---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- PeterJinGo/nq_hotpotqa_train
language:
- en
metrics:
- exact_match
base_model:
- Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct
---
# SAPO

*Improving Search Agent with One Line of Code*

## 🔥 News

- Paper will available on \[[Arxiv](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.10069)\]

## Overview

SAPO is a **policy optimization method** that stabilizes post-training for autonomous multi-turn search agents tackling complex, real-world questions.

## Highlights

- **One line of code**: A conditional KL penalty enforces token-level distributional constraints on low-probability positive tokens.
- **Strong performance**: Consistent gains across diverse search agents on seven challenging QA benchmarks.

## 🙏 Acknowledgements

Built upon [VeRL](https://github.com/volcengine/verl), [Search-R1](https://github.com/PeterGriffinJin/Search-R1), and [AutoRefine](https://github.com/syr-cn/AutoRefine). Thanks to the authors for their valuable work.

## 🎓 Citations

```latex
@misc{li2026improvingsearchagentline,
      title={Improving Search Agent with One Line of Code}, 
      author={Jian Li and Dongsheng Chen and Zhenhua Xu and Yizhang Jin and Jiafu Wu and Chengjie Wang and Xiaotong Yuan and Yabiao Wang},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2603.10069},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10069}, 
}

@misc{li2026sesearch,
      title={SE-Search: Self-Evolving Search Agent via Memory and Dense Reward}, 
      author={Jian Li and Yizhang Jin and Dongqi Liu and Hang Ding and Jiafu Wu and Dongsheng Chen and Yunhang Shen and Yulei Qin and Ying Tai and Chengjie Wang and Xiaotong Yuan and Yabiao Wang},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2603.03293},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03293}, 
}

@article{li2025survey,
  title={A Survey on AI Search with Large Language Models},
  author={Li, Jian and Li, Xiaoxi and Zheng, Yan and Jin, Yizhang and Wang, Shuo and Wu, Jiafu and Wang, Yabiao and Wang, Chengjie and Yuan, Xiaotong},
  year={2025}
}

```