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2023-12-23T13:54:57.767278
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000049-06027012-0011
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:1",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027012"
}
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06027012
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0011
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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others, like P. affine, the leaves are technically sessile; but in the greater number the leaf is attenuated into what almost equally well may be called a winged petiole or a subsessile base. In one group only, that of P. amplexicaule, the base or petiole is dilated or elasping at its insertion. Comparison of two such species as P. flavens and P. racemosum reveals a marked contrast in the position of the principal nerves which are found in all of the larger leaves in this genus,—the former being distinctly basinerved, and the latter pinnately veined. Occasionally, as in P. chrysocladon, the stronger of the nerves іп опе of the former group gives off a few fine or indistinct lateral veins: in P. Eggersii, P. peruvianum and a few others the midrib, strong and heavily branched below, disappears below the middle of the leaf; and in a very few cases the vascular group of the petiole continues for a short distance into the expanded blade before breaking into its component bundles to form the nerves of the leaf. Great differences are found in leaf texture and venation, but as a rule species that are closely related differ little in this respect. The terminalogy of such characters when observed in the herbarium is likely to prove misleading when applied to fresh material, but however it may be corrected to suit the latter it will always prove necessary when future collections are compared with the types to which they correspond. As an illustration may be cited our common eastern mistletoe, P. flavescens, which possesses rather fleshy leaves with heavy somewhat raised nerves when fresh or wilting, but appears subcoriaceous in the herbarium ; while the related P. villosum of the West Coast is rather coriaceous even when fresh. As examples of some of the extremes in this respect shown by herbarium material, may be noted P. undulatum and the aggregate of forms commonly called P. latifolium, in which a heavily raised midrib is seen beneath, while some diffieulty may be found in distinguishing its pinnately placed branches: P. robustissimum, in which the nervation is very inconspicuous in the opaque closely papillate leaves: the group of Andean species which I am calling ‘‘ Andinae’’, in which the leaf dries thin with sharply raised fine nerves: and P. flavens and its allies, which are finely nerved and venulose and wrinkled above, while beneath they are smooth and dull exeept for the nerves which projeet heavily, at least toward the base. How far the fleshiness of both stem and leaf varies in fresh material ean be inferred only for most species; but the rugulose upper surface of the leaves in those last mentioned and in the Brazilian P. chrysocladon no doubt will find ready explanation in strueture, as will the very heavy wrinkling of the stem in P. fragile and other species and its uniform fine eross-striation in P. Fici and one or two others.
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2023-12-23T13:54:57.814415
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000049-06027020-0019
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:2",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027020"
}
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06027020
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0019
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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TAXONOMIC SUMMARY—ILLUSTRATIONS 17 one region being included in each) is:—Boreales: Total 66; United States 28; Mexico 48; Central America 2; West Indies 0; South America 0. Aequatoriales: Total 211; United States 0; Mexico 29; Central America 20; West Indies 38; South America 134. Of the Boreales 41, or two-thirds, and of the Aequatoriales 87, or twofifths, are now characterized as new. <A very large percentage of the forms that have been accorded specific rank by earlier writers are still kept up even though they had passed into synonymy. Later studies, especially in the field, in the light of the conclusions now reached, may be looked to with confidence not only to bring to recognition many species not yet collected, but to make possible the trustworthy subordination or merging of some of the forms that are now held for species. As my study has proceeded, I have had the satisfaction of finding my own opinion in accord with the view of a number of the most experienced systematists, that in а monographie assemblage such as is here offered no lasting harm ean eome from the most radieal segregation of forms possible on morphologie and geographie considerations, while on the other hand a blending of widely dissociated forms or of such as differ greatly in their extremes though without as yet definable breaks in the series, e.g. P. piperoides, leaves the work to be taken up once more from the very foundation, and with referenee to all of the original materials that may have survived.
ILLUSTRATIONS
To any one who has ever wished to compare an Ameriean mistletoe with an authentic illustration, it has become evident at once that such illustrations seareely exist apart from the superb plates on which Eichler figured many of the Brazilian species. It has been my aim to pieture the more essential features of every species without alteration of size, by aid of the camera, and if possible from type specimens—not only of the species as accepted but of forms which have been given names that have passed into synonymy. That every species has been figured, and that searcely a half-dozen types, even of synonyms, are unpietured, may be my exeuse for adding that words are lacking to express adequately my gratitude to the many botanists of Europe and North Ameriea who have opened their collections to me without restrictions, and in some cases have allowed type material to follow me across the Atlantic or have replaced photographs which were unsatisfactory in the first instance. That the manuscript now completed for publication pictures for the first time 237, or nine-tenths, of the recognized forms, shows more clearly my debt to these friends than can be stated in any other words. The University of Illinois,
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2023-12-23T13:54:57.942050
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000049-06027015-0014
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:3",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027015"
}
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0014
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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12 THE GENUS PHORADENDRON
tropical species as P. chrysocarpum, said to have white or yellow berries when fresh, have the fruit represented in the herbarium with a dull leathery looking surface, the epidermal cells of which have a brassy glint as on other young parts of these plants. The pulpy red berries of P. rubrum, more or less blackened when dry, are distinctly reticulate under a lens by the outlines of their small epidermal cells, and if, as in P. commutatum, these are convex, a velvety-dullness is imparted by them to the surface. P. emarginatum and its allies, as well as P. Eggersii and a few other tropical species, have the surface of the fruit distinctly warty: such warts may be more or less confluent into wrinkles, and in P. Grisebachianum the pulp becomes very deeply wrinkled. This suggests a range of characters as yet to be made out with sufficient certainty for safe application as differential. Another fruit character that will doubtless prove of much taxonomic value should be derived from the seed and its investing coat of fibres (Pl. 10), between which and the outer skin lies the mass of viscid pulp for which mistletoes have long been known: in shape and size this appears to differ considerably when different species are compared, but its utilization must rest on comparative study of the mature fruits of many species. In most species the ripe fruit is globose, often varying into ellipsoid as in some of our southern mistletoes, or egg-shaped, as in P. chrysocarpum,—depressed and elongated modifications of these forms being frequent. Sometimes, but it is hard to tell how constantly or characteristically, a short neck with sub-parallel sides is noticeable, as in P. californicum (Pl. 8). Rarely, as in P. acinacifolium and its allies, the fruit is distinctly elongated, the ellipsoid or ovoid fruits of other groups being not much longer than thick, and in P. trinervium, which ultimately has nearly globose berries, the partly matured fruit is similarly lengthened. Usually the berries are glabrous, but in some of our western species they or their sepals are somewhat hairy ; and P. Robinsonii, P. Palmeri, and a few other tropical species, have retrorsely hirsute berries. When the fruit of P. villosum is compared with that of P. flavescens, the sepals with which the berry is crowned are seen to be ascending and somewhat separated in the former, but closely inflexed and meeting in the latter,—a difference rvable everywhere, the erect or widely parted sepals of such species acinacifolium, P. trinervium and Р. Eggersii being especially able (Pl. 8, 9). SCALES.—One of the characters most available and significant in the . Classification of the species of Phoradendron is a fundamental difference in their leaves. By far the larger number of species have unmistakable foliage, but our western group to which P. californicum and P. juniperinum belong have their leaves reduced to short thin scales (РІ. 4) which resemble those of the related genus Arceuthobiwm or Razoumofskya so
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2023-12-23T13:54:57.962549
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000049-06027014-0013
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:4",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027014"
}
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0013
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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CHARACTERS—INFLORESCENCE, FRUIT 11 arrangement of the flowers on a given spike present equally characteristic differences, but with the qualification that flowers of the uppermost joints may be fewer in number and simpler in grouping than below, while one or two of the lowest joints may be partly or entirely without flowers,—the lowermost almost universally being reduced to a sterile peduncle. The greater number of tropical species differ from those of the north in being androgynous through the occurrence of a number of staminate flowers on spike-joints that are otherwise pistillate, or, less commonly—and sometimes differentiated by the term ‘‘gynandrous’’, through the occurrence of a few pistillate flowers on otherwise staminate joints, as many of Eichler's accurately drawn plates show very beautifully. Except'in a broad way, these differences do not appear to be practically applicable in contrasting species, though representing in part morphological differences of fundamental taxonomie value. The prevailing grouping of the flowers is in 2, 4, or 6 series on each joint of the spike, 2. e., in 1, 2, or 3 ranks over each of the two scales by which it is subtended. Examples of the first and last are given by P. laxiflorum (2), and Р. flavescens (6), and where the joints are unisexual these numbers commonly prevail, though four series may be found by reduetion and as many as ten by inerease when the number is typically six. When the joints are androgynous, the staminate flowers often occur at top between the normal ranks over each seale, and this eondition is usually accentuated on luxuriant spikes and sometimes on all by the downward intrusion of a partial or eomplete third series over each seale. For the separation of the groups into which species fall, I have found it most convenient to use the prevalence of 2 or 6 series of flowers on the joint as a differential, providing as an intermediate the prevalence of the interjected two series under the designation 44-2. А glance at P. domingense (2), P. trinervium (4 or 4--2), P. hexastichum (6) and P. Lindavianum (6 to 10) will make these distinctions evident,—more than | 6 ranks being very unusual except in some tropical species with leaves venulose above and dull beneath, and in some of our northern forms. Fruit.—Unfortunately the mature fresh fruit of few species is sufficiently well known to make its description satisfactorily possible, and species that are now widely separated or brought into juxtaposition may come to rest elsewhere when subjected to the test of this character. The mistletoes with which we are acquainted in our eastern woods or which eome to our Christmas market owe their attraetiveness to translucent white berries (Pl. 24), sometimes shaded greenish yellow or ereamy,— a eolor often changing in drying for the herbarium into a sometimes seemingly glaucous blue-black, as appears to be the case with such of the tropical species as have elear white fruit. In contrast, the desert mistletoes, P. californicum, and its conifer-inhabiting allies (Pl. 4), produce honey- or straw-colored berries, more or less tinged with red, and such
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2023-12-23T13:54:57.990116
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000049-06027018-0017
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:5",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027018"
}
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0017
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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extends around the earth in the warmer zones, reaching well toward the limits of the cool-temperate latitudes in both hemispheres. Increasing knowledge of its forms has gradually led not only to the segregation of as markedly different genera as Viscum and Phoradendron, Loranthus and Psittacanthus, ete., but to recognition that nearly all of the genera are exclusively either of the New World or of the Old World—the most marked exception being the small and simple genus Arceuthobium or Razoumofskya, with American, European and Asiatic species. These facts point to anything but a recent migration of American and European stocks from the original center of distribution; at the same time they do not point to a very ancient origin for our own genera. Perhaps because of their very common occurrence in upland regions— though P. flavescens, for instance, тау be found in the greatest abundance on trees in swamps or river bottoms—and even more beeause of their generally fleshy substance with relatively little lignifieation, our mistletoes have scarcely left fossil remains, one Tertiary species, only, P. fossile of Eeuador, being recorded as thus far recognized in the genus Phoradendron. Everything considered, the genus may be regarded as probably of late Tertiary origin in the New World. When and where on this continent its two primary subdivisions came into existence will make a fascinating subjeet for future study. RANGE OF SPECIES In the geographie distribution of its species, Phoradendron is rather unusually instructive. The genus is strictly American and extends from Washington, Southern Colorado, the mouth of the Ohio River and Southern New Jersey to the mouth of the La Plata on the continent, and through the entire West Indian chain: one species occurs in the Pacific island Guadalupe, and two are found in the Galapagos group of Pacific islands—both oceanic but with American floras. None of its many species of fairly homogeneous character possesses a very wide geographic range. Marked examples of wide-spread occurrence are afforded only by such polymorphous species as what is usually called P. latifolium, or an assemblage of intricately related if differentiable species like that usually known as P. rubrum or P. quadrangulare, which range from Brazil to Central Mexico and well through the West Indies. Few species, indeed, equal in absolute range our native P. flavescens, which occurs from southern New Jersey to the lower Wabash, Oklahoma and eastern Texas, reaching southeast to the gulf and ocean. Admirably endowed with means of free dissemination through their berries with extremely viscid pulp, which leads to their dispersal by birds, these mistletoes seem limited nevertheless to a surprising extent by |
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2023-12-23T13:54:58.080216
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000049-06027017-0016
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:6",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027017"
}
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0016
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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tien to this point.
So far as I know, none of the representatives of this genus attack either tree ferns or Monocotyledons, and relatively few are found on Conifers: the majority affect woody Dicotyledons. Though sometimes, as in the case of our common mistletoe P. flavescens, occurring on a number of unrelated hosts, most of the species appear to be restricted in this respect, though to what extent is to be shown, rather than inferred from the seanty information now at hand. , The oak, known іп еоппесtion with the European mistletoe rather from its infrequeney as a host than because it is often seen to support the parasite, is one of the most frequently attacked trees on our own continent except in the Northeast; and in the Southwest the sycamore, mesquite, cottonwood, hackberry and elm are much parasitised. Though the European Viscum sometimes occurs on Conifers, these trees, which support the related genus Arceuthobium or Razoumofskya in abundance, appear to be attacked by only a limited number of species of Phoradendron which constitute a welllimited group, the ‘‘Pauciflorae,’’ and this group is strictly confined to Conifers except for one species, P. californicum, which affects a variety of Angiosperms but no Gymnosperms, and P. Bolleanum which, in addition to coniferous hosts, has been collected on Arbutus. The succulent Cactaceae support one species, P. Kuntzei. Secondary parasitism is not at all unknown in the genus, though restricted to its tropical species, one group of which, the ‘< Amplectentes, ”? exhibits this trait markedly. Except when they serve as hosts for other mistletoes, the Phoradendrons do not appear to suffer much from the attacks of parasites. I have seen a single collection (P. antillarum) in which a mistletoe was overgrown by Cuscuta. Few fungi are known for them even when dead ;* and the number of insects known to attack them is very limited,t though some southwestern collections are badly infested by scale insects.
ORIGIN OF THE GENUS
Questions as to the origin of families like the Loranthaceae are doubly difficult because complicated by parasitism and attendant reduction. Of a group of families with little-differentiated ovules and seeds which Van Tieghem has brought together under the name ‘‘Inséminées,’’ the Loranthaceae give every indication of tropical Asiatic origin, and the family “СУ. Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum,—host index.— The related genus Arceuthobium is likewise free from fungi.—Cf. Weir, Journ. Agr. Researeh. vol. 4. p. 369. ҰСУ. Schwarz, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. vol. 4. p. 397.
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2023-12-23T13:54:58.113455
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000049-06027010-0009
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:7",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027010"
}
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0009
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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times are by Oliver, who determined the Mexican and Central American collections of Liebmann and Oersted ; by Eichler, who took note of extraterritorial forms when revising the Loranthaceae of Brazil; and by Urban, who rendered a similar service in connection with his study of the family as represented in the West Indies. ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERS A few contrasts may make evident some of the differences between species in this genus which may be accepted as characters in their taxonomy. The partial or complete neglect of these characters, to the preference of the more usually employed differences in shape of foliage, etc., explains the insufficiency of such earlier treatment as that of the elder de Candolle in his very clean-cut elaboration of Viscum in the Prodromus, in 1830, and accounts for the confusion of our own species by the usually very accurate and acute Engelmann; and their tacit or explicit recognition underlies the masterly work of Eichler and Urban in revisions respectively of Brazilian and West Indian forms. That these differences have been neglected so generally depends rather on their seeming insignificance than on difficulty in seeing them. CoLor.—How generally the color of normally vegetating mistletoes offers differential characters remains to be recorded. As is true of all of the species of the related genus Arceuthobium or Razoumofskya, a number of the species of Phoradendron that grow on conifers, e. g. P. juniperinum, P. densum, etc., are of an olive or brownish shade, the West Indian P. flavens gets its name from a very striking yellow coloration, and some of the mistletoes that reach our market at Christmas time, e. g. P. macrophyllum, possess a very beautiful golden coloring, perhaps as the result of a partial etiolation after collection; but the prevailing eolor appears to be green, more or less dulled or shaded by a tinge of gray or olive. HaBrr.—No doubt personal familiarity in the field with the different species of Phoradendron will reveal several differences in aspect that cannot now be used in their characterization, for even limited acquaintanee with them in nature shows that they are far from uniform in habit of growth. For the present, however, it ean be said only that in this respect most species of Phoradendron resemble the common European Viscum in their bunched tufts, so that a winter picture of either may easily be mistaken for that of the other (Pl. 1). A marked exeeption is found in some of the desert mistletoes, like P. californicum and P. Libocedri (Pl. 2), which when seen from a distance sometimes suggest the cactus genus Rhipsalis in their long pendent tufts: and the Mexiean P. calyculatum and a few other species form wide-spreading fountainlike masses of still greater size.
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2023-12-23T13:54:58.120187
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000049-06027035-0034
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:8",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027035"
}
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0034
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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the description agrees well with the plants of the middle west, which, like Rafinesque’s specimens, are hardly distinguishable from those of the east; the name (1836) can not displace the earlier flavescens; (4) V. leucarpum, with sessile oblong probably nerveless leaves, glomerate spikes with the flowers in twos or threes, and white berries,—from western Louisiana and probably Texas. In the more elongated leaves this description agrees sufficiently well with the plant now known from Louisiana, though scarcely separable from the narrower-leaved eastern form except in its fewer and more distant fruits. Dating from 1817, this name also is more recent than flavescens. The last of the Rafinesque species, (5) V. oblongifolium, with petiolate oblong or narrowly elliptical somewhat 3-nerved leaves, very short spikes, and solitary oblong ““red””[?] berries, from Florida, ean scarcely be compared with anything known to me except the close ally of flavescens collected by Mr. Eaton in the Everglades,—from which region Rafinesque is not known to have seen material. Like most of the preceding, this name dates from 1836, so that it cannot be made to replace the earlier flavescens, though if it could be shown to pertain to Mr. Eaton's plant it would have priority (under Viscum) over the name now given to that Phoradendron. The only species of Rafinesque of whieh I have seen specimens is labeled Viscum serotinum,—from the Cumberland Mountains of Pennsylvania and an unspecified loeality in Arkansas, in the Delessert Herbarium; and from au unspecified locality in Kentucky, at the Academy of Science of Philadelphia. A curious fact in the history of this species is that Pursh, who unmistakably meant the Viscum album of Walter, wrote flavescens Willdenow [Swartz], instead of flavens Willdenow, with which West Indian species he ambiguously identifies the mistletoe of the southeastern United States which thus obtained its now long-established specific name through accidental copying or deliberate emendation (for it is twice spelled flavescens) of a preoccupied name. It may be noted, too, that Eichler wrote flavum instead of flavens in the key of his masterly analysis of the genus in tropical America. Though Willdenow had the present species in his herbarium (PL 25) as representing the Viscum purpureum of Linnaeus, there can be little doubt that Linnaeus himself intended this name to apply to the West Indian mistletoe figured on plate 95 of Catesby’s great work, which obviously represents a Dendropemon, to which genus the Linnean species is now, and properly, referred. > PHORADENDRON FLAVESCENS ORBICULATUM Engelmann. Phoradendron flavescens orbiculatum Engelmann, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. 6. p. 212. 1850.
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2023-12-23T13:54:58.305567
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000049-06027013-0012
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:9",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027013"
}
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0012
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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10 THE GENUS PHORADENDRON
INFLORESCENCE.—The essential characters of Phoradendron in its group of Loranthaceous genera are chiefly its axillary spikes of small unisexual and monochlamydeous sessile flowers (Pl. 5-6), often sunken . in hollows of the frequently swollen internodes of the rachis and normally trimerous (Pl. 7), with 2-celled longitudinally dehiscent anthers. A very few species, like P. cymosum, present the phenomenon of a terminal spike corresponding to the 1- or few-flowered eyme of the old world Viscum, but in addition to axillary spikes. Except in the species taken by Hooker for falcatum, the receptacular cups, which range from so shallow as hardly to surround the base of the flower to a depth covering a noticeable part of the mature fruit, are essentially even on their margin; but in this species the eup is sometimes parted so as to present the appearance of a deeply divided calyx. The flowers,—with a small vestigial nectar gland and apparently adapted to pollination by such shorttongued insects as flies and small bees,*—are usually yellowish green when expanded, but in P. Brittonianum and some of its relatives the sepals are blood-red even before anthesis. Some species are known to be apogamoust and apogamy is to be expected in many others, a cireumstance very probably connected, as in Taraxacum and Hieracium, with polymorphism or close affinity in species as now understood. So far as T know, polyembryony, recorded for Viscum and Arceuthobobium or Razoumofskya,t has not yet been observed in Phoradendron. While the number of internodes composing a flowering spike varies in most species it usually varies within small limits, and its mean appears to be available in most cases in the recognition of a species. Contrasts are afforded by P. Libocedri, P. cuneifolium, P. emarginatum, P. flavescens, P. polygynum, ete. Sometimes corresponding to the number of joints, sometimes to their length, and sometimes to both, the length of the spike also presents differences of taxonomic value if used not too arbitrarily, e. g., in P. emarginatum, P. flavescens, P. macrotomum, and P. polygynum. In all of our own species the plants are strictly dioecious; and, as a rule, staminate spikes are longer than pistillate and bear more flowers (Pl. 5). This is known to be true also of a number of tropical species, such as P. Watti; in others, prevailinely if not exclusively staminate and pistillate spikes showing something of the same dimorphism occur monoeciously on the same plant. Though usually not too closely applicable as between related species, the number and *Honey and pollen are said to be gathered from some species:—Richter, Bull. |. 217, Calif. Exper. Sta.—Sholl, Bull. 102, Texas Exper. Sta. The staminate flowers of P. villosum are said to have the odor of pond lilies, by Piper and Beattie, Flora of the Northwest Coast, p. 124. Cf. York, Bot. Gaz. vol. 56. p. 201. +Cf. Weir, Phytopathology. vol. 4. p. 385.
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2023-12-23T13:54:58.344306
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000049-06027164-0163
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:10",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027164"
}
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0163
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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EXPLANATION OF PLATES
All of the figures, unless otherwise noted, are from herbarium material, photographed in natural size by the author. Though it has not been possible always to do so, an effort has been made to include in each illustration the lower part of a basal internode so as to show the presence or absence of cataphyls; and except for types of the older species a representative specimen rather than a perfect one has been selected for the photograph when possible. The upper figure of a plate is designated by “а,” and the lower by ‘‘b.’? Where no indication is given, it is to be understood that the material figured is at the Missouri Botenical Garden in St. Louis, or at the University of Illinois in Urbana,—the facilities of these institutions having been the main resource of the author in the preparation of manuscript. FRONTISPIECE. DISTRIBUTION МАР, showing the principal regions indicated by the genus Phoradendron. North America: (1) Atlantic region, approximately that drained by the Mississippi river and the eastern streams, occupied by Phoradendron only south of the Ohio and Missouri rivers; (2) Rocky Mountain region, oeeupied by Phoradendron only in its southern part which is seareely more than a northern Chihuahuan extension; (3) Californian region, reaching Oregon; (4) Sonoran or desert region, essentially the valley of the lower Colorado river with the coasts and islands of the gulf of Baja California; (5) Chihuahuan region, connecting the Rocky Mountains with the eastern and western Sierra Madre ranges of Mexico; (6) Mexican table-land, lying between the Sierra Madre ranges and passing into the southern Chihuahuan region; (7) Sierra Madre ranges, confluent into (8) the Cordilleran or Guatemalan region, which itself passes into (9) the Isthmian or Costa Rican region, reaching from Costa Rica into coastwise Venezuela; (10) Yucatecan region. South America: (11) Andean region, of great extent in the mountains, meeting the Isthmian region in Venezuela; (12) Bolivian region, comprising the uplands of southwestern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina; (13) La Plata region,—no Phoradendron known from south of Uruguay; (14) Brazilian upland or southern Brazilian region, limited in general by the valleys of the Amazon and Paraguay rivers; (15) Amazonian region; (16) Cayenne region, lying between 163
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2023-12-23T13:54:58.394504
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000049-06027006-0005
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000049
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:11",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027006"
}
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06027006
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0005
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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PREFATORY
My attention was seriously called to the need of a revision of our leafy mistletoes through inability to understand the basis of characterization that could admit to one species such different appearing plants as those from the southeastern, southwestern and arid United States—not to mention California and Yucatan—to which the name Phoradendron flavescens is currently applied. Among their manifold differences, a diligent search was made for characters; the types of related species and varieties that have been held to be differentiable from flavescens were examined ; and every form occurring in the United States was traced to the known limits of its range, sometimes south of our national border. In the course of this study it became apparent that the great conservatism of Engelmann, who seems never to have given this genus the care that marked his study of the related genus Arceuthobium or Razoumofskya, had not only caused him to withdraw segregates of P. flavescens that he admitted at one time, but had reacted on his early colleague in the study of our southwestern plants, Torrey, to the extent of causing a number of mistletoes which had been designated in the Torrey herbarium as new species to lie there, as they still do, without publication. Ав political boundaries do not often form satisfactory limits to such a study as I had begun, I was quickly lured into an examination of the Mexican species which approach our border, and of others which reach into the field of these, so that no arbitrary geographic limit, even, could be fixed short of the Isthmus. : At the New York meeting of Ше National Academy of Sciences, in November, 1911, and at the meeting of the Academy of Science of St. Louis on December 18, 1911, the preliminary results of this study of the northern species were outlined, and this was followed at the Washington meeting of 1912 by presentation to the National Academy of a revision of all of the forms of Phoradendron recognized as occurring in continental North America. As I was then on the eve of departing for a year in the great herbaria of Europe, this révision was withheld from immediate publication so that several obscure Mexican species could be cleared up certainly, through authentic specimens, and in the hope that they might be illustrated from the types. Though the admission of Torrey’s long neglected manuscript names had quite prepared me for an apparently inordinate increase in the number of differentiable species in the genus, I was not a little surprised to find, when casting my results
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"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027011"
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8 THE GENUS PHORADENDRON
Stem.—Though it frequently happens that only one of the two opposed buds at a node develops into a branch, so that a pseudodichotomous forking may appear, the greater number of species, including all of those in our own flora, are monopodial or percurrent in their growth; but a comparison of P. flavens and P. racemosum, for example, among the West Indian species, shows that in the former the pereurrent growth is very constant, while in the latter the main axis is so rarely continued that forking, or, through accessory development, fasciculation of the stems is all but the universal rule. In P. cymosum and a group of related species the suppression of the main vegetative stem is further accentuated through its replacement by a flowering spike, so that the seeming dichotomy of P. racemosum is here replaced by a eymose forking. While all of our own species have a terete or nearly terete stem, squarish in some of the mountain forms, such a species as P. vernicosum ' presents the phenomenon of its compression into an elliptical cross section below the nodes; in P. carneum, ete. it is sharply 2- keeled: in P. peruvianum, ete., it is convexly sword-shaped, and it becomes 2- winged in P. dipterum or even very thin and broad in P. platycaulon. P. rubrum and many other species have a comparable sword-like compression accompanied by a rhombic keeling of the broad surface, with extremes from little to marked widening reaching its culmination in the very broadly winged stems of the Mexican species which Hooker mistook for Viscum falcatum (РІ. 62, 63). P. trinervium and a number of other tropical species have this rhombic keeling amplified into a sharply and nearly equally 4- angled character, which in P. tetrapterum and a few others develops into a strong and often undulate winging. As a rule these stem peculiarities are most evident on the uppermost internodes of a branch; sometimes they disappear entirely as the stem ages, or are represented by a faint lining on otherwise nearly or quite terete older internodes: in one species, P. paradoxum, terete-based and aneipital internodes regularly alternate in the branches. Lrar.—lIf, as is the case, leaf-form in this genus varies in the same species or even on the same branch so greatly as to prevent its use with precision for the differentiation of closely related forms, and though identical shapes may be presented by the leaves of species not at all related, the foliage of a given species comes with familiarity to present a collective effect that is characteristic so far as it goes. Knowledge of the species when growing is certain to reveal very marked differences in texture, veining, and direction of the leaves which are lost or uncertain in the herbarium; but even in dried specimens many foliage characters may be picked out. In P. Eggersii and a relatively small number of other species, distinct clean cut petioles are found, while іп
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:13",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027007"
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4 THE GENUS PHORADENDRON
then into classified form, that on an average nearly two new named forms appeared for each one already admitted to our northern flora. Notwithstanding an intention to limit my investigation to the species ot continental North America, the temptation to learn the characters of the South American species proved irresistible when, at Brussels, I examined the material in the personal herbarium of von Martius, whose collections have done so much to make known the flora of Brazil; and it was not long before the genus as a whole engaged my interest, though West Indian material was given less attention than the other until at Dahlem I reached the collection of Professor Urban, who in 1897 had published a revision of all of the West Indian Loranthaceae. To my keen satisfaction, I then found that for the Antillean region very few forms were to be differentiated from those admitted by Urban, confirming my judgment that the large increase in our own flora rests rather upon previous neglect of application to them of characters which appear to be really differential, than on excessive optimism on my own part concerning their separability. The thorough study of tropical forms by Eichler in his revision of Loranthaceae for the Flora Brasiliensis, in 1868, supplemented by a reelaboration of available material when Urban monographed the West Indian forms, has also prevented an increase in the number of South American species at all comparable with that within our own region, though the number of names added is relatively greater than for the Antilles. The general results of the study as now published were laid before the Chicago meeting of the National Academy in 1915, and printed in brief form in the initial number of the Proceedings of the Academy.*
NOMENCLATURE
In the following treatment, synonymy has been confined to citation of the original publication of each species and of its synonyms, except for its inclusion in either of the classic publications on the genus and for reference to all published illustrations. No effort has been made to rectify the frequent use of inapplicable or inaccurate names in refer. €nees to the plants in periodical literature, or in the earlier floras before Viscum and Phoradendron were differentiated, except in a very few eases where more than one species was clearly referred to under a new name. То anyone needing to make corrections, the way is rendered comparatively clear by the full citation of localities and collectors which follows the description of each species. The names employed for the plants are intended to be conformed to the international rules adopted by the Vienna Congress of 1905 *Trelease. W. Phoradendron. Proe. Nat. Acad. Sei. vol. 1. p. 30-35. Jan. 1915.
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{
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"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027008"
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except that in one or two cases—notably that of the plant usually known as P. latifolium—the American principle ‘‘once a synonym always а synonym’’ has led to the adoption of a specific name of more recent origin than that first used when the latter, under Viscum, was preoccupied, even though it does not appear elsewhere under Phoradendron; and in two or three instances—e. g. what is here called P. Engelmanni— a new specific name has been preferred even though an existing or lapsed varietal name might have been used in a specifie sense. An embarrassing difficulty is introduced through Professor Urban’s otherwise unimpeachable publications in the latinization of the customary Greek generic name Phoradendron into Phoradendrum, which compels a monographer to choose between recombining the names of all of Urban’s species under the former or recombining the still larger number of earlier and classic names under the emended generic name. I have felt that of the two regrettable courses the former is preferable; and customary practice retains numerous other generic names with the Greek ending. HISTORICAL SUMMARY The exclusively American genus Phoradendron was differentiated in 1847 from its Old World equivalent, Viscum, by Nuttall, its essential characters being trimerous flowers in simple spikes, with contiguous fruiting sepals, as contrasted with tetramerous solitary or simply cymose flowers and distinctly separate sepals in Viscum. Almost simultaneously with Nuttall, Engelmann recognized the generic separability of these New- and Old-world mistletoes, and segregated the latter under the name Spiciviscum. Before his description was printed in 1849, however, Nuttall’s paper had appeared, so that Dr. Gray, to whom Engelmann's manuseript had been sent, though publishing the name Spiciviscum treated it as a synonym of Phoradendron, and only one species has ever been seriously named under Engelmann's proposed genus. Except for a few which Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth had placed in Loranthus, all of the species now referred to Phoradendron which had been published prior to Nuttall’s segregation of the genus had been described as species of Viscum, so that, so far as they antedate the appearance of de Candolle’s monograph of Loranthaceae in the Prodromus, they were brought into position under Viscum in that work. Nuttall himself named a number of these as pertaining to his new genus and indicated clearly that this was probably equally true of most if not all of the American species of Viscum. Apparently unacquainted with the publications of Nuttall and Engelmann, Miers in 1851 suggested that the South American species of Viscum, with anthers dehiscent by slits, were not eogenerie with the European species, the anthers
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:15",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027016"
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CHARACTERS—SCALES, CATAPHYLS 13 closely that species of either genus are commonly to be found in herbaria as representative of the other. Unlike typical foliage leaves, these scales do not disartieulate, though a constriction at the base of the seales іп two forms (Pl. 3) affords partial ground for their specifie recognition : one species of the Mexican mountains, P. minutifolium, has almost equally small if fleshy disarticulating leaves: and two of the South American species, P. tunaeforme and P. fragile, are characterized by bearing small scale-like leaves only,—a character also encountered in the related genus Dendrophthora. CaTAPHYLS.—If any species of the United States, for example P. Eaton: of the everglades of Florida, is compared with any West Indian or South Ameriean species, for example P. rubrum of the Bahamas, the latter will be found to possess constantly in addition to its foliage one or more pairs of scale-leaves at least on the lowermost joint of every branch. Comparable with the scales of the flowering spikes and with the stem-seales of P. juniperinum ete., these cataphyls afford by their presence or absence what proves to be one of the most important charaeters for the primary division of the genus Phoradendron. Usually cataphyls do not subtend flowers or spikes, apparently serving no funetion further than the protection they may afford the shoot in its earliest development; but in P. crassifolium and P. craspedophllum spikes are regularly and characteristically found in the axils of some of the cataphyls, and less characteristically in a few other cases. Never found in any species of the United States, absent from threefourths of those of Mexico and Central America, but invariably present in all of the South American and West Indian species, these scales are usually confined when present to the basal joint of each branch, though in cases of true or cymose forking they are found on all joints—since only basal joints are then present. In a very small percentage, only, of the tropical species with percurrent or monopodial branching, e. g. P. flavens and P. crassifolium and their allies, cataphyls are found on all foliage internodes; and in a single known species, P. paradorum, the ıyls and ancipital
PARASITISM, HOSTS AND ENEMIES
All of the species of Phoradendron are parasitic. In the rather few e eases in whieh they are eonsidered as noxious parasites interest centers about the trees on which they occur, though their fruit is said to be poisonous*. Unfortunately the hosts of a very large part of the tropical «СУ, Bray, W. L. The mistletoe pest in the southwest. Bull. no. 166, Bur. РІ. Industry, U. S. Dep. Agr. 1910.—Hedgcock, С. С. Notes on some diseases of trees in our national forests.—V. Phytopathology. vol. 5. p. 175-181. June 1915.—Pammel, Manual of poisonous plants. p. 106, 415-6, 836. f. 196.
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:16",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027019"
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16 THE GENUS PHORADENDRON
ordinary barriers to plant migration.* Like the similar European Viscum album, with its searce-definable races capable of effective germination only on the host-species from which the seed came, our eastern P. flavescens though attacking a large variety of plants is usually found confined to a single host in a given region, and such experiments as have been made on it show that it can be transferred from one host to another with difficulty if at all. How far this may be concerned in the polymorphism of this species and how far its like may serve to limit the dispersal of most species, is at present a matter of conjecture only. Viewed on broad geographic lines, the species of Phoradendron usually oeeupy areas that present severally an assemblage of fairly uniform meteorologie features with limiting environment,—in this respeet agreeing with most other plants and with animals. The regions in which the species of Phoradendron occur or which, like the great valleys of South America, separate them, are indicated on the accompanying map. Few species range throughout any one of these regions, and it is very rare for a species to reach from one into the other. TAXONOMIC SUMMARY Briefly summarized, the purely taxonomie part of my study of the genus leads to the conclusion that Phoradendron may be best divided into two primary groups, respectively constantly without and constantly with cataphyls on their foliage shoots: for the first I am using the name Boreales since its species alone are represented in the north; and for the other, Aequatoriales since only its species are found in the equatorial region. Species destitute of expanded foliage are found in each group in small numbers. Those of the first group are pubescent for the most part, while only two of the second group are more than papillately roughened. The Boreales appear to be strictly dioecious; the Aequatoriales for the most part, though not exclusively, are monoecious, usually with some or all of their spikes androgynous. So far as shown by the material now contained in the great herbaria at Washington, New York, St. Louis, Brussels, (where von Martius’ personal herbarium is), Copenhagen, Kew, Munich (where von Martius’ official collection is), Geneva, Buda Pest, Prag and Dahlem, and in many smaller collections, I find a total of 277 differentiable forms of which I regard 240 as species, and of which 66, or 23 per cent., are of the Boreales and 211, or 77 per cent., are of the Aequatoriales. The distribution of the main groups (forms which oceur in more than *Hedgeock believes light to be a very important factor in determining their spreading,—Journ. Wash. Acad. vol. 3. p. 265; and Viscum is known to need light for germination.
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:17",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027021"
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GENERIC DESCRIPTION
Parasitic more or less fleshy suffruticose perennial exogens, usually brittle at the nodes. Leaves opposite, usually petioled or petiolately contracted, in a few species reduced to scales. Inflorescence of axillary or sometimes also terminal mostly several-jointed spikes. Flowers sessile, usually sunken in the rachis, in 1 or usually 2 to З or occasionally 5 series over each of the opposite scales in which the joint below ends, small and inconspicuous, apetalous, dioecious or monoecious, 3- or occasionally 2-, 4-, or 5- merous: sepals distinet, deltoid, valvate, persistent on the fruit: stamens inserted on the base of the sepals with nearly sessile 2- celled anthers dehiscing by subapical slits or pores: ovary inferior, 1- celled, 1- ovuled: style short with scarcely dilated terminal stigma. Fruit baceate, with a single albuminous seed surrounded by a loosely fibrous endocarp and an extremely viscid mesocarp.—Phoradendron Nuttall, Journ. Acad. Philadelphia. ser. 2. vol. 1. p. 185, 1847.—Spiciviscum Engelmann in Gray, Mem. Amer. Aead. n. s. vol. 4. p. 58. 1849.—Allobium Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. 8. p. 178-9. 1851.—Baratostachys Uphof, Pflanzengattungen. p. 173. 1910. Primary Division OF THE GENUS
I. BOREALES.
Stems without eataphyls or scales toward the base of the branches, never dichotomous though sometimes with one lateral branch developed so as nearly or quite to equal the main axis, seareely ever sharply angled or 2-edged. Spikes axillary, never terminal. Flowers dioecious, the staminate and pistillate spikes often dissimilar. Confined to eontinental North America; characteristic of the northern Mexican tableland and the southern and western United States, only two species reaching into Central America. Branches never winged : receptacular cups not lacerate. Pistillate flowers 2 on each joint. Chiefly on conifers. PAUCIFLORAE. Pistillate flowers 6 or more on each joint. | PLURISERIALES.
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"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/06027057"
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With eataphyls or scales constantly present toward the base of the branches, exceptionally eymosely dichotomous or forking without a percurrent main stem. Spikes axillary and, in the eymose forms, terminal. Flowers in dioecious or monoecious unisexual spikes or, mostly, with staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. All are glabrous exсері for the small group Anomalae. Central in Brazil, extending from the Argentine to central Mexico and through the West Indies even to the northern Bahamas. Cataphyls on the basal joint only of each branch. INTERRUPTAE. Cataphyls on alternate joints. PARADOXAE. Cataphyls on all joints. CoNTINUAE. D. INTERRUPTAE. Cataphyls strietly limited to the basal joint of each braneh, the branches normally pereurrent so that some joints occur without cataphyls. Throughout the range of the Aequatoriales. With foliage leaves. FOLIOSAE.
I. FoLiosAE.
With foliage leaves. All are glabrous except for the group Anomalae. Throughout the range of the Aequatoriales. Leaves basinerved. BASINERVIAE. Leaves pinnately veined, never very narrow. PENNINERVIAE. a. BASINERVIAE. Nerves starting from the base of the leaves, rarely joined for a short distance above the petiole, never with a pinnately branched midrib although the middle nerve may be stronger and more raised than the others.
Leaves not elasping.
Fruit elongated, with erect sepals. LONGIBACCAE. Fruit round, ovoid, or ellipsoidal. _ Flowers prevailingly 2-ranked on each joint. Fruit tubereulate.
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:19",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376095"
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Gilbert Carter, K.C.M.G., late Governor of Lagos, into the interior. (Kew Bulletin, 1893, pp. 146 and 369.) H. Veitch, F.L.S. Collection made by Kalbreyer in the region of the Niger Delta and Cameroons. NORTH CENTRAL.
Eritrea.
Miss Edith Cole and Mrs. Lort Phillips. A collection from Somaliland. (See Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 158 and 211-230.) G. F. Scott-Elliot. A large collection from British East Africa made during the Ruwenzori Expedition, 1893-4. (See Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 77-78.) Professor A. Engler has communicated the plants of Steudner from Abyssinia and of Stuhlmann from Ruwenzori. Dr. J. M. Hildebrandt. Collection from British East Africa. (Died 1881.) Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B. Collections made during the Kilimanjaro Expedition. (See Transactions Linnean Society, Second Series, Botany, vol. ii. pp. 327-355.) Dr. G. Schweinfurth. Collections from the upper tributaries of the Nile.
LOWER GUINEA.
G. L. Bates. Plants from Gaboon. Professor J. A. Henriques, University of Coimbra. Collections from Island of St. Thomas, collected by F. Quintas and A. Moller. Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B. A collection from Angola. J. J. Monteiro. Plants from Angola. (Died 1878.) Professor Hans Schinz. Plants from German South-West Africa.
SoutH CENTRAL.
The vegetation of this region, which includes the Congo Free State, is, although undoubtedly very rich, almost entirely unknown. Professor Engler has communicated plants collected by Buchner, Biittner, and Pogge. A part of Dr. G. Schweinfurth’s collections (from the Monbuttu country) also belong to it. Professor Oliver states in his preface that Sir John Kirk’s collections on the Upper Zambesi had been lost. They were
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:20",
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xii PREFACE,
Lieutenant C. S. Smith. Plants from Umba Valley, German East Africa, collected during the Anglo-German Delimitation Commission. (Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 146.) Joseph Thomson. Collections from the neighbourhood of Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika. (See Journal Linnean Society, Botany, vol. xxi. pp. 392-406. Died 1895.) Alexander Whyte. An important collection from Nyasaland. (See Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 241, 243-300 ; 1898, pp. 145164.) As soon as I was able to organise the necessary staff the work was attacked at various points. But some time necessarily elapsed before sufficient material was accumulated to commence printing. When a work of this kind is once planned out, it is immaterial what part is first issued. I eventually decided to first issue the present volume (the seventh), devoted to the Petaloid Monocotyledons, as these groups of plants are of wider general interest. The printing of the volume commenced in July of last year, and has been attended with very considerable difficulties. Whether it is followed by any other volumes will largely depend on the extent to which these difficulties are removed. I have to express my obligations for the sympathetic assistance I have received from the following foreign botanists :— Mons. W. Barbey, Herbier Boissier, Geneva. Professor Bureau, Jardin des Plantes, Paris, who bas obligingly lent the specimens of Liliacee from the French Congo described by Mons. Henri Hua. Professor A. Engler, Director of the Royal Botanical Garden and Museums, Berlin, who has communicated important collections made by German travellers as well as numerous publications. Professor Th. M. Fries, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Upsala, for the loan of the types of Swartz’s orchids. Dr. Hans Schinz, Professor of Botany, Zurich. I have further to record my acknowledgements of the assistance given me by Mr. C. H. Wright in preparing the manuscript for the press and in checking the proofs, and to Mr. N. E. Brown for working out the geographical distribution. For the detailed topography the third edition of the “ Spezialkarte von Afrika,” Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1893, has been chiefly used. W. E I D:
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:21",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376295"
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Holothrix. | CXXXIII. ORCHIDEE (ROLFE), 195 Flowers white, 14—14 in.long. Sepals triangular, acuminate, 1-nerved ; margin ciliate. Petals much longer than the sepals, basal part linear, 4 in. long; upper part divided into many filiform segments. Lip a little longer, and twice as broad, in other respects similar to the petals, the entire base and the segments each 7-8 lin. long; spur short, slightly recurved, obtuse. Column broad, acute; base with a pair of broad lamelle.
preceding.
14. H. Lastii, Rolfe. Scapes 9 in. or more long (base not seen), ferruginous, pubescent. Racemes 2 in. long, few- to many-flowered. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 lin. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 lin. long. Petals cuneate-oblong, 7—8 lin. long, the upper half broken up into about 7 long, subfiliform segments. Lip similar, but broader and with more numerous segments. Column short and stout.
A distinct but imperfectly known species. 32. DERGEMERIA, Reichb. f. De Poll, Orch. 29. Sepals subequal, connivent, herbaceous, usually glabrous. Petals longer than the sepals or subequal, narrow, entire or somewhat divided at the apex. Lip adnate for a long distance to the column, erect, concave or involute at the sides, entire or somewhat lobed, produced at the base into a curved spur. Column short, usually auricled at the sides of the stigma; clinandrium erect, broad, concave, or almost cucullate ; connective of the anther not distinct from the clinandrium ; cells ovoid, adnate, distinct, included; pollinia coarsely-grained, with very short caudicles, terminating in a small naked gland ; stigma sunk within the tube formed by the union of the lip and column. Terrestrial herbs leafless at the flowering time or with a large orbicular radical leaf, pes stout, glabrous or hairy, and with numerous lanceolate, acuminate, often imbricate, sheaths. Flowers small, usually in dense or unilateral spikes. A genus of eight species, peculiar to Tropical Africa, with the exception of one Arabian representative. Bentham reduces it to Habenaria, but it is much nearer to Holothriz, chiefly differing in the very distinct habit, and in the greater union of the auricled lip to the column, the stigma being sunk in the tube thus formed. In several Cases radical leaves are not known, presumably because they wither before the flowers appear, as is known to occur in D. Schimperi and D. unifolia. Lip entire , e > i : i H . . 1. D. squamata, Lip more or less distinctly trilobed or tridentate. Petals spathulate, obtuse or obscurely trilobed . . 2. D. montigena, Petals ovate, acuminate, sometimes obscurely toothed near the apex . S S > b S . 3. D. acuminata,
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{
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"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:22",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376113"
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so-called disc or central part usually bearing crests or appendages, and the base sometimes extended into a sac or spur. Stamens and style united into a central column which faces the lip. Anther (in the African genera) solitary, on the top or back of the column, and more or less adnate to it, 2- or 4-celled. Pollen-grains cohering in 2-8 globose or club-shaped, waxy or granular masses, called pollinia, which are free or cohere in pairs or fours or altogether by a viscid appendage, and sometimes attached to a distinct stipes and gland. Ovary inferior, 1—-celled with parietal placentas in the African genera, undeveloped at flowering-time. Stigma either consisting of a viscid surface near the top of the concave side of the column or two-lobed and lateral ; in the former case it faces the lip, and is usually separated from the anther, below which it lies, by an appendage called the rostellum. Seeds very numerous, minute, fusiform ; testa loose, reticulated, enclosing a homogeneous embryo.—Herbs of various habit, or rarely shrubby ; in many cases terrestrial, with tuberous roots or perennial creeping rhizomes, annual herbaceous stems and solitary spicate or racemose flowers, or in other cases epiphytal, with perennial stems or branches, variously thickened and forming pseudobulbs, upon which the leaves and flowers are borne, or the latter sometimes produced below them. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, coriaceous or membranous. Inflorescence terminal, basal or axillary, spicate, racemose or paniculate, sometimes single-flowered. The largest order among monocotyledons, the species now known being estimated at over five thousand. They are found throughout the globe, except in the highest latitudes and altitudes, and the more remote oceanic islands. The epiphytic species are for the most part confined to the intertropical zone, within which they are most numerous in the mountains of Tropical Asia and America; in Tropical Africa, however, the majority of the species are terrestrial. Pollinia waxy. Anther 2-celled; pollinia 2-8, united by a viscid appendage, free from the rostellum + Tribe 1. EPIDENDREÆ. Pollinia 4, sometimes cohering in pairs. Column not produced into a foot at the base ; lip continuous with the base of the column; flowers with spreading perianth segments Subtribe i. Mats, Column produced into a foot at the base; lip articulated to the foot of the column; flowers with erect or subconnivent perianth segments . ; S : . Subtribe iis DENDROBIEÆ. Pollinia 8. Column produced into a very short foot at the base; lip attached to the foot of the column; subsaccate at the base . Subtribe iii. ERIEÆ. Column footless ; lip inserted at the base of the column, and either convolute round it or more or less adnate to it; its base produced into a slender spur ` Subtribe iv. BLETIER. Anther cells usually confluent ; pollinia 2 or 4, attached singly or in pairs to a stipes and gland (a process of the rostellum), with which they are carried away upon removal. . Tribe 2. VANDEX.
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2023-12-23T13:55:03.500766
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000131-00376147-0061
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:23",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376147"
}
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0061
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Lulophia. | CXXXII. ORCHIDEX (ROLFE). 47 10. EULOPHIA, R: Br.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. EI. iii. 535. Sepals subequal, free, subconnivent or spreading, the lateral ones sometimes adnate to the foot of the column. Petals like the sepals or a little broader, sometimes differently coloured. Lip continuous with the base or foot of the column, sometimes a little contracted above the base, trilobed or entire; base variously saccate or calcarate; side lobes erect or sometimes nearly obsolete; the middle one spreading or recurved ; disc variously cristate or lamellate, rarely smooth. Column short, stout, the base sometimes more or less produced into a foot; clinandrium or anther-bed oblique, erect, entire. Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent, semiglobose, conical or rarely acuminate ; apex more or less bilobed, imperfectly 2-celled ; pollinia 4, ovoid, united in pairs, affixed to a broad stipes and gland. Capsules ovoid or oblong, rarely elongated, with prominent thickened angles.—Terrestrial herbs or rarely epiphytes. Stems leafy at the base, creeping, often thickened into rhizomes, sometimes forming aerial pseudobulbs. Leaves distichous, often narrow and elongated, usually plicate, rarely conduplicate and coriaceous. Scapes or peduncles variously sheathed below, racemose or loosely paniculate above. Flowers small or medium-sized, usually lax. Bracts small or narrow.—Cyrtopera, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 189. Hulophidium, Pfitz. Entw. Nat. Anordn. Orch. 87. A genus of about 180 species, widely diffused through the tropics, but most numerous in Africa, and rare in Malaya, Polynesia, Australia and Tropical America. There is a complete passage between the species with and those without a foot, so that it seems impossible to retain Cyrtopera as a distinct genus. A few species almost form a transition to Lissochilus, though most of the species of that exclusively African genus are well characterised by the reflexed sepals and much broader petals. Spur short or obtuse. Pseudobulbs monophyllous ; leaves coriaceous, not plicate, irregularly variegated . S : . L E Ledienii, Pseudobulbs or stems with two or more plicate, green leaves. Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly narrowed below. Lip 2 lin. broad . A S : : - . 2, E latifolia. Lip 6 lin. broad. : . 3. E. saundersiana. Leaves linear to elliptical- lanceolate, attenuate below. Spur clavate or oblong. * Flowers paniculate or in rather long lax racemes. Limb of lip shorter than the clavate spur. Limb of lip concave, truncate, and ciliate . 4. E. gracilis, Limb of lip convex, fleshy and glabrous . 5, E. leonensis. Limb of lip longer than the spur. + Sepals 2—4, or rarely 5-6 lin, long. ~ Flowers racemose.
Raceme under 4 ft. long.
Sepals under 2 lin. long . . 8. E. Milnei.
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2023-12-23T13:55:03.518295
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000131-00376094-0008
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:24",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376094"
}
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0008
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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3. Nite Lanp.—The Nile Basin. It is bounded to the west by the 26th meridian of East longitude; to the east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean; to the south by the Congo Free State and German East Africa. 4. Lower Guinea.—The Western Coast region from the southern boundary of the Cameroons to the Tropic of Capricorn. It contains the lower course of the Congo, and is bounded to the east by the Congo Free State, the river Kwango, and the 20th meridian of East. longitude.
6. MozampiquE.—The East Coast from the northern boundary of German East Africa to the Tropic of Capricorn. It includes Portuguese East Africa and British territories to the Tropic. In the preface to the first volume Professor Oliver enumerated the materials which he had employed. These it is not necessary to recapitulate. Copious accessions have, however, reached Kew since 1868,. and the more important of these are enumerated below. 1. UPPER Guinea. G. L. Bates. Plants of the Cameroons. Captain (afterwards Sir Richard) Burton and Commander V. L. Cameron. A small collection from the Gold Coast. Surgeon-Captain H. A. Cummins. Plants collected during the Ashanti Expedition of 1895-6. (See Kew Bulletin, 1898, pp. 65-82.) $ G. F. Scott-Elliot. A large collection made during the Anglo-French Sierra Leone Delimitation Commission of 1891-2. (See Journal Linnean Society, Botany, vol. xxx. pp. 64-100. per A. Engler, Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens and Museums, Berlin, has contributed the collections of Braun, Preuss, Staudt and Zenker from the Cameroons. Dr. H. H. Johnston. A small collection from Sierra Leone. Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B. A collection from the Cameroons.
Sir Alfred Moloney, K.C.M.G., late Governor of Lagos. A small collection of Lagos plants. Dr. Rowland, C.M.G., Chief Medical Officer, Lagos. Plants chiefly collected during the Expedition undertaken by Sir
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2023-12-23T13:55:03.577075
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000131-00376092-0006
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:25",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376092"
}
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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In replying to this letter I pointed out that my scientific staff was so occupied with routine work that it was impossible to treat the completion of the Flora as a matter of official duty. If, however, as in the first instance, it was regarded as an extra-oflicial undertaking, I was willing to do my best, with such voluntary assistance as I could obtain, to assist Her Majesty’s Government in getting the work completed. It was accordingly agreed that a commencement should be made in 1892. Much preliminary labour had to be accomplished, and in order to avoid the inconvenience of anticipation, provisional technical descriptions of new African plants received at Kew were drawn up by members of the staff and officially published in the Kew Bulletin. These were available for working up subsequently in the Flora. The number of species so published up to the present date amounts to upwards of 800. A list of the known plants occurring in British Central Africa, amounting to upwards of 1,800, compiled from the Kew records by a member of the Kew staff, Mr. I. H. Burkill, M.A., is printed in Sir H. H. Johnston’s “ British Central Africa,” pp. 233-284, prefaced by a brief history of botanical exploration in the Protectorate (see Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 170-171). It is estimated that the number of species would be increased by the intercalation of recent additions to 2,500. As to the general scope of the work, it will be convenient to quote the following passage from Professor Oliver’s preface to the first volume. It still in great measure holds good :— “ From our very imperfect knowledge of the vegetation of many parts of the continent, even of those which have been long more or less in European occupation, and from our complete ignorance of that of the immensely larger area not yet opened up, the present work must not be regarded as presenting anything like a complete account of Tropical African Botany. It serves rather as a vehicle for the publication of the important botanical results of much recent expenditure of life, toil, and money, which would otherwise have been lost to Science or anticipated by other nations, and (embracing references to all hitherto published African species) as a repertory which it is hoped may be useful to botanists, no less than to future explorers and residents in Africa interested in the natural productions and economic products of the country.”
“The ‘Flora of Tropical Africa,’ forming one of the series of Floras undertaken, at the instance of the late Sir William J.
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2023-12-23T13:55:03.983643
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000131-00376696-0610
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:26",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376696"
}
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0610
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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The Books in this Catalogue have been reduced to net prices, and are sent Post-free on receipt of remittance. All previous Catalogues are withdrawn. LIST OF WORKS
ALGA . S i oe VICTORIA LIBRARY. . 16 SuELLS AND Mo.uiusks 9 PLATES . ; : <- 16 ENTOMOLOGY ‘ ; 10 Fortacomine Works . 16 PUBLISHED BY
PUBLISHERS TO THE Home, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.264871
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000131-00376701-0615
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:27",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376701"
}
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00376701
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0615
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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6 Lovett Retve AnD Co., LIMITED Genera Plantarum, ad Exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis Kewensibus servata definita. By GEORGE BENTHAM, F.R.S., F.L.S., and Sir J. D. Hooxrr, F.R.S., late Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. Complete in 7 Parts, forming 3 Vols., £8 2s. Flora of West Yorkshire ; with an Account of the Climatology and Lithology in connection therewith. By FREDERIC Arnotp Lers, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Lond., Recorder for the Botanical Record Club, and President of the Botanical Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. With Coloured Map, 21s. net. Flora of Hampshire, including the Isle of Wight, with localities of the less common species. By F. TOWNSEND, M.A., PLS With Coloured Map and two Plates, 16s. net. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone, and to a Winter Flora of the Riviera, including the Coast from Marseilles to Genoa. By J. TranerNne Mocerines, PLS Royal 8vo. Complete in One Vol., with 99 Coloured Plates, 63s. net. British Grasses; an Introduction to the Study of the Gramineæ of Great Britain and Ireland. By M. PLUEs. Crown 8vo, with 16 Coloured Plates and 100 Wood Engravings, 9s. net. Insular Floras. A Lecture delivered by Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., before the British Association for the advancement of Science, at Nottingham, August 27, 1866. 2s. 6d. net. Icones Plantarum. Figures, with Brief Descriptive Characters and Remarks, of New and Rare Plants, selected from the Author’s Herbarium. By Sir W. J. Hooxer, F.R.S. New Series, Vol. V. 100 Plates, 3ls. 6d. net. Botanical Names for English Readers. By RANDAL H. Atcock, 8vo, 6s. net. A Second Century of Orchidaceous Plants, selected from the Subjects published in Curtis’s “ Botanical Magazine ” since the issue of the “‘ First Century.” Edited by James BATEMAN, Esq., F.R.S. Complete in One Vol., Royal 4to, 100 Coloured Plaies, £5 5s. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.283269
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000131-00376136-0050
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:28",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376136"
}
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0050
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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36 CXXXIII. ORCHIDES (ROLFE). [Bulbophyllum. subulate, longer than the column, slightly denticulate in front, and decurrent.— Taurostalix Herminiostachys, Reichb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1852, 933. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone (ex Reichenbach !). Only known to me from the original description. Flowers as large as those of Herminium Monorchis, R, Br. There are barren specimens of two species of Bulbophyllum from Nyasaland,. Whyte ! which are the only ones known from the eastern side of the continent. 6. MEGACLINIUM, Lindl. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 505. Dorsal sepal free, erect or spreading, longer than the triangular-ovate: acuminate lateral ones, which are either falcate or reflexed about the middle, base of laterals adnate to the foot of the column. Petals smaller and narrower than the sepals. Lip articulated to the foot of the column, mobile, inflexed at the base, recurved above, entire or denticulate at the base, rarely somewhat 3-lobed. Column short, broadly dilated and winged on both sides, terminating above in square or rounded teeth; base produced into a short foot. Anther as îm Bulbophyllum.—Epiphytic herbs, with stout creeping rhizomes ; pseudobulbs sessile in the axil of a sheath, mostly 3—-5-angled, 2- or 1leaved. Scapes arising from the base of the pseudobulbs, simple ; apex dilated into a flattened, often ensiform and almost foliaceous SE along either side of which the flowers and bracts are distichously arranged. Bracts usually ovate or triangular, ultimately much deflexed. Flowers small, pedicelled, curved. A genus of about 23 species, mostly Tropical African, but with two in Extra- tropical South Africa and one reported from Madagascar, of which the habitat requires confirmation.
Flowers yellow ; dorsal sepal but a very little longer than the linear petals . S 1. M. leucorhachis. Flowers purple; dorsal sepal quite a third longer than the filiform petals : 2. M. imbricatum. Petals falcate-lanceolate S M, triste. pe Bracts broadly ligulate, acute e S Rhachis with thin, more or less wing-like margins. Lip fimbriate or denticulate at the base. Petals falcate-linear,
Scape 4 in. or more high.
Sepals velvety : : d . 8. M. velutinum. Sepals smooth ` : : : : . 9. M. colubrinum. Scape about 2 in. high . : . 10. M. minutum. Pseudobulbs obscurely or distinctly 4 angled. . M. strobiliferum.
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.293543
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000131-00376172-0086
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:29",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376172"
}
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Disc of lip without basal calli . . 38. L. roseus. Disc of lip with a pair of semicircular calli behind : ` ` . 39. L. Ephippilum. Disc of lip with a single dwarf callus behind. . - S ; . 40. L. Alexandri. Disc of lip five-keeled `. S . 41. L. Nyase. Spur inflated underneath near the base . 42. L. macranthus. Upper part of spur rather short and blunt, Keels of lip rather dwarf and entire. Petals 3-1 in. broad; front lobe of lip 4-6 lin. broad . . 43
. giganteus.
Front lobe of lip broader than long, obtuse. Disc of lip with five lamellæ . i , 46. Disc of lip with three lamellæ Al** Front lobe of lip convex or with reflexed sides; petals usually bright yellow, sometimes marked with brown or red.
spur . 48. L. congoensis.
Disc of lip with a transv erse > membrane at the base of the front lobe . : . . 49, L. Frederici. Dise of lip smooth or longitudinally keeled. tSepals as long as the petals, or nearly so. Bracts broadly ovate and subobtuse S , 50. L. Oatesii. Bracts oblong or lanceolate and acute. Spur slender, acute . x 3 è . 51. L. malanganus. Spur rather stout, subobtuse.
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000131-00376436-0350
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:30",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376436"
}
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0350
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336 CXXXV, HÆMODORACEÆ (BAKER). [Sansevieria. ves ; facial groove rather deeper than the others; laterals also a little deeper than the dorsal. Primordial leaves terete. Flowers unknown.—Kew Bulletin, 1887, May, 10 and 3, fig. 7. Locality not known with certainty; probably the coast of German East Africa, The above description is taken from the living plant at Kew. A plant received from Lamu Island, British East Africa, from Mr. R.M. Ormerod in 1896, differs in having leaves 13 in. diam. 12. S. grandicuspis, Haw. Syn. Succ.67. Leaves many toa tuft, lanceolate, flat, thicker than in S. guineensis, 9-12 in. long, 1-1} in. broad at the middle, slightly channelled down the lower half of the face, obscurely mottled, not red on the margin, furnished on the back from the top to the bottom with 5-7 distinct vertical grooves, tipped with a distinct subulate cusp }-4 in. long. Flowers not seen.— Kunth, Enum. v. 20.
Africa.
2. CYANASTRUM, Oliv. in Hook, Ic. t. 1965. Perianth corolline, with a short tube and 6 equal spreading oblong lobes. Stamens 6, all perfect, inserted at the base of the perianth-lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear, basifixed, dehiscing by two terminal pores. Ovary globose, half inferior, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, erect ; style long, filiform ; stigma capitate, faintly 3-lobed. Fruit and seeds unknown.
Endemic,
1. ©. cordifolium, Oliv. in Hook. Ic. t. 1965. Corm solid, globose, 4 in. diam. Leaves arising singly from the corm on long petioles, cordate-ovate, acute, glabrous, membranous, 3-6 in. long, with arcuate main veins arising from the apex of the petiole and reticulated intermediate veinlets. Peduncle 4-6 in. long, with a laxly sheathing bractleaf from the base and another larger from the middle. Raceme lax, 2-3-flowered ; pedicels short, erecto-patent ; bracts oblong, membranous, persistent. Perianth blue, 4-4 in. long. Stamens rather shorter than the perianth ; filaments as long as the anthers. Upper Guinea. Lagos: interior of Yoruba, Millson, 89! Sent to Kew alive by Millen, Cameroons: near the shore, Kalbreyer, 89! Ambas Bay, Mann, 769! : Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1644! Mfoa, Bates, ais There are in the Kew Herbarium incomplete specimens of a second species A Johnstoni, Baker), collected by Sir H. Johnston in 1889, on the hills between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa, at an elevation of 5000 feet. Of this the flowers are rather larger and about six in a raceme, with deciduous bracts, and the stem has a linear membranous bract-leaf at or below the middle, The leaves are said to be ample, and the flowers blue.
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.400952
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000131-00376091-0005
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:31",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376091"
}
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vi PREFACE.
collections were no longer available for study at Kew, and Professor Oliver eventually abandoned the further prosecution of the work. He retired from his official post in 1890. Meanwhile the publication of the first three volumes had considerably stimulated botanical research in Africa. Sir Jobn Kirk had become Consul-Qeneral at Zanzibar, and lost no opportunity of encouraging collectors. Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B., H.M. Commissioner in British Central Africa, imitated his example in British Central Africa. Much valuable work in Equatorial Africa was also done by the missionaries of the Church Missionary Society. The Temperate flora discovered on Kilimanjaro by the Rev. C. New, who was probably the first human being to reach its snow-line, and the collections subsequently made by Mr. Joseph Thomson on the mountains of East Equatorial Africa confirmed the relationships of the high-level floras of Tropical Africa with those of the northern hemisphere on the one hand and of the Cape on the other, which were first indicated by Mr. Mann’s collections on the Cameroons. These relationships raise theoretical questions of the highest interest. The various Delimitation Commissions which followed the partition of the continent each yielded botanical results of more or less value. And the addition of new territories to the Colonies on the West Coast stimulated the desire of their Governments for an investigation of their vegetable products. The result was that an immense mass of material poured into Kew, and, though individual collections were worked out in a series of scattered papers, a general demand sprang up in foreign countries, as well as at home, for a comprehensive work which would sum up the knowledge which had been acquired, with no little expenditure of labour and even of life, of the vegetation of Tropical Africa. The desire eventually found expression in the following letter :— “ FOREIGN OFFICE to RoyaL GARDENS, KEW. “ FOREIGN OFFICE, March 21st, 1891, “S1r,—I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to state to you that his attention has been called to the fact that three volumes only of the ‘ Flora of Tropical Africa’ have as yet been published, and that the want of a complete handbook describing known plants impedes their study by Her Majesty’s officers in the different parts of Africa which are now being opened up to civilisation. "A knowledge of African botany is of great practical value, as was proved by the discovery of Sir John Kirk, whilst employed as Her Majesty's Agent at Zanzibar, of a plant previously unknown, which now supplies annually £200,000 worth of india-rubber to the Zanzibar market. So, too, on the West Coast of Africa, the trade consists almost entirely of vegetable products some of which have only recently been brought to light. " Lord Salisbury is of opinion that a proper knowledge of the flora of Tropical Africa would do much to aid the development of the territories
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.447150
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000131-00376089-0003
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:32",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376089"
}
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, I. ,, 385 to end September 1898.
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.515713
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000131-00376375-0289
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:33",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376375"
}
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Satyrium. ] CXXXIII. ORCHIDEÆ (ROLFE). 275 and more than twice as broad, spreading. Petals united for nearly half their length to the sepals, and similar to the odd one. Lip galeate, 4-4} lin. long, the basal third united to the lateral sepals; mouth broad and round ; apex very broad and obtuse; spurs broadly saccate, scarcely 4 lin. long. Column 24 lin. long; stigma very broad and obtuse; very short, broad, and somewhat bilobed. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; Lopollo, near the River Ferrao da Sola, in swampy meadows, Welwitsch, 727 ! 32. S. longibracteatum, Rolfe in Bolet. Soc. Brot. vii. 238. Scape tall, the upper part with three erect, lanceolate subacute sheaths, 14-2 in. long, base and leaves not seen. Raceme short and dense, 2 in. long, many-flowered. Bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading, much longer than the flowers, 3-1 in. long. Pedicels 24 lin. long. Sepals reflexed, obovate-elliptical, obtuse, with revolute margins, 2 lin. long, lateral broader and somewhat spreading. Petals united for a third of their length to the sepals, and similar to the odd one. Lip galeate, 2} lin. long, the basal fifth united to the lateral sepals; mouth 1} lin. broad; apex broad and obtuse; spurs broadly saccate, obtuse, $ lin. long. Column 14 lin. long; stigma broadly triangular-ovate, subapiculate ; rostellum quadrate, emarginate or slightly bilobed. Lower Guinea, Angola: Huilla, Antunes, 17! 33. S. Mechowii, Reichb. f. in Flora, 1882, 531. Leaves 4-8, decreasing upwards into the bracts. Raceme cylindrical, dense-flowered. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the flowers, reflexed during flowering. Lip calceolate, arched in the middle, withont spurs. Lower Guinea. Angola: Malanje, Mechow, 234B. Only known to me from the description, in which it is said to be allied to S., paludosum, Beicht, f., but distinct in the absence of spurs, in which respect it resembles the South African S. muticum, Lindl. 44, DISA, Berg. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 630 (by N. E. Brown). Sepals free, the odd one dorsal in the Tropical species, concave, hood-shaped, or helmet-shaped, with or rarely without one spur or sac. Petals usually much smaller than the sepals, generally more or less adnate to the column at the base, often included within the dorsal Sepal, but quite free from it, very variable in shape. Lip anticous, Sessile or clawed, entire, lobed, or fringed, but not crested. Column short. Anther erect, horizontal, or reflexed, 2-celled, the cells distinct and parallel; pollinia solitary in each cell, granular, attached by short or long caudicles to one gland, or to two distinct glands, Seated at the apex or in the arms of the rostellum. Rostellum erect, subentire, bifid, or trifid at the apex, sometimes with side processes, often more or less adnate to the base of the petals, and sometimes forming a ridge upon them. Stigma seated in front of the rostellum, cushion-like. Capsule straight or twisted, erect, subcylindric,
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000131-00376090-0004
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:34",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376090"
}
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THE “ Flora of Tropical Africa” has met with many vicissitudes. It was projected by Sir William Jackson Hooker as part of the series of Colonial and Indian Floras to be produced at Kew which he initiated. The immediate impulse which led the Government to sanction the undertaking was given by Dr. Livingstone on his return from the Zambesi Expedition (1858-64), to which Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Kirk had been attached as naturalist. The work having been offered to Dr. Kirk and declined by him was entrusted in 1864 to Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Oliver jointly, and was to be completed in four volumes, Sir Joseph Hooker succeeded to the Directorship of the Royal Gardens in 1865, and was in consequence obliged to resign the preparation of the Flora to Professor Oliver, although he contributed some share to both volumes 1. and 11. Professor Oliver further obtained the assistance of other botanists. Vol. 1. appeared in 1868, vol. o in 1871, and vol. Im. in 1877. It was soon evident that the work would exceed the limits at first assigned to it. Not less than five additional volumes will be now required to enumerate completely and describe the known plants of Tropical Africa. In the preface to the first volume Professor Oliver states that for the geographical region to which he gave the name Lower Guinea he was almost wholly dependent on the Angolan collections made at the cost of the Portuguese Government in 1853-61 by Dr. Frederick Welwitsch. This botanist, Professor Oliver adds, “‘ has freely granted us the opportunity of inspecting his collections, which, in respect of judicious selection and admirable preservation, are without rival. His carefully accurate notes upon the fresh plants have also been at our service. Without the access to Dr. Welwitsch’s Herbarium this region would have been comparatively a blank in the present work.” Dr. Welwitsch died in 1872, having bequeathed his Herbarium to the British Museum. This led to prolonged litigation on the part ot the Portuguese Government, ending in a compromise. But the
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.813847
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000131-00376290-0204
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:35",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376290"
}
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00376290
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0204
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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190 CXXXIII. ORCHIDEZ (ROLFE). [Stenoglottis. of the column, cuneate-oblong, without a spur, 3-5-fid at the apex. Column very short and broad; clinandrium broad and erect, thickened at the margin. Anther cells parallel; pollinia granular, affixed by a short stipes to a small, oblong gland ; staminodes lateral, oblong, tuberculate or glandular at the apex. Stigmatic processes 2, clavate or capitate, short ; rostellum broad and minute. Capsule oblong, erect.— Terrestrial herbs, with short stems, and tuberiferous or thickened, fleshy, fasciculate roots. Leaves radical, numerous, rosulate or tufted. Flowers small, shortly pedicellate, arranged in loose somewhat one-sided racemes. Bracts small. A genus of 3 species, the remaining 2 being extra-tropical South African. 1. S. zambesiaca, Rolfe. Plant 6-15 in. high. Leaves 7-12, radical, tufted, lanceolate, acute, narrowed and almost petiolate above the sheathing base, 24—54 in. long. Scapes 6-15 in. long; racemes elongate, laxly many-flowered, subsecund, 23-6 in. long. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 14-5 lin. long. Pedicels 3-4 lin. long. Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, 1} lin. long. Petals suborbicular-oblong, as long as but rather broader than the sepals. Lip 34 lin. long, cuneate-linear, apical third trilobed; side lobes oblong, obtuse; front lobe linear, obtuse, 1 lin. long, much narrower and slightly shorter than the side lobes. Column stout, 4 lin long. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 385! Has the habit of the Natal S. longifolia, Hook. f., but is markedly different in its trilobed lip. From S. fimbriata, Lindl., it differs in the shape of the leaves, and in various other details, Cultivated specimens introduced by Mr. Buchanan flowered in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, in 1881. 31. HOLOTHRIX, Rich. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 623. Sepals subequal, connivent, herbaceous, sometimes hairy. Petals longer than the sepals, narrow, entire or variously divided at the apex. Lip adnate to the base of the column, erect or spreading, concave or involute at the sides, divided into from three to many segments at the apex, produced at the base into a straight or curved spur. Column very short, usually auricled at the sides of the stigma; clinandrium erect, broad, concave or almost cucullate ; connective of the anther not distinct from the clinandrium ; cells ovoid, adnate, distinct, included ; pollinia coarsely-granular, with very short caudicles, terminating in 3 small naked gland; stigma bipartite. Capsule ovoid or oblong.— Terrestrial herbs, with one or two, sessile, ovate or orbicular-reniform, radical leaves. Scapes slender, usually hairy and without sheaths. Flowers small, in slender, usually secund spikes. A genus of about 40 species, most numerous in extra-tropical South Africa, with two representatives in Madagascar and one in the Comoro Islands. Petals and lip shortly lobed or entire. Petals and lip less than 4 lin. long. Lip entire. Lip subspathulate, subacute : . L H. puberula. Lip cuneate-oblong, obtuse S S ` . 2. H. brongniartiana.
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2023-12-23T13:55:04.907838
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000131-00376093-0007
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:36",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376093"
}
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00376093
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0007
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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already issued.
“The principal features of this plan, as settled by Sir W. J. Hooker, and described in his report, are these :— “ Ist. The descriptions are drawn up in the English language, Mr. Bentham’s ‘ Introduction to Botany, drawn up with special reference to Local Floras,’ containing the technical terms used in the descriptions, being prefixed to the work. “2nd. The general sequence of Natural Orders adopted is that of the ‘ Prodromus’ of De Candolle, being that which experience has shown to be practically the most convenient. In accordance with this sequence, British Botanists are accustomed to arrange their Herbaria and works of descriptive Botany. In the more detailed arrangement of the genera, the ‘Genera Plantarum’ of Messrs. Bentham and Hooker has been followed, and a reference to that work is given with each genus. “With regard to the synonymy of the species here described, while the authors have endeavoured to quote all names which have been applied to Tropical African plants, they have not, in the case of widely diffused species, regarded it as either necessary or desirable to include their whole synonymy, the reliable citation of which would have involved very much more time, labour, and space than the end to be attained would warrant; besides that, it would be out of place in a special work of this kind. Any new identifications of African with extra-African species are, of course, recorded.” In one particular, however, I have been obliged to depart slightly from the plan of my predecessor. The last of the three published volumes of the “ Flora of Tropical Africa” appeared in 1877. Since then our knowledge of the vegetation has increased very greatly. Large tracts which were unexplored botanically at that date have yielded numerous and copious collections. In resuming the work, it has therefore been found necessary to more clearly define the regions into which Professor Oliver divided the whole area. In attempting this, advantage has been taken as far as possible of political boundaries, since they admit of easy recognition. The regions may now be briefly defined as follows: 1. Upper Guinga.—The Western Coast region from the mouth of the Senegal River to the southern boundary of the Cameroons. It contains practically the whole of the Niger Basin. It is bounded on the north by a line stretching from the mouth of the Senegal River to Lake Chad; on the east by the 15th meridian of East longitude to its intersection with the southern boundary of the Cameroons, which bounds it to the south. It includes also the island of Fernando Po. 2. Norta Crentrat.—This includes the Sahara. It is bounded to the north by the Tropic of Cancer; on the west by the Atlantic; on the east by the 26th meridian of East longitude ; on the south by the Upper Guinea region and the Congo Free State.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.168296
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000131-00376703-0617
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:37",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376703"
}
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00376703
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0617
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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MOSSES.
Synopsis of British Mosses, containing Descriptions of all the Genera and Species (with localities of the rarer ones) found in Great Britain and Ireland. By Contes P. Dong, PLS. Zo, Ze New Edition, entirely revised. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. net. Handbook of British Mosses, containing all that are known to be natives of the British Isles. By the Rev. M. J. Berxetry, M.A., F.L.S. Second Edition. 24 Coloured Plates, 21s. net. The British Moss-Flora. By R. Brarruwairte,M.D., F.L.S. Vol. I., Imperial 8vo, with 45 finely executed Plates, 50s. Vol. II., with 39 Plates, 42s.6d. Parts XVII.—XIX., each 6s. net. FUNGI. British Fungi, Phycomycetes and Ustilagineæ. By GrorcE Massere (Lecturer on Botany to the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching). Crown 8vo, with 8 Plates, 6s. 6d. net. Outlines of British Fungology. By the Rev. M. J. Berxeery, M.A., F.L.S. With a Supplement of nearly 400 pages by WortHineton G. Smit, F.L.S., bringing the work down to the present state of Science. Two vols., 24 Coloured Plates, 36s. net. The SUPPLEMENT separately, 12s. net. The Esculent Funguses of England. Containing an Account of their Classical History, Uses, Characters, Development, Structure, Nutritious Properties, Modes of Cooking and Preserving, Ze, By C. D. BapHam, M.D. Second Edition. Edited by F. Currey, F.R.S. 12 Coloured Plates, 12s. net. Clavis Agaricinorum ; an Analytical Key to the British Agaricini, with Characters of the Genera and Sub-genera. By Wortuineton G. Smitu, F.L.S. 6 Plates, 2s. 6d. net. ALGAE. British Seaweeds ; an Introduction to the Study of the Marine ALGA of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. By S. O. Gray. Crown 8vo, with 16 Coloured Plates, 9s. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.478872
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000131-00376709-0623
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:38",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376709"
}
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00376709
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0623
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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ANTIQUARIAN.
A Manual of British Archeology. By CHARTES Bovutett, M.A. Second Edition. 20 Coloured Plates, 9s. net. Sacred Archeology; a Popular Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Art and institutions from Primitive to Modern Times. By Macxenziz E, ©. Watcort, B.D. Oxon., F.S.A., Precentor and Prebendary of Chichester Cathedral. 8vo, 15s. net, MISCELLANEOUS. Respiratory Proteids. Researches in Biological. Chemistry. By A. B.Grirrirus, Ph.D., F.R.S.E. 6s. net. Collections and Recollections of Natural History and Sport in the Life of a Country Vicar. By the Rev. G. C. GREEN. With Woodcuts from Sketches by the Author. 6s. net. West Yorkshire; an Account of its Geology, Physical Geography, Climatology, and Botany. By J. W. Davis, F.LS., and F. ARNOLD Lers, F.L.S. Second Edition, 8vo, 21 Plates, many Coloured, and 2 large Maps, 21s. net. Natal; a History and Description of the Colony, including its Natural Features, Productions, Industrial Condition and Prospects. By Henry Brooks, for many years a resident. Edited by Dr. R. J. Mann, F.R.AS., F.R.G.S., late Superintendent of Education in the Colony. Demy 8vo, with Maps, Coloured Plates, and Photographic Views, 18s. net. St. Helena. A Physical, Historical, and Topographical Description of the Island, including its Geology, Fauna, Flora, and Meteorology. By J. C. Mettes, A.I.C.E., F.GS., F.L.S. In one large Vol., Super-royal 8vo, with 56 Plates and Maps, mostly coloured, 36s. net. The Geologist. A Magazine of Geology, Paleontology, and Mineralogy. Edited by S. J. Mac, POS. F.S.A. Vols. V. and VI., each with numerous Wood Engravings, 15s. Vol. VIL, 7s. 6d. net. Everybody’s Weather-Guide. The use of Meteorological Instruments clearly explained, with directions for securing at any time a probable Prognostic of the Weather. By A. STEINMETZ, Esq., Author of “Sunshine and Showers,” Ze, ls. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.578094
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000131-00376700-0614
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:39",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376700"
}
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00376700
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0614
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Lovett Reeve anp Co., LIMITED 5 Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles ; a Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of those Islands. By J. G. Barer, F.L.S. 24s. net. Published under the authority of the Colonial Government of Mauritius. Flora of British India. By Sir J. D. Doors, G.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.S., &e. ; assisted by various Botanists. Complete in Seven Vols., cloth, £12 net. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Flora of Tropical Africa. By DANIEL OLIVER, ERS., F.L.S. Vols. I. to TII., 20s. each, net. Continuation. Edited by Sir W. T. Tu1seELTON-DYER, F.R.S., F.L.S. Vol. VIIL., 27s. 6d. net. Vol. V., Parts I.—III., each 8s. net. Vol. V., cloth, 25s. 6d. net. Published under the authority of the First Commissioner of Her Majesty’s Works. Handbook of the New Zealand Flora; a Systematic Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand, and the Chatham, Kermadec’s, Lord Auckland’s, Campbell’s, and Macquarrie’s Islands. By Sir J. D. Hooker, G.C.S.I., F.R.S. 42s. net. Published under the auspices of the Government of that Colony. Flora Australiensis; a Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory. By Gropor BrentHam, F.R.S., assisted by Ferprinanp MuELLER, F.R.S., Government Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria. Complete in Seven Vols., £7 4s. net. Published under the auspices of the several Governments of Australia. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. By Dr. GRISEBACH, ¥.L.S. 42s. net. Published under the auspices of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Flora Capensis; a Systematic Description of the Plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, and Port Natal. By WAN H. Harvey, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin, and Orro WILHELM Sonper, Ph.D. Vols. I. to III., 18s. each, net. Continuation. Edited by Sir W.T.TuisELTon-Dyer, C.M.G., C.LE., LL.D.,F.R. Vol. VI., 24s. net. Vol. VLE, 33s. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.609338
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000131-00376363-0277
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:40",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376363"
}
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00376363
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0277
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Satyrium, ] CXXXIII. ORCHIDEÆ (ROLFE). 263 narrower than the odd or front sepal. Lip superior, sessile at the base of the column, erect, galeate or cucullate, base more or less united to the lateral sepals, produced behind into a pair of descending spurs or sacs, rarely without a sac or with a pair of additional sacs outside the normal pair. Column erect under the lip, short or somewhat elongated, divided at the apex into two lobes, the upper convex or rarely concave, bearing the pulvinate stigma on its anterior surface, the lower anticous and forming the rostellum. Anther hanging under the rostellum or horizontal, cells nearly parallel; pollinia granular, each with a slender stipes and gland, or rarely the glands united. Ovary and pedicel not twisted.—Terrestrial herbs with undivided tubers. Leaves few and basal, or more numerous and cauline, decreasing upwards into the bracts. Spikes usually dense or many-flowered ; flowers small or medium-sized. Bracts membranous, sometimes large, often reflexed after flowering. A genus of about 100 species, most numerous in extra-tropical South Africa, with about five representatives in the Mascarene Islands and one in India. It is readily distinguished from other genera of Disee by the dorsal position of the relatively large two-spurred lip, with the odd sepal in front. *Lip with two spurs, slender or tapering at the apex, and longer or rarely shorter than the limb. Leaves two, basal, suborbicular, appressed to the ground (not known in 3). Lateral sepals oblong, 7-9 lin. long. Spurs 9 lin. long . 1. S. bifolium. Spurs 5 lin. long. d e e 2 . 2. S. Carsoni. Lateral sepals linear, 5-6 lin, long 7 e . 3. S. cheirophorum, Lateral sepals oblong, 2—4 lin. long. Lip half united to the lateral sepals . $ . 4. S. Johnsoni. Lip a fifth united to the lateral sepals : . 5. S. orbiculare. Leaves two or more, usually cauline, or more or less erect or ascending (not known in 6, 8 and 19). Lip with a pair of short sacs in addition to the usual spurs. Lip 2} lin. long, and as broad . . e . 6. S. sacculatum, Lip 13 lin. long, slightly over half as broad . 7. S, shirense. Lip with a pair of spurs only. = Spurs over an inch long . S ° ; . 8. S. longissimum, Spurs under an inch long.
Spurs much incurved, Ge
Lip 2-2} lin. long ` . . . 9. S. riparium. Lip 3-34 lin, long : . . 10. 8. Volkensii, Spurs recurved è e e S . 11. S. minaz. Spurs parallel to the pedicels or nearly so. Lip 2-2} lin, long, somewhat fleshy. Bracts reflexed after flowering (Eastern species).
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.644485
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000131-00376704-0618
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:41",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376704"
}
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00376704
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0618
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Lovett Reeve anb Co., LIMITED 9 The Potamogetons of the British Isles; Descriptions of all the Species, Varieties, and Hybrids. By ALFRED FRYER, A.L.S., Illustrated by Ropert Morean, PLS Royal 4to. Sections 1,2 and 3, containing parts 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, each with 12 Plates, 21s. coloured ; 15s. uncoloured, net. Phycologia Britannica; or, History of British Seaweeds. Containing Coloured Figures, Generic and Specific Characters, Synonyms and Descriptions of all the Species of Algæ inhabiting the Shores of the British Islands. By Dr. W. H. Harvey, F.R.S. New Edition. Royal 8vo, 4 vols. 360 Coloured Plates, £7 10s. net. Phycologia Australica; a History of Australian Seaweeds, comprising Coloured Figures and Descriptions of the more characteristic Marine Algæ of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia, and a Synopsis of all known Australian Algæ. By Dr. W. H. Harvey, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, Five Vols., 300 Coloured Plates, £7 13s. net. SHELLS AND MOLLUSKS. Elements of Conchology; an Introduction to the Natural History of Shells, and of the Animals which form them. By Lovet. Reeve, F.L.S. Royal 8vo, Two Vols., 62 Coloured Plates, £2 16s. net. Conchologia Iconica ; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Shells of Mollusks, with remarks on their Affinities, Synonymy, and Geographical Distribution. By Lovet. REEVE, F.L.S., and G. B. SowrrBY, F.L.S., complete in Twenty Vols., 4to, with 2727 Coloured Plates, half-calf, £178 net. A detailed list of Monographs and Volumes may be had. The Edible Mollusca of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Modes of Cooking them. By M. S. Lovett. With 12 Coloured Plates. New Edition, rewritten and much enlarged, 9s. net. Testacea Atlantica; or, the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Azores, Madeiras, Salvages, Canaries, Cape Verdes, and Saint Helena. By T. Vernon Wottaston, M.A., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, 21s. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.680823
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000131-00376711-0625
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:42",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376711"
}
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00376711
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0625
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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THE VICTORIA LIBRARY.
A New Series of Standard and Popular Works, in handy pocket volumes, cloth, yellow edges, 1s. each net. Vol. I., British Oratory, containing Six famous Speeches, viz.: Grattan on Irish: Independence, Pitt on Union, Peel on Corn Laws, Bright on Reform, Jones on Democracy, Gladstone on Oaths.
Bolingbroke.
Vol. IV. EnerisH Dramas: By Congreve. “The Way of the World,” and “ The Mourning Bride.” Vol V. A Tare or a Tus: By Dean Swift. With notes and translations. Vol. VI. Spenser’s FAIRY QUEEN : A selection of the most beautiful passages in modernized orthography, with analyses of each book. Notes and explanations of archaic words. Vol. VII. Leg or Witu1am Pirr: By T. Evan Jacob, M.A. Vol. VIII. ELIZABETHAN Sones AND Sonnets. PLATES. : Floral Plates, from the Floral Magazine. Beautifully Coloured, for Screens, Scrap-books, Studies in Flower-painting, Ae, Gd. and ls. each. Lists of over 1000 varieties, One Stamp. Botanical Plates, from the Botanical Magazine. Beautifully-coloured Figures of new and rare Plants. 6d. and 1s.. ` each. Lists of over 3000, Three Stamps. A FORTHCOMING WORKS. |
Pearson. In the press.
The Potamogetons of the British Isles. By ALFRED Fryer, A.L.S. In the press. Monograph of the Genus Teracolus. By Miss E. M. BowDLER SHARPE. In the press. Flora of Tropical Africa. In the press. Flora Capensis. Vol. V. In the press. London :
PUBLISHERS TO THE Homer, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD., ST, JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.720682
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000131-00376702-0616
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:43",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376702"
}
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00376702
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0616
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Lovett Reeve anp Co., LIMITED 7 Dedicated by Special Permission to H.R.H. the Princess of Wales. Monograph of Odontoglossum, a Genus of the Vandeous Section of Orchidaceous Plants. By James BATEMAN, Esq., F.R.S. Imperial folio, in One Vol., with 30 Coloured Plates, and Wood Engravings, cloth, £6 16s. 6d. net. The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya; being an Account, Botanical and Geographical, of the Rhododendrons recently discovered in the Mountains of Eastern Himalaya, by Sir J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. By Sir W. J. Hooxer, F.R.S. Folio, 30 Coloured Plates, £4 14s. 6d. net. FERNS. British Ferns; an Introduction to the Study of the Ferns, Lycopops, and EquisEta indigenous to the British Isles. With Chapters on the Structure, Propagation, Cultivation, Diseases, Uses, Preservation, and Distribution of Ferns. By M. PLUEs. Crown 8vo, with 16 Coloured Plates, and 55 Wood Engravings, 9s. net. The British Ferns; Coloured Figures and Descriptions, with Analysis of the Fructification and Venation of the Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland. By Sir W. J. HOOKER, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 66 Coloured Plates, 36s. net. Garden Ferns; Coloured Figures and Descriptions with Analysis of the Fructification and Venation of a Selection of Exotic Ferns, adapted for Cultivation in the Garden, Hothouse, and Conservatory. By Sir W. J. Hooxer, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 64 Coloured Plates, 36s. net. Filices Exotic ; Coloured Figures and Description of Exotic Ferns. By Sir W. J. Hooxrr, F.R.S. Royal 4to, 100 Coloured Plates, £6 11s. net. Ferny Combes; a Ramble after Ferns in the Glens and Valleys of Devonshire. By CHARLOTTE CHANTER. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 8 Coloured Plates and a Map of the County, 3s. 6d. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.880598
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000131-00376388-0302
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:44",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376388"
}
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00376388
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0302
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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288 CXXXII. ORCHIDEZ (BROWN). [ Brownleea. obtuse, spur cylindrical, curved nearly in a circle, a little thickened at apex. Lateral sepals irregularly quadrangular, exterior lower angle almost a right angle, obtuse. Petals none (?) Lip very broadly oblong, obtuse. Rostellum short, ligulate—Disa apetala, Kranz]. in Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr, C. 153 ; and in Engl. Jahrb. xxii. 21. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ; Useri, 6000 ft., Volkens, 1969. I have not seen this plant. The petals are stated to be entirely absent, with a doubtful suggestion that they may be connate with the lateral sepals, but I have little doubt that they more or less adhere to the dorsal sepal, and have been overlooked. I therefore place it under the genus Brownleea, which only differs from Disa by that character,
Dorsal sepal erect, galeate or calcarate; lateral spreading, oblique, free or more or less united, dorsally saccate or calcarate near the inner margin. Petals united to dorsal sepal, falcately curved, usually constricted in the middle, and obliquely acute or lobed at apex; base sometimes auriculate. Lip adnate to the face of the column, long clawed above it, variously curved within the galea; apex simple or dilated into an entire sharply reflexed limb, bearing on its face a toothlike or bilobed appendage, either directed to the back of the spur or incurved towards its. mouth; very rarely inappendiculate. Column erect, very stout; rostellum large, membranous, bilobed, produced in front into two rigid cartilaginous arms, holding at their extremities the glands of the pollinia. Clinandrium horizontal or ascending ; anthercells distinct, parallel, somewhat approximate; pollen granules secund in a double row on the margins of the flattened caudicles, which curl up ina spiral on removal. Stigma bilobed ; lobes situated on either side of the adnate claw of the lip, approximate or somewhat distant. Capsule cylindrical or ovoid-oblong, ribbed.—Terrestrial herbs, usually small or slender, with ovoid tubers. Leaves one to few, alternate, or limited to a single opposite pair. Flowers in racemes or solitary. Bracts medium-sized or large and leaf-like. A genus of about forty species, most numerous in extra-tropical South Africa, with four in the Mascarene Islands, and two in South India. One of the most natural and sharply defined genera in the Order, with remarkably complex structure.. Its most striking peculiarities are, the prominent side arms of the rostellum, over which the sacs of the lateral sepals exactly fit before the flowers expand, and the remarkable diversities in the lip, which is adnate to the face of the column, narrowly clawed above it, and then variously lobed or appendaged, this latter part being enclosed within the galea formed by the union of the petals inside the saccate or concave dorsal sepal. The appendage of the lip often exceeds the free limb in size, though not invariably so, and in D. Anthoceros it is altogether absent. The shape and direction of the two are also so variable that they are sometimes confused. The former, however, may easily be recognised by the fact that it arises from the face of the latter, being homologous with the crest of other genera. in some cases it is directed to the back of the spur, and in others to its mouth, and it 1s
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2023-12-23T13:55:05.956402
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000131-00376706-0620
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:45",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376706"
}
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00376706
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0620
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Lovett Reeve anp Co., LIMITED 11 The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. By CHARLES G. Barrett, F.E.S. Vol. I., Rhopalocera (Butterflies), 12s. net. Large Paper Edition, with 40 Coloured Plates, 53s. net. Vol. II., Sphinges and Bombycas, 12s. net. Large Paper, with 46 Coloured Plates, 63s. net. Vol. III., Bombyces and Noctue, 12s. net. Large Paper, with 50 Coloured Plates, 63s. net. Vols. IV. to VI., Noctuæ, each 12s, net; Large Paper, with 48 Coloured Plates, each 63s. net. Parts 71 to 76, 5s. each net. Labelling List of the British Macro-Lepidoptera, as arranged in “Lepidoptera of the British Islands.” By CHARLES G. Barrett, F.E.S. ls. 6d. net. TheColeoptera of the British Islands. A Descriptive Account of the Families, Genera, and Species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with Notes as to Localities, Habitats, Ze. By the Rev. Canon Fowzrer, M.A., PLS With two Structural Plates and Wood Engravings, complete in 5 Vols., £4 net. Large Paper Illustrated Edition, with 180 Coloured Plates, containing 2300 figures, £14 net. A Catalogue of the British Coleoptera. By D. SHarpe, M.A., F.R.S., and W. W. FowLER, M.A., 1s. 6d., or printed on one side for labels, 2s. 6d. net. The Butterflies of Europe; Illustrated and Described. By Henry Cuartes Lane, M.D., F.L.S. Complete in Two Vols., super-royal 8vo, with 82 Coloured Plates, containing upwards of 900 Figures, cloth, £3 18s. net. *,* Toe Systematic List op EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES from the above work separately, price 1s.; or printed on one side of the paper only for Labels, 1s. 6d, net. British Insects. A Familiar Description of the Form, Structure, Habits, and Transformations of Insects. By E. F. STAVELEY, Author of “ British Spiders.” Crown 8vo, with 16 Coloured Plates and numerous Wood Engravings, 12s. net,
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2023-12-23T13:55:06.036282
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000131-00376699-0613
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:46",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376699"
}
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00376699
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0613
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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A Lovet Reeve ven Co., LIMITED
The Botanical Magazine; Figures and Descriptions of New and Rare Plants suitable for the Garden, Stove, or Greenhouse, By Sir J. D Hooxer, G.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.S., late Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. Royal 8vo. Third Series, Vols. I. to LV., each 42s. net. Published Monthly, with 6 Plates, 3s. 6d., coloured. Annual Subscription, 42s. Rx-1ssvr of the THIRD SERIES in Monthly Vols., 42s. each; to Subscribers for the entire Series, 36s. each. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine; complete from the commencement to the end of 1899, £125 net. The Floral Magazine; New Series, Enlarged to Royal 4to. Figures and Descriptions of the choicest New Flowers for the Garden, Stove, or Conservatory. Complete in Ten Vols., in handsome cloth, gilt edges, 36s. each net. First SERIES complete in Ten Vols., with 560 beautifully-coloured Plates, £15 15s. net. The Young Collector’s Handybook of Botany. By the Rev. H. P. Dunster, M.A. 66 Woodcuts, 3s. net. Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geography. By J. Q. Baker, PLS 3s. net. Report on the Forest Resources of Western Australia. By Baron Freen. Mossen, C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Government Botanist of Victoria. Royal 4to, 20 Plates of the Eucalyptus, 12s. net. Flora Vitiensis; a Description of the Plants of the Viti or Fiji Islands, with an Account of their History, Uses, and Properties. By Dr. BerrHotp Sremann, F.L.S. Royal Ato, Coloured Plates. Part X., 25s. net. Flora Hongkongensis; a Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Island of Hongkong. By GzrorcE Bentnam, F.R.S. With a Supplement by Dr. Hance. 21s.net. Published under the authority of Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the Colonies. The Supplement separately, 2s. 6d. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:06.231652
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000131-00376705-0619
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000131
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:47",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00376705"
}
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00376705
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0619
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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ENTOMOLOGY.
Monographiæ Entomologicæ. I. A Monograph of the Genus Trracotus. By E. M. Bowprer SHARPE. Parts 1 to 7, 4to, each with 4 Coloured Plates, 7s. 6d. net. Dedicated, by Special Permission, to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Empress of India. Lepidoptera Indica. By F. Moors, F.Z.S. 4to. Vol. I., with 94, and Vols. II. to IV., with 96, Coloured Plates, each £9 5s., cloth; £9 15s., half-morocco. The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. By F. Moors, F.L.S. Three Vols., Medium 4to, 215 Coloured Plates, cloth, gilt tops, £21 12s. net. Published under the auspices of the Government of Ceylon. The Larve of the British Lepidoptera, and their Food Plants. By Owen S. Witson. With Life-sized Figures drawn and coloured from Nature, by ELeanora Wixtson. Super royal 8vo, wfth 40 Coloured Plates. 63s. net. Catalogue of British Lepidoptera. By ARTHUR Doncaster. ls., or printed on one side only for labels, 2s. net. The Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Isles. By Epwarp Saunpgrs, F.L.S. Complete in One Vol., with 3 Structural Plates, 16s. net. Large Paper Edition, with 51 Coloured Plates, 68s. net. The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands. By Epwarp Saunpers, F.L.S. Complete in One Vol., with a Structural Plate, 14s. net. Large Paper Illustrated Edition, with 31 Coloured Plates, 48s. net. The Hemiptera Homoptera of the British Islands. A Descriptive Account of the Families, Genera, and Species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with Notes as to Localities, Habitats, &c. By James Epwarps, F.E.S. Complete in One Vol., with 2 Structural Plates, 12s. net. Large Paper, with 28 Coloured Plates, 43s. net.
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2023-12-23T13:55:07.914169
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000137-05876317-0047
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:48",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876317"
}
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05876317
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0047
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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GAMOPETAL.
By H. F. Wernuam, B.Sc.; excepting Composite, Asclepiadaceze (Loganiacex (in part) ), and Acanthacee, by SPENCER MOORE, F.L.S.; and Convolvulacex, by Dr. A. B. RENDLE, F.R.S. RUBIACEE, This family is the most numerously represented in the whole collection, and some valuable additions—in the way both of rare Species already described and of novelties—have been made. There are 35 new species, and of these six belong to four new genera— Afrohamelia, Dorothea, Diplosporopsis, Globulostylis—the two latter including each:two species. Afrohamelia is interesting as being nearly related to Hamelia, a genus confined to the tropies of the New World; and its morphology is particularly curious. The bracts are large and foliaceous, the inflorescences appearing to arise from the middle of the stalk, to which the peduncle is adnate ; the leaves are almost exactly similar, but much smaller.’ Dorothea, a near ally of Randia, is especially interesting for its zygomorphic flowers—a rare feature in this family. Sabicea has yielded as many as four very distinct new species. Bandia Talbotii has large showy flowers 21 decimetres long. Coffea Talbotii is a curious new species which I have assigned to this genus only after considerable hesitation ; the fruit is a red fusiform berry, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb. Cremaspora Thomsoni Hiern. Hiern’s description (Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 126) seems to have been based on immature flowers; the Talbot specimen (n. 1049) affords excellent material The corolla-tube is 7 mm. and the lobes 6 mm. long, and the fruit, hitherto unavailable, is 1*5 cm. long. Coffea subeordata Hiern. The corolla-lobes and stamens are much larger than stated in Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 184, but the Talbot plant (n. 243) is otherwise identical with the type, and agrees with the original description in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. Il. i. 174. Cephaélis Mannii Hiern n. 154. The peduncles are several feet long, instead of about 1 foot, as known from previous specimens.
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2023-12-23T13:55:07.919771
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000137-05876334-0064
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:49",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876334"
}
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05876334
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0064
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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56 SOUTH NIGERIAN PLANTS
Near T. aurea Hiern, but distinguished by the shape and indumentum of the leaves, the long petioles, the stipules, etc. Lasianthus Mannii Wernham sp. nov. Frutex ramulis complanatis dense praecipue in nodis hirsutis ; foliis petiolatis obovatolanceolatis vel ellipticis breviter acuminatis acutis basi cuneatis subtus praecipue in nervis et margine supra in vena media sola sparse hirsutis; stipulis a basi lata triangularibus ut ramuli indutis; floribus in cymis alaribus 3-4-floris sessilibus inter minimos 5-meris ; corollae tubo extus glabro lobis lanceolatis obtusis irregulariter pilosis ; drupa 10-lobata depresso-globosa. Oban ; n. 266. ! The leaves are from 19 to 24 em. long and 6°5 to 8 cm. broad; the densely hairy petiole is from 3 to 4 em. long. Leaf-veins well-marked on both sides of the leaf, divaricate, meeting the midrib perpendicularly and curving upwards until parallel with the margin; the veins are closely set, 11-14 pairs with nearly the same number of shorter veins intervening. Stipules 7 mm. or longer, 5-6 mm. broad at the base. Flowers barely 5 mm. long. Fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, with a broad 10-furrowed crown. Its nearest ally is L. batangensis K. Schum., from which it differs in the much larger and differently-shaped leaves and longer petioles, in the leaf-venation, in the arrangement of the flowers, and in the size of the fruit. Our species is apparently identical with the plant collected by Mann on the Gaboon River (n. 917), preserved in the Kew Herbarium, although the latter is not quite so hairy (vide Hiern, in Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 228). ;
COMPOSITZE by Mr. S. Moore.
Contrary to what is usually found in an African collection, the Composite form quite an inconspicuous element in the one under notice, and indeed the Composite flora of Upper Guinea is a poor one at best. One sees the same relative poverty when comparison is drawn between Eastern Brazil and Amazonia, India and the Malay Peninsula, and the interior of Australia and its northern coasts. In these cases the country more open in character and drier in climate is the richer in Composite, a fact of high antecedent probability, seeing that the fruit is edispersed chiefly by means of the pappus, and in a moist, densely afforested district this dispersal would be restricted not only by. liability of the pappus to collapse, but because the thickly growing vegetation would form an obstacle to the achenes in their flight. Vernonia frondosa Oliver & Hiern (n. 494) is a fine species hitherto unrepresented in the National Herbarium. Sphaeranthus ($ Pauciflori) Talbotii S. Moore (in Macleod “Chiefs and Cities of Central Africa,” 303). Herba verisimiliter humilis; ramis subsparsim foliosis anguste alatis cito
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2023-12-23T13:55:07.930571
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000137-05876271-0001
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:50",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876271"
}
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05876271
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0001
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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AND SOLD BY
LoNGMANS & Co., 39, PATERNOSTER Row, E.C.; B. QUARITCH, 11, GRAFTON STREET, NEw BOND STREET, W. ; DULAU & Co, LTD, 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.; AND AT THE British MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL Roan, S.W. 1913
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2023-12-23T13:55:07.934674
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000137-05876273-0003
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:51",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876273"
}
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05876273
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0003
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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PREFACE
THE following account of the plants of the Oban District of South Nigeria has been drawn up from the collections made by Mr. and Mrs. P. Amaury Talbot in the years 1909 to 1912, during Mr. Talbot/s period of Government service in the District, „and presented by them to the Museum. Mrs. Talbot also made a very large and beautiful series of drawings of the plants, reproductions of which she proposes to publish in a separate book. The plants have been determined and the novelties described by members of the Department of Botany, with the assistance of Mr. 8. Moore in various orders, Mr. H. N. Ridley who has worked out the Zingiberacee and Marantacex, and Miss A. Lorrain Smith who has determined the Lichens. For descriptions of a few new species I am indebted to Mr. Sprague and Mr. Hutchinson of the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew. The authorship of each portion of the work is indicated exactly in the text. Mr. Talbot has supplied a short account of the district and of the general character of its vegetation; and notes on many of the plants by Mr. and Mrs. Talbot are incorporated with the descriptive matter. :
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2023-12-23T13:55:07.968049
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000137-05876371-0101
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:52",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876371"
}
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05876371
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0101
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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{extremity not seen) 15 x 8'5 cm., when dry green and shining; lateral nerves 4 pairs (including the basal pair), distant, inserted upon the midrib at about a right angle, strongly arcuate and anfractuose towards the margin, together with the reticulum flat or nearly so on the upper side and very prominent on the lower; petioles stout, nearly 8 em. long. Thick woody base of inflorescence about 5 mm. in length. Bracts about 3 mm. long. Pedicels (with ovary) 2°5-4 em. long. Perianth, according to Mrs. Talbot's drawing, yellowish-white on the outside, the lobes reddish-purple with white streaks; utricle 23-25 mm. long, 15-17 nim. broad; tube 27 mm. long, at bottom 6-8 mm., at top 10-12 mm. broad ; longer lobes 48 mm. long, smaller third lobe 40 mm. Stalk of gynostemium 1:5 mm. long. Anthers oblong, 2:25 mm. long, the same length as the erect branches of the stigma. ; To be inserted in the genus next A. Staudtii Engl., a species known to me by description only, which has smaller and narrower leaves and shorter stalks, differently coloured flowers with a longer and broader utricle, a longer tube and a longer stalk to the much larger gynostemium. The leaves serve to distinguish the plant at sight from A. triactina Hook. fil. No. 213 with somewhat larger dull yellow purple-streaked perianth-lobes may be a form of this, but its leaves are unknown. Aristolochia Talbotii S. Moore sp. nov. Planta scandens caule florescentis tempore nudo; foliis ignotis; floribus in fasciculis subsessilibus paucifloris ex ramis foliis destitutis oriundis; pedi- — cellis (cum ovario) quam flores brevioribus puberulis; perianthii extus glabri utriculo obliquo ovoideo quam tubus deorsum cylindricus sursum infundibularis paullo breviore limbo brevi uno latere in caudam attenuatam perianthium ipsum excedentem exeunte; gynostemio breviter stipitato ; staminibus necnon stylis 9. (Pl. 11, fig. 7.) E
Stem, according to Mrs. Talbot's drawing, about 1 cm. in diameter, here and there nodose, surrounded by a spirally twisted cortex. Peduncles about 5 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter. Pedicels 3-4 cm. long. Perianth pale yellowish-green, with several dark longitudinal unbranched or rarely branching nerves, when dry dark brown or almost black; utricle 20-22 x 11-13 mm.; tube 38 mm. long, in its lower half 10-12 mm. wide, expanding above to 26 mm., clothed inside with numerous reflexed black bulbous-based hairs and a row of ordinary hairs separating it from the utricle; limb emarginate at the side opposite to that from which the tail is given off, otherwise entire, 25 x 15 mm.; tail + 10 em. long, nearly 9 mm. wide at its point of origin, immediately narrowing to ‘5 mm., and towards the tip expanding to 1 mm. or somewhat more. Stalk of the gynostemium 1:5 mm. long. Anthers oblong, 2 mm. long or a little more. Branches of the stigma incurved just below the acute tip, 1:5 mm. long. , on sight by its remarkable perianth, somewhat in the style of though abundantly diverse from that of A. foetens Lindl., and markedly smaller than that of A. flagellata Stapf.
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.050686
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000137-05876467-0197
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:53",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876467"
}
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05876467
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0197
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.108415
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000137-05876457-0187
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:54",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876457"
}
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05876457
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0187
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.145285
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000137-05876390-0120
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:55",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876390"
}
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05876390
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0120
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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E12 SOUTH NIGERIAN PLANTS
leaf, but emitting their flowers. The drawing of this form gives the flowers of a pure blue. These resemble closely the types of the plant as described by Schumann, collected in the Cameroons by Preuss (n. 352) and in the East Gaboon by Bates (n. 548). The second drawing (n. 57) shows a plant differing in that the spikes are freed from the leaf-sheath and spreading subhorizontally. The flower here is given as of a lilac colour. The specimens corresponding to this drawing resemble those of the typical H. azurea except that the spikes have spread from the sheath. In other specimens the spikes in two or three fascicles are quite free and spreading, and elongated to as much as 30 em. I conclude that these are only a later stage development of the form which commences to flower before the spikes are actually free of the petiole-sheath. The flowers are very thin and fugacious and preserve ill ; the foliage and fruit, however, are the same in all. A third form or state has a single spike emitted directly from the rhizome without any of the basal leaves or sheaths developed into true leaves. The few specimens are rather poor, and the drawing is only a pencil sketch. It is quite possible that this is a distinct species, but it may be an occasional sport of an inflorescence in which the foliar stem has been suppressed or not evolved. A similar modification occurs occasionally in Globba, Costus afer, C. speciosus and other members of the family. This interesting and charming genus whose distribution— Africa, Burma and Java—is peculiar, requires further investigation,
DIOSCOREACEZ.
Dioseorea polyantha Rendle. Oban; n. 781. The specimen is in male flower ; the flowers correspond with those of the type specimen from Angola, but the leaves are partly opposite. The other species collected are generally distributed in Tropical or West Tropical Africa.
LILIACEZ.
The specimens representing this order are generally more or less widely distributed in Tropical Africa. Of the eight species of Dracaena two are Nigerian, namely, D. @odsefiana Sander (Lagos) and D. cylindrica Hook. f. (Calabar). Two species of Chlorophytum are from the Cameroons, and one from Sierra Leone. Dracaena Talbotii Rendle sp. nov. Planta foliis infra spicam aggregatis sessilibus linearibus utrinque angustatis acuminatis basi vaginantibus, nervo mediano crasso per totum D
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.147430
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000137-05876397-0127
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:56",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876397"
}
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05876397
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0127
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Moreover the microscopic structure of the sclerotium in L. Tuber-regium is exactly similar to that described by Schroeter, and afterwards by Bommer, in L. Woermanni. The internal tissue is of two kinds: (1) hyphae 2-3 „ wide, undulating, knotty, geniculate but little ramified ; and (2) globose, elliptical or elongate structures 10-20 p in diameter. With regard to the exterior Schroeter recorded one thin layer composed of brown, strongly interwoven filaments 3-4 u wide, with a very narrow lumen. Bommer noted a more marked differentiation at the exterior of the sclerotium: an outer layer 50 p thick of cells with sclerotised walls, consisting of an inner and outer portion ; beneath this a second layer about 75 p thick with the hyphal walls less sclerotised. The same differentiation has been observed in certain sections of the sclerotium of L. Tuber-regium, but the layers are not at all so definite as Bommer’s account would suggest. The felt in the hollows of the sclerotium, first noticed by Bommer, is similar to that of the stipe. In both instances it consists of straight hyphae usually about 2 p wide with very refringent contents. In 1901 Massee (in Kew Bull. 163) published a new species, Lentinus flavidus, from Old Calabar. The pileus is described as smooth, the stipe as “ densissime velutino-hispidulus, brunneus,” the spores as elliptical 10 x 44. The fungus grows singly from a sclerotium. Miss Wakefield (in Kew Bull. 1912) records the same fungus from Nigeria and suggests that it may possibly be the same as L. Tuber-regium; she kindly showed me the two specimens at Kew, and there is not the slightest doubt that both are young specimens of L. Tuber-regium. In the type-specimen of L. flavidus the squamules are not very well marked, but they are distinctly present. : It is evident that the plant which was described by Rumphius and so long lost sight of, is fairly common in West Africa, and it is probable that L. Woermanni Cohn & Schroet. and certainly that L. flavidus Mass. are merely stages of the same fungus. Two other species of Lentinus which grow from sclerotia, L. Cyathus B. & Br. and L. scleroticola Murr., have also been examined. The types are in the National Herbarium. They are quite distinct from one another and from L. Tuber-regium. Polystietus sacer Fr. This specimen shows an interesting abnormality. A single stipe starts from the sclerotium, which bifurcates a little above halfway. The main stipe evidently grew the more quickly and formed a normal pileus. The branch, though slower in growth, apparently continued to grow some time longer as it has forced its way through the first formed pileus, and then produced a second normal one over it.
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.153501
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000137-05876447-0177
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:57",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876447"
}
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05876447
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0177
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.187900
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000137-05876275-0005
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:58",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876275"
}
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05876275
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0005
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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INTRODUCTION
Tux following notes on the general character and vegetation of the Oban district have been kindly supplied by Mr. Talbot. The Oban district of South Nigeria * lies within the bend of the Cross River at a distance of 40 to 100 miles from the Gulf of Guinea. It is bounded on the East by the German Cameroons, of which it is, botanically speaking, an offshoot, though apparently exceeding its neighbour in the luxuriance of its vegetation. Throughout the length and breadth of the land hardly a level spot is to be found. The average height above the sea-line varies from about 300 to 900 feet, with masses of hills rising towards the centre into a clearly marked watershed, nearly 4000 feet high. The greater number of these hills have been climbed by us, but haighé seemed hardly to influence the luxuriance, or even type, of vegetation. The rocks of the district are very ancient and consist mostly of gneiss or granite, pierced by veins of iron oreand other minerals. The weathering of these has produced a soil very favourable to growth. This, mixed with the deep accumulation of rich vegetable humus and mould in the dense shade of these tropical forests, forms, in the warm damp climate, a kind of vast natural forcing bed, from which spring an almost inexhaustible variety of flowering plants and trees. These grow up with such incredible rapidity that I have found it difficult to recognise sites, which were under cultivation five years before. The land is drained by a close network of rivers, which meander through the deep green of the “bush,” like the veins of some giant leaf, or leap down the hill-sides in a series of cancigies and waterfalls. The forests of Oban are usually described as within the evergreen belt, but, though evergreens predominate, more careful study discloses the presence of a very large proportion of deciduous trees, many of which burst into leaf and flower twice * A map of the district will be found with Mr. Talbot's communication to the Geographical J enge en 637).
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:59",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876276"
}
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vili INTRODUCTION
every year. Several are even known to bloom four times in the year, while on the other hand some cauliflorous trees only blossom every two or three years. Natives, whose information in other cases proved trustworthy, declared that certain ones only flower once in seven years. The number of different species to be found in these forests is immense and may be computed to average at least 400 to 500 distinet species to the square mile. Among these are to be found a large number of valuable economie trees, such as cam-wood, ebony, rubbers and mahoganies of enormous size, scented and otherwise. The state of age gradation among all such trees is more satisfactory too in this district than that in the greater part of the Protectorate. The annual rainfall, carefully kept during my tenure of office, averages 175 inches, and the humidity may be a contributory cause to the extraordinary large number of cauliflorous trees. The unusual rainfall and the heavy dews, which last all through the dry season, act too as protective agents in rendering impossible destruction by forest fires. A very considerable part of the district has at one time or other been under cultivation. The system of farming consists in roughly clearing the land in January and February, by cutting and burning the smaller growth, while the great trees are left standing. This has, however, affected the type of forest less than would otherwise have been the case, owing partly to the scanty population, about four to the square mile, and also to the large number of trees, which, according to the superstition of the people, must neither be destroyed nor planted, but left untroubled by human interference. A considerable part of the land may be regarded as virgin bush, and is perhaps the only: important survival of that vast primeval belt, which once extended over the greater part of South Nigeria. In order to be convinced that the forests of Oban are to a great extent true primary forest one has only to leave a native path in the remote parts of the interior and cut one's way for a short distance through the tangle of lianes, often of the girth of our Northern tree-trunks, which hang between giant boles, 200 to 300 feet high, and, in the case of cotton trees, over 80 feet in circumference. Oncethe path has been lost sight of, one may wander for days without coming across a trace of human habitation. P. AMAURY TALBOT.
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:60",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876376"
}
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0106
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ORCHIDACEE.
The collection contains seventy species, of which twenty are new. Their affinity is almost exclusively West Tropical African, and as might be expected a large proportion occur also in the Cameroons, seventeen species being hitherto known only from that area. Among these is the genus Auxopus recently described by Dr. Schlechter from a single locality. Nineteen species have a wider distribution through the region bordering on the Gulf of Guinea from Sierra Leone to Gaboon, including Prince's Island and the Island of St. Thomas; Habenaria barrina Ridl. has hitherto been known only from St. Thomas. A smaller number, seven, are more generally West Tropical African, extending southwards to the French Congo or Angola. Platanthera helleborina Rolfe and Habenaria procera Lindl. are interesting additions, being previously recorded only from Sierra Leone, the latter known apparently only from Lindley’s figure (Bot. Reg. t. 1858), with which the Nigerian specimen agrees. Two of the new species belonging respectively to Bulbophyllum and Habenaria have also been sent from Liberia by Mr. R. H. Bunting. It is with much regret that I have felt compelled to quote the species of Listrostachys and Mystacidium under Angraecum. Dr. Schlechter has recently given repeated instances of cases where the affinity deduced from general characters is at variance with that deduced from the single character of the pollinia and their appendages; species obviously closely allied must be artificially separated on this criterion. The multiplicity of names borne by many of the species is an indication of the unsatisfactory nature of the system which continues to maintain this distinction. An example is afforded by the species which I originally described as Listrostachys clavata; the pollinia were attached by their caudicles to a single gland, which, however, being easily separable into two parts, was on this account referred by Mr. Rolfe to Mystacidium. More recently Dr. Schlechter, in describing a new species, Angraecum affine (in which the two pollen-stalks are attached to a common gland), mentions as its nearest ally the *
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.257182
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000137-05876272-0002
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:61",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876272"
}
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0002
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.301008
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000137-05876372-0102
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:62",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876372"
}
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The upper part of the perianth-tube of this supposed variety is more curved than that of type specimens, otherwise except for the very long tails there seems no difference. As with the type, no leaves of this are to hand. The perianth is very pale green in colour with dark purple spots, and the hairs in the throat are pure white. The single fruit sent consists of two oblong portions (apparently the two halves, though the ends do not quite match), each 10 em. long and 3 em. in diameter, deeply 6-suleate and in colour a dark brown; the seeds are cordate, palely shining and 1 cm. long. Aristolochia tenuicauda S. Moore sp. nov. Planta perianthii extus mieroscopice puberuli utriculo obliquo late ovoideo tubo inferne cylindrico superne curvato-infundibulari quam utriculus plane longiore limbo abbreviato uno latere tridentato dente utroque in caudam elongatam tenuissimam exeunte; gynostemio stipitato ; staminibus 9 ; stylis 9. Oban ; n. 2318. i i |... Stem and leaves not seen, but certainly a twiner. Perianth darkcoloured and leathery when dry, traversed by several longitudinal nerves, reticulum not very plainly seen; utricle 2:5 cm. long, 1:5 em. broad, projecting beyond the narrower lowest part of the tube; tube arching above, inside pilose with white hairs, 4:5 cm. long, 10 mm. broad at the base, i4 mm. at the middle, and 30 mm. immediately below the limb, mouth emarginate at the end opposite to that bearing the tails, its three teeth about 2 mm. long, tails very slender up to 20 cm. long, about "3 mm. wide, but distally widening to about 1 mm. Stalk of gynostemium 2 mm. long. Anthers narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long. Branches of stigma with short incurved tails, nearly 3 mm. long. Nearly allied to the last, but the perianth of A. tenwicauda is larger, the utricle more prominent, the upper part of the tube more curved, the mouth wider, the place of the single tail is always taken by the three slender tails, and the anthers and styles are longer. LAURINEAE. Tylostemon ($ Ennearrhena) Talbotiae S. Moore sp. nov. Frutex elatus ramis subteretibus glabris cortice cinereo cireumdatis ; foliis amplis oblongo-ellipticis apice cuspidato-acuminatis ipso obtusis basi in petiolum brevem crassum canaliculatam angustatis | glandulis immersis creberrime inspersis pergamaceis utrinsecus glabris vel fere glabris; panieulis extra-axillaribus subtermina libusve effusis minute subfulvo-pubescentibus ramulis pluribus — oppositis alternisve ascendentibus vel patulis pedicellis ut ramuli filiformibus satis elongatis ; perianthio pro rata majuseuloturbinato ——
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.361836
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000137-05876388-0118
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:63",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876388"
}
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0118
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The Liberian specimens are taller and stouter than the Nigerian, reaching 4:6 dm. in height with a thickness of 3 mm., the large radical leaves 15 em. long (including the lax sheathing base) by 3 em. broad, the spike 9 cm. long. The Nigerian plants range from 17-82 cm. long, with a slender stem 1-1:5 mm. thick, and radical leaves 6-10 cm. long and a shorter, laxer-flowered spike. Fertile bracts 12-18 mm. long. Dorsal sepal 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. broad; lateral sepals 6-7°5 mm. long by 2:75-3 mm. broad. Petals 7 mm. long by *5 mm. broad; lip-segments 6-8 mm. long; spur 12 mm. long; stigmatic processes 1 mm. long. Anther 2 mm. long. Apparently (from the description) allied to H. physuriformis Krünzl. from the Cameroons, but a larger plant with larger flowers. Kränzlin (in Engl. Jahrb. xliii. 395) places this in his section Replicatae, though the petals are deseribed as undivided; it would seem more fitly placed in the section Tridactylae. Habenaria barrina Ridl. in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 202. Oban : n. 923. A single specimen which is of interest as the species has hitherto been known only from the Island of St. Thomas. By some misunderstanding Rolfe (in Flor. Trop. Afr. viii. 230) cites the species as a synonym of H. thomana Reichb. f. The two plants differ remarkably in habit; H. thomana has a tuft of rather large radical leaves, while the cauline leaves pass rapidly into bracts ; in H. barrina, on the other hand, there are no radical leaves, and the lower part of the stem bears reduced leaves which pass above into the more or less lanceolate foliage-leaves occupying the upper part of the stem almost to the base of the inflorescence. The flowers also differ in the two species: in H. thomana the two divisions of the petal are strikingly unequal, in H. barrina nearly equal ; in H. thomana the lateral lobes of the lip are comparatively broad, falcate and retuse, in H. barrina slender, resembling the median lobe ; the length of stigmatic processes and anther-canals is also very different in the two species. ZINGIBERACE by Mr. H. N. Ridley. Aframomum seeptrum K. Schum. Oban ; nn. 85, 1594, 1605. The form sent is apparently one-flowered. The picture sent with the specimens gives the flowers of a beautiful violet, with white bracts, the lip violet with a paler centre and some yellow streaks in the mouth. The lip is completely convolute round the stamen. The plant figured in the Botanical Magazine (t. 5761) is much paler in colour, only tinted violet. The fruit is smooth and scarlet.
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.381096
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000137-05876394-0124
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:64",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876394"
}
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0124
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The collection contains only four species, three of which are distributed in West and Central Tropical Africa; the fourth Mapania amplivaginata K. Schum. has hitherto been recorded only from the Cameroons.
Comparatively few grasses were collected, and these are mainly of wide distribution in the tropics. Two of special interest are Guaduella Ledermannii Pilger and a specimen which is probably identical with G. Zenkeri Pilger; both these have been previously recorded only from the Cameroons.
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000137-05876277-0007
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:65",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876277"
}
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INTRODUCTION 1x
The collection includes 1,016 species and varieties, 195 of which are new; there are nine new genera. The new genera are Alphonseopsis and Dennettia in the order Anonacem, the former allied to the Indian genus Alphonsea, the latter to Melodorum ; Crateranthus, a genus of Myrtacesw intermediate in structure between Napoleona and the tropical South American Asteranthos ; Afrohamelia (Rubiaces) most nearly allied to the tropieal American Hamelia, and, in the same order, Dorothea and Diplosporopsis, new members of the tribe Gardenieæ, and Globulostylis, the affinity of which is with Cuviera in the tribe Vangueriex ; Scyphostrychnos (Loganiaces) closely allied to Strychnos; Talbotia,* a member of the tribe Justiciææ in the order Acanthacex ; and Amauriella, a member of the subfamily Philodendroide in Araces. Of the new species seven belong to the order Anonaces, three to Violaces, three to Guttifer®, one to Malvaces, six to Sterculiacez, including four new Colas, two to Geraniaces, two to Meliacex, two to Olacacex, one to Celastracee, three to Sapindacem, three to Anacardiacew, five to Leguminos®, one to Rosacew, eight to Myrtacee six of which belong to the genus Napoleona, three to Melastomace:, thirty-four to Rubiaceæ, one to Ebenace», one to Oleacee, twelve to Apocynacem, four to Asclepiadacex, nine to Loganiacex, one to Convolvulacew, one to Pedalinesm, twenty-one to Acanthacee, four to Verbenaces, three to Aristolochiacex, three to Laurinew, two to Euphorbiacer, twenty to Orchidace:, two to Liliacez, and three to Aracem. A few specimens have been included in the enumeration which were collected on a journey through Nigeria and the North Cameroons to the Bornu Country and Lake Chad ; the locality of these is indicated in each case. A full list of the plants collected on this journey forms an Appendix to Miss O. Macleod's “ Chiefs and Cities of Central Africa." Mr. Talbot refers to the extraordinary large number of cauliflorous trees and special attention was paid to these when collecting, and Mrs. Talbot has also made careful coloured drawings of the flowers. Many of them are new. Such are several species _ of Cola, Napoleona and Drypetes, species of Tetrastemma, Omphalocarpum, Diospyros and others. * This is equivalent to Afrofittonia Lindau in Engl. Jahrb. xlix. 406, published March 28, 1913, and thus too late for notice in this memoir.
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000137-05876395-0125
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:66",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876395"
}
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By J. RAMSBOTTOM, B.A.
Lentinus Tuber-regium Fr. The first description and illustration of this fungus is by Rumphius (Herb. Amboin. vi. lib. xi. 120, t. 57 (1750)). The figure represents what seems to be a smooth block of earth on which six agarics are growing. Rumphius calls the former Tuber-regium and the latter Boleti. He gives a long account of the Tuber: it is very common in spring and autumn during the rainy seasons, and it is then quite soft and not durable. When planted and watered with warm water it produced the Boleti, but perished the next year. In size it varies from the size of a man’s fist to that of a child’s head. A list of native names for the Tuber is given and it is stated that it is quite common in certain islands, under grass on the mountains and at the roots of tall trees. In spite of this statement it seems that it has not been again met with in the East Indies. Fries in his Systema Mycologicum i. 174 (1821) places the “ Boletus” in the genus Agaricus and gives a diagnosis drawn up from Rumphius’ description. He queries whether the * matrix " is Scleroderma, but later (Syst. Mycol. ii. 243 (1823)) he places it with Selerotium Cocos in his new genus Pachyma. Afterwards in the Epicrisis (392 (1836-8)) the fungus becomes Lentinus Tuber-regium : the statement * non vidi” is added. The next record of L. Tuber-regium is apparently that of Hennings, in Engler Bot. Jahrb. xiv. 351 (1891). He records two specimens, one from Mombassa and one from the Cameroons, and gives a description of the fungus which has been found several times since in the latter district. In the present collection there are eight specimens of L. Tuber-regium, representing a series from the youngest stages where the fruit appears as a small cone of tissue (Pl. 17, fig. 1) to large specimens over 20 cm. across the cap. In only one case is there a perfect sclerotium, which is an irregular structure measuring in its greatest dimensions 16 x 15 x 10 cm. This bears nine fruit bodies, one of which is very much larger than the others (cf. Rumphius—“ Boletus crescit aliquando simplex, aliquando duplex, aliquando plures simul, quorum tamen semper unus maximus est") There seems little doubt that the fungus
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:67",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876396"
}
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118 SOUTH NIGERIAN PLANTS
is Rumphius’ Tuber-regium, and also that it is the one described by Hennings. There are, however, one or two facts which may be added to Hennings’ description. The squamules which are present in such quantity on the young pileus do not later disappear. Owing to the expansion of the pileus they become widely dispersed and smaller, but in the largest specimen in the collection with a pileus 24 cm. across the squamules can still be clearly seen. The gills bifurcate at the base and undergo further divisions and anastomoses, but the exact procedure has not been made out. The greatest length of stipe is 13 cm., the greatest width 2:5 em., and the greatest height of a fungus, excluding the sclerotium, 28 cm. The felt of the stipes (which has quite disappeared from the oldest specimens) is usually a dirty fawn colour. Hennings describes it as “ weiss." In a spirit specimen, the colour is in places much darker, the upper parts of the stipes having dark squamule-like patches while the bases are almost black. The stipe is usually equal but sometimes attenuate upwards. In the case of the complete sclerotium, the surface is very uneven ; on the projecting areas the colour is usually dark brown or black ; where hollows oecur the surface is clothed with a felt which is similar in appearance to that on the stipe. On the upper surface of the sclerotium there are some adhering wood fibres which may be of significance with regard to the habitat. In section the sclerotium has a white chalky appearance. In 1891 Cohn and Schroeter (in Abhandl. Naturw. Verein Hamburg xi. 4) described a new species of Lentinus, L. Woermanni, which they had succeeded in growing from a sclerotium also obtained from the Cameroons. Their figures of the fungus resemble greatly the stage of L. Tuber-regium shown in fig. 2. The only point of distinction is the colour of the stipe which is almost black, but, as stated above, one of the specimens of the present collection, preserved in spirit, bears three fruiting bodies with very dark stipes. The resemblance between the two fungi extends to the microscopie structure. In neither case have spores attached to the basidia been demonstrated. The hyphae of the trama in L. Woermanni were about “2 mm." [2 p] broad and thick-walled. In the specimens of L. Tuber-regium examined they are 2-3 u wide; the club-shaped basidia are a little longer and measure 3-4 u across. The cystidia, as in L. Woermanni, are usually merely a little longer and wider than the basidia, but at times they project rather more above the hymenium; the _ greatest width measured was 7 u. The shape of the cystidia is however quite characteristic and agrees exactly with Schroeter's description, “am Scheitel kegelförmig zugespitzte Cystiden, an deren Scheitel sich kleine, etwa 2 mm. [2 u] breite kugelfórmige farblose Zellen bildeten, die sich schliesslich abgliederten."
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000137-05876301-0031
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:68",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876301"
}
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Allied to T. Mannii Hook. fil.
The distinguishing features of this species are the imparipinnate leaves with 6-7 leaflets; the generally hermaphrodite flowers with ovate petals 4-5 mm. long, in a dense, short, many-flowered panicle 8-12 em. long ; and the hairy disc. Nothospondias Talbotii S. Moore sp. nov. Arbor elata, foliolis circa 15 breviter petiolulatis oblongis vel anguste oblongoovatis utrinque obtusis basi saepe obliquis papyraceis glabris; paniculís quam folia brevioribus minute fulvo-pubescentibus cito glabrescentibus; calycis pubescentis puberulive lobis deltoideis obtusis tubo brevioribus; petalis oblongis obtusis sepalis duplo longioribus reflexis; ovario ovoideo-oblongo apice truncato prominenter 8-sulcato sursum piloso ceterum glabro; stylo abbreviato apice 4-lobulato.
Axis of leaf about 7 dm. in length, swollen quite at the base, fistular, purplish-brown, shining. Leaflets usually 15-18 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, the basal obliquity not very marked and sometimes absent, greenish-brown when dry above, brown below, on both faces palely lucent; lateral nerves prominent on the underside, usually 6-8 on each side of midrib, openly arched, anfractuose towards the margin of the leaf; petiolules 5-7 mm. long. Panicle 30 cm. or more in length, its branches ascending or patent, and sometimes so patent that the panicle may measure nearly 40 cm. across ; main axis as well as branches ancipitous. Flowers 6 to the fascicle or less; bracts about ‘3 mm. long, like the 3-4 mm. long pedicels tawny pubescent. Functionally male flowers alone seen. Calyx nearly 2 mm. long. Petals 5 mm. long, inserted upon a sort of torus (gland?) rather more than ‘5 mm. in height. Filaments 5-6 mm. long, the lower portion of each lying in one of the furrows of the ovary. Ovary with its four cells reduced to minute resin-filled cavities, 1*5 mm. long; style "3 mm. long. Several flowers were examined, but all proved to be males. The plant may thus possibly be diccious. S i The short stipe (torus) at the top of which the petals are inserted passed unnoticed by Engler when establishing the genus. - This stipe is certainly not present in some of the flowers of N. Staudtii Engl. examined, but in other cases there seems to be a perceptible interval between the insertion of the calycine whorl and the petaline. As N. Staudtii is polygamous, the variation in question may perhaps have some relation to this fact. It must be added that Ifailed to find either in N. Staudtiü or in N. Talbotii the dilated, deeply 4-lobed dise Engler describes. This, too, would therefore appear to be an inconstant character. : : lrrespective of certain floral points, the two species can be distinguished on sight by the different leaflets.— [S. M.]
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000137-05876352-0082
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:69",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876352"
}
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74 SOUTH NIGERIAN PLANTS
Crossandrella Dusenii S. Moore comb. nov, Syn. Pseudoblepharis Dusenii Lindau, Acanthus Dusenii Clarke, Crossandrella lawispicata Clarke. The Uganda plant which served as the type of Clarke's Crossandrella laxispicata is identical in every respect with the plant from the Cameroons. Adhatoda Buchholzii S. Moore comb. nov. (Duvernoia Buchholzii Lindau). Some of the specimens agree with Lindau’s description, which, the species being unrepresented in this country, is all one has to go upon. Clarke’s (Flora Trop. Afr. v. 223) reference of D. Buchholzii to Adhatoda maculata Clarke (Justicia maculata T. And.) is obviously a mistake, for, to take only one point, A. maculata has, as Clarke says correctly, lanceolate bracts, while Lindau describes the bracts of his plant as ovate. Moreover in general appearance the two are quite unlike. The matter has become further confused by Zenker's n. 2229, a plant with large ovate bracteoles, having been distributed as * Duvernoia Buchholzii Lindau," whereas Lindau says his D. Buchholzii has the bracteoles minute (winzig). Furthermore, as if this were not enough, Zenker n. 2755, a plant with large suborbicular bracts, has been sent out as “Duvernoia maculata (T. And.) Lindau.” Speeimens named as above show much variety in their foliage and braets. Some agree perfectly in these respects with Lindau's description; others have short and broad leaves rotundate at base and short stalks, and from these leaves there may be a passage into sessile sometimes amplexicaul leaves 2:5-5 cm. in length, the uppermost forming a transition to the oldest bracts. The largest of these latter organs may be as much as 2 cm. in breadth, thus greatly exceeding the dimension (7 mm.) given by Lindau. But as these variations may occur on one and the same individual, there can be no question of specifie divergence here. The plant is thrown into rivers with the object of poisoning fish. — Afromendoneia iodioides S. Moore sp. nov. Frutex scandens ramis distanter foliosis pilis fulvis subsparsim hispidis; foliis amplis petiolatis late ovatis apice subito cuspidulato-attenuatis ipso obtusis coriaceis supra glabris subtus presertim in nervis subsparsim fulvo-hispidis ; floribus in axillis paucis pedicellis bracteolas circiter aequantibus insidentibus ; bracteolis cymbiformibus obtusis triente inferiori connatis ut pedicelli dense fulvo-hirsutis ; ealycis brevissimi glabri ore undulato ; corollae tubo ex bracteolis vix eminentibus superne gradatim amplificato glabro lobis late obovatis obtusissimis tubo brevioribus; staminwm superiorum antheris obtusis inferiorum apice appendice brevi curvato onustis ; disco maxime prominente crassissimo ; ovario subsphaeroideo glabro 1-loculo ; stylo piloso ; ovulis binis. Oban; n. 388. Leaves 9-12 cm. long, 6:5-9 cm. broad, when dry greyish and
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2023-12-23T13:55:08.514327
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000137-05876278-0008
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000137
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:70",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/05876278"
}
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05876278
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0008
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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X INTRODUCTION
A valuable discovery from an economic point of view is that of Poga oleosa Pierre (Rhizophoracee), hitherto known only from the Gaboon, the seeds of which are remarkably rich in oil. As indicated in Mr. Talbot’s note the district adjoins the Cameroons and is botanically an extension of the evergreen rainforest area of that district. The systematic list shews that the flora is practically identical with that of the Cameroons; a proportion approaching half the plants collected has hitherto been known only from that area. Apart from this endemic or Cameroons element there is a strong representation of what may be called the Gulf of Guinea flora, that is of species more or less widely distributed from Sierra Leone to the Gaboon. The more Southern Congo-Angolan element is much less marked and the collection contains comparatively few plants representing a general tropical African distribution. In the determination of the plants considerable help has been obtained from the rich tropical African material in the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew ; our thanks are due to the Director for some determinations in the order Euphorbiacex, and also to members of the Staff for advice kindly given in connection with other orders. Specimens of a large proportion of Mr. and Mrs. Talbot's plants have also been presented to Kew.—-[A. B. R.]
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2023-12-23T13:55:13.487770
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000713-00182639-0400
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:71",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182639"
}
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0400
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G, 0. RosendaliJ.
find slightly more diversity but no less distinct continuities of development. In this section, three distinct lines are evident. The middle line, re presented by M. caulescens^ is a direct continuation of M. nuda diffe ring essentially from the basic type only in having 5 episepalous stamens, and in the slightly larger size of all its parts. The close relationship indi cated by the floral characters is further strengthened by a very close agreement in the anatomy of the rhizome and scape. In both species a distinct endodermis surrounds the vascular tissue system of the rhizome. The extent and structure of the cortex is almost indentical and the distri bution of the vascular bundles and the ring of strengthening cells in the scape is the same in both species. These facts are the more noteworthy because all the other species of the genus differ from these two in the absence of an endodermis in the rhizome*
Fig. 9.
The two other branches of the section have diverged separately from the basic type. The species of both these branches have the reduced stamen number, but as one series has retained the episepalous stamens and the other the epipetalous ones, it is clear that they trace separately
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:72",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182640"
}
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00182640
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0401
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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A revision of the genus Milella etc. 395
lo a 1 0-stamened ancestor. There is the possibility that the M. Breweri M. ovalis Hne could have arisen from M. caulescens but it seems more reasonable to assume that the origin would have to be looked for in the more general basic region than in the more specialized terminal one.
The same tendency towards the reduction of the size of the flower, the sinking of the ovary deeper into the hollow axis and the reduction in the number of divisions of the petals that obtained in the other section, characterize both these branches. M. ovalis of the Jf. Breiceri branch has a completely inferior ovary and the petals have from 6 to 3 divisions. 11 marks the termination of this line of development.
The M. Pentandra branch is characterized by having the stamens placed opposite the petals and by the development of a prominent disk which more or less covers the top of the ovary. This branch is perhaps not as direct a series as our diagram would indicate, for it is probable
I to the accompanying chart will help to bring this out.
The primary centre of development of the genus lies in the mountain region of southern British Columbia, western Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and northern Cahfornia. A secondary centre has developed in southern Japan. As far as present distribution can throw light on what has gone before it seems most probable that the genus originated in Alaska and that in Tertiary times it must have extended northward to beyond the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. From the Alaskan place of origin it spread out or wandered in three directions. The two oldest species M. diphylla and M. nuda migrated southeastward through the forest country of Canada in preglacial times as far as the Atlantic ocean. The present isolation of M. diphylla in eastern North America must be ascribed to the glacial period. This species, being adapted to temperate climates and low altitudes has subsequently not been able to penetrate farther northward again than to about the 47" parallel of latitude. Furthermore being a woodland species its westward progress has been determined by the limit of the decidious forests.
The North American distribution of M. nuda practically co-incides with the geographical area of Picea canadensis. In Asia it extends west ward as far as the Yenisei River and south to the latitude of Lake Baikal. The wide geographical range of this species is the more remarkable when il is borne in mind that it has no special contrivances for seed distribution; and it would indicate that the species is of great age.
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2023-12-23T13:55:14.154882
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000713-00182634-0395
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:73",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182634"
}
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0395
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biodiversity-heritage-library
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Said to be a rare species, and to differ from M.japoiiica by the smaller and denser tlowers, 3-fid petals, semi-glabrous leaves, glabrous petioles and sterile bracts upon the scape. Not seen by us.
Part. in. Relationship and Geographical Distribution.
The accompanying diagram (fig. 9), seeks to show in a graphic way the relationship of the sections and species to each other and the course of evo lution in the genus. Where 1 and 5-stamened species occur in a group of clearly related species like Mitdla^ the inevitable conclusion is that the forms with 1 stamens represent the older types and that those with
e and f M. irifida, g M. trifida var. violacea, h M. diversifolia.
5 stamens have been derived from them through reduction of one or the other of the two cycles of stamens. On this hypothesis, therefore, both M. diphylla and M. nuda are older types than the other species and form the starting points from which the others have evolved. These two parent forms show certain close similarities and also some very important
the sake of comparing these structures to the best advantage, drawings f>f the different organs of the flower of all the species except one, have been made and arranged in the sequence that we conceive the order of progression to have taken place. In this scheme the odd numbers of figures represent one series or section. The even numbers the other series or section.
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000713-00182638-0399
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:74",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182638"
}
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0399
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place and a consequent greater fusion of the ovary with it, a reduction of the stamen number to the 5 episepalous ones on account of the closer crowding due to the narrowing of the axis, a progressive reduction of the divisions of the petal from the base upward, leaving only the last
one on each side, and finally in Var. violacea a disappearance of all 11 ic divisions of the petal leaving only the middle portion. This reduction of the petals has followed hand in hand with the reduction of the size of the rest of the flower. ' An exactly similar course can be traced in the
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:75",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182766"
}
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0527
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native) is absent in Great Britain is the Mediterranean Atropis festuciformis^ to which A. Foucaudii might be added, if it can really be accepted as a distinct species. Generally diffused along the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland are 7 species, of which 3 are Atlantic and 4 Mediterranean, whilst one of each class is absent
Thus the proportion of 3 : 5 of the Atlantic and Mediterranean shares •s still maintained in the south and the east, whilst in the west the Mediter ranean element is slightly more prevalent. It has also to be added that excluding the widely diffused species most of the littoral plants of the southern type reach their northern limit on the east coast in Norfolk.
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:76",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182767"
}
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Mediterranean shares.
The British areas of the littoral southern element generally join on to the continental areas so that there is no marked discontinuity^ the only exceptions being Mathiola incana (Isle of Wight to Charente inferieure), Limonium hellidifolium (Norfolk to the eastern end of the French Spanish frontier), Atropis fcstuciformis (Co. Down in Ireland to S. Se bastian in North Spain), and eventually Atropis Foiicaudii (estuaries of the Shannon and the Thames to the mouth of the Charente). All these with the exception of the first are salt marsh plants which are particu larly liable to casual introduction and may easily get a foothold on weakly tenanted ground.
lantic plants in Ireland.
Generally distributed through both islands, or the greater part of both, are Hypericum Androsaemum.^ Ilex Aqui folium j TJlex europaeus^ Apiiim nodifhrum^ Conopodiiim majus ^ Oenanthe crocata^ Cardutis pycno cephahis^ Ei^iea Tetralix^ E. cinerea^ Scilla non-scripta and general in Great Britain, but much restricted in Ireland, Corydalis claviculata. This means that the Atlantic element is very prominent among the most widely diffused of the southern species, and its predominance appears still more marked if we take into consideration that the general presence of
whalus
bably due to their great facilities for extending their area, the former as an aquatic, the latter as a waste land plant. The absence in Ireland of a plant very widely spread in Great Britain, Genista anglica^ an Atlantic species, is very remarkable, and to it might be added Tamus communis^ so common in England and yet doubtful as a native in Ireland. On the other hand widely distributed in England and Ireland are Lepidium
Hypericum elodes, TJlex Gallii, Cotyledon Im hilicus and SecJum angllcum, all but one Atlantic members of the southern element. Another group of species of fairly wide distribution is worth noting on account of the fact that they are absent from the greater part of the eastern counties of England, but extend through North England and Scotland to the north east coast. They are Vicia Orobus, Saxi fraga hypnoides, Scilla verna, Hymenophyllum tunhridgense, H. peliatum and Lastraea aemula, all Atlantic species which are also found in Ireland. The Atlantic element is also prevalent among the
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000713-00182628-0389
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:77",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182628"
}
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0389
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M. cordifolia
t. 373. 2. — Rhizome slender, creeping, spreading freely by runners; flowering sfems very slender, erect, 5 — 18 cm. high, glandular-pubescent throughout, naked or with 1 — 3 short-petioled, caulinc leaves; basal leaves cordate to reniform, crenately lobed and shallow-toothed, pubescent with white strigose hairs above, very sparsely pubescent beneath, 1 — 4 cm long, \ — 4.5 cm. wide, cauline leaves triangular-cordate, about 3-Iobed; petioles very slender, more or less retrorsely hairy, \ — 10 cm. long; raceme 3 — 10 flowered, 3 — 11 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, mostly obsolete in the last flowers pedicels 2 — 5 mm. long, glandular pubescent, bracteoles minute; flowers 8 — 12 mm. broad in anthesis, greenish yellow; axis strongly flattened; sepals triangular, spreading, 1.3 — 1.6 mm long; petals yellowisb green 3 — 3.5 mm. long, pectinate-pinnatifid, divisions very slender; stamens erect, filaments slender, longer than the cordate anthers ; disk prominently lobed ; ovary free from the axis to the base, glandular-puberulent, styles tapering, stigmas pointed; capsule ovoid, flattened, dehiscing into a shallow cup shaped fruit.
In deep moist woods and boggy places, mostly in conifereous forests. Distributed from Newfoundland through Labrador and to the Arctic Sea westward to the Mackenzie River; it extends south into Connecticut, Penn sylvania, southern Michigan and to latitude 45" N. in eastern Minnesota. In the Rocky xMountains it reaches the southern limit in northern Montana. In the old world it is distributed from northeastern Asia as far west as the Yenisie River and probably as far south as the 59th parallel. The most important variations of the species are:
Forma prostrata. — Mitella prostrata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 270. 1803. — A form in which the runner ends in an upright flowering shoot bearing several small angularly-lobed leaves.
Massachusetts, by Mr. C. K. Averill.
Forma intermedia. — M. intermedia Bruhin. N. Am. Fl. 22: 2. 92. 1905. — M. diphylla L. forma intermedia (Rydb.) Rosend. Englers Bot. Jahrb. 37: 2. 82. 1905. — An interesting form with all the essential characters of M. niida except that the flowers are reported by the collector as white and the petals are intermediate in form between those of M. nnda and M. diphylla. It has the same kind of calyx, pistil and stamens as M. mida^ and the disk is similarly lobed. The cauline leaves are inclined lo be slightly broader and larger than the similar ones of M. nuda.
Wisconsin, June 7th, 1876. Of
this collection one sheet is in the Gray Herbarium and the other in the U- S. National Jlerbarium. According to the collector the plants were found growing togother with M. nuda. H has the appearance of being
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:78",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182755"
}
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0. Stapf.
meaning of the terms ^Atlantic*, »Pyrenean«j or »Lusitanian« plants and the place which these elements hold in the British flora and its history. I have therefore thought it useful to sort out from the British flora that constituent portion which from its distribution in Europe might justly be called >Atlantic« and to analyse it with regard to the relative continuity or discontinuity of the British and Continental areas of its members. In doing so it became evident, as was to be expected, that the »Atlantic< fraction of the flora could not be separated from another portion which whilst covering the Atlantic region extended beyond it into the Mediterranean region of which it is a characteristic part. In fact they belong to the same Southern stock, but with this difference that one is more specialised with respect to the conditions which determine the distribution of its members than the other. The scope of my analysis had therefore to be extended, so as to include both. The former are the >Atlantic« and the latter the > Mediterranean* types as understood in this essay.
I have not considered it necessary to enter into the question whether these Atlantic and Mediterranean types have survived the Glacial period in Great Britain and Ireland or whether their present habitats in those is lands are postglacial. Whether one accepts the >land-ice« or the >submer gence« theory both of which have been dealt with so admirably by Pro fessor BoNNKY (5) the botanist cannot but assume that survival under the rigorous conditions postulated by both theories was impossible for most or probably all the plants under consideration. If in the future new facts should come to light which make the climatic conditions during the Glacial period appear more favourable for plant life, the question of survival will have to be reconsidered; but at present I see no way out of the conclusions at which Mr. Reid, and many years before him. Professor Engler have arrived.
The term ^Atlantic type* was formulated by H. C. Watsox in his »Ilemarks on the Geographical Distribution of British Plants* in 1835. There on p. 86 he says: >The Atlantic type embraces species found in the southwest of England or Wales, sometimes very locally, sometimes extending far along the southern or western counties, but rare or wanting on the east coast. Some plants of very limited geographical extension are common to this part of Britain, the west of France and Portugal. Erica cihciris^ Sibtliorpia europaea^ Kiq)horbia Pcplis^ Bartsia viscosa and Pingwcim liisitanica may be given as examples of the type.* From the reference to France and Portugal it might be inferred that he had in view the ge neral extension of the areas of his Atlantic types over western Europe when introducing the term. But if he had it in view originally, he made it abundantly clear in ^Cybele Britannica* in 1847, that this did not hold
ood any longer. For he remarks here on p. 51 of the first volume: »These species (i. e. of the Atlantic type) correspond in the one circum stance of having some decided tendency to the western or Atlantic side
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000713-00182754-0515
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000713
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{
"license": "Public Domain",
"provenance": "biodiversity-heritage-library-0000.json.gz:79",
"url": "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/00182754"
}
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Science at Portsmouth in 1911 a discussion took place on the relation of the present plant population of the British Isles to the Glacial period. It was opened by Mr. Clement Reid in an address in which he advocated the theory that no temperate flora could have survived the conditions f prevailing in the islands during the Glacial period, that the existing flora
apart from a few arctic and alpine species, came in towards the end of, and after, that period, and that especially the » Atlantic or Lusitanianc plants (also referred to as »Pyrenean«) and the ^American* and »limestone« elements arrived and, may be, still arrive by chance introductions of seeds, now mainly due to birds driven by exceptional gales. I then expressed my agreement with the speaker's view as to the effect of the glacialion of the British Isles on the flora, and the reimmigration of the bulk of the latter in post-glacial times, but combated the supposition of the presence of the peculiar American, Atlantic and limestone elements being due to chance introduction over great distances. Since then Dr. Scharff (3) has thrown doubt on the theory of a wholesale destruction of the preglacial flora of Great Britain and Ireland and refuted the idea of the introduction of the »Pyrenean« element by migrating or gale-driven birds. In my opmion the question of the presence of those peculiar elements and espe cially of the so called ^Atlantic*, »Pyrenean« or >Lusitanian« plants has in a general way already been solved by Engler (4) in his >Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt* more than thirty years ago. To him their immigration or rather reimmigration took place in post glacial times — for he too assumes the wiping out of the greater part of the pre glacial flora during the Glacial period — and it happened along with the repopulation of the eglaciated land by a flora advancing mainly from south western Europe through western France where the improvement of the climatic conditions following on the retreat of the ice in the north set in first. It might be sufficient to refer to the pages quoted from his book, if it were not for the brevity with which he was obliged to deal with the matter and for the fact that great confusion exists as regards the
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