust in the trustworthy but not in the untrustworthy.


实际上，我所说的目的是尽量不要信任不值得信赖的人。

In fact, I aim positively to try not to trust the untrustworthy.


比如说，那些 把自己的积蓄交给那个看起来很象样的 却把他们的钱都卷走的麦道夫先生 的人，我觉得那些人呀，怎么说呢，对， 太容易信任别人了。

And I think, of those people who, for example, placed their savings with the very aptly named Mr. Madoff, who then made off with them, and I think of them, and I think, well, yes, too much trust.


过度地信任别人不是一个很明智的目的。

More trust is not an intelligent aim in this life.


明智地信任和明智地选择不信任 才是正确的目的。

Intelligently placed and intelligently refused trust is the proper aim.


那么有人说，好呀，好， 这不就是说最重要的 不是要去信任，而是信誉度吗？

Well once one says that, one says, yeah, okay, that means that what matters in the first place is not trust but trustworthiness.


就是说要判断别人在某些方面 是否值得信任。

It's judging how trustworthy people are in particular respects.


我觉得要想正确做出判断需要考虑三点。

And I think that judgment requires us to look at three things.


要看他们是否称职？是否诚实？是否可靠？

Are they competent? Are they honest? Are they reliable?


如果我们觉得一个人是称职的， 在他自己的领域是称职的。 而且是诚实可靠的。 我们就有理由去相信他们， 因为他们是可信赖的。

And if we find that a person is competent in the relevant matters, and reliable and honest, we'll have a pretty good reason to trust them, because they'll be trustworthy.


但是反过来，如果他们不可靠，那我们就不能信任他们。

But if, on the other hand, they're unreliable, we might not.


我有一些诚实可靠的朋友， 但我就信不着他们去帮我寄信， 因为他们很健忘。

I have friends who are competent and honest, but I would not trust them to post a letter, because they're forgetful.


我有些非常自信的朋友， 他们很能干， 但是我觉得他们有些过于自信。

I have friends who are very confident they can do certain things, but I realize that they overestimate their own competence.


当然我很高兴的是，我的朋友都是 称职可靠，又不是非常不诚实的。

And I'm very glad to say, I don't think I have many friends who are competent and reliable but extremely dishonest.


我们需要的就是： 信任别人之前要看他的信誉度。

But that's what we're looking for: trustworthiness before trust.


信誉度是需要我们来判断的。

Trustworthiness is what we have to judge.


所以当然这不是容易做到的。


过去的几十年里，我们努力地建立 各种机构里的问责制度， 是否达到专业水准或者官方要求等等 这些使我们更容易判断是否有信誉。

Across the last few decades, we've tried to construct systems of accountability for all sorts of institutions and professionals and officials and so on that will make it easier for us to judge their trustworthiness.


很多机构都有这样的逆反应。

A lot of these systems have the converse effect.


他们不象他们应该做的那样做事。


我记得和我一个助产士聊天，她说 ”你看看，现在的问题是我要 办个什么手续比接生一个孩子还难！“

I remember I was talking with a midwife who said, "Well, you see, the problem is it takes longer to do the paperwork than to deliver the baby."


在我们的公共生活里，我们的机构生活里， 我们发现很多问题。 这些机构里的问责制度 这些能保障自己的信誉 能作为值得信任的依据的制度 往往施行起来是相反的。

And all over our public life, our institutional life, we find that problem, that the system of accountability that is meant to secure trustworthiness and evidence of trustworthiness is actually doing the opposite.


这就使人们难以专注自己的工作， 比如助产士们， 让他们把时间浪费在填表上。就象我刚提到的。

It is distracting people who have to do difficult tasks, like midwives, from doing them by requiring them to tick the boxes, as we say.


你们其实都有这样的经历。

You can all give your own examples there.


关于目的要讲的很多很多。


我想这个目的更重要的是对方的信誉度。 那就完全不一样了。 比如说我们努力去成为值得信任的人， 把我们值得信任的一面展示给别人。 比如说我们先判断别人， 官员或者政客是否值得信任。

The aim, I think, is more trustworthiness, and that is going to be different if we are trying to be trustworthy and communicate our trustworthiness to other people, and if we are trying to judge whether other people or office-holders or politicians are trustworthy.


这不是容易的事。这是判断，是迅速反应， 是态度，在这里都讲不完。

It's not easy. It is judgment, and simple reaction, attitudes, don't do adequately here.


这个任务叫做重建信任感。 这又是弄反了的。

Calling the task rebuilding trust, I think, also gets things backwards.


这个任务建议你和我要重建信任。

It suggests that you and I should rebuild trust.


好吧，我们能对自己这么做，


我们能重建一些自己的信誉，

We can rebuild a bit of trustworthiness.


我们可以互相努力增加我们的信任。

We can do it two people together trying to improve trust.


但关根到底，信任是很独特的。 因为是来自他人的。

But trust, in the end, is distinctive because it's given by other people.


你不可能重建别人对你的看法。

You can't rebuild what other people give you.


你需要做出努力 让人家信任你。

You have to give them the basis for giving you their trust.


我是说，你要成为一个值得信赖的人。

So you have to, I think, be trustworthy.


当然，这就是说你不能 在永远愚弄住所有的人，一般来说。

And that, of course, is because you can't fool all of the people all of the time, usually.


你得提供一些有用的依据， 让别人知道你是值得信赖的。

But you also have to provide usable evidence that you are trustworthy.


其实每天，在不同得地方， 普通人，办公人员，各个机构都在努力， 往往做得很有效呢。

Well every day, all over the place, it's being done by ordinary people, by officials, by institutions, quite effectively.


我给你举个简单的商家营销的例子，

Let me give you a simple commercial example.


有个商店说我可以把买的袜子退回去， 他们绝不问任何问题。

The shop where I buy my socks says I may take them back, and they don't ask any questions.


他们收退货，我拿退货款。 或者给我换是我喜欢颜色的袜子。

They take them back and give me the money or give me the pair of socks of the color I wanted.


这很好。我信任他们。 因为他们让我觉得他们是处于弱势。

That's super. I trust them because they have made themselves vulnerable to me.


如果对于别人，你使自己处于弱势， 这就是个很好的值得信任的依据。 对自己说的话就有自信。

If you make yourself vulnerable to the other party, then that is very good evidence that you are trustworthy and you have confidence in what you are saying.


所以最终呢，我们的意图 就不那么难辨别了。

So in the end, I think what we are aiming for is not very difficult to discern.


人们是否值得信任是一种人和人之间的关系。 我们可以判断什么时候人们是如何 值得你信任的。

It is relationships in which people are trustworthy and can judge when and how the other person is trustworthy.


从道义上说， 我们要少考虑信任， 更不要说对信任的态度， 或者凭着民意测验来判断或者误判， 让我们更关注于成为值得信赖的人。 关注于如何提供恰当、有益 简单的依据让人们觉得你是可以信赖的。

So the moral of all this is, we need to think much less about trust, let alone about attitudes of trust detected or mis-detected by opinion polls, much more about being trustworthy, and how you give people adequate, useful and simple evidence that you're trustworthy.


纵观计算机中的历史 我们一直在努力弥合 我们与数字信息之间的隔阂， 还有我们的现实世界 与虚拟世界之间的差距。 在虚拟世界里，我们的想象力是无穷的。

Throughout the history of computers we've been striving to shorten the gap between us and digital information, the gap between our physical world and the world in the screen where our imagination can go wild.


这一差距已经在缩短， 还会继续缩短， 现在这一差距已经缩短到 小于一毫米， 就是触摸屏的玻璃那么薄， 而且计算机已是 人皆有之。

And this gap has become shorter, shorter, and even shorter, and now this gap is shortened down to less than a millimeter, the thickness of a touch-screen glass, and the power of computing has become accessible to everyone.


但我在想，要是没有虚拟和现实世界之间的边界该多好?

But I wondered, what if there could be no boundary at all?


我于是就开始大胆尝试这个想法。

I started to imagine what this would look like.


我首先造出了这个工具， 它可以深入数字空间， 如果你拿这支笔用力按这个屏幕， 这支笔的笔身就会进到由像素点组成的虚拟世界中。

First, I created this tool which penetrates into the digital space, so when you press it hard on the screen, it transfers its physical body into pixels.


设计师们可以直接在三维立体空间内 实现他们的想法， 外科医生可以在屏幕里面 练习给虚拟器官动手术。

Designers can materialize their ideas directly in 3D, and surgeons can practice on virtual organs underneath the screen.


可见，这个工具打破了虚拟和现实世界之间的边界。

So with this tool, this boundary has been broken.


但我们双手还是在屏幕外。

But our two hands still remain outside the screen.


我们怎样才能把手伸进去 和数字信息进行交互， 从而充分利用我们灵活的双手？

How can you reach inside and interact with the digital information using the full dexterity of our hands?


我在微软应用科学实验室， 和我的导师卡迪•布兰葛 重新设计了这台计算机 把键盘上方的小空间 挪进数字工作区内。

At Microsoft Applied Sciences, along with my mentor Cati Boulanger, I redesigned the computer and turned a little space above the keyboard into a digital workspace.


通过将一个透明显示屏与几个深度摄像头结合， 这几个摄像头可以感知你的手指和脸， 现在你可以从键盘上抬起你的双手 伸进这个三维立体空间去 徒手控制里面的虚拟物质——像素点。

By combining a transparent display and depth cameras for sensing your fingers and face, now you can lift up your hands from the keyboard and reach inside this 3D space and grab pixels with your bare hands.


因为窗口和文件在现实空间内有了具体位置， 选取它们变得像从书架上拿一本书那么容易。

Because windows and files have a position in the real space, selecting them is as easy as grabbing a book off your shelf.


然后你可以翻阅这本书 并在每个浮动窗口下面的虚拟触控板上 划出字词和句子。

Then you can flip through this book on the virtual touch pad below each floating window.


建筑师们可以直接用他们的双手 拉伸或旋转各种模型。

Architects can stretch or rotate the models with their two hands directly.


在这些例子表明， 我们正在进入数字世界。

So in these examples, we are reaching into the digital world.


可是如何才能转变它的角色 从而让数字信息进入我们的世界中？

But how about reversing its role and having the digital information reach us instead?


相信在座很多人都有 在线购物和退货的经验。

I'm sure many of us have had the experience of buying and returning items online.


不过，现在你不比再担心。

But now you don't have to worry about it.


因为，我这里有个增强版在线试衣间。

What I got here is an online augmented fitting room.


这是这个系统分析了我们身体的几何特征后， 通过头载式或透视式显示方式 展示给我们看的情形。

This is a view that you get from head-mounted or see-through display when the system understands the geometry of your body.


不过，我又开始进一步思考这一想法， 怎样才能让我们空间里的这些可见的像素点 转变为实实在在 能摸得到、感觉到的物质？

Taking this idea further, I started to think, instead of just seeing these pixels in our space, how can we make it physical so that we can touch and feel it?


这种未来会是什么样子的？


在麻省理工学院媒体实验室里，我和我的导师石井裕 还有我的搭档雷米·波斯特， 共同研制出这一“物质像素点”。

At MIT Media Lab, along with my advisor Hiroshi Ishii and my collaborator Rehmi Post, we created this one physical pixel.


在这种情况下，这个球形磁体 就好像是我们空间中的一个三维像素点， 这就意味着计算机和人 可以将这个物体移动到 这一三维立体小空间的任何位置。

Well, in this case, this spherical magnet acts like a 3D pixel in our space, which means that both computers and people can move this object to anywhere within this little 3D space.


我们的基本实现原理是，消除重力对小球的作用 并通过磁悬浮、机械驱动 和传感技术的结合 来控制小球的运动。

What we did was essentially canceling gravity and controlling the movement by combining magnetic levitation and mechanical actuation and sensing technologies.


通过对这个对象的数字编程， 我们正试着解放 时间和空间对物质的限制，这意味着，现在， 人的运动可以在物质世界中可以被 录制、重放和永久保留。

And by digitally programming the object, we are liberating the object from constraints of time and space, which means that now, human motions can be recorded and played back and left permanently in the physical world.


这样，舞蹈编排就可以被远程而且真实地传授， 迈克尔·乔丹著名的扣篮动作就可以 反反复复、实实在在地被重演。

So choreography can be taught physically over distance and Michael Jordan's famous shooting can be replicated over and over as a physical reality.


学生可以把它当作一种工具 去学习那些复杂的概念 比如行星运动、物理， 而且不同于电脑屏幕或教科书的是， 这种学习过程是真实存在的 你可以触摸它、感觉它，很给力！

Students can use this as a tool to learn about the complex concepts such as planetary motion, physics, and unlike computer screens or textbooks, this is a real, tangible experience that you can touch and feel, and it's very powerful.


更令人兴奋的是， 这不止是把当前计算机的东西转变为真实的物质， 而是开始想象，编程的世界甚至将 改变我们日常的体能活动。

And what's more exciting than just turning what's currently in the computer physical is to start imagining how programming the world will alter even our daily physical activities.


如您所见，数字信息 将不仅仅是把东西显示给我们 而是将开始直接作用于我们 成为我们现实环境的一部分 并非切断我们与现实世界的联系。

As you can see, the digital information will not just show us something but it will start directly acting upon us as a part of our physical surroundings without disconnecting ourselves from our world.


我今天的演讲是从谈论“边界”问题开始的， 如果我们能除去这一边界， 剩下的就是我们无边无际的想像力了。

Today, we started by talking about the boundary, but if we remove this boundary, the only boundary left is our imagination.


七十年代时我在中国湖南练过两年体操。 七十年代时我在中国湖南练过两年体操。

So I was trained to become a gymnast for two years in Hunan, China in the 1970s.


当我上小学一年级时，政府想让我转学去体校， 当我上小学一年级时，政府想让我转学去体校， 一切免费。

When I was in the first grade, the government wanted to transfer me to a school for athletes, all expenses paid.


我父母希望我长大象他们一样当工程师。 我父母希望我长大象他们一样当工程师。

My parents wanted me to become an engineer like them.


作为文革的幸存者， 他们坚定认为获得幸福的唯一可靠途径 是一个安定高薪的工作，

After surviving the Cultural Revolution, they firmly believed there's only one sure way to happiness: a safe and well-paid job.


至于我喜不喜欢那个工作并不重要。

It is not important if I like the job or not.


但我的梦想是成为黄梅戏演员。

But my dream was to become a Chinese opera singer.


戏曲演员必须从小开始学身段功夫， 戏曲演员必须从小开始学身段功夫， 我想尽了一切办法想去黄梅戏学校，

An opera singer must start training young to learn acrobatics, so I tried everything I could to go to opera school.


甚至写信给戏校校长 和一个电台节目主持人。

I even wrote to the school principal and the host of a radio show.


但没有一个大人喜欢那个主意，


没有一个大人相信我是认真的。


只有我的小伙伴们支持我，但他们也是小孩， 和我一样无能为力。

Only my friends supported me, but they were kids, just as powerless as I was.


十五岁时，我知道自己要学戏已经年纪太大，

So at age 15, I knew I was too old to be trained.


我的梦想已不再可能实现。


我担心在余下的一生里， 自己的命就是得到些二流幸福而已。 自己的命就是得到些二流幸福而已。

I was afraid that for the rest of my life some second-class happiness would be the best I could hope for.


我暗下决心要为自己寻找另一个使命 。

So I was determined to find another calling.


周围无人赐教？没什么大不了，


写书的傅家是一个作家、音乐家荟萃的家庭。 我从《简爱》这本书中找到了独立女性的榜样， 尽管儒家传统教人听话顺从。 我从《效率专家爸爸》这本书中学会高效率。 这几本书燃起了我对出国深造的渴望。

from this book by a family of writers and musicians.["Correspondence in the Family of Fou Lei"] I found my role model of an independent woman when Confucian tradition requires obedience.["Jane Eyre"] And I learned to be efficient from this book.["Cheaper by the Dozen"] And I was inspired to study abroad after reading these.


（《三毛全集》、南怀瑾的《历史的经验》） 我1995年来美国， 在美国我首先读什么书呢？

["Complete Works of Sanmao" ] ["Lessons From History" by Nan Huaijin] I came to the U.S. in 1995, so which books did I read here first?


《大地》讲的是中国农民的故事，

"The Good Earth" is about Chinese peasant life.


真实得不方便宣传。懂了。

That's just not convenient for propaganda. Got it.


《圣经》很有趣但也很奇怪，


但十诫中的第五诫给了我灵感： “你应荣耀你的父母”。

But the fifth commandment gave me an epiphany: "You shall honor your father and mother."


我心里一动，“荣耀”不等于 而且远胜于“服从”！

"Honor," I said. "That's so different, and better, than obey."


它成为我爬出儒家负罪感的工具， 它成为我爬出儒家负罪感的工具， 让我重建与父母的关系。

So it becomes my tool to climb out of this Confucian guilt trap and to restart my relationship with my parents.


来到一个新文化环境也促成我比较阅读的习惯， 来到一个新文化环境也促成我比较阅读的习惯，

Encountering a new culture also started my habit of comparative reading.


举个例子，第一次看到这幅地图时我觉得它有些怪, 因为这才是中国大陆学生从小到大使用的世界地图。

For example, I found this map out of place at first because this is what Chinese students grew up with.


我之前从未意识到 原来中国不一定非要位于世界地图中央，

It had never occurred to me, China doesn't have to be at the center of the world.


Comparative reading actually is nothing new.


它是学术界里的标准做法，

It's a standard practice in the academic world.


比较文学、比较宗教甚至成为专门研究领域。 比较文学、比较宗教甚至成为专门研究领域。

There are even research fields such as comparative religion and comparative literature.


对比对照让学者们对一个课题有更全面的了解。 对比对照让学者们对一个课题有更全面的了解。

Compare and contrast gives scholars a more complete understanding of a topic.


我琢磨着，既然比较阅读对研究有用， 为什么不把它用在日常生活中呢？

So I thought, well, if comparative reading works for research, why not do it in daily life too?


因此我开始把书成对来读。


它们可以是关于同一事件的不同当事人， 它们可以是关于同一事件的不同当事人， 或两个有共同经历的朋友。

So they can be about people -- ["Benjamin Franklin" by Walter Isaacson]["John Adams" by David McCullough] -- or friends with shared experiences.


（凯瑟琳·格雷厄姆的《个人历史》、巴菲特传记《雪球》） 我还把故事相同但文体不同的书做对比, 或对比那些来自不同文化的相似故事， 象约瑟夫·坎贝尔在其杰作《神话的力量》中所做的那样。 举个例子，耶稣和佛祖都经历了三大诱惑， 举个例子，耶稣和佛祖都经历了三大诱惑，

["Personal History" by Katharine Graham]["The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life," by Alice Schroeder] I also compare the same stories in different genres -- [Holy Bible: King James Version]["Lamb" by Chrisopher Moore] -- or similar stories from different cultures, as Joseph Campbell did in his wonderful book.["The Power of Myth" by Joseph Campbell] For example, both the Christ and the Buddha went through three temptations.


耶稣经历的是经济、政治和精神诱惑， 耶稣经历的是经济、政治和精神诱惑，

For the Christ, the temptations are economic, political and spiritual.


佛祖经历的则都是心理诱惑： 欲望、恐惧和社会责任 －－ 有意思。

For the Buddha, they are all psychological: lust, fear and social duty -- interesting.


如果你懂外语， 把你喜欢的书的两个语言版本对比读也很有意思。

So if you know a foreign language, it's also fun to read your favorite books in two languages.


（托马斯·默顿翻译的《庄子》、阿伦·瓦特翻译的《道德经》） 人们常说翻译总有缺失，我却发现翻译也可以带来收获。

["The Way of Chuang Tzu" Thomas Merton]["Tao: The Watercourse Way" Alan Watts] Instead of lost in translation, I found there is much to gain.


举个例子，是翻译使我意识到 原来中文“快乐”一词的字面意思可解为“快速欢乐”，呃...

For example, it's through translation that I realized "happiness" in Chinese literally means "fast joy." Huh!


中文“新娘”一词的字面意思可解为“新妈妈”，天啊！

"Bride" in Chinese literally means "new mother." Uh-oh.


书已成为我与古人今人沟通的一个神奇门户， 书已成为我与古人今人沟通的一个神奇门户，

Books have given me a magic portal to connect with people of the past and the present.


让我再不会觉得孤单无助。

I know I shall never feel lonely or powerless again.


与其他人的苦难相比，梦想破灭算不了什么。 与其他人的苦难相比，梦想破灭算不了什么。

Having a dream shattered really is nothing compared to what many others have suffered.


我渐渐意识到成真并非梦想的唯一目的， 我渐渐意识到成真并非梦想的唯一目的，

I have come to believe that coming true is not the only purpose of a dream.


它的最重要目的是让我们触摸到 梦想来源的地方、 热情来源的地方、快乐来源的地方，

Its most important purpose is to get us in touch with where dreams come from, where passion comes from, where happiness comes from.


哪怕一个破灭的梦想也可以让你经历那种触摸。

Even a shattered dream can do that for you.


因为书，我今天得以在此， 快乐地活着，生活的目标和意义重新变得明确， 在大部分时候。

So because of books, I'm here today, happy, living again with a purpose and a clarity, most of the time.


当我20几岁时， 我见到了我的第一个需要精神疗法的病人。

When I was in my 20s, I saw my very first psychotherapy client.


当时我是一个在伯克利大学读临床心理学的Ph.D学生。

I was a Ph.D. student in clinical psychology at Berkeley.


她是一位叫Alex的26岁女性。


第一次会面时Alex穿了 牛仔裤以及略微不修边幅的上衣， 进来后直接坐到我办公室中的沙发上， 踢掉她的鞋子， 然后跟我说她是来跟我讲男性问题的。

Now Alex walked into her first session wearing jeans and a big slouchy top, and she dropped onto the couch in my office and kicked off her flats and told me she was there to talk about guy problems.


当我听到这个时，我松了一口气。

Now when I heard this, I was so relieved.


我的一个同学的第一个病人是一个纵火犯。

My classmate got an arsonist for her first client.


所以说我有一个二十几岁的人想跟我谈谈男生。

And I got a twentysomething who wanted to talk about boys.


Alex在每一次会面时都会带来好笑的故事， 因此对我而言点点头， 不断拖延出结果的时间是一件非常轻松的事情。

With the funny stories that Alex would bring to session, it was easy for me just to nod my head while we kicked the can down the road.


Alex会说“三十就是新的二十”， 而且就我知道的，她是对的。

"Thirty's the new 20," Alex would say, and as far as I could tell, she was right.


工作要以后才有，结婚以后才有， 孩子以后才有，连死亡都是以后才有。

Work happened later, marriage happened later, kids happened later, even death happened later.


像Alex和我一样是二十几岁的人除了时间外一无所有。

Twentysomethings like Alex and I had nothing but time.


但没过多久，我的监督就催我 开始推动Alex的爱情生活。

But before long, my supervisor pushed me to push Alex about her love life.


我说：“没错，她现在在约会， 她和一个笨蛋同床， 但这并不表示她会和他结婚。”

I said, "Sure, she's dating down, she's sleeping with a knucklehead, but it's not like she's going to marry the guy."


然后我的监督说： “现在还没，但她可能会和下一个这样的人结婚。

And then my supervisor said, "Not yet, but she might marry the next one.


再说，在Alex的婚事上花费精力的最好时间 就是在她结婚之前。”

Besides, the best time to work on Alex's marriage is before she has one."


这就是心理学家们所说的“原来如此！”瞬间。

That's what psychologists call an "Aha!" moment.


在那一瞬间，我明白了三十岁并不是新的二十岁。

That was the moment I realized, 30 is not the new 20.


没错，人们比以前更晚安顿下来， 但这并不说明Alex的二十几岁这个时间段是她的发展低谷。

Yes, people settle down later than they used to, but that didn't make Alex's 20s a developmental downtime.


这使Alex的二十几岁一个发展的良好时期， 而我们就坐在那儿荒废它。

That made Alex's 20s a developmental sweet spot, and we were sitting there, blowing it.


这时我才明白这种“善意的疏忽” 是一个非常现实的问题，而且它有严重的后果， 不仅是对于Alex和她的爱情生活 也对于各地的二十几岁的人的 家庭与未来。

That was when I realized that this sort of benign neglect was a real problem, and it had real consequences, not just for Alex and her love life but for the careers and the families and the futures of twentysomethings everywhere.


现在美国有大约5千万 二十几岁的人。

There are 50 million twentysomethings in the United States right now.


这大概是总人口的15%， 或者说100%如果你考虑到 没人能在不经历二十几岁这个阶段的情况下

We're talking about 15 percent of the population, or 100 percent if you consider that no one's getting through adulthood without going through their 20s first.


经过成人期。 如果你是二十几岁的话举一下手。


我非常想在这儿看到一些二十几岁的人。

I really want to see some twentysomethings here.


如果你和二十几岁的人工作，如果你爱一个二十几岁的人， 如果你因为二十几岁的人而失眠，我就想看到— 好的。棒极了，二十几岁的人非常重要。

If you work with twentysomethings, you love a twentysomething, you're losing sleep over twentysomethings, I want to see — Okay. Awesome, twentysomethings really matter.


我专门研究二十几岁的人，因为我相信 这5千万个二十几岁的人中每一个 都应该知道每一个心理学家， 社会学家，神经学家以及生育专家 都知道的： 那就是把握你的二十岁这一个阶段是最简单的， 但又是最有影响力的你能为 你的职业，爱情，幸福， 甚至是全世界做的事。

So, I specialize in twentysomethings because I believe that every single one of those 50 million twentysomethings deserves to know what psychologists, sociologists, neurologists and fertility specialists already know: that claiming your 20s is one of the simplest, yet most transformative, things you can do for work, for love, for your happiness, maybe even for the world.


这不是我的观点。这是事实。

This is not my opinion. These are the facts.


我们知道一个人的一生中的80%的最重要的时刻 发生在35岁。

We know that 80 percent of life's most defining moments take place by age 35.


这就意味着每10个 决定你的生命会是什么样的 的经历与“原来如此！”时刻 中有8个发生在三十岁中旬。

That means that eight out of 10 of the decisions and experiences and "Aha!" moments that make your life what it is will have happened by your mid-30s.


This crowd is going to be fine, I think.


我们知道一份职业中的前10年 对于你将会挣多少钱 有非常大的影响。

We know that the first 10 years of a career has an exponential impact on how much money you're going to earn.


我们知道超过一半的美国人 30岁之前就和终生伴侣结婚，

We know that more than half of Americans are married or are living with or dating their future partner by 30.


同居，或者在约会。 我们知道大脑在你二十几岁时 为了适应成人期 达到第二次也是最后一次成长期的高峰， 这说明无论你想改变你自己的什么， 现在就是改变它的时间。

We know that the brain caps off its second and last growth spurt in your 20s as it rewires itself for adulthood, which means that whatever it is you want to change about yourself, now is the time to change it.


我们知道相比人生其他阶段 二十岁时的个性变化最大， 而且我们也知道女性的繁殖能力在28岁时达到峰顶， 到35岁之后事情就有点难办了。

We know that personality changes more during your 20s than at any other time in life, and we know that female fertility peaks at age 28, and things get tricky after age 35.


因此你的二十几岁这个时间段就是 告诉自己自己的身体状况以及未来的选择的时候。

So your 20s are the time to educate yourself about your body and your options.


因此当我们说到儿童发展， 我们都知道前5年是大脑发展 语言和爱慕的关键时期。

So when we think about child development, we all know that the first five years are a critical period for language and attachment in the brain.


这是一个你的每日生活都会对你的未来 产生巨大影响的时间段。

It's a time when your ordinary, day-to-day life has an inordinate impact on who you will become.


但是我们听到的比较少的就是有一个东西叫 成人发展，而我们的二十岁这个阶段 就是成人发展的关键时期。

But what we hear less about is that there's such a thing as adult development, and our 20s are that critical period of adult development.


但这并不是二十几岁的人所听到的。

But this isn't what twentysomethings are hearing.


报纸在描述成人的时间表的变更，

Newspapers talk about the changing timetable of adulthood.


研究人员把二十几岁叫做延长的青春期。

Researchers call the 20s an extended adolescence.


新闻记者在给二十几岁的人附加愚蠢的外号， 比如“中间者”和“成年儿童”。

Journalists coin silly nicknames for twentysomethings like "twixters" and "kidults."


作为一种文化，我们把实际上是成人期中最重要的一个十年 列为不重要的东西。

As a culture, we have trivialized what is actually the defining decade of adulthood.


伦纳德 伯恩斯坦说过如果想办成大事， 就需要一个计划和不足够的时间。

Leonard Bernstein said that to achieve great things, you need a plan and not quite enough time.


所以说当你 拍一个二十几岁的人的头然后说： “你还有额外的十年才开始生活”时你认为会发生什么？

So what do you think happens when you pat a twentysomething on the head and you say, "You have 10 extra years to start your life"?


你剥夺了那个人的紧迫感以及志向， 但是什么都没发生。

You have robbed that person of his urgency and ambition, and absolutely nothing happens.


然后每天就有像你们的儿子或者女儿一样 既聪明又有趣的二十几岁的人 跑到我的办公室跟我说 “我知道我的男朋友对我一点好处都没有， 但这段感情不算数。我只是在消耗时间。”

And then every day, smart, interesting twentysomethings like you or like your sons and daughters come into my office and say things like this: "I know my boyfriend's no good for me, but this relationship doesn't count. I'm just killing time."


或者是“大家都说只要我在30岁之前 开始我的职业就没问题。”这一类的话。

Or they say, "Everybody says as long as I get started on a career by the time I'm 30, I'll be fine."


但后来他们就开始讲： “我的二十岁快结束了，但我没什么可以展现的。

But then it starts to sound like this: "My 20s are almost over, and I have nothing to show for myself.


我毕业那天最好写写自己的简历。”

I had a better résumé the day after I graduated from college."


之后他们开始讲： “二十几岁时的约会就像玩抢座位游戏。

And then it starts to sound like this: "Dating in my 20s was like musical chairs.


大家跑来跑去，乐在其中， 但到30岁左右音乐就停掉了， 大家一个接一个开始坐下。

Everybody was running around and having fun, but then sometime around 30 it was like the music turned off and everybody started sitting down.


我不想成为唯一一个站着的人， 因此有时候我觉得我和我丈夫结婚的原因 就是因为在我30岁时他是距我最近的‘椅子’。”

I didn't want to be the only one left standing up, so sometimes I think I married my husband because he was the closest chair to me at 30."


这里的二十几岁的人在哪儿？


好吧，刚才那听起来可能有一点轻浮，但是别搞错， 在这里筹码非常高。

Okay, now that sounds a little flip, but make no mistake, the stakes are very high.


当很多事情被推到三十几岁再做时， 在你的三十岁这个阶段就有在极短的时间内 开始一个职业，挑选一个城市，找到一个伴侣 并且生几个孩子的巨大压力。

When a lot has been pushed to your 30s, there is enormous thirtysomething pressure to jump-start a career, pick a city, partner up, and have two or three kids in a much shorter period of time.


这些事情中有很多是不兼容的， 而且就如研究开始表明， 在三十几岁这个阶段同时完成这么多事 的压力以及难度实在是太大了。

Many of these things are incompatible, and as research is just starting to show, simply harder and more stressful to do all at once in our 30s.


上个千年之后的中年危机 不在于能否买一辆红色的敞篷车。

The post-millennial midlife crisis isn't buying a red sports car.


是在于发现自己的职业不是自己想要的。

It's realizing you can't have that career you now want.


是在于发现你无法生你想要的孩子， 或者无法给自己的孩子一个同胞。

It's realizing you can't have that child you now want, or you can't give your child a sibling.


有太多太多的三十几岁的人和四十几岁的人 先看看自己，然后看看坐在房间另一边的我， 然后讨论他们的二十几岁这个时间段。 “我当时在做什么？我当时在想什么？”

Too many thirtysomethings and fortysomethings look at themselves, and at me, sitting across the room, and say about their 20s, "What was I doing? What was I thinking?"


我想改变二十几岁的人 的所做与所思。

I want to change what twentysomethings are doing and thinking.


我来讲一个关于如何这么做的故事。


这是一个关于一位叫Emma的女性的故事。


25岁时，Emma来到我的办公室 因为她，用她的话来讲，正在经历一个身份危机。

At 25, Emma came to my office because she was, in her words, having an identity crisis.


她说她认为她想从事艺术 或者娱乐，但她还没决定， 所以前几年她花在做服务员上了。

She said she thought she might like to work in art or entertainment, but she hadn't decided yet, so she'd spent the last few years waiting tables instead.


因为比较便宜，她和她那 展现脾气比志向更频繁的男朋友住在一起。

Because it was cheaper, she lived with a boyfriend who displayed his temper more than his ambition.


而无论她的二十几岁有多么困难， 她以前的生活更困难。

And as hard as her 20s were, her early life had been even harder.


她在会面时经常哭， 但会说“你无法选择你的家庭，但是你能选择你的朋友。”

She often cried in our sessions, but then would collect herself by saying, "You can't pick your family, but you can pick your friends."


然后平定下来。 有一天，Emma走进来， 把头放在膝盖上， 然后哭了近一个小时。

Well one day, Emma comes in and she hangs her head in her lap, and she sobbed for most of the hour.


她刚买了一个新的地址薄， 然后她花了一个上午填她的联系人， 但是她只能呆呆的看着 “在紧急情况下，请拨打..."

She'd just bought a new address book, and she'd spent the morning filling in her many contacts, but then she'd been left staring at that empty blank "In case of emergency, please call ..."


这一串字后面的空白。 她近歇斯底里的看着我并说： “如果我出车祸了谁会照顾我？

She was nearly hysterical when she looked at me and said, "Who's going to be there for me if I get in a car wreck?


如果我的癌症了谁会照顾我？”

Who's going to take care of me if I have cancer?"


当时，我花了很大力气 才避免说“我会”。

Now in that moment, it took everything I had not to say, "I will."


但Emma需要的并不是一位非常非常关心 她的治疗师。

But what Emma needed wasn't some therapist who really, really cared.


Emma需要一个更好的生活，而且我知道这是她的机会。

Emma needed a better life, and I knew this was her chance.


自从我在Alex身上下功夫后我学到了很多， 所以我不会让Emma那具有决定作用的十年 就这么流逝掉。

I had learned too much since I first worked with Alex to just sit there while Emma's defining decade went parading by.


所以在接下来的几周和几个月中， 我告诉了Emma 三个每个二十几岁的人，不论男女， 都应该听到东西。

So over the next weeks and months, I told Emma three things that every twentysomething, male or female, deserves to hear.


首先，我告诉Emma忘了她的身份危机 然后开始积累身份资本。

First, I told Emma to forget about having an identity crisis and get some identity capital.


我所说的“积累身份资本”就是指 为你自己增加价值。

By "get identity capital," I mean do something that adds value to who you are.


做一项对你接下来想是什么样子的 的投资。

Do something that's an investment in who you might want to be next.


我当时不知道Emma的职业的未来， 而且没人知道自己的工作的未来，但是我知道这些： 身份资本会招来更多的身份资本。

I didn't know the future of Emma's career, and no one knows the future of work, but I do know this: Identity capital begets identity capital.


这是接受那份跨国职业， 那份实习和你想试试的那个起步的时候。

So now is the time for that cross-country job, that internship, that startup you want to try.


我不是在漠视二十几岁的人的探索， 但是我在漠视毫无意义的探索， 而且那些按道理来讲不能叫探索。

I'm not discounting twentysomething exploration here, but I am discounting exploration that's not supposed to count, which, by the way, is not exploration.


我叫Emma试验各种工作而且让它们算数。

I told Emma to explore work and make it count.


其次，我告诉Emma城市部落被高估了。

Second, I told Emma that the urban tribe is overrated.


找好朋友来搭车至机场很棒， 但二十几岁的人若和思维方式 相似的同龄人聚在一起，他们所知道的人， 他们所知道的事，他们的思维方式，他们的讲话方式 以及他们的工作地点就会受到限制。

Best friends are great for giving rides to the airport, but twentysomethings who huddle together with like-minded peers limit who they know, what they know, how they think, how they speak, and where they work.


那个新的资本，那个新的可以约出去的人 几乎总是从内部圈子之外来的。

That new piece of capital, that new person to date almost always comes from outside the inner circle.


新的事物从我们所谓的微弱的联系中来， 比如我们的朋友的朋友的朋友。

New things come from what are called our weak ties, our friends of friends of friends.


是的，大概有一半的二十几岁的人未就业或者未充分就业。

So yes, half of twentysomethings are un- or under-employed.


但有一半不是这样的，而微弱的联系 就是把你自己加入那一个团体的方式。

But half aren't, and weak ties are how you get yourself into that group.


有一半的新职位不会被张贴出来， 而联系到你的邻居的老板 就是你拿到那份未被张贴的工作的方法。

Half of new jobs are never posted, so reaching out to your neighbor's boss is how you get that unposted job.


这不是作弊。这是关于信息如何传递的科学。

It's not cheating. It's the science of how information spreads.


最后，Emma相信 一个人不能选择家庭，但可以选择朋友。

Last but not least, Emma believed that you can't pick your family, but you can pick your friends.


在她的成长过程中这是没错的， 但作为一个二十几岁的人，很快Emma就要通过 和某人结伴，创造一个家庭 来选择她自己的家庭。

Now this was true for her growing up, but as a twentysomething, soon Emma would pick her family when she partnered with someone and created a family of her own.


我告诉Emma选择家庭的时间就是现在。

I told Emma the time to start picking your family is now.


你可能会认为30岁是一个 比20岁，甚至是25岁更好的 安定下来的时间， 而且我也同意。

Now you may be thinking that 30 is actually a better time to settle down than 20, or even 25, and I agree with you.


但当你在别的人开始进入结婚礼堂时 抓紧和你同居或睡觉的人 不叫进步。

But grabbing whoever you're living with or sleeping with when everyone on Facebook starts walking down the aisle is not progress.


在婚事上下功夫的最好时间 就是结婚之前， 意思就是对待爱情就要像对待工作一样 富有意识。

The best time to work on your marriage is before you have one, and that means being as intentional with love as you are with work.


选择家庭就是有意识的选择 你想要的人和物 而不是单单想让事情成功或者和 选择你的那个人浪费时间。

Picking your family is about consciously choosing who and what you want rather than just making it work or killing time with whoever happens to be choosing you.


那Emma后来怎么样了？


嗯，我们翻了翻那个地址薄， 然后她发现她的一个老室友的一位亲人 在另一个州的一个艺术博物馆工作。

Well, we went through that address book, and she found an old roommate's cousin who worked at an art museum in another state.


那个微弱的联系帮她在那里找到一份工作。

That weak tie helped her get a job there.


那份工作给她一个 离开她的同居男友的理由。

That job offer gave her the reason to leave that live-in boyfriend.


现在，5年过去了，她是一些博物馆的特殊活动规划者。

Now, five years later, she's a special events planner for museums.


她和一位她有意识地选择了的人结婚了。

She's married to a man she mindfully chose.


她爱她的新职业，她爱他的新家庭， 她还给我一张上面写着 “现在紧急联系人一栏 似乎不够大了。”的卡片。

She loves her new career, she loves her new family, and she sent me a card that said, "Now the emergency contact blanks don't seem big enough."


Emma的故事让这件事听起来非常简单， 但这就是我喜欢和二十几岁的人工作的原因。

Now Emma's story made that sound easy, but that's what I love about working with twentysomethings.


要帮助他们实在太容易了。


二十几岁的人就像刚离开洛杉矶国际机场的 目的地在西边某地的航班。

Twentysomethings are like airplanes just leaving LAX, bound for somewhere west.


起飞之后，航线的一个小调整 就是落在阿拉斯加还是落在斐济的区别。

Right after takeoff, a slight change in course is the difference between landing in Alaska or Fiji.


同理，在21岁或者25岁甚至是29岁时， 一个好的聊天，一次好的休息， 一个好的TED演讲可以对接下来的 几年甚至是几代人有非常大的影响。

Likewise, at 21 or 25 or even 29, one good conversation, one good break, one good TED Talk, can have an enormous effect across years and even generations to come.