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B Devolution of power to regions creation of county and national governments. C Creation of the senate and national assembly to constitute parliament. D On Citizenship, Birth and registration are the only recognize ways of attaining Kenyan citizenship. Dual citizenship is now recognized by the constitution. E Recognition of the Kadhi s courts as subordinate courts in the judicial court system. F Expansion of the citizens Bill of Rights to guarantee equal representation for either gender in all governance structures. FEATURES OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION. Why there was need to have a new constitution in Kenya. The need to meet the changing needs of the Kenyan society, e.g. due to population growth. The rise of gender sensitivity in Kenya The need to address the rights of women which had not been adequately addressed in the outgoing constitution. The constant misuse of executive authority by the Moi and Kenyatta regime the need to give less or more power to the executive. The need to depart from the colonial policies that found their way into the outgoing constitution. The need to safeguard against social vices like corruption and land grabbing. The need to enhance unity and realize a liberal society due to political maturity. Problems that Kenya faced in realization of a new constitutional dispensation. A Party differences have been transferred to the constitution making process e.g. the NARC fallout, the ODM wrangles between Raila and Ruto. Etc. B Sectarian interests based on tribe, religion, age, sex which is hard to satisfy. E.g in relation to creation of counties, Kadhis court and land laws. C Attempts to project personality, individual or group interests rather than national interest into the process. D Direct misinformation of the public and propaganda by politicians and other groups with selfish interests. E Illiteracy and ignorance of the electorate and therefore easily misled. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 91 f Tension and sometimes violence marred the whole review process. G Limited financial resources and personnel h Lack of unity of purpose and co-operation among existing political parties hence difficulty in hammering out compromise.. i Inadequate civic education wrong civic education. J Lack of consultation with all the interested stake holders. K An attempt to tie the constitutional review process with election time-table, political programmes and interests. Why Kenya s new constitution is regarded as supreme.
J Lack of consultation with all the interested stake holders. K An attempt to tie the constitutional review process with election time-table, political programmes and interests. Why Kenya s new constitution is regarded as supreme. A The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic and binds all persons and all State organs at both levels of government. B No person may claim or exercise State authority except as authorized under the Constitution. C The validity or legality of the Constitution is not subject to challenge by or before any court or other State organ. D Any law, including customary law that is inconsistent with the Constitution is void to the extent of the inconsistency, and any act or omission in contravention of the Constitution is invalid. E The general rules of international law shall form part of the law of Kenya. F Any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya shall form part of the law of Kenya under this Constitution. Functions of the Kenyan constitution. A It is the fundamental law of Kenya. B It has helped in establishing the philosophy, character and structure of the Kenyan government. C It has laid down principles which determine government power and duties. D It r regulates, distributes and limits the functions of different institutions of the state. E It spells out the basis of relationship between the Kenyans and the government and what rights should be in that relationship. Role played by the Kenyan constitution in governing the country. A It protects the interests of the weak in the society from those who would want to dominate them. B It checks the powers of the dictatorial rulers. C It defines how to rise to power hence preventing unnecessary power struggles. D It provides for the separation of powers between the three arms of government. E It defines the powers of those in authority hence preventing misuse of power. F It defines relations with other countries g It specifies on how a government is to be formed. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 92 DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS What is democracy? The is derived from the Greek word Democratia Demos meaning people and Kratas meaning rule or power . It is a form of government where political decisions are directly in the hands of the citizens. Key aspects of a real democracy. A Political aspect. The consent of the governed expressed directly or indirectly through their elected representatives must be sought when making political decisions. Public opinion must be given priority in governance.
A Political aspect. The consent of the governed expressed directly or indirectly through their elected representatives must be sought when making political decisions. Public opinion must be given priority in governance. B Social aspect. Human dignity must be valued at all times. Every individual should be free to organize his own lifestyle, hold and express opinions, enjoy company of others and join associations. C Economic aspect. All citizens must be provided with equal opportunities. Exploitation of humans by fellow humans should be eliminated. Means of production should be nationalized to reduce inequalities between the rich and the poor. Types of democracy 1 Pure or direct democracy. This is where the people are directly involved and participate in decision-making. Such a democracy has an advantage in that the laws made are easily accepted by all the people since they feel they own the laws. This is common form of democracy in smaller organizations and was also used in ancient Greece. 2 Indirect democracy. This is a type of democracy where citizens exercise their right in decision making not directly as individuals, but through their agreed representatives, elected by the citizens. Parliament acts as the basic institution in this type of democracy. The elected may make Appointments of persons to fill other positions like the Cabinet or carry out Nomination hand-picking of additional representatives to join the elected ones. 3 Constitutional Democracy. This is where democracy is exercised but within the limits of the constitution. The minority rights are guaranteed freedom of expression, association and worship It is also referred to as Liberal democracy and is a form of representative democracy. Merits of democracy a It is founded on the concept of the people and therefore leaders cannot ignore the people from whom they get authority to rule. It is most popular form of government. B It recognizes equality among all the people without discrimination. It advocates equality before the law and anyone can rise to power regardless of one s background or environment. C It promotes patriotism or national pride as it urges people to participate in their governance. This reduces chances of a revolution d It promotes liberty and peace as it advocates for peaceful coexistence. People develop a sense of cooperation. It can also promote international cooperation when extended beyond the borders. E Since it is based on moral and educative values, democracy helps individuals to develop their personality. It develops initiative of the people and their sense of responsibility.
It can also promote international cooperation when extended beyond the borders. E Since it is based on moral and educative values, democracy helps individuals to develop their personality. It develops initiative of the people and their sense of responsibility. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 93 f Democracy balances the liberty of the individual with the power of the state. Demerits of democracy. A Democracy promotes dictatorship by the majority. The majority government by fulfilling the election pledges to please the supporting electorate ends up neglecting the political, social and economic interests of the minority who did not vote for it. B Democracy encourages class struggle and corruption as only those that possess money can engage in intensive campaigns and get elected due to their influence. Then once elected, they pass laws that protect their interests. C A democratic government is usually slow and wasteful since consultations have to be made when making a decision. Time and public resources are used in the process of seeking the views of the majority. D The ethical value of democracy is questionable. It is not easy to find an honest, sincere man of good moral character being elected. E Democracy may perpetuate incompetence since it is numbers which matter when choosing a leader not the leadership qualities. Where a majority of the electorate is ignorant, they may make poor decision during elections thus promoting incompetence. F Although democracy is regarded as the rule of the majority, in essence, it is the elected minority who rule. Democracy is therefore as a form of dictatorship by the informed or elected minority. Principles of democracy. Principle-basic truth or general law. A Freedom of speech, debate and enquiry. The basic healthy political culture among a group of people is based on open debate among citizens where they can express their views without fear. B People s participation as a whole in government. Through free, fair and regular elections, the government should remain a servant of the people and not master. Democracy is based on consent which can be withdrawn if the government fails to satisfy peoples expectations. C Open and accountable media. The media must be open in their agenda and be held accountable to the public. Media monopolies should not be allowed to develop. D Economic democracy. This implies the decentralization of economic power so that individuals and communities can be economically empowered to create and control their own wealth. E Equality before the law. Judgment should be made in accordance with a written law, rather than in an arbitrary manner.
This implies the decentralization of economic power so that individuals and communities can be economically empowered to create and control their own wealth. E Equality before the law. Judgment should be made in accordance with a written law, rather than in an arbitrary manner. Each citizen also has an equal ability to seek and receive justice. Human rights Human rights refers to the accepted principles of fairness and justice- or the universal moral rights that belong equally to all people in their capacity as human beings regardless of sex, race, and tribe, and language, place of origin, age or political beliefs. Why human rights are important. A Rights are necessary for human beings to achieve a dignified life, fulfill their potential and toKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 94 satisfy both their physical and spiritual needs. B Rights are inherent to human beings. One has rights purely because they are human. They are not granted by the state. C Rights empower citizens and residents by giving them control in decision making organs of the state. D Rights justify special treatment of minorities and other special or disadvantaged groups or communities. E Rights provide guidance to organs of state regarding the exercise of state power. F Rights such as the right to vote, freedom of expression and of the press ensure the public access the necessary information necessary for the protection of democracy and ensure accountability of public authorities. G Respect for human rights limits internal and external conflicts and strengthens national unity. Classification of Human rights. A Social economic and cultural rights. On the basis of these rights, the state is expected to pursue policies that enable individual, families or groups to earn a living and provide basic needs including education and medical care for themselves. B Solidarity rights. These are rights that focus on the whole community. They require that the state to pursue policies which do not destroy natural resource or waste financial resources but instead create conditions for peaceful co-existence. These rights include the right to clean, healthy and sustainable environment, peace, and development. C Civil and political rights. The rights include the right o vote, right to think and to have access to information. These rights ensure a secure space for the individual to pursue their values and interests. Groups that monitor human rights in Kenya. A Lawyers and Judges and other professionals including teachers. B Religious groups c Journalists The media-print and electronic .
Groups that monitor human rights in Kenya. A Lawyers and Judges and other professionals including teachers. B Religious groups c Journalists The media-print and electronic . D The police force e Association and special commissions, e.g business associations, women groups, the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission KNHREC , among others. F pressure groups Characteristics of human rights. A They are universal. Human rights apply equally to everyone by virtue of being a human being. B They are indivisible. One right cannot be applied if the other does not exist. They are inherent. C Incase circumstance demand they can be suspended. For example during war, or during disease outbreak like Ebola or other contagious diseases, one may be denied the right to freedom of movement. D Human rights have limitations. As people enjoy their rights, they should respect the rights of others. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 95 United Nations Charter on human rights. This is a document that contains the basic human rights to which every person by virtue of being a human being is entitled to. It also reaffirms the equality of the rights of all men and women. The Universal Declaration if Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10th December 1948.. Member states that signed the document are supposed to publicize the declaration in their countries The basic human rights contained in the Charter include; 1. All human beings are born free and equal. 2. Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration without discrimination on basis of sex, race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, racial origin birth or any other status. 3. Everyone has a right to life, liberty and security. 4. No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. 5. Everyone has a right to recognition as a person before the law. 6. Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. 7. Every person s dignity should be respected and protected. 8. Everyone has a right to nationality. One is free to change nationality. 9. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment. 10. Everyone has a right to free movement and residence within the borders of each state. 11. Everyone has a right to ownership of property alone as well as in association with others.
Everyone has a right to free movement and residence within the borders of each state. 11. Everyone has a right to ownership of property alone as well as in association with others. State cannot take away ones property without proper compensation. 12. Every citizen has a right to peaceful assembly and association. 13. Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the governing process of the country. 14. Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. 15. Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation. 16. Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality. 17. Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. 18. Every person has the right to social security 19. Every person has the right to education. Elementary education shall be compulsory while technical and professional education should be made generally available. 20. Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. It is our duty to ensure that the environment is protected for the benefit of present and future generations. 21. Every person, whether individually or as a group, has freedom to manifest any religion or belief through worship. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 96 22. An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. 23. Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. 24. Everyone has freedom of opinion and expression. 25. Everyone has a right to seek and enjoy, in other countries, asylum from persecution. The right is however enjoyed only for political reasons. 26. Everyone has a right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal in the determination of one s rights and obligations. 27. Everyone has a right to protection of the law against interference or attacks against one s property, home or correspondence. 28. Everyone has a right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and protection against unemployment. 29.
28. Everyone has a right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and protection against unemployment. 29. Everyone has a right to leisure, which includes reasonable working hours and periodic holidays with pay.ght to freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts e.g drama, music, dance etc. 30. However every person has various duties to the community in which they live. 31. Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Importance of the UN Charter on human rights. A Protection of human rights, which is the core thing in the UN Charter, is important for the Establishment and maintenance of peace and security. Where there is violation of human rights, it becomes difficult to prevent conflict and maintain peace. B Respect for human rights is an important requirement for efficiency and effectiveness in governance. The principle of non-discrimination, principle of international human rights law, enables one to strive for more equitable societies even within the level of resources available. C Respect for human rights promotes development. National development strategies can only lead to tangible improvement in the lives of people if they have as their key objectives realization of economic, social and political rights. D The UN Declaration provides a guideline for collective action towards eradication of poverty. E The UN human rights mechanisms have given utmost attention to countering of terrorism as a way of protecting human rights. F A SOCIETY that observes respect for human rights reduces the chance of conflict outbreak. G The UN Charter on human rights is the foundation on which peace-making peace-building and peace-keeping is built. Any strategy to achieve peace anywhere is accompanied by strategies to uphold human rights like was the case in Yugoslavia. H In recognition of human rights, the UN has played a key role in giving humanitarian assistance to the people of different countries suffering from effects of natural disasters and other emergencies. I The UN Charter on Human rights promotes the rights of women and their empowerment by affirming the equal rights for women and fighting discrimination based on genderKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 97 j The UN Charter champions the rights of vulnerable groups like the minority migrant workers, abused children, indigenous people and persons with disabilities. The Kenyan Bill of Rights This is a statement of human or civil rights in the constitution of Kenya. The Bill of Rights is covered in chapter four of the constitution of Kenya 2010 .
I The UN Charter on Human rights promotes the rights of women and their empowerment by affirming the equal rights for women and fighting discrimination based on genderKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 97 j The UN Charter champions the rights of vulnerable groups like the minority migrant workers, abused children, indigenous people and persons with disabilities. The Kenyan Bill of Rights This is a statement of human or civil rights in the constitution of Kenya. The Bill of Rights is covered in chapter four of the constitution of Kenya 2010 . Importance of the Kenyan Bill Of Rights. A States that every individual has the right to life b It guarantees liberty to all citizens by forbidding enslavement, detention without trial etc. C It protects the individual from all forms of torture and inhuman treatment d It guarantees the protection of private property and allows Kenyans to own property anywhere in the country. E It protects individuals freedom of conscience and religion. F It guarantees the protection of the freedom of speech and expression g It gives Kenyans the right to move freely throughout the country and to reside in any part of the country. H It guarantees individuals against any form of discrimination on the basis of colour, creed, and gender. I It protects individual against arbitrary search, arrest and entry into one s property without his her consent Rights and fundamental freedoms contained in the Kenyan Bill of Rights. 1. Right to life. Life begins at conception and no child should be deprived of life deliberately. Abortion is not therefore permitted unless occasioned by the need for emergency treatment or life of the mother is in danger. People who attempt to commit suicide are also punishable on the strength of their right 2. Equality and freedom from discrimination Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that both men and women are equal before the law. Any form of discrimination is illegal and is prohibited in the constitution. 3. Human dignity Every person s dignity should be respected and protected. One must not ridicule or embarrass other members of society. 4. Freedom and security of a person. This right protects a person from being detained without a good reason and without trial. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment. 5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour. No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour.
5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour. No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. Every employer should treat his or her employees with dignity and not to force them to work. 6. Right to privacy. Every person has a right NOT to have him or herself, his or her property searched, or his or her possessions seized. Not revealing a person s family or private affairs unnecessarily or private communications interfered with. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 98 7. Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition. Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities. 8. Political rights Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions, to be registered as a voter; to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum and to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party and, if elected, to hold office. 9. Freedom of movement and residence Citizens have a right to free movement and ownership of property in any part of the country. Anyone is also free to leave the country or enter and remain in the country 10. Economic and social rights Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation. Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality. Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social security Every person has the right to education. A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment. The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants. 11. Consumer rights Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests.
18. Freedom of association. Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. 19. Protection of the right to property. Every person is entitled to own property either individually or as a group, in any part of the country. However the property has to be legally acquired. This right provides all Kenyans a fair opportunity to invest in property and thus, prosper. 20. Right to language and culture. Every person has the right to use a language, and embrace the culture of the person s choice. Every person has the right to form or join cultural groups. Every person is also protected from being forced to join any such group. Each linguistic group is free to use their language, practice their culture, and form associations and other organs of the civil society. It is unacceptable to force another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite. 21. Right to family. An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. Both parties have a responsibility to respect the rights of their spouses during marriage and even in the event of its dissolution. It is wrong to deny one s spouse access to marital property after separation or divorce. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 100 The constitution also recognizes marriages conducted under traditional, religious, personal or family law. Marrying of underage persons and forced marriages are outlawed in the constitution. 22. Fair administrative action. Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices. 23. Access to justice. Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required. If this is not free, many people will not access justice which will continue to be a preserve of the rich people. 24. Right of arrested persons. An arrested person has; a The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining silent. B The right to remain silent. The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent.
An arrested person has; a The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining silent. B The right to remain silent. The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent. C The right to communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary freedom of speech with all those who will assist him or her in the case. D The right of not being compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person. E The right t be held separately from persons serving a sentence should not be held in prisons alongside those already convicted f To be brought to court as soon as reasonably possible, as but not later than twenty four hours after being arrested. G To be charged or be informed of the reason for the extension of detention or release, at the first court appearance. H To be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons as to why one cannot be released. 25. Fair hearing. Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges. C To have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence. D To a public trial before a court. E To have the trial begin and be concluded with few delays. F To be present when being tried. G To be represented by an advocate and be informed of this right immediately. Depending on the circumstances, the accused may be assigned an advocate by the state and at the state s expense. H To remain silent and not testify during the proceedings. I To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 101 j To challenge the evidence. K To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence. L To have the assistance of an interpreter if the accused person cannot understand the language used in the trial. M If convicted, to appeal, or apply for review by a higher court. 26. Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned.
D Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to develop their cultural values, languages and practices.e Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to reasonable access to water, health services and infrastructure. Rights of older members of society in Kenya.a Right to fully participate in the affairs of society.b Right to pursue their personal development.c Right to live in dignity and respect and be free from abuse. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 103 d Right to receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and the State. The Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission. This commission was entrenched in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 to replace the KNHRC.The commission constitutes atleast three but not more than nine members appointed by the president with the approval of the national assembly. Objectives; a To protect the sovereignty of the people.b To ensure secure observance by all state organs of democratic values and principles c To promote constitutionalism Functions of the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission.a It has a duty to promote respect for human rights and develop a culture of human rights in the republic.b A duty to promote protection and observance of human rights in public and private institutions.c It monitors, investigates and reports on the observance of human rights in all spheres of life in the republic, including observance by the national security organs.d It receives and investigates complaints about alleged abuses of human rights and takes steps to secure appropriate redress where human rights have been violated.e It acts as the principal organ of the state in ensuring compliance with obligations under treaties and conventions relating o human rights.f It investigates any conduct in state affairs, or any act or omission in public administration in any sphere of government, which is alleged or suspected to be prejudicial or improper, or to result in any impropriety, or prejudice.g It investigates complaints about abuse of power, unfair treatment, manifest injustice or unlawful, oppressive, unfair or unresponsive official conduct. END.
Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo. SPECIAL COVERAGE The First Moroccan Crisis The First Moroccan Crisis clearly indicated that Germany s relation with France was at best fragile. In 1905 Morocco was one of the few African states not occupied by a European power. In May 1905 it was agreed that an international conference should be held on Morocco in Algeciras. The Algeciras Conference of 1906 The main aim was to decide what was to be done with regards to Morocco. The two main protagonists at Algeciras were France and Germany. However, it soon became very clear to Germany that other European powers had sided with France - Britain, Spain and Italy. The Algeciras Conference ended on April 7th 1906.The Germans got very little out of the conference. The plan to create a triple alliance or even a quadruple alliance to isolate Great Britain failed. Arguably, by the end of the conference, Britain and France had even closer ties to one another. A German presence in North Africa had also failed to materialize. The French media portrayed Germany as an inferior nation, much to the concern of the more experienced politicians in Paris. The Algeciras Conference may have resolved the crisis in Morocco but the outcome clearly defined Europe into certain camps. At this conference Germany publicly lost out. The Agadir Crisis of 1911 the Second Moroccan Crisis. The Agadir Crisis occurred in 1911 just four years after the First Moroccan Crisis. Germany s attention was diverted after the 1905-06 crises by other issues, mainly building up her navy so that it rivaled the Royal Navy. As a result France spent five years having far more influence in Morocco than Germany. They backed the corrupt Sultan, Abdul Aziz, who was accused by some of his countrymen of selling out Morocco to the French. The half-brother of Aziz, Mulay Hafid, took a stand on behalf of the Moroccan people who proclaimed him Sultan in January 1908. Fez also came under attack. In April 1911 a decision was made in Germany to send troops to Fez to support the foreign contingent living there. The plan was to send German warships to Agadir and Mogador ostensibly to defend German citizens in Morocco. A gunboat, the Panther , was sent to Agadir on July 1st 1911.
In April 1911 a decision was made in Germany to send troops to Fez to support the foreign contingent living there. The plan was to send German warships to Agadir and Mogador ostensibly to defend German citizens in Morocco. A gunboat, the Panther , was sent to Agadir on July 1st 1911. What part did the Agadir Crisis play in the outbreak of World War One? The episode proved that Germany was hell-bent on trying to dominate Europe as a whole. Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George were among those who believed this. 7 Bosnian Crisis In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia. This angered Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened Austria- Hungary with war. Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilized its forces. Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary mobilized its forces and prepared to threaten Russia. War was avoided when Russia backed down. There was, however, war in the Balkans between Page 3 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1911 and 1912 when the Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high. 8 The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand A secret society called Ujedinjenje Ili Smrt, 'Union or Death' or Black Hand was founded in Belgrade, an outgrowth of an older Serb nationalist group: Narodna Odbrana. When it was learned that the Heir-Apparent to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was scheduled to visit Sarajevo in June of 1914, the Black Hand decided to assassinate him. Three young Bosnians were recruited, trained and equipped: Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez. The murders of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie brought Austro-Serbian tensions to a head. As Vienna took a hard line against Serbia, the other powers in Europe took sides. The wheels of war gained speed. The Crisis of July turned into world war, just over thirty days after Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot. System of Alliances. By 1914, Europe had divided into two camps.
The Crisis of July turned into world war, just over thirty days after Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot. System of Alliances. By 1914, Europe had divided into two camps. 1 The Triple Alliance was Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. 2 The Triple Entente was Britain, France and Russia. 1 The Triple Alliance The alliance between Germany and Austria was natural. Both spoke the same language - German - and had a similar culture. Austria was in political trouble in the south-east of Europe - the Balkans. She needed the might of Germany to back her up if trouble got worse. Italy had joined these countries as she feared their power on her northern border. Each member of the Triple Alliance Germany, Austria and Italy promised to help the others if they were attacked by another country. By the close of the war the Central Powers had been extended to incorporate Bulgaria and Turkey 2 The Triple Entente The Entente Powers comprised a military alliance - driven by a variety of inter-related treaties - of France, Great Britain and Russia. The Entente alliance sprang from the military concerns of Germany's neighbours to east and west. Russia and France; accordingly in 1894 they signed an alliance based upon fears of growing German power. Britain subsequently forged alliances with both Russia and France once it became clear that Germany intended to construct a navy to match the Royal Navy in the late 1890s. Thus the Entente Alliance was not a formal alliance. The term was later replaced by the more general 'Allies' to include other nations including Italy and Japan. THE COURSE OF THE WAR. The war was fought in three continents; Europe, Africa and Asia and both on land and on the sea. In Europe, the war was fought in two fronts Page 4 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1. The Western Front was where most of the fighting between Germany and the Allies happened. The war in western front was fought in Belgium and France as per the Schlieffen plan. Count Alfred von Schlieffen, mastermind of the Schlieffen Plan, served as Germany's Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1891 to 1905. It was Schlieffen's plan, long after he retired fro army 1906 that was used for the August 1914 attack on France that was to trigger World War One.
The German Army went into Belgium on the 4 August. On the same day, Great Britain started a war on Germany, because Britain was a friend of Belgium. When the Germans got to the Belgian city of Li ge, they did finally push the Belgians out of the city, but it had taken longer than the German generals had planned. On December 24-25, 1914, there was a temporary halt to the fighting on parts of the Western Front. This was the Christmas truce. The initial force behind the Christmas Truce came from the Germans. Christmas was celebrated in full, with men visiting across the lines and gifts of food and tobacco being exchanged. Page 5 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke As Christmas ended, both sides reluctantly returned to war, the bonds forged at Christmas slowly eroded as units rotated out and the fighting became more ferocious. By 1915, the Western Front had become a stalemate as both sides engaged in trench warfare. The men on both sides took spades and dug lines of trenches went all the way from Switzerland to the North Sea, because they did not want to be killed. In front of the trenches, there was barbed wire that cut anyone who tried to climb over it, and mines that blew up anyone who tried to run across the "no man's land" that was in between the trenches. Gas was also an important weapon used. The war in the west was static in the next three years and attempts by the military commanders on both sides to break the stalemate led to deaths of many soldiers. At the battle of the Somme in 1916 60,000 British men died in a single day. It was one of the bloodiest days in the history of the British army. Seeking to shatter the Anglo-French lines, the German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, began planning a massive assault on the French city of Verdun. The Battle of Verdun lasted from February 21, 1916 until December 18, 1916 and was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of World War I. A brutal battle of attrition, Verdun cost the French an estimated 161,000 dead, 101,000 missing and 216,000 wounded. German losses were approximately 142,000 killed and 187,000 wounded. 2.
A brutal battle of attrition, Verdun cost the French an estimated 161,000 dead, 101,000 missing and 216,000 wounded. German losses were approximately 142,000 killed and 187,000 wounded. 2. The Eastern Front was fought in Central and Eastern Europe and was one of the main places where World War I took place. The start of the war on the eastern front involved an attack on Russia on 1st of august 1914. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and six days later entered into hostilities with France and Britain. The Russians were decisively defeated by allied forces of Austria and Germany at the battle of Tanneberg in august 1914 and at the battle of Missourian Lakes in September 1914. War in the seas Some of the fiercest battles between the Allies and the central powers took place in the sea. By May 1916, Germany s main fleet was stationed in the North Sea to attack Britain s fleet. However, the British intelligence decoded the German wireless code and was able to prepare the royal navy to fully counter Germany s challenge. Both sides suffered causalities in the war that followed. 11 german ships and 14 British ships were lost. Importance of Britain s supremacy at sea a The British naval forces assisted in blocking the central powers particularly the Germans from accessing food and raw materials from other parts of the world. This derailed their war plans. B Her naval supremacy enabled the allies to capture colonies of the central powers. C The sea blockade enabled the allies to maintain uninterrupted communication with other allied forces, as well as safeguard the british food and raw material supplies from other parts of the world. Page 6 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The final phase of World War 1 The final phase of the war was a second Germany onslaught on France in 1918 where the Germans were decisively defeated in the hands of USA soldiers. End of World War I. Two events that led to the end of World War I were: 1 Russia s withdrawal from the war after the Great Russian revolution. 2 The declaration of war by the United States of America against the central powers. The First Russian Revolution In 1917, there was a revolution in Russia. The Russian people didn't want to fight anymore, because the war had been putting burdens on them, and many of them were poor and hungry.
2 The declaration of war by the United States of America against the central powers. The First Russian Revolution In 1917, there was a revolution in Russia. The Russian people didn't want to fight anymore, because the war had been putting burdens on them, and many of them were poor and hungry. The Second Russian Revolution Two factions fought to rule over Russia. The passive Mensheviks lost against radical Bolsheviks. The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin 1870-1924 which was Communist who followed the ideas of Karl Marx. The new government sued the Germans for peace, and signed a peace treaty called Brest-Litvosk with the Central Powers in March 1918 at the city of Brest Litovsk. The Germans and Russians stopped fighting. This gave Germany lots of land in Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea USA entry into the war. The German generals using submarines named U-boats underwater boats attacked American ships Lusitania that were carrying food and weapons to Great Britain. Some Americans were killed by the submarines. Germany also wrote a secret telegram note to Mexico suggesting that the two countries work together to attack the United States the Zimmerman Telegram- because the person who sent it was named Arthur Zimmerman-the german foreign minister . Other reasons why USA entered the war on the side of the Allies were; a America was concerned with safeguarding her trade with Britain. US- Anglo relationship was strong . USA was fully aware that the a defeat of Allied powers would cost her financial and industrial institutions b The USA and British intelligence were able to link some Germany sympathizers with the industrial sabotage in factories and trade unions in the USA. C Cruelty of the Germans led to the growth of anti-Germany feelings in the United States. Many of the Allies sympathizers had relatives in either France or Britain. American people decided that they wanted their country to enter the war to punish Germany. On April 6, 1917 the United States declared war against Germany and became part of the Allies. The socialist politicians declared Germany a republic and met with the Supreme Commander of the allied forces on 7th November 1918, Ferdinand Foch, to negotiate for end of the war with very stiff terms to the Germans. The stiff terms given to the Germans included; a Germany to withdraw from all occupied territories, including overseas colonies.
On April 6, 1917 the United States declared war against Germany and became part of the Allies. The socialist politicians declared Germany a republic and met with the Supreme Commander of the allied forces on 7th November 1918, Ferdinand Foch, to negotiate for end of the war with very stiff terms to the Germans. The stiff terms given to the Germans included; a Germany to withdraw from all occupied territories, including overseas colonies. Page 7 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b All German forces west of the Rhine to be withdrawn. C All German warships to surrender to the Allies. D Occupation of some parts of Germany by the Allies. E All Allied prisoners of war to be released. The Germans were given 72 hours to either accept or reject these stiff conditions. Protesting bitterly, they signed an armistice on 9th November 1918. At 11:00 AM on 9th November 1918, the war ended. Reasons why the allies won World War I. a Allied powers had many supporters drawn from 25 states some of which were Britain, France, Belgium, Russia, Italy, USA, Japan and Portugal. They had more manpower than the central powers. B Germany failure to effectively control her expensive colonies and others turned against her. C USA entry into war on the side of the allies accelerated the defeat of the central powers. The industrial might of USA and her economic wealth helped the Allies to force the central powers to their knees. D The Allies had able and focussed political leaders like Lloyd George-the British Premier and Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier. E Germans axis powers made serious technical mistakes like invasion of the neutral Belgium by Germany which turned the world opinion against the central powers. F Superior naval power of the Allies. The superiority of the British Royal Navy enabled the Allies to enforce a naval Blockade that caused severe food shortages among the central powers. G Germany fought the war on many fronts. H Germany was badly led down by her colleagues like Italy who decamped and Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary who had to be assisted all the time. Turkey on her part easily accepted defeat. I The Allies had financial and industrial resources in Europe and in their colonies which were used to great advantage during the war. J The Allies had powerful weapons e.g. they used Tankers, Aircraft and Battleships.
I The Allies had financial and industrial resources in Europe and in their colonies which were used to great advantage during the war. J The Allies had powerful weapons e.g. they used Tankers, Aircraft and Battleships. K The allies were united under the Command of General Foch which disadvantaged the central powers. German also used young and inexperienced soldiers after 1918 due to heavy causalities. L The central powers were surrounded by the Allies as they lay in the centre of Europe. They also lacked an extensive coastline and thus were easily blockaded. The Peace Treaties. In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, outlined, in his speech to the congress, the fourteen points that were essential in maintenance of world peace. Among these were three great principles that formed the basis of world peace namely; 1. Self-determination of all peoples, i.e, the right of peoples all over the world to determine their own fate. 2. The need to make public all diplomatic and international agreements. 3. The need to establish a League of Nations which would provide an avenue for Page 8 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke discussing all international problems, protect small states from aggression by large ones. In January 1919, statesmen from the 27 Allied powers converged at Paris, France to determine the fate of the defeated central powers. The central powers were not party to the discussions but were required to sign on the final draft. The Key personalities at the conference were; a Lloyd George PM of Britain b George Clemenceau PM of France c Woodrow Wilson President of USA d Vittorio Orlando PM of Italy Five treaties were signed with each of the central powers separately as follows; a The Treaty of Versailles with Germany 28th June 1919 b Treaty of St. Germaine with Austria 10th September 1919 c Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria 27th November 1919 d Treaty of Trianon with Hungary 4th June 1920 e Treaty of Sevres in 1920 and Lausanne in 1923 with Turkey. The Treaty of Versailles. It should be noted that all the above treaties were generally referred to as the Treaty of Versailles. Terms of the Versailles Treaty of 1919.
The Treaty of Versailles. It should be noted that all the above treaties were generally referred to as the Treaty of Versailles. Terms of the Versailles Treaty of 1919. A The treaty declared Germany an aggressor who was supposed to pay reparations and whose military capability was to be reduced. B She lost all her colonial passions with the African colonies being taken from her and put under supervision of the League of Nations. C The treaty of St. Germaine provided for the creation of Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Malta as mandated territories. D Germany was totally disarmed and only allowed to retain a force of 100,000 soldiers and her navy was disbanded. Military conscription was banned in Germany. E Germany s population and size was reduced as Austria, with a large German population was allowed to remain independent. Italy acquired Stria, the Italianspeaking region of Austria. F Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized. Germany troops were not allowed in the region. G h By the treaty of Versailles, Germany lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France. I The treaty established the League of Nation. Failures of the treaty of Versailles. A The treaty handed Germany a heavy punishment as if she was the only one to blame for World War 1. This provoked deep resentment and bitterness among the German nationals. Page 9 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b The treaty ignored the interests of the colonial people. The former colonial possessions of Germany and turkey were handed over to France and Britain in total disregard to the African grievances during the Versailles conference c The treaty failed to carter for the interests of the minority in Europe. The new republic of Austria was forbidden from merging with Germany though a national vote was for the merger. D Italy was given a raw deal in the settlement. She was only given Stria, an Italian- speaking region formerly belonging to Austria. E Though the treaty proposal for the formation of the League of Nations came from the USA president Wilson, the US constitution prohibited commitment to such an organization, whose membership required a nation to help a future victim of aggression. RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I a Nationalist movements in Asia and Africa grew in strength and number after the war and a sense of patriotism arose. B USA gained an upper hand in the post war European affairs. She emerged as a leading world power.
RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I a Nationalist movements in Asia and Africa grew in strength and number after the war and a sense of patriotism arose. B USA gained an upper hand in the post war European affairs. She emerged as a leading world power. C German military capability was reduced on land and sea and heavy indemnity imposed on her. She lost all her colonies, which were made mandated territories of the League of Nations. D The end of the war marked the beginning of the decline of western imperialism. As early as 1920, there was a possibility of independence for colonial countries. The war encouraged imperial powers to give more freedom to their subjects. E The end of the war witnessed the creation of new states e.g. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland. F Germany and Italy fell in the hands of dictators e.g. Mussolini and Hitler. G The war Created bitter feelings and mistrust among the countries that fought in the war. This continued until the outbreak of the Second World War. H It led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia as radicals took over government there. I It led to a change of government in Britain. J There was greater use of motor vehicles and aircraft, which facilitated transport. K The art of surgery improved. L Between 1914 and 1918, European factories were destroyed and business brought down hence heavy losses. M There was massive destruction of property and infrastructure. N It led to the great depression 1920 to 1921, which affected economies worldwide. O It led to increased taxation by he colonial authorities to meet war and post-war demands. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Origin and organization of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was established by the victors of the First World War in 1920 at the treaty of Versailles with the main aim of preventing the occurrence of another war. Page 10 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The idea of its formation was mooted by Woodrow Wilson, the US president who was supported by Lord Robert Cecil of Britain, Jan Smuts of South Africa and Leon Bourgeois of France. The League of Nation came into force during the first meeting in London Britain, on 10th January 1920. Reasons for the formation of the League of Nations in 1920.
Page 10 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The idea of its formation was mooted by Woodrow Wilson, the US president who was supported by Lord Robert Cecil of Britain, Jan Smuts of South Africa and Leon Bourgeois of France. The League of Nation came into force during the first meeting in London Britain, on 10th January 1920. Reasons for the formation of the League of Nations in 1920. A It was formed for the Maintenance of world peace It was specifically created to prevent the outbreak of another world war b The League of Nations was meant to foster international cooperation in solving problems as they arise. C It was formed to jointly take instant action against an agreed aggressor by economic and possibly by military means. D Members were to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour as one way of maintaining peace in the world. E It was formed to oversee development of territories lost to central powers during the First World War. E.g. Tanganyika, Togo, South West Africa etc. The main organs of the League of Nations were; The Council. It was made up of permanent and Non-permanent members. The permanent members were France, Britain, Italy and Japan. Non permanent members were four, elected by the general assembly. The main role of the council which sat in Geneva was to appoint committees and secretary General with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. It also dealt with disputes amongst member states, reduction of armament, execution of arbitral awards and admittance and expulsion of members. The Assembly. It met once a year at Geneva and was comprised of three delegates from each member state. It elected non-permanent members to the council. The functions of the Assembly included; a Control of the Budget of the organization including contributions and expenditure . B Admission of new members after approval of a two-thirds majority. C Appointment of non-permanent members of the League of Nations Council. D Consideration of treaties. E Supervision of the work of the League of Nations council. F Appointment of the 15 judges of the permanent Court of International Justice. G Giving approval to the appointment of Secretary-General. The Secretariat. The Secretariat, based in Geneva, consisted of the secretary general and his staff. It was the administrative body of the League of Nations. It kept records of the organization and conducted correspondences including treaties by member states.
The Secretariat, based in Geneva, consisted of the secretary general and his staff. It was the administrative body of the League of Nations. It kept records of the organization and conducted correspondences including treaties by member states. It implemented the Page 11 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke decisions of the League of Nations. It provided continuity between one meeting of the council or the assembly and the next, The International Court of Justice. Set up between 1920 and 1922, it comprised of eleven judges and four deputy judges elected for nine years by the assembly and the council. It was based at the HagueHolland. Decisions made by the court were binding on all parties in dispute. International Labour Organization. It consisted of 4 delegates- two for member states and two for workers from each member state. Its main aim was to maintain good working conditions for men, women and children. The Mandates Commission. It had then responsibility of supervising the administration of the trustee colonies. The League of Nations also had several specialized agencies. Achievements of the League of Nations. A The League of Nations, through the Permanent Court of International Justice, maintained international peace and security. E.g. in the city of Danzig in spite of the hostility between the poles and the Germans. B The League of Nations achieved its objective of treating the minority with humane. The International Office for Refugees, for example, assisted refugees. Victims of the Nazi persecutions were also assisted. C The league assisted in the administration of the trust territories, through the Mandates Commission. E.g. in Togo, Tanganyika Cameroon and Rwanda-urundi. In addition, the territories acquired from turkey. E.g. Iraq and Palestine. D The league was able to solve several interstate disputes in a peaceful manner. E.g the frontier dispute between turkey and Iraq over the Mosul province 1924-1926 , the dispute between Poland and Germany over northern Silesia. E The league successfully restored financial stability in Austria following the economic slump in the country after the World War 1. F It successfully enforced control over the manufacture and sale of arms. It also held disarmament meetings. G The league ensured signing of peace treaties to promote security in the world. For example, the Locarno treaties of 1925 that settled boundary disputes between Germany and France. Failures of the League of Nations.
G The league ensured signing of peace treaties to promote security in the world. For example, the Locarno treaties of 1925 that settled boundary disputes between Germany and France. Failures of the League of Nations. The League of Nations failed its Prime objective of maintaining world peace in the following ways; a It failed to solve the Sino-Japanese dispute after Japan invaded Manchuria in China in 1931. Japan after refusing to abide by the League s demands that it withdraws from the Chinese territory, even pulled out of the league in 1933. B The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. Benito Mussolini, rather than accept the League s verdict that he withdraws Italian troops from Ethiopia, pulled out of the League. Page 12 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke c The League failed to stop German Violation of the terms of the Versailles Treaty. She embarked on a remilitarization programme and established a navy and an airbase. D Nations continued to make many defensive pacts in total disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. E Germany invaded other regions such as Poland and Austria between 1936 and 1939, while Russia invaded Finland in 1939 in violation of the League of Nations. Factors that undermined the effectiveness of the League of Nations. A Member countries were not willing to take disputes to the international court of justice. B German was still determined to increase its military strength and continue with its aggression policy. C Individual nations were more pre-occupied with national interests and pride, at the expense of the organization s interests. D The Versailles peace settlement resolutions were too harsh to Germany thus leaving the Germans aggrieved and refuse to cooperate with the League of Nations. E The League of Nations lacked the executive authority to implement its resolutions. F USA congress refused to ratify the treaty of the League of Nations. This denied the organization diplomatic and economic strength. G There was shortage of funds to implement the functions of the League of Nations. H The Appeasement Policy of Britain and France forced them to stand aside and avoid taking a firm action against Japan when she invaded china, Germany when she invaded and occupied Rhineland, and Italy when she attacked Ethiopia. The Second World War.
G There was shortage of funds to implement the functions of the League of Nations. H The Appeasement Policy of Britain and France forced them to stand aside and avoid taking a firm action against Japan when she invaded china, Germany when she invaded and occupied Rhineland, and Italy when she attacked Ethiopia. The Second World War. The 1930 s witnessed the rise of dictators in Europe like Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and General Francisco Franco of Spain who intentionally defied international opinion and disregarded the Versailles Treaty and League of Nations. Their activities and those of Japan began to interfere with prevailing peace in the world. This happened at the time when USA had retreated into isolation leaving the task of maintaining world peace only to Britain and France. The Second World War involved most countries in the world with millions of people conscripted for service in both the military and war related industries. Causes of the Second World War. A Germany s dissatisfaction based on territorial grievances. The Versailles treaty of 1919 imposed harsh and humiliating conditions on Germany, which aggrieved the Germans to the level of being ready to go to war again. B The rise of nationalism in Europe. In Germany, the chancellor, Adolf Hitler who had the desire to dominate the whole world, fuelled it. For example, he encouraged German speakers in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia to demand independence from Czechoslovakia. Italy under Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, in 1939 to regain her lost glory and national pride after the Adowa defeat I 1896. Syria rose up against France. C Political developments in Europe. Page 13 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke In Italy in 1922, the fascist government under Benito Mussolini came to power. In Germany, Hitler s Nazi government assumed power in 1933. The Fascist government in Italy emphasized on the regaining of lost glory. The Nazi government began a fresh new policy of aggression. D The economic problems caused by the great depression of 1929 to 1931. The great slump led to widespread unemployment, declining wages, poverty etc. These led to social discontent and political unrest in many countries of the world. E The failure of Germany to pay reparations. This was followed by the French invasion of the Ruhr industrial region- a German territory. This led to increased tension. F Weakening of the League of Nations.
This was followed by the French invasion of the Ruhr industrial region- a German territory. This led to increased tension. F Weakening of the League of Nations. Japan left the League of Nations after protest over Manchuria, which she had grabbed, from china. Italy left the League of Nations after Mussolini had grabbed Abyssinia and annexed it against the will of the allies and Ethiopians. Russia invaded Finland in 1939 and the league was unable to intervene. There were many secret treaties among members of the league. G The Spanish civil war 1936-1939 . The republican revolution of 1931 ended the Spanish monarchy. The struggle between the royalists and socialists, however, continued. The European powers took sides in the civil war. France, Britain and Russia supported the royalists. Germany and Italy supported General Franco who was fighting from exile in Morocco. H Growth of military alliances. Hitler and Mussolini established a military pact in 1936 The Berlin-Rome Axis . It became the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis with the joining of Italy. The alliance between Russia and German to divide Poland widened the gap between them and the allied forces. It created fear and suspicion. I The invasion of Poland by Germany. This happened in September 1939 was the immediate cause of the war. This upset Britain and France, who stated their intensions of assisting Poland. They declared war on Germany in October 1939. COURSE OF WORLD WAR 2 The invasion of Poland by German forces on 1st of September 1939 and the subsequent declaration of war against Germany by Britain and France on 3rd of September 1939 marked the beginning of the Second World War. Meanwhile on 17th September 1939, the USSR attacked Poland from the East, as per the secret clause in the Nazi-Soviet act of August 1939. Poland had been overrun by German and Russian forces by 27th September 1939. The country was divided between Russia and Germany. The phoney war. This was a period during world war two when no major military operations were undertaken on the western front although war had been declared on Germany by France and Britain. The period lasted eight months from 3rd of September 1939. It was used by the Allied countries to fully mobilise their forces for an attack on Germany since they had not initially been prepared.
This was a period during world war two when no major military operations were undertaken on the western front although war had been declared on Germany by France and Britain. The period lasted eight months from 3rd of September 1939. It was used by the Allied countries to fully mobilise their forces for an attack on Germany since they had not initially been prepared. Hitler on his part did not want to be involved in Page 14 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke war in the west since his armies had not fully recovered from the consequents in the east. During this period, two unsuccessful attempts were made to bring peace; a On 6th October 1939, Hitler and Stalin of Russia made an attempt to convince the Allies to accept the Nazi Occupation of Poland and make peace. B On 7th October, King Leopold of Belgium and Queen Wilhelmina of Netherlands appealed to the Axis powers and the Western Allies to make peace. War in Western Europe. On 9th April 1940, Hitler launched a sea-borne invasion against Norway after attacking Denmark via land. They were assisted by a Norwegian Nazi sympathiser Vidkund Quisling. The prime minister of Norway and his Ministers fled to London and Hitler established a puppet government in the country. The defeat of British and French forces in Norway sparked off a parliamentary revolution in Britain forcing the PM Neville Chamberlain to resign to be replaced by Sir Winston Churchill. Germany extended their attack on Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. The Allies were unable to contain the German advance and even retreated to the French port of Dunkirk, marking a major defeat of the allies in Europe. On 14th June 1940, the Germans captured Paris forcing the new Prime Minister Paul Reynaud to sue for peace with Hitler on 22nd June 1940. Under the peace agreement, The Germans took over Alsace -Lorraine, Northern France and the Atlantic coastline. The French government fled to Vichy, southern France. Why the French were defeated so quickly. A The French forces were not psychologically prepared for the war and thus were found divided. B The French forces were not as well organized as the Germans thus exposing various military weaknesses. For example, the Germans were supported by combat planes which the French did not use. C Poor communication between the army and the airforce.
B The French forces were not as well organized as the Germans thus exposing various military weaknesses. For example, the Germans were supported by combat planes which the French did not use. C Poor communication between the army and the airforce. The French generals failed to coordinate the war properly to the extend of ignoring the fact that the Airforce could have been used to drive German Bombers off. Having succeeded in their Paris onslaught, the Germans attacked Britain in July 1940. However, Winston Churchill, the British Premier, had mobilized forces to resist this attack successfully he even obtained reinforcement from USA. The battle of Britain determined the future of World War II. It forced Hitler to delay his attacks. War in North Africa. WWII in Africa was marked by the Italian successful attack on French and British Somaliland. Under Marshal Graziani, the Italian forces advanced to Egypt though unsuccessful. In June1942, German forces moved to North Africa to reinforce the Italians. However, British forces led by General Bernard Montgomery moved quickly and captured Malta which would have been used as a base for attack by the Germans. Page 15 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke General Montgomery attacked the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, forcing them to move to west. On 8th November 1942, British and American forces invaded Morocco and Algeria. Although the Germans continued fighting in Tunisia, by May 1943, their Army under General Rommel had surrendered. War in the Balkans. In August 1940, Hitler Attacked and captured Romania and Bulgaria. In April 1941, Yugoslavia and Greece were taken. Crete was taken in May 1941. On 22nd June 1941, Hitler attacked USSR forcing the Russian troops to retreat. However, he failed to capture Moscow before the onset of winter. In June 1942, the Germans resumed their offensive. They were finally defeated at the battle of Stalingrad on 31st January 1943 by the Russian Red Army led by Marshal Zhukov. The Germans lost 300,000 men while 100,000 survivors surrendered. By May 1944, the Russians had pushed the Germans from their territory and were approaching Germany itself. Why the Germans were defeated during the Russian Invasion. A The Germany army was fighting in several fronts at the same time as compared to the allies. This lack of concentration in one area allowed the other Russian army to defeat them.
Why the Germans were defeated during the Russian Invasion. A The Germany army was fighting in several fronts at the same time as compared to the allies. This lack of concentration in one area allowed the other Russian army to defeat them. B The soviet forces employed the scorched earth policy which left very little for the German forces. C The Germans ill-treated the soviet people and exploited their economic resources causing resentment and unity to fight with determination. D Weak leadership by the German military leaders contributed to their defeat. USA entry into World War I. The Japanese attack on the American great Naval Base at Pearl Harbour on the Hawaiian island is the one incident that dragged USA into WWII. On 8th December 1941, the USA, Britain and the Netherlands declared war on Japan. The Germans and Italians also declared war on the USA. Russia kept off the war in Asia having signed a treaty with Japan. Japan resisted fiercely. Her airforce sank two British battleships on 10th December 1941.She captured Hong Kong, Malaya in Malaysia and took over the great naval base at Singapore. She also occupied Burma, Dutch East Indies, the Philippines and parts of the western pacific islands. The Japanese forces were repulsed while on their way to Port Moresby, New Guinea in may 1942. In 1942, Britain used her bases in India to attack Japan. Japan attacked India in 1944, but the strong and large allied forces defeated the Japanese at the battle of Kohima. The defeat of Germany. After 1942, the tide of success began to turn against Hitler. German forces were defeated by the allies in North Africa and France. By March 1945, the Allies had crossed the Rhine, pushed the Germans out of France in June 1944. The Germans were meanwhile facing the Russian attack from the East. Page 16 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Hitler accepted defeated and handed over power to one of the Military Generals to retreat to an underground Bunker in Berlin. On 29th April 1945, Hitler married his long term Mistress Eva Braun. On the following day, he committed suicide by shooting himself while Eva Braun took Poison. On 7th May 1945, the Germans surrendered unconditionally Why the Germans were defeated. A Germany had acquired far too many territories and she was unable to effectively control them.
On the following day, he committed suicide by shooting himself while Eva Braun took Poison. On 7th May 1945, the Germans surrendered unconditionally Why the Germans were defeated. A Germany had acquired far too many territories and she was unable to effectively control them. B The USSR recovered from her losses and began to rearm in a bid to fight against Germany. C The USA entry into the war in 1941 on the side of the allies contributed to the eventual defeat of the Germans. D Germany s Axis powers were only four, fighting against more than 27 allies. Even among the Germany collaborators, Italy surrendered while Bulgaria and Romania also were a burden to the Germans. The defeat of Japan. After Germany surrender, Japan continued with fierce fighting sometimes employing the services of suicide bombers known as Kamikaze. The allies were able to liberate the territories captured by Japan After the defeat at Okinawa, Japan was certain of defeat, but her PM , Admiral Suzuki Kantaro, did not believe in unconditional defeat. On 6th August 1945, a bomber Aeroplane, Enola Gay, commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets, flew over Hiroshima dropping a 4535.15kg atomic bomb. About 78,000 people died. On 8th August 1945, Russia attacked Japan. On 9th August 1945, an even larger Bomb was dropped on Nagasaki killing more than 40,000 people. Japan surrendered unconditionally on 15th August 1945 bringing WWII to an end. Factors that enabled the allied powers to win the Second World War. A Allies had more wealth in terms of food, raw materials and equipments. B Allies controlled the North Sea, which ensured safe transportation of troops and equipment. They were also able to block the central powers in the sea. C Entry of USA in the war led to defeat of Germany. America had strong American air force and war resources, d Germany s inability to control her expansive territories and some turned against her and in favour of the allied powers. E The unity, morale and determination of the allied leaders and fighters. F Popular sentiment was for allied victory and Hitler s defeat. G Hitler's over-confidence and craziness did not allow him to comprehend the enormity of opposition up against him and the axis forces. H External support especially from the colonial people in Africa, Asia and elsewhere. I Axis powers dropped out of war one by one.
G Hitler's over-confidence and craziness did not allow him to comprehend the enormity of opposition up against him and the axis forces. H External support especially from the colonial people in Africa, Asia and elsewhere. I Axis powers dropped out of war one by one. J Allies had better industries and financial resources superior economy, war tactics and superior diplomacy by all the allied powers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke k The axis powers made serious tactical mistakes e.g. Hitler failed to prepare for a winter campaign in Russia and was obsessed with the idea that Germans must not retreat. L When the USSR recovered from her losses, she rearmed her self and attacked Germany. Social results of Second World War a Depopulation and great suffering as Millions of people perished either in war or due to famine and diseases. B People suffered psychologically and emotionally from the loss of loved ones and torture of the war. C The end of the war witnessed change in the status of women. Women started doing work, which was initially monopolized by men. E.g. military and management. D There was permanent ill health and shortening of life for millions of peoples because of years of under- nourishment or captivity. E There was massive Destruction of property such as homes, houses, buildings, roads and bridges. F A large number of people were displaced as people moved to look for peaceful areas and this led to great suffering. The new refugees included the Jews, Slavs and the poles. G The war fomented bitter feelings and mistrust among the countries that fought h The war helped to shade off the myth popularized by Europeans that they were a superior race to Africans as European causalities in the war proved that they were mortals Identify the political effects of the World War II. A Defeat of axis powers led to government changes in Germany, Italy and Japan. B The division of Europe into two opposing blocks led to the cold war, which was followed by an arms race between USA and USSR. C Germany was divided into two. The communist East and the capitalist West. The city of Berlin was also divided between the east and the west. D Germany and Italy were weakened especially with the loss of their colonies. E U.S.A U.S.S.R emerged as superpowers.
The city of Berlin was also divided between the east and the west. D Germany and Italy were weakened especially with the loss of their colonies. E U.S.A U.S.S.R emerged as superpowers. The pre-war balance of power was destroyed and the power vacuum was filled by two new superpowers, the USA and USSR f A weakness of the League of Nations to prevent the outbreak of war was demonstrated. This Led to UNO formation. G There was rise of nationalism in Asia and Africa. It led to Africans struggle for independence because they were confident knowing that Europeans were no superior to them. Nationalists among the Asians leading to attainment of independence in Pakistan and India in 1947, in Burma Myanmar in 1948, and in Ceylon Sri Lanka. In 1949. H The Japanese destroyed the myth of European military superiority due to the defeat of British and American forces in the Far East. Page 18 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke i New states were created. In 1948, the state of Israel was established in the Middle East, to settle the Jews who were displaced during the war. Economic effects of World War 2. A Agriculture and industries were disrupted due to lack of equipment, raw materials and human resources. B External trade almost came to a standstill because of fear and insecurity. C It led to increased dependency on colonies by European powers. There was need of raw materials to reconstruct the destroyed industries. D Some Industries were established in the colonies to manufacture goods because of the difficulties faced in running them during the war. E It led to the rise of European economic cooperation. The post war economic destructions led to the need for cooperation. This paved way for formation of the European Economic Community in 1957. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS International Relations refers to the cooperation or interaction between individuals or groups of nations of the world Benefits of international relations. A Enhance peace and security in the world the diplomatic policies of nations call for peaceful settlement of disputes, thus reducing war incidences. B Promote understanding and unity. This done through Encouraging cultural exchange between nations. C Help in getting collectives solutions to world problems. Problems of global concern like desertification, global warming, armament and environmental pollution, are dealt with collectively. D Promote economic growth through trade.
C Help in getting collectives solutions to world problems. Problems of global concern like desertification, global warming, armament and environmental pollution, are dealt with collectively. D Promote economic growth through trade. Due to good relations , there is expanded international trade which enables countries to acquire goods they don t produce e Developing countries get financial assistance. Developed nations have continued to provide financial and technical assistance to developing nations Ways in which nations relate internationally. A Economic relations. This is through trade and commercial activities among nations. For example, developed nations giving loans and grants to developing nations. B Diplomatic relations. This is a peaceful means of relationship between nations in which there is exchange of Ambassadors or High Commissioners. C Political relations. This involves cooperation between countries with similar political systems or ideologies. E.g. USA and Western Europe, in 1964, Tanganyika united with the island of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. D Socio-cultural relations. This takes place in form of exchange and competition between dance troops, musicians, acrobats, sports teams, theatre groups etc, e.g. participation in Commonwealth Games. International Organizations There are two types of international organizations; Page 19 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1. International Governmental Organizations IGOs for example UN, Commonwealth, NAM and African Union. Formed by two or more sovereign states . 2. International Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs created by individuals or private organizations. E.g. International Red cross, Amnesty International and Transparency International. Role played by International Governmental Organizations. A The provide member states with a forum to consult and tackle problems of concern. B They act as regulators in their fields to ensure the welfare of Humankind e.g World Health Organization WHO regulates health sector through immunization, vaccination and other prevention campaigns. C They enhance peace and security through peace-keeping missions and response to disasters. D They contribute to charity and facilitate equitable distribution of resources in the world. For example, the International Monetary Fund IMF and World Bank advance loans to developing nations. THE UNITED NATIONS. The UN was founded after world war Two as an organization of independent states with the following objectives; a To promote and maintain international peace and security and prevent the occurrence of another world war. B To foster friendly relations among nations of the world.
THE UNITED NATIONS. The UN was founded after world war Two as an organization of independent states with the following objectives; a To promote and maintain international peace and security and prevent the occurrence of another world war. B To foster friendly relations among nations of the world. C To promote respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms. D To promote social progress and better living standards of the people. E To protect the interests of minority groups such as women and children. F To promote economic growth among member states who are working towards reconstructing the world economy that was destroyed by the World War 2. G To replace the league of nations which had collapsed before the outbreak of world war 2 Formation of the United Nations. The signing of the Allied declaration in London on 12th June 1941 marked the first step in the formation of the UN. On 14th August 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt of USA and Winston Churchill of Britain, meeting in USA, proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security. This was the Atlantic Charter. The charter pledged respect for human Freedom, Allowed all nations the freedom to choose the form of government they preferred and provided that no territory should change hands after war without consent of its people. On 1st January 1942, representatives of Allied nations meeting in Washington signed the Declaration by United Nations and proclaimed support for the Atlantic Charter. This marked the first official use of the term United Nations as suggested by President Roosevelt in reference to the 26 nations. Page 20 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The first Blueprint of the UN was prepared at a conference held at Dumbarton Oaks Estate, Washington from 21st September to 7th October 1944. Representatives of USSR, USA, UK and China agreed on the aims, structure and functions of a world organization. On 11th February 1945, the Yalta Conference held by US president Roosevelt, UK PM Churchill and Russian PM Stalin declared the resolve to establish an international organization to maintain peace and security. On 25th April 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, USA attended by delegates from 50 nations. It drew a 111-Article Charter which was adopted on 25th June 1945.
On 11th February 1945, the Yalta Conference held by US president Roosevelt, UK PM Churchill and Russian PM Stalin declared the resolve to establish an international organization to maintain peace and security. On 25th April 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, USA attended by delegates from 50 nations. It drew a 111-Article Charter which was adopted on 25th June 1945. The UN began its official functions on 24th October 1945 after ratification of the charter by USSR, USA, Britain, China and France. Organization of the UNO. Membership to the UN is open to all peace-loving nations that accept the obligations of the charter. By 1945, only 51 states had signed the charter. Kenya Joined on 16th December 1963By April 2003 membership had grown to 191 states. To achieve its aims, the UN spelt out in its charter the following principles; a It is based on the sovereign equality of all its members. B All member states must fulfil, in good faith, their charter obligations. C All member states must settle international disputes by peaceful means and without endangering peace, security and justice. D They must refrain, in their international relations, from the threat or use of force against others. E They must give the United Nations every assistance to any action it takes in accordance with the charte r, and shall not assist states against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. F The United Nations must ensure that states which are not members act in accordance with these principles insofar as necessary for maintenance of international peace and security. The UNO structure comprises six principal organs as follows; THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY This is the main deliberative organ of the UNO, but which cannot enforce action on members. It comprises all member states. Functions of the UN General Assembly. MAKE REFERENCE TO EVOLVING WORLD PAGE 44 To help in its operation, the general assembly has the following committees; The political and security committee, the special political committee, the economic and financial committee, the committee on social ,humanitarian and cultural issues, the trusteeship committee , the administration budget committee and the legal affairs committee. THE SECURITY COUNCIL It has 15 members from 15 countries. Ten of these are non-permanent. It also has five permanent members namely china, France, USA, Russia and UK.
THE SECURITY COUNCIL It has 15 members from 15 countries. Ten of these are non-permanent. It also has five permanent members namely china, France, USA, Russia and UK. Its main function is to maintain world peace and security. Page 21 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL Its membership is 54. 18 are elected each year for a term of three years. Its function is to coordinate the economic and social work of UN and its specialized agencies. E.g. in trade, status of women. Population, science and technology. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL. It inherited the work of the Mandates Commission of the former League of Nations. It had responsibility over the territories under colonial rule-. -. To promote social, economic, political and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories. Consists of five permanent members and six additional ones appointed by the General Assembly. THE SECRETARIAT. The head of the secretariat is the secretary general. It has its headquarters in New York. Its staff members come from 139 countries. Its work covers all areas outlined in the UN Charter. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. It has its headquarters at Hague. It is the principal judicial body of the UN. It gives advisory opinions on legal questions. It has 15 judges. SPECIALIZED AGENCIES. These are separate specialized agencies which are autonomous organizations related to the UN by special agreements. REF TO PAGE 49 OF EVOLVING WORLD Past Secretary Generals of the United Nations Organization since its inception. A Trygve lie of Norway 1946-1953 . B Dag Hammarskj ld of Sweden 1953-1961 c U Thant of Burma 1961-1971 d Kurt Waldheim of Austria 1972-1982 e Javier Perez de Cueller of Peru 1982-1991 f Boutros Ghali Boutros. Of Egypt 1992-1996 g Kofi Annan of Ghana 1997-2000 h Ban Ki Moon. 2000 up to present Achievements of the United Nations Organization. A The organization has succeeded in keeping peace amid the threats of nuclear war and seemingly endless regional conflicts in the world. UNO has developed more than 35 peacekeeping missions and observer nations.
Of Egypt 1992-1996 g Kofi Annan of Ghana 1997-2000 h Ban Ki Moon. 2000 up to present Achievements of the United Nations Organization. A The organization has succeeded in keeping peace amid the threats of nuclear war and seemingly endless regional conflicts in the world. UNO has developed more than 35 peacekeeping missions and observer nations. B The UN specialized agencies are engaged in a vast array of social work, affecting positively, every aspect of people s lives around the world. E.g., child survival and development, environmental protection, medical research, agricultural development, education etc. C The organization has helped in promoting democracy around the world. It has enabled people in more than 45 countries to participate in free and fair elections, e.g. in Namibia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Eritrea, Mozambique, South Africa etc. D The UNO has promoted development of skills and potentials vital for all aspects of development. The UNDP, in close co-operation with over 170 member states and Page 22 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke the UN agencies designs and implements projects for agriculture, industry, education and environment. E It has helped in promotion of Human Rights. Since the adoption of the universal declaration of human rights in 1948, the UN has helped to enact more than 80 agreements on political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights. F It has played a vital role in environmental protection. The Earth Summit , the UN Conference On Environment and Development held in Rio De Janeiro in 1992, resulted in treaties on biodiversity and climate change g Promoting self-determination and independence. The organization has brought about independence of 80 countries that are now among its member states. H Providing humanitarian aid to victims of conflicts. More than 30 million refugees fleeing war, famine or persecution have received aid from the UN high commission for refugees since 1951. Problems facing the United Nations Organization in its operation. A National sovereignty. Many countries disregard the UNO resolutions in favour of their sovereignty. B It is unable to stop aggressions and conflicts between individual countries when super powers are involved. C Lacks sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. E.g it has not always been able to send enough peacekeeping forces due to lack of sufficient funds. D It lacks an effective machinery to affect its decisions.
C Lacks sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. E.g it has not always been able to send enough peacekeeping forces due to lack of sufficient funds. D It lacks an effective machinery to affect its decisions. It also lacks a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions. E The permanent members with veto powers often adopt policies that promote their own national interests at the expense of the collective interests of most countries in the world. F Loyalty to other organizations. UNO members are also members of other organizations; the interests of these organizations are not in accord with those of the UNO. G Ideological disputes among member states have hampered the work of UNO in promoting world peace. This was manifested in the cold war period. H The arms race. The UNO has found it difficult to achieve world peace because of the arms race in different parts of the world. The arms race generates and sustains conflict rather than peace. I Differences in economic development levels of member states militate against co- operation. J The increased occurrence of natural disasters such as famine, floods and epidemics has created an unexpected demand for economic resources. This automatically the UN s resources. THE COMMONWEALTH. Origin and structure of Commonwealth of Nations. It is a voluntary association of 54 sovereign countries around the world, which were initially part of the British Empire. The commonwealth origin is the British Empire Page 23 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke comprising the British protectorates, colonies and dominions, which included Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Newfoundland, Irish Free State and South Africa. The idea to launch the association is traced back to 1839, with the publication of the Durham report. The modern commonwealth began in 1947 with the end of the British rule in India. In 1949, India and Pakistan joined the commonwealth. The commonwealth secretariat is based in London. It deals with day to day running of the organization and organizes meetings. The head of the commonwealth is the Queen King of England. The Commonwealth has the Heads of State Summit which meets for a week every two years to discuss political and economic issues. There are also the Ministerial meetings once after every three years to deal with different issues. The commonwealth has specialized agencies dealing with various areas of concern. Membership to commonwealth. It comprised 54 developed and developing nations. The members are categorized as follows; 1.
Membership to commonwealth. It comprised 54 developed and developing nations. The members are categorized as follows; 1. Britain and her Dominions of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. 2. African Nations. 3. Asian nations. 4. Islands from the Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean. Characteristics of commonwealth states. A Members of the commonwealth use English as a common language. B Members maintain cultural ties. For instance, they participate in the commonwealth games every four years. C Members co-operate in the field of education. D Members recognize the queen of England as the head of commonwealth. E Members have a common military tradition based on the British military system. They also promote military exchange programmes. F Members share common democratic institutions from Britain such as parliamentary system of government. G Members have adopted constitutions that are almost similar. Objectives that led to the formation of the commonwealth nations. A To promote world peace and international understanding. Members are expected to abide by the UN Peace programmes. B To promote development of poor member states. C To intensify co-operation between member states, in matters of education, sport and economic development. D To ensure personal liberty and equality of rights to all citizens regardless of race, colour, creed or political beliefs. E To oppose all forms of colonial dominion by being committed to the principles of human dignity and equality, self-determination and non-racism. F To promote the exchange of knowledge, professionalism and cultural, economic, legal and political issues. Page 24 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke g T fights poverty, ignorance and disease to remove wealth disparities and raise the living standards, and achieve a more equitable international society. H To enhance free international trade by removing trade barriers, bur tat the same time, giving due consideration to the special requirements of the developing countries. Organization of the Commonwealth. The structure of the commonwealth comprises of three organs; 1. The Head of state Summit. It meets once in every two years for a week for extensive decisions and consultations. Decisions are reached by consensus. 2. Ministerial Meetings. The commonwealth ministers of Finance, Foreign Affairs and defence hold regular meetings once every year. Ministers of Health, Education and Law hold meetings once every three years 3. The Commonwealth Secretariat: headed by the secretary general and with a staff of 350 drawn from member countries.
The commonwealth ministers of Finance, Foreign Affairs and defence hold regular meetings once every year. Ministers of Health, Education and Law hold meetings once every three years 3. The Commonwealth Secretariat: headed by the secretary general and with a staff of 350 drawn from member countries. It co-ordinates co-operation among members. The first secretary General was Arnold Smith of Canada. In 1990, Chief Emeka Anyaoku of Nigeria became the first African Secretary General. 4. Specialized Agencies. A The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-Operation; supplies funds, finance, experts and advisers for projects carried out in member states. B The Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau; it provides co-operation in the field of agriculture. C The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association; helps to improve relations between parliamentarians of member states. D The Commonwealth Regional Health Secretariat for East, Central and Southern Africa; promotes co-operation in health. Benefits of membership to Commonwealth. A Member states have received technical expertise through the provision of experts and advisers in various fields e.g. agriculture. B The developing member states of the organization have acquired skilled manpower through the provision of scholarship and setting up of training programmes by nations like Britain and Canada. C Member states have been able to interact with one another through activities such as the commonwealth games and cultural exchange programmes. D Member states have conducted trade among themselves with relative ease and this has helped them to develop their economies. E The organization has promoted friendship and understanding among member states through conferences such as The Heads of Government meetings. F It has enhanced democratization process in developing member states of the organization Functions of commonwealth REF to evolving world page 60 Problems facing Commonwealth of Nations. Page 25 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a Differences in economic development levels of member states militate against co- operation. Members coming from developing world have very different outlook from those coming from the developed world. B Ideological disputes among member states have hampered the operations of the Commonwealth of Nations. C Lacks sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. Poor members normally owe many debts to their foreign masters and would therefore toe to their demands. D The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregard the commonwealth resolutions in favour of their sovereignty. E It lacks an effective machinery to affect its decisions. It also lacks a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions. F Loyalty to other organizations.
E It lacks an effective machinery to affect its decisions. It also lacks a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions. F Loyalty to other organizations. Commonwealth members are also members of other organizations; the interests of these organizations are not in accord with those of the commonwealth g The colonial legacy. Many problems arising from past colonial policies have rocked the organization. E.g. the land issue in Zimbabwe. H The influence of other organizations like NATO who weaken the commonwealth by wooing members to their regions. I Race and colour problem. The conflict between white and black people or other color has become another setback. J Dominance by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization. Serious inner tension still undermines the commonwealth activities. THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT NAM STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION NAM was an organization that did not have formal structures like UNO and Commonwealth. It did not have a secretariat or a constitution. The movement had a unique administrative style as follows. Coordination The administration is non-hierarchical, rotational and inclusive, providing all member states, regardless of size and importance with an opportunity to participate in global decision making and world politics. The country that hosts the summit holds office until the next summit. Non-aligned countries place the onus of an administrative structure on the country assuming the chair. The country is required to create or designate an entire section of the ministry of foreign affairs to deal specifically with the Non-Aligned Movement. The chair s ambassador in the United Nations essentially functions as the minister of Non-Aligned Affairs . NAM has also created contact groups, task forces and committees to facilitate the chair s responsibility as follows; The Coordinating Bureau. This is the focal point for coordination. It reviews and facilitates the harmonization of the NAM working groups, contact groups, task forces and committees. Page 26 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and Committees. They include NAM High-level working group for the restructuring of the United Nations, NAM working group on Human Rights, Disarmament, Committee on Palestine, Contact Groups on Cyprus, and Task Force on Somalia etc. These groupings meet often. Non-Aligned security Caucus. The countries that make up the NAM council caucus are expected to constantly strive to adopt unified positions so that the decisions and positions of NAM are reflected in the Security Council decisions without prejudice to their sovereignty.
These groupings meet often. Non-Aligned security Caucus. The countries that make up the NAM council caucus are expected to constantly strive to adopt unified positions so that the decisions and positions of NAM are reflected in the Security Council decisions without prejudice to their sovereignty. Joint coordinating committee This is a coordinating committee established in 1994 and sitting in New York, whose main mandate is to promote cooperation and coordination between the NAM and the Group of 77 in promoting the interests of developing countries in international fora. Coordination of non-aligned countries in the UN centres. This is aimed at facilitating coordination and cooperation with the coordinating bureau and enhances the role of NAM in the international Fora. The Troika. The concept of Troika emerged on 6th April 1997 in New Delhi, India, during the meeting of foreign ministers of NAM representing past, present and future chairs. The concept simply implies a meeting of past, present and future chairs who began to meet in September 1997 as a discussion forum. Panel of economists This is an ad hoc panel of economists formed from Non-Aligned countries to assess the current international economic situation from the perspective of developing countries and to identify and analyze their major issues of concern. Documentation. This is the responsibility of the host country but after wide consultation. The host country must circulate the First Draft not later than one month before the meeting. Decision making. The movement makes all its decisions by consensus. This concept presupposes understanding of and respect for different points of view, including disagreement and mutual accommodation. This promotes solidarity and unity of the movement. NAM Meetings They include the following a Conference of Heads of State and Government. This is NAM s highest decision- making authority and meets once every three years. It has two committees, one on political issues and another on economic and social issues. The summit is held atleast one month before the regular session of the UN General Assembly. During the summit, there is a formal ceremony for handing over the chair. B Ministerial conference. Its task is to review developments and implement decisions of the preceding summit and also discuss matters of urgency. The conference meets 18 months after the summit. C Ministerial meeting in New York during a session of the UN General Assembly. This is a meeting of foreign ministers annually in New York at the beginning of the regular Page 27 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke session of the UN Assembly.
The conference meets 18 months after the summit. C Ministerial meeting in New York during a session of the UN General Assembly. This is a meeting of foreign ministers annually in New York at the beginning of the regular Page 27 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke session of the UN Assembly. The purpose of the meeting is to deliberate on the items of the Agenda of the General Assembly that are of major importance to the movement. D Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau. The main task is to prepare for the summits, and where necessary, to consider issues of major importance to the movement. E Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology. The attendance is by all NAM members and its meetings are held by the decision of the summit or the ministerial conference. The meetings are chaired by the chair of NAM. F Meeting of the standing ministerial committee on economic cooperation. These meetings are meant to strengthen south-south cooperation, reactivate the dialogue between the developing and developed countries and enhance the role of the UN General Assembly, in international cooperation for development. The meetings are held frequently upon recommendation of the coordinating Bureau. G Ministerial Meetings in various fields of international cooperation. They discuss issues like agriculture, information and external debt. H Extraordinary Meetings of the Coordinating Bureau. They address exceptional cases that call for urgent consideration. I Meetings of the Working Groups, Task Forces, Contact Groups and Committees. The meetings are held as often as necessary. The growth of NAM. After the Bandung Conference of 1955 which established the movement, NAM has attracted many developing counties. . A number of conferences have been held since then; a The first summit, Belgrade, 1961. The attendance was by 25 non-aligned countries who met at a time when world peace was threatened seriously by the looming nuclear war. The meeting s objective was to prevent the outbreak of a nuclear war in the world. B The second summit, Cairo, 1964. The summit of October 1964 was attended by 47 Nations and 10 observers. There were 28 representatives from Africa. The conference mainly focused on problems facing NAM countries due to colonial inheritance, policies of former colonial powers and the rivalry between the great powers.. c The third summit, Lusaka, 1970.
There were 28 representatives from Africa. The conference mainly focused on problems facing NAM countries due to colonial inheritance, policies of former colonial powers and the rivalry between the great powers.. c The third summit, Lusaka, 1970. The attendance was by 53 members the meeting resolved that time was ripe for declaration on peace, independence, cooperation and democratization. The members were out to fight colonialism and racism. The main resolution was the members determination to achieve economic emancipation. D The Fourth Summit, Algiers, 1973. It was attended by 75 members, eight observers, three guest nations and 15 liberation movements. The meeting was an attempt to transform the existing system of economic and financial relations in a manner that would liberate developing countries from a subordinate role into an equal position Page 28 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke with industrialized countries. The members developed an action programme in the interest of economic cooperation. E The fifth Summit, Colombo, 1976. It was attended by 86 members, who focused on the liberation of Zimbabwe and Namibia, the abolition of apartheid in South Africa as a way of promoting world peace. F The sixth Summit, Havana, 1979. The conference was attended by 93 members, 12 observers, 8 guest nations and seven new members. The meeting declared that imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, apartheid, racism, foreign aggression, expansion, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony, Great power bloc, Subjugation, dependency and pressures in international relations as enemies of non- alignment. The chairman of the summit was Fidel Castro who put forth his ideas that the socialist bloc is a natural ally of the movement. G The seventh summit, New Delhi, 1983. It was attended by 96 members, 16 observers and 20 guest nations. The summit took place at a time when there was intense confrontation as the great powers continued to amass nuclear weapons. . Indra Gandhi appeared to be the moderate leader to host the conference and soften the impact of Cuban radicalism. The conference discussed peace, nuclear disarmament, development strategies for north-south Dialogue on a new world economic order, and the south-south cooperation for collective self-reliance. H The eighth summit, Harare, 1986. It marked NAM s silver Jubilee.
The conference discussed peace, nuclear disarmament, development strategies for north-south Dialogue on a new world economic order, and the south-south cooperation for collective self-reliance. H The eighth summit, Harare, 1986. It marked NAM s silver Jubilee. The main concern was Namibia s independence and apartheid in south Africa.. NAM emphasized its sanctions against the Pretoria South Africa regime. It drew an action plan to deal with the threat posed by South Africa. The summit came up with a special solidarity fund to help the frontline states. I The Ninth summit, Belgrade, 1989. J The tenth Summit, Jakarta, 1992. K The eleventh Summit, Cartagena de Indias, 1995. L The twelfth Summit, Durban 1998. M The thirteenth Summit, Kuala Lumpar, 2003. Performance of the Non-Aligned Movement. Though critics have questioned the relevance of NAM after dismantling apartheid and achieving independence, and after end of cold war, there still exist situations that require NAM s participation. Reasons why NAM is still relevant. A NAM is the only forum that can articulate the voice of justice and sanity in the world in view of the unending Arms Race. B NAM is the only forum through which the demand for a less unjust world economic order can be raised given the kind of hold the developed nations still have on developing nations. C NAM remains the third world s shield against the pressures of the superpower elephants that can easily trample on the grass of the lesser animals even after end of cold war. Page 29 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke d NAM can still play a role in addressing emerging world issues such as terrorism, environmental degradation, HIV AIDS and racism. Achievements of NAM. A It has helped speed up the attainment of freedom in states that were under colonial bondage. B NAM has assisted its members in safeguarding their national security and territorial integrity. C Nan-aligned nations also worked to eliminate conflict between the superpowers. This helped in the promotion of peace and security for the non-aligned world. India for example played a role in solving the Korean War, the Suez crisis and Indo- Chinese conflict.
C Nan-aligned nations also worked to eliminate conflict between the superpowers. This helped in the promotion of peace and security for the non-aligned world. India for example played a role in solving the Korean War, the Suez crisis and Indo- Chinese conflict. D NAM created a conducive environment for peace, justice, equality and international cooperation by contributing to the relaxation of international tension by keeping clear of the two military blocs, USA and USSR. E The movement has strengthened African and Asian Countries diplomatically at a time when they lacked necessary physical strength. They were able to exert their voting power as Afro-Asian bloc to influence world affairs. F NAM provided an international forum where members voices could be heard. It was able to work to dismantle apartheid by its two-third world community membership despite the Reagan administration s opposition to sanctions against South Africa. G The movement has given members freedom to put their national interests before those of the great power blocs. H The NAM through the Cairo and Colombo Summits termed as World Disarmament conferences, played a key role in the disarmament process. The 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco, signed by 22 states, set up a weapon Free Zone in Latin America. I The Non-aligned states have helped in international crisis management since they are not committed to any course of military action. For example during the 1961 Berlin crisis, Nehru of India and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana went to Moscow for a peace mission, while Achmad Sukarno of Indonesia and Modibo Keita of Mali went to Washington DC to try and create a conducive atmosphere for managing the crisis. J NAM has worked towards creation of new international economic order. Members of the movement are able to trade with both the great power blocs. Membership to the Group of 77 in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD is drawn from the non-aligned nations. The non-aligned nations were open to aid from both blocs and also ready to expand their trade with both sides of the ideological divide. K The Solidarity fund established during the Harare Summit of 1986 cushioned the frontline states against the economic sanctions imposed on apartheid South Africa. L NAM has worked to create the new scientific and technological order. The members have demanded a new scientific and technological order by favouring access to the most advanced technology and scientific research available as a means of bridging the technological gap between the developed countries and developing ones.
K The Solidarity fund established during the Harare Summit of 1986 cushioned the frontline states against the economic sanctions imposed on apartheid South Africa. L NAM has worked to create the new scientific and technological order. The members have demanded a new scientific and technological order by favouring access to the most advanced technology and scientific research available as a means of bridging the technological gap between the developed countries and developing ones. Factors which have undermined the activities of the Non-Aligned Movement. Page 30 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a Political instability is frequently experienced by some member states. For example, civil wars and military coups in DRC, the Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, interstate wars like in the case of Iran and Irag. This has undermined their contribution to the movement. B Economic ties between the third world countries and their colonial masters had made it difficult for the member states to pursue an independent line. C Border disputes between neighboring member countries has weakened the course of the movement. E.g. between morocco and Algeria, North Korea and South Korea, Vietnam and Cambodia, Ethiopia and Somalia, Uganda and Tanzania etc. D Economic backwardness of some of the member states has made it difficult for them to meet their obligation in the movement as national needs come first in view of the meager resources of some of the nations. E Ideological differences between member states have undermined their co- operation. Its large size of 116 members by 2004 has frustrated its ideological coherence and organizational solidarity. Whereas some countries are inclined towards the west, others are inclined to the east. F Membership to other organizations like AU, commonwealth and the French community, has made it difficult for some states to participate actively in the affairs of the movement. G Breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War has destabilized the movement. As power bloc rivalry subsided, NAM appeared to become irrelevant. H Conflicting national interests. Individual national interests have failed to agree with the objectives of the movement. I Personality differences between leaders of member states have undermined the movement. For example, several leaders rejected the radical views of Fidel Catron of Cuba. J Differences unrelated to the principles of NAM have developed among members. For example at the Colombo Summit of 1978, several Arab states were keen to see Egypt expelled from the movement on grounds that she had signed a separate peace treaty with Israel.
For example, several leaders rejected the radical views of Fidel Catron of Cuba. J Differences unrelated to the principles of NAM have developed among members. For example at the Colombo Summit of 1978, several Arab states were keen to see Egypt expelled from the movement on grounds that she had signed a separate peace treaty with Israel. This was not an agreement with a superpower and therefore had nothing to do with NAM. K NAM lacks a permanent Army or a permanent institutional framework or machinery that can enable it carry out its activities effectively. For example, it failed to persuade irag and Iran to end the 8 year long war from 1980. THE COLD WAR. The Cold War refers to the strained relations that existed between the western world led principally by the United States and the communist East led by the USSR, after the Second World War. It was so called because it was fought not with weapons, but with words, propaganda, military and financial aid to enemies of the opposing sides. Although there was no actual physical confrontation, Cold War was characterized by a conflict of the most serious and deadly kind. Causes of the Cold War. Page 31 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a Ideological differences. There was deep-seated fear and mutual suspicion between USA and USSR over the spread of their ideologies-capitalism and communism. E.g The establishment of the Soviet Union through acquisition of satellite states was a measure to contain capitalism. B Disagreement over the issue of disarmament. The use of atomic bomb on Japan by USA towards the end of World War II alarmed USSR. The two sides failed to agree on an arms reduction plan and continued to stockpile atomic bombs. C Economic rivalry. In 1947, the USA President Harry S. Truman introduced the Marshal Plan, a scheme to assist western European countries that had been devastated by war. The USSR in turn formed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON , an economic cooperative plan for Eastern Europe. This further heightened the hostility between the west and the east. D Formation of military alliances. In April 1949, the USA, western European countries and Canada formed a military alliance through the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. NATO . The formation of NATO ended USA s isolationist policy. Russians responded by signing the Warsaw Pact, in May 1955, a military alliance of communist countries. These alliances fostered hostility between countries.
The formation of NATO ended USA s isolationist policy. Russians responded by signing the Warsaw Pact, in May 1955, a military alliance of communist countries. These alliances fostered hostility between countries. E The use of Russian veto powers in the UN. Russia used her veto powers to defeat UN proposals, which she accused of being pro-USA. The struggle by the two powers to dominate the UN increased tension between them. F Disagreement over the future of Germany as a whole. Western allies wanted a strong Germany to assist in the economic prosperity of other nations. Russia was keen on a politically and economically weak Germany to safeguard against another invasion. NB- in 1961, the USSR built the Berlin Wall, thus dividing East Berlin from West Berlin. G USA s military advancement. By 1945, the USA was the only country that possessed atomic weapons. This created fear. COURSE OF THE COLD WAR. The cold war was fought in Europe Asia, Latin America and Africa, The course of the Cold War in Europe The cold war in Europe involved a conflict between the West and the East. The highlights of this conflict included Russia s overwhelming encroachment and dominance of Eastern Europe. Russia used her military might to impose communist governments on many states like Poland and Romania. They also fanned civil wars. E.g the Greek civil war of 1946. There were widespread outbreaks of violence and demands of freedoms in Poland and Romania, based on western ideologies, in politics and economy. In Czechoslovakia, communist Russia orchestrated protests against reforms based on western ideologies, by the Dubcek Government, which was supported by the west. Dubcek was arrested and flown to Moscow. Dr. Husak, a Russian ally was installed. The following are the major developments that characterized cold war in Europe. Page 32 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a In March 1947, the US president Harry Truman, through The Truman Doctrine declared that the USA would support free people resisting subjugation by armed minorities. In 1947, USA took over Britain s commitment in Greece and turkey to support the anti-communist regimes. B In 1947, the US Secretary of state, George Marshall came up with a proposal which was to become the Marshall Plan. This was a plan through which the US would make a major contribution to the economic recovery of Europe.
In 1947, USA took over Britain s commitment in Greece and turkey to support the anti-communist regimes. B In 1947, the US Secretary of state, George Marshall came up with a proposal which was to become the Marshall Plan. This was a plan through which the US would make a major contribution to the economic recovery of Europe. The plan was rejected by USSR terming it an American interference in the internal affairs of other nations. C Stalin set up the Communist Information Bureau COMINFORM to coordinate the work of communist parties in Europe and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON to counter the US Marshal Plan. D The NATO and Warsaw Pact. By the treaty of Brussels in March 1948, Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg formed a defensive alliance against any form of aggression It became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO, in April 1949 when other European Nations joined it. In response to NATO, the Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact in Poland on 14th May 1955 with East Germany and six Eastern European countries. The existence of NATO and Warsaw Pact only intensified the hostilities. E The Berlin Blockade. Germany was divided into two zones, East and West. Russia treated East Germany as a satellite state thus curtailing trade between east and west. This move almost led to starvation in the west as East Germany was the main producer. In May 1948, all roads and rail routes into West Berlin were sealed off by Russian troops. For over two years, food, coal medical supplies and other necessities to the 2 million people in West Berlin were airlifted since there was no land linkage. The blockade ended in may 1949 with diverstating consequences. F Partition of Germany. The west was prepared to give freedom to the Germans as a whole to decide their own fate. Russia was determined to ensure that East Germany remained dominated by communism under Russian control. On 23rd may 1949, the western occupation zone in Germany became the Federal Republic of Germany with Konrad Adenauer as the chancellor in September elections. On 7th October 1949, the soviet zone formed the Germany Democratic Republic. In August 1961, the East Germans built the Berlin Wall, curtailing communication and flow of refugees from the west. The cold war was fought in Asia. In Asia, China was the first front of Cold War.
In August 1961, the East Germans built the Berlin Wall, curtailing communication and flow of refugees from the west. The cold war was fought in Asia. In Asia, China was the first front of Cold War. She embraced communism, following the successful takeover of the country by the forces of Mao Tse-tung in October 1949, assisted by the Russians. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of friendship was signed in 1950. Korea, formerly controlled by Japan, was another front for cold war in Asia. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Korea was occupied from the south by American forces, from the Page 33 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke north by Russians, placing the country under joint control. The occupying powers failed to unite the two Korea sections when she became independent. In 1948, the USA announced the formation of the Independent Democratic Republic of Korea in the South. The Russians formed the Peoples Republic of Korea in the north. On 25th June 1950, North Korea Forces invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite. UN condemned this and An American General, Douglas MacArthur led the UN forced that repulsed the invaders. The cold war spread to Vietnam, with USSR and USA clashing over Vietnam, formerly a colony of France that had been seized by Japan. The two super powers supported different nationalist leaders in the struggle for independence from France. The Russians supported Ho Chi-Minh who led a revolt by the Vietnamese, against the French. USA supported Ngo Dinh Diem. The Vietnam War erupted as a result The Vietnam War was the heaviest cost of containing communism by Americans in a distant country. Americans were humiliatingly defeated in 1975 with a causality of 53,000, despite employing over 400,000 troops. The communist guerillas, the Viet Cong, established a communist government in South Vietnam. The war strengthened American hostility towards Russia There was an armed conflict between the super powers in Afghanistan from 1978. The height of the conflict in Afghanistan was the Boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980 as a protest against USSR s involvement in Afghanistan. The conflict took the form of a civil war which was only eased in 1989 when the USSR began to withdraw its troops.
The war strengthened American hostility towards Russia There was an armed conflict between the super powers in Afghanistan from 1978. The height of the conflict in Afghanistan was the Boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980 as a protest against USSR s involvement in Afghanistan. The conflict took the form of a civil war which was only eased in 1989 when the USSR began to withdraw its troops. The cold war in Latin America the Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba became the theatre of cold war when USA unsuccessfully supported the Cuban dictator, General Fulgencio Batista against Fidel Castro who was fighting to end Batista s regime. Fidel Castro overthrew the Batista regime in 1958. The new government immediately gained recognition from many world nations including USA and USSR In 1960, Fidel began a communist nationalization programme of American oil refineries and sugar plantations. This strained relations between him and the US who attempted unsuccessfully to invade Cuba in 1961 at Bay of Pigs. In January 1962, Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States. In May 1962, USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev secretly built missile installations in Cuba as a means of countering any future American invasion, in exchange for sugar. The discovery, by American president J. F. Kennedy in October 1962, of the Russian missile installations in Cuba was the beginning of the most serious cold war crisis. He declared that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be taken to be an attack by the USSR and USA would respond accordingly. USA declared a Naval Quarantine on Cuba to blockade any Russian Vessels This most serious cold war crisis was only ended when the Russian leader Khrushchev removed the missiles from Cuba and dismantled Russia s bases in Cuba. The Cold War in Africa. The cold war in Africa was majorly witnessed in Ethiopia and Angola. Page 34 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke In Ethiopia, Mengistu Haile - Mariam, overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, with the assistance of USSR. Haile Mariam introduced socialist programmes, However, they were short-lived up to the end of his rule in May 1991, when Russians withdrew their assistance. In Angola, on 11th November 1975, Angola attained her independence from Portugal, with the assistance of the Soviet Union and Cuba. Soon after, a bruising civil war broke out.
Haile Mariam introduced socialist programmes, However, they were short-lived up to the end of his rule in May 1991, when Russians withdrew their assistance. In Angola, on 11th November 1975, Angola attained her independence from Portugal, with the assistance of the Soviet Union and Cuba. Soon after, a bruising civil war broke out. USA supported the rebels, led by Jonas Savimbi and his UNITA movement based in Ovimbudu. Cuba and Russia supported the MPLA government based in Luanda. Democratic elections were held in Angola in 1989, when USSR eased their aid to MPLA. FACTORS that led to the Cold War d tente by world powers. A The death of Stalin and the flexibility of Stalin s successor, Nikita Khrushchev. The successor of Joseph Stalin, after his death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev, was more flexible and willing to relax both cold war abroad and Authoritarianism at home. He announced the policy of peaceful coexistence in 1956. B The willingness of David Dwight Eisenhower, Truman s successor, to reach compromise with the Soviet Union over a number of issues. For example he convened the Camp David Summit in 1959, with Khrushchev in which a cooperative spirit emerged between the east and the west. However this happened against the backdrop of the Cuban missile crisis. C The signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty The SALT Treaty in 1972. The treaty, signed between USA and Russia limited strategic arms to certain quantities. This was followed by the Improvement of the Chinese -American relations in 1972 and American relations with Russia. In 1972. President Nixon visited Beijing and Moscow d The introduction of reforms in Russia by Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1985, Gorbachev introduced the Glasnost openness policy and the perestroika reforms economic restructuring that appealed favourably to the west which won him the Nobel peace Prize in 1990. E The adoption of President Reagan s Strategic Defence Initiative SDI in 1983. This initiative led to setting up of space stations that would destroy every missile in the sky. This was Star Wars. F The collapse of the Communist rule in Europe. Russia s president recognized the independence of other republics of USSR in 1989 thus weakening Russia s position.
This was Star Wars. F The collapse of the Communist rule in Europe. Russia s president recognized the independence of other republics of USSR in 1989 thus weakening Russia s position. Western democracy was introduced in Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. G The successful re-unification of Germany under Helmut Kohl in 1990. The nations united to form the republic of Germany. This was a clear indicator of the joint commitment of the superpowers in maintaining their spheres of influence had been weakened. H The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the Warsaw pact started to fall apart. In November 1990, the Paris Charter was signed, effectively dissolving the Warsaw Pact. Page 35 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke i The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990. Several of its states seceded. Russia officially became an aid receiver instead of an aid donor. J The signing of the START Treaty in 1991 by Gorbachev and George Bush, after the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks. The treaty officially ended the cold war. Destruction of weapons of mass destruction commenced. Effects of the cold war a. It brought immense divisions and conflict to people of the same continent, region and countries based on pro-west or pro-east ideologies. E.g. in Angola b. Oppressive regimes found their way to power, supported by either the west or the east. C. There was untold suffering to the people. Disease, poverty and refugee camps became common sights. D. There was destruction of the economy as infrastructure was destroyed by war. As communist systems failed to produce wealth, unemployment and poverty set in. E. It created mistrust and suspicion amongst nations. F. It led to arms race. It led to militarization of regions and countries. G. It led to political crises and actual war e.g. civil wars in Korea and Vietnam, the Suez Canal crisis of 1956 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. H. It threatened international peace and security. Insecurity in the world increased. I. Led to formation of Non-Aligned Movement by third world countries. J. Led to formation of economic alliances and military alliances like NATO 1949 and the Warsaw pact 1955 . COMECON 1949 and the European Economic Union 1957. K. The cold war led to development in science and technology.
COMECON 1949 and the European Economic Union 1957. K. The cold war led to development in science and technology. The war Stimulated space science space race. Effects of the end of Cold War on Africa. A Some African countries that were formerly socialist are in problems following collapse of USSR in 1990. E.g. Somalia, Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique. B The end of the cold war has led to the removal of financial aid and military support for some African countries. Military or food aid is no longer rushed to countries experiencing problems because there is no more superpower competition. E.g failure to prevent the Rwanda genocide and failure to assist in the Somali crisis and the current Al-shabaab crisis. C There was emergence of new world political and economic order. The end of war has led to emergence of USA as a world policeman over developing nations. The countries must act according to USA wishes or suffer lack of aid and receive harassment from superpowers. D It has led to marginalization of Africa in international affairs. E There are conditionalties for getting aid from the western powers. Besides, Africa no longer has a choice of donors who comprise mainly of western world countries. Page 36 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke COOPERATION IN AFRICA Cooperation in Africa refers to the way African countries relate to each other. It is stimulated by the economic exploitation and political domination by Western Europe. The cooperation has been in form of; a Pan-African Movement b Organization of African Unity African Union c The East African Community d Economic Community of Western African States. E Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa. PAN-AFRICANISM. Meaning of Pan-Africanism. Pan means all and Africa refers to the continent. Africanism refers to those of African Origin. Pan-Africanism is a belief in the uniqueness and spiritual Unity of Black people acknowledging their right to self determination. It is a movement aimed at unifying all the people of African descent in the world. It stands for economic, political and social advancement for all peoples of African descent throughout the world. Origin and Development of pan-Africanism. The movement has roots in the trans-Atlantic slave trade that took place between 15th and 19th c. the trade was responsible for the dispersal of black people all over the world.
Origin and Development of pan-Africanism. The movement has roots in the trans-Atlantic slave trade that took place between 15th and 19th c. the trade was responsible for the dispersal of black people all over the world. The suffering the slaves underwent made them become conscious of their colour and origin. The Africans viewed themselves as having a common destiny. Even those who remained in Africa were later subjected to the colonial experience including forced labour, land alienation, taxation, poor wages, discrimination corporal punishment rape and murder. The movement first started as the Pan Black Movement for the American and Caribbean black only. Several African Americans wanted to uplift the lives of fellow Africans in USA and in Africa. They included Martin Delaney, Alexander Cromwell, Bishop James Johnson, Wilmot Blyden and Bishop Turner. The leading pan-Africanists in America were Booker T Washington, Marcus Moziah Garvey, Dr. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois and George Padmore. The pioneer African pan-Africanists included Kwegyir Aggrey from Gold Coast, Wilmot Blyden from Liberia, Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana and Leopold Sedar Senghor. The Pan Black Movements enlisted all blacks worldwide. It sometimes was called Pan Negro Movement and was pitted against the evils of racism. Pan Black Movement gave birth to Pan-African Movement, which had its first meeting in London in 1900 attended by 32 delegates, drawn from USA, Africa, Canada, West Indies and Britain. Sylvester Williams, a lawyer from Trinidad, coined the term Pan-Africanism. Page 37 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke By 1920, an all-African idea had been developed. The first pan-African congress for Africans was held in Manchester -England in 1945, also attended by Jomo Kenyatta. Causes of pan-Africanism. A The Trans-Atlantic slave trade. It took place between 15th and 18th centuries. Africans who were forced into slavery in America during this period suffered a lot under the white people. The Africans in Diaspora, through humiliation and sadness realized they had a common destiny. B Colonization of Africa. The division of Africa into 50 colonies separated some communities. It also put together various people of different history and culture. The divide and rule tactics of colonialists brought deep divisions among same communities.
Marcus Garvey 1887-1940 He was born on 17th August 1887 in the West Indies island of Jamaica to a family of freed slaves. The fact that Marcus was very dark is what shaped his philosophy of PanAfricanism. While a young man, he witnessed great European and Mullato discrimination on account of his complexion. He arrived in USA in 1916 after widely travelling in south and Central America and Britain. While in England, he was greatly encouraged by Mohammed Duse to lead the peoples of African descent all over the world in the struggle for liberation. He developed the Pan-African philosophy in USA through which he sought to make Africans take pride in their blackness and cultural heritage. He founded the Negro Empire in New York in 1920. He organized a black convention in 1924 in New York during which he launched the Universal Negro Improvement Association UNIA whose HQs were to be at Harlem, New York. UNIA had the following objectives; To create universal fraternity among the Black Race. To assist uplift the civilization of African communities. To establish a central nation for the black race. To establish academies for African children. To promote African cultures. Garvey founded a Journal The Negro World and the African Orthodox Church under a black Patriarch or chief Bishop and a Black Madonna as the symbol of his church. He advocated for the return to Africa by the Africans. To Garvey, freedom was to be gained through economic empowerment of Africans. To this end, he mobilized African Americans to contribute funds to establish black businesses like the Black Starline Shopping Company. The project however collapsed due to mismanagement. He was arrested, tried and convicted of fraud collecting funds unlawfully and imprisoned for five years. He was deported to his home country Jamaica after two years in Jail where he died in 1940 He is credited for succeeding in mobilizing Africans to take pride in their cultures and complexion. 2. Booker T. Washington. 1856-1915 He was born in 1856 in USA to a poor slave family. He acquired a university degree in Agriculture at Hampton Institute. He is credited for promoting African Education. He started a model institute for training blacks in agricultural and industrial skills the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama . Unfortunately, Washington adopted a policy of cooperation with the government as a means of winning acceptance by the European community.
He is credited for promoting African Education. He started a model institute for training blacks in agricultural and industrial skills the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama . Unfortunately, Washington adopted a policy of cooperation with the government as a means of winning acceptance by the European community. To him, Africans ought to gain wealth in order to attain equal status with Europeans and end racial discrimination. He began the National Negro Business League with the help of a European Andrew Carnegie. He died in 1915. 3. Dr. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois. He was born in great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA on 23rd February 1868. Page 39 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke He was the first black to receive a PHD Degree and become a professor of History, Economics and Sociology. He was also a renowned journalist. He greatly disagreed with Booker T. Washington s policy of accommodation and cooperation. In 1905, he established the Niagara Movement to protest against racial discrimination. In 1900, he was one of the founder members of the National Association for the advancement of Coloured Peoples NAACP an association that championed for the struggle for Negroes civil rights in America. He prepared the pan-African conferences that were held between 1900 and 1945 to fight against slavery, colonial exploitation and repression of African peoples. He was the chairman of the Manchester Conference of 1945.. In 1961, he relocated to Ghana where he became a citizen, on invitation of Nkrumah. He died in 1963 in Ghana. THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESSES 1900-1945 a The 1st pan-African conference, London, 1900. It was held at the Westminster Townhall from 23rd to 25th July with 32 participants from Africa, USA, Canada and West Indies. The conference was sponsored by a Trinidad lawyer Henry Sylvester Williams who coined the term Pan-Africanism. The conference marked the entry of Du Bois into Pan Africanism where he made his famous statement The problem of the 20th c is the problem of colourline . Objectives of the conference. To unite people of African origin in all parts of the world. To appeal for the end of European colonization and exploitation of Africa. To look for ways of establishing better relations between the Caucasian and African races.
To unite people of African origin in all parts of the world. To appeal for the end of European colonization and exploitation of Africa. To look for ways of establishing better relations between the Caucasian and African races. To initiate a movement for securing the full rights for all Africans in and outside Africa and promote the economic rights. To appeal to missionaries and philanthropists in Britain to protect Africans against aggression by colonizers. Conference Agenda Human Rights Violation against blacks in South Africa. Living conditions of blacks in different parts of the world. Racial discrimination against Africans all over the world. The conference sent a Memorandum to the Queen of England demanding respect for the rights of Black People especially in the British Empire. B The 2nd Pan-African Conference, Paris, 1919. The conference coincided with the Paris Peace conference. The conference was convened by William Du bois who had been sent to Paris by NAACP to investigate the allegations that African American troops stationed in France during world war I experienced racial discrimination and to represent the interest of the black peoples at the Paris peace conference. The conference made the following recommendations; The need for international laws to protect Black people. African land to be held in trust for Africans. The prevention of exploitation of African nations by foreign companies. Page 40 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The rights of Africans to be educated. That slavery and capital punishment were to be abolished. The right of Africans to participate in their government as fast as their development permitted. C The 3rd Pan-African Conference 1921. The conference was held in three sessions in London, Brussels and Paris. The London session was attended by 41 Africans, 35 American coloureds, 7 West Indies and 24 Africans living in Europe at that time. It was patronaged by Du Bois. The conference demanded for the establishment of political organizations among the suppressed blacks. It emphasized international and interracial harmony and democracy. D The 4th Pan-African congress London and Lisbon 1923. It reiterated earlier resolutions and also demanded that black people be treated like human beings. E The 5th Pan-African Conference, New York 1927. It was mainly attended by African Americans and was partly sponsored by European Philanthropists. It discussed the attitude of the communists towards pan-Africanism.
E The 5th Pan-African Conference, New York 1927. It was mainly attended by African Americans and was partly sponsored by European Philanthropists. It discussed the attitude of the communists towards pan-Africanism. F The 6th Pan African conference, Manchester 1945.it coincided with the end of the World War II. It was convened by the Pan African Federation which had been formed in 1944 by 13 organizations representing students welfare and political groupings. Leaders of the federation were George Padmore, Ras Makonnen Ethiopia . C.L.R Wallace Johnson and Jomo Kenyatta. The conference was greatly inspired by the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 and Clause three of the Atlantic Charter 1941 that USA and British governments would respect the right of all people to choose the form of government under which to live which Winston Churchill claimed was not applicable to the Africans. The conference was convened on 15th oct. 1945 and was attended by 90 delegates who included Du Bois West Indies , Nkrumah Ghana , Kenyatta kenya , Padmore Trinidad , peter Abrahams south Africa , Ras Makonnen Ethiopia , Magnus Williams representing Azikiwa Nnamdi Nigeria , Obafemi Owolowo Nigeria and Kamuzu Banda Malawi and 11 observer nations Du bois chaired the conference while Nkrumah and Padmore were joint secretaries. Uniqueness of the conference. A The conference was mainly organized by Africans from the continent unlike earlier ones which were organized by the Africans in Diaspora. The only exceptions were W.E.B Du Bois and Padmore. B Representatives of white philanthropists were absent. Neither did they finance the conference. C Many African trade unions were represented. These included the trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. Most of West Indies was also represented. Key Resolution of the Manchester Conference a. Africans should concentrate on winning political power through non-violent means e.g strikes and boycotts. B. African intellectuals should play an important role in mobilizing the masses to fight for political liberation.
Africans should concentrate on winning political power through non-violent means e.g strikes and boycotts. B. African intellectuals should play an important role in mobilizing the masses to fight for political liberation. Page 41 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Pursuant to the conference resolutions, Kwame Nkrumah established the West African National Secretariat WANS on 15th December 1945 in England to act as a regional body for Pan African Federation, promote unity in West Africa. WANS published a newsletter, The New African, whose main aim was to inspire the youth in Africa to resist imperialism. Why the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress was a landmark in the history of Africa. A For the first time leading African representatives in the continent attended e.g. Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Kamuzu Banda, Haile Sellasie etc. On coming back , they all adopted radical nationalistic demands for independence of their states. B It was the first congress that strongly condemned European colonization of Africa and demanded the autonomy and liberty of African states. C The congress was instrumental in granting of independence to Ghana in 1957 and to Egypt soon after. D It set the pace for organization of similar conferences in the African continent like; the 1958 All African Congress and the 1960 Tunis-Pan African People s Conference. E During the conference, the solidarity and unity among Africans began to develop and paved way to the formation of Organization of African Unity. F It marked the establishment of the movement s activities in Africa. Why pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945 a There was lack of adequate African representation in the movement before 1945. Africans in the movement were few and were staying outside Africa as political exiles or students. B Colonial authorities could not allow Africans to organize a movement that was against their policies. Such movements were outlawed. C The divide and rule policy used by the Europeans made it impossible for Africans to communicate and cooperate. D Africans in each colony were mainly concerned with issues that affected them directly e.g. Land alienation, forced labour and taxation. E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could not champion pan-Africanism since they had their own internal problems and paid little attention to international matters e.g.
D Africans in each colony were mainly concerned with issues that affected them directly e.g. Land alienation, forced labour and taxation. E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could not champion pan-Africanism since they had their own internal problems and paid little attention to international matters e.g. Ethiopia and Liberia. F Lack of venue to hold meetings on the African soil since the colonial government would not have allowed such meetings. G Poor state of transport and communication at the time did not permit fast spread of Pan-Africanism. H Few people were educated and only a minority in Africa had higher education hence there was widespread illiteracy and ignorance. I Africans were too poor to contribute to pan-African efforts. The role of Kwame Nkrumah in Pan-Africanism. A He participated in the 1945 Manchester Conference as the secretary during which he proposed that delegates go back to their countries and spearhead the nationalist struggle for political independence. Page 42 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b He established the West African National Secretariat WANS in England to coordinated pan African federation activities in West Africa and promote panAfricanism. C He founded the Convention People s Party CPP in 1949which led Ghana to Independence in 1957. D As president of Ghana, Nkrumah inspired many African countries to struggle for political independence, and the black civil rights movement in the USA to fight for their rights. E In 1958, he hosted the first pan-African conference of independent states in Accra which pledged to assist fellow Africans to fight for political independence. F He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Ghana and Algeria. G He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. For example he assisted the Guinean leader, Sekou Toure , with Loans following the withdrawal of French support to the country after independence h He championed trade unionism in Africa as a means of promoting pan-Africanism. During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. I He participated in convening various pan-African conferences that led to the formation of O.A.U, an association of independent African states.
For example he assisted the Guinean leader, Sekou Toure , with Loans following the withdrawal of French support to the country after independence h He championed trade unionism in Africa as a means of promoting pan-Africanism. During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. I He participated in convening various pan-African conferences that led to the formation of O.A.U, an association of independent African states. NB- it is most probably because of his fight against western domination that Nkrumah was eventually overthrown in 1966 in a military coup that forced him into exile. He died on 27th April 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, where he had gone to seek treatment for cancer. Reasons why the pan-African movement became active in Africa after 1945. A World War II strengthened nationalism in the continent. The Africans quest for political independence received a boost with support from UNO, USA and USSR. B The 1945 Pan-African Conference in Manchester, brought many African elites together. They later inspired their colleagues back home to join the movement. C The attainment of political independence in India in 1947 and Burma now Myanmar in 1948 encouraged many nationalists in Africa. D The slowing down of the pan0africanism activities in America during the cold war period activated the same in Africa. USA tried to control activities of people like Padmore who had links with USSR. E The attainment of independence by Ghana in 1957 inspired other African nations to focus on the liberation of their respective countries rather than fight for the betterment of fellow Africans outside the continent. Performance of the Pan-African Movement.. Achievements of Pan-Africanism. A The movement created political awareness among people of African origin and a sense of deep concern for suffering of blacks all over the world. Page 43 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b It put in place Steps towards the restoration of status and dignity to the African people, which had been eroded by slave trade, colonialism and racism. C The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans. D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent.
C The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans. D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent. E It laid the basis for the Formation of OAU, which later became the African Union AU . F The movement enabled African leaders to be more committed to African issues. For example the black caucus in the USA played an important role in pressurizing the US congress to take drastic measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa. G The movement laid the foundation for the interest in research on African culture, history, literature, music, religion, medicine, art, etc. This empowered Africans by enabling them to understand the status quo. H The movement played an important role in the advancement of African nationalism by encouraging peoples of African origin to take pride in their ancestry and demand their rights. I The movement condemned Mussolini s attempt to colonize Ethiopia in 1935 by organizing protests in major towns like New York, London, Brussels and Paris. Challenges encountered by the pan African movement. A Many European groups fought the activities of the pan Africanists. The fact that Marcus Garvey was arrested, tried and convicted of fraud collecting funds unlawfully and imprisoned for five years is a clear manifestation of this. B It was difficult for the Africans to participate in African affairs since majority of Africans were still under colonialism. C Due to lack of economic empowerment and lack of education, many of the pan African projects did not succeed. The Marcus Garvey project for instance collapsed due to mismanagement. D Illiteracy and ignorance amongst some people of African origin hindered them from offering constructive support. E The movement was restricted to the African continent after independence in 1960s. The absence of African-Americans in the continents affairs dealt a big to its progress. F Division among Africans after independence e.g. Radical and the conservative leaders and between the francophone and the Anglophone countries. G The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda. H Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the African origin peoples. I The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation.
G The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda. H Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the African origin peoples. I The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation. J Lack of venues to hold conferences in Africa especially before 1957 meant that the movement could not take root in Africa quickly. The far-away venues were inconveniencing. Page 44 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The Pan-African movement activities after 1950. Despite the challenges mentioned, the movement was still active in Africa after 1950 as manifested in the political developments that took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The following conferences were convened during that period. 1 The 1st Conference of Independent African States, Accra, Ghana April 1958. In attendance were the eight independent African states of Ghana, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, Liberia, Tunisia Sudan and Libya. The delegates pledged to assist fellow African countries who were fighting for political independence.. 2 The All-African Peoples conference, Accra De. 1958 the conference was attended by freedom fighters and trade unionists from all over Africa. It was chaired by Tom Mboya of Kenya The conference s main resolution was to use all means to acquire political independence and to encourage unity between the African leaders. 3 The All-African Peoples Conference, Tunis, January 1960. It strengthened the desire for unity among African states. 4 The 2nd Conference of Independent African States, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 1960. The conference was the forerunner to the formation of a continental Body, OAU. The conference exposed sharp division among African states over the situation in Congo, where Patrice Lumumba was facing problems with his former colonial masters. 5 The Brazzaville Conference December 1960 Attended exclusively by the 12 francophone conservative African states, the conference emphasized the need to respect international Frontiers and noninterference in the internal affairs of any African state. They promised political support for Mauritania in her boundary disputes with morocco. 6 The Casablanca conference, January 1961.
5 The Brazzaville Conference December 1960 Attended exclusively by the 12 francophone conservative African states, the conference emphasized the need to respect international Frontiers and noninterference in the internal affairs of any African state. They promised political support for Mauritania in her boundary disputes with morocco. 6 The Casablanca conference, January 1961. It was a reaction to the resolutions of the Brazzaville conference by the radicals who supported Morocco in her dispute with Mauritania. They advocated for the removal of foreign troops in Congo. 7 The Monrovia conference, May 1961. It attracted both moderates and conservatives and aimed at uniting the antagonistic groups. The conference emphasized the absolute equality of all states. The conference succeeded in uniting the hostile groups through the undertaking of two crucial events; The Algerian Referendum of 1961, which passed that the Algerians wanted political independence from France. The situation in Congo stabilized after 1961. ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY OAU What was the OAU? It was an association of independent African states that existed between 1963 and 2002, when it was renamed the African Union AU Origin and development of OAU. It was formed as a climax of a series of pan- Africanism congresses up to 1963. In January 1961, several African independent states, i.e. Egypt, Ghana, morocco, Libya and Algeria, met in Casablanca and pledged to help Patrice Lumumba of Congo against Page 45 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke the secessionist Tsombe. In May 1961, another group of African states, i.e. Liberia, Tunisia and Togo met in Monrovia and agreed to work in unity to solve the Congo crisis. In august 1961, a bigger group made up of former French colonies met in Brazzaville to find a solution to the Congo crisis. In 1963, the regional groupings compromised and joined with others to form one organization. In May 1963, foreign ministers of 32 independent African states met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to prepare the agenda for the heads of state meeting. The heads of states met under chair of Emperor Haile Selassie and gave birth to OAU, with Selassie as its first chairperson.
In 1963, the regional groupings compromised and joined with others to form one organization. In May 1963, foreign ministers of 32 independent African states met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to prepare the agenda for the heads of state meeting. The heads of states met under chair of Emperor Haile Selassie and gave birth to OAU, with Selassie as its first chairperson. Its membership grew from 32 at the time of its inception to 54 NB; when the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic was admitted to the OAU in 1984, Morocco withdrew since she claimed that SADR was part of her territory. The Charter of OAU. Objectives of the OAU. A To provide African countries it a permanent organization through which they could discuss issues affecting them and lay strategies for solving them. B To provide identity for the newly independent countries of Africa in a world dominated and controlled by the white race. C To co-ordinate and assist in the speedy decolonization of the rest of Africa. D To improve the living standards and conditions of African people as a group and as individual states. E To help in the Defence of the independence of African states and maintenance of the sovereignty of these countries. F To promote cooperation among the African states in economic, social and political fields so as to improve living standards. G To promote and enhance African solidarity and unity. H To support world, peace organizations like the UN and the Non-Aligned Movement. I To promote peaceful settlement of disputes. J To promote non-interference in the internal matters of member states. The fundamental principles of OAU as outlined in the charter. A Recognition of the sovereign equality of member states. B Non-interference in the internal affairs of member countries. C Respect for the sovereign and territorial integrity of each country and its inalienable right to independent existence. D Peaceful settlement of disputes. E Condemnation of political assassination or any form of subversion by one country in another member country. F Dedication to the emancipation of territories under colonial rule. G Adherence to the principle of non-alignment. The structure of the former OAU. The OAU charter borrowed heavily from that of the United Nations Organization. The only difference is that no member of OAU enjoys veto powers. All members have equal privileges and vote.
The OAU charter borrowed heavily from that of the United Nations Organization. The only difference is that no member of OAU enjoys veto powers. All members have equal privileges and vote. Page 46 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The charter outlined the structure of OAU as follows; The Assembly of Heads of State and Government. This was the supreme organ of OAU meeting once a year to discuss specific urgent matters and electing a chairperson every year. A two-third majority vote was used to decide critical issues. The Council of Ministers. It was made up of all foreign ministers of OAU member states and met twice a year to prepare agenda for the meeting of heads of state and government. It implemented decisions passed by heads and prepared the OAU budget. The General Secretariat. Headed by the secretary general elected by the Assembly of Heads of state, it offered the administrative services to the organization on daily basis. The past secretaries were Kifle Wodajo of Ethiopia 1963-1964 , Diallo Telli Boubaker of Guinea 1964-1972 , Nzo Ekangaki of Cameroon 1972-1974 , Eteki Mboumoua of Cameroon 1974-1978 , Edem Kodjo of Togo 1978-1983 , Peter Onu of Nigeria 1983- 1985 , Ide Oumarou of Niger 1985-1989 . The last was Salim Ahmed Salim from Tanzania. The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. It was charged with the task of settling disputes involving members. It had membership of 21 states and served for a term of five years. Specialized Agencies. The OAU also comprised specialized agencies and committees that handled the technical business of the organization. E.g. the OAU Liberation Committee-to co-ordinate activities of liberation movements. The Economic and Social Commission, the Commission on Education, Science and Culture, the Defence Commission, the Supreme Council of Sports Etc. Achievements of OAU. A It offered solution to border disputes between member states like Kenya vs. Somalia, Ethiopia vs. Somalia, Libya vs. Chad, morocco vs. Algeria, Chad vs. Nigeria and the Rwanda -Burundi conflict. B The OAU achieved total liberation of African countries, with South Africa being the last one.
Algeria, Chad vs. Nigeria and the Rwanda -Burundi conflict. B The OAU achieved total liberation of African countries, with South Africa being the last one. It offered military support to the nationalistic struggles in Mozambique, Angola, Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. C It condemned human rights violation in countries like Namibia and South Africa. It encouraged economic sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa. D Through the OAU, African governments were able to speak with one voice on matters affecting Africa and they even attempted to formulate a common foreign policy. E It provided a forum for discussing Africa s common problems like desertification, foreign interference, and dependency and at the same time sought for solutions to the problems. F The organization embarked on common economic ventures for Africa. For example creation of the African Development Bank ADB which represented the collective contribution by all Africans towards emancipation of Africans from economic backwardness. Page 47 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke g It encouraged construction of roads and railways to link different regions. E.g. Tanzam, the Great North Road and the Trans-African Highway. This improved economic co-operation between member states. H It created a cultural identity for African countries sports and the All-African Games, which provided Africans with the opportunity to meet and socialize. I Through its refugee agency, it addressed itself to the refugee problem in the continent. E.g. refugees from countries like Rwanda, Burundi, Chad, Gambia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia have been assisted. J It was instrumental in the formation of regional organizations like ECOWAS, SADDC and COMESA. Problems that faced OAU during its operation. A Differences in economic development levels and in history of member states militated against co-operation. B Ideological differences among member states, especially during the Cold war period, hampered the operations of the OAU. C It lacked sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. The members were poor given that all of them were third world countries. D The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests. E It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions. It also lacked a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions hence the term Toothless Bulldog coined by Gadaffi to refer to it.
Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests. E It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions. It also lacked a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions hence the term Toothless Bulldog coined by Gadaffi to refer to it. F Loyalty to other organizations. OAU members also belonged to other organizations like ECOWAS, COMESA, The Arab League etc; the interests of these organizations were not always in accord with those of the OAU. G The colonial legacy. Many problems arising from past colonial policies have rocked the organization. E.g. The land issue in Zimbabwe. There is also the problem of Neo- Colonialism in trade. H Interference by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization. I Emergence of dictators like Amin Dada of Uganda, Bakassa Jean Bedel of Central African Republic, And Mobutu of Congo. J Civil strife in various countries remained unresolved for a long time. E.g in Sudan, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Nigeria. This made cooperation difficult. THE AFRICAN UNION Origin of the African Union. On 9th September 1999, the Heads of State and Government met in Libya and made the Sirte Declaration calling for the establishment of an African Union and a pan-African parliament. On 29th may 2000, the document for the formation of African Union and Pan-African Parliament was adopted by the joint sitting of legal experts and parliamentarians. On 2nd June 2000, heads of state and government meeting in Lome, Togo adopted the Constitutive Act of the African Union drafted by the council of ministers. Page 48 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The AU was born in 2002, at a Summit held in Durban, South Africa, where the first Assembly of Heads of State of African Union was convened. Differences between the former Organization of African Unity and the present African Union. A Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U challenges the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. It allows for intervention whenever a member state experiences conflict or widespread human rights violation. B O.A.U was like an Association of African Heads of State, but A.U is like a Union of African Peoples. Increased participation of all African people is manifested in the proposed Pan-African Parliament and an economic, social and cultural council.
It allows for intervention whenever a member state experiences conflict or widespread human rights violation. B O.A.U was like an Association of African Heads of State, but A.U is like a Union of African Peoples. Increased participation of all African people is manifested in the proposed Pan-African Parliament and an economic, social and cultural council. C Unlike the O.A.U the African Union has an accountability mechanism. An African Peer Review Mechanism APRM has been developed as a means through which countries can be held accountable on matters of security, development, stability and cooperation. D Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U has a broader development plan for Africa e.g. through the New Partnership for Africa s Development-NEPAD whose main objectives include to promote accelerated growth and sustainable development, to eradicate the widespread poverty in the continent and to halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process. E Unlike OAU, AU presupposes the establishment of a security council and the African Court of Justice with law enforcement powers A standing military The AU Charter. Objectives of AU. A To accelerate the political, social and economic integration of the continent. B To promote and defend the African common positions on issues of interest. C To defend the independence and territorial integrity of African states and maintain the sovereignty of these countries. D To promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance. E To establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations. F To promote cooperation among the African states in economic, social and political fields so as to improve living standards. G To achieve and enhance greater African solidarity and unity. H To promote peace, security and stability in the continent through peaceful settlement of disputes. I To advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, particularly in science and technology. J To encourage international cooperation, taking into account the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. K To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and promotion o good health on the continent. The structure of African Union Page 49 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The AU charter outlined the structure of AU as follows; 1. The Assembly.
K To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and promotion o good health on the continent. The structure of African Union Page 49 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The AU charter outlined the structure of AU as follows; 1. The Assembly. This is the supreme organ of AU meeting once a year to elect a chairperson and determine the common policies of the union, consider requests for admission, monitor implementation of policies and decisions, appoint and terminate the judges of the court of Justice among other functions. Students to make additions Decisions are either by consensus or by two-thirds majority vote. 2. The Executive Council. It is made up of Foreign Ministers or the authorities designated by the member states. Its core function is to co-ordinate union policies ion areas of common interest like foreign trade, energy, industry, water resources and environmental protection. Such functions can be delegated to specialized technical committees. 3. The Commission Secretariat. Comprises a chairperson, deputy chairperson and eight commissioners and staff members. It deals with the administrative issues and implements decisions of the Union. 4. The Permanent Representatives Committee. It comprises the Ambassadors to the AU. Its main responsibility to prepare for the executive council and run the association daily. It seats permanently in Addis Ababa. 5. Specialized committees and Agencies. The AU also comprised specialized agencies and committees that handled the technical business of the organization. E.g the Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Education, Human Resource and Culture, the Committee on Health, Labour, and Social Affairs. 6. The economic and social council. It performs advisory functions 7. Specialized technical committees. E.g the Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural matters, the Committee on Trade , Customs and Immigration Matters, The Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, the Committee on Transport, Communication and Tourism, the Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs, the Committee on Education, Culture and Human Resources. They perform the following roles; a Prepare projects and programmes of the Union and submit them to the executive council. B Ensure supervision, follow-up and evaluation of the implementation of decisions taken by the organs of the Union. C Ensure co-ordination and harmonization of projects and programmes of the Union.
They perform the following roles; a Prepare projects and programmes of the Union and submit them to the executive council. B Ensure supervision, follow-up and evaluation of the implementation of decisions taken by the organs of the Union. C Ensure co-ordination and harmonization of projects and programmes of the Union. D Submit to the Executive council, their reports and recommendations on implementation of the African Union s Act. 8. Other proposed structures though not yet in place are; The peace and Security Council to comprise 15 members to monitor and intervene in conflicts. The Pan-African Parliament responsible for ensuring civil society participation in AU matters. Page 50 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The Court of Justice to deal with human rights abuses in Africa. Financial Institutions like The African Central Bank, the African Monetary Fund and the African Investment Bank. THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Founded on 6th June 1967, it comprises Kenya Uganda and Tanzania. Origin of the East African Community. Its origin can be traced back to 1902- the efforts of the British and German colonial governments to establish a unified administration over the East African territories. For example, the East African Court of Appeal was established in 1902, The East African Postal Union in 1911, East African Customs Union in 1917, East African Currency Board in 1920 And East African High Commission in 1948. On 9th December 1961, the East African High Commission was replaced with the East African Common Services Organization with the headquarters in Nairobi. The treaty to establish the East African Community was signed on 6th June 1967. The organization came into force on 1st December 1967. Objectives of the East African Community. A To maintain a common markets for the member states and promote balanced economic cooperation. B To provide common services to the three member states especially in the areas of transport and communication. C To promote political co-operation between the three countries and hence peace and security. D To facilitate the movement of the people within the region to foster greater co- operation and understanding among them. E To expand the market in a region where population and incomes are low. Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977. A Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion s share of benefits from the community.
Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977. A Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion s share of benefits from the community. Kenyan industries for example were protected more by the common external tariffs. B Personality differences. This was between individual leaders of the three countries, making it more difficult for them to hold meetings. C Ideological differences. Each of the three countries pursued different economies. Kenya followed capitalism and Tanzania socialism. Uganda had a mixed economy. D Political instability in Uganda. The coup d tat, which overthrew Milton Obote, undermined the unity that was desired for the organization. Nyerere for example refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda. E National pride and interests. National interests were given more priority than the regional interests were. E.g Tanzania favoured railway transport while Kenya favoured road transport. F Boundary closures .Tanzania closed its common border with Kenya in 1977, thereby halting the community activities. There was also boundary closure between Tanzania and Uganda during the war between the two in 1978. Page 51 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke g Financial constraints resulting from failure by member states to remit funds to meet the organization s needs. H The use of different currencies by the three nations made transaction difficult. The Rebirth of the East African Community-2001 Reasons that led to the rebirth of the East African Community in 1996. A There was need to maintain a common market for the member states in order to promote balanced economic cooperation. B There was increasing need to provide common services to the three Member states especially in the areas of transport and communication as well as research. C There was a strong desire to promote political cooperation between the three countries in a world that was becoming a global village. D There was need to facilitate free movement of people in the region. E A greater lesson had been learnt following the great losses and costs incurred by the East African countries following the collapse of the Community in 1977. Milestones in the Formation of the East African Community-2001. A The full East African cooperation was started on March 14, 1996, when the Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission was launched at the headquarters of EAC in Arusha, Tanzania.
E A greater lesson had been learnt following the great losses and costs incurred by the East African countries following the collapse of the Community in 1977. Milestones in the Formation of the East African Community-2001. A The full East African cooperation was started on March 14, 1996, when the Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission was launched at the headquarters of EAC in Arusha, Tanzania. Ambassador Francis Muthaura was appointed the first secretary general. B On 19th November 1996, the agreement for the establishment of the East African Business Council was signed in Nairobi. F On 29th April 1997, the second summit of heads of state was held in Arusha. It launched the first East African Cooperation development strategy 1997-2000 . G On 30th April 1998, the ninth meeting of the Permanent Tripartite Commission in Arusha launched the treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. H On 24th November 1998, the first East African Ministerial meeting on the Lake Victoria hyacinth was held in Arusha. A regional strategy was developed for control of the lake hyacinth. I On 22nd January 1999, the third summit met in Arusha and directed the Permanent Tripartite Commission to complete the treaty -making process by 30th July 1999. J The treaty establishing the East African Community-2001 was signed on 30th November 1999 in Arusha by the three heads of state. The structure of the New East African Community. In the november30, 1999 treaty, the following organs were established to coordinate the activities and the direction of the community. 1. The Summit of Heads of State. It had the responsibility of giving direction towards realization of the goals and objectives of the community. It was the community s supreme organ, consisting of the three heads of state with the chair being rotational. 2. The Council of Ministers. The main decision -making organ of the heads of governments of the member states. It comprised the designated ministers from member states. Page 52 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3. The Coordinating Committee. Made up of permanent secretaries. It reports to the council of ministers. It coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. 4. The Sectoral Committees.
It coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. 4. The Sectoral Committees. These are committees created by the council on recommendation of the respective coordinating committee. 5. The East African Legislative Assembly. It provides a democratic forum for debate. It is also a watchdog of the activities of the community. It is a 30 -member assembly whose members are drawn from the member state. 6. The Secretariat. Based in Arusha, it carried out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 7. The Court of justice of East Africa. This was the highest appellate court in the region. Other autonomous institutions established by the Council include; The East African Development Bank EADB . Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization LVFO Inter-University Council for East Africa IUCEA Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001. A Suspicion still exists over perceived dominance of Kenya in the community affairs. B Despite signing the treaty in 1999, Tanzania customs are still taxing Kenyan products. C Increased cross-border smuggling. The freedom of movement within the region sometimes results in smuggling of illegal arms and spread of crime and insecurity. E.g. the smuggling of a vehicle belonging to Kenya s Chief of Staff, General Joseph Kibwana to Tanzania in 2004. D Cattle rustling across the borders. This is common on the Kenya Uganda border with the Pokot and Karamojong attacking each other e Arrest of Kenyan fishermen on Lake Victoria by either Tanzania or Ugandan policemen navy accusing them of fishing in their waters. F Membership to other regional bodies e.g. COMESA, SADDC. This complicates the work of the EAC. G The recent wrangles between Kenya and Uganda over ownership of Migingo Island. Although this problem was resolved by Uganda conceding Kenya s ownership of the Island, it raised tension between the two countries. H The use of different currencies by the three nations has made transaction difficult. I Political squabbles in the individual countries slow down the progress of the community j Individual national interests have slowed down the implementation of the activities of the community the deep-seated differences between the member states over the proposed taxes on imports from countries outside the region. Achievements of the East African Community-2001. A It has boosted movement of citizens within the three member states of East Africa. An East African passport has been introduced.
Achievements of the East African Community-2001. A It has boosted movement of citizens within the three member states of East Africa. An East African passport has been introduced. B It has provided a forum for the East African Leaders to discuss issues harmoniously. Page 53 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke c It has facilitated the improvement and expansion of transport and communication networks between the three East African countries. D Tariffs for industrial goods produced in East Africa have been reduced. E Investment procedures have been eased to enable all citizens to invest more easily within the community. F It has enhanced cooperation of the civil society leading to formation of the Law Society of East Africa and the Business Council of East Africa. G The community has promoted trade among member states by encouraging citizens to conduct trade in all the countries. THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES. Formation of ECOWAS. This is a regional group comprising of 15 West African countries. The treaty establishing ECOWAS was signed in Lagos, Nigeria on 28th may 1975 by Gambia, Mali, Cape Verde, Burkina Faso, Niger, Benin, Togo, Cote d Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria and Guinea. Objectives of ECOWAS. A To provide economic co-operation among West African states in specialized fields such as transport, communication, agriculture, trade industry etc. B To liberalize trade between member states. C To improve relations between the member states. D To improve living standards of people in the member states. E To create a customs union in the region. F To promote industrial development among member states. G To promote cultural interaction among the member states. Organization of ECOWAS. The following are organs that were established to coordinate the activities and the direction of ECOWAS. 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. The authority meets once a year, with the chair being rotational. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets twice a year. It manages the affairs of the community. 3. The Tribunal. Acting as the industrial court, it was established for settling disputes arising from the community. 4. The Executive Secretariat. Based in Lagos, Nigeria, it carries out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 5.
The Executive Secretariat. Based in Lagos, Nigeria, it carries out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 5. Specialized commissions and Agencies. E.g the Committee on industry, natural resources and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Culture and Social Affairs. Achievements of ECOWAS. Page 54 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a The defence Act adopted by ECOWAS in 1981 provided military support to any Member state attacked by outsiders. Their defence force known as ECOMOG was instrumental in quelling civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone. B Economically, Member states benefit from ECOWAS. For example, Nigeria provides her oil to member states at a reduced price. C The community has enabled regular meeting of the Heads of State to tackle problems facing the region. D Socio-cultural exchanges within the West African region have promoted good relations among the people. E Improvement has been realized in transport, trade, agriculture and communication. F The organization has resolved political problems facing member states. G ECOWAS has enabled citizens of member states to move freely from one country to another through waiver of visa requirements. H There has been progress in education through the establishment of a Joint examination Syllabus for West African States. Challenges that ECOWAS has faced in its operation. A Political instability in member states. Countries like Nigeria and Ghana have witnessed Military coups. Civil wars have been fought in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast. These have been a hindrance to cooperation. B Nationalistic issues. Most member states give priority to their own domestic issues at the expense of the organization. C Language barrier. Countries in West Africa inherited the languages of their former colonial masters. The problem in communication has hindered the efficient operation of the organization. D Infrastructural problems. The state of roads, railway and communication linkages are poor. This has hampered economic progress of member states. E Ideological differences. The leaders of the member states view each other with suspicion and mistrust due to differences in ideologies. F Lack of uniform currency. Each country has its own currency. This creates a problem of rates of exchange thus hindering trade. G Foreign interference. The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea.
This creates a problem of rates of exchange thus hindering trade. G Foreign interference. The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea. H Border closures. For example between Ghana and Togo and between Burkina Faso and Mali. THE COMMON MARKETS FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA It is an economic organization comprising 19 states and which was established on 8th December 1994 to replace the Preferential Trade Area. Aims and objectives of COMESA. A To attain sustainable growth and development of the member states by promoting a more balanced and harmonious development of its production and marketing. B To promote cooperation in all fields of economic activity and joint adoption of macro-economic policies and programmes. Page 55 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke c To cooperate in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region. D To cooperate in the creation of an enabling environment for foreign, cross-border and domestic investment. E To cooperate in strengthening the relations between the common market and the rest of the world. F To contribute towards the establishment, progress and realization of the objectives of the African Economic Community. Principles that govern the operation of COMESA. A Equality and interdependence of member states. B Solidarity and collective self-reliance among member states. C Inter-state cooperation, harmonization of policies and integration of programmes. D Non-aggression. E Recognition , promotion and protection of human and peoples rights in accordance with the provisions of the African Charter on human and peoples rights. F Accountability, economic justice and popular participation in development. G The recognition and observance of the rule of law. H The promotion and sustenance of a democratic system of governance in each member state. I The maintenance of regional peace and stability through the promotion and strengthening of good neighbourliness. J The peaceful settlement of disputes among member states and active cooperation between neighbouring countries Organization of COMESA. COMESA is made up of the following organs; 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. It is the supreme-policy making organ of COMESA. The authority meets once a year, but may hold an extra-ordinary meeting on request of any member of the authority. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states.
2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets once a year. It manages the affairs of the community. It monitors and ensures the proper functioning and development of COMESA. 3. The Court of Justice. It ensures proper interpretation and application of the provisions of the treaty. It was established for settling disputes arising from the community. E.g between Kenya and Egypt over export of cement in 2004 4. The committee of Governors of Central Banks. Governors of banks of member states form a committee to manage COMESA clearing house and ensure implementation of the monetary and financial co-operation programmes. 5. The Inter-Governmental Committee. A committee of permanent secretaries from member states which develops and manages programmes and action plans in all areas of cooperation except in the financial sector. 6. The Secretariat. Based in Lusaka, Zambia, it provides technical support and advisory services to the member states and coordinates the activities of COMESA. The current secretary general is Erastus Mwencha since 1997 Page 56 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7. The Technical Committees. E.g the Committee on natural resources and Environment, the Committee on Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Labour, Culture and Social Affairs. 8. The consultative committee. This comprises the business community and other stakeholders. It provides a link between the business community and other COMESA stakeholders, monitors implementation of the necessary provisions of the treaty, consults and receives reports from other interested groups and Participates in the technical committees and makes recommendation. 9. Specialized independent institutions. The Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank PTA Bank based in Nairobi, Kenya, the PTA reinsurance company, Nairobi, Kenya, The COMESA clearing house, Harare, Zimbabwe, COMESA association of Commercial Banks, Harare, Zimbabwe, COMESA leather institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Achievements of COMESA. A It provides its members a wide, harmonized and more competitive market for internal and external trading. B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. C COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region. D It has improved the administration of transport and communication to ease movement of goods, services and people.
B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. C COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region. D It has improved the administration of transport and communication to ease movement of goods, services and people. E It has ensured cooperation in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region. F COMESA has strengthened relations between the Common Market and the rest of the world while ensuring that the members adopt a common position in international fora. G Through the Authority of Heads of State and Government, COMESA directs and controls the affairs of the common market. H Customs cooperation has been achieved through a unified computerized customs network that operates across the region. The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been achieved. I It has provided room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to its large market. J It has encouraged member states to practice good governance, accountability and respect for human rights. Burundi and Rwanda were subjected to these demands before they were admitted to COMESA. K It has contributed to employment of many people in the region. L COMESA has promoted increased agricultural production and exploitation of natural resources. M The organization has ensured a more efficient and reliable transport and communication infrastructure. Page 57 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Challenges that face COMESA in its operations. A Membership to other bodies. Members of COMESA are also members of EAC and SADC. This leads to divided loyalty. B Personality differences. For example, presidents Museveni of Uganda and El Bashir of Sudan were involved in disagreements in 2004 over rebel activities. C Boundary conflicts. This has been witnessed between Ethiopia and Eritrea. D Civil wars. Wars have been witnessed in DRC, Uganda, Sudan, Rwanda and Burundi. Such inevitable wars undermine the operations of the common markets. E Constant quarrels among member states over trading rights. For example Kenya and Egypt quarreled over duty-free cement dumped in Kenya by Egypt, on which Kenya wanted to charge duty. F Poor transport between member states. This hampers movement of goods in the region. G Pulling out of Tanzania and Namibia. The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. H Some members undermine their neighbours.
The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. H Some members undermine their neighbours. For example Uganda and Rwanda have been accused of participating in the civil wars in the DRC. Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration. A The problem of poor transport and communication has impeded flow of trade. This has affected all previous and existing economic groupings. B There is uneven distribution of resources in Africa. Some countries are endowed with strategic natural resources like oil and fertile soils while others are impoverished with no resources. This hinders integration. C All member states of economic co-operations suffer from budgetary deficit and balance of payment problems. They therefore lack adequate foreign exchange required for international trade. D There is constant political interference by unenlightened leaders e There has been rivalry among member states of trading co-operations. F Africa has had a poor share from world trade as prices on world market are dictated by industrialized countries. G The advent of multi-partism after the end of the cold war and the subsequent introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes has crippled the performance of economic integration in Africa. H Inability of member states to interfere in the internal affairs of other states even where there is need. I Failure by member states to contribute fully to the organizations. J The colonial legacy. Many member states still depend heavily on the West for manufactured goods, machinery, technology, donations and ideas. NATIONAL PHILOSPHIES KENYA AFRICAN SOCIALISM Meaning and origin of African Socialism. Page 58 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The Sessional paper No.10 of 1965 defines African socialism as an African political, economic system that is positively African, and capable of incorporating useful and compatible techniques from whatever source. African socialism was born out of the desire by our leaders to create a new society, different from the colonial society and which embraced equity devoid of racism, oppression and other social injustices. Main features that characterized African socialism in Kenya. A Political Democracy where all people are politically free and equal b Various forms of ownership of wealth. E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual social responsibility. That the spirit of service and not greed for personal gain motivate Kenyans.
E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual social responsibility. That the spirit of service and not greed for personal gain motivate Kenyans. D A range of control to ensure that property is used in mutual interests of society and its members. E Progressive taxation to ensure an equitable distribution of wealth and income. F Diffusion of ownership to avoid concentration of economic power on a few people in the society. Achievements of African socialism as a National Philosophy. A It has led to promotion of democratic process in governance. Multi-partism has been established in Kenya due to African socialism policies. Kenya has also witnessed the growth of the civil society. B Since the philosophy is built on African traditions, it has promoted African cultures Kenya pursued African values consistent with her traditions. C The philosophy has promoted national unity and coexistence among Kenyan communities. D There has been a greater effort to achieve fairness and justice through progressive taxation and a range of other controls. The government has tried to achieve fair distribution of resources through the activities of the District Focus for Rural Development. E The philosophy led to establishment of cooperative societies in Kenya. This has promoted social and economic development in Kenya. F African socialism has promoted agricultural development through the land tenure system that was undertaken to ensure settlement of the landless in settlement schemes like Bura. G Social development in education and health has been achieved. Discrimination in schools, hospitals and residential areas stopped. Uniform systems were adopted. H The philosophy gave Africans the right to participate in their economy. This was through the policy of Africanization in which industrial enterprises hitherto owned by Asians and Europeans, changed ownership. I African socialism has encouraged rapid development in Kenya. The policy of mutual social responsibility through self-help promotes a sense of patriotism and service to the nation as Kenyans work together to build the nation. Page 59 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Problems that faced African socialism. A Progressive taxation has put an additional burden of taxation on the poor thus discouraging development. B Political interference in public projects and wrangles among leaders retards development. C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption leads to negative attitude from people towards contributing to national development. HARAMBEE PHILOSOPHY Meaning and origin of Harambee philosophy.
C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption leads to negative attitude from people towards contributing to national development. HARAMBEE PHILOSOPHY Meaning and origin of Harambee philosophy. Harambee is a Kiswahili slogan, which means pulling together or working together. It was a development strategy in which, people supplemented government efforts through voluntary contribution. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta made it a national Motto in 1963 when he aptly advanced it as unity in all causes of national integrity and human progress. The Harambee spirit embodies ideals of assistance, joint effort, mutual social responsibility and community self-reliance. Harambee projects are categorized as; 1. Social Projects. Educational institutions and facilities, medical centres, recreational facilities and religious institutions. 2. Economic projects. Construction of rural access roads, bridges and culverts, agricultural and livestock activities. Principles that guide the Harambee spirit. A It is a development strategy that is aimed at mobilizing the people at local level to participate in their development b Participation is guided by the principles of collective good as opposed to individual gain. Harambee efforts should be directed towards community projects rather than individual projects. C The choice of project is supposed to be guided by the felt needs of the majority. Participants should be involved in decision making. D In the implementation of projects, there should be maximum utilization of the local resources such as labour, materials and money. Contribution of Harambee movement to the development of Kenya. A Harambee movement has led to development of education in Kenya through Harambee fundraising to construct schools and colleges. B Funds have been collected through Harambee to improve infrastructural facilities such as roads, rural electrification and provision of water. C Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups has promoted national unity. D It has helped inculcate hard work in the people of Kenya. This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. Page 60 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke e Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted foreign donors especially the NGO S f Has led to re-distribution of resources as people with more funds have participated in the development projects in the less developed areas. G Funds have been raised through Harambee to help the less fortunate members of the society.
This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. Page 60 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke e Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted foreign donors especially the NGO S f Has led to re-distribution of resources as people with more funds have participated in the development projects in the less developed areas. G Funds have been raised through Harambee to help the less fortunate members of the society. For example, President Moi 8th April 1989 held a Mammoth Rally where KSH 70Million was raised to help the disabled. H Harambee movement has promoted agricultural development e.g., through construction of cattle dips and purchase of farms through Harambee. I Funds raised through Harambee have been used to purchase buses and Matatus to provide transport. Ways in which the Harambee philosophy has promoted the development of education in Kenya. A Many education institutions have been constructed using funds raised through Harambee effort. Thus enabling many children to attend school. B Many students have been assisted to pay school fees thus it enables the needy to go on learning. C Physical facilities have been constructed improved through Harambee. This enables learning in a conducive environment. D Teaching learning materials have been purchased donated to schools to improve the quality of education. E Additional staff workers in schools have been paid through Harambee contributions by the parents to offset inadequacy. F Through Harambee spirit, well-wishers, thus helping the learners to exploit their talents, have supported co-curricular activities. G Scholl furniture has been bought through Harambee effort thus making learning teaching comfortable. H Parents have contributed funds to supplement the government s school feeding programmes thus improving enrolment. Problems that face Harambee movement in Kenya. A Misuse of Harambee funds diverting its use and lack of commitment by leaders. B It puts an additional burden of taxation on the poor. C Embezzlement of public funds. D Political interference and wrangles among leaders. E The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help may be killed by misappropriation of funds. F Poor co-ordination and supervision of Harambee projects. G Use of force or extortion of Harambee funds from the people dictatorial tendencies. H Corruption and negative attitude from people. I Use of Harambee for political gains. NYAYOISM.
H Corruption and negative attitude from people. I Use of Harambee for political gains. NYAYOISM. Meaning and origin of Nyayoism. Nyayoism originally meant footsteps i.e. following the footsteps of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. Page 61 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke This was a phrase coined by the former president of Kenya Daniel Arap Moi, in reference to his Endeavour to follow the foot steps of his predecessor. Today, Nyayoism means peace, love and unity that form the pillars of the development philosophy. It stresses the concept of being mindful of other people s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism. Sources of Nyayoism. 1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 that articulated African socialism, which is based on collective responsibility and on being mindful of other people s welfare. 2 The Biblical teaching of the Ten Commandments, summarized as Love for God, fellow man and oneself. 3 Moi s long political career inspired him to develop the philosophy when he realized that national building required love. Pillars of Nyayoism 1 Peace: - the state of being free from war and disorder. Peace is the beginning of sustainable and cumulative progress. Peace promotes development. According to Nyayoism, peace discourages political stability. 2 Love: - Love brings about trust and readiness to cooperate by working together to foster national development. Lack of love disturbs peace, creates disorder and destroys progress. Love encourages the African culture of sharing through the extended family communalism . 3 Unity: - the state of being one, being in harmony or in agreement in objectives and feelings. The diversity of Kenya s culture, religion, races and language requires that there must be unity for nation-building. Role played by Nyayoism in national development. A The philosophy formed the basis for solving national development problems. The philosophy perpetuated the Harambee spirit. B The philosophy helped in unifying different communities. The philosophy enhanced cooperation and unity of all. C Nyayoism was used as the rallying spirit for the collective contribution and approach to national development. D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it preached love, unity and peace. Corruption was discouraged through the philosophy. E It discouraged all forms of discrimination based on religion, tribe, race, and social status.
D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it preached love, unity and peace. Corruption was discouraged through the philosophy. E It discouraged all forms of discrimination based on religion, tribe, race, and social status. F The philosophy created respect for public property and functions. G It enabled the creation of a welfare state since everyone became mindful of others welfare. H It created a sense of nationalism and patriotism necessary for national development. Impact of National Philosophies Social Impact of National Philosophies. Page 62 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a Education has been promoted through philosophies like the Harambee that have assisted in construction of schools, laboratories and libraries. B Medical services have been improved c Cooperation, understanding and unity have been encouraged since the philosophies emphasized togetherness for nation-building. D The philosophies have promoted the spiritual and social welfare of people by raising their living standards. African socialism encourages people to assist others are share with others. E Through the Harambee spirit, the plight of persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups has been looked into. F The philosophies have promoted African cultures, since they are drawn from African traditions. Economic impacts. A Self-reliance and The Africanization process through which the people of Kenya were able to take over from foreigners was made possible by the philosophies. B Due to the policy of pooling together resources and the spirit of cooperation derived from African socialism, cooperative societies have been formed in agriculture and other sectors, thus contributing to the country s development. C Transport and communication has been improved through African socialism and Harambee spirit. Rural access roads have been constructed; Nyayo buses were bought though the scheme failed due to mismanagement. D The agricultural sector has been boosted by the philosophies. Kenyans are encouraged to work hard to increase food production. E The pillars of Nyayoism have created a conducive atmosphere for growth of tourism and foreign investment in the country. Political impacts. A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES It must be noted that Kenya inherited a number of political problems from the colonial government.
A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES It must be noted that Kenya inherited a number of political problems from the colonial government. For example; a Lack of African technocrats who could give political direction to the country. B Suspicion and jealousy between different communities due to the divide-and- rule tactic employed by the colonial administration for many years. C An illiterate population, ignorant of its political obligations Page 63 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Political developments in Kenya between 1963 and 1991 On 12th December 1963, Kenya became independent under KANU led by Jomo Kenyatta. In 1964, there was voluntary disbanding of KADU and APP making Kenya a de facto one party state. There was abolition of Federal Constitution in favour of a Unitary or Republican Constitution. The post of an executive president was created to replace the post of Prime Minister. In 1966, the Limuru conference presided over replacement of the Vice-President of KANU With seven Provincial Vice Presidents and one for Nairobi Area. On 14th April 1966, Oginga Odinga resigned from KANU and Government and formed Kenya People s Union KPU where Bildad Kaggia, Achieng Oneko and Tom Odongo joined him. In 1966, the bicameral legislature the senate and the House of Representatives was disbanded. A single -chamber parliament was established. In 1966, Joseph Murumbi was appointed the country s vice-president to replace Oginga. He resigned in 1967to pave way for Moi s appointment. 1969 witnessed the political assassination of the flamboyant Tom Mboya in the hands of one, Nahashon Njenga on 5th July on Nairobi s Moi Avenue. 1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. MP for Kinangop was found brutally murdered in Ngong Forest.
1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. MP for Kinangop was found brutally murdered in Ngong Forest. In October 1975 martin Shikuku and the deputy speaker, Jean Marie Seroney, were arrested and detained for making claims in the house that KANU and parliament were dead. In 1976, Chelagat Mutai, MP for Eldoret North was arrested and jailed for 2 years for inciting his constituents to violence. In 1977, George Anyona, MP for Kitutu was also arrested after he accused the government of corruption. In 1976, the change the constitution campaign was began by Kihika Kimani, Dr. Njoroge Mungai, Jackson Angaine, Paul Ngei and Njenga Karume with the objective of making sure that the then vice president, Daniel Arap Moi would not succeeded the president. On 22nd august 1978, Jomo Kenyatta died and Moi assumed presidency for 90 days and was finally elected as second president of Kenya. In July 1980, Moi banned all tribal organizations, the Kenya Civil Servants Union and the Nairobi University Staff Union. In June 1982, after an attempt by Anyona to form a political party, section 2A was introduced in the Kenyan constitution making it a de jure one party state. On 2nd august 982, Kenya experienced a coup d etat by some air force servicemen. Charles Njonjo, the Constitutional Affairs Minister was accused of masterminding the coup. In 1988, KANU introduced the infamous Queue voting method mlolongo that was open to abuse. In February 1990, Dr, Robert Ouko, minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation was murdered. Page 64 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos. Kenya s political developments from 1991 up to 2011. In December 1991, a parliamentary act repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system.
Page 64 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos. Kenya s political developments from 1991 up to 2011. In December 1991, a parliamentary act repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system. The first political party to be formed under the repealed act was Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD In august 1992, one of the leaders of FORD Masinde Muliro died mysteriously. The first multiparty elections were held in 1992 in December. KANU won against a disjointed opposition. In 1994, the official leader of the opposition and MP of Bondo, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga died. After 1997 elections, the Inter-Parliamentary Parties Group IPPG passed the reforms that marked the genesis of the constitutional review process. In 2002, several opposition parties formed a coalition that overwhelmingly defeated KANU in the general elections. In January 2003, the National Rainbow Coalition formed the new government with Mwai Kibaki as the president. In august 2003, Wamalwa Kijana, the vice president of the coalition government died after a short illness. Mood Awori was appointed the next Vice president. In 2005, a new political movement, the Orange Democratic Movement ODM was formed as a campaign tool against the proposed new constitution. Raila Odinga was its leader. The general Elections of 2007 resulted in a political crisis that provoked an unprecedented wave of political violence and killing across Kenya. On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence. On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga, from Orange Democratic Movement, was sworn as Prime Minister of Kenya, after more than forty years of the abolition of office. On 28th august 2010 Kenya promulgated a new constitution thus making it the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution.
On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence. On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga, from Orange Democratic Movement, was sworn as Prime Minister of Kenya, after more than forty years of the abolition of office. On 28th august 2010 Kenya promulgated a new constitution thus making it the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution. In 2011, the International Criminal Court seating at the Hague, begun criminal proceedings against Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, former police Commissioner Hussein Ali, Henry Kosgei, the head of public service Francis Muthaura and a journalist Joshua Arap Sang over their involvement in the 2008 post-Election Violence. In June 2011, Dr. Willy Mutunga became the first Kenya s Chief Justice and Nancy Makokha Barasa, his deputy under the new constitution. The Electoral Commission of Kenya ECK was also replaced with the Independent Elections and Boundaries Commission IEBC The constitutional changes in Kenya in the period between 1963 and 1991. The first meeting in Lancaster in 1960 resulted in an interim constitution that failed to grant any substantial autonomy to Kenya. The second Lancaster conference in 1962 negotiated a framework for self government. Page 65 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The third and final conference in 1963 resulted in the drafting and adoption of Kenya's first independent Constitution by the British Parliament The 1963 constitution marked the end of colonial rule and transformed the colony into a dominion. It established a parliamentary system with executive powers vested in a cabinet headed by a Prime Minister. The Constitution was changed in 1964 and Kenya became a republic and the executive became presidential. The senate and regions were also abolished. In 1966, the voting majority to change the Constitution was lowered to two-thirds of the MPs. The term region was replaced with province. In 1966, a constitutional amendment abolished the Bicameral Legislature and replaced it with a Unicameral Legislature, chosen directly by the electorate.
The senate and regions were also abolished. In 1966, the voting majority to change the Constitution was lowered to two-thirds of the MPs. The term region was replaced with province. In 1966, a constitutional amendment abolished the Bicameral Legislature and replaced it with a Unicameral Legislature, chosen directly by the electorate. On 28th April 1966, an amendment was passed to compel MPs who defected from sponsoring party, to resign from parliament and seek re-election. In May 1966, the Public Security Act was passed empowering the president to detain a citizen without trial on grounds of being a threat to state security. In 1968, the president was empowered to alter provincial and district boundaries. In 1968, the procedure for presidential elections and succession in the event of his death was laid down. The age qualification for presidential candidates was also lowered to 35 from 40 years. In 1974, an amendment of the constitution empowered the president to pardon any election offender at his own discretion. This was done to favour Paul Ngei. In 1975, Kiswahili was declared the national language of the national assembly. In 1977, the Kenya court of appeal was established after the breakup of the East African Community. Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 In 1979, both Kiswahili and English were declared languages of the national assembly. In 1982, Kenya became a de jure one party state. KANU became the only lawful party in Kenya. In 1987, the security of tenure of the Attorney General, Chief Secretary, The Comptroller and Auditor-General was removed. Office of chief secretary was abolished. In 1988, the security of tenure of Puisine Judges and Chairman of Public Service Commission was removed. A parliamentary act in December 1991 repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system. Multiparty elections were held the following year in December. Steps towards realization of a new constitution in Kenya since 1997 In 1997, Parliament passed the Constitution of Kenya Review Act that set the pace for comprehensive constitutional reforms. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC was established to provide civic education, seek public input and prepare a draft constitution . In 2005, after many years of struggle, the draft constitution was ultimately rejected by Kenyans at the constitutional referendum because of disagreements amongst various stakeholders.
Steps towards realization of a new constitution in Kenya since 1997 In 1997, Parliament passed the Constitution of Kenya Review Act that set the pace for comprehensive constitutional reforms. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC was established to provide civic education, seek public input and prepare a draft constitution . In 2005, after many years of struggle, the draft constitution was ultimately rejected by Kenyans at the constitutional referendum because of disagreements amongst various stakeholders. Page 66 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 28 February 2008The National Accord and Reconciliation Act NARA signed by President Kibaki and Prime Minister Raila Odinga put in place arrangement for a new process to finalize the long awaited constitution of Kenya In 2008 the Constitution of Kenya Review Act 2008 was passed and a Committee of Experts CoE was established as the main technical constitutional review organ to drive the process. The CoE was chaired by Nzamba Kitonga, the deputy chair was Ms Atsango Chesoni, other members were Ms Njoki Ndung'u, Mr Otiende Amolo,Mr Abdirashid Hussein Mr Bobby Mkangi Professor Christina Murray South Africa Dr Chaloka Beyani Zambia and Dr Frederick Ssempebwav Uganda. 23 February 2009 Members of the CoE were appointed by the President were later on sworn in On 17 November 2009 CoE released the draft to the public and invited views and comments on the draft constitution, By 23rd February 2010. CoE had submitted the final draft of constitution to the Parliamentary Select Committee. On 4th august 2010 Kenya held a Constitutional Referendum where the new constitution was overwhelmingly endorsed. On 28th august 2010, the new constitution was promulgated and became operational making Kenya the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution. MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY IN KENYA SINCE 1991. Factors that led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya after 1991 a International pressure from multilateral and bilateral donors. The western donors took advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to set the stringiest conditionalties for aid on the government, for democratic reforms. B Disunity in KANU. There was pressure from individuals who had been expelled from KANU without political alternatives.
The western donors took advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to set the stringiest conditionalties for aid on the government, for democratic reforms. B Disunity in KANU. There was pressure from individuals who had been expelled from KANU without political alternatives. C Existence of people who were ready to push democratic agenda ahead. This included the civil society, the lawyers and intellectuals. E.g the Law Society of Kenya led by Paul Muite and Gitobu Imanyara put pressure on the government for reforms. D Success of multi-party in other African countries. In Zambia for example, Chiluba s Movement for Multiparty Democracy defeated Kaunda s United National Independence Party. E Pressure from the church. Several church leaders, among them Alexander Muge, Bishop Henry Okullu and Rev. Timothy Njoya called upon the government to create an en environment in which Kenyans could participate in governance. F Massive rigging of the elections. The most notorious of all was the 1988 general elections, which were marred with widespread rigging. G The developments in Eastern Europe. Due to Gorbachev s liberal reforms, one party dictatorship in Eastern Europe was replaced by regimes that were more liberal. H Rampant corruption in particular, embezzlement and misappropriation of public funds and grabbing of public assets. Those who criticized were punished through Page 67 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke detention, arbitrary arrests and other forms of intimidation. I Repeal of section 2A of the constitution in December 1991 Role played by political parties in government and national building in Kenya. A The party that gunners majority of seats and votes forms the government either alone or in coalition with other parties. B Political parties influence government affairs and development through participation in legislation process. C Political parties through the elected members of parliament decide on national development policies and development projects. D Political parties provide exemplary leadership founded on freedom , justice, fair play and African socialism. E Opposition parties provide a system of scrutinizing government expenditure through public accounts committee and public investment committee. F Opposition parties make the government more accountable to the people through constant criticism. G Opposition parties provide checks and balances to abuse and misuse of powers and privileges by those in the government. Challenges of multi-party democracy in Kenya.
F Opposition parties make the government more accountable to the people through constant criticism. G Opposition parties provide checks and balances to abuse and misuse of powers and privileges by those in the government. Challenges of multi-party democracy in Kenya. A Since many politicians and senior government officials were not ready for Multipartism, they often incited their supporters to kick out opposition supporters from certain regions. This has been common in the Rift Valley region. B The executive arm and the ruling party have many a times misused the members of the civil service to frustrate the opposition. In case of flawed elections, the provincial administration has always been used in rigging. C Many of the parties formed failed to attain a national outlook. They mainly were tribal based. D The multi party democracy has been hampered with defection of greedy politicians who become preys to bribes. This has weakened some parties. E The former KANU for a long time retained control of the government machinery,, the police force, the radio and television. These were utilized for the advantage of KANU for al long time. F There has been a problem of lack of funding from the government. Most of the political parties have been unable to sustain competition for political power due to inadequate funds. G Interference by the international community in the running of the country. Some members of the diplomatic community openly side with certain political parties. H Many political parties have been embroiled in wrangles. For example the Orange Democratic Movement has been bedevilled with a number of desertions due to wrangles between Ruto and his supporters and Raila Odinga. Ford Kenya has split into New Ford Kenya and Ford Kenya due to wrangles between Eugene Wamalwa and Moses Wetangula. Identify the disadvantages of multiparty system. A Multipartism tends to divide the people on tribal, regional and sectarian line. Page 68 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b It tends to sharpen the struggle for personality and group dominance rather than policy implementation. C Multipartism is a foreign system, which does not conform to the aspirations of independent Africa. D It encourages the politics of destabilization. E Political statements deadlocks on debates and tensions become too common. F Decisions take too long to be made and implemented.
D It encourages the politics of destabilization. E Political statements deadlocks on debates and tensions become too common. F Decisions take too long to be made and implemented. G Encourages use of violence in a state since opposition party members will be regarded as traitors by the government. The government will be regarded as oppressors by the opposition. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES Economic challenges that have faced Kenya since independence. A Stagnation of investment in the first years of independence due to massive transfer of capita from the country by the white settlers. The government faced the challenge of cultivating investor confidence. B The problem of landlessness among many Africans whose arable land had been alienated. There was an urgent need for redistribution. C Serious economic disparity in the country with the former white highlands having adequate provision of water, electricity and roads while the rest lacked enough of the same. D Overpopulation in urban areas as result of rural-urban migration, putting facilities under pressure and creating unemployment. E Problem of control of economy by the Europeans prior to independence and after independence. E.g. farm ownership and key industries. F Lack of qualified manpower to run the technical sectors of the economy. These were issues that were addressed by session paper number 10 of 1965. Types of landholding in Kenya. Land tenure refers to the terms and conditions under which land is acquired, used or transferred At independence the type of landholding in Kenya was mainly communal, where land belonged to the whole community. Access to land was open every member of a social group. Community elders, clan heads or kings were empowered to control and give advice on land use. Land alienation during the colonial period transformed land into a commodity that could be disinherited from an individual. Such colonial land policies leading to alienation of African land resulted in the following; a Widespread landlessness as Africans lost ancestral lands. B Reduction in land available to Africans leading to land pressure as population increased. C Deterioration of the quality of land due to fragmentation. D Overstocking because of limited land, leading to soil erosion. E Displacement of pastoral and agricultural communities, leading to problems such as famine and livestock diseases. Page 69 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke f Disintegration of social and cultural institutions in the reserves due to ethnic boundaries being fixed, thus separating African communities.
Land set aside for public utility use or land that is occupied by the State organ as lessee. Land transferred to the State by way of sale, reversion or surrender; Land to which no individual or community ownership is traceable. Land which no heir can be identified. All minerals and mineral ores. Government forests, game reserves, water catchment areas, national parks, government animal sanctuaries, and specially protected areas; All roads and thoroughfares. All rivers, lakes and other water bodies. The territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the sea bed. Page 70 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The continental shelf. All land between the high and low water marks. Any other land declared to be public land by an Act of Parliament. Community land Community land is land which is implied as owned by a group of people on the basis of customary norms, not through formal registration. It consists of: Land registered in the name of group representatives. Land transferred to a specific community through a legal process. Any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament. Land that is held, managed or used by specific communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines; Ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter gatherer communities; Land held as trust land by the county governments, but not including any public land held in trust by the county government. Private land Private land is land and houses and buildings held under registered entitlement freehold or leasehold . It consists of: Registered land held by any person under freehold tenure. Land held by any person under leasehold tenure. Any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament. Note: Landholding by non-citizens is allowed only through lease for a period not exceeding ninety-nine years. A corporate body, for the purpose of land ownership can only be recognized as a citizen if it is wholly owned by one or more citizens. Property held in trust will only be recognized as being held by a citizen if all the beneficial interest of the trust is held by the persons who are citizens. Land policies since independence. Two type of programme that characterized land reforms exercise that commenced in 1963 in Kenya were; 1 Transfer of land from European large scale farmers to Africans.
Property held in trust will only be recognized as being held by a citizen if all the beneficial interest of the trust is held by the persons who are citizens. Land policies since independence. Two type of programme that characterized land reforms exercise that commenced in 1963 in Kenya were; 1 Transfer of land from European large scale farmers to Africans. 2 Land consolidation and registration in which the government purchased several farms from the Europeans and sub-divided them among African holders. In the former European farms, the government established settlement schemes as follows; 1 The Million Acre Scheme which was began in 1963 and involved settling African families on 13.5 hectares each. 2 The Harambee Scheme started in 1969, involved settling families on 16.25 hectares each. 3 The Haraka Scheme where squatters were settled in small plots of land in Central, Page 71 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Coast, Eastern and Rift Valley Provinces. 4 Shirika Scheme started in 1971 to settle the landless and unemployed on the former European lands. Under this scheme, the individual farmers would own a small plot each while the rest of the farm would be managed by a cooperative. This scheme did not succeed since people wished to have their own pieces of land. However, these schemes failed to adequately solve the problems of landlessness in the country. A few politically-connected people acquired large tracts of land, most of which remained underutilized. Some of the schemes are located in areas of harsh climatic conditions and are unviable without irrigation. Several commissions have addressed land issues in Kenya. For example, in 2001, President Moi appointed the Njonjo Commission to investigate the main problems of land ownership and distribution in Kenya. In 2003, the NARC government set up the Ndung u Commission on land. Its Recommendations are yet to be implemented. By 1983, 29 districts in Kenya had benefitted from Land adjudication and registration, a process which began in the 1950s in Central Kenya then spread to other parts of the country after 1963. Benefits of the land reforms in Kenya. A Farmers could use their land title deeds to get loans from banks in order to expand farming on their land. B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land.

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