Datasets:

s-emanuilov
/

rivers-qa

river_name stringlengths 4 65	question_id stringlengths 6 67	question stringlengths 30 337	answer_1 stringlengths 1 153	answer_2 stringlengths 1 171	answer_3 stringlengths 1 153 ⌀	answer_4 stringlengths 1 153	answer_5 stringlengths 1 153 ⌀	correct_answer_index int64 0 4
Aapsta	Aapsta_1	At what elevation above sea level does the Aapsta river originate?	1545 meters	1455 meters	1435 meters	1440 meters	1445 meters	4
Aapsta	Aapsta_2	The Aapsta river originates on the southern slopes of which ridge?	Abkhazia ridge	Gudauta ridge	Black Sea ridge	Southern ridge	Achbikhvdar ridge	4
Aapsta	Aapsta_1	At what elevation above sea level does the Aapsta river originate?	1545 meters	1455 meters	1435 meters	1345 meters	1445 meters	4
Aapsta	Aapsta_2	The Aapsta river originates on the southern slopes of which ridge?	Abkhazia ridge	Gudauta ridge	Black Sea ridge	Caucasus ridge	Achbikhvdar ridge	4
Aarons Creek (Dan River tributary)	Aarons Creek (Dan River tributary)_1	What is the approximate length of Aarons Creek in kilometers?	27.00 km	27.74 km	44.00 km	45.00 km	44.64 km	4
Aarons Creek (Dan River tributary)	Aarons Creek (Dan River tributary)_2	Aarons Creek is classified as which order tributary?	1st order	4th order	3rd order	5th order	2nd order	2
Abadi Creek	Abadi Creek_1	In which U.S. state is Abadi Creek situated?	Arizona	Oregon	Nevada	Washington	California	4
Abadi Creek	Abadi Creek_2	Abadi Creek is located within which specific county?	San Luis Obispo County	Santa Barbara County	Ventura County	Orange County	Los Angeles County	1
Abagadasset River	Abagadasset River_1	What is the approximate length of the Abagadasset River in kilometers?	16.7 km	16.0 km	25.0 km	26.0 km	25.7 km	4
Abagadasset River	Abagadasset River_2	The Abagadasset River is a tributary of which larger river system?	Penobscot River	Androscoggin River	Saco River	Kennebec River estuary	Kennebec River	4
Abalobadiah Creek	Abalobadiah Creek_1	What is the approximate distance of Abalobadiah Creek's mouth from the mouth of Ten Mile River along the Pacific Ocean coast?	About three miles	About two miles	About half a mile	About a quarter mile	About a mile	4
Abalobadiah Creek	Abalobadiah Creek_2	At what elevation, in meters, does Abalobadiah Creek originate in the coastal mountains?	400 m	800 m	120 m	600 m	240 m	4
Abandon Creek	Abandon Creek_1	Abandon Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	Boise River	Snake River	Salmon River	Payette River	Caribou Creek	4
Abandon Creek	Abandon Creek_2	What geographical feature is Abandon Creek located within?	The state of Oregon	The state of Montana	The state of Wyoming	The state of Washington	The U.S. state of Idaho	4
Abasha (river)	Abasha (river)_1	What is the total area of the Abasha river's catchment in square miles?	37 sq mi	66 sq mi	41 sq mi	140 sq mi	370 sq mi	3
Abasha (river)	Abasha (river)_2	Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for the Abasha river?	Abashistsqali	Abasha	Abashatskari	Abashatskari	Abashistskali	0
Abbe Creek	Abbe Creek_1	In which U.S. county is Abbe Creek located?	Johnson County	Clay County	Scott County	Cedar County	Linn County	4
Abbe Creek	Abbe Creek_2	What is the origin of the name 'Abbe Creek'?	Named after a significant battle that occurred nearby	Named after a prominent local geological feature	Named in honor of a historical Native American tribe	Named for the type of trees commonly found along its banks	Named after William Abbe, who settled there	4
Abbott Branch	Abbott Branch_1	Approximately how far east of its confluence with Courtois Creek does Missouri Route Z cross Abbott Branch?	4.0 miles	2000 feet	1.2 miles	1.9 km	1000 feet	4
Abbott Branch	Abbott Branch_2	What is the approximate distance between the headwaters of Abbott Branch and the community of Viburnum, measured in miles?	5.2 miles	1.9 km	4.0 miles	7.6 miles	1.2 miles	0
Abbotts Creek (North Carolina)	Abbotts Creek (North Carolina)_1	What is the median flow range of Abbotts Creek at Lexington, NC?	50 to 200 gallons per minute	20 to 150 cubic feet per second	100 to 250 cubic feet per second	25 to 175 cubic feet per second	50 to 200 cubic feet per second	4
Abbotts Creek (North Carolina)	Abbotts Creek (North Carolina)_2	Which entity controls and manages the lake up to the high water mark at Abbotts Creek?	Davidson County	The US Government	The state of North Carolina	Forsyth County	Alcoa	4
Abe Lord Creek	Abe Lord Creek_1	What is the precise length of Abe Lord Creek in miles?	3.50 mi	4.22 mi	1.00 mi	2.00 mi	2.62 mi	4
Abe Lord Creek	Abe Lord Creek_2	Abe Lord Creek is a tributary of which larger river system?	Allegheny River	Hudson River	Susquehanna River	Ohio River	Delaware River	4
Aberdeen Creek (Drowning Creek tributary)	Aberdeen Creek (Drowning Creek tributary)_1	What is the approximate length of Aberdeen Creek in miles?	15.75 mi	20.04 mi	10.50 mi	12.00 mi	12.45 mi	4
Aberdeen Creek (Drowning Creek tributary)	Aberdeen Creek (Drowning Creek tributary)_2	Aberdeen Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	Carolina Creek	Drowning Creek	Moore River	Aberdeen River	Lumber River	1
Aberjona River	Aberjona River_1	What is the approximate total area of the Aberjona River's watershed in square miles?	250 square miles	15 square miles	9.3 square miles	15.0 square miles	25 square miles	4
Aberjona River	Aberjona River_2	Which specific chemical, identified in a 1995 study of Upper Mystic Lake sediments, was deposited by chemical and leather industries dating from the early 1900s and is present in high concentrations?	Copper	Lead	Chromium	Zinc	Arsenic	4
Abiaca Creek	Abiaca Creek_1	Which of the following is the most accurate Choctaw etymology for 'Abiaca'?	A winding path through the forest	A place of abundant fish	The confluence of two waters	The dwelling of water spirits	The side of a swamp or creek	4
Abiaca Creek	Abiaca Creek_2	Abiaca Creek traverses which combination of Mississippi counties?	Holmes, Madison, and Leflore	Carroll, Attala, and Holmes	Leflore, Yazoo, and Carroll	Attala, Yazoo, and Madison	Carroll, Leflore, and Holmes	4
Abiqua Creek	Abiqua Creek_1	What is the approximate distance, in miles, from Abiqua Creek's confluence with the Pudding River to the point where the Pudding River meets the Molalla River?	32 miles	2 miles	29 miles	47 miles	20 miles	4
Abiqua Creek	Abiqua Creek_2	How far west of Silverton does Abiqua Creek join the Pudding River?	About 32 miles	About 1.6 miles	About 20 miles	About 47 miles	About 2 miles	4
Abita River	Abita River_1	What is the designated status of the Abita River's length from headwaters to mouth?	Designated a "Recreational Waterway"	Designated a "Navigable Waterway"	Designated a "Protected Wildlife Habitat"	Designated a "Historic Landmark River"	Designated a "Natural and Scenic River"	4
Abita River	Abita River_2	If the Abita River is 9.3 miles long, approximately how many kilometers is its total length?	20.5 km	15.0 km	9.3 km	18.6 km	12.1 km	1
Abrahams Creek	Abrahams Creek_1	What is the approximate daily sediment load of Abrahams Creek in kilograms?	45 million kilograms	14 million kilograms	17.2 million kilograms	10.7 million kilograms	31 million kilograms	4
Abrahams Creek	Abrahams Creek_2	Which of the following rock formations is NOT listed as a main component of the Abrahams Creek watershed?	The Mauch Chunk Formation	The Catskill Formation	The Llewellyn Formation	The Pocono Formation	The Onondaga Formation	4
Abram Creek (Ohio)	Abram Creek (Ohio)_1	What is the total drainage area of Abram Creek in square miles?	9.6 square miles	10.0 square miles	11.6 square miles	10.6 square kilometers	10.6 square miles	4
Abram Creek (Ohio)	Abram Creek (Ohio)_2	Which municipality contributes the largest percentage of Abram Creek's basin area?	Berea (6.6%)	Cleveland (13.1%)	Middleburg Heights (48.8%)	Parma Heights (0.2%)	Brook Park (31.3%)	2
Abram Creek (West Virginia)	Abram Creek (West Virginia)_1	What is the approximate length of Abram Creek in kilometers?	19.2 km	19.4 km	31.0 km	31.4 km	31.2 km	4
Abram Creek (West Virginia)	Abram Creek (West Virginia)_2	Abram Creek is a tributary stream of which larger river system?	Ohio River	South Branch Potomac River	Monongahela River	Allegheny River	North Branch Potomac River	4
Abrams Creek (Tennessee)	Abrams Creek (Tennessee)_1	In what year was Abrams Creek deliberately poisoned to eliminate native fish populations?	1967	1956	1958	1947	1957	4
Abrams Creek (Tennessee)	Abrams Creek (Tennessee)_2	Abrams Creek is a tributary of which larger river system?	French Broad River	Big Tennessee River	Holston River	Hiwassee River	Little Tennessee River	4
Abrams Creek (Virginia)	Abrams Creek (Virginia)_1	What is the approximate length of Abrams Creek in kilometers?	18.0 miles	11.2 km	29.2 km	11.2 miles	18.0 km	4
Abrams Creek (Virginia)	Abrams Creek (Virginia)_2	Abrams Creek originates north of which geographical landmark?	Winchester	Opequon Creek	Frederick County	Abraham's Creek	Round Hill	4
Abrams Run	Abrams Run_1	What is the geographical designation of Abrams Run?	A brook in Virginia	A river in Ohio	A creek in Pennsylvania	A waterway in Kentucky	A stream in West Virginia	4
Abrams Run	Abrams Run_2	The naming of Abrams Run is attributed to which historical figure?	Abram Williams	Abram Johnson	Abram Smith	Abram Brown	Abram Bennett	4
Accokeek Creek	Accokeek Creek_1	What is the total length of Accokeek Creek in kilometers?	15.4 miles	15.4 km	24.8 miles	30.2 km	24.8 km	4
Accokeek Creek	Accokeek Creek_2	Accokeek Creek is a tidal tributary of which larger river system?	Stafford Creek	Potomac Creek	Accokeek River	Virginia River	Potomac River	4
Accotink Creek	Accotink Creek_1	What is the approximate length of Accotink Creek in kilometers?	25.2 km	25.0 km	40.0 km	40.5 km	40.2 km	4
Accotink Creek	Accotink Creek_2	Accotink Creek is dammed to form which named lake?	Lake Potomac	Lake Springfield	Lake Gunston	Lake Belvoir	Lake Accotink	4
Acharistsqali	Acharistsqali_1	What is the total area of the Acharistsqali's drainage basin in square miles?	154 sq mi	1,540 sq mi	56 sq mi	59 sq mi	590 sq mi	4
Acharistsqali	Acharistsqali_2	If the Acharistsqali flows into the Çoruh, and the Çoruh flows into the Black Sea, what is the ultimate destination of the Acharistsqali's water?	The Aegean Sea	The Mediterranean Sea	The Black Sea	The Adriatic Sea	The Caspian Sea	2
Ackerly Creek	Ackerly Creek_1	What is the approximate drainage area of Ackerly Creek in square kilometers?	8.7 km²	14 km²	18 km²	87 km²	47 km²	4
Ackerly Creek	Ackerly Creek_2	Ackerly Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery; what type of fish were noted to inhabit it as of the 1990s?	Catfish	Salmon	Bass	Perch	Trout	4
Ackerman Creek	Ackerman Creek_1	What is the Pomo tribal name for Ackerman Creek, and what does it translate to?	California bida - golden creek	Pinole bida - water hole creek	Mendo bida - mountain creek	Native bida - sacred creek	Ya-mo bida - wind hole creek	4
Ackerman Creek	Ackerman Creek_2	Which of the following is NOT a component of the Pinoleville Pomo Nation's ongoing restoration efforts for Ackerman Creek?	Ongoing monitoring of ground water	Removal of invasive species	Propagation of non-native fish species	Propagation of native species including steelhead	Monitoring of macroinvertebrates	2
Ackerson Creek	Ackerson Creek_1	Ackerson Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	Stanislaus River	North Fork Tuolumne River	Merced River	Calaveras River	South Fork Tuolumne River	4
Ackerson Creek	Ackerson Creek_2	In which U.S. county is Ackerson Creek located?	Stanislaus County	Mariposa County	Calaveras County	Alpine County	Tuolumne County	4
Acorn Creek	Acorn Creek_1	What is the discharge rate of Acorn Creek in cubic feet per second?	2.74 gpm	2.07 cfs	3.47 cfs	2.74 m³/s	2.74 cfs	4
Acorn Creek	Acorn Creek_2	Acorn Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	Savannah River	Ocmulgee River	Flint River	Etowah River	Chattahoochee River	4
Acushnet River	Acushnet River_1	What is the approximate length of the Acushnet River in miles?	9.2 miles	13.8 miles	7.5 miles	15.0 miles	8.6 miles	4
Acushnet River	Acushnet River_2	The Wampanoag or Algonquian word 'Cushnea', meaning 'as far as the waters', was used by the original inhabitants to describe the extent of what?	The Plimouth colony's territory	A parcel of land intended for sale	The entire Buzzards Bay coastline	The furthest navigable point upstream	A specific river	1
Adair Creek	Adair Creek_1	Approximately how far downstream from its confluence with Logan Creek is the dam on Adair Creek located?	About 0.5 miles	3.5 miles	Three miles	Two miles	One mile	4
Adair Creek	Adair Creek_2	Adair Creek is a tributary of which larger waterway?	Sweetwater Mine	Missouri Route 72	Logan Creek	Missouri Route P	Missouri Route B	2
Adams Branch	Adams Branch_1	Adams Branch is a tributary of which larger river system?	Mississippi River	North Grand River	Missouri River	Osage River	South Grand River	4
Adams Branch	Adams Branch_2	In which Missouri county is Adams Branch located?	Platte County	Jackson County	Clay County	Ray County	Cass County	4
Adams Branch (Richardson Creek tributary)	Adams Branch (Richardson Creek tributary)_1	What is the approximate length of Adams Branch in kilometers?	4.64 km	4.64 km	7.47 mi	7.00 km	7.47 km	4
Adams Branch (Richardson Creek tributary)	Adams Branch (Richardson Creek tributary)_2	Adams Branch originates in which North Carolina county before flowing into Richardson Creek?	Durham County	Mecklenburg County	Wake County	Orange County	Union County	4
Adams Creek (Dutch Buffalo Creek tributary)	Adams Creek (Dutch Buffalo Creek tributary)_1	What is the approximate length of Adams Creek in miles?	9.50 miles	14.29 miles	8.00 miles	14.00 miles	8.88 miles	4
Adams Creek (Dutch Buffalo Creek tributary)	Adams Creek (Dutch Buffalo Creek tributary)_2	Adams Creek is classified as which order tributary?	4th order	2nd order	3rd order	5th order	1st order	1
Adams Hollow Creek	Adams Hollow Creek_1	Adams Hollow Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	Susquehanna River	Mill Creek	Ohio River	Hudson River	Delaware River	4
Adams Hollow Creek	Adams Hollow Creek_2	In which Pennsylvania county is Adams Hollow Creek located?	Montgomery County	Bucks County	Chester County	Delaware County	Philadelphia County	1
Addis Run	Addis Run_1	Addis Run is a tributary to which larger river system?	New River	Ohio River	Kanawha River	Monongahela River	Hughes River	4
Addis Run	Addis Run_2	What is the geographical distinction of Addis Run regarding its name within the United States?	It is the only tributary stream of this name in the United States.	It is one of three streams with this name in the United States.	It is the only stream named after a local landowner in West Virginia.	It is the only stream named Addis in the United States.	It is the only stream of this name in the United States.	4
Addison Creek (Salt Creek tributary)	Addison Creek (Salt Creek tributary)_1	What is the total length of Addison Creek in kilometers?	172 km	10.7 km	27.9 km	10.7 miles	17.2 km	4
Addison Creek (Salt Creek tributary)	Addison Creek (Salt Creek tributary)_2	Which of the following is the ultimate destination of water flowing from Addison Creek?	The Illinois River	Salt Creek	The Des Plaines River	The Gulf of Mexico	The Mississippi River	3
Addition Creek	Addition Creek_1	Addition Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	West Fork Flathead River	North Fork Flathead River	East Fork Flathead River	Middle Fork Flathead River	South Fork Flathead River	4
Addition Creek	Addition Creek_2	The naming of Addition Creek is traditionally attributed to a celebration of what event?	The discovery of a new species	The founding of a forestry station	The completion of a bridge crossing	The signing of a land treaty	The wedding of Donald Bruce	4
Adobe Creek (Santa Clara County)	Adobe Creek (Santa Clara County)_1	What is the primary reason steelhead trout runs are currently blocked from entering Adobe Creek from the Bay?	Natural geological formations that have altered the creek's course.	The construction of a dam at the creek's origin on Black Mountain.	Excessive sedimentation from upstream agricultural runoff.	The presence of invasive aquatic species introduced by human activity.	A tidal gate at the creek's mouth and a long concretized rectangular channel culminating in an impassable drop structure at El Camino Real.	4
Adobe Creek (Santa Clara County)	Adobe Creek (Santa Clara County)_2	Adobe Creek originates on Black Mountain and flows northward for approximately what distance before reaching the Palo Alto Flood Basin?	22.9 miles	14.2 miles	14.2 km	14.2 km (22.9 miles)	22.9 km	4
Adobe Creek (Sonoma County, California)	Adobe Creek (Sonoma County, California)_1	What is the approximate length of Adobe Creek in miles?	8.0 miles	12.1 miles	6.0 miles	10.0 miles	7.5 miles	4
Adobe Creek (Sonoma County, California)	Adobe Creek (Sonoma County, California)_2	Adobe Creek flows into which larger waterway?	Russian River	Napa River	Petaluma River	Sacramento River	Sonoma River	2
Adventure Creek	Adventure Creek_1	In what year was Adventure Creek named, and what was the primary reason for its designation?	1930, following a geological survey	1915, due to a significant flood event	1925, as a memorial to a local explorer	1925, because of its unique flow pattern	1925, due to a group of surveyors becoming lost	4
Adventure Creek	Adventure Creek_2	Adventure Creek is a tributary of which larger river system?	Colville River	Koyukuk River	Yukon River	Noatak River	Utukok River	4
Aeneas Creek	Aeneas Creek_1	Aeneas Creek is a tributary to which other named waterway?	Aeneas River	Flathead River	Montana Creek	Chief Creek	Graves Creek	4
Aeneas Creek	Aeneas Creek_2	The naming of Aeneas Creek is attributed to which historical figure?	A prominent U.S. politician	A Montana explorer	The first settler of the region	A Native American leader	A Flathead chieftain	4
Afton Run	Afton Run_1	What is the precise length of Afton Run in miles?	9.87 mi	9.87 mi	6.13 km	10.00 mi	6.13 mi	4
Afton Run	Afton Run_2	Afton Run is classified as what order tributary, and to which larger water body does it flow?	3rd order tributary to Coddle Creek	1st order tributary to Coddle Creek	1st order tributary to Cabarrus River	1st order tributary to a larger unnamed creek	2nd order tributary to Coddle Creek	1
Agawam River	Agawam River_1	What is the daily discharge volume of nitrogen-rich sewage effluent into the Agawam River from the Wareham Sewage Treatment plant?	17.2 kilometers	2,900 cubic meters	10.7 miles	570 acres	0.76 million US gallons	4
Agawam River	Agawam River_2	Approximately what percentage of the Agawam River's potential fish habitat is located within Halfway Pond?	76%	57%	10%	100%	36%	4
Agee Creek	Agee Creek_1	In which U.S. state is Agee Creek located?	Illinois	Arkansas	Kentucky	Tennessee	Missouri	4
Agee Creek	Agee Creek_2	What is the county of record for Agee Creek?	Greene County	Jackson County	Butler County	Clay County	St. Louis County	2
Agency Creek (Idaho)	Agency Creek (Idaho)_1	Agency Creek is a tributary of which larger river in Idaho?	Clearwater River	Salmon River	Snake River	Payette River	Lemhi River	4
Agency Creek (Idaho)	Agency Creek (Idaho)_2	What geographical feature is Agency Creek a tributary of?	Agency Falls	Agency Lake	Lemhi Range	Lemhi Valley	Lemhi River	4
Agency Creek (South Yamhill River tributary)	Agency Creek (South Yamhill River tributary)_1	Agency Creek is a tributary to which larger river system?	Columbia River	North Yamhill River	Willamette River	Oregon Coastal River	South Yamhill River	4
Agency Creek (South Yamhill River tributary)	Agency Creek (South Yamhill River tributary)_2	In which U.S. state is Agency Creek located?	Idaho	Oregon	California	Nevada	Washington	1
Agiapuk River	Agiapuk River_1	From which direction does the Agiapuk River flow into Grantley Harbor?	From the west	From the south	From the east	From the northeast	From the north	4
Agiapuk River	Agiapuk River_2	Which river is identified as a primary tributary of the Agiapuk River?	Peninsula River	Seward River	Grantley River	Alaska River	American River	4
Agiapuk River	Agiapuk River_1	From which direction does the Agiapuk River primarily receive its flow from its main tributary?	West	South	East	Northeast	North	4
Agiapuk River	Agiapuk River_2	The Agiapuk River is a tributary to which larger body of water?	Alaska Bay	Grantley Harbor	Seward Peninsula	North Pacific Ocean	American River	1

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Dataset for Evaluating Hallucination Mitigation in Language Models

This dataset contains structured question-answer pairs derived from U.S. river knowledge, designed to test factual grounding and epistemic discipline in LLMs. The dataset includes raw data for 9,538 river entities with 21 attributes (length, discharge, source/mouth locations, etc.) and an evaluation set of 17,726 question-answer pairs targeting factual relationships.

Citation

@article{ackermann2025stemming,
  title={Stemming Hallucination in Language Models Using a Licensing Oracle},
  author={Ackermann, Richard and Emanuilov, Simeon},
  year={2025}
}

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Collection including s-emanuilov/rivers-qa

Licensing Oracle (experiments)

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