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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya%20ibn%20al-Mughira
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Mu'awiya ibn al-Mughira
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Muʿāwiya ibn al-Mughīra ibn Abī al-ʿĀs ibn Umayya () was a member of the Banu Umayya alleged to be a spy against the Muslims during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, where Muhammad accused him of being a Meccan spy, he was the cousin of Uthman ibn Affan, had been captured after Uhud. Uthman gave him shelter. He was given a grace period of three days and arranged a camel and provisions for his return journey to Mecca. Uthman departed with Muhammad for Hamra-al-Asad, and Muawiya overstayed his grace. Though he fled by the time the army returned, Muhammad ordered his pursuit and execution. The orders were carried out.
This incident is also mentioned in Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham's biography of Muhammad.
See also
List of battles of Muhammad
References
625 deaths
7th-century executions
7th-century Arab people
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
Place of birth missing
Place of death unknown
Banu Umayya
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4668300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soggetto%20cavato
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Soggetto cavato
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Soggetto cavato () is an innovative technique of Renaissance composer Josquin des Prez that was later named by the theorist Zarlino in 1558 in his Le istitutioni harmoniche as soggetto cavato dalle vocali di queste parole, or literally, a subject 'carved out of the vowels from these words.' It is an early example of a musical cryptogram.
This technique relies on the use of syllables from solmization. Guido of Arezzo, an eleventh-century monk, proposed a set of syllables for teaching singers how to sight sing. The syllables, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, were used to help the singers remember the pattern of whole tones and semitones. This technique, called solmization, is still used today with some minor changes, namely 'do' is used instead of 'ut,' and 'si' or 'ti' are used above 'la.'
For implementation, Josquin used these solmization vowels to carve out his musical notes. Using the vowel of each solmization syllable, Josquin coupled the musical pitch of the solmization syllable with the vowel of text he wanted to represent. In the case of the Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae, the text Josquin was trying to represent was Hercules Dux Ferrariae. Therefore, each vowel of those three words is coupled with the appropriate solmization syllable. The solmization syllables then determine the pitch to be used. Thus the subject is carved out of the vowels.
Hercules Dux Ferrariae
Her - re
cu - ut
les - re
Dux - ut
Fer - re
ra - fa
ri - mi
ae - re
re ut re ut re fa mi re
Once the soggetto cavato had been extracted from the text, the composer then used the pitches as a cantus firmus for the work. The Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae is significant in that it is not only the most famous example of a soggetto cavato, but also the first. However, it is not the only time Josquin employed this technique. Josquin wrote other sogetti cavati. He composed a secular piece using the phrase Vive le roi (ut, mi, ut, re, re, sol, mi – syllable ut used for letter v).
Josquin's Missa La sol fa re mi is a soggetto cavato with an associated story. It seems that his patron, Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, temporarily financially strapped, put off the composer's requests for payment with a reassuring "Lascia fare a me" (Leave it to me), whereupon Josquin's friend, the Renaissance poet Serafino d’Aquila, translated the remark into its musical equivalent and incorporated it into a sonnet addressed to the composer.
One of Josquin's through-composed chansons, "Mi lares vous" has the first three syllables mi, la, re in four of the five voices. And finally, his motet Illibata Dei virgo uses Josquin own name as an acrostic in a poem concerning the Virgin Mary. The soggetto la mi la is derived from the name Maria.
The soggetto cavato technique was used by other composers as well and for similar reasons. In fact, Duke Ercole II of Ferrara had five such masses dedicated to him: two by Cipriano de Rore, one by Lupus, one by Maitre Jan and one by Jacquet of Mantua. All five pieces without exception get their inspiration from Josquin's mass. The last one mentioned by Jacquet goes so far as even to quote Josquin several times and use the same sectional structure that Josquin used. However, even though Jacquet borrowed heavily from Josquin for his own version of the Hercules Mass, Jacquet did write another mass based on a sogetto cavato, Missa Ferdinandus dux Calabriae. But it seems Josquin's influence on Jacquet was strong, for this mass, too, shows many similarities to Josquin.
Lupus also seemed influenced by Josquin's soggetto cavato idea. In addition to his Hercules Mass, he wrote another soggetto cavato dedicated to Emperor Charles V entitled Missa Carolus Imperator Romanorum Quintus.
Several composers used the technique without using the Hercules Dux cantus firmus. The composer Jacobus Vaet wrote a work dedicated to the Emperor Ferdinand of Austria based upon the soggetto 'Stat felix domus Austriae'. Adrian Willaert also used a soggetto cavato in two motets for Duke Francesco II Sforza of Milan. One of Willaert's untitled masses may also be based on a soggetto cavato. Costanzo Festa's variations on La Spagna include a movement incorporating the names "Ferdinando" and "Isabella."
Although the soggetto cavato technique is interesting, it had limited use for composers. One of its limitations is the choice of pitches for each vowel. Each vowel only has one possible pitch choice with the exception of the a vowel, which could be fa or la. As mentioned previously Josquin's choice of text lends itself to a solid choice for a cantus firmus. Subsequent composers had considerable difficulty in making some of their soggetti cavati work. On top of this difficulty was the changing nature of music at the time. The composers using the soggetto cavato technique were living in an era when music was becoming liberated from chant and the cantus firmus. Because the soggetto cavato was always used as a cantus firmus, it is not surprising that as the strict cantus firmus treatment fell into disuse, so did the soggetto cavato technique.
References
Lockwood, Lewis. "Soggetto cavato", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 20. Ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 2001.
Moor, Paul. "Josquin des Pres: Plainchant; Missa Panga lingua; Missa la sol fa re mi," High Fidelity 38, 3 (March 1988): 63-64.
Renaissance music
Musical techniques
Italian words and phrases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Vorotovi%C4%87
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Filip Vorotović
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Filip Vorotović (Cyrillic: Филип Воротовић, born 8 March 1998) is a Montenegrin footballer who most recently played as a forward for the Serbian SuperLiga side FK Teleoptik.
Club career
In 2014, he joined Partizan. He returned to his hometown club Sutjeska Nikšić the following year. He played with FK Teleoptik in the first half of the 2016–17 Serbian League Belgrade.
On 10 February 2017, he joined Slovenian side Olimpija Ljubljana but failed to make any appearance in the Slovenian PrvaLiga.
In summer 2017 he returned to Serbia and signed with top league side Borac Čačak.
On 14 February 2018, Vorotović officially promoted as a new member of Spartak Subotica, penning three-and-a-half year deal with the club.
References
1998 births
Living people
Footballers from Nikšić
Men's association football forwards
Montenegrin men's footballers
Montenegro men's youth international footballers
FK Sutjeska Nikšić players
FK Igalo 1929 players
FK Teleoptik players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
FK Borac Čačak players
FK Spartak Subotica players
FK Iskra Danilovgrad players
Montenegrin First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbian First League players
Montenegrin expatriate men's footballers
Montenegrin expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
Montenegrin expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia
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2218240
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%20Forest%20School%20Arboretum
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Norris Forest School Arboretum
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The Norris Forest School Arboretum 160 acres (0.6 km²) is an arboretum located four miles (6 km) south of Hickman, Nebraska, and extends all around the grade school, middle school and high school buildings of the Norris School District.
The Arboretum contains a collection of approximately 400 trees and shrubs representing over 90 species, as well as a display of native grasses and plants, annual and perennial flowers, and a learning center (gazebo).
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
External links
Norris Forest School Arboretum
Botanical gardens in Nebraska
Arboreta in Nebraska
Protected areas of Lancaster County, Nebraska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20examination
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Respiratory examination
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A respiratory examination, or lung examination, is performed as part of a physical examination, in response to respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, or chest pain, and is often carried out with a cardiac examination.
The four steps of the respiratory exam are inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of respiratory sounds, normally first carried out from the back of the chest.
Stages
After positioning in which the patient sits upright with their arms at the side, with the chest clear of clothing, the four stages of the examination can be carried out.
In order to listen to the lungs from the back the patient is asked to move their arms forward to prevent the scapulae (shoulder blades) from obstructing the upper lung fields. These fields are intended to correlate with the lung lobes and are thus tested on the anterior (front) and posterior (back) chest walls.
Inspection
The examiner then estimates the patient's respiratory rate by observing how many times the patient breathes in and out within the span of one minute. This is typically conducted under the pretext of some other exam, so that the patient does not subconsciously change their baseline respiratory rate, as they might do if they were aware of the examiner observing their breathing. Adults normally breathe about 14 to 20 times per minute, while infants may breathe up to 44 times per minute.
After obtaining the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner looks for any signs of respiratory distress, which may include:
Cyanosis, a bluish tinge of the extremities (peripheral cyanosis), or of tongue (central cyanosis)
Pursed-lip breathing
Accessory muscle use, including the scalene and intercostal muscles
Diaphragmatic breathing, paradoxical movement of the diaphragm outwards during inspiration
Intercostal indrawing
Decreased chest–chest movement on the affected side
An increased jugular venous pressure, indicating possible right heart failure
The anterior and posterior chest wall are also inspected for any abnormalities, which may include:
Kyphosis, abnormal anterior-posterior curvature of the spine
Scoliosis, abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Barrel chest, bulging out of the chest wall; normal in children; typical of hyperinflation seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Pectus excavatum, sternum sunken into the chest
Pectus carinatum, sternum protruding from the chest
In addition to measuring the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner will observe the patient's breathing pattern:
A patient with metabolic acidosis will often demonstrate a rapid breathing pattern, known as Kussmaul breathing. Rapid breathing helps the patient compensate for the decrease in blood pH by increasing the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide, which helps prevent further acid accumulation in the blood.
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is a breathing pattern consisting of alternating periods of rapid and slow breathing, which may result from a brain stem injury. Cheyne-Stokes respiration may be observed in newborn babies, but this is occasionally physiological (normal).
Chest retractions may be observed in patients with asthma. During a chest retraction, the patient's skin appears to sink into the chest. During supra-sternal retractions, the skin of the neck appears to sink in as the accessory breathing muscles of the neck contract to aid with inspiration. During intercostal retractions, the skin between the ribs appears to sink in as the intercostal muscles (the muscles between the ribs) aid in respiration. These are signs of respiratory distress.
The physician then typically inspects the fingers for cyanosis and clubbing.
Tracheal deviation is also examined.
Palpation
Palpation is the use of physical touch during examination. During palpation, the physician checks for areas of tenderness, abnormalities of the skin, respiratory expansion and fremitus.
To assess areas of tenderness, palpate areas of pain, bruises, or lesions on the front and back of the chest. Bruises may indicate a fractured rib, and tenderness between the ribs may indicate inflamed pleura.
Palpate any abnormal masses or structures on the front and back of the chest. Abnormal masses or sinus tracts may point to infections.
To observe chest wall expansion on the back of the chest, place palms on the patient's back with fingers parallel to the ribs and thumbs at the 10th ribs. Move hands towards each other to raise some skin on either side of the spine. Instruct the patient to inhale and observe the movement of the thumbs on the patient's back. Repeat the process with each hand on the lower margin of the ribcage at the front of the chest to further observe chest expansion. Asymmetry in chest expansion may be due to disease of lung or pleura.
Place the bony parts of the palm around the borders of the patient's scapulae while he or she says "ninety-nine" or "one one one" to test for fremitus. Repeat the sequence on the front of the chest. A decrease in fremitus may be observed if the patient has a soft voice, obstructed bronchus, COPD, pneumothorax, or other disease or injuries that may obstruct the vibrations of the larynx.
Chest percussion
Percussion is the act of tapping on the surface of the body in order to assess the structures that lie beneath the skin.
Percussion and resonance (the quality and feeling of sound) are used to examine lung movement and possible lung conditions.
Specifically, percussion is performed by first placing the middle finger of one hand over the area of interest. The middle finger of the other hand is used to strike the last joint of the placed finger. Percussion is performed in a systematic matter, from the upper chest to the lower ribs, and resonance is compared between the left and right sides of the chest. This is done from the front and back of the thorax.
Percussion over different body tissues results in five common "notes".
Resonance: Loud and low pitched. Normal lung sound.
Dullness: Medium intensity and pitch. Experienced with fluid.
A dull, muffled sound may replace resonance in conditions like pneumonia or hemothorax.
Hyper-resonance: Very loud, very low pitch, and longer in duration. Abnormal.
Hyper-resonance can result from asthma or emphysema
Tympany: Loud and high pitched. Common for percussion over gas-filled spaces.
Tympany may result in pneumothorax.
Flatness: Soft and high pitched.
Auscultation
The areas of the lungs that can be listened to using a stethoscope are called the lung fields, and these are the posterior, lateral, and anterior lung fields. The posterior fields can be listened to from the back and include: the lower lobes (taking up three quarters of the posterior fields); the anterior fields taking up the other quarter; and the lateral fields under the axillae, the left axilla for the lingual, the right axilla for the middle right lobe. The anterior fields can also be auscultated from the front. An area of thinner musculature on the back where sounds may be more audible is called the triangle of auscultation.
During auscultation, deep breaths are taken through the mouth and abnormal sounds listened for. Abnormal sounds include:
Wheezes, describing a continuous musical sound on expiration or inspiration. A wheeze is the result of narrowed airways. Common causes include asthma and emphysema.
Rhonchi (an increasingly obsolete term) characterised by low pitched, musical bubbly sounds heard on inspiration and expiration. Rhonchi are the result of viscous fluid in the airways.
Crackles or rales. Intermittent, non-musical and brief sounds heard during inspiration only. They may be described as fine (soft, high-pitched) or coarse (louder, low-pitched). These are the result of alveoli opening due to increased air pressure during inspiration. Common causes include congestive heart failure.
Stridor a high-pitched musical breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. It is not to be confused with stertor. Causes are typically obstructive, including foreign bodies, croup, epiglottitis, tumours, infection and anaphylaxis.
Appropriate ratio of inspiration to expiration time (expiration time increased in COPD)
Bronchial or vesicular breath sounds.
Lastly an assessment of transmitted voice sounds is performed.
Egophony
Bronchophony
Whispered pectoriloquy
References
External links
Lung sounds - 3M - Littmann Stethoscopes
Respiratory system procedures
Physical examination
Medical mnemonics
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31903084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdfast%20Bay%20Handicap
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Holdfast Bay Handicap
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The Holdfast Bay Handicap, more commonly known simply as the HBH, is a popular handicapped road running event held annually in Adelaide, Australia.
The annual 7.55 km race attracts many participants from all over the world. The course starts at Marino and finishes at Glenelg. The race was first held in 2003 and has the potential to become the largest running race in Adelaide. The race held in 2017 took place on 15 December 2017, and was won by Patric Clarke and Ingrid Tejada of Adelaide.
The men's course record is, 26.26, held by Kieran Graham. The women's course record is, 32.22, held by Sinaed Noonan.
The HBH has spawned several lead up events such as the Cove Cup (since 2011) and Royal Somerton.
References
External links
Official website
Road running competitions
Sport in Adelaide
2003 establishments in Australia
Recurring sporting events established in 2003
Annual sporting events in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenhill
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Ravenhill
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Ravenhill or Raven Hill may refer to:
Ravenhill, Belfast, an area of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Ravenhill Stadium, a rugby stadium in Belfast
Ravenhill, Swansea, an area of Swansea, Wales, UK
Ravenhill (mansion), the Philadelphia mansion of William Weightman
Ravenhill (band), an American rock band
Ravenhill (surname)
Raven Hill Discovery Center, a museum in Michigan, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20%28song%29
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Second (song)
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"Second" is a song recorded by South Korean singer Hyoyeon featuring Bibi. It was released digitally on August 9, 2021, by SM Entertainment. The song is written by Jeong Ha-ri (153Joombas) and Bibi, composed by Melanie Fontana, Gino Barletta, Britten Newbill, Michel Schulz and Bibi, and arranged by Lindgren. Initially a standalone single, the song was later included on Hyoyeon's first extended play, Deep, released on May 16, 2022.
Release and composition
On August 3, 2021, it was announced that Hyoyeon will be releasing a digital single titled "Second" featuring Bibi. On August 8, the music video teaser was released. A day later, the song together with the music video was released.
"Second" is composed by Bibi, Jeong Ha-ri (153Joombas), Melanie Fontana, Gino Barletta, Britten Newbill, and Michel "Lindgren" Schulz. Musically, the song is described as a summer dance pop song with "light rhythm" and characterized by "electric piano, horn, cowbell, and heavy bass" with lyrics about telling the listener that "it is okay to give themselves time to breathe in their busy life". "Second" was composed in the key of A-flat major, with a tempo of 95 beats per minute.
Commercial performance
"Second" debuted at position 182 on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart in the chart issue dated August 8–14, 2021. The song then ascended to position 176 in the chart issue dated August 15–21, 2021. The song also debuted at position 28 on Gaon Download Chart in the chart issue dated August 8–14, 2021. The song debuted at position 17 on Billboard World Digital Songs in the chart issue dated August 21, 2021.
Promotion
Prior to the song's release, on August 9, 2021, Hyoyeon held a live event called "HYO 'Second' COUNTDOWN LIVE" on V Live to introduce the song and communicate with her fans. Following the release of the single, she performed "Second" on four music programs: Mnet's M Countdown on August 12, KBS2's Music Bank on August 13, MBC's Show! Music Core on August 14, and SBS's Inkigayo on August 15.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Melon.
Studio
SM LVYIN Studio – recording, engineering for mix, mixing
Feelghood Studio – recording
SM Yellow Tail Studio – Digital editing
821 Sound Mastering – mastering
Personnel
SM Entertainment – Executive producer
Lee Soo-man – producer
Yoo Young-jin – Music & sound supervisor
Hyoyeon – vocals, background vocals
Bibi – vocals, background vocals, lyrics, composition
Jeong Ha-ri (153Joombas) – lyrics
Melanie Fontana – composition
Gino Barletta – composition
Britten Newbill – composition
Michel Schulz – composition
Lindgren – arrangement
Kim Yeon-seo – vocal directing, background vocals
Lee Ji-hong – recording, engineering for mix, mixing
Park Jae-sun – recording
Noh Min-ji – digital editing
Kwon Nam-woo – mastering
Charts
Release history
References
2021 songs
2021 singles
SM Entertainment singles
Korean-language songs
Songs written by Gino Barletta
Songs written by Melanie Fontana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Tazaj
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Al Tazaj
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Al Tazaj () is a BBQ chicken Saudi fast-casual restaurant chain headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The chain has a presence in couple of countries in the Middle East.
Meals and service
The chain serves limited meals including rice, kofta, kofta sandwiches, whole chickens with rice, fries, nuggets, kebabs, burgers, chicken wings, and a few local meals depending on the country. Their specialty is wood charcoal-grilled chicken which is butterflied and marinated in garlic and lime sauce. Half or whole chicken is served with freshly baked pita bread, rice, or corn on the cob.Chicken versions of Saudi meals are also served in Saudi Arabia, including Chicken Mandi and Chicken Kabsa.
Locations
There are a number of branches, mainly in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Restaurants are also located in Morocco.
See also
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
References
External links
Interview in Asharq Alawsat about product placement by Al Tazaj
Press release reports that Al Tazaj is one of the top 40 Arab brands according to Forbes Arabia
http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-12-31/business/0112290467_1_saudi-arabia-nunez-outlet
Restaurants established in 1989
Fast-food franchises
Barbecue restaurants
Companies based in Jeddah
Fast-food chains of Saudi Arabia
Fast-food poultry restaurants
Saudi Arabian brands
Saudi Arabian companies established in 1989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBUF
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NBUF
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NBUF may refer to:
National Black United Fund
National Black United Front
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18215551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20record%20progression%20200%20metres%20breaststroke
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World record progression 200 metres breaststroke
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The first world record in the men's 200 metres breaststroke in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1908 and the first world record in the women's 200 metres breaststroke was recognised in 1921. In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since March 3, 1991.
There have been two rule changes enacted by FINA for this event that have resulted in the nullification of world records.
In the mid-1930s, many breaststroke swimmers began practicing an early variant of the butterfly stroke that involved recovering the arms above the water in an effort to reduce drag. This technique was disallowed when the butterfly stroke was established as a distinct stroke with its own rules in 1953, and world records set using the technique were nullified.
Another style was developed by the Japanese swimmer Masaru Furukawa shortly after this rule change. It involved swimming underwater for as much of each pool length as possible without surfacing, as the act of breaking the water's surface created resistance, slowing a swimmer. This method of swimming the breaststroke was disallowed by FINA in 1956 and records set with the technique were nullified.
(see History of swimming)
Men
Long course
Note: 200 Meter World Record Prior to 1953
The world record for the 200-meter breaststroke prior to the bifurcation of the butterfly breaststroke into separate strokes in 1953 could be accomplished in either short or long course pools. FINA recognized only one world record for the 200-meter breaststroke. The 1952 US Olympic Book lists the 200-meter breaststroke world record as belonging to Herbert Klein with a time of 2:27.3 who swam it in a short course pool. FINA now recognizes and lists on their website Herbert Klein's long course world record of 2:34.4 for the 200-meter breaststroke set on August 13, 1950, in Göppingen, Germany rather than his world record of 2:27.3 set in a short course pool. John Davies tied Herbert Klein's long course world record of 2:34.4 for the 200-meter breaststroke at their 1952 Olympic final. Bowen Stassforth's time of 2:34.7 in the 220 yard breaststroke (long course) at the 1952 AAU Outdoor Nationals correlates to a time of 2:33 in the 200 meter breaststroke (long course). This performance was the fastest all-time for the 220 yard breaststroke (long course) and would have been the fastest 200 meter breaststroke (long course) in history (pre-bifurcation of the breaststroke in 1953) as well if it had been dual timed. This is evidenced by the dual distance timed race in the 1950 National AAU Indoor Championships in the 220 yard breaststroke (short course) between Joe Verdeur and Robert Brawner. During the race, Verdeur broke the world record for 200 meters with a time of 2:28.3 (short course). However, Brawner won the race with a time of 2:29.3 for the full 220 yards beating Verdeur who was second in 2:29.4.
Short course
Women
Long course
Short course
All-time top 25
Men long course
Correct as of October 2023
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:07.58:
Zac Stubblety-Cook also swam 2:06.28 (2021), 2:06.38 (2021), 2:06.40 (2023), 2:06.72 (2022), 2:07.00 (2021, 2021), 2:07.07 (2022), 2:07.27 (2023), 2:07.28 (2019), 2:07.35 (2021), 2:07.36 (2019), 2:07.37 (2021).
Matthew Wilson also swam 2:06.68 (2019), 2:07.16 (2019), 2:07.29 (2019).
Ippei Watanabe also swam 2:06.73 (2019), 2:07.02 (2019), 2:07.08 (2020), 2:07.22 (2016), 2:07.44 (2017), 2:07.47 (2017), 2:07.54 (2021), 2:07.55 (2023), 2:07.56 (2018).
Shoma Sato also swam 2:06.74 (2021), 2:06.78 (2021), 2:07.02 (2020), 2:07.58 (2020).
Anton Chupkov also swam 2:06.80 (2018), 2:06.83 (2019), 2:06.96 (2017), 2:06.99 (2021), 2:07.00 (2019), 2:07.14 (2017), 2:07.19 (2022), 2:07.24 (2021), 2:07.32 (2020), 2:07.46 (2017), 2:07.48 (2019).
Arno Kamminga also swam 2:07.01 (2021), 2:07.17 (2020) 2:07.18 (2020), 2:07.23 (2021), 2:07.35 (2021), 2:07.37 (2021), 2:07.39 (2021), 2:07.48 (2021), 2:07.54 (2020).
Qin Haiyang also swam 2:07.03 (2023), 2:07.32 (2023), 2:07.35 (2017), 2:07.45 (2023), 2:07.55 (2023).
Josh Prenot also swam 2:07.28 (2018), 2:07.53 (2016).
Dániel Gyurta also swam 2:07.28 (2012).
Yasuhiro Koseki also swam 2:07.29 (2017).
Kirill Prigoda also swam 2:07.47 (2023).
Akihiro Yamaguchi also swam 2:07.57 (2012).
Men short course
Correct as of December 2022
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:02.64:
Dániel Gyurta also swam 2:00.67 (2009).
Daiya Seto also swam 2:01.30 (2017), 2:01.49 (2021), 2:01.65 (2021), 2:02.43 (2022), 2:02.48 (2021).
Qin Haiyang also swam 2:01.64 (2018), 2:02.22 (2022).
Anton Chupkov also swam 2:01.65 (2017).
Anton McKee also swam 2:01.73 (2020).
Arno Kamminga also swam 2:01.74 (2021), 2:01.92 (2021), 2:02.13 (2021), 2:02.42 (2021), 2:02.54 (2021).
Mikhail Dorinov also swam 2:02.07 (2021).
Ilya Shymanovich also swam 2:02.10 (2021).
Nic Fink also swam 2:02.20 (2020), 2:02.28 (2021).
Erik Persson also swam 2:02.39 (2021).
Ippei Watanabe also swam 2:02.53 (2022).
Women long course
Correct as of October 2023
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:21.97:
Tatjana Schoenmaker also swam 2:19.16 (2021), 2:19.33 (2021), 2:20.17 (2021), 2:20.80 (2023), 2:21.30 (2021), 2:21.31 (2023), 2:21.76 (2022), 2:21.79 (2019), 2:21.92 (2022).
Rikke Møller Pedersen also swam 2:19.61 (2014), 2:19.67 (2014), 2:19.84 (2014), 2:19.94 (2014), 2:20.08 (2013), 2:20.53 (2013), 2:21.55 (2013), 2:21.58 (2015), 2:21.60 (2015), 2:21.65 (2012), 2:21.69 (2016).
Yuliya Yefimova also swam 2:19.64 (2017), 2:19.83 (2017), 2:19.85 (2013), 2:20.15 (2017), 2:20.17 (2019), 2:20.72 (2018), 2:20.92 (2012), 2:21.20 (2019), 2:21.31 (2018), 2:21.35 (2017), 2:21.41 (2016), 2:21.49 (2017), 2:21.54 (2017), 2:21.59 (2019), 2:21.60 (2019), 2:21.86 (2021), 2:21.97 (2016).
Rebecca Soni also swam 2:20.00 (2012), 2:20.22 (2008), 2:20.38 (2009), 2:20.69 (2010), 2:20.93 (2009), 2:21.03 (2011), 2:21.13 (2012), 2:21.40 (2012), 2:21.41 (2010), 2:21.45 (2012), 2:21.46 (2011), 2:21.47 (2011), 2:21.60 (2010).
Rie Kaneto also swam 2:20.04 (2016), 2:20.30 (2016), 2:20.72 (2009), 2:20.93 (2016), 2:21.05 (2016), 2:21.58 (2014), 2:21.90 (2014, 2015), 2:21.92 (2014).
Evgeniia Chikunova also swam 2:20.41 (2022), 2:20.57 (2021), 2:20.88 (2021), 2:21.07 (2019), 2:21.63 (2021), 2:21.87 (2020).
Leisel Jones also swam 2:20.58 (2008), 2:20.72 (2006), 2:21.34 (2008), 2:21.45 (2007), 2:21.60 (2006), 2:21.72 (2005), 2:21.81 (2008), 2:21.84 (2007).
Annamay Pierse also swam 2:20.71 (2009), 2:21.68 (2009), 2:21.84 (2009).
Annie Lazor also swam 2:20.84 (2021), 2:21.07 (2021), 2:21.40 (2019), 2:21.67 (2020), 2:21.91 (2022), 2:21.94 (2021).
Lilly King also swam 2:20.95 (2023), 2:21.19 (2022), 2:21.39 (2019), 2:21.75 (2021), 2:21.82 (2021), 2:21.83 (2017).
Kanako Watanabe also swam 2:21.09 (2014), 2:21.15 (2015), 2:21.41 (2014), 2:21.82 (2014).
Kate Douglass also swam 2:21.23 (2023), 2:21.43 (2023).
Molly Renshaw also swam 2:21.34 (2021), 2:21.55 (2021).
Taylor McKeown also swam 2:21.69 (2016).
Bethany Galat also swam 2:21.84 (2019), 2:21.86 (2017).
Tes Schouten also swam 2:21.63 (2023), 2:21.71 (2023), 2:21.84 (2023).
Abbie Wood also swam 2:21.86 (2021).
Micah Sumrall also swam 2:21.88 (2018).
Women short course
Correct as of December 2022
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:18.09:
Yuliya Efimova also swam 2:15.62 (2018), 2:16.05 (2018), 2:16.29 (2018).
Lilly King also swam 2:15.80 (2020), 2:16.04 (2020), 2:17.13 (2022), 2:17.56 (2022), 2:17.66 (2021).
Rie Kaneto also swam 2:15.91 (2016), 2:16.27 (2016), 2:16.30 (2016), 2:18.09 (2014).
Rikke Møller Pedersen also swam 2:15.93 (2013), 2:16.08 (2012).
Kate Douglass also swam 2:16.52 (2022).
Evgenia Chikunova also swam 2:16.88 (2021), 2:17.57 (2021), 2:17.88 (2021), 2:18.08 (2021).
Annamay Pierse also swam 2:17.50 (2009).
Leisel Jones also swam 2:17.75 (2003).
Emily Escobedo also swam 2:17.85 (2021).
Molly Renshaw also swam 2:17.96 (2021).
Kelsey Wog also swam 2:18.06 (2019).
References
Zwemkroniek
Agenda Diana
Breaststroke 200 metres
World record progression 200 metres breaststroke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironsworn
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Ironsworn
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Ironsworn is an indie role-playing game written and self-published by Shawn Tomkin. Its Ironlands setting is low fantasy, set in a rugged frontier. The game received the 2019 ENNIE Gold Winner Award for Best Free Game/Product. Rob Wieland for Forbes named Ironsworn one of his favorite RPG products of 2022 and one of the best fantasy tabletop role-playing games for solo play.
System
Character creation
Player characters are built by allocating a specific number of points to the five different stats. These are edge, heart, iron, shadow, and wits.
Apart from the starting stats, there are also trackers for health, spirit, and supply.
Vows are the main mechanic by which a player can track progress and accomplish goals.
Gameplay
There are three ways to play Ironsworn.
Guided: One or more players take the role of their characters, while a gamemaster (GM) moderates the session.
Co-Op: One or more players play together to overcome challenges and complete quests. No GM required.
Solo: One player portrays a lone character driven to fulfill vows in a dangerous world.
Tomkin took inspiration from the Powered by the Apocalypse system, among other systems. The player narrates the story and then makes Moves when it makes narrative sense. If for instance, the player is about to enter combat, they can make the Enter the Fray move. Dice are rolled to determine if the move is a success or a failure. The player accumulates Momentum through succeeding at rolls or through narrative. Momentum can be used to improve the result of a die roll. Experience can be gained by completing vows and then spent upgrading existing assets or gaining new ones.
Supplements
There are three official supplements that have been published by Shawn Tomkin.
Ironsworn Lodestar (2018): A short reference guide that contains an oracle for character disposition and also alternative starting stats for easier and harder modes of play.
Ironsworn: Delve (2020): The first major expansion adds additional content to the game, including dungeon-crawling mechanics.
Ironsworn: Starforged (2022): Funded in a Kickstarter campaign, this is a new core rulebook adapting the original Ironsworn system to a science fiction setting. Along with the new setting, there are also new rules, assets, moves, and oracles.
A supplement for the Starforged system, Sundered Isles, is currently in development. This supplement will focus on a sailing setting, and will require the core Ironsworn: Starforged rules to play.
See also
Dungeon World
Powered by the Apocalypse
References
External links
Official website
Ironsworn on DriveThruRPG
Ironsworn on itch.io
Actual Play reports on Ironsworn and Starforged
ENnies winners
Role-playing game systems
Role-playing games introduced in 2018
Universal role-playing games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Schmalz
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Fred Schmalz
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Fred Schmalz is a retired American soccer coach. He coached at the collegiate level for 33 years. He was a National Coach of the Year and has been named to six Halls of Fame for his play and his coaching successes.
Career
A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalz is a graduate of Quincy College, in Quincy, Illinois, where he played on the school's first intercollegiate team in 1964 and was a member of the 1966 team that won the first of Quincy's record eleven NAIA National Championships.
Following his graduation from Quincy, Schmalz was a physical education instructor at the University of Wyoming before becoming an assistant coach at Davis & Elkins College in Elkins, West Virginia. After three seasons, he was named Davis & Elkins' head coach in 1973, and in six seasons, led the team to a record of 91–21–5 and six NAIA tournaments, including a second-place finish in 1974.
In 1979, Schmalz was named the third head coach of the University of Evansville Purple Aces in Evansville, Indiana. In eight seasons as an independent, seven as a member of the Midwestern City/Midwestern Collegiate Conference, and nine as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference, Schmalz' Purple Aces teams built a record of 302–165–49, won six conference tournaments (5 MCC, 1 MVC), and advanced to the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship eleven times, including nine years in a row from 1984 through 1992, with third-place finishes in the NCAA College Cup in 1985 and 1990. Among the players Schmalz mentored at Evansville were 13 All-Americans, 17 Academic All-Americans, and 31 who went on to play professionally.
In addition to his collegiate coaching, Schmalz was a U.S. Soccer Federation national staff coach and coached in six Olympic Sports Festivals.
Although "retired," Schmalz has continued to work with youth soccer in Evansville.
Honors
1985 Soccer America College Coach of the Year.
1988 Bill Jeffrey Award from the National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) "...recognizing long-term service to collegiate soccer."
Schmalz was the recipient of the first Ron Wigg Award in 1998—the highest honor presented by the U.S. Olympic Development Program.
Schmalz was the first to coach gold medal-winning soccer teams from separate regions in the U.S. Olympic Sports Festival, coaching the West in 1990 and the North in 1991.
Quincy Hawks Hall of Fame Class of 1993.
The Indiana Soccer Hall of Fame Class of 1997.
Davis & Elkins College Athletic Hall of Fame Class of 2003.
University of Evansville Athletics Hall of Fame class of 2003–04.
Saint Louis Soccer Hall of Fame Class of 2009.
The Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame Class of 2011.
References
1945 births
Living people
Sportspeople from St. Louis
American soccer coaches
Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer coaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huainan
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Huainan
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Huainan () is a prefecture-level city with 3,033,528 inhabitants as of the 2020 census in north-central Anhui province, China. It is named for the Han-era Principality of Huainan. It borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the south, Lu'an to the southwest, Fuyang to the west, Bozhou to the northwest, Bengbu to the northeast and Chuzhou to the east. Huainan is one of the core cities of Hefei Metropolitan Circle and is known for its coal industry and thermal power plants. Its built-up area made of 4 urban districts (all but Panji not yet conurbated) and Fengtai County largely being urbanized, was home to 1,868,944 inhabitants as of 2020. Its city flower is the Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis) and its city tree is the Old-World Plane Tree (Platanus orientalis). It is also considered to be the hometown and birthplace of tofu.
Administration
The prefecture-level city of Huainan administers seven county-level divisions, including five districts and two counties.
Tianjia'an District ()
Panji District ()
Xiejiaji District ()
Datong District ()
Bagongshan District ()
Fengtai County ()
Shou County ()
These are further divided into 66 township-level divisions, including 24 towns, 23 townships and 19 subdistricts.
High-tech development zone
Shannan New Area ()
Geography
The urban centre is located on a plain on the south bank of the Huai River, bordering Gaotang Lake on the east and forested hill area on the south. To the west are Bagongshan District and Shou County.
Climate
Economy
Huainan is a major production center for coal, with an output of 43.28 million tons in 2006.
The city hosted the 17th China Tofu Cultural Festival on September 15–17, 2010, including the National Bean Products Exhibition.
Education
Anhui University of Science and Technology () official website
Huainan Normal University () official website
Huainan United University () official website
Huainan Vocational Technical College () official website
Anhui Industry&Trade Vocational Technical College () official website
Anhui Modern Information Engineering College () official website
The key high schools:
Huainan No.1 High School ()
Huainan No.2 High School ()
Huainan No.5 High School ()
Huainan No.4 High School ()
Fengtai No.1 High School ()
Shouxian No.1 High School ()
Transportation
East of the city a bridge crosses the Huai River, shared by the Fuyang-Huainan Railway and highway S225. Near the city center, a ferry provides connection to the (rural) north bank of the Huai River.
Rail
Huainan railway station, terminus of the Fuyang-Huainan Railway and Huainan Railway
Huainan East railway station (high-speed services) on the Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway
Huainan South railway station (high-speed services) on the Shangqiu–Hangzhou high-speed railway
Highway
Expressways
S17 Benghe Expressway
S12 Chuxin Expressway
National Highways
G206
Notable people
Bai Yaoping, major general
See also
List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Yuan You
References
External links
Government website of Huainan
http://www.ah.xinhuanet.com/huainan/index.htm
Cities in Anhui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echt%2C%20Aberdeenshire
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Echt, Aberdeenshire
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Echt () is an Aberdeenshire crossroads village in northeast Scotland with a population of approximately 300 people. Echt has a number of prehistoric remains, including the Barmekin of Echt which is on a hill to the northwest. There is also the Cullerlie stone circle near Sunhoney Farm, which may date from the Bronze Age.
Echt contains a church, village shop/post office, restaurant (Echt Tandoori) and pleasure park with a designated area of children's play equipment and local football matches are held. The annual Echt Show, a farmers' show, is held on the 2nd Saturday in July.
It is centred on the junction of the B977 Dunecht—Banchory road and the B9119 Kingsford—Ordie road. It is some from the city of Aberdeen.
References
AA Touring Guide to Scotland (1978)
External links
Echt in the Gazetteer for Scotland
Virtual Eagle Tour of Barmekin Hill
Villages in Aberdeenshire
| 228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20bulbosa
|
G. bulbosa
|
G. bulbosa may refer to:
Gibberula bulbosa, a minute sea snail species in the genus Gibberula
Gigantea bulbosa, a brown alga species
See also
Bulbosa
| 46
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%20All-Ireland%20Senior%20Football%20Championship%20final
|
1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
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The 1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 31st All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.
Tipperary's preparations were severely hampered by military regulations following the Soloheadbeg ambush, not to mention the death of Davey Tobin by Spanish flu. A disallowed goal and a last-minute miss by Gus McCarthy were enough to allow Wexford to complete a four-in-a-row. The match, played on 16 February 1919, had been postponed from the previous autumn due to the spread of the flu.
It was the fourth of four All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford in the 1910s. They have not since appeared in an All-Ireland football final.
References
Gaelic football
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals
Tipperary county football team matches
Wexford county football team matches
| 206
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6204009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW1%20%28album%29
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WW1 (album)
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WW1 is the debut album by indie rock band White Whale.
Track listing
Personnel
White Whale
Matt Suggs - Vocals, Guitar
Zach Holland - Guitar, Lap Steel, Elec Mandolin, Keyboard
Dustin Than Kinsey - Piano, Guitar, Synth
Rob Pope - Bass, Moog
John Anderson - Drums, Percussion
Additional personnel
Ed Rose - Producer, Engineer, Mixing
Chris Cosgrove - Engineer
Maggie Fost - Design
Tabitha Morris - Paintings
References
2006 debut albums
White Whale (band) albums
Merge Records albums
Albums produced by Ed Rose
| 145
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey%20Lees
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Audrey Lees
|
Audrey Lees may refer to:
Audrey Lees (architect)
Audrey Lees (politician)
| 24
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next%20Best%20Superstar
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Next Best Superstar
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"Next Best Superstar" is a song by English singer Melanie C. The track was written by Adam Argyle and produced by Greg Haver for her third solo album, Beautiful Intentions (2005). The song features thumping drums and new wave guitars and talks about the fickleness of fame resulting from manufactured genre shows such as the music competition Pop Idol.
"Next Best Superstar" was released as the album's lead single on 4 April 2005. The song peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart and reached the top forty of the majority of all charts it appeared on, also becoming a top ten hit in Belgium, Italy and Scotland. An accompanying music video was Norwegian director by Ray Kay.
Music video
The video was directed by Ray Kay in January 2005. The video begins with Melanie C getting ready for her performance. After having done make-up, she starts performing by herself. After the performance, she gets her make-up done again and starts performing again, this time with her band. The video premiered on CD:UK on 26 February 2005.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Everything Must Change" – 3:32
UK CD2
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Next Best Superstar" – 7:06
"Next Best Superstar" – 5:29
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:01
"Next Best Superstar"
UK 7-inch single
A. "Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
B. "Next Best Superstar" – 3:04
German CD single
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:04
"Everything Must Change" – 3:32
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:01
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
Australian CD single
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:04
"Everything Must Change" – 3:32
"Next Best Superstar" – 7:14
"Next Best Superstar" – 5:29
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:01
Charts
Release history
References
2005 singles
2005 songs
Big Records singles
Melanie C songs
Music videos directed by Ray Kay
Songs written by Adam Argyle
| 520
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20earthquakes%20in%202019
|
List of earthquakes in 2019
|
This is a list of earthquakes in 2019. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in damage and/or casualties, or are notable for other reasons. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Maximum intensities are indicated on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale and are sourced from United States Geological Survey (USGS) ShakeMap data. This year was not very active with only ten major quakes, and the death toll was the lowest since 2000. However, Albania experienced its strongest tremor in decades, and various deadly events struck Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines. The only 8+ quake occurred in Peru in May, but it did not cause much damage because of its great depth.
Compared to other years
An increase in detected earthquake numbers does not necessarily represent an increase in earthquakes per se. Population increase, habitation spread, and advances in earthquake detection technology all contribute to higher earthquake numbers being recorded over time.
By death toll
Listed are earthquakes with at least 10 dead.
By magnitude
Listed are earthquakes with at least 7.0 magnitude.
By month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
See also
Lists of earthquakes
Lists of 21st-century earthquakes
Lists of earthquakes by year
References
2019
2019
2019 natural disasters
2019-related lists
| 312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Public%20Administration%20and%20Management
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Institute of Public Administration and Management
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The Institute of Public Administration and Management (IPAM) is an institute of the University of Sierra Leone. It operates like other constituent colleges of the University of Sierra Leone, under the authority of the University Senate and the University Court. IPAM is in the centre of Freetown at AJ Momoh Street, Tower Hill, close to the British Council, Statistics Sierra Leone, the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and the National Fire Force headquarters. The institute has four departments offering a range of business, information technology, finance and public administration courses to the public.
Establishment
The establishment of IPAM can be traced to 1970. It came as a result of a government white paper on education which proposed the closure of the Civil Service Training College. The responsibility for the training of middle- and upper-level staff was transferred to Fourah Bay College and that of the clerical cadre to the Freetown Technical Institute.
Subsequent review by the World Bank suggested the need for a more specialised establishment in public administration and management. Discussions between the World Bank and the government of Sierra Leone resulted in the decision to establish the Institute of Public Administration and Management as an institute of the University of Sierra Leone.
Funds were made available under the Second IDA Education Project for construction of suitable accommodation for the institute. The building on the site of the then Civil Service Training College was occupied in June 1980 and the institute started work in the 1980/81 academic year.
Management
The institute is managed by a dean of campus (formerly director) who reports directly to the vice-chancellor and principal of the University of Sierra Leone. A management team comprises the dean of campus, assistant dean of campus, deputy registrar and all heads of departments (administrative and academic).
Faculties and Departments
Applied Accounting
Financial Services
Business Administration and Entrepreneurship
Banking and Finance
Public Sector Management
Information System and Technology
Governance and Leadership
Leadership
procurement and logistics
Functions
The main functions of the institute include:
Offering courses leading to the award of certificates, diplomas and degrees of the University of Sierra Leone;
Designing and organizing management training courses and programmes for personnel in the public and private sectors and NGOs;
Organising conferences, workshops and seminars;
General management, financial management and banking, human resource management, procurement and logistic, public policy, organisational effectiveness and capacity building, basic office skills, entrepreneurship, marketing management and information technology;
Providing advisory and consultancy services on aspects of management, finance and administration;
Carrying out studies, enquiries and research in its areas of competence either independently or in collaboration with interested parties; and
Conducting tests and other evaluation exercises for both the public and private sector organisations.
Universities and colleges in Sierra Leone
Education in Freetown
1980s establishments in Sierra Leone
de:University of Sierra Leone
ja:フォーラー・ベイ・カレッジ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefim%20Karsky
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Yefim Karsky
|
Yefim Fyodorovich Karsky (, ; , older name form) (1 January 1861 (20 December 1860) – 29 April 1931) was a Belarusian-Russian linguist-Slavist, ethnographer and paleographer, founder of Belarusian linguistics, literary studies and paleography, a member of numerous scientific institutions, and author of more than 100 works on linguistics, ethnography, paleography and others.
Karsky was described by his contemporaries as extremely industrious, accurate, self-organized, and reserved in behavior. He was acclaimed as a scientist of the highest integrity. Karsky's input into contemporary Slavistics, especially into the Belarusian branch, was immense. The first significant revisions of Karsky's views on the development of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages were proposed much later, by Viktor Vinogradov. One of the best known works of Karsky is Belarusians.
Biography
Early life and education
Yefim Karsky was born in Lasha (in Grodno Governorate, now Grodno Region), to the family of teacher F. Novitskiy and Orthodox deacon's daughter M. Novitskaya. Initially, he bore the family name of his mother, Novitskiy. With his family, he spent his childhood years in Navahrudak and Minsk regions of Belarus. He studied in Folk School () at Yatra, (Navahrudak uyezd) during the 1870s, and in 1874 enrolled in the Minsk Ecclesiastical School, where he joined the Seminary. Around 1881 he became interested in ethnography, and left his ecclesiastical studies to join the Nezhin historical-philological institute. His first philological research paper was published in 1883 in the Russian Philological Courier.
Karsky graduated from the Nezhin historical-philological institute in 1885 in the field of Russian and Slavonic philology. Observing the absence of scientific analysis of the Belarusian language, he published his first major scientific work Review of Sounds and Forms of Belarusian Language in 1886. Upon his graduation he taught Russian and Church Slavonic languages and Russian literature at the 2nd Vilnius Gymnasium, where he also served as the secretary and as elected member of the Resources Committee. He passed his magisterial examination in 1891, and in 1893 left the Liceum and began teaching Russian language in Warsaw University. During his tenure there he also taught Slavonic paleography, Russian dialectology, and Church Slavonic grammar. He would defend his magisterial thesis To the history of sounds and forms of the Belarusian talk at Kiev University, which was the first published academic dissertation concerned with the Belarusian language. He would continue his studies of the Belarusian language, and in 1898 he began studying the local dialects of the Belarusian people, both by the literary artifacts and by ethnographic tours to the Grodno, Vil’na, Minsk regions, among others. In 1901 Karsky became an associated member of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, department of Russian language and literacy.
Later career
From 1905 to 1910 Karsky served two terms as the rector of Warsaw University. After the end of his second term in 1910, he refused to remain at the position in protest of the policies of Imperial Minister of Education Lev Kasso. He moved to Petrograd in 1916 and became a member of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, with specialization in ethnography and linguistics. He taught at Petrograd Imperial University, and was a founder member of the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia. In 1918, forced by the economic ruin in Petrograd from World War I and the October Revolution, Karsky moved to Minsk. He was given tenure at Minsk Pedagogical Institute, but was dismissed from his position the following year, shortly before being arrested by the Extraordinary Commission. He was not held for long, and that same year moved back to Petrograd. He resumed his teaching at Petrograd University, staying through its rechristening as Leningrad University in 1924. He also returned to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (at that point the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) where he became Head of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. In 1922 he donated his personal library to the newly created Belarusian State University. Beginning in 1926 he made scientific visits to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. His reports from these visits were highly appreciated by the USSR Academy of Sciences, but they began to have political repercussions for him. He began to butt heads with the leadership of the Academy, and in 1927 he became the target of a sharp political critique in the newspapers "Zvyazda" (Myensk) and "Pravda" (Moscow). His membership in the USSR Academy of Sciences was put under question, and despite enjoying a certain amount of political patronage he wasn't given the room in the press to defend himself. In 1929, he was elected for the member of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The following year, however, he was abruptly removed from the position of the Director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Leningrad.
For his teaching and research activities, Karsky was given the civil rank of "real state's counselor" (?). He was decorated with orders of St. Stanislaus III grade (1889) and II grade (1899), St. Anna III grade (1895) and II grade (1903), St. Vladimir IV grade (1911), various medals. In recognition of his research on the Belarusian ethnography, he was awarded the Great Golden Medal of the Russian Geographical Society (1894), the Golden Medals of Batyushkov of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1898, 1902), Minor Lomonosov Prize of Russian Academy of Sciences (1901), Batyushkov Academical Prize (1910), and Akhmatov Academical Prize (1913).
In 1964, a memorial for Karski was opened at the Lasha School.
Works
Karsky was the author of at least 100 significant scientific works. Some of the major ones are listed below. It is worth noting that in case of the older publications, the actual dates of the publications may be different than the dates on the front pages.
Обзор звуков и форм белорусской речи. – Москва, 1886. – Известия Историко-филологического Института в Нежине, том X.
Грамматика древнего церковнославянского языка сравнительно с русским (курс средних учебных заведений). – Вильна, 1888–1900, Варшава, 1901–1916, Сергиев Посад, 1917.
К истории звуков и форм белорусской речи. – Варшава, 1893. – Магистерская диссертация.
К вопросу о разработке старого западнорусского наречия. – Вильна, 1893.
Что такое древнее западнорусское наречие?. – Труды Девятого археологического съезда в Вильне, 1893.
О языке так называемых литовских летописей. – Варшава, 1894.
Особенности письма и языка Мстиславова Евангелия. – Русск. Филолог. Вестн., 1895.
Образцы славянского кирилловского письма с Х по XVIII век. – Варшава, 1901.
Очерк славянской кирилловской палеографии. – Варшава, 1901.
Славянская кирилловская палеография. [S.l.], 1928. Of note: Multiocular O
Work re-published in: Карский Е. Ф. Славянская кирилловская палеография. Moscow, 1979.
Belarusians
Белорусcы. Т. I. Введение в изучение языка и народной словесности. – Варшава, 1903.
Work re-published: Белорусcы. Т. I. Введение в изучение языка и народной словесности. – Вильна, 1904.
Белорусcы. Т. II. Язык белорусского племени. В. 1. – [S.l.], 1908.
Белорусcы. Т. II. Язык белорусского племени. 2. Исторический очерк словообразования и словоизменения в белорусском наречии. – [S.l.], 1911.
Белорусcы. Т. II. Язык белорусского племени. 3. Очерки синтаксиса белорусского наречия. Дополнения и поправки. – [S.l.], 1912.
Белорусы. Т. III. Очерки словесности белорусского племени. 1. Народная поэзия. – Москва, 1916.
Белорусы. Т. III. Очерки словесности белорусского племени. 2. Старая западнорусская литература. – Петроград, 1921.
Белорусы. Т. III. Очерки словесности белорусского племени. 3. Художественная литература на народном наречии. – [S.l.], 1922.
Complete work re-published: Белорусы: Т. 1 – 3. – Москва, 1955–1956.
References
Citations
Sources
[Bulakh 1981] Булахов М. Г. Евфимий Федорович Карский: Жизнь, научн. и обществ. деятельность / Под ред. В. И. Борковского. – Мн. : Изд-во БГУ, 1981.
[YanuTsvir 2001] Янушкевіч Я., Цвірка К. Яўхім Карскі і яго "Беларусы" // Карскі Я. Беларусы / Я. Карскі; Уклад. і камент. С. Гараніна і Л. Ляўшун; Навук. рэд. А. Мальдзіс; Прадмо. Я. Янушкевіча і К. Цвіркі. – Мн. : Беларускі кнігазбор, 2001. – ( Беларускі кнігазбор; сер. II. Гісторыка-літаратурныя помнікі). .
[KUC 2006] Курцова, Унучак, Чаквін. Прадмова да першага тома працы Я. Ф. Карскага "Беларусы" // Карский, Е. Ф. Белорусы: 3 т. Т. 1 / Уступны артыкул М. Г. Булахава, прадмова да першага тома і каментарыі В. М. Курцовай, А. У. Унучака, І. У. Чаквіна. – Мн. : БелЭн, 2006. (Т.1), .
[RublSkal 2006] Рублевская Людмила, Скалабан Виталь. Околонаучный спор. Злополучная командировка профессора Карского // Беларусь сегодня, #12 (22422), 20.01.2006 –
[Rulex 2006] [Н. Т.?] Карский [1890s-1900s?] // Большой русский биографический словарь. – Электронная репринтная версия. – .
1860 births
1931 deaths
People from Grodno District
People from Grodnensky Uyezd
Linguists from Belarus
Belarusian ethnographers
Palaeographers
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Linguists from the Russian Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremont%20Avenue%20station
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Tremont Avenue station
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The Tremont Avenue station is an express station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of East Tremont Avenue and Grand Concourse, it is served by the D train at all times and B train during rush hours only. It has three tracks and two island platforms.
Station layout
The tile band is Claret red and the name mosaics are replicas of the 1933 originals. The I-beams have been painted a shade of red to match. Tile bands are also present in the mezzanines, and matching "T" (for Tremont) plaques have been fitted—the only IND station to feature these. A closed tower sits on the south end of the Manhattan-bound platform.
The 2000 artwork here is called Uptown New York by Frank Leslie Hampton. It uses a mixture of glass and marble mosaics to create a full width display of a Bronx apartment building with a rooftop garden, and clothes hanging out on a line to dry on a cloudy day. This mural is as wide as the mezzanine and faces the full-time booth area.
In 2019, the MTA announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program. An elevator will be installed to the southeastern corner of Echo Place and Grand Concourse. An alternate proposal for the installation of the elevator to the street would have placed it at the southwester corner of that intersection. Two elevators will lead from the southern fare control area to the two platforms. Substantial completion is projected for early October 2022.
Exits
The station had a full length mezzanine above the platforms. However, after a 1999 renovation, it was split into three sections. The northernmost and southernmost portions are separate fare control areas, and the central portion is now used as a storage area.
In January 1992, the MTA proposed closing the free zone passageway on the east side of the station, connecting to the station entrances at Tremont Avenue and East 179th Street; prior to the station renovation, it was gated off. The middle portion as well as the passageways on the east and west sides have been walled off to the public.
The full-time booth is in the southern portion. It has three street stairs leading to all but the southeast corner of Grand Concourse and Echo Place, and two stairs to each platform. The street stair on the west side has a small passageway. The part-time side at the northern portion. It had its booth removed during the aforementioned renovation, has two street stairs, one to each side of the Concourse at 179th Street, and has two stairs to each platform.
References
External links
nycsubway.org — Uptown New York Artwork by Frank Leslie Hampton (2000)
Station Reporter — B Train
Station Reporter — D Train
The Subway Nut — Tremont Avenue Pictures
MTA's Arts For Transit — Tremont Avenue (IND Concourse Line)
Echo Place entrance from Google Maps Street View
179th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platforms from Google Maps Street View
IND Concourse Line stations
New York City Subway stations in the Bronx
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1933
1933 establishments in New York City
Tremont, Bronx
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-grade
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O-grade
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The Ordinary Grade (commonly known as the "O-Grade") of the Scottish Certificate of Education is a now-discontinued qualification which was studied for as part of the Scottish secondary education system. It could be considered broadly equivalent to the old English O-Level qualification and is the predecessor to the Standard Grade.
Along with its more advanced sibling, the 'Higher Grade', the O-Grade was the bedrock of the Scottish educational system for many years. Its name refers to one of the two levels at which the Scottish Certificate of Education was awarded, the Higher Grade being the other. The term "O-Grade" can also be used to refer to a pass in a subject at that level, e.g. "He has seven O-Grades".
Courses were studied over two years, taking place during the third and fourth years (age 13-16) of a pupil's time at secondary school. They were available in a wide range of subjects.
A good pass at O-Grade would normally enable a pupil to take the same subject at Higher Grade in his or her fifth (or possibly sixth) year, if so desired. This did not always follow however, particularly as many more pupils left school at the end of their fourth year than is the case nowadays.
Over time, the O-Grade was gradually phased out and replaced by other educational assessments. Its replacement, the Standard Grade, focused more closely on coursework and the application of knowledge. The Standard Grade has eventually been replaced by the National 4/5 qualifications, as part of the introduction of the Curriculum for Excellence.
According to the BBC, Learning Minister Dr. Alasdair Allan and teachers in general claim that the change from the O-Grade system to the latter systems (Standard Grade & National 4/5 qualifications) was a major shake-up in the Scottish education system and involved excessive bureaucracy.
See also
Education in Scotland
Scottish Qualifications Certificate
Scottish Qualifications Authority
References
Educational qualifications in Scotland
Secondary school qualifications
School examinations
Secondary education in Scotland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillean%20piculet
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Antillean piculet
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The Antillean piculet (Nesoctites micromegas) is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Antillean piculet is the only member of genus Nesoctites. The species is evolutionarily distinct from the other piculets, and some taxonomists afford it its own subfamily Nesoctitinae. A fossil feather in amber attributed to the genus has been found in the Dominican Republic, showing that the ancestors of the species have been isolated on Hispaniola for at least 25 million years.
The Antillean piculet has two subspecies, the nominate N. m. micromegas (Sundevall, 1866) and N. m. abbotti (Wetmore, 1928).
Description
The Antillean piculet is long and weighs . It is the largest piculet, and is about double the size of the Neotropical piculets of genus Picumnus. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a lemon yellow crown with an orange-red to red patch in the center. Their hindneck is yellowish green and their upperparts dull olive green to yellow-green with a faint rusty-bronze tinge. Their wings are olive green and the flight feathers have yellow-green edges. Their tail is browish olive with a bronze cast. Their cheeks are dull whitish with olive barring, their chin and throat white with a faint yellow tinge, and the rest of their underparts pale yellowish white. The throat has a few small dark spots and the breast and belly have wide dark streaks. Adult females are larger than males and have the same plumage except without the red crown spot. Juveniles are overall duller than adults, do not have a red crown spot, and have obscure barring rather than streaks on their underparts. Subspecies N. m. abbotti is paler than the nominate and has less yellow on the crown, grayer upperparts, a plainer white throat, and less heavy streaks on the underparts.
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of Antillean piuculet is found throughout the main island of Hispaniola. N. m. abbotti is restricted to Gonâve Island off the west coast of Haiti. The species inhabits a variety of landscapes including humid and dry broadleaf forests, Hispaniolan pine forests dominated by Pinus occidentalis, semi-arid scrubland, and thorn forest. It also occurs in mangrove forest and occasionally in orchards and plantations. In all habitats it favors dense undergrowth. In elevation it is most numerous between about but occurs as high as in Sierra de Bahoruco of southwestern Dominican Republic.
Behavior
Movement
The Antillean piculet is a year-round resident throughout its range.
Feeding
The Antillean piculet mostly forages in the forest understorey below about , but will feed in the crown as well. It mostly hunts by gleaning small branches, twigs, and vines rather than tree trunks, and also probes flowers and clusters of leaves and pine needles. It hunts singly or in pairs. Its diet is mostly insects, especially ants and beetles, and includes other arthropods and a relatively large amount of fruit.
Breeding
The Antillean piculet's breeding season is from February to July. It excavates a nest hole or occupies one abandoned by another woodpecker, typically within of the ground in a stump, tree, palm, or fence post. Pairs are highly territorial and will aggressively call and display towards intruders. The clutch size is two to four eggs; the incubation period and time to fledging are not known.
Vocalization
The Antillean piculet has a variety of vocalizations. Members of a pair use "kuk-ki-ki-ki-ke-ku-kuk" as a contact and territorial call. Its alarm calls are "mechanical 'pit' and 'pew' notes" and it makes a "continuous noisy 'yeh-yeh-yeh-yeh' chatter during fights". In contrast to many other woodpeckers, it is not known to drum.
References
Picinae
Endemic birds of the Caribbean
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the West Indies
Endemic birds of Hispaniola
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
Birds described in 1866
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frode%20Barth
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Frode Barth
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Frode Barth (born 20 August 1968) is a Norwegian musician (guitar) and composer, widely recognized for his contributions to jazz, contemporary and popular music, performing with musicians including Oscar Peterson, Reggie Workman, Arthur Maia, Robertinho Silva, Toninho Horta, Kjell Karlsen, Trygve Seim, Terje Venaas, Harald Johnsen, Celio de Carvalho, Alf Kjellman, Pål Thowsen, Arild Andersen, Jon Eberson, Per Oddvar Johansen, Steve Bloom and Jarle Vespestad.
Career
Barth was born in Lørenskog and picked up the guitar at only 9 years of age. Under the tutorship of Erik Wesseltoft (1977–1984) he would soon progress to lead his own bands. One of the most prominent of them being "Bad Image", which was bestowed with a first place of the major Norwegian daily newspaper Aftenposten's talent competition in 1983. He was also involved in the "St. Laurentius Choir" (1977–1983) where he appeared as a soloist on a number of occasions. When 15 he filled in for Wesseltoft in the nationally renowned Kjell Karlsen Orchestra and showed his skills as soloist alongside lauded trumpeter Peter Katterås. He later studied under the guidance of guitarists Bjørn Klakegg (1983–1989), Jørn Takla (1985–1986), Egil Haugland (1984–87), Knut Værnes (during the Norwegian Jazz Federation Summer School in 1987), Odd-Arne Jacobsen (1988–1989), Staffan William-Olsson (1988–1990), Stein-Erik Olsen (1989–1991) and Geir-Otto Nilsson (1991–1992). In addition to the guitar studies, Barth also studied improvisation under the jazz musicians Torgrim Sollid and Morten Lassem (1986–1988).
Barth is a graduate of the Music program at Foss videregående skole (1985–1988), and completed the instrumental teaching course at the Barratt Due Institute of Music (1988–1990). This is a classic course, but he was also active in a wide range of musical experiences, like the improvisation classes taught by jazz pianist Egil Kapstad, occasionally bring in well established musicians such as drummer Ole Jacob Hansen and bassist Terje Venaas. Barth also studied with the well respected guitarist Finn Westbye. He continued studying guitar, composition and kindergarten music teaching at the Barratt-Due Institute of Music (1990–91) and began graduate studies at the Institute for Music and Theatre at the University of Oslo (1992–94). Following this period, Barth focused on studying with influential players in his chosen genre including in-depth studies in London with guitarist and composer John W. Duarte (1996), lessons with guitarist and composer Leo Brouwer in Havana (1999) and sessions with bassist and composer Reggie Workman, in New York 1994 and 1997.
Barth is now active as a guitarist, composer, educator and producer, and has collaborated with a wide range of musicians, and contributed to and released a number of albums, visited festivals in Norway and around the World, and participated in a number of TV and radio programmes. He received the National Scholarship as a musician in 1999 to work with composer Bjørn Fongaard's microtonal quarter-tone music. Of most importance for his career is the Norwegian-Estonian trio collaboration Barth, Aaserud & Roll [BAR], which with the release Going North was awarded the 2006 Estonian Grammy, in the category Jazz. Another important project is the long lasting collaboration with bassist Harald Johnsen. In 1988 they won the national finals of Norway's youth culture event UKM as members of trio TAPE, together. Barth has recently contributed to "Julius Winger Band" including Jan Erik Kongshaug (guitar), Mathias Eick (trumpet), Trygve Seim (saxophone), Mats Eilertsen (bass), Andreas Utnem (piano), Halvor Lillesund (accordion) and Per Oddvar Johansen (drums).
Discography
Solo album
2009: Lines and Circle
Collaborative works
1989 Kvinner & Kanari (Hot Club)
1994 Egentlig (MTG), with Trond Bjertnes
1995 Gjær (MTG), Forfatterverket
1997 Cumulus – Norwegian Contemporary Guitar Music (MTG)
1997 Jeg (MTG), with Trond Bjertnes
1998 Beeples (MTG)
2002 Rull's Choice (RR1)
2005 Norec (SAZAS), with Aleš Hadalin & Marko Boh
2005 Eesti hääled (RR)
2006 Going North (MTG), Barth-Aaserud-Rull [BAR]
2007 Blue Spheres (MTG), with Harald Johnsen
2008 Kjærlighet og andre misforståelser (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), with Julius Winger
References
External links
The cooperation with Harald Johnsen
1968 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian guitarists
21st-century Norwegian guitarists
Norwegian jazz guitarists
Norwegian jazz composers
Barratt Due Institute of Music alumni
People from Lørenskog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Peter%20Wypych
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Andrew Peter Wypych
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Andrew Peter Wypych (born December 5, 1954) is a Polish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop and episcopal vicar of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 2011 to 2023.
Biography
Early life and education
Andrew Wypych was born in Kazimierza Wielka, Poland on December 5, 1954, to Henryka Luty and Julian Wypych. He had one brother who died in infancy. Wypych first attended the primary school in Dobieszowice then the secondary school, Liceum Ogólnokształcące, in Działoszyce. Wypych then entered the major seminary of the Archdiocese of Kraków.
In 1973, Wypych started his studies at the Papal Academy of Theology in Kraków, receiving a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1975 and a Master of Theology degree in 1979, On May 6, 1978, Wypych was ordained a deacon by then Cardinal Karol Wojtyła.
Ordination and ministry
On April 29, 1979, Wypych was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski for the Archdiocese of Kraków. After his ordination, he served as an associate pastor in Kozy, Poland. In 1981, Wypych was transferred to a parish in Jawiszowice, Poland.
In April 1983, Wypych moved to Illinois to be closer to his mother, who had emigrated there in 1974.In 2011, he revealed in an interview that he had been unable to call his mother for years due to restrictions from the Polish Government of that era.
After arriving in the United States, the Archdiocese of Chicago assigned Wypych to Five Holy Martyrs Parish in Chicago. At the end of 1983, he was transferred to St. Giles Parish in Oak Park, Illinois. In 1985, Wypych became associate pastor of St. Ladislaus Parish in Chicago. Starting in July 1986, he went to St. Pancratius Parish in Chicago.
Having decided to stay in Chicago because of the need for priests, Wypych requested incardination, or transfer, to the Archdiocese of Chicago, which was granted in 1989. In 1996, he began serving also as pastor of Five Holy Martyrs Parish, an assignment that lasted until 1999. Wypych remained at St. Pancratius for 16 years as associate pastor, parochial administrator and pastor. In 2002, Wypych was appointed pastor of St. Francis Borgia Parish in Chicago. During this same time period, he also served as dean of Deanery IV-D and as a member of the archdiocesan college of consultors.
Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago
On June 13, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI named Wypych as an auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Naraggara. He received his episcopal consecration on August 10, 2011, from Cardinal Francis George, with Bishop Józek Guzdek from the Archdiocese of Białystok in Poland and Archbishop Gustavo Garcia-Siller as co-consecrators. As an auxiliary bishop, Wypych served as episcopal vicar for Vicariate V.
Pope Francis accepted Wypych's resignation as auxiliary bishop on September 19, 2023. Wypych had resigned at age 68, seven years before the mandatory retirement age, for health reasons.
References
External links
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
1954 births
Living people
Polish Roman Catholic titular bishops
Polish emigrants to the United States
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
Christianity in Chicago
21st-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Religious leaders from Illinois
People from Kazimierza County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doll%20Maker%20of%20Kiang-Ning
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The Doll Maker of Kiang-Ning
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The Doll Maker of Kiang-Ning () is a 1923 German silent fantasy film directed by Robert Wiene and starring Werner Krauss, Lia Eibenschütz, and Ossip Runitsch. A doll maker in China crafts a puppet which he is convinced is lifelike. He takes it to exhibit at a public event, but is outraged to find an even more convincing and beautiful doll there. It is in fact a real woman pretending to be a doll, but he becomes so obsessed he attempts to steal her and the film ends with her rescue and his tragic death.
The film had its premiere in Berlin in November 1923. It received a universally negative reception from critics who were particularly unimpressed by the attempt to portray Chinese culture using German actors. The film continues a wider theme in the director Robert Wiene's work which contrasts Western and Eastern cultures.
Cast
References
Bibliography
External links
1923 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
German fantasy drama films
Films directed by Robert Wiene
Films set in China
Films with screenplays by Carl Mayer
German black-and-white films
1920s fantasy drama films
1923 drama films
Silent fantasy drama films
1920s German films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20M.%20Sampler
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Samuel M. Sampler
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Samuel M. Sampler (January 27, 1895 – November 19, 1979) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I.
Biography
Born on January 27, 1895, in Decatur, Texas, Sampler was raised in Audubon, New Jersey. He enlisted in the Army from Altus, Oklahoma, and served in Europe as a corporal with Company H of the 142nd Infantry Regiment, 36th Division. During an attack near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes, France, on October 8, 1918, his company's advance was halted and they took heavy casualties from a German machine gun nest. Sampler single-handedly charged the hostile position and silenced it with hand grenades, killing two German soldiers and capturing 28. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor the next year, in 1919.
Sampler's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
His company having suffered severe casualties during an advance under machinegun fire, was finally stopped. Cpl. Sampler detected the position of the enemy machineguns on an elevation. Armed with German handgrenades, which he had picked up, he left the line and rushed forward in the face of heavy fire until he was near the hostile nest, where he grenaded the position. His third grenade landed among the enemy, killing 2, silencing the machineguns, and causing the surrender of 28 Germans, whom he sent to the rear as prisoners. As a result of his act the company was immediately enabled to resume the advance.
Sampler died at age 84 on November 19, 1979, and was buried at Fort Myers Memorial Gardens in Fort Myers, Florida.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
References
External links
1895 births
1979 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War I
People from Audubon, New Jersey
People from Decatur, Texas
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20DRIVE4COPD%20300
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2014 DRIVE4COPD 300
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The 2014 DRIVE4COPD 300 was the first stock car race of the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series season, and the 33rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, February 22, 2014, in Daytona Beach, Florida at Daytona International Speedway, a 2.5 miles (4.0 km) permanent asphalt quad-oval superspeedway. The race was extended from 120 laps to 121 laps, due to a NASCAR overtime finish. At race's end, Regan Smith, driving for JR Motorsports, would hold off Brad Keselowski in a photo finish for his 4th career NASCAR Nationwide Series win. Smith would beat Keselowski by 0.013 second. To fill out the podium, Trevor Bayne of Roush Fenway Racing would finish third, respectively.
Background
The race was held at Daytona International Speedway, which is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races of ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary high-speed tri-oval, a sports car course, a motorcycle course, and a karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's infield includes the Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054.
Entry list
(R) denotes rookie driver.
(i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.
Practice
First practice
The first practice session was held on Thursday, February 20, at 12:00 PM EST, and would last for 85 minutes. Elliott Sadler of Joe Gibbs Racing would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 47.876 and an average speed of .
Second and final practice
The third and final practice session, sometimes referred to as Happy Hour, was held on Thursday, February 20, at 3:00 PM EST, and would last for 85 minutes. Bobby Gerhart of Bobby Gerhart Racing would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 47.533 and an average speed of .
Qualifying
Qualifying was held on Friday, February 21, at 1:10 PM EST. Since Daytona International Speedway is at least , the qualifying system was a multi-car system that included three rounds. The first round was 25 minutes, where every driver would be able to set a lap within the 25 minutes. Then, the second round would consist of the fastest 24 cars in Round 1, and drivers would have 10 minutes to set a lap. Round 3 consisted of the fastest 12 drivers from Round 2, and the drivers would have 5 minutes to set a time. Whoever was fastest in Round 3 would win the pole.
Qualifying was cancelled after the first round, due to inclement weather. Dylan Kwasniewski of Turner Scott Motorsports would win the pole after setting a fast enough time in the round, with a time of 46.856 and an average speed of .
Nine drivers would fail to qualify: David Ragan, Tanner Berryhill, Chris Buescher, Willie Allen, Matt Carter, Matt DiBenedetto, Carl Long, Carlos Contreras, and Clay Greenfield.
Full qualifying results
Race results
Standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Note: Only the first 10 positions are included for the driver standings.
References
NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway
2014 in sports in Florida
February 2014 sports events in the United States
2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur-Kolonia%20Wschodnia
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Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia
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Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSPF-CD
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WSPF-CD
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WSPF-CD, virtual channel 35 (UHF digital channel 36), is a low-power, Class A television station serving Tampa, Florida, United States that is licensed to St. Petersburg as an owned-and-operated station of Tri-State Christian Television (TCT). WSPF-CD maintains studio facilities located on North Dale Mabry Highway in Tampa, and its transmitter located in Riverview, Florida.
History
The station first signed on the air in 1989 as W35AJ, which originally operated as an owned-and-operated station of Channel America (in effect, becoming the first network-owned commercial station in the Tampa Bay market). However, the station was operated only intermittently, and would be off the air for weeks at a time. W35AJ was already dark for a couple of years when the St. Petersburg city government acquired the station in February 1995. Until that point, St. Petersburg's government-access television channel, first established in January 1990, was seen exclusively on cable television on cable channel 15 (since moved to digital channel 615 in December 2007). Prior to then, the city presented some programs on a local origination channel on Paragon Cable (since succeeded by Bright House Networks and Charter Communications).
Under the ownership of the City of St. Petersburg, the station broadcast City Council meetings and other public service programming for area residents, including the required three weekly hours of educational programming mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In December 1999, the station's call letters were changed to WSPF-LP. It was eventually upgraded to Class A status, resulting in the callsign being modified to WSPF-CA in 2001.
On November 3, 2011, it was announced that the City of St. Petersburg was in discussions to sell WSPF-CA to Miami Lakes-based broadcast group Prime Time Partners; the company had placed a $500,000 bid to buy the station. Prime Time Partners immediately announced plans to convert the station to digital, with a Spanish-language service broadcasting on channel 35.1. The city announced that the station was up for sale in July 2011, due to the expense of converting the station to digital. The sale to Prime Time Partners was approved by the FCC on May 29, 2012.
On or around June 30, 2012, WSPF-CA signed on its digital signal on UHF channel 38, the frequency formerly used by the analog signal of WTTA; ironically, the city of St. Petersburg founded the previous occupant of the channel 38 frequency, WSUN-TV, in 1953. In converting to digital operations, the station's call sign was modified to WSPF-CD. In addition, the station relocated its transmitter site to the antenna farm in Riverview. Shortly after digital transmissions began, WSPF-CD began broadcasting MundoFox (now MundoMax) on 35.1 and infomercials on 35.2 and 35.3. The city access channel, now known as StPeteTV, continues to be carried within the City of St. Petersburg on Bright House channel 641, WOW! channel 15 or Verizon FiOS channel 20, as well as online; it was originally announced that the city was offered a subchannel of WSPF-CD to continue carrying its city access channel terrestrially, though they ultimately chosen not to use it.
On May 30, 2014, it was announced that WSPF-CD will be carried market-wide on Bright House for its digital cable subscribers, beginning August 1.
Digital television
Digital channels
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:
References
External links
City of St. Petersburg: StPeteTV
SPF-CD
Television channels and stations established in 1989
SPF
SPF-CD
1989 establishments in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Breinholt
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Jeffrey Breinholt
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Jeffrey Alan Breinholt (born October 30, 1963) is an American lawyer. He has been an attorney with the United States Department of Justice National Security Division since 1990. In 2008, he joined the International Assessment and Strategy Center for a one-year stint as Senior Fellow and Director of National Security Law.
Breinholt earned his Bachelor of Arts from Yale College in 1985 and his Juris Doctor from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law in 1988.
Breinholt has been Deputy Chief of the Counterterrorism Section at the U.S. Department of Justice and head of the Department of Justice's terrorist financing enforcement program since shortly before 9/11. He helped to create a special FBI unit devoted to U.S.-based fundraising by international terrorist organizations and the team of financial prosecutors he headed within the Counterterrorism Section is dedicated to prosecuting material support crimes.
He was previously Special Assistant U.S. Attorney in the District of Utah.
Breinholt teaches a class entitled Criminal Tax Litigation at the George Washington University Law School.
A profile of Breinholt's legal work in the New York Times described Breinholt as believing that "terrorism prosecutions work" and that "American Muslims are prickly, litigious and poorly integrated into American society." New York Times, Impressions of Terrorism, Drawn From Court Files,
Breinholt is the older brother of Utah-based folk musician Peter Breinholt and is the husband of prominent international attorney, Moni SenGupta.
Criticism
Breinholt attracted public attention when an article he published described public criticism of civil liberties as an "eccentric" concern.
Books
Counterterrorism Enforcement: A Lawyer’s Guide (DOJ Office of Legal Education 2004)
Taxing Terrorism, From Al Capone to Al Qaida: Fighting Violence Through Financial Regulation (2007)
References
1963 births
Living people
Yale College alumni
UCLA School of Law alumni
American lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Smith%20Power%20Plant
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Elmer Smith Power Plant
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The Elmer Smith Power Plant was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by the city of Owensboro, Kentucky. Unit 1 opened in 1964 with Unit 2 opening 10 years later in 1974
The power plant was the main source of power for the city of Owensboro during the years it was active.
History
As a result of the Owensboro Municipal Utility Commission approving a contract with Big Rivers Electric to supply electricity for Owensboro, Elmer Smith Power Plant closed on June 1, 2020, and was demolished on December 4, 2022, making it two years, six months and three days later after the power plant's closure.
Emissions data
2006 Emissions: 2,846,615 tons
2006 Emissions: 2,525 tons
2006 Emissions: 7,045 tons
2005 Mercury Emissions: 59 lb
Controversy
In 2010, The Clean Air Task Force conducted a study to identify and quantify deaths and other injuries attributed to fine particle pollution from coal-fired power plants and found there to be an estimated 10 deaths annually as a result of fine particle pollution from the Elmer Smith Power Station as well as other negative effects on the health of those affected by the pollutants.
Closing
In 2019, the city of Owensboro made the landmark decision to close the plant as part of its economic evolution and effort to attract more tourism (5) By closing the plant, the city plans on switching primarily to solar power by 2022 by purchasing energy from the Ashwood Solar Station which is set to open in Lyon County, Kentucky
See also
Coal mining in Kentucky
Owensboro, Kentucky
Coal-fired power station
Solar power in Kentucky
References
External links
Official website
Energy infrastructure completed in 1964
Coal-fired power plants in Kentucky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly%20Vasiliev%20%28painter%29
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Anatoly Vasiliev (painter)
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Anatoly Nikolayevich Vasiliev (; November 22, 1940 – November 13, 2020) was a Soviet and Russian painter, architect, graphic artist and book artist.
Biography
Anatoly Vasiliev was born in Riga (Latvia). Later, he lived in Poland, Germany; From 1945 to 1954—in Kaliningrad. Since 1955 he lived in Leningrad.
Graduated from Leningrad Higher Art School named after V.I. Mukhina, Department of Buildings Interior Decoration (1965).
One of the first Leningrad nonconformists. Participated in unofficial art exhibitions and manifestations (Harbor, 1962; on Kustarny, 1971; at Kuzminsky, 1974; Nevsky Palace of Culture, 1975; Ordzhonikidze Palace of Culture, 1976). Participant and exhibitor of associations: Experimental Exhibitions Association, Association of Experimental Fine Art, IFA.
Upon Perestroika, started travelling abroad: France (1989); Belgium (1990); USA (since 1991); Austria (personal exhibition in Saalbach, 1999).
As artist, took part in Venice Carnivals (together with Mihail Chemiakin).
First personal exhibition—Borey Gallery (St. Petersburg, 1994).
Project member: City as an Artist's Subjectivity (2020).
He lived and worked in Saint Petersburg. Anatoly Vasiliev died in November 13, 2020.
Museum collections
The artist's works are in the following museum collections/ State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russiaa and others.
Russian Museum. Department of engraving XVIII-XXI centuries. (St. Petersburg)
National Library of Russia. Department of Prints (St. Petersburg)
Museum of Art of St. Petersburg of the 20th and 21st centuries. Saint Petersburg Manege. (St. Petersburg)
State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. (St. Petersburg)
Dostoevsky Museum. (St. Petersburg)
Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum. (St. Petersburg)
State Museum of Urban Sculpture. (St. Petersburg)
Museum of Nonconformist Art, Pushkinskaya 10 (St. Petersburg)
Kaluga Museum of Fine Arts. (Kaluga)
State Fine Arts Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan. Graphics collection. (Kazan)
Pushkin Museum (Kazan)
Murmansk Regional Art Museum (Murmansk)
Bibliography
Alexey Parygin A City as the Artist's Subjectivity // Book Arts Newsletter. — No. 140. Bristol: CFPR (Centre for Fine Print Research). University of the West of England, 2021, July–August. — pp. 46–48. ISSN 1754-9086
City as Artist's subjectivity. Artist's book project. Catalog. Authors of the articles: Parygin A.B., Markov T.A., Klimova E.D., Borovsky A.D., Severyukhin D.Ya., Grigoryants E.I., Blagodatov N.I. (Rus & En) — Saint Petersburg: Ed. T. Markova. 2020. — 128 p.
Анатолий Васильев. Живопись. Графика/ Альбом. Серия Авангард на Неве. Авторы статей: Харолд ван де Перре, Заславский А., Герман М. — СПб: Диан. 2017. — 216 с.: цв. ил.
References
External links
1940 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Russian painters
21st-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Soviet painters
Artists from Saint Petersburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch%20Eustathius
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Patriarch Eustathius
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Patriarch Eustathius may refer to:
Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch in 324–337 or 360
Patriarch Eustatius of Alexandria, Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in 813–817
Eustathius of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1019–1025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell
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Snell
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Snell may refer to:
People and fictional characters
Snell (surname), list of people and fictional characters with the surname
Snell (given name), list of people with the name
Geography
United States
Snell, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Snell, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Snell Creek, California
Snell Valley, California
Antarctica
Mount Snell
Other uses
Snell Acoustics, a manufacturer of audio equipment
Snell Limited, a manufacturer of digital media products
Snell Memorial Foundation, an organization which provides standard of safety for helmets
Snell knot, a hitch knot used to attach an eyed fishing hook to fishing line
Snell station, a light rail station in San Jose, California
See also
Snelle (born 1995), Dutch rapper and singer
Snell's law, the law of refraction in optics, named after Willebrord Snellius
Snell Arcade, a historic site in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
Snells, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20FIA%20GT%20Zolder%20500km
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2001 FIA GT Zolder 500km
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The 2001 FIA GT Zolder 500 km was the fifth round the 2001 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Circuit Zolder, Belgium, on May 20, 2001.
Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).
† – #1 Lister Storm Racing was disqualified for failing post-race technical inspection. The car was found to be using an illegal airbox.
Statistics
Pole position – #5 Team Rafanelli – 1:30.994
Fastest lap – #3 Team Carsport Holland – 1:31.348
Average speed – 146.930 km/h
References
Z
FIA GT
Auto races in Belgium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilno
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Bilno
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Bilno refers to the following places in Poland:
Bilno, Radziejów County
Bilno, Włocławek County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon
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Panopticon
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The panopticon is a design of institutional building with an inbuilt system of control, originated by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. The concept is to allow all prisoners of an institution to be observed by a single security guard, without the inmates knowing whether or not they are being watched.
Although it is physically impossible for the single guard to observe all the inmates' cells at once, the fact that the inmates cannot know when they are being watched motivates them to act as though they are all being watched at all times. They are effectively compelled to self-regulation. The architecture consists of a rotunda with an inspection house at its centre. From the centre, the manager or staff are able to watch the inmates. Bentham conceived the basic plan as being equally applicable to hospitals, schools, sanatoriums, and asylums. He devoted most of his efforts to developing a design for a panopticon prison, so the term now usually refers to that.
Conceptual history
The word panopticon derives from the Greek word for "all seeing" – . In 1785, Jeremy Bentham, an English social reformer and founder of utilitarianism, travelled to Krichev in Mogilev Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern Belarus) to visit his brother, Samuel, who accompanied Prince Potemkin. Bentham arrived in Krichev in early 1786 and stayed for almost two years. While residing with his brother in Krichev, Bentham sketched out the concept of the panopticon in letters. Bentham applied his brother's ideas on the constant observation of workers to prisons. Back in England, Bentham, with the assistance of his brother, continued to develop his theory on the panopticon. Prior to fleshing out his ideas of a panopticon prison, Bentham had drafted a complete penal code and explored fundamental legal theory. While in his lifetime Bentham was a prolific letter writer, he published little and remained obscure to the public until his death.
Bentham thought that the chief mechanism that would bring the manager of the panopticon prison in line with the duty to be humane would be publicity. Bentham tried to put his duty and interest junction principle into practice by encouraging a public debate on prisons. Bentham's inspection principle applied not only to the inmates of the panopticon prison, but also the manager. The unaccountable gaoler was to be observed by the general public and public officials. The apparently constant surveillance of the prison inmates by the panopticon manager and the occasional observation of the manager by the general public was to solve the age old philosophic question: "Who guards the guards?"
Bentham continued to develop the panopticon concept, as industrialisation advanced in England and an increasing number of workers were required to work in ever larger factories. Bentham commissioned drawings from an architect, Willey Reveley. Bentham reasoned that if the prisoners of the panopticon prison could be seen but never knew when they were watched, the prisoners would need to follow the rules. Bentham also thought that Reveley's prison design could be used for factories, asylums, hospitals, and schools.
Bentham remained bitter throughout his later life about the rejection of the panopticon scheme, convinced that it had been thwarted by the king and an aristocratic elite. It was largely because of his sense of injustice and frustration that he developed his ideas of sinister interest – that is, of the vested interests of the powerful conspiring against a wider public interest – which underpinned many of his broader arguments for reform.
Prison design
Bentham's proposal for a panopticon prison met with great interest among British government officials not only because it incorporated the pleasure-pain principle developed by the materialist philosopher Thomas Hobbes, but also because Bentham joined the emerging discussion on political economy. Bentham argued that the confinement of the prison, "which is his punishment, preventing [the prisoner from] carrying the work to another market". Key to Bentham's proposals and efforts to build a panopticon prison in Millbank at his own expense, was the "means of extracting labour" out of prisoners in the panopticon. In his 1791 writing Panopticon, or The Inspection House, Bentham reasoned that those working fixed hours needed to be overseen. Also, in 1791, Jean Philippe Garran de Coulon presented a paper on Bentham's panopticon prison concepts to the National Legislative Assembly in revolutionary France.
In 1812, persistent problems with Newgate Prison and other London prisons prompted the British government to fund the construction of a prison in Millbank at the taxpayers' expense. Based on Bentham's panopticon plans, the National Penitentiary opened in 1821. Millbank Prison, as it became known, was controversial, even blamed for causing mental illness among prisoners. Nevertheless, the British government placed an increasing emphasis on prisoners doing meaningful work, instead of engaging in humiliating and meaningless kill-times. Bentham lived to see Millbank Prison built and did not support the approach taken by the British government. His writings had virtually no immediate effect on the architecture of taxpayer-funded prisons that were to be built. Between 1818 and 1821, a small prison for women was built in Lancaster. It has been observed that the architect Joseph Gandy modelled it very closely on Bentham's panopticon prison plans. The K-wing near Lancaster Castle prison is a semi-rotunda with a central tower for the supervisor and five storeys with nine cells on each floor.
It was the Pentonville prison, which was built in London after Bentham's death in 1832, that was to serve as a model for a further 54 prisons in Victorian Britain. Built between 1840 and 1842 according to the plans of Joshua Jebb, Pentonville prison had a central hall with radial prison wings. It has been claimed that Bentham's panopticon influenced the radial design of 19th-century prisons built on the principles of the "separate system", including Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, which opened in 1829. But the Pennsylvania–Pentonville architectural model with its radial prison wings was not designed to facilitate constant surveillance of individual prisoners. Guards had to walk from the hall along the radial corridors and could only observe prisoners in their cells by looking through the cell door's peephole.
In 1925, Cuba's president Gerardo Machado set out to build a modern prison, based on Bentham's concepts and employing the latest scientific theories on rehabilitation. A Cuban envoy tasked with studying US prisons in advance of the construction of Presidio Modelo had been greatly impressed with Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois and the cells in the new circular prison were too faced inwards towards a central guard tower. Because of the shuttered guard tower, the guards could see the prisoners, but the prisoners could not see the guards. Cuban officials theorised that the prisoners would "behave" if there was a probable chance that they were under surveillance, and once prisoners behaved, they could be rehabilitated.
Between 1926 and 1931, the Cuban government built four such panopticons connected with tunnels to a massive central structure that served as a community centre. Each panopticon had five floors with 93 cells. In keeping with Bentham's ideas, none of the cells had doors. Prisoners were free to roam the prison and participate in workshops to learn a trade or become literate, with the hope being that they would become productive citizens. However, by the time Fidel Castro was imprisoned at Presidio Modelo, the four circulars were packed with 6,000 men, every floor was filled with trash, there was no running water, food rations were meagre, and the government supplied only the bare necessities of life.
In the Netherlands, historic panopticon prisons include Breda, Arnhem, and Haarlem penitentiary. However, these circular prisons with approximately 400 cells fail as panopticons because the inward-facing cell windows were so small that guards could not see the entire cell. The lack of surveillance that was actually possible in prisons with small cells and doors discounts many circular prison designs from being a panopticon as it had been envisaged by Bentham. In 2006, one of the first digital panopticon prisons opened near Amsterdam. Every prisoner in the Lelystad Prison wears an electronic tag and by design, only six guards are needed for 150 prisoners instead of the usual 15 or more.
Architecture of other institutions
Jeremy Bentham's panopticon architecture was not original, as rotundas had been used before, as for example in industrial buildings. However, Bentham turned the rotund architecture into a structure with a societal function, so that humans themselves became the object of control. The idea for a panopticon had been prompted by his brother Samuel Bentham's work in Russia and had been inspired by existing architectural traditions. Samuel Bentham had studied at the Ecole Militaire in 1751, and at about 1773 the prominent French architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux had finished his designs for the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans. William Strutt in cooperation with his friend Jeremy Bentham built a round mill in Belper, so that one supervisor could oversee an entire shop floor from the centre of the round mill. The mill was built between 1803 and 1813 and was used for production until the late 19th century. It was demolished in 1959. In Bentham's 1812 writing Pauper management improved: particularly by means of an application of the Panopticon principle of construction, he included a building for an "industry-house establishment" that could hold 2000 persons. In 1812 Samuel Bentham, who had by then risen to brigadier-general, tried to persuade the British Admiralty to construct an arsenal panopticon in Kent. Before returning home to London he had constructed a panopticon in 1807, near St Petersburg, which served as a training centre for young men wishing to work in naval manufacturing. The panopticon, Bentham writes:
Though no panopticon was built during Bentham's lifetime, his principles prompted considerable discussion and debate. Shortly after Jeremy Bentham's death in 1832 his ideas were criticised by Augustus Pugin, who in 1841 published the second edition of his work Contrasts in which one plate shows a "Modern Poor House". He contrasted an English medieval gothic town in 1400 with the same town in 1840 where broken spires and factory chimneys dominate the skyline, with a panopticon in the foreground replacing the Christian hospice. Pugin, who went on to become one of the most influential 19th-century writers on architecture, was influenced by Hegel and German idealism. In 1835 the first annual report of the Poor Law Commission included two designs by the commission's architect Sampson Kempthorne. His Y-shape and cross-shape designs for workhouse expressed the panopticon principle by positioning the master's room as the central point. The designs provided for the segregation of occupants and maximum visibility from the centre. Professor David Rothman came to the conclusion that Bentham's panopticon prison did not inform the architecture of early asylums in the United States.
Criticism and use as metaphor
In 1965, the conservative historian Shirley Robin Letwin traced the Fabian zest for social planning to early utilitarian thinkers. She argued that Bentham's pet gadget, the panopticon prison, was a device of such monstrous efficiency that it left no room for humanity. She accused Bentham of forgetting the dangers of unrestrained power and argued that "in his ardour for reform, Bentham prepared the way for what he feared". Recent Libertarian thinkers began to regard Bentham's entire philosophy as having paved the way for totalitarian states. In the late 1960s, the American historian Gertrude Himmelfarb, who had published The Haunted House of Jeremy Bentham in 1965, was at the forefront of depicting Bentham's mechanism of surveillance as a tool of oppression and social control. David John Manning published The Mind of Jeremy Bentham in 1986, in which he reasoned that Bentham's fear of instability caused him to advocate ruthless social engineering and a society in which there could be no privacy or tolerance for the deviant.
In the mid-1970s, the panopticon was brought to the wider attention by the French psychoanalyst Jacques-Alain Miller and the French philosopher Michel Foucault. In 1975, Foucault used the panopticon as metaphor for the modern disciplinary society in Discipline and Punish. He argued that the disciplinary society had emerged in the 18th century and that discipline are techniques for assuring the ordering of human complexities, with the ultimate aim of docility and utility in the system. Foucault first came across the panopticon architecture when he studied the origins of clinical medicine and hospital architecture in the second half of the 18th century. He argued that discipline had replaced the pre-modern society of kings, and that the panopticon should not be understood as a building, but as a mechanism of power and a diagram of political technology.
Foucault argued that discipline had already crossed the technological threshold in the late 18th century, when the right to observe and accumulate knowledge had been extended from the prison to hospitals, schools, and later factories. In his historic analysis, Foucault reasoned that with the disappearance of public executions pain had been gradually eliminated as punishment in a society ruled by reason. The modern prison in the 1970s, with its corrective technology, was rooted in the changing legal powers of the state. While acceptance for corporal punishment diminished, the state gained the right to administer more subtle methods of punishment, such as to observe. The French sociologist Henri Lefebvre studied urban space and Foucault's interpretation of the panopticon prison, arriving at the conclusion that spatiality is a social phenomenon. Lefebvre contended that architecture is no more than the relationship between the panopticon, people, and objects. In urban studies, academics such as Marc Schuilenburg argue that a different self-consciousness arises among humans who live in an urban area.
In 1984, Michael Radford gained international attention for the cinematographic panopticon he had staged in the film Nineteen Eighty-Four. Of the telescreens in the landmark surveillance narrative Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), George Orwell said: "there was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment ... you had to live ... in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinised". In Radford's film the telescreens were bidirectional and in a world with an ever increasing number of telescreen devices the citizens of Oceania were spied on more than they thought possible. In The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (1994) the sociologist David Lyon concluded that "no single metaphor or model is adequate to the task of summing up what is central to contemporary surveillance, but important clues are available in Nineteen Eighty-Four and in Bentham's panopticon".
The French philosopher Gilles Deleuze shaped the emerging field of surveillance studies with the 1990 essay Postscript on the Societies of Control. Deleuze argued that the society of control is replacing the discipline society. With regards to the panopticon, Deleuze argued that "enclosures are moulds ... but controls are a modulation". Deleuze observed that technology had allowed physical enclosures, such as schools, factories, prisons and office buildings, to be replaced by a self-governing machine, which extends surveillance in a quest to manage production and consumption. Information circulates in the control society, just like products in the modern economy, and meaningful objects of surveillance are sought out as forward-looking profiles and simulated pictures of future demands, needs and risks are drawn up.
In 1997, Thomas Mathiesen in turn expanded on Foucault's use of the panopticon metaphor when analysing the effects of mass media on society. He argued that mass media such as broadcast television gave many people the ability to view the few from their own homes and gaze upon the lives of reporters and celebrities. Mass media has thus turned the discipline society into a viewer society. In the 1998 satirical science fiction film The Truman Show, the protagonist eventually escapes the OmniCam Ecosphere, the reality television show that, unknown to him, broadcasts his life around the clock and across the globe. But in 2002, Peter Weibel noted that the entertainment industry does not consider the panopticon as a threat or punishment, but as "amusement, liberation and pleasure". With reference to the Big Brother television shows of Endemol Entertainment, in which a group of people live in a container studio apartment and allow themselves to be recorded constantly, Weibel argued that the panopticon provides the masses with "the pleasure of power, the pleasure of sadism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, scopophilia, and narcissism". In 2006, Shoreditch TV became available to residents of the Shoreditch in London, so that they could tune in to watch CCTV footage live. The service allowed residents "to see what's happening, check out the traffic and keep an eye out for crime".
The Cornell University professor and information theorist Branden Hookway introduced the concept of a Panspectrons in 2000: an evolution of the panopticon to the effect that it does not define an object of surveillance more, but everyone and everything is monitored. The object is defined only in relation to a specific issue.
Paris School academic Didier Bigo coined the term 'Banopticon' to describe a situation where profiling technologies are used to determine who to place under surveillance.
In their 2004 book Welcome to the Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control, Derrick Jensen and George Draffan called Bentham "one of the pioneers of modern surveillance" and argued that his panopticon prison design serves as the model for modern supermaximum security prisons, such as Pelican Bay State Prison in California. In the 2015 book Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness, Simone Browne noted that Bentham travelled on a ship carrying slaves as cargo while drafting his panopticon proposal. She argues that the structure of chattel slavery haunts the theory of the panopticon. She proposes that the 1789 plan of the slave ship Brookes should be regarded as the paradigmatic blueprint. Drawing on Didier Bigo's Banopticon, Browne argues that society is ruled by exceptionalism of power, where the state of emergency becomes permanent and certain groups are excluded on the basis of their future potential behaviour as determined through profiling.
Surveillance technology
The metaphor of the panopticon prison has been employed to analyse the social significance of surveillance by closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in public spaces. In 1990, Mike Davis reviewed the design and operation of a shopping mall, with its centralised control room, CCTV cameras and security guards, and came to the conclusion that it "plagiarizes brazenly from Jeremy Bentham's renowned nineteenth-century design". In their 1996 study of CCTV camera installations in British cities, Nicholas Fyfe and Jon Bannister called central and local government policies that facilitated the rapid spread of CCTV surveillance a dispersal of an "electronic panopticon". Particular attention has been drawn to the similarities of CCTV with Bentham's prison design because CCTV technology enabled, in effect, a central observation tower, staffed by an unseen observer.
Employment and management
Shoshana Zuboff used the metaphor of the panopticon in her 1988 book In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power to describe how computer technology makes work more visible. Zuboff examined how computer systems were used for employee monitoring to track the behavior and output of workers. She used the term 'panopticon' because the workers could not tell that they were being spied on, while the manager was able to check their work continuously. Zuboff argued that there is a collective responsibility formed by the hierarchy in the information panopticon that eliminates subjective opinions and judgements of managers on their employees. Because each employee's contribution to the production process is translated into objective data, it becomes more important for managers to be able to analyze the work rather than analyze the people.
Foucault's use of the panopticon metaphor shaped the debate on workplace surveillance in the 1970s. In 1981 the sociologist Anthony Giddens expressed scepticism about the ongoing surveillance debate, criticising that "Foucault's 'archaeology', in which human beings do not make their own history but are swept along by it, does not adequately acknowledge that those subject to the power ... are knowledgeable agents, who resist, blunt or actively alter the conditions of life." The social alienation of workers and management in the industrialised production process had long been studied and theorised. In the 1950s and 1960s, the emerging behavioural science approach led to skills testing and recruitment processes that sought out employees that would be organisationally committed. Fordism, Taylorism and bureaucratic management of factories was still assumed to reflect a mature industrial society. The Hawthorne Plant experiments (1924–1933) and a significant number of subsequent empirical studies led to the reinterpretation of alienation: instead of being a given power relationship between the worker and management, it came to be seen as hindering progress and modernity. The increasing employment in the service industries has also been re-evaluated. In Entrapped by the electronic panopticon? Worker resistance in the call centre (2000), Phil Taylor and Peter Bain argue that the large number of people employed in call centres undertake predictable and monotonous work that is badly paid and offers few prospects. As such, they argue, it is comparable to factory work.
The panopticon has become a symbol of the extreme measures that some companies take in the name of efficiency as well as to guard against employee theft. Time-theft by workers has become accepted as an output restriction and theft has been associated by management with all behaviour that include avoidance of work. In the past decades "unproductive behaviour" has been cited as rationale for introducing a range of surveillance techniques and the vilification of employees who resist them. In a 2009 paper by Max Haiven and Scott Stoneman entitled Wal-Mart: The Panopticon of Time and the 2014 book by Simon Head Mindless: Why Smarter Machines Are Making Dumber Humans, which describes conditions at an Amazon depot in Augsburg, it is argued that catering at all times to the desires of the customer can lead to increasingly oppressive corporate environments and quotas in which many warehouse workers can no longer keep up with demands of management.
Social media
The concept of panopticon has been referenced in early discussions about the impact of social media. The notion of dataveillance was coined by Roger Clarke in 1987, since then academic researchers have used expressions such as superpanopticon (Mark Poster 1990), panoptic sort (Oscar H. Gandy Jr. 1993) and electronic panopticon (David Lyon 1994) to describe social media. Because the controlled is at the center and surrounded by those who watch, early surveillance studies treat social media as a reverse panopticon.
In modern academic literature on social media, terms like lateral surveillance, social searching, and social surveillance are employed to critically evaluate the effects of social media. However, the sociologist Christian Fuchs treats social media like a classical panopticon. He argues that the focus should not be on the relationship between the users of a medium, but the relationship between the users and the medium. Therefore, he argues that the relationship between the large number of users and the sociotechnical Web 2.0 platform, like Facebook, amounts to a panopticon. Fuchs draws attention to the fact that use of such platforms requires identification, classification and assessment of users by the platforms and therefore, he argues, the definition of privacy must be reassessed to incorporate stronger consumer protection and protection of citizens from corporate surveillance.
Art and literature
According to professor Donald Preziosi, the panopticon prison of Bentham resonates with the memory theatre of Giulio Camillo, where the sitting observer is at the centre and the phenomena are categorised in an array, which makes comparison, distinction, contrast and variation legible. Among the architectural references Bentham quoted for his panopticon prison was Ranelagh Gardens, a London pleasure garden with a dome built around 1742. At the center of the rotunda beneath the dome was an elevated platform from which a 360 degrees panorama could be viewed, illuminated through skylights. Professor Nicholas Mirzoeff compares the panopticon with the 19th-century diorama, because the architecture is arranged so that the seer views cells or galleries.
In 1854 the work on the building that was to house the Royal Panopticon of Science and Art in London was completed. The rotunda at the centre of the building was encircled with a 91-meter procession. The interior reflected the taste for religiously meaningless ornament and emerged from the contemporary taste for recreational learning. Visitors of the Royal Panopticon of Science and Art could view changing exhibits, including vacuum flasks, a pin making machine, and a cook stove. However, a competitive entertainment industry emerged in London and despite the varying music, the large fountains, interesting experiments, and opportunities for shopping, two years after opening the amateur science panopticon project closed.
Panopticon principle is the central idea in the plot of We (), a dystopian novel by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin, written 1920–1921. Zamyatin goes beyond a concept of a single prison and projects panopticon principles to the whole society where people live in buildings with fully transparent walls.
Foucault's theories positioned Bentham's panopticon prison in the social structures of 1970s Europe. This led to the widespread use of the panopticon in literature, comic books, computer games, and TV series. In Doctor Who, an abandoned panopticon is featured. In the 1981 the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel García Márquez on the murder of Santiago Nasar, chapter four is written with a view on the characters through the panopticon of Riohacha. Angela Carter, in her 1984 novel Nights at the Circus, linked the panopticon of Countes P to a "perverse honeycomb" and made the character the matriarchal queen bee. In the 2011 TV series, Person of Interest, Foucault's panopticon is used to grasp the pressure under which the character Harold Finch suffers in the post-9/11 United States of America. The horror fiction podcast The Magnus Archives features a modified version of the Millbank Prison panopticon.
See also
Atrium (architecture)
Architecture
Consumerism
Heterotopia (space)
Landscapes of power
Mass surveillance
PRISM (surveillance program)
Right to privacy
Social facilitation
Sousveillance
Urban planning
Total institution
Torture
References
18th century in philosophy
Jeremy Bentham
Prisons
Surveillance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cocktail%20Party
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The Cocktail Party
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The Cocktail Party is a verse drama in three acts by T. S. Eliot written in 1948 and performed in 1949 at the Edinburgh Festival. It was published in 1950. The play was the most popular of Eliot's seven plays in his lifetime, although his 1935 play, Murder in the Cathedral, is better remembered today. It focuses on a troubled married couple who, through the intervention of a mysterious stranger, settle their problems and move on with their lives.
The Cocktail Party was written while Eliot was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1950 the play had successful runs in London and New York theaters (the Broadway production received the 1950 Tony Award for Best Play).
The play starts out seeming to be a light satire of the traditional British drawing room comedy. As it progresses, however, the work becomes a darker philosophical/psychological treatment of human relations. As in many of Eliot's works, the play uses absurdist elements to expose the isolation of the human condition. In another recurring theme of Eliot's plays, the Christian martyrdom of the mistress character is seen as a sacrifice that permits the predominantly secular life of the community to continue. As a morality play, the play is based on Euripides' play Alcestis.
In 1951, in the first Theodore Spencer Memorial Lecture at Harvard University Eliot criticised his own plays in the second half of the lecture, explicitly the plays Murder in the Cathedral, The Family Reunion, and The Cocktail Party. The lecture was published as "Poetry and Drama" and later included in Eliot's 1957 collection On Poetry and Poets.
Synopsis
Edward Chamberlayne's wife Lavinia has left him, after five years of marriage, just as they are about to host a cocktail party at their London home. To keep up appearances, he pretends that she has gone to see her aunt. Later, he confesses to a mysterious Unidentified Guest that Lavinia has in fact left him. The Unidentified Guest offers to bring Lavinia back, and does so.
The Unidentified Guest turns out to be the 'psychiatrist' Sir Henry Harcourt-Reilly. Edward and Lavinia both consult with Reilly at his office. He tells them that they have been deceiving themselves and must face life's realities: their life together, though hollow and superficial, is preferable to life apart. This message is difficult for the play's third main character, Celia, to accept. She, at the psychiatrist's urging, sets out upon the path to sainthood, embracing a life of greater honesty and salvation that leads her to become a Christian mystic fated to endure martyrdom on the fictional Eastern island of Kinkanja. Following Celia's consultation with the 'psychiatrist', it is revealed that the characters Reilly, Julia, and Alex are not, in fact, humans but angelic beings dedicated to the 'transhumanising' of the human soul: two paths lie open to humans: the first being the way of companionable self-deception ('the hearth') embraced by the vast majority – as epitomised in the relationship between Edward and Lavinia, and the second that of the saint, embraced by a gifted — or burdened — few.
Two years later, Edward and Lavinia, now better adjusted, host another cocktail party, at which they are told by Alex of Celia's martyrdom, for which they confess feeling a measure of guilt at what they consider the tragic waste of her life, but which Reilly considers a triumph. It is further hinted that Peter Quilpe is another of the rare individuals destined, like Celia, to follow the arduous but fulfilling path to sainthood/enlightenment.
Characters
Edward Chamberlayne
Lavinia Chamberlayne
Celia Coplestone, with whom Edward has had an affair
Peter Quilpe, who yearns for Celia
Julia Shuttlethwaite
Alexander MacColgie Gibbs
An Unidentified Guest, later identified as Sir Henry Harcourt-Reilly
A Nurse-Secretary (secretary to Sir Henry)
Productions
After its debut at the Edinburgh Festival in 1949 with Alec Guinness in the role of the unidentified guest, produced by Henry Sherek and directed by E. Martin Browne, The Cocktail Party premiered on Broadway on 21 January 1950 at the Henry Miller's Theatre and ran for 409 performances. Produced by Gilbert Miller and directed by E. Martin Browne, the production starred Guinness as the mysterious stranger. It received the 1950 Tony Award for Best Play. The play also ran in London with Rex Harrison as the unidentified guest.
A revival opened on 7 October 1968 at the Lyceum Theatre and ran for 44 performances. The Chamberlaynes were played by Brian Bedford and Frances Sternhagen, with Sydney Walker as the mysterious stranger.
Guinness returned to the role of the unidentified guest at the Chichester Festival Theatre under his own direction in 1968, taking the production to London later in the year.
In the spring of 2010, the New York-based Off-Broadway company The Actors Company Theatre (TACT) presented the play.
References
Further reading
T. S. Eliot, The Complete Poems and Plays
Grover Smith, T.S. Eliot's Poetry and Plays: A Study in Sources and Meaning
E. Martin Browne, The Making of T.S. Eliot's Plays.
External links
1950 plays
Broadway plays
Faber and Faber books
Plays based on works by Euripides
Plays by T. S. Eliot
Tony Award-winning plays
Works based on Alcestis (play)
Modern adaptations of works by Euripides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Beaumont
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De Beaumont
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De Beaumont may refer to:
House of Beaumont, a Norman family
de Beaumont Foundation, a US charitable foundation
Charles de Beaumont (1902-1972), British Olympic fencer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Hofstra%20Flying%20Dutchmen%20football%20team
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1963 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen football team
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The 1963 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen football team was an American football team that represented Hofstra University during the 1963 NCAA College Division football season. Hofstra was nominally a member of the Middle Atlantic Conference, College–Northern Division, but played no games within the division.
In their 14th year under head coach Howard "Howdy" Myers Jr., the Flying Dutchmen compiled a 3–6 record, and were outscored 234 to 219. Ray DiScala and Len Garille were the team captains.
This was Hofstra's last year in the MAC College–Northern Division. Just before the season began, the MAC's executive committee approved Hofstra's transfer to the more competitive University Division, effective in September 1964. In six years of MAC football play, Hofstra had never played enough College Division teams to qualify for the division championship, instead playing mostly local opponents in the New York metropolitan area and New England, as well as several members of the MAC University Division. The 1963 schedule featured no MAC College Division opponents and only one MAC University Division opponent, Temple.
With their first home game of 1963, the Flying Dutchmen opened their new home field, Hofstra Stadium in Hempstead on Long Island, New York.
Schedule
References
Hofstra
Hofstra Pride football seasons
Hofstra Flying Dutchmen football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Feelin%27s%20Good
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The Feelin's Good
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The Feelin's Good is a compilation album of tracks recorded by jazz tenor saxophonist Hank Mobley during a single recording session in 1963. It was released on the Music Matters label. It features performances by Mobley, Donald Byrd, Herbie Hancock, Butch Warren and Philly Joe Jones.
The songs were originally released as follows: "Old World, New Imports" and "Up A Step", appeared on No Room for Squares released in 1964. "East Of The Village" and "The Good Life", appeared on The Turnaround! released in 1965 and the remaining two tracks, "The Feelin's Good" and "Yes Indeed", were not released until 1985 as part of the album Straight No Filter. In 2013, the company Music Matters released this compilation album.
Reception
Greg Simmons of All About Jazz praised the album as one of Mobley's best.
Track listing
All compositions by Hank Mobley, except as noted
"The Feelin's Good"
"Up A Step"
"The Good Life" (Sacha Distel, Jack Reardon)
"East of the Village"
"Yes Indeed" (Sy Oliver)
"Old World, New Imports"
Personnel
Hank Mobley – tenor saxophone
Donald Byrd – trumpet
Herbie Hancock – piano
Butch Warren – bass
Philly Joe Jones – drums
References
2013 albums
Albums produced by Alfred Lion
Blue Note Records albums
Hank Mobley albums
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshaya%20Glushitsa%2C%20Volgograd%20Oblast
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Bolshaya Glushitsa, Volgograd Oblast
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Bolshaya Glushitsa () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovka Urban Okrug, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 105 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.
Geography
Bolshaya Glushitsa is located 37 km northeast of Mikhaylovka. Sennoy is the nearest rural locality.
History
As of 1859, Bolshaya Glushitsa was in the list of settlements of the Don Cossacks under No. 1787. There were 10 households in the village, 27 men and 30 women.
References
Rural localities in Mikhaylovka urban okrug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway%20track
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Railway track
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A railway track (British English and UIC terminology) or railroad track (American English), also known as a train track or permanent way (often "perway" in Australia), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties (sleepers, British English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers; since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
Historical development
The first railway in Britain was the Wollaton Wagonway, built in 1603 between Wollaton and Strelley in Nottinghamshire. It used wooden rails and was the first of around 50 wooden-railed tramways built over the next 164 years. These early wooden tramways typically used rails of oak or beech, attached to wooden sleepers with iron or wooden nails. Gravel or small stones were packed around the sleepers to hold them in place and provide a walkway for the people or horses that moved wagons along the track. The rails were usually about long and were not joined - instead, adjacent rails were laid on a common sleeper. The straight rails could be angled at these joints to form primitive curved track.
The first iron rails laid in Britain were at the Darby Ironworks in Coalbrookdale in 1767.
When steam locomotives were introduced, starting in 1804, the track then in use proved too weak to carry the additional weight. Richard Trevithick's pioneering locomotive at Pen-y-darren broke the plateway track and had to be withdrawn. As locomotives became more widespread in the 1810s and 1820s, engineers built rigid track formations, with iron rails mounted on stone sleepers, and cast-iron chairs holding them in place. This proved to be a mistake, and was soon replaced with flexible track structures that allowed a degree of elastic movement as trains passed over them.
Structure
Traditional track structure
Traditionally, tracks are constructed using flat-bottomed steel rails laid on and spiked or screwed into timber or pre-stressed concrete sleepers (known as ties in North America), with crushed stone ballast placed beneath and around the sleepers.
Most modern railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails that are attached to the sleepers with base plates that spread the load. When concrete sleepers are used, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tie plate. Rail is usually attached to the sleeper with resilient fastenings, although cut spikes are widely used in North America. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, and a considerable amount of this track remains on secondary and tertiary routes.
In North America and Australia, flat-bottomed rails were typically fastened to the sleepers with dog spikes through a flat tie plate. In Britain and Ireland, bullhead rails were carried in cast-iron chairs which were spiked to the sleepers. In 1936, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway pioneered the conversion to flat-bottomed rail in Britain, though earlier lines had made some use of it.
Jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. However, the intrinsic weakness in resisting vertical loading results in the ballast becoming depressed and a heavy maintenance workload is imposed to prevent unacceptable geometrical defects at the joints. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the fishplate (joint bar) mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads.
Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, chromated copper arsenate, or other wood preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications.
The track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage.
Ballastless track
A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore the desired track geometry and smoothness of vehicle running. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly on its upper surface (using a resilient pad).
There are a number of proprietary systems; variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab and the use of pre-cast pre-stressed concrete units laid on a base layer. Many permutations of design have been put forward.
However, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance. Ballastless track is usually considered for new very high speed or very high loading routes, in short extensions that require additional strength (e.g. railway stations), or for localised replacement where there are exceptional maintenance difficulties, for example in tunnels. Most rapid transit lines and rubber-tyred metro systems use ballastless track.
Continuous longitudinally supported track
Early railways (c. 1840s) experimented with continuous bearing railtrack, in which the rail was supported along its length, with examples including Brunel's baulk road on the Great Western Railway, as well as use on the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to a design by John Hawkshaw, and elsewhere. Continuous-bearing designs were also promoted by other engineers. The system was tested on the Baltimore and Ohio railway in the 1840s, but was found to be more expensive to maintain than rail with cross sleepers.
This type of track still exists on some bridges on Network Rail where the timber baulks are called waybeams or longitudinal timbers. Generally the speed over such structures is low.
Later applications of continuously supported track include Balfour Beatty's 'embedded slab track', which uses a rounded rectangular rail profile (BB14072) embedded in a slipformed (or pre-cast) concrete base (development 2000s). The 'embedded rail structure', used in the Netherlands since 1976, initially used a conventional UIC 54 rail embedded in concrete, and later developed (late 1990s) to use a 'mushroom' shaped SA42 rail profile; a version for light rail using a rail supported in an asphalt concrete–filled steel trough has also been developed (2002).
Modern ladder track can be considered a development of baulk road. Ladder track utilizes sleepers aligned along the same direction as the rails with rung-like gauge restraining cross members. Both ballasted and ballastless types exist.
Rail
Modern track typically uses hot-rolled steel with a profile of an asymmetrical rounded I-beam. Unlike some other uses of iron and steel, railway rails are subject to very high stresses and have to be made of very high-quality steel alloy. It took many decades to improve the quality of the materials, including the change from iron to steel. The stronger the rails and the rest of the trackwork, the heavier and faster the trains the track can carry.
Other profiles of rail include: bullhead rail; grooved rail; flat-bottomed rail (Vignoles rail or flanged T-rail); bridge rail (inverted U–shaped used in baulk road); and Barlow rail (inverted V).
North American railroads until the mid- to late-20th century used rails long so they could be carried in gondola cars (open wagons), often long; as gondola sizes increased, so did rail lengths.
According to the Railway Gazette International the planned-but-cancelled 150-kilometre rail line for the Baffinland Iron Mine, on Baffin Island, would have used older carbon steel alloys for its rails, instead of more modern, higher performance alloys, because modern alloy rails can become brittle at very low temperatures.
Iron-topped wooden rails
Early North American railroads used iron on top of wooden rails as an economy measure but gave up this method of construction after the iron came loose, began to curl, and intruded into the floors of the coaches. The iron strap rail coming through the floors of the coaches came to be referred to as "snake heads" by early railroaders.
The Deeside Tramway in North Wales used this form of rail. It opened around 1870 and closed in 1947, with long sections still using these rails. It was one of the last uses of iron-topped wooden rails.
Rail classification (weight)
Rail is graded by its linear density, that is, its mass over a standard length. Heavier rail can support greater axle loads and higher train speeds without sustaining damage than lighter rail, but at a greater cost. In North America and the United Kingdom, rail is graded in pounds per yard (usually shown as pound or lb), so 130-pound rail would weigh . The usual range is . In Europe, rail is graded in kilograms per metre and the usual range is . The heaviest rail mass-produced was and was rolled for the Pennsylvania Railroad. The United Kingdom is in the process of transitioning from the imperial to metric rating of rail.
Rail lengths
The rails used in rail transport are produced in sections of fixed length. Rail lengths are made as long as possible, as the joints between rails are a source of weakness. Throughout the history of rail production, lengths have increased as manufacturing processes have improved.
Timeline
The following are lengths of single sections produced by steel mills, without any thermite welding. Shorter rails may be welded with flashbutt welding, but the following rail lengths are unwelded.
(1767) Richard Reynolds laid the first iron rails at Coalbrookdale.
(1825) Stockton and Darlington Railway
(1830) Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Fish-belly rails at , laid mostly on stone blocks
(1831) long and weighing , reached Philadelphia the first use of the flanged T rail in the United States
(1880) United States to suit gondola waggons
(1928) London, Midland and Scottish Railway
(1950) British Rail
(1900) – steel works weighing machine for rails (steelyard balance)
(1940s) – double 39 ft US
(1953) Australia
Welding of rails into longer lengths was first introduced around 1893, making train rides quieter and safer. With the introduction of thermite welding after 1899, the process became less labour-intensive, and ubiquitous.
(1895) Hans Goldschmidt developed exothermic welding
(1899) the Essen Tramway became the first railway to use thermite welding; also suited track circuits
(1904) George Pellissier welded the Holyoke Street Railway, first to use the process in the Americas
(1935) Charles Cadwell developed non-ferrous exothermic welding
(1950) welded – (4 x )
Modern production techniques allowed the production of longer unwelded segments.
(2011) Voestalpine,
(2011) Jindal
(2013) Tata Steel Europe
Multiples
Newer longer rails tend to be made as simple multiples of older shorter rails, so that old rails can be replaced without cutting. Some cutting would be needed as slightly longer rails are needed on the outside of sharp curves compared to the rails on the inside.
Boltholes
Rails can be supplied pre-drilled with boltholes for fishplates or without where they will be welded into place. There are usually two or three boltholes at each end.
Joining rails
Rails are produced in fixed lengths and need to be joined end-to-end to make a continuous surface on which trains may run. The traditional method of joining the rails is to bolt them together using metal fishplates (jointbars in the US), producing jointed track. For more modern usage, particularly where higher speeds are required, the lengths of rail may be welded together to form continuous welded rail (CWR).
Jointed track
Jointed track is made using lengths of rail, usually around long (in the UK) and long (in North America), bolted together using perforated steel plates known as fishplates (UK) or joint bars (North America).
Fishplates are usually long, used in pairs either side of the rail ends and bolted together (usually four, but sometimes six bolts per joint). The bolts have alternating orientations so that in the event of a derailment and a wheel flange striking the joint, only some of the bolts will be sheared, reducing the likelihood of the rails misaligning with each other and exacerbating the derailment. This technique is not applied universally; European practice being to have all the bolt heads on the same side of the rail.
Small gaps which function as expansion joints are deliberately left between the rail ends to allow for expansion of the rails in hot weather. European practice was to have the rail joints on both rails adjacent to each other, while North American practice is to stagger them. Because of these small gaps, when trains pass over jointed tracks they make a "clickety-clack" sound. Unless it is well-maintained, jointed track does not have the ride quality of welded rail and is less desirable for high speed trains. However, jointed track is still used in many countries on lower speed lines and sidings, and is used extensively in poorer countries due to the lower construction cost and the simpler equipment required for its installation and maintenance.
A major problem of jointed track is cracking around the bolt holes, which can lead to breaking of the rail head (the running surface). This was the cause of the Hither Green rail crash which caused British Railways to begin converting much of its track to continuous welded rail.
Insulated joints
Where track circuits exist for signalling purposes, insulated block joints are required. These compound the weaknesses of ordinary joints. Specially-made glued joints, where all the gaps are filled with epoxy resin, increase the strength again.
As an alternative to the insulated joint, audio frequency track circuits can be employed using a tuned loop formed in approximately of the rail as part of the blocking circuit. Some insulated joints are unavoidable within turnouts.
Another alternative is an axle counter, which can reduce the number of track circuits and thus the number of insulated rail joints required.
Continuous welded rail
Most modern railways use continuous welded rail (CWR), sometimes referred to as ribbon rails. In this form of track, the rails are welded together by utilising flash butt welding to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres long. Because there are few joints, this form of track is very strong, gives a smooth ride, and needs less maintenance; trains can travel on it at higher speeds and with less friction. Welded rails are more expensive to lay than jointed tracks, but have much lower maintenance costs. The first welded track was used in Germany in 1924. and has become common on main lines since the 1950s.
The preferred process of flash butt welding involves an automated track-laying machine running a strong electric current through the touching ends of two unjoined rails. The ends become white hot due to electrical resistance and are then pressed together forming a strong weld. Thermite welding is used to repair or splice together existing CWR segments. This is a manual process requiring a reaction crucible and form to contain the molten iron.
North American practice is to weld segments of rail at a rail facility and load it on a special train to carry it to the job site. This train is designed to carry many segments of rail which are placed so they can slide off their racks to the rear of the train and be attached to the ties (sleepers) in a continuous operation.
If not restrained, rails would lengthen in hot weather and shrink in cold weather. To provide this restraint, the rail is prevented from moving in relation to the sleeper by use of clips or anchors. Attention needs to be paid to compacting the ballast effectively, including under, between, and at the ends of the sleepers, to prevent the sleepers from moving. Anchors are more common for wooden sleepers, whereas most concrete or steel sleepers are fastened to the rail by special clips that resist longitudinal movement of the rail. There is no theoretical limit to how long a welded rail can be. However, if longitudinal and lateral restraint are insufficient, the track could become distorted in hot weather and cause a derailment. Distortion due to heat expansion is known in North America as sun kink, and elsewhere as buckling. In extreme hot weather special inspections are required to monitor sections of track known to be problematic. In North American practice, extreme temperature conditions will trigger slow orders to allow for crews to react to buckling or "sun kinks" if encountered. The German railway company Deutsche Bahn is starting to paint rails white to lower the peak temperatures reached in summer days.
After new segments of rail are laid, or defective rails replaced (welded-in), the rails can be artificially stressed if the temperature of the rail during laying is cooler than what is desired. The stressing process involves either heating the rails, causing them to expand, or stretching the rails with hydraulic equipment. They are then fastened (clipped) to the sleepers in their expanded form. This process ensures that the rail will not expand much further in subsequent hot weather. In cold weather the rails try to contract, but because they are firmly fastened, cannot do so. In effect, stressed rails are a bit like a piece of stretched elastic firmly fastened down. In extremely cold weather, rails are heated to prevent "pull aparts".
CWR is laid (including fastening) at a temperature roughly midway between the extremes experienced at that location. (This is known as the "rail neutral temperature".) This installation procedure is intended to prevent tracks from buckling in summer heat or pulling apart in the winter cold. In North America, because broken rails are typically detected by interruption of the current in the signaling system, they are seen as less of a potential hazard than undetected heat kinks.
Joints are used in the continuous welded rail when necessary, usually for signal circuit gaps. Instead of a joint that passes straight across the rail, the two rail ends are sometimes cut at an angle to give a smoother transition. In extreme cases, such as at the end of long bridges, a breather switch (referred to in North America and Britain as an expansion joint) gives a smooth path for the wheels while allowing the end of one rail to expand relative to the next rail.
Sleepers
A sleeper (tie) is a rectangular object on which the rails are supported and fixed. The sleeper has two main roles: to transfer the loads from the rails to the track ballast and the ground underneath, and to hold the rails to the correct width apart (to maintain the rail gauge). They are generally laid transversely to the rails.
Fixing rails to sleepers
Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the sleeper. Historically, spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the sleeper. More recently, springs (such as Pandrol clips) are used to fix the rail to the sleeper chair.
Portable track
Sometimes rail tracks are designed to be portable and moved from one place to another as required. During construction of the Panama Canal, tracks were moved around excavation works. These track gauge were and the rolling stock full size. Portable tracks have often been used in open pit mines. In 1880 in New York City, sections of heavy portable track (along with much other improvised technology) helped in the epic move of the ancient obelisk in Central Park to its final location from the dock where it was unloaded from the cargo ship SS Dessoug.
Cane railways often had permanent tracks for the main lines, with portable tracks serving the canefields themselves. These tracks were narrow gauge (for example, ) and the portable track came in straights, curves, and turnouts, rather like on a model railway.
Decauville was a source of many portable light rail tracks, also used for military purposes.
The permanent way is so called because temporary way tracks were often used in the construction of that permanent way.
Layout
The geometry of the tracks is three-dimensional by nature, but the standards that express the speed limits and other regulations in the areas of track gauge, alignment, elevation, curvature and track surface are usually expressed in two separate layouts for horizontal and vertical.
Horizontal layout is the track layout on the horizontal plane. This involves the layout of three main track types: tangent track (straight line), curved track, and track transition curve (also called transition spiral or spiral) which connects between a tangent and a curved track.
Vertical layout is the track layout on the vertical plane including the concepts such as crosslevel, cant and gradient.
A sidetrack is a railroad track other than siding that is auxiliary to the main track. The word is also used as a verb (without object) to refer to the movement of trains and railcars from the main track to a siding, and in common parlance to refer to giving in to distractions apart from a main subject. Sidetracks are used by railroads to order and organise the flow of rail traffic.
Gauge
During the early days of rail, there was considerable variation in the gauge used by different systems, and in the UK during the railway building boom of the 1840s Brunel's broad gauge of was in competition with what was referred to at the time as the 'narrow' gauge of . Eventually the gauge won the battle, and became the standard gauge, with the term 'narrow gauge' henceforth used for gauges narrower than the new standard. , about 60% of the world's railways use a gauge of , known as standard or international gauge Gauges wider than standard gauge are called broad gauge; narrower, narrow gauge. Some stretches of track are dual gauge, with three (or sometimes four) parallel rails in place of the usual two, to allow trains of two different gauges to use the same track.
Gauge can safely vary over a range. For example, U.S. federal safety standards allow standard gauge to vary from to for operation up to .
Maintenance
Track needs regular maintenance to remain in good order, especially when high-speed trains are involved. Inadequate maintenance may lead to a "slow order" (North American terminology, or temporary speed restriction in the United Kingdom) being imposed to avoid accidents (see Slow zone). Track maintenance was at one time hard manual labour, requiring teams of labourers, or trackmen (US: gandy dancers; UK: platelayers; Australia: fettlers), who used lining bars to correct irregularities in horizontal alignment (line) of the track, and tamping and jacks to correct vertical irregularities (surface). Currently, maintenance is facilitated by a variety of specialised machines.
The surface of the head of each of the two rails can be maintained by using a railgrinder.
Common maintenance jobs include changing sleepers, lubricating and adjusting switches, tightening loose track components, and surfacing and lining track to keep straight sections straight and curves within maintenance limits. The process of sleeper and rail replacement can be automated by using a track renewal train.
Spraying ballast with herbicide to prevent weeds growing through and redistributing the ballast is typically done with a special weed killing train.
Over time, ballast is crushed or moved by the weight of trains passing over it, periodically requiring relevelling ("tamping") and eventually to be cleaned or replaced. If this is not done, the tracks may become uneven, causing swaying, rough riding and possibly derailments. An alternative to tamping is to lift the rails and sleepers and reinsert the ballast beneath. For this, specialist "stoneblower" trains are used.
Rail inspections utilize nondestructive testing methods to detect internal flaws in the rails. This is done by using specially equipped HiRail trucks, inspection cars, or in some cases, handheld inspection devices.
Rails must be replaced before the railhead profile wears to a degree that may trigger a derailment. Worn mainline rails usually have sufficient life remaining to be used on a branch line, siding or stub afterwards and are "cascaded" to those applications.
The environmental conditions along railroad track create a unique railway ecosystem. This is particularly so in the United Kingdom, where steam locomotives are only used on special services and vegetation has not been trimmed back so thoroughly. This creates a fire risk in prolonged dry weather.
In the UK, the cess is used by track repair crews to walk to a work site, and as a safe place to stand when a train is passing. This helps when doing minor work, while needing to keep trains running, by not needing a Hi-railer or transport vehicle blocking the line to transport crew to get to the site.
Bed and foundation
Railway tracks are generally laid on a bed of stone track ballast or track bed, which in turn is supported by prepared earthworks known as the track formation. The formation comprises the subgrade and a layer of sand or stone dust (often sandwiched in impervious plastic), known as the blanket, which restricts the upward migration of wet clay or silt. There may also be layers of waterproof fabric to prevent water penetrating to the subgrade. The track and ballast form the permanent way. The foundation may refer to the ballast and formation, i.e. all man-made structures below the tracks.
Some railroads are using asphalt pavement below the ballast in order to keep dirt and moisture from moving into the ballast and spoiling it. The fresh asphalt also serves to stabilize the ballast so it does not move around so easily.
Additional measures are required where the track is laid over permafrost, such as on the Qingzang Railway in Tibet. For example, transverse pipes through the subgrade allow cold air to penetrate the formation and prevent that subgrade from melting.
Geosynthetic reinforcement
Geosynthetics are used to reduce or replace traditional layers in trackbed construction and rehabilitation worldwide to improve track support and reduce track maintenance costs. Reinforcement geosynthetics, such as geocells (which rely on 3D soil confinement mechanisms) have demonstrated efficacy in stabilizing soft subgrade soils and reinforcing substructural layers to limit progressive track degradation. Reinforcement geosynthetics increase soil bearing capacity, limit ballast movement and degradation and reduce differential settlement that affects track geometry. They also reduce construction time and cost, while reducing environmental impact and carbon footprint. The increased use of geosynthetic reinforcement solutions is supported by new high-performance geocell materials (e.g., NPA - Novel Polymeric Alloy), published research, case studies projects and international standards (ISO, ASTM, CROW/SBRCURnet)
The hybrid use of high-performance geogrids at the subgrade and high-performance geocell in the upper subbase/subballast layer has been shown to increase the reinforcement factor greater than their separate sums, and is particularly effective in attenuating heaving of expansive subgrade clay soils. A field test project on Amtrak's NE Corridor suffering clay mud-pumping demonstrated how the hybrid solution improved track quality index (TQI) significantly reduced track geometry degradation and lowered track surface maintenance by factor of 6.7x utilizing high-performance NPA geocell. Geosynthetic reinforcement is also used to stabilize railway embankments, which must be robust enough to withstand repeated cyclical loading. Geocells can utilize recycled marginal or poorly graded granular material to create stable embankments, make railway construction more economical and sustainable.
Buses
Some buses can use tracks. This concept came out of Germany and was called . The first such track, the O-Bahn Busway, was built in Adelaide, Australia.
See also
Degree of curvature
Difference between train and tram rails
Exothermic welding
Gauntlet track
Glossary of rail terminology (including US/UK and other regional/national differences)
Maglev
Minimum railway curve radius
Monorail
Permanent way (history)
Rack railway
Rail profile
Roll way, part of the track of a rubber-tyred metro
Rubber-tyred metro
Street running
Subgrade
Tie plate
TGV track construction
Tramway (industrial)
Tramway track
References
Bibliography
Pike, J., (2001), Track, Sutton Publishing,
Firuziaan, M. and Estorff, O., (2002), Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Bedding-Foundation-Soil in the Time Domain, Springer Verlag.
External links
Table of North American tee rail (flat bottom) sections
ThyssenKrupp handbook, Vignoles rail
ThyssenKrupp handbook, Light Vignoles rail
Track Details in photographs
"Drawing of England Track Laying in Sections at 200 yards an hour" Popular Mechanics, December 1930
illustrated description of the construction and maintenance of the railway
Railway technical
Railway track layouts
Structural steel
Rail infrastructure
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Directorate of Security and Presidential Protection
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The Directorate General of Security and Presidential Protection (DGSPP) is a close protection unit, administratively attached to the Algerian Republican Guard. It is responsible for the personal and immediate protection of the President of the Algerian Republic and his family.
History
Historically, the Directorate General of Presidential Security and Protection (DGSPP) was a security service attached to the Department of Intelligence and Security (DRS).
In December 1994, four armed GIA terrorists masquerading as DGSPP agents boarded Air France Flight 8969 to hijack it.
Since 2015, the Directorate General of Security and Presidential Protection (DGSPP) has been attached to the Algerian Republican Guard by decision of the President of the Republic.
The DGSPP is made up of seasoned members of the Special Intervention Group (GIS), which is considered an elite response and protection unit.
Mission
The DGSPP's mission is :
To ensure the personal and immediate protection of the President of the Republic, his family, certain personalities (former presidents, certain presidential advisers, foreign personalities visiting Algeria) as well as their official residences. This last mission is shared with different entities.
To implement all the measures necessary for the material organisation and security of the President of the Republic's travels.
Organization
DGSPP has several units that each have their own specialties and can work as much together as alone.
DGSPP has :
Traffic Unit (which takes care of predefining main and emergency routes, which takes care of urban traffic...)
Close Protection Unit (which is placed in the centre of the system, escorts the President on foot and by car and intervenes directly in the event of an incident)
Tactical Response Unit (emergency response to serious incidents, uniformed)
Support Unit (which supports protection and intervention units, including snipers, plainclothes officers, and "back up" agents)
Extraction Unit (which evacuates the President out of the area in the event of a serious incident)
Protection and Surveillance Unit (which is responsible for the protection of El Mouradia Palace, as well as the President's personal residence, and all places where the President is present. They work jointly with the Guard and Protection Units of the Republican Guard and the police or gendarmerie).
Reconnaissance units (are responsible for checking and securing areas where the president will be present both on the national territory and abroad, they work jointly with the Algerian police and gendarmerie and with local police units if they are abroad)
Logistics Unit (responsible for providing the equipment as well as specialized equipment required for the mission)
Equipment
The main weapons in staffing in the service are:
Glock 17
Smith & Wesson M&P
SIG-Sauer P228
Beretta 92
Machine pistols
HK MP5
HK MP7
Beretta M12
Assault rifles
AKMS
HK G36
ARX 160
Others
Grenades (flash, deafening...)
Smoke grenades
Kevkar protective case
Kevlar protective umbrella
Uniform
For close protection teams:
Suit
Communication headset
Protective goggles
Bullet-proof vest
For Tactical Response and Support Units:
Black jumpsuit
Rangers
Hood
Bullet-proof vest
Tactical vest
Plate carrier vest
Rangers
Gloves
Elbow and knee pads
Communication Headset
Vehicles
Among the vehicles used, some are equipped with a jamming system and others are armoured.
Command
Major General Djamel Kehal Medjdoub (2005-2015)
General Nacer Habchi (2015-2020)
General Belkacem Laribi (since 2020)
References
Military of Algeria
Protective security units
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Richmond Virginians
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The Richmond Virginians was the name of a minor league baseball franchise that played in Richmond, Virginia, from 1954 through 1964. The team competed at the Triple-A level as members of the International League, and were affiliated with the New York Yankees for nine of their 11 seasons.
History
The minor-league Virginians were the transplanted version of the International League edition of the Baltimore Orioles, who were uprooted from their Maryland home when the St. Louis Browns of Major League Baseball transferred there for the 1954 season. (The 1954 transfer was the second time the Orioles had moved to the Virginia capital. The Orioles played there during 1915–1917 when the Federal League, the outlaw "third major league", chased them temporarily from Baltimore.)
The Virginians were unaffiliated with a major league farm system during 1954 and 1955, and—despite being managed by a Hall of Famer, Luke Appling—they wallowed at the bottom of league standings. The team's fortunes improved in 1956, when it affiliated with the New York Yankees. The Virginians, the Yankees' sole Triple-A farm club after 1958, sent several key players (including Tom Tresh, Al Downing and Joe Pepitone) to the major league team, but the club's attendance figures were usually in the bottom tier of the league.
At one point, the Virginians were the only minor league affiliate of the Yankees allowed to keep their nickname instead of adopting the Yankees name. For instance, the Columbus Confederate Yankees, based in Columbus, Georgia, were forced to adopt the "Yankees" name, but made use of the Confederate flag on its uniforms.
After the 1964 season, the Virginians were transferred to Toledo, Ohio, and were renamed as the Toledo Mud Hens.
Richmond was without baseball in 1965, but gained its longtime IL franchise, the Richmond Braves, when the Atlanta Crackers transferred there the following season. After 43 seasons in Richmond, the club moved to Gwinnett County, Georgia, for the 2009 campaign. In 2010, Virginia's capital joined the Double-A Eastern League with the creation of the Richmond Flying Squirrels—formerly the Connecticut Defenders of Norwich, Connecticut—an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants.
References
Further reading
Lloyd Johnson and Miles Wolff, editors. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 1997 edition. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America.
Baseball teams established in 1954
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1964
Defunct International League teams
Baseball in Richmond, Virginia
Defunct baseball teams in Virginia
New York Yankees minor league affiliates
1954 establishments in Virginia
1964 disestablishments in Virginia
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Bill Scherrer
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William Joseph Scherrer (born January 20, 1958), is a former professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues primarily as a relief pitcher from 1982–1988. He was born in the Town of Tonawanda, New York, and graduated from Cardinal O'Hara High School there in 1976. After retirement, he moved to Grand Island, New York.
In 1984, Scherrer won his first World Series Championship as a player with the Detroit Tigers.
In 1997, he won his second World Series Championship as a scout for the Florida Marlins.
And in 2005, Scherrer won his third World Series Championship as a scout and special assistant to the general manager, Kenny Williams, for the Chicago White Sox.
On October 26, 2006, Scherrer was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame. Other inductees included fan favorites Bill Hurley, Bruce Smith, and Dave Andreychuk.
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
1958 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Chicago White Sox scouts
Cincinnati Reds players
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Detroit Tigers players
Eugene Emeralds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Maine Phillies players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Miami Marlins scouts
Nashville Sounds players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
People from Tonawanda, New York
Sportspeople from Erie County, New York
Philadelphia Phillies players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Rochester Red Wings players
Shelby Reds players
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players
Tidewater Tides players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Waterbury Reds players
Wichita Aeros players
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