jxhzxn/contributions-ner-cs · Datasets at Hugging Face

tokens list	ner_tags list
[ "Document-level", "contextual", "information", "has", "shown", "benefits", "to", "text-based", "machine", "translation,", "but", "whether", "and", "how", "context", "helps", "end-to-end", "(E2E)", "speech", "translation", "(ST)", "is", "still", "under-studied.", "We", "fill", "this", "gap", "through", "extensive", "experiments", "using", "a", "simple", "concatenation-based", "context-aware", "ST", "model,", "paired", "with", "adaptive", "feature", "selection", "on", "speech", "encodings", "for", "computational", "efficiency.", "We", "investigate", "several", "decoding", "approaches,", "and", "introduce", "in-model", "ensemble", "decoding", "which", "jointly", "performs", "document-", "and", "sentence-level", "translation", "using", "the", "same", "model.", "Our", "results", "on", "the", "MuST-C", "benchmark", "with", "Transformer", "demonstrate", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "context", "to", "E2E", "ST.", "Compared", "to", "sentence-level", "ST,", "context-aware", "ST", "obtains", "better", "translation", "quality", "(+0.18-2.61", "BLEU),", "improves", "pronoun", "and", "homophone", "translation,", "shows", "better", "robustness", "to", "(artificial)", "audio", "segmentation", "errors,", "and", "reduces", "latency", "and", "flicker", "to", "deliver", "higher", "quality", "for", "simultaneous", "translation." ]	[ 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Suitable", "shape", "representations", "as", "well", "as", "their", "temporal", "evolution,", "termed", "trajectories,", "often", "lie", "to", "non-linear", "manifolds.", "This", "puts", "an", "additional", "constraint", "(i.e.,", "non-linearity)", "in", "using", "conventional", "machine", "learning", "techniques", "for", "the", "purpose", "of", "classification,", "event", "detection,", "prediction,", "etc.", "This", "paper", "accommodates", "the", "well-known", "Sparse", "Coding", "and", "Dictionary", "Learning", "to", "the", "Kendall's", "shape", "space", "and", "illustrates", "effective", "coding", "of", "3D", "skeletal", "sequences", "for", "action", "recognition.", "Grounding", "on", "the", "Riemannian", "geometry", "of", "the", "shape", "space,", "an", "intrinsic", "sparse", "coding", "and", "dictionary", "learning", "formulation", "is", "proposed", "for", "static", "skeletal", "shapes", "to", "overcome", "the", "inherent", "non-linearity", "of", "the", "manifold.", "As", "a", "main", "result,", "initial", "trajectories", "give", "rise", "to", "sparse", "code", "functions", "with", "suitable", "computational", "properties,", "including", "sparsity", "and", "vector", "space", "representation.", "To", "achieve", "action", "recognition,", "two", "different", "classification", "schemes", "were", "adopted.", "A", "bi-directional", "LSTM", "is", "directly", "performed", "on", "sparse", "code", "functions,", "while", "a", "linear", "SVM", "is", "applied", "after", "representing", "sparse", "code", "functions", "using", "Fourier", "temporal", "pyramid.", "Experiments", "conducted", "on", "three", "publicly", "available", "datasets", "show", "the", "superiority", "of", "the", "proposed", "approach", "compared", "to", "existing", "Riemannian", "representations", "and", "its", "competitiveness", "with", "respect", "to", "other", "recently-proposed", "approaches.", "When", "the", "benefits", "of", "invariance", "are", "maintained", "from", "the", "Kendall's", "shape", "representation,", "our", "approach", "not", "only", "overcomes", "the", "problem", "of", "non-linearity", "but", "also", "yields", "to", "discriminative", "sparse", "code", "functions." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "A", "persistent", "problem", "for", "keyword-driven", "speech", "recognition", "systems", "is", "that", "users", "often", "embed", "the", "to-be-recognized", "words", "or", "phrases", "in", "longer", "utterances", ".", "The", "recognizer", "needs", "to", "locate", "the", "relevant", "sections", "of", "the", "speech", "signal", "and", "ignore", "extraneous", "words", ".", "Prosody", "might", "provide", "an", "extra", "source", "of", "information", "to", "help", "locate", "target", "words", "embedded", "in", "other", "speech", ".", "In", "this", "paper", "we", "examine", "some", "prosodic", "characteristics", "of", "160", "such", "utterances", "and", "compare", "matched", "read", "and", "spontaneous", "versions", ".", "Half", "of", "the", "utterances", "are", "from", "a", "corpus", "of", "spontaneous", "answers", "to", "requests", "for", "the", "name", "of", "a", "city", ",", "recorded", "from", "calls", "to", "Directory", "Assistance", "Operators", ".", "The", "other", "half", "are", "the", "same", "word", "strings", "read", "by", "volunteers", "attempting", "to", "model", "the", "real", "dialogue", ".", "Results", "show", "a", "consistent", "pattern", "across", "both", "sets", "of", "data", ":", "embedded", "city", "names", "almost", "always", "bear", "nuclear", "pitch", "accents", "and", "are", "in", "their", "own", "intonational", "phrases", ".", "However", "the", "distributions", "of", "tonal", "make-up", "of", "these", "prosodic", "features", "differ", "markedly", "in", "read", "versus", "spontaneous", "speech", ",", "implying", "that", "if", "algorithms", "that", "exploit", "these", "prosodic", "regularities", "are", "trained", "on", "read", "speech", ",", "then", "the", "probabilities", "are", "likely", "to", "be", "incorrect", "models", "of", "real", "user", "speech", "." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "In", "this", "work", "we", "present", "our", "participation", "to", "SemEval-2018", "Task", "8", "subtasks", "1", "{\\&}", "2", "respectively.", "We", "developed", "Convolution", "Neural", "Network", "system", "for", "malware", "sentence", "classification", "(subtask", "1)", "and", "Conditional", "Random", "Fields", "system", "for", "malware", "token", "label", "prediction", "(subtask", "2).", "We", "experimented", "with", "couple", "of", "word", "embedding", "strategies,", "feature", "sets", "and", "achieved", "competitive", "performance", "across", "the", "two", "subtasks.", "For", "subtask", "1", "We", "experimented", "with", "two", "category", "of", "word", "embeddings", "namely", "native", "embeddings", "and", "task", "specific", "embedding", "using", "Word2vec", "and", "Glove", "algorithms.", "1", "Native", "Embeddings:", "All", "words", "including", "the", "unknown", "ones", "that", "are", "randomly", "initialized", "use", "embeddings", "from", "original", "Word2vec/Glove", "models.", "2", "Task", "specific", ":", "The", "embeddings", "are", "generated", "by", "training", "Word2vec/Glove", "algorithms", "on", "sentences", "from", "MalwareTextDB", "We", "found", "that", "glove", "outperforms", "rest", "of", "embeddings", "for", "subtask", "1", "For", "subtask", "2,", "we", "used", "N-grams", "of", "size", "6,", "previous,", "next", "tokens", "and", "labels,", "features", "giving", "disjunctions", "of", "words", "anywhere", "in", "the", "left", "or", "right,", "word", "shape", "features,", "word", "lemma", "of", "current,", "previous", "and", "next", "words,", "word-tag", "pair", "features,", "POS", "tags,", "prefix", "and", "suffixes." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Transfer", "Learning", "is", "concerned", "with", "the", "application", "of", "knowledge", "gained", "fromsolving", "a", "problem", "to", "a", "different", "but", "related", "problem", "domain.", "In", "this", "paper,", "wepropose", "a", "method", "and", "efficient", "algorithm", "for", "ranking", "and", "selectingrepresentations", "from", "a", "Restricted", "Boltzmann", "Machine", "trained", "on", "a", "source", "domainto", "be", "transferred", "onto", "a", "target", "domain.", "Experiments", "carried", "out", "using", "theMNIST,", "ICDAR", "and", "TiCC", "image", "datasets", "show", "that", "the", "proposed", "adaptive", "featureranking", "and", "transfer", "learning", "method", "offers", "statistically", "significantimprovements", "on", "the", "training", "of", "RBMs.", "Our", "method", "is", "general", "in", "that", "theknowledge", "chosen", "by", "the", "ranking", "function", "does", "not", "depend", "on", "its", "relation", "to", "anyspecific", "target", "domain,", "and", "it", "works", "with", "unsupervised", "learning", "andknowledge-based", "transfer." ]	[ 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 4, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Existing", "deep", "learning", "methods", "for", "diagnosis", "of", "gastric", "cancer", "commonly", "use", "convolutional", "neural", "network.", "Recently,", "the", "Visual", "Transformer", "has", "attracted", "great", "attention", "because", "of", "its", "performance", "and", "efficiency,", "but", "its", "applications", "are", "mostly", "in", "the", "field", "of", "computer", "vision.", "In", "this", "paper,", "a", "multi-scale", "visual", "transformer", "model,", "referred", "to", "as", "GasHis-Transformer", ",", "is", "proposed", "for", "Gastric", "Histopathological", "Image", "Classification", "(GHIC),", "which", "enables", "the", "automatic", "classification", "of", "microscopic", "gastric", "images", "into", "abnormal", "and", "normal", "cases.", "The", "GasHis-Transformer", "model", "consists", "of", "two", "key", "modules:", "A", "global", "information", "module", "and", "a", "local", "information", "module", "to", "extract", "histopathological", "features", "effectively.", "In", "our", "experiments,", "a", "public", "hematoxylin", "and", "eosin", "(H&E)", "stained", "gastric", "histopathological", "dataset", "with", "280", "abnormal", "and", "normal", "images", "are", "divided", "into", "training,", "validation", "and", "test", "sets", "by", "a", "ratio", "of", "1", ":", "1", ":", "2", "The", "GasHis-Transformer", "model", "is", "applied", "to", "estimate", "precision,", "recall,", "F1-score", "and", "accuracy", "on", "the", "test", "set", "of", "gastric", "histopathological", "dataset", "as", "98.0%,", "100.0%,", "96.00%", "and", "98.0%,", "respectively.", "Furthermore,", "a", "critical", "study", "is", "conducted", "to", "evaluate", "the", "robustness", "of", "GasHis-Transformer", ",", "where", "ten", "different", "noises", "including", "four", "adversarial", "attack", "and", "six", "conventional", "image", "noises", "are", "added.", "In", "addition,", "a", "clinically", "meaningful", "study", "is", "executed", "to", "test", "the", "gastrointestinal", "cancer", "identification", "performance", "of", "GasHis-Transformer", "with", "620", "abnormal", "images", "and", "achieves", "96.80%", "accuracy.", "Finally,", "a", "comparative", "study", "is", "performed", "to", "test", "the", "generalizability", "with", "both", "H&E", "and", "immunohistochemical", "stained", "images", "on", "a", "lymphoma", "image", "dataset", "and", "a", "breast", "cancer", "dataset,", "producing", "comparable", "F1-scores", "(85.6%", "and", "82.8%)", "and", "accuracies", "(83.9%", "and", "89.4%),", "respectively.", "In", "conclusion,", "GasHisTransformer", "demonstrates", "high", "classification", "performance", "and", "shows", "its", "significant", "potential", "in", "the", "GHIC", "task." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Classification", "of", "imbalanced", "data", "is", "one", "of", "the", "common", "problems", "in", "the", "recent", "field", "of", "data", "mining.", "Imbalanced", "data", "substantially", "affects", "the", "performance", "of", "standard", "classification", "models.", "Data-level", "approaches", "mainly", "use", "the", "oversampling", "methods", "to", "solve", "the", "problem,", "such", "as", "synthetic", "minority", "oversampling", "Technique", "(SMOTE", ").", "However,", "since", "the", "methods", "such", "as", "SMOTE", "generate", "instances", "by", "linear", "interpolation,", "synthetic", "data", "space", "may", "look", "like", "a", "polygonal.", "Also,", "the", "oversampling", "methods", "generate", "outliers", "of", "the", "minority", "class.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "proposed", "Gaussian", "based", "minority", "oversampling", "technique", "(GMOTE)", "with", "a", "statistical", "perspective", "for", "imbalanced", "datasets.", "To", "avoid", "linear", "interpolation", "and", "to", "consider", "outliers,", "this", "proposed", "method", "generates", "instances", "by", "the", "Gaussian", "Mixture", "Model.", "Motivated", "by", "clustering-based", "multivariate", "Gaussian", "outlier", "score", "(CMGOS),", "we", "propose", "to", "adapt", "tail", "probability", "of", "instances", "through", "the", "Mahalanobis", "distance", "to", "consider", "local", "outliers.", "The", "experiment", "was", "carried", "out", "on", "a", "representative", "set", "of", "benchmark", "datasets.", "The", "performance", "of", "the", "GMOTE", "is", "compared", "with", "other", "methods", "such", "as", "SMOTE", ".", "When", "the", "GMOTE", "is", "combined", "with", "classification", "and", "regression", "tree", "(CART)", "or", "support", "vector", "machine", "(SVM),", "it", "shows", "better", "accuracy", "and", "F1-Score.", "Experimental", "results", "demonstrate", "the", "robust", "performance." ]	[ 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Our", "work", "is", "a", "simple", "extension", "of", "the", "paper", "Exploration\tO\nby\tO\nRandom\tO\nNetwork\tO\nDistillation.", "More", "in", "detail,", "we", "show", "how", "to", "efficiently", "combine", "Intrinsic", "Rewards", "with", "Experience", "Replay", "in", "order", "to", "achieve", "more", "efficient", "and", "robust", "exploration", "(with", "respect", "to", "PPO/RND)", "and", "consequently", "better", "results", "in", "terms", "of", "agent", "performances", "and", "sample", "efficiency.", "We", "are", "able", "to", "do", "it", "by", "using", "a", "new", "technique", "named", "Prioritized", "Oversampled", "Experience", "Replay", "(POER),", "that", "has", "been", "built", "upon", "the", "definition", "of", "what", "is", "the", "important", "experience", "useful", "to", "replay.", "Finally,", "we", "evaluate", "our", "technique", "on", "the", "famous", "Atari", "game", "Montezuma's", "Revenge", "and", "some", "other", "hard", "exploration", "Atari", "games." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "We", "propose", "a", "Multi-Task", "Learning", "(MTL)", "paradigm", "based", "deep", "neural", "network", "architecture,", "called", "MTCNet", "(Multi-Task", "Crowd", "Network)", "for", "crowd", "density", "and", "count", "estimation.", "Crowd", "count", "estimation", "is", "challenging", "due", "to", "the", "non-uniform", "scale", "variations", "and", "the", "arbitrary", "perspective", "of", "an", "individual", "image.", "The", "proposed", "model", "has", "two", "related", "tasks,", "with", "Crowd", "Density", "Estimation", "as", "the", "main", "task", "and", "Crowd-Count", "Group", "Classification", "as", "the", "auxiliary", "task.", "The", "auxiliary", "task", "helps", "in", "capturing", "the", "relevant", "scale-related", "information", "to", "improve", "the", "performance", "of", "the", "main", "task.", "The", "main", "task", "model", "comprises", "two", "blocks:", "VGG-16", "front-end", "for", "feature", "extraction", "and", "a", "dilated", "Convolutional", "Neural", "Network", "for", "density", "map", "generation.", "The", "auxiliary", "task", "model", "shares", "the", "same", "front-end", "as", "the", "main", "task,", "followed", "by", "a", "CNN", "classifier.", "Our", "proposed", "network", "achieves", "5.80%", "and", "14.90%", "lower", "Mean", "Absolute", "Error", "(MAE)", "than", "the", "state-of-the-art", "methods", "on", "ShanghaiTech", "dataset", "without", "using", "any", "data", "augmentation.", "Our", "model", "also", "outperforms", "with", "10.50%", "lower", "MAE", "on", "UCF_CC_50", "dataset." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "In", "Neural", "Machine", "Translation,", "using", "word-level", "tokens", "leads", "to", "degradation", "in", "translation", "quality.", "The", "dominant", "approaches", "use", "subword-level", "tokens,", "but", "this", "increases", "the", "length", "of", "the", "sequences", "and", "makes", "it", "difficult", "to", "profit", "from", "word-level", "information", "such", "as", "POS", "tags", "or", "semantic", "dependencies.", "We", "propose", "a", "modification", "to", "the", "Transformer", "model", "to", "combine", "subword-level", "representations", "into", "word-level", "ones", "in", "the", "first", "layers", "of", "the", "encoder,", "reducing", "the", "effective", "length", "of", "the", "sequences", "in", "the", "following", "layers", "and", "providing", "a", "natural", "point", "to", "incorporate", "extra", "word-level", "information.", "Our", "experiments", "show", "that", "this", "approach", "maintains", "the", "translation", "quality", "with", "respect", "to", "the", "normal", "Transformer", "model", "when", "no", "extra", "word-level", "information", "is", "injected", "and", "that", "it", "is", "superior", "to", "the", "currently", "dominant", "method", "for", "incorporating", "word-level", "source", "language", "information", "to", "models", "based", "on", "subword-level", "vocabularies." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "A", "recurrent", "structure", "is", "a", "popular", "framework", "choice", "for", "the", "task", "of", "video", "super-resolution.", "The", "state-of-the-art", "method", "BasicVSR", "adopts", "bidirectional", "propagation", "with", "feature", "alignment", "to", "effectively", "exploit", "information", "from", "the", "entire", "input", "video.", "In", "this", "study,", "we", "redesign", "BasicVSR", "by", "proposing", "second-order", "grid", "propagation", "and", "flow-guided", "deformable", "alignment.", "We", "show", "that", "by", "empowering", "the", "recurrent", "framework", "with", "the", "enhanced", "propagation", "and", "alignment,", "one", "can", "exploit", "spatiotemporal", "information", "across", "misaligned", "video", "frames", "more", "effectively.", "The", "new", "components", "lead", "to", "an", "improved", "performance", "under", "a", "similar", "computational", "constraint.", "In", "particular,", "our", "model", "BasicVSR", "++", "surpasses", "BasicVSR", "by", "0.82", "dB", "in", "PSNR", "with", "similar", "number", "of", "parameters.", "In", "addition", "to", "video", "super-resolution,", "BasicVSR", "++", "generalizes", "well", "to", "other", "video", "restoration", "tasks", "such", "as", "compressed", "video", "enhancement.", "In", "NTIRE", "2021,", "BasicVSR", "++", "obtains", "three", "champions", "and", "one", "runner-up", "in", "the", "Video", "Super-Resolution", "and", "Compressed", "Video", "Enhancement", "Challenges.", "Codes", "and", "models", "will", "be", "released", "to", "MMEditing." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "This", "paper", "describes", "the", "systems", "of", "the", "CUNY-PKU", "team", "in", "SemEval", "2019", "Task", "01:00", "Cross-lingual", "Semantic", "Parsing", "with", "UCCA.", "We", "introduce", "a", "novel", "model", "by", "applying", "a", "cascaded", "MLP", "and", "BiLSTM", "model.", "Then,", "we", "ensemble", "multiple", "system-outputs", "by", "reparsing.", "In", "particular,", "we", "introduce", "a", "new", "decoding", "algorithm", "for", "building", "the", "UCCA", "representation.", "Our", "system", "won", "the", "first", "place", "in", "one", "track", "(French-20K-Open),", "second", "places", "in", "four", "tracks", "(English-Wiki-Open,", "English-20K-Open,", "German-20K-Open,", "and", "German-20K-Closed),", "and", "third", "place", "in", "one", "track", "(English-20K-Closed),", "among", "all", "seven", "tracks." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Pretrained", "contextual", "representation", "models", "(Peters", "et", "al.,", "2018;", "Devlin", "et", "al.,", "2018)", "have", "pushed", "forward", "the", "state-of-the-art", "on", "many", "NLP", "tasks.", "A", "new", "release", "of", "BERT", "(Devlin,", "2018)", "includes", "a", "model", "simultaneously", "pretrained", "on", "104", "languages", "with", "impressive", "performance", "for", "zero-shot", "cross-lingual", "transfer", "on", "a", "natural", "language", "inference", "task.", "This", "paper", "explores", "the", "broader", "cross-lingual", "potential", "of", "mBERT", "(multilingual)", "as", "a", "zero", "shot", "language", "transfer", "model", "on", "5", "NLP", "tasks", "covering", "a", "total", "of", "39", "languages", "from", "various", "language", "families:", "NLI,", "document", "classification,", "NER,", "POS", "tagging,", "and", "dependency", "parsing.", "We", "compare", "mBERT", "with", "the", "best-published", "methods", "for", "zero-shot", "cross-lingual", "transfer", "and", "find", "mBERT", "competitive", "on", "each", "task.", "Additionally,", "we", "investigate", "the", "most", "effective", "strategy", "for", "utilizing", "mBERT", "in", "this", "manner,", "determine", "to", "what", "extent", "mBERT", "generalizes", "away", "from", "language", "specific", "features,", "and", "measure", "factors", "that", "influence", "cross-lingual", "transfer." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Grapheme-to-phoneme", "conversion", "-LRB-", "GTPC", "-RRB-", "has", "been", "achieved", "in", "most", "European", "languagesby", "dictionary", "look-up", "or", "using", "rules", ".", "The", "application", "of", "these", "methods", ",", "however", ",", "in", "the", "reverse", "process", ",", "-LRB-", "i.e.", ",", "in", "phoneme-to-grapheme", "conversion", "-LRB-", "PTGC", "-RRB-", "-RRB-", "creates", "serious", "problems", ",", "especially", "in", "inflectionally", "rich", "languages", ".", "In", "this", "paper", "the", "PTGC", "problem", "is", "approached", "from", "a", "completely", "different", "point", "of", "view", ".", "Instead", "of", "rules", "or", "a", "dictionary", ",", "the", "statistics", "of", "language", "connecting", "pronunciation", "to", "spelling", "are", "exploited", ".", "The", "novelty", "lies", "in", "modeling", "the", "natural", "language", "intraword", "features", "using", "the", "theory", "of", "hidden", "Markov", "models", "-LRB-", "HMM", "-RRB-", "and", "performing", "the", "conversion", "using", "the", "Viterbi", "algorithm", ".", "The", "PTGC", "system", "has", "been", "established", "and", "tested", "on", "various", "multilingual", "corpora", ".", "Initially", ",", "the", "first-order", "HMM", "and", "the", "common", "Viterbi", "algorithm", "were", "used", "to", "obtain", "a", "single", "transcription", "for", "each", "word", ".", "Afterwards", ",", "the", "second-order", "HMM", "and", "the", "N-best", "algorithm", "adapted", "to", "PTGC", "were", "implemented", "to", "provide", "one", "or", "more", "transcriptions", "for", "each", "word", "input", "-LRB-", "homophones", "-RRB-", ".", "This", "system", "gave", "an", "average", "score", "of", "more", "than", "99", "%", "correctly", "transcribed", "words", "-LRB-", "overall", "success", "in", "the", "first", "four", "candidates", "-RRB-", "for", "most", "of", "the", "seven", "languages", "it", "was", "tested", "on", "-LRB-", "Dutch", ",", "English", ",", "French", ",", "German", ",", "Greek", ",", "Italian", ",", "and", "Spanish", "-RRB-", ".", "The", "system", "can", "be", "adapted", "to", "almost", "any", "language", "with", "little", "effort", "and", "can", "be", "implemented", "in", "hardware", "to", "serve", "in", "real-time", "speech", "recognition", "systems", "." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 4, 2, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Differentiable", "architecture", "search", "(DARTS", ")", "is", "an", "effective", "method", "for", "data-driven", "neural", "network", "design", "based", "on", "solving", "a", "bilevel", "optimization", "problem.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "formulate", "a", "single", "level", "alternative", "and", "a", "relaxed", "architecture", "search", "(RARTS)", "method", "that", "utilizes", "training", "and", "validation", "datasets", "in", "architecture", "learning", "without", "involving", "mixed", "second", "derivatives", "of", "the", "corresponding", "loss", "functions.", "Through", "weight/architecture", "variable", "splitting", "and", "Gauss-Seidel", "iterations,", "the", "core", "algorithm", "outperforms", "DARTS", "significantly", "in", "accuracy", "and", "search", "efficiency,", "as", "shown", "in", "both", "a", "solvable", "model", "and", "CIFAR-10", "based", "architecture", "search.", "Our", "model", "continues", "to", "out-perform", "DARTS", "upon", "transfer", "to", "ImageNet", "and", "is", "on", "par", "with", "recent", "variants", "of", "DARTS", "even", "though", "our", "innovation", "is", "purely", "on", "the", "training", "algorithm." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Bayesian", "Optimization", "(BO)", "is", "a", "surrogate-assisted", "global", "optimization", "technique", "that", "has", "been", "successfully", "applied", "in", "various", "fields,", "e.g.,", "automated", "machine", "learning", "and", "design", "optimization.", "Built", "upon", "a", "so-called", "infill-criterion", "and", "Gaussian", "Process", "regression", "(GPR", "),", "the", "BO", "technique", "suffers", "from", "a", "substantial", "computational", "complexity", "and", "hampered", "convergence", "rate", "as", "the", "dimension", "of", "the", "search", "spaces", "increases.", "Scaling", "up", "BO", "for", "high-dimensional", "optimization", "problems", "remains", "a", "challenging", "task.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "propose", "to", "tackle", "the", "scalability", "of", "BO", "by", "hybridizing", "it", "with", "a", "Principal", "Component", "Analysis", "(PCA", "),", "resulting", "in", "a", "novel", "PCA", "#NAME?", "BO", "(PCA", "-BO)", "algorithm.", "Specifically,", "the", "PCA", "procedure", "learns", "a", "linear", "transformation", "from", "all", "the", "evaluated", "points", "during", "the", "run", "and", "selects", "dimensions", "in", "the", "transformed", "space", "according", "to", "the", "variability", "of", "evaluated", "points.", "We", "then", "construct", "the", "GPR", "model,", "and", "the", "infill-criterion", "in", "the", "space", "spanned", "by", "the", "selected", "dimensions.", "We", "assess", "the", "performance", "of", "our", "PCA", "#NAME?", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "empirical", "convergence", "rate", "and", "CPU", "time", "on", "multi-modal", "problems", "from", "the", "COCO", "benchmark", "framework.", "The", "experimental", "results", "show", "that", "PCA", "#NAME?", "can", "effectively", "reduce", "the", "CPU", "time", "incurred", "on", "high-dimensional", "problems,", "and", "maintains", "the", "convergence", "rate", "on", "problems", "with", "an", "adequate", "global", "structure.", "PCA", "#NAME?", "therefore", "provides", "a", "satisfactory", "trade-off", "between", "the", "convergence", "rate", "and", "computational", "efficiency", "opening", "new", "ways", "to", "benefit", "from", "the", "strength", "of", "BO", "approaches", "in", "high", "dimensional", "numerical", "optimization." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Adversarial", "examples", "have", "gained", "tons", "of", "attention", "in", "recent", "years.", "Many", "adversarial", "attacks", "have", "been", "proposed", "to", "attack", "image", "classifiers,", "but", "few", "work", "shift", "attention", "to", "object", "detectors.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "propose", "Sparse", "Adversarial", "Attack", "(SAA)", "which", "enables", "adversaries", "to", "perform", "effective", "evasion", "attack", "on", "detectors", "with", "bounded", "\\emph{l$_{0}$}", "norm", "perturbation.", "We", "select", "the", "fragile", "position", "of", "the", "image", "and", "designed", "evasion", "loss", "function", "for", "the", "task.", "Experiment", "results", "on", "YOLOv4", "and", "FasterRCNN", "reveal", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "our", "method.", "In", "addition,", "our", "SAA", "shows", "great", "transferability", "across", "different", "detectors", "in", "the", "black-box", "attack", "setting.", "Codes", "are", "available", "at", "\\emph{https://github.com/THUrssq/Tianchi04}." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "We", "propose", "Shift", "R-CNN,", "a", "hybrid", "model", "for", "monocular", "3D", "object", "detection,", "which", "combines", "deep", "learning", "with", "the", "power", "of", "geometry.", "We", "adapt", "a", "Faster", "R-CNN", "network", "for", "regressing", "initial", "2D", "and", "3D", "object", "properties", "and", "combine", "it", "with", "a", "least", "squares", "solution", "for", "the", "inverse", "2D", "to", "3D", "geometric", "mapping", "problem,", "using", "the", "camera", "projection", "matrix.", "The", "closed-form", "solution", "of", "the", "mathematical", "system,", "along", "with", "the", "initial", "output", "of", "the", "adapted", "Faster", "R-CNN", "are", "then", "passed", "through", "a", "final", "ShiftNet", "network", "that", "refines", "the", "result", "using", "our", "newly", "proposed", "Volume", "Displacement", "Loss.", "Our", "novel,", "geometrically", "constrained", "deep", "learning", "approach", "to", "monocular", "3D", "object", "detection", "obtains", "top", "results", "on", "KITTI", "3D", "Object", "Detection", "Benchmark,", "being", "the", "best", "among", "all", "monocular", "methods", "that", "do", "not", "use", "any", "pre-trained", "network", "for", "depth", "estimation." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Quantization", "is", "a", "promising", "technique", "to", "reduce", "the", "model", "size,", "memory", "footprint,", "and", "massive", "computation", "operations", "of", "recurrent", "neural", "networks", "(RNNs)", "for", "embedded", "devices", "with", "limited", "resources.", "Although", "extreme", "low-bit", "quantization", "has", "achieved", "impressive", "success", "on", "convolutional", "neural", "networks,", "it", "still", "suffers", "from", "huge", "accuracy", "degradation", "on", "RNNs", "with", "the", "same", "low-bit", "precision.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "first", "investigate", "the", "accuracy", "degradation", "on", "RNN", "models", "under", "different", "quantization", "schemes,", "and", "the", "distribution", "of", "tensor", "values", "in", "the", "full", "precision", "model.", "Our", "observation", "reveals", "that", "due", "to", "the", "difference", "between", "the", "distributions", "of", "weights", "and", "activations,", "different", "quantization", "methods", "are", "suitable", "for", "different", "parts", "of", "models.", "Based", "on", "our", "observation,", "we", "propose", "HitNet,", "a", "hybrid", "ternary", "recurrent", "neural", "network,", "which", "bridges", "the", "accuracy", "gap", "between", "the", "full", "precision", "model", "and", "the", "quantized", "model.", "In", "HitNet,", "we", "develop", "a", "hybrid", "quantization", "method", "to", "quantize", "weights", "and", "activations.", "Moreover,", "we", "introduce", "a", "sloping", "factor", "motivated", "by", "prior", "work", "on", "Boltzmann", "machine", "to", "activation", "functions,", "further", "closing", "the", "accuracy", "gap", "between", "the", "full", "precision", "model", "and", "the", "quantized", "model.", "Overall,", "our", "HitNet", "can", "quantize", "RNN", "models", "into", "ternary", "values,", "{-1,", "0,", "1},", "outperforming", "the", "state-of-the-art", "quantization", "methods", "on", "RNN", "models", "significantly.", "We", "test", "it", "on", "typical", "RNN", "models,", "such", "as", "Long-Short-Term", "Memory", "(LSTM", ")", "and", "Gated", "Recurrent", "Units", "(GRU", "),", "on", "which", "the", "results", "outperform", "previous", "work", "significantly.", "For", "example,", "we", "improve", "the", "perplexity", "per", "word", "(PPW)", "of", "a", "ternary", "LSTM", "on", "Penn", "Tree", "Bank", "(PTB)", "corpus", "from", "126", "(the", "state-of-the-art", "result", "to", "the", "best", "of", "our", "knowledge)", "to", "110.3", "with", "a", "full", "precision", "model", "in", "97.2,", "and", "a", "ternary", "GRU", "from", "142", "to", "113.5", "with", "a", "full", "precision", "model", "in", "102.7." ]	[ 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Identifying", "epileptic", "seizures", "through", "analysis", "of", "the", "electroencephalography", "(EEG", ")", "signal", "becomes", "a", "standard", "method", "for", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "epilepsy.", "Manual", "seizure", "identification", "on", "EEG", "by", "trained", "neurologists", "is", "time-consuming,", "labor-intensive", "and", "error-prone,", "and", "a", "reliable", "automatic", "seizure/non-seizure", "classification", "method", "is", "needed.", "One", "of", "the", "challenges", "in", "automatic", "seizure/non-seizure", "classification", "is", "that", "seizure", "morphologies", "exhibit", "considerable", "variabilities.", "In", "order", "to", "capture", "essential", "seizure", "patterns,", "this", "paper", "leverages", "an", "attention", "mechanism", "and", "a", "bidirectional", "long", "short-term", "memory", "(BiLSTM", ")", "to", "exploit", "both", "spatial", "and", "temporal", "discriminating", "features", "and", "overcome", "seizure", "variabilities.", "The", "attention", "mechanism", "is", "to", "capture", "spatial", "features", "according", "to", "the", "contributions", "of", "different", "brain", "regions", "to", "seizures.", "The", "BiLSTM", "is", "to", "extract", "discriminating", "temporal", "features", "in", "the", "forward", "and", "the", "backward", "directions.", "Cross-validation", "experiments", "and", "cross-patient", "experiments", "over", "the", "noisy", "data", "of", "CHB-MIT", "are", "performed", "to", "evaluate", "our", "proposed", "approach.", "The", "obtained", "average", "sensitivity", "of", "87.00%,", "specificity", "of", "88.60%", "and", "precision", "of", "88.63%", "in", "cross-validation", "experiments", "are", "higher", "than", "using", "the", "current", "state-of-the-art", "methods,", "and", "the", "standard", "deviations", "of", "our", "approach", "are", "lower.", "The", "evaluation", "results", "of", "cross-patient", "experiments", "indicate", "that,", "our", "approach", "has", "better", "performance", "compared", "with", "the", "current", "state-of-the-art", "methods", "and", "is", "more", "robust", "across", "patients." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Identification", "of", "user's", "opinions", "from", "natural", "language", "text", "has", "become", "an", "exciting", "field", "of", "research", "due", "to", "its", "growing", "applications", "in", "the", "real", "world.", "The", "research", "field", "is", "known", "as", "sentiment", "analysis", "and", "classification,", "where", "aspect", "category", "detection", "(ACD)", "and", "aspect", "category", "polarity", "(ACP)", "are", "two", "important", "sub-tasks", "of", "aspect-based", "sentiment", "analysis.", "The", "goal", "in", "ACD", "is", "to", "specify", "which", "aspect", "of", "the", "entity", "comes", "up", "in", "opinion", "while", "ACP", "aims", "to", "specify", "the", "polarity", "of", "each", "aspect", "category", "from", "the", "ACD", "task.", "The", "previous", "works", "mostly", "propose", "separate", "solutions", "for", "these", "two", "sub-tasks.", "This", "paper", "focuses", "on", "the", "ACD", "and", "ACP", "sub-tasks", "to", "solve", "both", "problems", "simultaneously.", "The", "proposed", "method", "carries", "out", "multi-label", "classification", "where", "four", "different", "deep", "models", "were", "employed", "and", "comparatively", "evaluated", "to", "examine", "their", "performance.", "A", "dataset", "of", "Persian", "reviews", "was", "collected", "from", "CinemaTicket", "website", "including", "2200", "samples", "from", "14", "categories.", "The", "developed", "models", "were", "evaluated", "using", "the", "collected", "dataset", "in", "terms", "of", "example-based", "and", "label-based", "metrics.", "The", "results", "indicate", "the", "high", "applicability", "and", "preference", "of", "the", "CNN", "and", "GRU", "models", "in", "comparison", "to", "LSTM", "and", "Bi-LSTM", "." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6 ]
[ "The", "need", "for", "Network", "Intrusion", "Detection", "systems", "has", "risen", "since", "usage", "of", "cloud", "technologies", "has", "become", "mainstream.", "With", "the", "ever", "growing", "network", "traffic,", "Network", "Intrusion", "Detection", "is", "a", "critical", "part", "of", "network", "security", "and", "a", "very", "efficient", "NIDS", "is", "a", "must,", "given", "new", "variety", "of", "attack", "arises", "frequently.", "These", "Intrusion", "Detection", "systems", "are", "built", "on", "either", "a", "pattern", "matching", "system", "or", "AI/ML", "based", "anomaly", "detection", "system.", "Pattern", "matching", "methods", "usually", "have", "a", "high", "FALSE", "Positive", "Rates", "whereas", "the", "AI/ML", "based", "method,", "relies", "on", "finding", "metric/feature", "or", "correlation", "between", "set", "of", "metrics/features", "to", "predict", "the", "possibility", "of", "an", "attack.", "The", "most", "common", "of", "these", "is", "KNN,", "SVM", "etc.,", "operate", "on", "a", "limited", "set", "of", "features", "and", "have", "less", "accuracy", "and", "still", "suffer", "from", "higher", "FALSE", "Positive", "Rates.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "propose", "a", "deep", "learning", "model", "combining", "the", "distinct", "strengths", "of", "a", "Convolutional", "Neural", "Network", "and", "a", "Bi-directional", "LSTM", "to", "incorporate", "learning", "of", "spatial", "and", "temporal", "features", "of", "the", "data.", "For", "this", "paper,", "we", "use", "publicly", "available", "datasets", "NSL-KDD", "and", "UNSW-NB15", "to", "train", "and", "test", "the", "model.", "The", "proposed", "model", "offers", "a", "high", "detection", "rate", "and", "comparatively", "lower", "FALSE", "Positive", "Rate.", "The", "proposed", "model", "performs", "better", "than", "many", "state-of-the-art", "Network", "Intrusion", "Detection", "systems", "leveraging", "Machine", "Learning/Deep", "Learning", "models." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Named", "entity", "recognition", "(NER", ")", "models", "are", "typically", "based", "on", "the", "architecture", "of", "Bi-directional", "LSTM", "(BiLSTM", ").", "The", "constraints", "of", "sequential", "nature", "and", "the", "modeling", "of", "single", "input", "prevent", "the", "full", "utilization", "of", "global", "information", "from", "larger", "scope,", "not", "only", "in", "the", "entire", "sentence,", "but", "also", "in", "the", "entire", "document", "(dataset).", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "address", "these", "two", "deficiencies", "and", "propose", "a", "model", "augmented", "with", "hierarchical", "contextualized", "representation:", "sentence-level", "representation", "and", "document-level", "representation.", "In", "sentence-level,", "we", "take", "different", "contributions", "of", "words", "in", "a", "single", "sentence", "into", "consideration", "to", "enhance", "the", "sentence", "representation", "learned", "from", "an", "independent", "BiLSTM", "via", "label", "embedding", "attention", "mechanism.", "In", "document-level,", "the", "key-value", "memory", "network", "is", "adopted", "to", "record", "the", "document-aware", "information", "for", "each", "unique", "word", "which", "is", "sensitive", "to", "similarity", "of", "context", "information.", "Our", "two-level", "hierarchical", "contextualized", "representations", "are", "fused", "with", "each", "input", "token", "embedding", "and", "corresponding", "hidden", "state", "of", "BiLSTM", ",", "respectively.", "The", "experimental", "results", "on", "three", "benchmark", "NER", "datasets", "(CoNLL-2003", "and", "Ontonotes", "5", "English", "datasets,", "CoNLL-2002", "Spanish", "dataset)", "show", "that", "we", "establish", "new", "state-of-the-art", "results." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
[ "Knowledge", "tracing", "is", "the", "task", "of", "modeling", "each", "student's", "mastery", "of", "knowledge", "concepts", "(KCs)", "as", "(s)he", "engages", "with", "a", "sequence", "of", "learning", "activities.", "Each", "student's", "knowledge", "is", "modeled", "by", "estimating", "the", "performance", "of", "the", "student", "on", "the", "learning", "activities.", "It", "is", "an", "important", "research", "area", "for", "providing", "a", "personalized", "learning", "platform", "to", "students.", "In", "recent", "years,", "methods", "based", "on", "Recurrent", "Neural", "Networks", "(RNN)", "such", "as", "Deep", "Knowledge", "Tracing", "(DKT)", "and", "Dynamic", "Key-Value", "Memory", "Network", "(DKVMN)", "outperformed", "all", "the", "traditional", "methods", "because", "of", "their", "ability", "to", "capture", "complex", "representation", "of", "human", "learning.", "However,", "these", "methods", "face", "the", "issue", "of", "not", "generalizing", "well", "while", "dealing", "with", "sparse", "data", "which", "is", "the", "case", "with", "real-world", "data", "as", "students", "interact", "with", "few", "KCs.", "In", "order", "to", "address", "this", "issue,", "we", "develop", "an", "approach", "that", "identifies", "the", "KCs", "from", "the", "student's", "past", "activities", "that", "are", "\\textit{relevant}", "to", "the", "given", "KC", "and", "predicts", "his/her", "mastery", "based", "on", "the", "relatively", "few", "KCs", "that", "it", "picked.", "Since", "predictions", "are", "made", "based", "on", "relatively", "few", "past", "activities,", "it", "handles", "the", "data", "sparsity", "problem", "better", "than", "the", "methods", "based", "on", "RNN.", "For", "identifying", "the", "relevance", "between", "the", "KCs,", "we", "propose", "a", "self-attention", "based", "approach,", "Self", "Attentive", "Knowledge", "Tracing", "(SAKT).", "Extensive", "experimentation", "on", "a", "variety", "of", "real-world", "dataset", "shows", "that", "our", "model", "outperforms", "the", "state-of-the-art", "models", "for", "knowledge", "tracing,", "improving", "AUC", "by", "4.43%", "on", "average." ]	[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Document-level", "contextual", "information", "has", "shown", "benefits", "to", "text-based", "machine", "translation,", "but", "whether", "and", "how", "context", "helps", "end-to-end", "(E2E)", "speech", "translation", "(ST)", "is", "still", "under-studied.", "We", "fill", "this", "gap", "through", "extensive", "experiments", "using", "a", "simple", "concatenation-based", "context-aware", "ST", "model,", "paired", "with", "adaptive", "feature", "selection", "on", "speech", "encodings", "for", "computational", "efficiency.", "We", "investigate", "several", "decoding", "approaches,", "and", "introduce", "in-model", "ensemble", "decoding", "which", "jointly", "performs", "document-", "and", "sentence-level", "translation", "using", "the", "same", "model.", "Our", "results", "on", "the", "MuST-C", "benchmark", "with", "Transformer", "demonstrate", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "context", "to", "E2E", "ST.", "Compared", "to", "sentence-level", "ST,", "context-aware", "ST", "obtains", "better", "translation", "quality", "(+0.18-2.61", "BLEU),", "improves", "pronoun", "and", "homophone", "translation,", "shows", "better", "robustness", "to", "(artificial)", "audio", "segmentation", "errors,", "and", "reduces", "latency", "and", "flicker", "to", "deliver", "higher", "quality", "for", "simultaneous", "translation." ]

[ 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Suitable", "shape", "representations", "as", "well", "as", "their", "temporal", "evolution,", "termed", "trajectories,", "often", "lie", "to", "non-linear", "manifolds.", "This", "puts", "an", "additional", "constraint", "(i.e.,", "non-linearity)", "in", "using", "conventional", "machine", "learning", "techniques", "for", "the", "purpose", "of", "classification,", "event", "detection,", "prediction,", "etc.", "This", "paper", "accommodates", "the", "well-known", "Sparse", "Coding", "and", "Dictionary", "Learning", "to", "the", "Kendall's", "shape", "space", "and", "illustrates", "effective", "coding", "of", "3D", "skeletal", "sequences", "for", "action", "recognition.", "Grounding", "on", "the", "Riemannian", "geometry", "of", "the", "shape", "space,", "an", "intrinsic", "sparse", "coding", "and", "dictionary", "learning", "formulation", "is", "proposed", "for", "static", "skeletal", "shapes", "to", "overcome", "the", "inherent", "non-linearity", "of", "the", "manifold.", "As", "a", "main", "result,", "initial", "trajectories", "give", "rise", "to", "sparse", "code", "functions", "with", "suitable", "computational", "properties,", "including", "sparsity", "and", "vector", "space", "representation.", "To", "achieve", "action", "recognition,", "two", "different", "classification", "schemes", "were", "adopted.", "A", "bi-directional", "LSTM", "is", "directly", "performed", "on", "sparse", "code", "functions,", "while", "a", "linear", "SVM", "is", "applied", "after", "representing", "sparse", "code", "functions", "using", "Fourier", "temporal", "pyramid.", "Experiments", "conducted", "on", "three", "publicly", "available", "datasets", "show", "the", "superiority", "of", "the", "proposed", "approach", "compared", "to", "existing", "Riemannian", "representations", "and", "its", "competitiveness", "with", "respect", "to", "other", "recently-proposed", "approaches.", "When", "the", "benefits", "of", "invariance", "are", "maintained", "from", "the", "Kendall's", "shape", "representation,", "our", "approach", "not", "only", "overcomes", "the", "problem", "of", "non-linearity", "but", "also", "yields", "to", "discriminative", "sparse", "code", "functions." ]

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[ "A", "persistent", "problem", "for", "keyword-driven", "speech", "recognition", "systems", "is", "that", "users", "often", "embed", "the", "to-be-recognized", "words", "or", "phrases", "in", "longer", "utterances", ".", "The", "recognizer", "needs", "to", "locate", "the", "relevant", "sections", "of", "the", "speech", "signal", "and", "ignore", "extraneous", "words", ".", "Prosody", "might", "provide", "an", "extra", "source", "of", "information", "to", "help", "locate", "target", "words", "embedded", "in", "other", "speech", ".", "In", "this", "paper", "we", "examine", "some", "prosodic", "characteristics", "of", "160", "such", "utterances", "and", "compare", "matched", "read", "and", "spontaneous", "versions", ".", "Half", "of", "the", "utterances", "are", "from", "a", "corpus", "of", "spontaneous", "answers", "to", "requests", "for", "the", "name", "of", "a", "city", ",", "recorded", "from", "calls", "to", "Directory", "Assistance", "Operators", ".", "The", "other", "half", "are", "the", "same", "word", "strings", "read", "by", "volunteers", "attempting", "to", "model", "the", "real", "dialogue", ".", "Results", "show", "a", "consistent", "pattern", "across", "both", "sets", "of", "data", ":", "embedded", "city", "names", "almost", "always", "bear", "nuclear", "pitch", "accents", "and", "are", "in", "their", "own", "intonational", "phrases", ".", "However", "the", "distributions", "of", "tonal", "make-up", "of", "these", "prosodic", "features", "differ", "markedly", "in", "read", "versus", "spontaneous", "speech", ",", "implying", "that", "if", "algorithms", "that", "exploit", "these", "prosodic", "regularities", "are", "trained", "on", "read", "speech", ",", "then", "the", "probabilities", "are", "likely", "to", "be", "incorrect", "models", "of", "real", "user", "speech", "." ]

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[ "In", "this", "work", "we", "present", "our", "participation", "to", "SemEval-2018", "Task", "8", "subtasks", "1", "{\\&}", "2", "respectively.", "We", "developed", "Convolution", "Neural", "Network", "system", "for", "malware", "sentence", "classification", "(subtask", "1)", "and", "Conditional", "Random", "Fields", "system", "for", "malware", "token", "label", "prediction", "(subtask", "2).", "We", "experimented", "with", "couple", "of", "word", "embedding", "strategies,", "feature", "sets", "and", "achieved", "competitive", "performance", "across", "the", "two", "subtasks.", "For", "subtask", "1", "We", "experimented", "with", "two", "category", "of", "word", "embeddings", "namely", "native", "embeddings", "and", "task", "specific", "embedding", "using", "Word2vec", "and", "Glove", "algorithms.", "1", "Native", "Embeddings:", "All", "words", "including", "the", "unknown", "ones", "that", "are", "randomly", "initialized", "use", "embeddings", "from", "original", "Word2vec/Glove", "models.", "2", "Task", "specific", ":", "The", "embeddings", "are", "generated", "by", "training", "Word2vec/Glove", "algorithms", "on", "sentences", "from", "MalwareTextDB", "We", "found", "that", "glove", "outperforms", "rest", "of", "embeddings", "for", "subtask", "1", "For", "subtask", "2,", "we", "used", "N-grams", "of", "size", "6,", "previous,", "next", "tokens", "and", "labels,", "features", "giving", "disjunctions", "of", "words", "anywhere", "in", "the", "left", "or", "right,", "word", "shape", "features,", "word", "lemma", "of", "current,", "previous", "and", "next", "words,", "word-tag", "pair", "features,", "POS", "tags,", "prefix", "and", "suffixes." ]

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[ "Existing", "deep", "learning", "methods", "for", "diagnosis", "of", "gastric", "cancer", "commonly", "use", "convolutional", "neural", "network.", "Recently,", "the", "Visual", "Transformer", "has", "attracted", "great", "attention", "because", "of", "its", "performance", "and", "efficiency,", "but", "its", "applications", "are", "mostly", "in", "the", "field", "of", "computer", "vision.", "In", "this", "paper,", "a", "multi-scale", "visual", "transformer", "model,", "referred", "to", "as", "GasHis-Transformer", ",", "is", "proposed", "for", "Gastric", "Histopathological", "Image", "Classification", "(GHIC),", "which", "enables", "the", "automatic", "classification", "of", "microscopic", "gastric", "images", "into", "abnormal", "and", "normal", "cases.", "The", "GasHis-Transformer", "model", "consists", "of", "two", "key", "modules:", "A", "global", "information", "module", "and", "a", "local", "information", "module", "to", "extract", "histopathological", "features", "effectively.", "In", "our", "experiments,", "a", "public", "hematoxylin", "and", "eosin", "(H&E)", "stained", "gastric", "histopathological", "dataset", "with", "280", "abnormal", "and", "normal", "images", "are", "divided", "into", "training,", "validation", "and", "test", "sets", "by", "a", "ratio", "of", "1", ":", "1", ":", "2", "The", "GasHis-Transformer", "model", "is", "applied", "to", "estimate", "precision,", "recall,", "F1-score", "and", "accuracy", "on", "the", "test", "set", "of", "gastric", "histopathological", "dataset", "as", "98.0%,", "100.0%,", "96.00%", "and", "98.0%,", "respectively.", "Furthermore,", "a", "critical", "study", "is", "conducted", "to", "evaluate", "the", "robustness", "of", "GasHis-Transformer", ",", "where", "ten", "different", "noises", "including", "four", "adversarial", "attack", "and", "six", "conventional", "image", "noises", "are", "added.", "In", "addition,", "a", "clinically", "meaningful", "study", "is", "executed", "to", "test", "the", "gastrointestinal", "cancer", "identification", "performance", "of", "GasHis-Transformer", "with", "620", "abnormal", "images", "and", "achieves", "96.80%", "accuracy.", "Finally,", "a", "comparative", "study", "is", "performed", "to", "test", "the", "generalizability", "with", "both", "H&E", "and", "immunohistochemical", "stained", "images", "on", "a", "lymphoma", "image", "dataset", "and", "a", "breast", "cancer", "dataset,", "producing", "comparable", "F1-scores", "(85.6%", "and", "82.8%)", "and", "accuracies", "(83.9%", "and", "89.4%),", "respectively.", "In", "conclusion,", "GasHisTransformer", "demonstrates", "high", "classification", "performance", "and", "shows", "its", "significant", "potential", "in", "the", "GHIC", "task." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Classification", "of", "imbalanced", "data", "is", "one", "of", "the", "common", "problems", "in", "the", "recent", "field", "of", "data", "mining.", "Imbalanced", "data", "substantially", "affects", "the", "performance", "of", "standard", "classification", "models.", "Data-level", "approaches", "mainly", "use", "the", "oversampling", "methods", "to", "solve", "the", "problem,", "such", "as", "synthetic", "minority", "oversampling", "Technique", "(SMOTE", ").", "However,", "since", "the", "methods", "such", "as", "SMOTE", "generate", "instances", "by", "linear", "interpolation,", "synthetic", "data", "space", "may", "look", "like", "a", "polygonal.", "Also,", "the", "oversampling", "methods", "generate", "outliers", "of", "the", "minority", "class.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "proposed", "Gaussian", "based", "minority", "oversampling", "technique", "(GMOTE)", "with", "a", "statistical", "perspective", "for", "imbalanced", "datasets.", "To", "avoid", "linear", "interpolation", "and", "to", "consider", "outliers,", "this", "proposed", "method", "generates", "instances", "by", "the", "Gaussian", "Mixture", "Model.", "Motivated", "by", "clustering-based", "multivariate", "Gaussian", "outlier", "score", "(CMGOS),", "we", "propose", "to", "adapt", "tail", "probability", "of", "instances", "through", "the", "Mahalanobis", "distance", "to", "consider", "local", "outliers.", "The", "experiment", "was", "carried", "out", "on", "a", "representative", "set", "of", "benchmark", "datasets.", "The", "performance", "of", "the", "GMOTE", "is", "compared", "with", "other", "methods", "such", "as", "SMOTE", ".", "When", "the", "GMOTE", "is", "combined", "with", "classification", "and", "regression", "tree", "(CART)", "or", "support", "vector", "machine", "(SVM),", "it", "shows", "better", "accuracy", "and", "F1-Score.", "Experimental", "results", "demonstrate", "the", "robust", "performance." ]

[ 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

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[ "We", "propose", "a", "Multi-Task", "Learning", "(MTL)", "paradigm", "based", "deep", "neural", "network", "architecture,", "called", "MTCNet", "(Multi-Task", "Crowd", "Network)", "for", "crowd", "density", "and", "count", "estimation.", "Crowd", "count", "estimation", "is", "challenging", "due", "to", "the", "non-uniform", "scale", "variations", "and", "the", "arbitrary", "perspective", "of", "an", "individual", "image.", "The", "proposed", "model", "has", "two", "related", "tasks,", "with", "Crowd", "Density", "Estimation", "as", "the", "main", "task", "and", "Crowd-Count", "Group", "Classification", "as", "the", "auxiliary", "task.", "The", "auxiliary", "task", "helps", "in", "capturing", "the", "relevant", "scale-related", "information", "to", "improve", "the", "performance", "of", "the", "main", "task.", "The", "main", "task", "model", "comprises", "two", "blocks:", "VGG-16", "front-end", "for", "feature", "extraction", "and", "a", "dilated", "Convolutional", "Neural", "Network", "for", "density", "map", "generation.", "The", "auxiliary", "task", "model", "shares", "the", "same", "front-end", "as", "the", "main", "task,", "followed", "by", "a", "CNN", "classifier.", "Our", "proposed", "network", "achieves", "5.80%", "and", "14.90%", "lower", "Mean", "Absolute", "Error", "(MAE)", "than", "the", "state-of-the-art", "methods", "on", "ShanghaiTech", "dataset", "without", "using", "any", "data", "augmentation.", "Our", "model", "also", "outperforms", "with", "10.50%", "lower", "MAE", "on", "UCF_CC_50", "dataset." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "In", "Neural", "Machine", "Translation,", "using", "word-level", "tokens", "leads", "to", "degradation", "in", "translation", "quality.", "The", "dominant", "approaches", "use", "subword-level", "tokens,", "but", "this", "increases", "the", "length", "of", "the", "sequences", "and", "makes", "it", "difficult", "to", "profit", "from", "word-level", "information", "such", "as", "POS", "tags", "or", "semantic", "dependencies.", "We", "propose", "a", "modification", "to", "the", "Transformer", "model", "to", "combine", "subword-level", "representations", "into", "word-level", "ones", "in", "the", "first", "layers", "of", "the", "encoder,", "reducing", "the", "effective", "length", "of", "the", "sequences", "in", "the", "following", "layers", "and", "providing", "a", "natural", "point", "to", "incorporate", "extra", "word-level", "information.", "Our", "experiments", "show", "that", "this", "approach", "maintains", "the", "translation", "quality", "with", "respect", "to", "the", "normal", "Transformer", "model", "when", "no", "extra", "word-level", "information", "is", "injected", "and", "that", "it", "is", "superior", "to", "the", "currently", "dominant", "method", "for", "incorporating", "word-level", "source", "language", "information", "to", "models", "based", "on", "subword-level", "vocabularies." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "A", "recurrent", "structure", "is", "a", "popular", "framework", "choice", "for", "the", "task", "of", "video", "super-resolution.", "The", "state-of-the-art", "method", "BasicVSR", "adopts", "bidirectional", "propagation", "with", "feature", "alignment", "to", "effectively", "exploit", "information", "from", "the", "entire", "input", "video.", "In", "this", "study,", "we", "redesign", "BasicVSR", "by", "proposing", "second-order", "grid", "propagation", "and", "flow-guided", "deformable", "alignment.", "We", "show", "that", "by", "empowering", "the", "recurrent", "framework", "with", "the", "enhanced", "propagation", "and", "alignment,", "one", "can", "exploit", "spatiotemporal", "information", "across", "misaligned", "video", "frames", "more", "effectively.", "The", "new", "components", "lead", "to", "an", "improved", "performance", "under", "a", "similar", "computational", "constraint.", "In", "particular,", "our", "model", "BasicVSR", "++", "surpasses", "BasicVSR", "by", "0.82", "dB", "in", "PSNR", "with", "similar", "number", "of", "parameters.", "In", "addition", "to", "video", "super-resolution,", "BasicVSR", "++", "generalizes", "well", "to", "other", "video", "restoration", "tasks", "such", "as", "compressed", "video", "enhancement.", "In", "NTIRE", "2021,", "BasicVSR", "++", "obtains", "three", "champions", "and", "one", "runner-up", "in", "the", "Video", "Super-Resolution", "and", "Compressed", "Video", "Enhancement", "Challenges.", "Codes", "and", "models", "will", "be", "released", "to", "MMEditing." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "This", "paper", "describes", "the", "systems", "of", "the", "CUNY-PKU", "team", "in", "SemEval", "2019", "Task", "01:00", "Cross-lingual", "Semantic", "Parsing", "with", "UCCA.", "We", "introduce", "a", "novel", "model", "by", "applying", "a", "cascaded", "MLP", "and", "BiLSTM", "model.", "Then,", "we", "ensemble", "multiple", "system-outputs", "by", "reparsing.", "In", "particular,", "we", "introduce", "a", "new", "decoding", "algorithm", "for", "building", "the", "UCCA", "representation.", "Our", "system", "won", "the", "first", "place", "in", "one", "track", "(French-20K-Open),", "second", "places", "in", "four", "tracks", "(English-Wiki-Open,", "English-20K-Open,", "German-20K-Open,", "and", "German-20K-Closed),", "and", "third", "place", "in", "one", "track", "(English-20K-Closed),", "among", "all", "seven", "tracks." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Pretrained", "contextual", "representation", "models", "(Peters", "et", "al.,", "2018;", "Devlin", "et", "al.,", "2018)", "have", "pushed", "forward", "the", "state-of-the-art", "on", "many", "NLP", "tasks.", "A", "new", "release", "of", "BERT", "(Devlin,", "2018)", "includes", "a", "model", "simultaneously", "pretrained", "on", "104", "languages", "with", "impressive", "performance", "for", "zero-shot", "cross-lingual", "transfer", "on", "a", "natural", "language", "inference", "task.", "This", "paper", "explores", "the", "broader", "cross-lingual", "potential", "of", "mBERT", "(multilingual)", "as", "a", "zero", "shot", "language", "transfer", "model", "on", "5", "NLP", "tasks", "covering", "a", "total", "of", "39", "languages", "from", "various", "language", "families:", "NLI,", "document", "classification,", "NER,", "POS", "tagging,", "and", "dependency", "parsing.", "We", "compare", "mBERT", "with", "the", "best-published", "methods", "for", "zero-shot", "cross-lingual", "transfer", "and", "find", "mBERT", "competitive", "on", "each", "task.", "Additionally,", "we", "investigate", "the", "most", "effective", "strategy", "for", "utilizing", "mBERT", "in", "this", "manner,", "determine", "to", "what", "extent", "mBERT", "generalizes", "away", "from", "language", "specific", "features,", "and", "measure", "factors", "that", "influence", "cross-lingual", "transfer." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Grapheme-to-phoneme", "conversion", "-LRB-", "GTPC", "-RRB-", "has", "been", "achieved", "in", "most", "European", "languagesby", "dictionary", "look-up", "or", "using", "rules", ".", "The", "application", "of", "these", "methods", ",", "however", ",", "in", "the", "reverse", "process", ",", "-LRB-", "i.e.", ",", "in", "phoneme-to-grapheme", "conversion", "-LRB-", "PTGC", "-RRB-", "-RRB-", "creates", "serious", "problems", ",", "especially", "in", "inflectionally", "rich", "languages", ".", "In", "this", "paper", "the", "PTGC", "problem", "is", "approached", "from", "a", "completely", "different", "point", "of", "view", ".", "Instead", "of", "rules", "or", "a", "dictionary", ",", "the", "statistics", "of", "language", "connecting", "pronunciation", "to", "spelling", "are", "exploited", ".", "The", "novelty", "lies", "in", "modeling", "the", "natural", "language", "intraword", "features", "using", "the", "theory", "of", "hidden", "Markov", "models", "-LRB-", "HMM", "-RRB-", "and", "performing", "the", "conversion", "using", "the", "Viterbi", "algorithm", ".", "The", "PTGC", "system", "has", "been", "established", "and", "tested", "on", "various", "multilingual", "corpora", ".", "Initially", ",", "the", "first-order", "HMM", "and", "the", "common", "Viterbi", "algorithm", "were", "used", "to", "obtain", "a", "single", "transcription", "for", "each", "word", ".", "Afterwards", ",", "the", "second-order", "HMM", "and", "the", "N-best", "algorithm", "adapted", "to", "PTGC", "were", "implemented", "to", "provide", "one", "or", "more", "transcriptions", "for", "each", "word", "input", "-LRB-", "homophones", "-RRB-", ".", "This", "system", "gave", "an", "average", "score", "of", "more", "than", "99", "%", "correctly", "transcribed", "words", "-LRB-", "overall", "success", "in", "the", "first", "four", "candidates", "-RRB-", "for", "most", "of", "the", "seven", "languages", "it", "was", "tested", "on", "-LRB-", "Dutch", ",", "English", ",", "French", ",", "German", ",", "Greek", ",", "Italian", ",", "and", "Spanish", "-RRB-", ".", "The", "system", "can", "be", "adapted", "to", "almost", "any", "language", "with", "little", "effort", "and", "can", "be", "implemented", "in", "hardware", "to", "serve", "in", "real-time", "speech", "recognition", "systems", "." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 4, 2, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Differentiable", "architecture", "search", "(DARTS", ")", "is", "an", "effective", "method", "for", "data-driven", "neural", "network", "design", "based", "on", "solving", "a", "bilevel", "optimization", "problem.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "formulate", "a", "single", "level", "alternative", "and", "a", "relaxed", "architecture", "search", "(RARTS)", "method", "that", "utilizes", "training", "and", "validation", "datasets", "in", "architecture", "learning", "without", "involving", "mixed", "second", "derivatives", "of", "the", "corresponding", "loss", "functions.", "Through", "weight/architecture", "variable", "splitting", "and", "Gauss-Seidel", "iterations,", "the", "core", "algorithm", "outperforms", "DARTS", "significantly", "in", "accuracy", "and", "search", "efficiency,", "as", "shown", "in", "both", "a", "solvable", "model", "and", "CIFAR-10", "based", "architecture", "search.", "Our", "model", "continues", "to", "out-perform", "DARTS", "upon", "transfer", "to", "ImageNet", "and", "is", "on", "par", "with", "recent", "variants", "of", "DARTS", "even", "though", "our", "innovation", "is", "purely", "on", "the", "training", "algorithm." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Bayesian", "Optimization", "(BO)", "is", "a", "surrogate-assisted", "global", "optimization", "technique", "that", "has", "been", "successfully", "applied", "in", "various", "fields,", "e.g.,", "automated", "machine", "learning", "and", "design", "optimization.", "Built", "upon", "a", "so-called", "infill-criterion", "and", "Gaussian", "Process", "regression", "(GPR", "),", "the", "BO", "technique", "suffers", "from", "a", "substantial", "computational", "complexity", "and", "hampered", "convergence", "rate", "as", "the", "dimension", "of", "the", "search", "spaces", "increases.", "Scaling", "up", "BO", "for", "high-dimensional", "optimization", "problems", "remains", "a", "challenging", "task.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "propose", "to", "tackle", "the", "scalability", "of", "BO", "by", "hybridizing", "it", "with", "a", "Principal", "Component", "Analysis", "(PCA", "),", "resulting", "in", "a", "novel", "PCA", "#NAME?", "BO", "(PCA", "-BO)", "algorithm.", "Specifically,", "the", "PCA", "procedure", "learns", "a", "linear", "transformation", "from", "all", "the", "evaluated", "points", "during", "the", "run", "and", "selects", "dimensions", "in", "the", "transformed", "space", "according", "to", "the", "variability", "of", "evaluated", "points.", "We", "then", "construct", "the", "GPR", "model,", "and", "the", "infill-criterion", "in", "the", "space", "spanned", "by", "the", "selected", "dimensions.", "We", "assess", "the", "performance", "of", "our", "PCA", "#NAME?", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "empirical", "convergence", "rate", "and", "CPU", "time", "on", "multi-modal", "problems", "from", "the", "COCO", "benchmark", "framework.", "The", "experimental", "results", "show", "that", "PCA", "#NAME?", "can", "effectively", "reduce", "the", "CPU", "time", "incurred", "on", "high-dimensional", "problems,", "and", "maintains", "the", "convergence", "rate", "on", "problems", "with", "an", "adequate", "global", "structure.", "PCA", "#NAME?", "therefore", "provides", "a", "satisfactory", "trade-off", "between", "the", "convergence", "rate", "and", "computational", "efficiency", "opening", "new", "ways", "to", "benefit", "from", "the", "strength", "of", "BO", "approaches", "in", "high", "dimensional", "numerical", "optimization." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Adversarial", "examples", "have", "gained", "tons", "of", "attention", "in", "recent", "years.", "Many", "adversarial", "attacks", "have", "been", "proposed", "to", "attack", "image", "classifiers,", "but", "few", "work", "shift", "attention", "to", "object", "detectors.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "propose", "Sparse", "Adversarial", "Attack", "(SAA)", "which", "enables", "adversaries", "to", "perform", "effective", "evasion", "attack", "on", "detectors", "with", "bounded", "\\emph{l$_{0}$}", "norm", "perturbation.", "We", "select", "the", "fragile", "position", "of", "the", "image", "and", "designed", "evasion", "loss", "function", "for", "the", "task.", "Experiment", "results", "on", "YOLOv4", "and", "FasterRCNN", "reveal", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "our", "method.", "In", "addition,", "our", "SAA", "shows", "great", "transferability", "across", "different", "detectors", "in", "the", "black-box", "attack", "setting.", "Codes", "are", "available", "at", "\\emph{https://github.com/THUrssq/Tianchi04}." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "We", "propose", "Shift", "R-CNN,", "a", "hybrid", "model", "for", "monocular", "3D", "object", "detection,", "which", "combines", "deep", "learning", "with", "the", "power", "of", "geometry.", "We", "adapt", "a", "Faster", "R-CNN", "network", "for", "regressing", "initial", "2D", "and", "3D", "object", "properties", "and", "combine", "it", "with", "a", "least", "squares", "solution", "for", "the", "inverse", "2D", "to", "3D", "geometric", "mapping", "problem,", "using", "the", "camera", "projection", "matrix.", "The", "closed-form", "solution", "of", "the", "mathematical", "system,", "along", "with", "the", "initial", "output", "of", "the", "adapted", "Faster", "R-CNN", "are", "then", "passed", "through", "a", "final", "ShiftNet", "network", "that", "refines", "the", "result", "using", "our", "newly", "proposed", "Volume", "Displacement", "Loss.", "Our", "novel,", "geometrically", "constrained", "deep", "learning", "approach", "to", "monocular", "3D", "object", "detection", "obtains", "top", "results", "on", "KITTI", "3D", "Object", "Detection", "Benchmark,", "being", "the", "best", "among", "all", "monocular", "methods", "that", "do", "not", "use", "any", "pre-trained", "network", "for", "depth", "estimation." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Quantization", "is", "a", "promising", "technique", "to", "reduce", "the", "model", "size,", "memory", "footprint,", "and", "massive", "computation", "operations", "of", "recurrent", "neural", "networks", "(RNNs)", "for", "embedded", "devices", "with", "limited", "resources.", "Although", "extreme", "low-bit", "quantization", "has", "achieved", "impressive", "success", "on", "convolutional", "neural", "networks,", "it", "still", "suffers", "from", "huge", "accuracy", "degradation", "on", "RNNs", "with", "the", "same", "low-bit", "precision.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "first", "investigate", "the", "accuracy", "degradation", "on", "RNN", "models", "under", "different", "quantization", "schemes,", "and", "the", "distribution", "of", "tensor", "values", "in", "the", "full", "precision", "model.", "Our", "observation", "reveals", "that", "due", "to", "the", "difference", "between", "the", "distributions", "of", "weights", "and", "activations,", "different", "quantization", "methods", "are", "suitable", "for", "different", "parts", "of", "models.", "Based", "on", "our", "observation,", "we", "propose", "HitNet,", "a", "hybrid", "ternary", "recurrent", "neural", "network,", "which", "bridges", "the", "accuracy", "gap", "between", "the", "full", "precision", "model", "and", "the", "quantized", "model.", "In", "HitNet,", "we", "develop", "a", "hybrid", "quantization", "method", "to", "quantize", "weights", "and", "activations.", "Moreover,", "we", "introduce", "a", "sloping", "factor", "motivated", "by", "prior", "work", "on", "Boltzmann", "machine", "to", "activation", "functions,", "further", "closing", "the", "accuracy", "gap", "between", "the", "full", "precision", "model", "and", "the", "quantized", "model.", "Overall,", "our", "HitNet", "can", "quantize", "RNN", "models", "into", "ternary", "values,", "{-1,", "0,", "1},", "outperforming", "the", "state-of-the-art", "quantization", "methods", "on", "RNN", "models", "significantly.", "We", "test", "it", "on", "typical", "RNN", "models,", "such", "as", "Long-Short-Term", "Memory", "(LSTM", ")", "and", "Gated", "Recurrent", "Units", "(GRU", "),", "on", "which", "the", "results", "outperform", "previous", "work", "significantly.", "For", "example,", "we", "improve", "the", "perplexity", "per", "word", "(PPW)", "of", "a", "ternary", "LSTM", "on", "Penn", "Tree", "Bank", "(PTB)", "corpus", "from", "126", "(the", "state-of-the-art", "result", "to", "the", "best", "of", "our", "knowledge)", "to", "110.3", "with", "a", "full", "precision", "model", "in", "97.2,", "and", "a", "ternary", "GRU", "from", "142", "to", "113.5", "with", "a", "full", "precision", "model", "in", "102.7." ]

[ 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Identifying", "epileptic", "seizures", "through", "analysis", "of", "the", "electroencephalography", "(EEG", ")", "signal", "becomes", "a", "standard", "method", "for", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "epilepsy.", "Manual", "seizure", "identification", "on", "EEG", "by", "trained", "neurologists", "is", "time-consuming,", "labor-intensive", "and", "error-prone,", "and", "a", "reliable", "automatic", "seizure/non-seizure", "classification", "method", "is", "needed.", "One", "of", "the", "challenges", "in", "automatic", "seizure/non-seizure", "classification", "is", "that", "seizure", "morphologies", "exhibit", "considerable", "variabilities.", "In", "order", "to", "capture", "essential", "seizure", "patterns,", "this", "paper", "leverages", "an", "attention", "mechanism", "and", "a", "bidirectional", "long", "short-term", "memory", "(BiLSTM", ")", "to", "exploit", "both", "spatial", "and", "temporal", "discriminating", "features", "and", "overcome", "seizure", "variabilities.", "The", "attention", "mechanism", "is", "to", "capture", "spatial", "features", "according", "to", "the", "contributions", "of", "different", "brain", "regions", "to", "seizures.", "The", "BiLSTM", "is", "to", "extract", "discriminating", "temporal", "features", "in", "the", "forward", "and", "the", "backward", "directions.", "Cross-validation", "experiments", "and", "cross-patient", "experiments", "over", "the", "noisy", "data", "of", "CHB-MIT", "are", "performed", "to", "evaluate", "our", "proposed", "approach.", "The", "obtained", "average", "sensitivity", "of", "87.00%,", "specificity", "of", "88.60%", "and", "precision", "of", "88.63%", "in", "cross-validation", "experiments", "are", "higher", "than", "using", "the", "current", "state-of-the-art", "methods,", "and", "the", "standard", "deviations", "of", "our", "approach", "are", "lower.", "The", "evaluation", "results", "of", "cross-patient", "experiments", "indicate", "that,", "our", "approach", "has", "better", "performance", "compared", "with", "the", "current", "state-of-the-art", "methods", "and", "is", "more", "robust", "across", "patients." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Identification", "of", "user's", "opinions", "from", "natural", "language", "text", "has", "become", "an", "exciting", "field", "of", "research", "due", "to", "its", "growing", "applications", "in", "the", "real", "world.", "The", "research", "field", "is", "known", "as", "sentiment", "analysis", "and", "classification,", "where", "aspect", "category", "detection", "(ACD)", "and", "aspect", "category", "polarity", "(ACP)", "are", "two", "important", "sub-tasks", "of", "aspect-based", "sentiment", "analysis.", "The", "goal", "in", "ACD", "is", "to", "specify", "which", "aspect", "of", "the", "entity", "comes", "up", "in", "opinion", "while", "ACP", "aims", "to", "specify", "the", "polarity", "of", "each", "aspect", "category", "from", "the", "ACD", "task.", "The", "previous", "works", "mostly", "propose", "separate", "solutions", "for", "these", "two", "sub-tasks.", "This", "paper", "focuses", "on", "the", "ACD", "and", "ACP", "sub-tasks", "to", "solve", "both", "problems", "simultaneously.", "The", "proposed", "method", "carries", "out", "multi-label", "classification", "where", "four", "different", "deep", "models", "were", "employed", "and", "comparatively", "evaluated", "to", "examine", "their", "performance.", "A", "dataset", "of", "Persian", "reviews", "was", "collected", "from", "CinemaTicket", "website", "including", "2200", "samples", "from", "14", "categories.", "The", "developed", "models", "were", "evaluated", "using", "the", "collected", "dataset", "in", "terms", "of", "example-based", "and", "label-based", "metrics.", "The", "results", "indicate", "the", "high", "applicability", "and", "preference", "of", "the", "CNN", "and", "GRU", "models", "in", "comparison", "to", "LSTM", "and", "Bi-LSTM", "." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6 ]

[ "The", "need", "for", "Network", "Intrusion", "Detection", "systems", "has", "risen", "since", "usage", "of", "cloud", "technologies", "has", "become", "mainstream.", "With", "the", "ever", "growing", "network", "traffic,", "Network", "Intrusion", "Detection", "is", "a", "critical", "part", "of", "network", "security", "and", "a", "very", "efficient", "NIDS", "is", "a", "must,", "given", "new", "variety", "of", "attack", "arises", "frequently.", "These", "Intrusion", "Detection", "systems", "are", "built", "on", "either", "a", "pattern", "matching", "system", "or", "AI/ML", "based", "anomaly", "detection", "system.", "Pattern", "matching", "methods", "usually", "have", "a", "high", "FALSE", "Positive", "Rates", "whereas", "the", "AI/ML", "based", "method,", "relies", "on", "finding", "metric/feature", "or", "correlation", "between", "set", "of", "metrics/features", "to", "predict", "the", "possibility", "of", "an", "attack.", "The", "most", "common", "of", "these", "is", "KNN,", "SVM", "etc.,", "operate", "on", "a", "limited", "set", "of", "features", "and", "have", "less", "accuracy", "and", "still", "suffer", "from", "higher", "FALSE", "Positive", "Rates.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "propose", "a", "deep", "learning", "model", "combining", "the", "distinct", "strengths", "of", "a", "Convolutional", "Neural", "Network", "and", "a", "Bi-directional", "LSTM", "to", "incorporate", "learning", "of", "spatial", "and", "temporal", "features", "of", "the", "data.", "For", "this", "paper,", "we", "use", "publicly", "available", "datasets", "NSL-KDD", "and", "UNSW-NB15", "to", "train", "and", "test", "the", "model.", "The", "proposed", "model", "offers", "a", "high", "detection", "rate", "and", "comparatively", "lower", "FALSE", "Positive", "Rate.", "The", "proposed", "model", "performs", "better", "than", "many", "state-of-the-art", "Network", "Intrusion", "Detection", "systems", "leveraging", "Machine", "Learning/Deep", "Learning", "models." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 1, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Named", "entity", "recognition", "(NER", ")", "models", "are", "typically", "based", "on", "the", "architecture", "of", "Bi-directional", "LSTM", "(BiLSTM", ").", "The", "constraints", "of", "sequential", "nature", "and", "the", "modeling", "of", "single", "input", "prevent", "the", "full", "utilization", "of", "global", "information", "from", "larger", "scope,", "not", "only", "in", "the", "entire", "sentence,", "but", "also", "in", "the", "entire", "document", "(dataset).", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "address", "these", "two", "deficiencies", "and", "propose", "a", "model", "augmented", "with", "hierarchical", "contextualized", "representation:", "sentence-level", "representation", "and", "document-level", "representation.", "In", "sentence-level,", "we", "take", "different", "contributions", "of", "words", "in", "a", "single", "sentence", "into", "consideration", "to", "enhance", "the", "sentence", "representation", "learned", "from", "an", "independent", "BiLSTM", "via", "label", "embedding", "attention", "mechanism.", "In", "document-level,", "the", "key-value", "memory", "network", "is", "adopted", "to", "record", "the", "document-aware", "information", "for", "each", "unique", "word", "which", "is", "sensitive", "to", "similarity", "of", "context", "information.", "Our", "two-level", "hierarchical", "contextualized", "representations", "are", "fused", "with", "each", "input", "token", "embedding", "and", "corresponding", "hidden", "state", "of", "BiLSTM", ",", "respectively.", "The", "experimental", "results", "on", "three", "benchmark", "NER", "datasets", "(CoNLL-2003", "and", "Ontonotes", "5", "English", "datasets,", "CoNLL-2002", "Spanish", "dataset)", "show", "that", "we", "establish", "new", "state-of-the-art", "results." ]

[ 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "Knowledge", "tracing", "is", "the", "task", "of", "modeling", "each", "student's", "mastery", "of", "knowledge", "concepts", "(KCs)", "as", "(s)he", "engages", "with", "a", "sequence", "of", "learning", "activities.", "Each", "student's", "knowledge", "is", "modeled", "by", "estimating", "the", "performance", "of", "the", "student", "on", "the", "learning", "activities.", "It", "is", "an", "important", "research", "area", "for", "providing", "a", "personalized", "learning", "platform", "to", "students.", "In", "recent", "years,", "methods", "based", "on", "Recurrent", "Neural", "Networks", "(RNN)", "such", "as", "Deep", "Knowledge", "Tracing", "(DKT)", "and", "Dynamic", "Key-Value", "Memory", "Network", "(DKVMN)", "outperformed", "all", "the", "traditional", "methods", "because", "of", "their", "ability", "to", "capture", "complex", "representation", "of", "human", "learning.", "However,", "these", "methods", "face", "the", "issue", "of", "not", "generalizing", "well", "while", "dealing", "with", "sparse", "data", "which", "is", "the", "case", "with", "real-world", "data", "as", "students", "interact", "with", "few", "KCs.", "In", "order", "to", "address", "this", "issue,", "we", "develop", "an", "approach", "that", "identifies", "the", "KCs", "from", "the", "student's", "past", "activities", "that", "are", "\\textit{relevant}", "to", "the", "given", "KC", "and", "predicts", "his/her", "mastery", "based", "on", "the", "relatively", "few", "KCs", "that", "it", "picked.", "Since", "predictions", "are", "made", "based", "on", "relatively", "few", "past", "activities,", "it", "handles", "the", "data", "sparsity", "problem", "better", "than", "the", "methods", "based", "on", "RNN.", "For", "identifying", "the", "relevance", "between", "the", "KCs,", "we", "propose", "a", "self-attention", "based", "approach,", "Self", "Attentive", "Knowledge", "Tracing", "(SAKT).", "Extensive", "experimentation", "on", "a", "variety", "of", "real-world", "dataset", "shows", "that", "our", "model", "outperforms", "the", "state-of-the-art", "models", "for", "knowledge", "tracing,", "improving", "AUC", "by", "4.43%", "on", "average." ]

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