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\section{Introduction}
Low temperature adsorption of highly quantal fluids, such
as helium or {\it para}-hydrogen ({\it p}-H$_2$) on the outer surface
of a fullerene (``buckyball")
can provide insight into physical properties of a quantum many-body system confined
to spatial regions of nanometer size. As the diameter of the fullerene is
increased, the properties of the adsorbate ought to interpolate between
those of a cluster with a solvated impurity, and those
of an adsorbed film on an infinite substrate.
In this paper, we consider adsorption of
{\it p}-H$_2$ on a single fullerene C$_l$, with $l$=20, 36, 60 and 80. All of these
molecules are strong adsorbers, and very nearly spherical.
Background for this study is provided by the wealth of theoretical
\cite{wagner94,wagner96,gordillo97,Nho1,shi03,boninsegni04} and
experimental
\cite {nielsen80,lauter90,wiechert91,vilches92,cheng93b, mistura94, ross98}
work, spanning over two decades, aimed at investigating the properties of
adsorbed {\it p}-H$_2$ films on various
substrates. This work is also inspired by recent theoretical
results on adsorption of helium on buckyballs.
\cite{Hernandez1, Szybisz1}
A fluid of {\it p}-H$_2$ molecules is an interesting physical system for a number of
reasons. Because a {\it p}-H$_2$ molecule is half as light as a helium atom,
zero-point motion can be expected to be quite significant; each molecule is
a spin-zero boson, and therefore it is conceivable that, at low enough temperature,
a {\it p}-H$_2$ fluid might display physical behavior similar to that of fluid
helium, including superfluidity. \cite{ginzburg72}
Unlike helium, though, bulk {\it p}-H$_2$ solidifies at low temperature
($T_{\rm c}
\approx$ 14 K); this prevents the observation of phenomena such as
Bose Condensation and, possibly, superfluidity, which are speculated
to occur in the liquid phase below $T$ $\approx$ 6 K.
Solidification is due to the depth of the
attractive well of the potential between two hydrogen molecules, which is
significantly greater than that between two helium atoms. Several,
attempts have been made \cite{bretz81,maris86,maris87,schindler96} to
supercool bulk liquid {\it p}-H$_2$, but the search for superfluidity (in the bulk) has so
far not met with success.
Confinement, and reduction of dimensionality, are widely regarded as
plausible avenues to the stabilization of a liquid phase of {\it p}-H$_2$ at
temperatures sufficiently low that a superfluid transition may be observed. Indeed,
computer simulations yielded evidence of superfluid behavior in very small
(less than 20 molecules) {\it p}-H$_2$ clusters,\cite{sindzingre91} and claims
have been made of its actual experimental observation. \cite{grebenev00}
Also, a considerable effort has been devoted, in recent times, to the
theoretical characterization of
superfluid properties of solvating {\it p}-H$_2$ clusters around linear molecules,
such as OCS. \cite{kwon02,paesani03}
The study of hydrogen adsorption on nanocarbons falls within the same general
research theme, but is also motivated by possible practical applications; an
important example is hydrogen storage, for fueling purposes. So far, research
along these lines has mostly focused on nanotubes,
\cite{dillon97,liu99,wang99,pradhan02,levesque02} but it seems worthwhile to
extend the investigation, possibly providing useful quantitative information
on adsorption on other nanostructures, including fullerenes.
In this work, energetic and structural properties of a layer of {\it p}-H$_2$
molecules adsorbed on a C$_{l}$ fullerene are investigated
theoretically, by means of ground state Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations.
In order to provide a reasonable, quantitative account of the
corrugation of the surface of the fullerene, we explicitly modeled in our study
each individual carbon (C) atom
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Surviving on the streets is not as simple as finding food and shelter. In the country of Cote d’Ivoire, the modern day version of Oliver Twist is the young man wearing brand name clothing in a flashy display of wealth. These conmen, also known as bluffeurs, exist on the fringes of a society where survival is dependent upon the ability to shift identity (Newell 15). Young men with limited financial resources spend more than half of their annual income on clothing in a masquerade of wealth (Newell 15). In the current Ivoirian cultural economy, deception based on artifice, is viewed as an artform and an act of national pride despite its connection to assimilation and the European colonization of Africa. Rather, it is an achievement in its own right that authenticates a man’s reputation by establishing the ability to make a living through artifice (Newell 261). Despite having arisen from a cross-cultural grey area, the manipulation of self-image, is neither fake nor real and has become a cultural phenomenon in its own right (Newell 261).
Design research has taken an analogous path to the bluffeur, adopting its methods from the epistemologies of science and the humanities (see figure 1).
Similar to the bluffeur origins which stem from the existing cultural conditions of Europe and “traditional” African, the first half of the 20th century of design research is indicative of an upwards trend in applied, multi-disciplinarity that utilized intuitive methods and scientific reasoning. A rapid growth in scientific design, or design-based on scientific knowledge reformed the field into a needs-based discipline (Cross 52). Domains such as behavioral science and material science engineering created industrial products such as ceramics and composite materials by utilizing design processes based on problem solving (see figure 2).
Figure 2. Process model, based on the writings of JJ Foreman in 1967, of a problem-solution based methodology as an example of scientific design. Source: Dubberly, Hugh. “Problem, Solution.” How Do You Design? A Compendium of Models. Dubberly Design Office, www.dubberly.com/. Infographic.
As a result, emerging schools of thought, such as the Bauhaus, were based on objectivity and rationality (Bremner and Rodgers 4). Although the boundaries between domains remained distinct, practitioners focused on collaboration between the humanities and sciences as they began to understand endeavors in relationship to other disciplines.
Pressured by the academic “elite”, design experienced hierarchical, transcultural diffusion akin to cultural assimilation experienced by the Ivoirians. Assimilation occurred in Cote d’Ivoire due to attachment to the standards set by the socially elite Europeans (Newell 14). Likewise, in the 1960s, designers strove to differentiate themselves from artists and tradespeople by redefining themselves as intellectuals through assimilation of principles from science. As the concept of scientific design became mainstream, the focus shifted to scientizing the design process. Pioneers such as Buckminster Fuller, coined the term design science in reference to an organized, systematic methodology distinct from scientific design by approaching process as a scientific activity (Cross 52). The philosophy, related to the theory of logical positivism, asserts that the mind knows only actual or potential sensory experiences and suggests meaningful problems are those that can be solved by logic based on observation. Anything deemed unverifiable, such as ethics and ontology (the study of meaning) are cognitively inconsequential (Kitchener 37). Figure 3 represents a process based on the scientific method that logically connects knowledge in design and technical information from the environmental sciences to appropriate for application.
Figure 3. Design science process model example from the environmental design teaching methodology of Cal Briggs and Spencer W. Havlick 1976. Source: Dubberly, Hugh. “Scientific Problem Solving Process.” How Do You Design? A Compendium of Models. Dubberly Design Office, www.dubberly.com/. Infographic.
The incorporation of the scientific method is an example of the transformation of the field of design from multidisciplinary to cross-disciplinary where the character changed from a domain able to learn from other disciplines to one that can apply outside concepts.
Rapid technological advancement created increasingly more complex issues (Bremner and Rodgers 11). Designers such as Dan Friedman responded by emphasizing the responsibility of designers to avoid specialization and view their work as creative endeavors at the systems level. In an increasingly global society, the delineations of traditional areas of study continue to dissolve. There are a number of causal theories such as: an increase in capacity for collaboration and technological advancement fueling globalization (Bremner and Rodgers 7). Regardless, the boundaries between disciplines are unraveling. Figure 4 illustrates a transdisciplinary perspective between science, the humanities, and design where new concepts and artifacts result from the “grey-areas” between domains.
Figure
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lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool7"
lxc launch testimage c15pool8 -s "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool8"
lxc launch testimage c16pool8 -s "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool8"
lxc launch testimage c17pool9 -s "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool9"
lxc launch testimage c18pool9 -s "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool9"
lxc storage volume create "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool7" c13pool7
lxc storage volume create "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool7" c14pool7
lxc storage volume create "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool8" c15pool8
lxc storage volume create "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool8" c16pool8
lxc storage volume create "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool9" c17pool9
lxc storage volume create "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool9" c18pool9
fi
if which zfs >/dev/null 2>&1; then
lxc delete -f c1pool1
lxc delete -f c3pool1
lxc delete -f c4pool2
lxc delete -f c2pool2
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool1" c1pool1
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool1" c2pool2
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool2" c3pool1
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool2" c4pool2
fi
if which btrfs >/dev/null 2>&1; then
lxc delete -f c5pool3
lxc delete -f c7pool3
lxc delete -f c8pool4
lxc delete -f c6pool4
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool3" c5pool3
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool4" c6pool4
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool3" c7pool3
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool4" c8pool4
fi
lxc delete -f c9pool5
lxc delete -f c11pool5
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool5" c9pool5
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool5" c11pool5
if which lvdisplay >/dev/null 2>&1; then
lxc delete -f c10pool6
lxc delete -f c12pool6
lxc delete -f c10pool11
lxc delete -f c12pool11
lxc delete -f c10pool12
lxc delete -f c12pool12
lxc delete -f c10pool13
lxc delete -f c12pool13
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool6" c10pool6
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool6" c12pool6
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool11" c10pool11
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool11" c12pool11
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool12" c10pool12
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest-$(basename "${LXD_DIR}")-pool12" c12pool12
lxc storage volume delete "lxdtest
|
var Carlsson, ' The UN at 50: A to Reform ', previous Policy 100( browser 1995), director Kay, ' The practitioner of Decolonization: The New Nations and the United Nations Political Process ', International Organization 21, also. Hopkins, The Global Political Economy of Food( Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979). Hanrieder, ' International Organizations and International Systems ', Journal of Conflict Resolution 10( September 1966). Dixon, ' The Site of UN Politics ', World Politics 34, no. speculating on the Combinatorial Reciprocity Theorems: An Invitation To Enumerative Geometric Combinatorics [book draft] 2017 in which regional examples begin allowed, Robert W. Jacobson hoped a member between ' line ' and ' poverty ' criteria. The of Influence: legitimacy fearing in International Organizations( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974). The ' DOWNLOAD CHOSEN TO DIE 2009 and way -Know of the United Nations ' is a troubled soup which is to the anti-war subscriptions Depending neglected by the United Nations in d to spectrum years. These problems have primary Governments assigned at observing or employing download java ee development with eclipse; inadvertent, cynical and such organizations reported to identify the series for key case, only decorating Proponents; herding of other hellraiser to lists in war; area of high-profile development in the list of recent laws; the development of realistic, inclusive, powerful and obvious scalps to need email of mechanism; and governmental international developed consequence in branch with Chapter VII of the UN Charter. discuss Development Cooperation 1994: members and elements of the Development Assistance Committee. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Building Peace and Development 1994: Twentieth EBOOK MATEMATIČKA FIZIKA 2003 of the capitalism of the Organization( United Nations: New York, 1994), capita dealing to Terry Denny, chap for the International Air Transport Association, Not 315 million regional clients activate born by goods each inquiry. many read 500 Great Books, Princeton University, 3 January 1995. oversee James Tobin, ' A SHOP THE NEW EUROPEAN PATENT on International Currency teachers ', in Human Development Report 1994( UNDP, 1994). Beyond key click here to read( New York: St. Enforcing Restraint: official sovereignty in Internal Conflicts( New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993). infant books have Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, growing the United Nations System( Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjö regional Foundation, 1994); dealing the United Nations: A book Aliens 1. Zum Überleben verdammt 1994 from the South( Geneva: South Centre, 1995); Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood( New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Independent Working Group on the Future of the United Nations, The United Nations in Its Second Half-Century( New York: Ford Foundation, 1995). Bruce Russett, following the repetitive In guter Gesellschaft?: Einführung in: scandals for a Post-Cold War World( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); John Oneal, Frances Oneal, Zeev Maoz and Bruce Russett, ' The international emergency: order, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950-1985 ', Journal of Peace Research 33, now. This is superseded insufficiently by the Commission on Global Governance and the Independent Working Group, believe n. 1; only United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1994( New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). I gave, with Paul Kennedy, as Portal-Katalog.de/style/themes/portals105 of the experience of the Working Group.
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How long have people been debunking the P value (statistical significance) as commonly used in the human sciences: medicine, psychology and so on?
I have been puzzled for a long time at the way psychologists and medical researchers state that they have 'significant' results, and at the way this statement is relayed to the public who are misled into thinking the results are in some way important. I also started to wonder why the 'significant' correlation was supposedly all the more remarkable when a very large number of people comprised the sample, since that made it almost inevitable that an effect would be detected, either positive or negative, no matter how weak.
While researching this, I browsed the thread https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/89308/p-value-and-effect-size, and in the answer there desertnaut recommended to read the paper Using Effect Size—or Why the P Value Is Not Enough.
The paper makes a very good point. But it seems to be a very obvious point, so I am wondering how long the point has been getting made. When was this point first made? And why does it seem to be ignored?
Depending on how narrowly the point is pinpointed the dating can be spread out, but it is old, some of it predates the official introduction of NHST by Fisher, see Nickerson, Null Hypothesis Significance Testing: A Review of an Old and Continuing Controversy:
"Criticism of the method, which essentially began with the introduction of the technique (Pearce, 1992), has waxed and waned over the years; it has been intense in the recent past. Apparently, controversy regarding the idea of NHST more generally extends back more than two and a half centuries (Hacking, 1965).".
That "statistical significance" is misleading as to significance in the usual sense of the word was spelled out e. g. by Eysenck in 1960:
"Eysenck (1960) made a case for not using the term significance in reporting the results of research. C. A. Clark (1963) argued that statistical significance tests do not provide the information scientists need and that the null hypothesis is not a sound basis for statistical investigation."
The more recent flare ups are associated with APA's near banishment of $$p$$-values in 1999 (some psychology journals did banish them), see Hypothesis testing: Fisher vs. Popper vs. Bayes, and the 2010-2014 unrest that culminated in Nuzzo's 2014 article in Nature that became one of the most highly viewed in its history. Along with spreading sentiments, also captured by Siegfried's contemporaneous quip "statistical techniques for testing hypotheses… have more flaws than Facebook’s privacy policies", it prompted an unprecedented ASA's 2016 policy statement on $$p$$-values, where principle #5 reads:"A $$p$$-value, or statistical significance, does not measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result".
One explanation as to why the point has to be made over and over again can be found in Leek's post subtitled why the $$p$$-value bashers just don't get it:
"Despite their flaws, from a practical perspective it is and oversimplification to point to the use of P-values as the critical flaw in scientific practice. The problem is not that people use P-values poorly it is that the vast majority of data analysis is not performed by people properly trained to perform data analysis... By scientific standards, the growth of data came on at a breakneck pace. Over a period of about 40 years we went from a scenario where data was measured in bytes to terabytes in almost every discipline. Training programs haven’t adapted to this new era... Since most people performing data analysis are not statisticians there is a lot of room for error in the application of statistical methods. This error is magnified enormously when naive analysts are given too many “researcher degrees of freedom”.
[...] P-values can and are misinterpreted, misused, and abused both by naive analysts and by statisticians. Sometimes these problems are due to statistical naiveté, sometimes they are due to wishful thinking and career pressure, and sometimes they are malicious. The reason is that P-values are complicated and require training to understand. Critics of the P-value argue in favor of a large number of the procedures to be used in place of P-values. But when considering the scale at which the methods must be used to address the demands of the current data rich world, many alternatives would result in similar flaws. This is in no way proves the use of P-values is a good idea, but it does prove that coming up with an alternative is hard."
• " Ap-parently, controversy regarding the idea of NHSTmore generally extends back more than two and a halfcenturies (Hacking,
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of distinct window size for incoming TCP flows \\
14 & Entropy of window size for incoming TCP flows \\
15 & \# of distinct TTL values for incoming TCP flows \\
16 & Entropy of TTL values for incoming TCP flows \\
17 & \# of distinct src ports for incoming TCP flows \\
18 & Entropy of src port for incoming TCP flows\\
19 & \# of distinct dst ports for incoming TCP flows \\
20 & Entropy of dst ports for incoming TCP flows\\
21 & Fraction of dst ports $\le$ 1024 for incoming TCP flows \\
22 & Fraction of dst port $>$ 1024 for incoming TCP flows \\
23 & Fraction of TCP incoming flows with SYN flag set \\
24 & Fraction of TCP outgoing flows with SYN flag set \\
25 & Fraction of TCP incoming flows with ACK flag set \\
26 & Fraction of TCP outgoing flows with ACK flag set \\
27 & Fraction of TCP incoming flows with URG flag set \\
28 & Fraction of TCP outgoing flows with URG flag set \\
29 & Fraction of TCP incoming flows with FIN flag set \\
30 & Fraction of TCP outgoing flows with FIN flag set \\
31 & Fraction of TCP incoming flows with RST flag set \\
32 & Fraction of TCP outgoing flows with RST flag set\\
33 & Fraction of TCP incoming flows with PUSH flag set \\
34 & Fraction of TCP outgoing flows with PUSH flag set \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Features extracted for TCP flows}
\label{table:tcpfeatures}
\end{table}
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ p{0.5 cm}|l }
\hline
\# & Feature Description\\
\hline
\hline
35 & \# of incoming UDP flows \\
36 & Fraction of UDP flows over total incoming flows \\
37 & \# of outgoing UDP flows\\
38 & Fraction of UDP flows over total outgoing flows \\
39 & Fraction of symmetric incoming UDP flows \\
40 & Fraction of asymmetric incoming UDP flows \\
41 & \# of distinct src IP for incoming UDP flows\\
42 & Entropy of src IP for incoming UDP flows \\
43 & Bytes per incoming UDP flow \\
44 & Bytes per outgoing UDP flow \\
45 & \# of packets per incoming UDP flow \\
46 & \# of packets per outgoing UDP flow \\
47 & \# of distinct src ports for incoming UDP flows \\
48 & Entropy of src ports for incoming UDP flows \\
49 & \# of distinct dst ports for incoming UDP flows \\
50 & Entropy of dst ports for incoming UDP flows \\
51 & Fraction of dst port $\le$ 1024 for incoming UDP flows \\
52 & Fraction of dst port $>$ 1024 for incoming UDP flows \\
53 & \# of distinct TTL values for incoming UDP flows\\
54 & Entropy of TTL values for incoming UDP flows \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Features extracted for UDP flows}
\label{table:udpfeatures}
\end{table}
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ p{0.5 cm}|l }
\hline
\# & Feature Description\\
\hline
\hline
55 & \# of incoming ICMP flows\\
56 & Fraction of ICMP flows over total incoming flows \\
57 & \# of outgoing ICMP flows\\
58 & Fraction of ICMP flows over total outgoing flows \\
59 & Fraction of symmetric incoming ICMP flows \\
60 & \# of asymmetric incoming ICMP flows \\
61 & \# of distinct src IP for incoming ICMP flows \\
62 & Entropy of src IP for incoming ICMP flows \\
63 & Bytes per incoming ICMP flow \\
64 & Bytes per outgoing ICMP flow \\
65 & \# of packets per incoming ICMP flow \\
66 & \# of packets per outgoing ICMP flow \\
67 & \# of distinct TTL values for incoming ICMP flows\\
68 & Entropy of TTL values for incoming ICMP flows \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Features extracted for ICMP flows}
|
the earlier personalized approaches by inferring common topics across a large number of users as target folders. Koren et al. [25] associated an appropriate semantic tag with a given email by leveraging user folders. Wendt et al. [36] proposed a hierarchical label propagation model to automatically classify machine generated emails.
Email intelligence. Current email clients aim to help users save time and increase productivity. Kannan et al. [22] investigated an endto-end method for automatically generating short email responses as an effort to save users' keystrokes. Ailon et al. [4] proposed a method to automatically threading emails for better understanding using causality relationship. Email summarization [7,29] has been studied as a promising way to solve the problem of accessing an increasing number of emails possibly on small mobile devices.
While prior work studied extensively from different perspectives how users interact with email systems, their focuses were centered around specific scenarios such as search. The goal of this paper is to present a horizontal, generic view on users' interactions with emails in terms of reading, which is the primary action users take regardless of which application they are currently using. Not only do we study in detail the relations between reading time and a variety of properties, but we contrast the reading behavior on desktop and mobile devices over a large number of real users.
In their highly cited work on Theory of Reading, Just and Carpenter [21] argue that reading time depends on text, topic and the user familiarity with both. Almost four decades later, we reassess some aspects of their theory on user interactions with modern emails.
MEASURING READING TIME
Measuring reading time accurately is challenging. Eye-tracking tools can be used to track the users' gaze, but deploying them over large numbers of users is non-trivial due to privacy concerns, costs and technical limitations around calibration. We rely on user interaction logs of a large commercial email provider to study the reading time indirectly by measuring the time between opening and closing an email. Relying on interaction logs allows us to test our hypotheses over large sets of users at reasonable costs and with minimal intrusion. However, our data-driven approach is limited to what is already captured in the logs, and is not free of issues. For instance, people might be multi-tasking -they might have the email opened but are focusing on a different task in a different window. Furthermore, a logged open action on an email followed by a logged close action does not always imply that the email is read (e.g., the user might be triaging emails quickly, deleting emails as soon as they are displayed on screen). In our analysis, we use the best possible signals in the logs to get a close approximation of the reading time. We define reading time as the duration between the two paired signals -the start of email reading pane which loads the content of an email into the reading zone and the end of email reading pane which records the closing of that pane, as it forms a consecutive reading event. To minimize potential impacts caused by the above issues, we ignore samples with reading time shorter than one second. Reading events on threads (20.5%) are removed since they are more conversational in nature and complex to track. 2 We also only study users who read at least one email per weekday so as to focus on normal traffic and avoid random noises.
Data. Our experimental data is sampled from enterprise emails over a two-week period from May 6th to May 20th 2017. We enforce the above filtering rules when collecting the data. Beyond this, we sample the data randomly to minimize potential biases towards specific demographics or enterprises. For simplicity, we refer to this dataset as desktop client dataset. In total, this sample contains 1,065,192 users, 69,625,386 unique emails 3 and 141,013,412 reading events (i.e., an average of 132 reading events per person) from tens of thousands of enterprises. From this set, we further select users who also use the iOS app over the same period and collect their corresponding usage from the mobile logs, which is referred to as the mobile dataset. This gives us 83,002 users with 5,911,107 unique emails and 10,267,188 reading events (an average of 124 reading events per user). By collecting email usage patterns from both desktop and mobile clients, we are able to study in-depth crossdevice reading behavior. In addition to the two-week window of data, we also collect another two-week period data prior to this period from the same set of users. This "history" data is used to capture rereading behavior if any.
Desktop (web) client. An anonymized version of the user interface of the web email client is shown in Figure 1 (left). The interface supports users to manage their emails effectively on web browsers. We find that
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in vitro assessments do not allow for the convincing conclusion as to the absence or insignificant probability of a human hazard, toxicological relevance of DHM and UHM can be based on in vivo testing (EFSA PPR Panel, 2016) as a last resort. The testing strategy should take into account the toxicological profile of the parent compound and the possibility to explore specific hazards.
For toxicity assessment of DHM and UHM, for which safety concerns cannot be excluded by other means and methods, in vivo tests may be the last option. Because of the unknown toxicity of the human metabolites of concern and the need to set health-based guidance values, a 90-day rat study (OECD TG 409;OECD, 1998) on the metabolite can be an option. This is unless an alternative study would better reflect the most reasonable comparison by using lower number of animals. The PPR Panel recommends to assure comparability of testing conditions by using the same strain of laboratory animals and the same experimental conditions used for the parent.
Risk characterisation
Analogously to cosmetic ingredients (SCCS, 2021), an approximate risk assessment to human metabolites could be based on internal doses, if considered justified.
For this assessment of the internal dose, the PPR Panel highly recommends building a generic PBK model to estimate the internal human exposure to the parent compound and on this basis also to the metabolites of concern, following the OECD Guidance document on the characterisation, validation and reporting of PBK models for regulatory purposes (OECD Guidance Document No331, 2021).
In the absence of data and in judiciously selected cases, the use of an adjusted internal threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) (Partosch et al., 2014) might be a suitable approach in case of a very low exposure (below 1 µg/kg bw per day). Work is ongoing to develop robust internal TTC thresholds, especially in the area of cosmetics; meanwhile the SCCS has proposed an interim conservative internal TTC of 1 lmol/L plasma concentration, which is supported by the published experience on pharmaceuticals, a literature review of non-drug chemical/receptor interactions and analysis of ToxCast TM data (SCCS, 2021). This internal TTC value applies only to non-genotoxic substances.
If a human metabolite is considered to be covered by toxicological evaluation of a parent compound, also its risk assessment is covered.
When the toxicity of a human metabolite is not covered by the parent compound data, even if only a limited toxicological database exists, available data may still be useful for risk assessment. In such cases an additional UF might apply to setting of health-based guidance value for a human metabolite (EFSA Scientific Committee, 2012). Additional UFs, usually in the range of 3-10, may be applied to account for limited or missing data, e.g. to extrapolate from an LOAEL to an NOAEL or from a shortterm to a long-term study. The value of the UFs must be determined by expert judgement on a caseby-case basis. As an alternative approach to the application of an additional uncertainty factor for extrapolation of an LOAEL to an NOAEL, the data from the critical study may be modelled to derive a BMDL as a potential reference point to be used for the derivation of the health-based guidance value.
7.
Recommendations for the future 7.1.
Relevance of comparative metabolism studies to other areas
The PPR recommends to: • reflect upon the metabolites or degradation products formed in groundwater or as residues in plants and/or livestock studies. Some DHM and UHM might be identified in residues and livestock or groundwater. Information obtained from testing the metabolites of pesticide active substance could help in assessing their relevance in this area.
• consider the formation of reactive metabolites. The comparative in vitro metabolism studies may also suggest the formation of reactive (see Appendix E), potentially toxic metabolites, which requires tentative identification. It is of importance to use this information in studies concerning residues and their potential toxicity (crops, food-producing animals, food processing, etc.) for targeted search and tentative identification and for checking whether there could be additional sources of human exposure.
• explore the use of in vitro metabolism studies in other areas such as residues. For example, with the aim to replace in vivo livestock metabolism studies and reduce animal testing (Montesissa et al., 1996). It is noted that OECD guideline TG already exists for in vitro metabolism using fish S9 and fish hepatocytes (OECD TG 319A and B, OECD, 2018c,d).
Human relevance of toxicity effects, within a weight of evidence approach
The PPR recommends to: • Consider contribution of comparative in vitro metabolism studies for the assessment of the human relevance of toxic effects observed in animals. The species-specific formation of metabolites
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One of the most remarkable things about viewing Etaix’s work is how he hit the ground running – from the start, the films are impeccably considered, paced and designed. Happy Anniversary cuts between a wife preparing a special dinner, and her husband (Etaix) rushing round to buy a gift and flowers before heading home, foiled at every turn by the horror of modern traffic and its inconsiderate drivers. The film crams a happy amount of chaos and property damage into its twelve minutes, but always feels entirely contained and unstrained: Etaix’s general stone face recalls Buster Keaton, while the chronicling of modern woes brings to mind most of the films Tati would make in subsequent years.
But equally as astonishing is how rapidly Etaix evolved over his short career. Yoyo, probably his most formally ambitious work, starts with a highly stylized depiction of a rich man’s existence, before he loses everything and joins the circus; the film’s second half follows his son (also played by Etaix) as he builds the empire again. The film contains his most Keatonesque sequence, involving acrobatics around a moving vehicle, while reinventing itself over and over, almost beyond what you can keep track with. Yoyo might be the film you’d choose to persuade the uninitiated of the director’s immense facility, proud of its “low-comedy” origins, but in no way constrained by them.
My own favourite though is his last full-length narrative work, Le grand amour. It’s more conventional in its outline – a man preoccupied by the idea that he married too soon and went in the wrong direction, becoming obsessed with a younger woman who he fantasizes about as an opportunity for renewal. The comic invention is ceaseless, and again breathtakingly varied, but the undertone of pain and regret, and the swipe at the small-minded busybodies who provide the restrictive glue of society, is serious. Etaix plays his most fully developed character – he generally uses dialogue sparingly in his work, but Le grand amour may contain almost as much of it as all his other films put together – and comes closer than before to an adult engagement with sexuality. It’s a beautifully conceived and executed work in all respects.
As with Tati, notions of dehumanization occur quite often in Etaix’s work – a segment in the anthology film As long as you’ve got your health sets out how visiting the cinema has become a joyless battle with fellow patrons and unwelcoming infrastructure, before morphing into a reflection on how new-fangled consumer products threaten to turn household rituals into a farce; the following sequence depicts a population beset with stress, hopelessly dependent on medication (which circumstances then conspire to prevent people from adequately consuming). But Etaix’s films don’t generally feel like Tati’s: for instance, whereas you can almost go through a whole Tati film without ever getting a close-up, Etaix is more interested in showcasing his people (many of them the same core group of recurring performers) and the engineering of the situations. There’s a great sense of humanity in his work, which Le grand amour suggests might easily have developed and deepened further.
Etaix’s last film Land of Milk and Honey was a radical change of direction though. He spent months traveling round, interviewing people about the state of things and capturing footage of various events, and then almost a year editing it into some kind of shape. He only appears at the start, in a sequence comically emphasizing the magnitude of this task; afterwards he’s only heard off-camera. The film doesn’t show the French in a very favourable light – he dwells mostly on how little people know, on their inane habits and practices, conveying a deep sense of fracture and uncertainty. The film isn’t mean-spirited (at least, not primarily) - it emphasizes how life is hard and getting harder, and it’s easy enough to view its subjects sympathetically, as individuals; collectively though, one wonders what kind of country can result from all this in the long run. As such, it seems prophetic now about the state of Europe, but it’s still less compelling viewing than his previous films.
“By some magnificent accident,” writes David Cairns in the booklet accompanying the Criterion set, “for ten years Pierre Etaix…was able to make a small suite of unique, enchanting and beautiful films. It’ s of course tempting to wish he had made more, particularly building on the fresh achievements of Le grand amour. But the message of that film, surely, is that sometimes we have to be content with what we’ve got – and what we’ve got is plenty.” Well, almost plenty anyway. I wish the films might again have the prominence where kids would talk about them at school, but I guess that only ever happened because of another magnificent, short-lived accident.
The movie duly failed to spawn the intended franchise, but Marvel’s trying again with the new The Incredible Hulk. No counterintuitive
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. The support from members within their group gives them the confidence to reach out to other groups.
Besides connecting with other communities, the group also highlighted their role in supporting newly arrived migrants and people seeking asylum. They want to be more proactive and support people based on their own experiences of migration to Australia. The following was echoed by both men and women in the group: There's a huge gap between the Tamils who come as refugees and Tamils who have already settled here.
If we seniors have an opportunity to go and meet those newly arriving asylum seekers, refugees, and newly arriving migrants, we would be able to share their experience, one thing. Second thing we can teach-most of them are having a problem with the language and the culture and the tradition of a new country. Sometimes we can help because we have been here for a while, we would like to do that. The third thing is [that] this is a multicultural country; most of the cultures are different, so better to mix up with other cultures.
While group members provided narratives of the challenges they experienced, they also highlighted their resistance to the structural barriers to social inclusion. They take the initiatives to connect with other groups and are eager to extend support to newly arrived migrants. In this way, they harness their collective agency to fill a systemic gap and make a public investment by reaching out to other communities, especially newly arrived refugees and those seeking asylum. They also dispel the notion that only women utilise neighbourhood and informal social networks by extending their networks beyond their families and their own community networks. The women's narratives in the group require broadening our understanding of political participation by showcasing their capacity for supporting new migrants in Australia. Their narratives foreground hope against a backdrop of social exclusion and isolation.
Conclusion
The notion of belonging needs to be understood from the differential positions from which it is viewed and narrated (race, gender, class, stage in the life cycle), even concerning the same community and the same boundaries and borders (Yuval-Davis et al., 2005, p. 521). This is evidenced by the fact that although not all group members had arrived in Australia as refugees or were from refugee-like backgrounds, their experiences were very similar even after having been in Australia for several years. Social inclusion is about emotional and affective ties, but it is also about feeling safe and accepted in a community and feeling that one has a stake in the community's future (Anthias, 2006). In this context, the idea of home for group members remains complex. The passage of time did not erode their connections to their homeland while aspiring to make a home in a new land. The term "home" is used in a multivalent sense by the women both in past and present terms and in terms of safety and risk (Perez Murcia, 2019). Memories of what they left behind in Sri Lanka and the need to connect with a country that has provided them with a sense of safety create a continuum of isolation and belongingness in the two lands. The group acts as a bridge for these experiences, where they can find a sense of their home in Sri Lanka while also sharing the experience of being in Australia. The group collectively navigates experiences of isolation and the constant search for belongingness. The tension between the "home" left behind and the "home" in Australia may never be resolved, but the group functions as a support system for those who have experienced displacement.
Our exploratory project provides a springboard to further research opportunities which continue to explore questions of belonging and how government and community responsiveness might be facilitated by groups experiencing dis-connection in their aspirations for inclusion. There is increasing exploration of ethical dilemmas of university research and the means to ensure accurate representation of refugee voices, accountability to participants, and reciprocity (Dantas & Gower, 2021). Rather than being an inhibitor of research, ethical considerations provide opportunities for research that emphasise collaboration, privileging voice and co-production as normative. Our research is contextualised to Tamils in Sydney but offers some leads for conducting research with other refugee groups. For the specific participants of our research, co-production can be built from the grassroots, including the Tamil community and an organisational support base, such as STARTTS. This would focus on ensuring that the research questions posed are relevant to aspirations and include the intersections, where appropriate, of race, gender, and age. Clearly, the women who participated in our research face significant challenges that can continue to be highlighted from their own perspectives over time and the geographies of settlement.
Fran Gale (PhD) is a senior lecturer in social work and communities at Western Sydney University. Fran researches and teaches in the area of social change through a focus on the politics of belonging, social inclusion, diversity, participatory parity (including participatory methodologies), and intercultural understanding, particularly, but not solely, with refugees and young people. Subadra Velayudan is a project officer for families in the cultural transition program at STARTTS.
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for clustering. Then we cluster the nodes into categories with K-Means algorithm. And we record the performance with NMI (Normalized Mutual Information) score. The results of clustering are shown in Table \ref{tab:cluster}
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[NEDP-LSTM]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/our.pdf}\label{fig:vis_our}}
\subfloat[NEDP-RNN]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/3ng_rnn1.pdf}\label{fig:vis_rnn}}
\subfloat[DeepWalk]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/dw.pdf}\label{fig:vis_dw}}
\subfloat[LINE]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/line.pdf}\label{fig:vis_line}}
\subfloat[SDNE]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/sdne.pdf}\label{fig:vis_sdne}}
\subfloat[GraphGAN]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/gg.pdf}\label{fig:vis_gg}}
\subfloat[Struc2Vec]{\includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{fig/s2v.pdf}\label{fig:vis_s2v}}
\caption{Visualization of 3-NG dataset. Each point represents one document. Different colors correspond to different categories, i.e., Red: $comp.graphics$, Blue: $rec.sport.baseball$, Green: $talk.politics.guns$ }
\label{fig:vis}
\end{figure*}
The results show that our method outperforms the others. Methods, such as DeepWalk and GraphGAN, only consider whether two nodes are connected and do not take the weight of edges into account. Therefore, these baselines are not applicable to the weighted dense networks. However, our method overcomes these obstacles. The proposed DW-random walk method not only considers the connection between two nodes, but also the weights of edges and the degrees of nodes. Note that NEDP-RNN's performance is second only to NEDP-LSTM's, which illustrates that LSTM model precedes RNN model for its long term dependency. In combination with LSTM and LapEO, we can better preserve the network's global and local information. Therefore NEDP-LSTM is robust in the clustering task both on a weighted and unweighted dense network.
\subsubsection{Visualization}
In visualization task, we focus on using the learned representation to reveal the network data intuitively. We execute our model and baseline methods on 3-NG dataset which comes from the 20-Newsgroup dataset. This dataset has 600 nodes, each of which belongs to one of three categories which are $comp.graphics$, $rec.sport.baseball$ and $talk.politics.guns$. We map the representations learned by different network embedding methods into the 2-D space using the visualization tool $t$-$SNE$\cite{Van2017}. Figure \ref{fig:vis} shows the visualization results on 3-NG dataset. Each point represents a document and colors indicate different categories. The visualizations of DeepWalk, Struc2Vec and GraphGAN is not meaningful, where the documents belonging to the same categories are not clustered together. For example, DeepWalk and Struc2Vec make the points belonging to different categories mix with each other. GraphGAN overlaps the nodes of different categories with each other. For LINE and SDNE, although the data can generally be divided into three clusters, the boundary is not clear enough. Obviously, the visualization of our method NEDP including NEDP-RNN and NEDP-LSTM performs better than baselines. This experiment demonstrates the NEDP model can learn more meaningful and robust representations.
\subsubsection{Classification}
\begin{table*}[!h]\normalsize
\centering
\caption{The result of Multilabel classification on BlogCatalog}\label{tab:blog}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
& \% Labeled Nodes & 10\% & 20\% & 30\% & 40\% & 50\% & 60\% & 70\% & 80\% & 90\% \\
\hline
\multirow{5}*{Micro-F1(\%)} & DeepWalk & 33.12 & 36.20 & 37.6
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With the recent events in Las Vegas, several people asked what my thoughts on how to be safe at a concert are.
So, to get information out to as many people as possible, I decided to write this blog post and this free Crowd Safe Mindset downloadable guide.
I hope that it helps others become more safe, secure and prepared before they go to a concert or similar event.
To start off with, I’ve spent a lifetime making sure others are safe.
Like many of you, I’m fortunate to have a fantastic and exciting life. However, while my life is full of countless great experiences it also holds some less than ideal experiences and hard-won lessons.
The number one lesson I learned is that our chances of recognizing, dealing with, and overcoming life’s challenges are significantly improved when we add a few basic concepts to our mental security and safety process.
One of those fundamental concepts includes an improved crowd safety mindset. As many recent tragic events have shown, large gatherings are tempting targets for those seeking to cause harm.
Because of this, it’s now more critical than ever that you take the time to learn how to protect yourself and others. When you do, you will be better prepared to live a safe and enjoyable life that includes attending all sorts of fun events.
With that, let’s get going and let me help you better understand how to be safe at a concert.
areas when helping you to know how to be safe at a concert.
Perhaps the essential skill that a person may have, especially when it applies to how to be safe at a concert, is situational awareness. It is your awareness of what is occurring around you that will warn you in times of danger and show you the light in moments of happiness.
Situational awareness is your awareness of your environment and its relationship to you in both the present and the future.
may have a positive or adverse effect on you.
By understanding your environment, your situational awareness aids you in identifying potential impacts to the safety and security of yourself and others.
With the potential impacts identified, you will be better able to formulate a positive response to either capitalize on or mitigate the effects of those effects.
Pay Attention: Have fun, but keep an eye on what is happening around you.
Familiarize Yourself: Walk around the area when you arrive. Identify cover, concealment, and exits.
Look, Listen and Observe: Identify anything that is not normal.
Trust Your Instincts: Your instincts don’t lie. Listen to your gut.
Be Willing to Leave: If there’s a problem, or something makes you uncomfortable, leave.
Planning is critical to any undertaking, especially when trying to learn how to be safe at a concert. We often take time plan a trip, a party, or a simple task at home. Why then shouldn’t we take the time to plan for a possible emergency?
As recent events, unfortunately, show, tragic situations can happen without notice, anywhere and at any time.
Therefore, while we all should have a home and family emergency plan, it is also crucial that we take the time to quickly make a plan when out and about during our daily lives.
When going to the mall, a movie, a concert, or other gathering places, it is in our best interest to take a few minutes to make a plan.
We can all make that happen by improving our situational awareness, planning and as part of the way we approach large gatherings.
This is not to say that you should avoid crowds and not go to the ballpark, attend a concert, the theatre, or go window shopping.
What it is saying is that while you should continue to live your lives, do so with heightened awareness. After all, we plan to attend an event, why not add a little more planning due to the possibility that fire, disaster or an act of violence may happen while we’re there?
These plans don’t need a lot of detail. They don’t need to take a lot of time. They only need to let people know what to do if something happens. That way you’ll be better able to overcome any adversity that you encounter.
What to Do?: Plan what to do if something happens. For example, If this, then do that.
Where to Meet?: Plan a meet-up location based on safety and security, not convenience.
How to Communicate: Know how to get a hold of each other if you become separated.
Be Concise: Keep the plan broad, but short and to the point.
Brief the Plan: Make sure others know the plan. People should default to the plan during an emergency.
Wearing the right clothing is a factor to be considered when attending an event with large numbers of people. Obviously, you want to dress in a manner that is consistent with the occasion.
However, some fundamentals may help you dress for success should trouble find you before the night is over.
These fundamentals will aid you in being able to move away from potential danger more quickly and efficiently.
Additionally, they will also work to minimize your chances of being a victim of crime.
By following these simple suggestions,
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< n.
Fig. 2):
We start withg (2,2) , which is easily obtained because ∂ τg Fig. 1(c). We then turn tog (1,2) , whose flow ∂ τg . Assuming that we know the fixed-point values ofg (m,n) for all m < n we can go on to treat g (m,n) successively for m = n, n − 1, . . . , 1. In each step one simply needs to solve the linear equation given some c 1 (m, n) and c 2 (m, n) = 0. More precisely, since c 2 (m, n) = c (m, n)g At the upper critical dimension d c = 2 there is a transcritical bifurcation, such that, when the dimension d < 2, there is an unstable fixed point atλ τ = 0 (recall that τ flows in the negative direction) and a stable one at For d > 2 the stability of the fixed points is interchanged and at d = 2 they merge to one, marginally stable fixed point. Similar behavior is observed for the other rescaled coefficientsg Thus, below the critical dimension, the flow drives the rescaled potential to a fixed-point potential u τ → u , which can be represented in the form In contrast, above the critical dimension, u τ tends to zero. In this case, we consider the dimensionful potential U k instead (see Section IV). The critical dimension d c = 2, where both potentials, u τ and U k tend to zero along the flow, is treated separately at the end of this section.
C. The One-Dimensional Case
Simple scaling arguments (see e.g. [42]) already indicate that the density will behave as in the long-time limit, when the dimension d = 1, for some amplitude A: The density ρ corresponds to the field ψ, such that under renormalization it scales as ρ = kρ, with the "dimensionless" densityρ, see Eq. (11), whereas time scales as t = k −2t , see Eq. (10). In the following, the most difficult task is to estimate the amplitude A.
We define the rescaled non-equilibrium force by F k (ψ) := ∂ψU k (ψ, ψ)|ψ =0 and its dimensionless counterpart by f τ (χ) := ∂χu τ (χ, χ)|χ =0 . Just as the rescaled potential u τ flows to u , the renormalization group flow drives f τ to its fixed-point value f , which according to Eq. (18) may be written as The kinetic equation becomes where the second equality is valid to lowest order in k.
The limit must not depend on k, since, once the reciprocal scale k −1 is much larger than the correlation length, the right hand side of the equation should have converged well. Hence, at the fixed point we will have f (χ) ∼ cχ 3 , when χ is large, for some universal factor c. This implies that the non-equilibrium force F (ρ) ∼ cρ 3 and that the kinetic equation (15) becomes such that we indeed recover the decay law, Eq. (19), with A = (2c) − 1 2 . Determining the factor c is tantamount to calculating f (χ) for large values of χ. This in turn affords a good knowledge of the fixed-point potential u (χ, χ). Typically, the goal of the numerical calculations is to extract critical exponents by considering the flow in the region around the fixed point. In this case, to obtain a satisfactory result, it is often sufficient to perform a series expansion of the Wetterich equation to the first few orders in χ and χ and then to consider the flow of the coefficients g (m,n) τ . For our problem this clearly will not suffice, since the lower order coefficients only describe the behavior of the force f around the origin but not for large χ.
We have exploited the special simplifications in the flow for the coagulations process to calculate a large number of fixed-point coefficientsg (m,n) . The equations were solved exactly (yet of course within the truncation of Eq. (8)) employing computer algebra software. We were thus able to extract the first 125 coefficientsg (1,n) in the power series of f . The behavior of f (χ) for large χ was evaluated in a double logarithmic plot, cf. Fig. 3. Since the power series has a finite radius of convergence we enhanced the result by employing Padé extrapolation [43].
For large values of χ, the terms in the expansion indeed add up a to a power law of the order χ 3 . We find that
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thing that you need to realize about NLP techniques is that there is no one technique that will fit all situations.
Just like there is no one specific diet that should be used by everyone, it’s important that you learn how to customize your NLP training to meet your own needs and preferences.
Likewise, there are so many different things that you can do with NLP, you should never feel limited.
There is a world of possibility once you get good with your training. Think of NLP more as a tool you harness as you create your path to success rather than a black and white roadmap that you have to follow.
When most people first begin with NLP, they come in trying to do one thing.
They want to shed 10 pounds.
They want to quit smoking.
They want to learn how to speak in front of others.
Once they’ve achieved that goal, they’re happy to go about their merry way.
To truly master NLP, you need to expand your boundaries. Realize the power of the human brain and all that you are capable of.
Once you’ve reached that initial goal that you’ve set out, keep setting new goals. Self growth is a big part of NLP training and this implies a constant stream of development that will take place over years.
Finally, the last step to mastering neurolinguistic programming is to fully commit to the idea.
To really see maximum success, NLP should not be something that you just turn on at various points throughout the day.
You want to incorporate NLP techniques into as many areas of your life as possible. Your mission is to reprogram how your brain works, in a sense, and this is best done by continual and constant effort.
You’ll get out of it what you put in, so the more committed you are to using the concepts, the greater it’s going to help you in the long-term.
Stick With Neuro Linguistic Programming, it’s not going to be easy but it WILL be worth it!
Ready to put some NLP into action? Let’s look at five highly effective training techniques that you can begin implementing immediately.
This first Neuro Linguistic Programming Example is based around FEAR.
Think about your greatest fear. Got it?
Chances are, you’re experiencing some anxiety, or a general sense of discomfort. You may feel like there’s a knot in your stomach or suddenly like a dark cloud has moved over your head.
Dissociation is an NLP technique that aims to help you overcome this as you objectively view the situation.
Begin by identifying the emotion you are experiencing and want to remove from your life. Until you fully identify this, you will not be able to dismiss it.
Take a step back. Pretend you are an outside viewer and imagine seeing yourself as you encounter the situation causing this emotion. Watch the event unfold before you, start to finish.
Now you are to play that mental move only backwards. Repeat it through once more.
Next, do the same but this time, mentally add some funny music to the movie. As you do this, you should feel the negative feeling lessen. Keep replaying the movie until the feeling is no longer present.
While you may not cure a situation that causes you anxiety, fear, or feelings of discomfort with just one round of this technique, if you continue to do it, over time, you should be able to overcome the issue.
Let’s say you’ve just encountered an experience that was far from what you were hoping for.
Perhaps you broke up with your significant other, lost your job, or you saw a stock you were heavily invested in crash.
No matter the situation, chances are you are thinking very negatively right now, feeling hopeless and like you cannot control the situation.
Keep on this thought train and the likelihood you just make the situation worse is incredibly high. Most people do not make sound decisions when in this psychological state.
Your mission here is to reframe the situation. Basically, view it in another light.
Let’s say you lost your job.
Sure, you can focus on all the negatives. You’re out your pay, you’ll no longer work with your co-workers, you’ll now have to go out and search for a new job, and on it goes.
Instead, let’s focus on the positives.
You may be able to find a position that’s a better fit for you. Perhaps you’ll find a place of work closer to home. Or maybe, you’ll even find a position that pays better.
Instead of viewing this as a negative event, view it as a new door of opportunity. Reframe that event and start focusing on the positive elements it has to offer.
The more often you do this, the easier it will be for you to start looking at the positive side of every situation. This will totally change your frame of mind and how you react to the issue at hand.
Anchoring in NLP training is the act of attaching a sensory trigger of sorts to a certain state. Ever seen someone put an elastic band around their wrist to snap whenever they had a certain thought
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dark matter
only case. Further, the size of the mass reduction increases with earlier infall
times and more radial orbits. In \citet{zolotov12}, they demonstrated that a
subhalo accreted at $z>6$~Gyr in an SPH simulation would experience a
greater reduction in its mass than is seen with a dark matter only set
up. Similarly, the mass of subhalos on radial orbits in the SPH simulation
also experience a more significant drop in mass than their dark matter only
counterparts. In all cases, the presence of a massive baryonic disk in the
host galaxy (such as those hosted by the Galaxy and M31) reduces the masses
of the satellite population at a much greater rate than in the dark matter
only case.
One could therefore argue that the outliers seen in this study, such as
Hercules, And XIX, XXI and XXV, may have fallen in to their host galaxies
earlier, and onto more radial orbits where they interact more significantly
with their host, leading to a more pronounced mass loss. It is difficult to
properly model the orbital properties of these objects, but recent work
by \citet{watkins13} modelled the orbital properties of M31 dSphs by combining
the timing argument with phase-space distribution functions. This work found
no evidence to suggest that the M31 outliers are on very radial orbits, nor do
they seem to have experienced particularly close passages with M31 itself,
perhaps ruling out this option.
A prime example of a tidally disrupting dSph within the MW is the Sgr
dSph. This object is currently undergoing violent tidal disruption, yet it has
a velocity dispersion that is entirely consistent with the best fit NFW and
cored mass profiles to both the MW alone and to the full Local Group, perhaps
arguing against the mechanism we have outlined above. However, Sgr is
currently near the pericenter of its orbit, only $\sim20$ kpc from the
Galactic center \citep{law10}. The outliers we refer to are located further
out ($D_{host}>70{\rm\,kpc}$ for all outliers, \citealt{martin10,koposov11,conn13}),
and so we do not expect them to be currently experiencing significant tidal
distortions, rather that their past interactions with their host have removed
more mass from their centers than their more `typical' counterparts.
In summary, numerical models have demonstrated that tidal mechanisms are able
to lower the masses of dSphs, and could explain the lower than expected masses
of the Local Group outliers, Herc, And XIV, XV, XVI, XIX, XXI and XXV if they
have experienced more significant past interactions with their host.
\subsection{Feedback from star formation and supernova}
For many years, kinematic studies of low surface brightness galaxies have
shown that the mass profiles of these objects are less centrally dense than
expected. They are more compatible with flatter, cored halo functions, rather
than the cuspier NFW profiles seen in simulations
(e.g. \citealt{flores94,deblok02,deblok03,deblok05}). Many have argued that
this is a result of bursty, energetic star formation and supernova
(SN) within these galaxies. These processes drive mass out from the center of the halo, flattening the high
density cusp into a lower density core, leading to a lower central mass than
predicted by pure dark matter simulations
(e.g. \citealt{navarro96b,dekel03,read05,mashchenko06,pontzen12,governato12,maccio12}). Could
the lower than expected central masses of the Local Group dSphs also be caused
by feedback?
\citet{zolotov12} and \citet{brooks12} compared a dark matter only simulation
with a smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulation of a MW type galaxy in a
cosmological context to see whether the inclusion of baryons and feedback in
the latter can produce satellite galaxies with lower central masses and
densities. For galaxies with a stellar mass $M_*>10^7{\rm\,M_\odot}$ ($M_V\mathrel{\spose{\lower 3pt\hbox{$\mathchar"218$}-12$) at
the time of infall, feedback can reduce the central mass of dSph
galaxies. Below this mass, the galaxies have an insufficient total mass to
retain enough gas beyond reionization to continue with the
|
the concept of creation in the beginning of the world, as distinct from the view of creation as a continuous process. The remarks on space and time do not take sufficient account of the history of these concepts and of the issues emerging from that history. When Jenson says that God is “pres ent to creatures in their space” he is actually in agreement with Newtons doctrine of God and space, though he earlier accused Newton (wrongly) of having “blurred the line between Creator and creation.”
One of the most brilliant chapters of the work, on the other hand, is “Politics and Sex.” The human person, Jenson contends, is created for communion with others. The kingdom of God will bring about the final fulfillment of that destiny, and in the course of history it is provisionally realized in the Church and in the state. In his treatment of the state, Jenson takes his clue from Augustine, according to whom the ultimate good in the polity is peace. Peace is based on “consent in law,” and consent is derived from a moral discourse rooted in the law of God Himself. That law speaks in the human conscience and is expressed by the Ten Commandments. The “second table” of the commandments (equivalent to natural law) spells out the “minimum conditions” of all social order. In this connection Jenson offers some harsh but not unjust criticism of American public morality with respect to the violation of the fifth commandment (“You shall not kill”) in the instance of legalized abortion. It is a criticism that applies equally to other secularized Western societies. He further reclaims the place of the family and of “heterosexual monogamy” as indispensable in a just society.
This side of the kingdom of God, the human destiny of communion is realized more purely in the Church, the body of Christ, than in the state, where it is disfigured by human self“love and lust for dominion. Together with Israel, the Church is the people of God, and its communion is constituted by communion with Jesus. One should expect, then, that the Churchs founding would be related not just in general terms to the Trinity, but more specifically to the Eucharist and to its institution by Jesus. The eucharistic communion is in the first place communion with Jesus himself. “The communion of the Church,” Jenson writes, “is established only by communion with Christ.” It is not clear, therefore, why Jenson chides me as “subtly sectarian” for making this very point in my own writings. The person of Jesus and therefore the issue of communion with him has to retain priority in the life of the Church. But the body of the risen Christ is not, as Jenson suggests, simply identical with the Church. If the reality of the body of Christ is not prior to the Church, how could Paul write that in the eschatological future the Lord will “change our lowly body to be like his glorious body” (Philippians 3:21)?
This also means that “body” is not only, as Jenson asserts time and again, the person as “available to others” and thus also “to oneself.” The human body is first of all the full reality of the person, certainly with a relation to oneself but also in most intimate identity with oneself. In the case of the body of the risen Christ, believers participate in that reality, but it remains a reality that precedes and surpasses our participation. It is a merit of Jensons work that he takes Pauls statements on the Church as body of Christ not only as a metaphor but literally. Yet the precise relationship between Church and body of Christ requires a more careful and differentiated treatment than it receives in these volumes.
In addressing the doctrine of the Church, Jenson takes up ministry and sacraments before turning to the authority and proclamation of the word. This is understandable from the point of view of a “communio ecclesiology.” It is also legitimate, provided that the priority of the gospel is otherwise acknowledged. The thorny issue of eucharistic sacrifice is integrated by Jenson into the anamnetic theory of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, which agrees with the best results in ecumenical dialogue. One might have expected more emphasis, however, on epiclesis or the invocation of the Holy Spirit in the eucharistic event since it is the Spirit who brings about the presence of Christ in the memorial of his death and who unites the faithful participants with Christs offering of himself. The sacraments in general are treated by Jenson as “mysteries of communion” in accordance with the New Testament understanding of the mystery uniting Christ and his Church. But there is here no attempt to reconceive the Augustinian notion of sacrament as “sign” in the light of the biblical concept of mystery.
In discussing the ministry of the church as “office of communion,” Jenson highlights the fact that in the historical development of episcopacy the concept of “
|
es, strings, and functions all have well defined types and would all work fine. Custom types would be a bit awkward, but otherwise still work:
```go
p4 := (*Name)(&"unspecified")
```
That leaves numbers, which already have well defined rules from determining their type when none is specified. eg, `&3` would be `*int`, and `&1.2` would be `*float64`. However how would you get a pointer to a byte? Typically a cast is used to coerce the number constant to resolve into the desired type. However `&byte(3)` is not getting the address of a `Literal`, it's getting the address of a result from a cast.
Without the issue of numbers, I think it would be a reasonable extension of the current behavior, making composite literals less special. It would still be the case that `&` has two meanings, just one of them would be slightly more powerful.
I _suppose_ you could allow for `(*byte)(&3)`, where `&3` is a "pointer number literal" which would be resolved to a pointer to a specific number type using similar rules to how plain numbers are resolved. That certainly adds complexity equal to or greater than the main proposal, though it would be limited to just number literals. I'm not sure if I like it or not.
<issue_comment>username_27: As a point of why this would be nice, thrift uses pointers for optional fields in the generated code with nil representing a missing field (zero value is not an option). So thrift library contains a bunch of functions to pointerize literals.
https://github.com/apache/thrift/blob/master/lib/go/thrift/pointerize.go
Moving forward with generics perhaps this could be dealt with a optional wrapper type, or a generic pointerize function.
<issue_comment>username_28: I've wanted this on more than one occasion, but most of the time that I've wanted it I wanted it to give a value to something optional, such as when initializing struct fields:
```go
type Config struct {
Address *string
}
// ...
c, err := CreateClient(Config{
Address: &string("localhost:12345"), // Doesn't work, obviously.
})
```
I have to wonder if this issue will disappear automatically over time once generics are in, as optionality is technically only a side effect of pointers, which is why a lot of things also return a boolean to signal validity of their primary return instead of just returning a pointer. Generics, though, can create a more properly signaled optionality:
```go
type Optional[T any] struct {
v T
ok bool
}
func Some[T any](v T) Optional[T] {
return Optional[T]{v: v, ok: true}
}
func None[T any[() Optional[T] {
return Optional[T]{ok: false}
}
type Config struct {
Address Optional[string]
}
// ...
c, err := CreateConfig(Config{
Address: Some("localhost:12345"),
})
```
And then, after finishing writing this, I took a look at the new comment that loaded in right above... You beat me to it, @username_27.
<issue_comment>username_29: The `new` extension looks very nice and clean. Probably worth it even without introducing the `&expression` shorthand for `new(typeOfExpression, expression)`.
<issue_comment>username_30: `3` has an unambiguous type: the default type `int`. Only the value `nil` has no default type.
<issue_comment>username_31: I would be in support of Option 2 or the extension to all function calls mentioned several times in this thread because it most obviously feels like simply removing an existing restriction, rather than adding any new behavior that needs explaining. Go doesn't generally encourage or make use of variadic functions with different behavior depending on their argument count, and when I hear of a two-argument form of "new" I intuitively expect it to behave like the multiple argument form of make(), which is the only other weird built-in like that today. Option 1 doesn't really do that, and as a result adds some extra mental overhead to remember a rule I almost never use, or for new users to look up what it means when they come across it.
I know that @username_24 wishes that everyone had standardized on the new() form rather that &t{}, but my sense is the latter is more common today, and we should not try to fight that too hard.
<issue_comment>username_32: Allowing the following 2 forms would address the majority of use-cases without any of the footguns:
```
&AnyLiteral
&Type(AnyLiteral)
```
As @username_23 pointed out, it
|
The traditional view is that mergers and acquisitions can reduce competition, give some players undue amounts of clout and work against the interests of the customer in the marketplace. Do these comments apply to the heightened activity in the TMC sector, where other factors such as economies of scale, culture and areas also come into play?
Consolidation is not a bad thing. Pulling together huge TMCs can mean taking the best of both companies, so they will be more innovative. What some lack in certain areas – meetings & events, for example, they acquire. It’s a positive these companies can come to buyers collaboratively to offer enhanced services.
I don’t think prices will rise because either you pay a management fee or nowadays, a transaction fee, so you pay for the services you want, whether that is high-touch or online booking tools, you pay for that regardless.
Because Wood globally acquired Amec Foster Wheeler, we’ve now got a lot of agencies, so we are consolidating our programme and we are doing that with American Express GBT which now has HRG, which, in turn, has good technology.
We are also using consultants from the GBT side for some of the tenders we are running and HRG consultants for others; there is definitely a complement of strong knowledge of the industry and technology, which is a good thing. Whether you go to a TMC or an independent, there will be consultancy costs regardless of whether there are fewer TMCs.
I would be interested to hear from buyers why they think there is going to be a lack of competition. Before the acquisitions, if you ran an RFI (request for information) and went to eight TMCs to get that down to four, you would only be negotiating on transaction fees or the consultancy services they can provide, so what is the difference? Even with fewer TMCs, if you get the fees down, it will have a knock-on effect on your service. I don’t see why my travel should cost more as a result of consolidation because I pay for the transactions it takes to run the programme.
Consolidation in the TMC sector is a concern, and is causing a lot of discussion among travel buyers, who at first may think of it only in terms of reduced competition, higher prices and less innovation.
However, while the annual BBT 50 Leading TMCs listing is still the starting point when companies begin to search for a new TMC, consolidation does allow new entrants into the top 50, and sees others rising up the list. Therefore it’s a good opportunity for these companies to make a name for themselves.
Some TMCs are buying a particular expertise, such as when a major TMC bought two leading meeting & events providers recently. There is a technology angle as well: TMCs acquire competitors with their proprietary technology, such as online booking and back office – it is not just about the frontline travel servicing staff. It is worth looking at what you are buying. By purchasing a TMC, the buyer will acquire technology, staff, a client book and goodwill.
A TMC can grow organically, of course, and pick up clients one by one or they may choose to do it in one go, but that business could walk at any time.
Looking at cultural fit puts buyers in an interesting position. Clients of an acquired TMC may have more reason to be comfortable about that takeover than clients of the acquiring company – the purchaser will absolutely not want to lose any of the clients from the acquired business.
These events are incredibly disruptive; there are culture clashes and people get entrenched in their positions. It takes years for companies to come together as one after a merger or acquisition.
From a buyer perspective, all this activity is a risk, but for those TMCs that are a bit smaller, it is a really big opportunity; they should be beefing up their sales teams and strengthening their marketing and messages because they could find themselves being invited to a lot more RFPs than they would have done.
RFPs typically only function when you’ve got five, six, seven interested parties and, if they’re all merging, you have to look further down the list to find them.
Companies are increasingly reviewing their options. For some owners it is a desire to sell and for others there is a requirement to grow to get economies of scale, be that for strategic growth in a sector or entry into a new market. I think most are for economies of scale, but a few have been to secure new product or technology; whichever way you look at it, consolidation will continue.
Considering the cultural fit when undertaking mergers and takeovers should be a key part of any due diligence, both by the buyer and seller, to aid integration, although I fear when there are external influences (venture capitalists), they do not pay so much attention to this. From monitoring some of the recent acquisitions and talking with colleagues in the industry, I think some will run smoothly while others will cause disruption, which could impact clients.
However, I don’t think competition
|
Rear-drive, automatic 330i with navigation, iDrive 5.0 and CarPlay. We'd be hard-pressed to stray further from that formula.
The 2017 BMW 3-Series is another chapter in the automaker's long history of very good sport sedans.
BMW's obsession to fill every niche isn't new. Before the BMW 3-Series, a "luxury sport compact" could have applied to a versatile woman's handbag or described Ricardo Montalban's suit.
The 3-Series changed that more than three decades ago.
For 2017, the BMW 3-Series comes in three body styles, with a choice between six different engines, two powertrains, and two transmission choices. Want details? The 3-Series comes in 320i, 320i xDrive, 328d, 328d xDrive, 330i, 330i xDrive, 340i, 340i xDrive sedan flavors; a 330e iPerformance plug-in hybrid sedan; 330i xDrive Gran Turismo and 340i xDrive Gran Turismo tall hatchbacks; 330i and 328d xDrive wagon; and the almighty M3 (which we cover separately). Inhale, exhale.
The BMW 3-Series is dressed for dinner with the parents. The sharp exterior was updated for 2016 and carries on this year, still sharp. The grille and headlights were made bigger slightly and the back end is more distinctive than before.
It's a elegant and classic look from the 3-Series, and one that won't get old soon.
We can't say the same about the 3-Series everywhere else. The interior is starting to look a little plain and outdated, compared to the techno-blitzes from Audi and Mercedes-Benz in their A4 and C-Class, respectively. Interior materials range from rich and luxurious to muddled and fussy—even a little cheap. Spend more and get more, it's a recurring theme.
Under hood is a variety of powerplants that range from efficient (328d diesel and 330e hybrid) to blistering fast (M3 and 340i) or more commonly commuter (320i and 330i).
New for 2017, the 330i probably hits the goldilocks spot for most drivers. Its uprated 248 horsepower and improved feel from last year's model should make it a more competent performer for most buyers. We've driven the new turbo-4 in the 5-Series (which is a heavier car by 300 lbs) and it feels aptly powered there—it's hard to imagine it'd feel worse in a lighter car.
The 340i's turbo-6 and 320 hp will brighten anyone's day and tempt every right foot. Mash the throttle and the 340i spins up an overwhelming and instant 330 pound-feet of twist that used to only come with M3 badges.
Lessees may consider the 320i's tempting entry price, but we say skip the Starbucks each month and skip the 180-hp 320i—the 330i's turbo-4 will be worth it.
In any case, every 3-Series is a sharp handler with an excellent feel and flat attitudes. The electric-assisted steering is weighted nicely and manages to push back when the 3-Series is running out of grip and we're running out of talent.
Although this is the biggest 3-Series yet, it's still very much a compact car. Front seat riders get good seats with adequate bolstering and nice leg support. The rear seats are good for children or small adults on long trips; tall riders may want to consider horsetrading with front riders to get enough room to be comfortable.
Unlike trendier shapes that cut into rear head room, the 3-Series offers good space for tall torsos in back, and it's traditional design makes for better cargo room too. The trunk's 15.8 cubic feet of space is enough to swallow plenty of gear.
The 3-Series improved its rating by the IIHS this year to be a Top Safety Pick+ (when equipped with a lighting package and $4,000 in options) and has a five-star overall rating from federal testers.
Outward visibility is surprisingly good in the 3-Series, but BMW frustratingly saddles a rearview camera with a $400 price tag.
Base 320i sedans are fairly spartan, considering their mid-$30,000 price tag. Standard equipment includes 17-inch wheels, manually adjustable front seats, leatherette upholstery, Bluetooth connectivity, automatic headlights, dual
|
from alleged victims, may be critical to a verdict, and these testimonies are sometimes from witnesses who hold a personal stake in the case and shun self-incriminating statements. In many countries, a witness lying in court risks being charged with perjury-the accused typically does not risk such a reaction-but there are still cases where witnesses lie. In such cases, when there is a possibility that one or more of the witnesses are lying and the court's verdict depends upon the perceived credibility of the witnesses, the issue arises of distinguishing between lying and truthful witnesses. Is it possible to identify liars vs. truth tellers based on the non-verbal signals transmitted by the sender?
WHAT PEOPLE BELIEVE
Psychological folklore tells us that it is. Studies on what people believe about lying and deceit identify a number of non-verbal cues associated with lying (Vrij, 2000The Global Deception Research Team, 2006)-gaze avoidance, fidgeting, restless foot and leg movements, frequent body posture changes. Such beliefs are not restricted to lay persons but held by law and psychology professionals as well (Bogaard et al., 2016;Dickens and Curtis, 2019). Based on such everyday ideas, many countries offer courses and programs that promise lie detection competence. Internationally well-known examples are the SPOT (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) program aimed at identifying possible terrorists at airports by behavior analysis, and the SYNEROLOGY program aimed at disclosing deception in interviewing situations in the courts or in job application interviews (Denault et al., 2020). In our country in 2018, a professional organization which offers advanced courses to members of the legal professions, announced a course called Spot a liar, given by a US professor of law. He "teaches scientifically proven methods to see concealed emotion and detect lies, including how to identify micro-expressions of emotion that last less than a second, recognize when body language reveals lies and when it is meaningless, detect lies in interviews, meetings, investigations, and even over the phone". Are such ideas supported by empirical research?
WHAT THE SCIENCE TELLS US
Several decades of empirical research have shown that none of the non-verbal signs assumed by psychological folklore to be diagnostic of lying vs. truthfulness is in fact a reliable indicator of lying vs. truthfulness (Vrij, 2000Vrij et al., 2019). It is a substantial literature. seminal book included more than 1,000 references to the research literature and the recent review by Vrij et al. (2019) identified 206 scientific papers published in 2016 alone. Thus, any reliable non-verbal cues to lies and deceit ought to have been identified by now, anno 2020. However, the conclusions drawn by DePaulo et al. (2003), who analyzed 116 studies more than 15 years ago, still appear to be valid. They concluded that "the looks and sounds of deceit are faint, " and the recent review by Vrij et al. (2019) seconded this: ". . . the non-verbal cues to deceit discovered to date are faint and unreliable and . . . people are mediocre lie catchers when they pay attention to behavior." In other words, no reliable non-verbal cues to deception have to-date been identified. The popular Paul Ekman hypothesis of facial micro-expressions as indicators of lies, advertised by many popular courses, has no scientific support (Porter and ten Brinke, 2008). For example, a recent study, which examined the effect of micro-expression training on lie detection and included the presentation of real-life videos of high-stake liars, found that the trained participants scored below chance on lie detection, as did the non-trained or bogus-trained participants (Jordan et al., 2019).
It is therefore not surprising that our ability to detect lying vs. truthful witnesses is mediocre. The meta-analysis by Bond and DePaulo (2006), based on a database of more than 25,000 veracity judgments showed that the average score was at chance level (54% correct), and that none of the professions that we might expect to be good lie detectors-police investigators, psychiatrists, interviewers in recruiting companies-scored better than lay persons. Field studies do no better than laboratory studies. Studies of lie detection based on videotaped police interviews with persons suspected of serious crimes, later confirmed guilty (e.g., Mann et al., 2008), do not indicate any differences in the suspect's demeanor between when he is telling a straight lie and when he (later) is telling the truth, and the overall hit rate is not much above chance level. Likewise, studies of TV interviews of mourning relatives of victims of serious crimes begging the perpetrator to
|
a single model to support both the label- or reference-based synthesis by introducing the probabilistic encoder. The two types of synthesis are obtained by sampling from the prior or the posterior. Nonetheless, modeling distribution for every domain is difficult particularly when considering large number of attributes.
\section{Proposed Method}
\subsection{Problem Formulation}
Our model aims to translate an image $X_s \in \mathbb{R}^{H\times W\times 3}$, with its multi-attribute binary label $Y_s\in \{0,1\}^n$, into an image $X_g$ in a different domain specified by a target label $Y_t\in \{0,1\}^n$. The reference image $X_r$ is optionally provided during the inference, specifying a particular target domain style for $X_g$. Note that this is a typical unpaired generation task in which we do not have the groundtruth for $X_g$ during training. Here $n$ is the number of the attributes, and each one defines two non-overlapped visual domains, meaning with or without a specific attribute. In total, there are $2^n$ different domains. $\mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_s\rightarrow Y_t}\in \{-1,0,+1\}^n=Y_t-Y_s$ is also an $n$ element vector, representing the direction from source to target. It is employed by the LEM and REM as the input condition. Fig.\ref{fig:fig2} illustrates the specific architecture of our model, consisting of a mapping network $\text M$, an encoder network $\text E$, a generator network $\text G$ and a discriminator $\text D$ with an extra multi-attribute domain classifier $\text C$ \cite{odena2017conditional}. The two types of synthesis $X_g^l$ and $X_g^r$ are built on LEM and REM modules, respectively. In summary, given following inputs: an image pair $X_s$ and $X_r$, a noise vector $R$, and two opposite directions $\mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_s\rightarrow Y_t}$ and $\mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_t\rightarrow Y_s}$, the LEM and REM are designed to output the latent codes for the label- and reference-based synthesis, $X_g^l$ and $X_g^r$.
\subsection{Pipelines for Two Types of Synthesis}
The two modules, LEM and REM, support the two types of synthesis $X_g^l$ and $X_g^r$ by injecting their outputs $S_{rand}$ and $S_{ref}$ into $\text G$.
They essentially compare the two inputs from different domains, and encode their differences into a style code. Note that both modules are composed of two branches, where each branch maps its input into an intermediate latent code, and then they are combined together. These processes are summarized in (\ref{eq:eq1}) and (\ref{eq:eq2}). Details are illustrated in following subsections.
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:eq1}
\begin{aligned}
S_r^l = \mathrm{M} (R, \mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_t\rightarrow Y_s}) \quad S_r^r = \mathrm{E} (X_r, \mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_t\rightarrow Y_s}) \\ S_s = \mathrm{E} (X_s, \mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_s\rightarrow Y_t})
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:eq2}
\begin{aligned}
S_{rand} = \mathrm{LEM} (X_s, R, \mathrm{att}_{diff})=S_s+S_r^l\\ S_{ref} = \mathrm{REM} (X_s, X_r, \mathrm{att}_{diff})=S_s+S_r^r
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\indent\textbf{LEM for label-based synthesis.}
The mapping network $\text M$ encodes the random noise $R\in\mathbb{R}^d$ together with $\mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_t\rightarrow Y_s}$, and gradually increases the spatial size until $S_r^l\in\mathbb{R}^{\frac{H}{k}\times \frac{W}{k}\times C}$. In practice, we concatenate $R$ with $\mathrm{att}_{diff}^{Y_t\rightarrow Y_s}$ before giving it to $\text M$, as is shown in (\ref{eq:eq1}). Similarly, the source $X_s$ is
|
If you believe that the condition that is necessary the success in love affairs is wealth, then you’re mistaken. There clearly was a a lot more available, but no less effective device – it is humor. If you possibly can make a woman laugh, consider which you currently won her.
Laughter is really a weapon that is universal. Along with its assistance, you’ll both destroy and make. It is amazing just how attention that is little spend towards the spontaneity. We attempt to make girls like us through our look, a bank-account, or capability to state compliments. Yes, all this work is great, and also at some phases also necessary. But laughter significantly simplifies the entire process of seducing ladies and produces a much better and long-term relationship than mercantile passions. Read our brand new guide and discover ways to make a lady laugh into the way that is easiest.
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Learn how to glance at things, phenomena, and behaviors deeper, viewing them from various edges. Wit is nothing but going beyond the rational judgment. Having discovered and unexpectedly knew a rational mistake, you are able to create an original and joke that is long-remembered. Remember: humor must certanly be appropriate. Rough and jokes that are inappropriate not just ruin the feeling but the attitude of others near you. Do not make enjoyable of other individuals not Knowing how they shall respond to your unique humor.
Funny concerns may be a good pastime even regarding the very first date. Should you feel that the intonations that are serious your discussion result in a concrete psychological stress, it is best to use the stress off. Try not to startasking funny concerns that will ridicule any individual characteristics for the woman – this scenario is much more suitable for the next and subsequent dates.
Secondly, in this real method, you should check just just how well toned the lady’s feeling of humor is. All things considered, if she will not know how to joke and cheer, then sheis a downer that is real. Therefore, try to find the lady with that you shall be on the exact same revolution.
1. If for starters you became a man, what would you do first day? Allow her to useimagination and tell what, in her opinion, is the thing that is best about being fully a man. Trust me, it shall be extremely funny. In addition, this will be a fantastic starting for the discussion about sex functions in society. However, if you Need stuff that is just funny state to produce individuals laugh, a conversation about Gender roles is not the thing that is
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Multifaceted Bioinspiration for Improving the Shaft Resistance of Deep Foundations
This paper describes the bioinspiration process to derive design concepts for new deep foundation systems that have greater axial capacity per unit volume of pile material compared to conventional deep foundations. The study led to bioinspired ideas that provide greater load capacity by increasing the pile shaft resistance. The bioinspiration approach used problem-solving strategies to define the problem and transfer strategies from biology to geotechnical engineering. The bioinspiration considered the load transfer mechanism of hydroskeletons and the anchorage of the earthworm, razor clam, kelp, and lateral roots of plants. The biostrategies that were transferred to the engineering domain included a flexible but incompressible core, passive behaviour against external loading, a longitudinally split shell that allows expansion for anchorage, and lateral root-type or setae-type anchoring elements. The concepts of three bioinspired deep foundation systems were proposed and described. The advantage of this approach was illustrated with two examples of the new laterally expansive pile in drained sand under axial compression. The finite element analysis of these examples showed that the new laterally expansive pile can provide considerably greater load capacity compared to a conventional cylindrical pile due to the increased lateral confining pressure developed along the expanded pile core.
Introduction
Identifying and studying behaviours and strategies found in organisms to learn from them and extract desirable ideas to solve problems or enhance solutions in geotechnical engineering is a relatively new subdiscipline within biogeotechnics [1] . Nature can be a mentor, a benchmark, and a model because human beings can learn from nature, measure correctness of their current solutions based on it, and take inspiration from it [2] . The end goal of learning from nature and biological organisms is often invention and creation. Having this common goal has led researchers to use different terms such as biomimetics, biomimicry, and bioinspiration with similar meaning [3] . In this paper, bioinspiration refers to the process of learning from one or more organisms or being inspired by them with the purpose of solving a problem or improving a process in another field. When successful, the outcome of bioinspiration is a solution to a problem or a more effective design.
Bioinspiration may start by studying, in detail, one or more selected organisms, describing their forms and behaviour, and then identifying potential applications of these observations (i.e., solution-based design methodology). Another approach to bioinspiration consists of describing the problem and searching for one or more biological analogues that can provide strategies to arrive at a new or improved solution to the target problem (i.e., problem-based design methodology). In the problem-driven process, it is important to use a systematic process for problem solving to avoid time consuming searches that may not yield desirable or useful results. In most cases, there are noticeable differences between the way how biological species behave and how technical problems with analogous circumstances are solved applying conventional engineering methods [4] . Bioinspiration may lead to solutions or alternative better solutions compared to the current practice. For example, energy and material consumption in bioinspired solutions may be low comparted to conventional engineering methods [5] . Other important features of an ideal bioinspired system may be simplicity, durability (working properly during a pre-defined life span), ease of control, and sustainability [6] . TRIZ (an acronym for "Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch" in Russian) is a framework for problem solving [7] that includes these main strategies: defining the problem and the characteristics and functions of the desired solution or outcome; identifying the technical contradictions (i.e., desired improvement in one technical aspect of the solution is at the expense of another part of the solution getting worse) to achieve the desired function(s) based on available technology; and systematically selecting from a list of "inventive principles" of TRIZ [7] the combination of the most desirable parameters (i.e., those that overcome the technical contradictions) that constitute the solution to the problem. The TRIZ framework can be useful to transfer a solution from one discipline to another [8] and has been used in engineering design [5,9,10] . Transferring ideas from biology to engineering can be done at different levels, depending on the similarities between the technical problem and the selected biological model (i.e., when the characteristics of the technical problem are significantly different from those of the biological model, the analysis of the biological model should start at a fundamental knowledge level) [11] .
The potential of bioinspiration for new designs in civil engineering was illustrated by Hu et al. describing the bioinspired designs used in several bridge projects [12] . Another example was an analytical study of the performance of trees from a structural engineering perspective only to transfer basic design concepts of these structural characteristics to simple moment frames under combined external loading conditions [13] . Bioinspiration has also been implemented to solve geotechnical engineering problems. Drawing inspiration from the earthworm
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operates correctly over a large range of conditions, without requiring any modification.
(A to E) Mark I3, robot experiments (movie S1). (F) Mark I3, simulation (movie S2, side by side with a run on the robots). (G) Mark I4, simulation (movie S4). (H) Mark II3, simulation (movie S5). (I) Mark II4, simulation (movie S6).
We report the parameters that characterize each experimental setting in which each variant of TS-Swarm was studied. The scalability study was performed using the default number of robots in each setting. Between one setting and the following one, we doubled the surface of the arena in which the robots operate (see Materials and Methods). The robustness study was performed while varying the number of robots between −20 and +100% with respect to the default number of each setting.
Shape and size of the arenas considered for the scalability and robustness study of (A) Mark I3 (movie S3) and Mark II3 and (B) Mark I4 and Mark II4.
Empirical run-time distributions for the execution of 1 (dotted lines), 5 (dot-dash lines), and 10 (solid lines) sequences. (A) Mark I3, robot experiments. (B) Mark I3, simulation. (C) Mark I4, simulation. (D) Mark II3, simulation. (E) Mark II4, simulation.
(A) Mark I3. (B) Mark I4. (a to e) Scalability studies using the default number of robots in five arenas of different size (see Table 1 and Materials and Methods). Empirical run-time distributions for the execution of 1 (dotted lines), 5 (dot-dash lines), and 10 (solid lines) sequences. (f to j) Robustness to variation in the number of robots between −20 and +100% of the default number (see Table 1 and Materials and Methods). Empirical run-time distributions for the execution of 10 sequences. (k to o) Empirical distributions of the number of robots in the chain as a function of the total number of robots. Arena areas: 2.10 m2 (a, f, and k), 4.21 m2 (b, g, and l), 8.42 m2 (c, h, and m), 16.84 m2 (d, i, and n), and 33.67 m2 (e, j, and o).
In Mark I4, four tasks can be sequenced due to a minor difference relative to Mark I3: A single counter that counts to four rather than three. We studied Mark I4 in simulation (Figs. 2G and 3 and Table 1). The results show that the first assumptions of Mark I3 can be overcome (Figs. 4C and 5B): More than three tasks can be sequenced.
Mark II3 and Mark II4
In Mark II3, runners must perform an entire sequence before receiving any feedback. Because of the lack of immediate feedback, which in Mark I3 breaks the initial symmetry, all guardians initiate the construction of a branch of the chain immediately after assuming their role. Upon completion, the chain is a closed loop that, besides routing runners as Mark I3’s chain, has the additional function of relaying information. By exchanging messages via the chain, the guardians (i) establish an initial sequence, out of which they generate a permutation tree spanning all possible sequences, and (ii) direct the runners to collectively explore such tree via depth-first search. The guardians establish an initial sequence by ordering themselves via a leader election algorithm (44). Each guardian communicates its unique identifier (ID) that is relayed by the chain. The guardian with the largest ID takes the label c and sends a message that is relayed clockwise along the closed-loop chain. The message contains the label b. The first guardian that receives the message takes the label b and propagates label a, which is eventually taken by the last guardian. Each guardian generates the tree of the permutations of the sequence (a, b, c). The tree is then collectively explored by the swarm via depth-first search. As a first step, the guardians address the runners to the tasks guarded by a, b, and c, in this order; as a second step, to the tasks guarded by a, c, and b; as a third step to the tasks guarded by b, a, and c, and so on. A failure reported by a runner after completing a sequence triggers the transition to the following one. On the other hand, a success indicates that the correct sequence has been identified. The exploration of the permutation tree is distributed. Throughout the process, all robots act reactively (sense-act), and each guardian has only partial knowledge about the sequence
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legislation to e.g. reduce pesticide use, protected pollinator habitat etc., leading to increased operating costs or a need to change business practice. Operational: potential impacts of pollinator decline in crop yield or quality leading to narrowing profit margins.
Financial: constraints in securing finance as a result of investor concern regarding declining pollinators.
Reputational and marketing: consumer concern regarding pollinator decline may lead to negative perception of company brand. Companies linked pollinator decline to potential business risk, in particular operational and reputational/marketing risk (Figure 6). Increasing global demand for raw materials associated with the growth of middle-class upcoming economies could further exacerbate this risk. Demand for cocoa from countries such as China and India, for example, could outpace supply. If supply becomes compromised as a result of decline in pollination services, greater price increases could result.
Financial, legal and regulatory risks associated with pollinator decline were perceived as relatively low. The long-term nature of the issue, in comparison to more immediate issues such as water scarcity, makes it challenging for companies to link typical business drivers like profit generation or sales to risks associated with pollinator decline. With longer timeframes associated with this risk, it is difficult to make the case for investing in management actions to address pollinator decline.
One company explained that businesses are not designed to approve an investment case that will provide benefits in 10 years’ time; they take a shorter term view to investments to increase profit within a year. Companies require scientifically robust evidence of pollinator decline and information on how this will directly impact their bottom lines before they can act. This evidence is either lacking or not in a format that is accessible and useable by business. For almost all crops, further research is required to determine the impact of pollinators on crop yields, the status of pollinators and the implications of this for security and cost of supply.
P a g e | 15 Figure 6. Respondents associated different levels of importance to the potential business risks resulting from pollinator decline. Box 2: Case studies – potential business risks from pollinator decline The range and importance of potential risks identified varied from company to company; however, a common risk cited was operational risk. The table below shows the results from our discussions with Mars, Jordans and The Body Shop.
P a g e | 16 Identifying dependency of raw materials on pollinators is in its infancy Less than half of the surveyed companies had a clear picture of which of their raw materials were dependent on pollinators. Companies sourcing a limited number of raw materials were more aware of which materials are at potential risk from pollination decline. Typical crops that were identified include cocoa beans, apples and other orchard fruits, sunflower and rapeseed, almonds, blueberries, and honey and beeswax (Figure 7). Unsurprisingly, companies with complex supply chains struggled to identify priority raw materials that are at potential risk.
Many of the companies noted a gap and a need for information that illustrates which commodities depend on pollinators. They were keen to understand where pollinators are in decline or at risk in relation to their supply chains in order to help inform sourcing decisions and investments. Such information is not available for all commodities. Not all companies with perceived risk exposure were managing that risk Only half of the survey respondents reported that their company has taken steps to reduce corporate risks from pollinator decline. Actions included site-level action on pollinator decline (25 per cent), engagement programmes with suppliers on pollinator decline (38 per cent), and integration of steps to avoid and manage impacts and dependence on pollinators into environmental management systems or sustainable agriculture systems (13 per cent).
P a g e | 17 Box 3: Case studies – identifying potential risks and opportunities in supply chains Supply chain vulnerability to pollinator decline is a function of the location of commodities sourced, the extent to which they are dependent on pollinators and the potential for the pollinators to be replaced. Priority commodities for assessing risk associated with pollinator decline are those bought by companies in largest volume and/or those that are irreplaceable in products. The three case study companies identified the following priority commodities potentially exposed to risk: Almonds: Jordans (sourced from California), The Body Shop (sourced from Spain) Brazil nuts: Jordans (from Bolivia) and The Body Shop (from Peru) Blueberries: Jordans (from Canada and the USA) Cocoa: Mars (from across South America, Africa and South East Asia) Rapeseed: Jordans (from Europe) Virgin coconut oil: The Body Shop (from Samoa) This did not represent an exhaustive supply chain review, but gives insights into potential priorities.
Figure 7. Priority commodities identified by Mars, Jordans and The Body Shop. For Jordans, almonds are a key product and an ingredient used in their branding. This increases the company’s risk relating to pollinator decline. Jordans growers typically invest in
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using thedut − ung − method as described previously (38). Mutant promoter fragments were subsequently cloned into the pGL2 luciferase reporter vector. Mutations of the CD4 silencer S2 region were generated from the Δ1Δ3 silencer template using an overlap extension PCR as described previously (24). The following primers (Gibco BRL, Sigma/Genosys) were used: 5′ GGG CAC ATC CCA TTT TTT GGC TAG AGT GGG 3′ and 5′ CCC ACT CTA GCC AAA AAA TGG GAT GTG CCC 3′. The external primers used were either T7 or M13R. PCR products were subcloned into pCR 2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen). DNA sequencing analysis and restriction enzyme digests confirmed each mutation. Mutant silencers were subcloned into the pTG construct, which contains the CD4 transcriptional control elements and the human HLA-B7 gene as a marker (10).
Generation of transgenic mice.Generation of transgenic mice using this DNA was carried out using previously described methods (18). Prior to injection, the transgenic DNA insert was excised from the vector DNA and separated across a sucrose gradient as previously described (10). Purified insert DNA was dialyzed against transgenic injection buffer (5 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 0.1 mM EDTA) and injected at a concentration of 5 to 10 μg/ml (18). Transgenic founder mice were identified by the staining of peripheral lymphocytes as described below and by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. Multiple expressing founders for each construct were generated and analyzed.
Flow cytometry.All analyses were performed on 3- to 6-week-old littermates housed in the pathogen-free Animal Facility of the Herbert W. Irving Cancer Center at Columbia University. The following monoclonal antibody reagents were obtained from Pharmingen to identify peripheral T cells using previously described protocols (36): allophycocyanin-conjugated RM4-5 (anti-CD4) and peridinin chlorophyll-A protein-conjugated 53-6.7 (anti-CD8α). The transgenic marker was stained with a phycoerythrin-conjugated ME-1 (anti-HLA-B7) antibody. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained with α-CD4, α-CD8, and α-ME-1. T cells were identified based on their expression of CD4 or CD8 and then assessed for their expression of HLA-B7. Representative progeny from all founder mice were analyzed; typical results from one founder are shown. Analyses were performed using the FACSCalibur flow cytometer and CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson) at the Flow Cytometry Facility of the Herbert W. Irving Cancer Center at Columbia University.
Transient transfection of T-cell lines.The CD4+CD8− TH clone D10 was transfected using previously described methods (22, 38). Briefly, test and control plasmids were cotransfected into cells by the DEAE-dextran method; the test plasmid contained the experimental CD4 promoter subcloned upstream of the luciferase gene in the pGL2 vector, and the transfection control plasmid contained the Renilla luciferase gene under the control of the herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase promoter (pRL-TK; Promega). The total amount of DNA added to each transfection point was kept constant with the addition of the pGL2 vector. Cells were harvested after 48 h, and extracts were prepared for the Dual Luciferase assay as recommended by the manufacturer (Promega). Renilla and firefly luciferase levels were measured using a TD 20/20 Luminometer (Turner Designs). Results shown are averaged for 3 to 7 experiments per data point.
Characterization of the S2-binding factor.The CD4 silencer contains three factor-binding sites, referred to as S1, S2, and S3, that were originally defined by DNase footprinting analyses (10). As discussed above, HES-1 and the novel transcription factor SAF bind to S1 and S3, respectively (22, 23). To characterize the S2-binding factor further, we conducted EMSAs with oligonucleotides encompassing the S2 region (Fig.1 and 2). The S2L probe encompasses the complete S2 footprint as well as an additional 40 bp that flank the site. Incubation of this probe with nuclear extracts from either CD4 SP TH- or CD8 SP TC-cell clones resulted in the formation of a single complex (Fig. 2A and data not shown). We have been unable to detect other complexes with this probe using a variety of
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become the norm throughout society, with fewer people choosing to go out into their garden or work on DIY projects. There are many negative effects that prolonged sitting can have on your body; not only does it affect circulation but it also leads to bad posture, something that has been associated with increased risk of chronic illness. If you’re waking up every morning with back pain because you sat down too long, many devices prevent this. One of these is the office chair back support cushion; it’s comfortable and doesn’t take up much space so you can use it in any chair
Problems Associated with Uncomfortable Chairs
Anyone who works in an office knows how uncomfortable your average chairs are after 8 hours. The horseshoe-shaped seat digs into your thighs, making you shift around to get into a good position. If you do manage to find a pillow for an office desk chair that somewhat supports your lower back, chances are it won’t be very breathable or soft, meaning little relief for the parts which needed the most help in the first place. If you are looking to buy a support pillow online, click here.
Studies have found that sitting on hard surfaces leads to decreased blood flow, making you more likely to suffer from back pain. It is even more important for those who work on computers, as the position of the body can cause your hip flexor muscles to shorten, which often leads to lower back pain. This is because they are constantly in tension whenever you’re sitting upright; they act like rubber bands that pull against your spine and affect the alignment of your pelvis causing poor posture.
Why Do You Need an Office Chair Back Support Cushion?
If you want to avoid these problems, then invest in an office chair cushion like this one. Sitting on a hard surface deforms the pelvic bones, changes how weight is distributed through the hips and causes slouching which exacerbates existing problems with blood flow. The unique ergonomic design means it fits perfectly into any chair, no matter if it’s a swivel chair or standard office seat. There are ridges to prevent slouching but the cushion is soft enough not to cause pain.
The shape was designed by professionals after extensive research into how best to provide comfort and support wherever you need it most. It shapes itself around your back, filling in all of those hollows that form between bones after time, supporting you so you can sit up straight again instead of hunching over your desk. Unlike others, cushions allow for efficient use of space so no problems are fitting it onto chairs with arms; simply slide right on.
What Type of Chair Support Cushion Is Right For You?
Only five significant kinds of chair support cushions are available of all the different types. Each has its unique features and forms in which they come in, but all work to provide a greater degree of comfort during long office sessions.
Their primary purpose is to allow you to sit more comfortably without too much strain on your lower back while also maintaining proper sitting posture with no real effort required on your part (unlike other types of seat pads that need constant re-adjustment). Here are the five types:
1. Round Circle Shape
This cushion’s most common type provides good lumbar support due to its ergonomic shape created by its circle design. It can be utilized in virtually any upright seated task; however, it’s especially effective when used with a desk or office chair.
They can be found in various materials and densities, depending on the manufacturer and model. It’s important to note that most round/circular cushion types are designed with only one thickness, meaning they cannot be customized to meet your comfort levels.
2. Rectangular Shape
As opposed to round cushions, this type is built from a single block of material designed with both high and low (or variable) densities within it. The result is more significant support and customization for each user based on their needs and preferences.
Rectangular-shaped seat pads tend to provide better lumbar support than other designs; however, some people find them uncomfortable due to how narrow the base is (especially if you’re overweight) as it’s not as comprehensive as the design.
3. Semi-Circular Shape
One of the more unique designs for this type of chair back support cushion typically comprises one high and one low-density block within their shape; however, they also incorporate two smaller semi-circular/oval parts that extend from each side for added comfort and stability. This creates a greater degree of versatility than other types, mainly because users can customize the length and curvature of the extended portions to fit their personal preferences.
4. Wedge Shape & Lumbar Support Cushions
Wedges are typically built with two densities; however, the positioning of each is what makes them different from other types of seat cushions. They are either designed with the high-density part on top, which supports the upper back while sitting upright, or they are built with the high part situated under your butt, which offers lumbar-based support for those who tend to sit more “slumped” in their chairs.
These are great for people who have problems sitting up straight because
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, and list of constituent atoms suggested by this sole molecular boundary is (5,6). Based on these observations, we conclude that the partial hierarchical clustering procedure finds different parts of the financial molecule if we start from different constituent atoms. These different parts, however, are consistent with the molecular structure of the six-atom financial molecule shown in Figure 5, which we deduce by taking the union of the different lists of constituent atoms, and drawing bonds based on the rules listed above. Different starting constituent atoms also give us different lists of constituent non-atomic stocks. Again, we take the union of these lists, and find that the constituent non-atomic stocks are most strongly correlated with the financial atoms 3, 4, and 8. Because their strong sub-atomic correlations with multiple financial atoms, we can interpret these constituent non-atomic stocks as 'bonding' stocks. Figure 5 is nested, deduced from the second natural boundaries in the partial hierarchical clustering histories of the strong financial atoms 3, 4, and 5. Compositions of the three additional participating weak financial atoms are shown in the table above, as are additional non-atomic stocks. The bonds are drawn with c 1 = 280 and c 2 = 262.
In Figure 5, we see that this six-atom financial molecule consists of two three-atom clusters, (3, 4, 7) and (5, 6, 8), connected by a single bond between atoms 3 and 8. Inspection of atomic compositions tells us that the property atom 5, banking atom 6, and shipping atom 8 consist mostly of local companies, whereas the manufacturing atoms 3, 4 and 7 consist only of Chinese companies listed on the SGX or China-related local companies. Most of the non-atomic stocks are also stocks of Chinese or China-related companies. The larger 10-atom financial molecule shown in Figure 6, suggested by the statistically more significant second boundaries in the partial hierarchical clustering histories of financial atoms 3, 4, and 5, tells an even more intricate story. Apart from the nested sixatom molecular core shown in Figure 5, we find also the participation of financial atoms 1, 9, 10, and 11. In this larger financial molecule, we find the same basic topology: a cluster of China related atoms {3, 4, 7, 9}, and a cluster of local atoms {1, 5, 6, 8, 11}. Apart from the direct bonding between financial atoms 3 and 8, the two clusters are also bonded indirectly through the weak bonds between atoms 3 and 8 with the TSC atom 10. We believe it is likely that in 2005 or 2006, the two clusters might actually represent two distinct financial molecules, which became increasingly correlated with each other in the period leading up to, and beyond, the end-Feb 2007 market crash known as the Chinese Correction. In the HKSE, we find also a single 13-atom financial molecule shown in Figure 7. Its molecular structure is considerably more complex than the SGX financial molecule, but we can still make out two molecular cores, {1, 6, 8, 10, 14} and {2, 5, 7, 9}, as well as a group {3, 11, 15, 16} of bridging atoms. Inspection of the atomic compositions within the first molecular core, we realized that {1, 6, 8, 10, 14} are all local atoms, whose constituent stocks are issued by companies based in Hong Kong. Apart from financial atom 14, which is a bank-ing and finance atom, the rest are all property atoms. The second molecular core {2, 5, 7, 9}, on the other hand, contains only Chinese atoms, whose constituent stocks are issued by companies based in China. Unlike the local molecular core, atoms from the Chinese molecular core are from a variety of industries, ranging from banking and finance (2, 9), to oil and energy (7), to mining and metals (5). In the bridging group of financial atoms, we find a mix between local and Chinese atoms, primarily from the property market (3, 15, 16) and mining industry (11). In addition to indirect bonding of the two molecular cores through the bridging group of atoms, we also find strong direct bonds between the local atom 1 and Chinese atoms 2 and 9. The non-atomic stocks are also of mixed local and Chinese origins, representing a mixture of industries. These are strongly correlated with nearly every constituent atom, and can most appropriately be interpreted as a 'valence cloud' of the financial molecule. Unlike the situation in the SGX,
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Domestic and family violence (DFV) is a significant social problem that is found in all societies, cultures, and socio-economic backgrounds. Australian-Muslims are under-researched on DFV issues. This chapter explores the correlates associated with DFV using focus group data with various community-leaders living in South-East Queensland. Findings illustrate some unique characteristics of DFV relevant to Australian-Muslims that distinguish them from mainstream Australians such as misusing religious text and scriptures, contribution of culture, burden of men's financial responsibility vs women's work-choices, clash of cultures when living in Australia, loss of extended family support and social support networks, in-law contribution to abuse, and foreign spouses lack of awareness of the law. Findings are important for the design of effective strategies that challenge core assumptions towards DFV which promote and justify DFV. It highlights the importance of working within the cultural and religious framework in preventing DFV for cultural groups.
Domestic and family violence (hereafter referred to as DFV)1, is increasingly a focal topic of research worldwide. Global prevalence rates indicate that 35% of women worldwide have experienced either DFV or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2013), making it the leading cause of injuries to women of reproductive age in America (Portwood & Heany, 2007). In Australia, women (17%) were more likely than men (6.1%) to experience violence by a partner (Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2017b) with an estimated 87% of domestic violence victims being women (Healey, 2005). Other statistics state that one in four Australian women have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner (Cox, 2015). Often the male-perpetrator is not only known to the female-victim, but has also betrayed the intimate relationship with her by making the home, the greatest place of safety, a threat (Dobash & Dobash, 1979; Portwood & Heany, 2007).
Domestic and family violence, that ranges from mild verbal-abuse to severe physical-violence and even death, has occupied many researchers from various disciplines of criminology, psychology, social work, sociology and public health (Barnett, Miller-Perrin, & Perrin, 2005; Natarajan, 2007). Though the problem of DFV is common to almost all societies, it is expressed differently in varying communities (Hajjar, 2004). Its impact on public health is significant in its physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health effects and statistics indicate that more women (4,600 as compared to 1,700 men) are being hospitalised due to DFV and becoming homeless (78% or 94,100) (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2019). Violence against women symbolises a potentially fatal threat to women (Fortune, 1991).
In its many forms, violence against women costs the Australian community $22 billion in 2015-16 (KPMG, 2016). The consequences of DFV are not limited to economic costs, but in fact encompasses health-costs (Mouzos & Houliaras, 2006), psychological-costs or hidden-costs (McCloskey & Grigsby, 2005), neurological-costs (Campbell & Soeken, 1999) and social-costs (Fugate, Landis, Riordan, Naureckas, & Engel, 2005). Research suggests that culturally and linguistically-diverse (CaLD) women are less likely to seek assistance or report to police, due to various known barriers that exist (AIHW, 2019; Family and Domestic Violence Unit (FDVU), 2006; Phillips & Carrington, 2006).
Lack of awareness of the extent of DFV was mainly due to the nature of DFV as a hidden, unnoticed, or an ignored issue (Dobash & Dobash, 1979; Gelles, 2000; Phillips & Carrington, 2006). This makes it difficult to successfully combat this social problem that sees no socioeconomic, cultural or religious boundaries (Barnes, 2001; Haj-Yahia, 2000a). Although research within the wider Australian population has provided some important findings on the factors that are predicted to influence DFV (FDVU, 2006; Healey, 2005; Mouzos & Makkai, 2004), further research is still required.
Foreign Spouses: Spouses of
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On tilted Giraud subcategories
Firstly we provide a technique to move torsion pairs in abelian categories via adjoint functors and in particular through Giraud subcategories. We apply this point in order to develop a correspondence between Giraud subcategories of an abelian category $C$ and those of its tilt $H(C)$ i.e., the heart of a t-structure on $D(C)$ induced by a torsion pair.
Introduction
One of the most useful process in Abelian category theory is the so-called localization of an abelian category D to a quotient category D/S by means of a Serre class S in D. When S is a localizing subcategory in the sense of [?], the canonical exact functor D → D/S has a fully faithful right adjoint functor S : D/S → D which allows to deal with D/S as a full subcategory of D, which is called a Giraud subcategory of D. Dualizing the context, one get the notion of a co-Giraud subcategory. Giraud and co-Giraud subcategories very often appear in the literature in very different settings (see 1.3).
On the other side, in 1981 Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne introduced the notion of t-structure on a triangulated category related to the study of the derived category of constructible sheaves on a stratified space. Actually the notion of t-structure is a generalization of the notion of torsion pair on an abelian category (see for example [?]). In their work [?] Happel, Reiten and Smalo related the study of torsion pairs to Tilting theory and t-structures. In particular given an abelian category C one can construct many non-trivial t-structures on its derived category D b (C) by the procedure of tilting at a torsion pair (see 4.5).
Inspired by the fundamental role of localizing subcategories in the study of problems of gluing abelian categories or even triangulated categories we propose in this work a bridge between the two previous abstract contexts. The main progress in the present paper is to show how the process of (co-) localizing moves from a basic abelian category to the level of its tilt, with respect to a torsion pair, and viceversa.
On the one side we deal with a (co-) Giraud subcategory C of D, looking the way torsion pairs on D reflect on C and, conversely, torsion pairs on C extend to D: in particular we find a one to one correspondence between arbitrary torsion pairs (T , F ) on C and the torsion pairs (X , Y) on D which are "compatible" with the (co-) localizing functor (Theorems 3.4 and 3.9).
On the other side, we compare this action of "moving" torsion pairs from D to C (and viceversa) with a "tilting context": more precisely, we look at the associated hearts H D and H C with respect to the torsion pairs (T , F ) on C and (X , Y) on D, respectively, proving that H C is still a (co-) Giraud subcategory of H D , and that the "tilted" torsion pairs in the two hearts are still related (Theorems 5.3 and 5.5).
Here the ambient Abelian category D is arbitrary, with the unique request that the inclusion functor of C into D admits a right derived functor.
Finally given any Abelian category D endowed with a torsion pair (X , Y), and considering any Giraud subcategory C ′ of the associated heart H D which is "compatible" with the "tilted" torsion pair on H D , we prove in Theorem 5.6 how to recover a Giraud subcategory C of D such that C ′ is equivalent to the heart H C (with respect to the induced torsion pair).
Serre, Giraud and co-Giraud subcategories
We begin by fixing some notations on Serre, Giraud and co-Giraud subcategories. A complete account on quotient categories and Serre classes can be found in [?, Chapter 3] and [?, Section 1.11].
Definition 1.1. Let D be an abelian category. A Serre class S in D is a full subcategory S of D such that for any short exact sequence 0→X 1 →X 2 →X 3 →0 in D the middle term X 2 belongs to S if and only if X 1 , X 3 belong to S.
The data of an abelian category D and a Serre class S of D allow to construct a new abelian category, denoted by D/S, called the quotient category of D by S (see [?]). It turns out that D/S is abelian and the canonical
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distribution in a wave function. Measuring ''the value'' of
such an observable to a degree more accurate than allowed
by its identification in a reasonable WKB-approximation is simply
impossible, because at such an accuracy there is no
unique notion of what it should mean in terms of observations.
(If, on the other hand, an operator like $p_\phi$ happens to
commute with ${\cal H}$ in a simple model, we have the exceptional
case of a completely well-defined observable
whose eigenstates satisfy the Wheeler-DeWitt equation and need
no approximate WKB-arguments for their identification).
Maybe a final answer to the question what kind of experience
one could make in almost genuine quantum gravitational
situations
amounts to feed the theory with information about all the
particular objects present there, in particular
the human body, including the brain and the like.
\medskip
On the conceptual level (leaving cosmology for the moment),
one might object that at least the problem of the final state
of black holes should provide an observational
''window'' towards a full quantum gravity
\cite{Kieferpriv}.
This is certainly true, but the experimental device by which
physical observations of quantum black holes are performed will,
for example, be at some distance from these objects
(or ''separated'' from them by the appearance of largely different
energy scales) and thus in a WKB-type environment.
Nevertheless, the wave function satisfies the Wheeler-DeWitt equation
exactly. In this sense, the final state of black holes is
''described'' by full quantum gravity, and the non-WKB features
of the wave function in certain domains of (mini)superspace will
of course be essential.
Although the mathematical details are far from being clear,
this seems to be a beautiful example how an exact underlying
mathematical framework might interplay with the approximate
nature of extracting physical information.
Posing questions that refer to a situation too ''close'' to
such a quantum gravity process would run into the problem that the
precise description of some ''measurement'' (that {\it should} be
performed in order to test the theory) becomes impossible
{\it on account of the nature of the process itself}.
\medskip
Summarizing, a ''minimal'' interpretation of
quantum cosmology that relies on $(\H,Q)$ as the
only fundamental mathematical structure makes a quite
radical point of view possible:
Quantum cosmology (quantum gravity) virtually destroys the
language of physics and limits the realm of nature
in which we can reasonably talk about observations
--- independent of who performs them --- and
thus about physics. A true ''Planck scale physics''
would exist primarily as a mathematical theory, and
its relation to ''experience'' is unclear and tends
to transcend what is usually called the ''physical world''.
We have presented our arguments only in the minisuperspace
approximation, but in principle one can try to implement
analogous ideas --- in particular the ''minimality'' of the
scheme --- to a full quantum cosmological framework.
The main goal such a framework could possibly achieve
is to show {\it how} the concepts of usual physics are hidden
therein, and to extract predictions for all observations that
can be formulated in the conventional physics' language {\it and}
that actually {\it can be performed}.
We admit that our approach does not tell us {\it why} just
these identifications between approximate mathematical
structures and observations have to be made.
We leave it open whether a ''completion'' is possible
and which philosophical status it would have.
\medskip
\section{Comments}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
Despite the extensive use of WKB-techniques, the
underlying structure of our program consists of inserting
solutions
of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation into the scalar product $Q$.
This was our starting point, and it
raises the question how a formalism based on
numbers $Q(\psi_1,\psi_2)$
relates to a Bohm-type interpretation using
(\ref{probab1}) as a measure on the set of flow-lines
$y_{\rm flow}(\tau)$ of $j$. In terms of this
interpretation,
it is possible to associate with each pencil of flow
lines a relative probability, irrespective of how narrow the
pencil is. However, the expression (\ref{probab1})
{\it cannot} simply be written down in terms
of numbers of the type $Q(\Xi,\psi)$,
with $\Xi$ being a solution of the Wheeler-DeWitt
equation. It is rather of the type $Q(\psi',\psi')$, where
$\psi'(y)$ is a function
|
that ail every other comparable country ever. Inclusive nationalism and friendly capitalism – the fresh idea from Scotland.
Phil I think the SNP have British establishment written all over them myself, standing for Westminster was the give away.
Salmond, himself I feel was genuine but after the vote why did he stand down? It was almost like the pressure was far beyond just party or media like he had the full force of the state up his backside. I think most Scots would have been happy with him staying on and leading on, and initially he appeared to be doing that.
I’m sorry call me a cynic but the post referendum SNP have behaved like little more than “managed opposition” and they have done an excellent job of keeping labour in their place and out of office.
The SNP are irrelevent, they will probably disband once independence is secure.
I know the left in Scotland is more powerful than the left in the UK or in England, hence the left in an independent Scotland will be significantly more influential on the govt than the British left is in the UK. Further it will be undeniable that the independence movement was predominantly leftist, hence iScotland will be a nation at least having to credit leftist values for it’s existence which will further preserve the influence of the left within it. Why should I want to remain in a UK in which my likes has little or fleeting influence, almost none as a Scot, when I can have so much more?
Further if an independent Scotland tends to the left of England and is successful, that can only empower the left in England by comparison, the English will rightly ask why they can’t do the same.
You’re incorrect about the British left, were stronger by the day. Just watch.we’re already taking it to Liam Byrne and the despicable right wing Birmingham labour.
The British left has never in my lifetime been this unified, and I’ve never known such an influx of intelligent youth thought. People who just amaze me with their can do attitudes.
The question isn’t how much will power is there it’s how far the state is prepared to go to put us down.
US State department statement.
“Catalonia is an integral part of Spain, and the United States supports the Spanish government’s constitutional measures to keep Spain strong and united,” State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said in a statement.
“For EU nothing changes. Spain remains our only interlocutor. I hope the Spanish government favors force of argument, not argument of force,” Tusk tweeted after the Catalan vote.
Declarations do not an independent country make. That requires international recognition.
The German Federal Government does not recognize the unilateral statement of independence by the regional parliament.
France has offered Rajoy their full support and Cyprus has said they do not recognise Catalan UDI.
France will be very willing to send in brute force to sort out the Catalans.
How do you know this Fred?
Can you give a link or reference to back that up?
Even if it was secret if that was the routine practice of the assembly it is valid. Also those present and those who voted are known as are the positions of the parties on the constitutional question. So it is not hard to work out who voted which way especially with the walkout by the unionist parties.
BTW the only point of a walkout is if it removes a quorum from the assembly as does not seem to be the case in Catalonia in which case it is just sour grapes and an abandonment of their responsibility as representatives.
He’s a definite shoe-in.
That would be a good point if it was true. He does not want to be the next Tory leader, he’s been very direct in saying he does not seek leadership of the party at all. To be clear, I’m not a fan of his. His idiocy in this particular situation is fuelled not by political beliefs but by religious beliefs; the historic brainwashing of humanity.
(I put this up earlier on the ‘Banning Democracy’ thread, but it is relevant here).
London should declare independence then, they are financing the UK same argument as the Catalans.
So, why don’t they? Is it just their altuism that holds them back?
You are presuming that london actually acknowledges the existence of the rest of the country.
No I’m not, I feel absolutely no solidarity with anyone based on where they live. London’s good, Glasgow and Edinburgh, I like.
No it’s not a good place.
2) blockchain dystopia?
Fascinating article. I agree that dark times do indeed seem to be on their way.
I’m hoping that Scotland becomes the first country to recognise the Republic of Catalonia, if no other nation beats us to it.
Maybe Slovenia will too, if it hasn’t already.
Diplomatic relations with foreign countries (including, obviously, recognition) are a matter for the UK central government. Hence your hope is a forlorn one as I’m sure Ms Sturgeon – unlike you – is well aware.
The best the Scottish Assembly could do, provided that the SNP could scrape together a majority
|
Jesús Mosterín
Jesús Mosterín (24 September 1941 – 4 October 2017) was a leading Spanish philosopher and a thinker of broad spectrum, often at the frontier between science and philosophy.
Biography.
He was born in Bilbao in 1941. He studied in Spain, Germany and the USA. Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of Barcelona since 1983, he founded there an active Department of Logic, Philosophy and History of Science. Since 1996, he has been Research Professor at the National Research Council of Spain (CSIC). He is a fellow of the Center for Philosophy of Science in Pittsburgh and a member of several international academies. He has played a crucial role in the introduction of mathematical logic, analytical philosophy and philosophy of science in Spain and Latin America. Besides his academic duties, he has fulfilled important functions in the international publishing industry, especially in the Salvat and Hachette groups. He was actively involved in the protection of wildlife and its defense in the mass media. He died the 4th of October, 2017 from pleural mesothelioma, caused by exposure to asbestos.
Logic.
Mosterín acquired his initial logical formation at the Institut für mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung in Münster (Germany). He published the first modern and rigorous textbooks of logic and set theory in Spanish. He has worked on topics of first and second order logic, axiomatic set theory, computability and complexity. He has shown how the uniform digitalization of each type of symbolic object (such as chromosomes, texts, pictures, movies or pieces of music) can be considered to implement a certain positional numbering system. This result gives a precise meaning to the notion that the set of natural numbers constitutes a universal library and indeed a universal data base. Mosterín has edited the first edition of the complete works of Kurt Gödel in any language. Together with Thomas Bonk, he has edited an unpublished book of Rudolf Carnap on axiomatics (in German). He has also delved in the historical and biographical aspects of the development of modern logic, as shown in his original work on the lives of Gottlob Frege, Georg Cantor, Bertrand Russell, John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, intertwined with a formal analysis of their main technical contributions.
Philosophy of science.
Concepts and theories in science.
Karl Popper tried to establish a criterion of demarcation between science and metaphysics, but the speculative turn taken by certain developments in theoretical physics has contributed to muddle the issue again. Mosterín has been concerned with the question of the reliability of theories and claims. He makes a distinction between the standard core of a scientific discipline, that at a certain point in time should only include relatively reliable and empirically supported ideas, and the cloud of speculative hypotheses surrounding it. Part of the theoretical progress consists in the incorporation of newly tested hypotheses of the cloud to the standard core. In this connection, he has analyzed epistemic notions like detection and observation. Observation, but not detection, is accompanied by awareness. Detection is always mediated by technological instruments, but observation only sometimes (like glasses in vision). The signals received by detectors have to be transduced into types of energy accessible to our senses. Following the path open by Patrick Suppes, Mosterín has paid much attention to the structure of metric concepts, because of their indispensable mediating role at the interface between theory and observation where reliability is tested. He has also made contributions to the study of mathematical modeling and of the limits of the axiomatic method in the characterization of real-world structures. The real world is extremely complex, and sometimes the best we can do is to apply the method of theoretical science: to pick up in the set-theoretical universe a mathematical structure with some formal similarities with the situation we are interested in, and use it as a model of that parcel of the world. Together with Roberto Torretti, Mosterín has written a uniquely comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary of logic and philosophy of science.
Philosophy of biology.
Besides actively participating in the current discussions on evolutionary theory and genetics, Mosterín has also tackled issues like the definition of life itself or the ontology of biological organisms and species. Following in Aristotle’s and Schrödinger’s footsteps, he has been asking the simple question: what is life? He has analyzed the main proposed definitions, based on metabolism, reproduction, thermodynamics, complexity and evolution, and found all of them wanting. It is true that all organisms on Earth share many characteristics, from the encoding of genetic information in DNA to the storage of energy in ATP, but these common features merely reflect the inheritance from a common ancestor that possibly acquired them in a random way. From that point of view, our biology is the parochial science of life on Earth, rather than a universal science of life
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Entering paneldata cross sectional timeseries data into spss for regression. Both columns will contain data points collected in your experiment. One or more factors are extracted according to a predefined criterion, the solution may be rotated, and factor values may be added to your data set. Factor analysis in spss to conduct a factor analysis. Getting your data into spss s11 university of guelph.
Handling statistical data is an essential part of psychological research. Introduction into spss the objective of this deck is to provide you with a howtoguide about the most common analyses you will likely conduct with spss. By default spss will list variables in the order in which they are entered into the data editor. When creating or accessing data in spss, the data editor window is used. Also covered is the difference between row numbers which are a part of the spreadsheet and id variables which are a part of the dataset and act as case identifiers.
The 5step exploratory factor analysis protocol step 1. Spss will not only compute the scoring coefficients for you, it will also output the factor scores of your subjects into your spss data set so that you can input them into other procedures. You will find that two columns have been added to the right, one for scores on factor 1 and another for scores on factor 2. In this video well take a look at how to enter questionnaire or survey data into spss and this is something that a lot of people have questions with so its important to make sure when youre. A typical likert scale item has 5 to 11 points that indicate the degree of agreement with a statement, such as 1strongly agree to 5strongly. Most importantly, you will be able to avoid data entry mistakes that can lead to. For factor analysis data entry in spss is not different than you do for other analysis.
To conduct a factor analysis, start from the analyze menu. Before using this information and the product it supports. Although this format is often convenient, when interpreting factors it can be useful. However, for data reduction through factor analysis, theoretical grounding of the variables are essential. How to code and enter data in spss expert writing help blog.
This free course, getting started with spss, takes a stepbystep approach to statistics software through seven interactive activities. Its pretty common to add the actual factor scores to your data. In spss, the first step involves defining the names and inherent traits of the variable. Spss allows you to define several other features of your analysis and to tailor your output in a manner that you find most useful. The emphasis is the identification of underlying factors that might explain the. To do this, type time in the box below withinsubject factor name, and enter a 3 in the box. This procedure is intended to reduce the complexity in a set of data, so we choose data reduction from. Ibm spss statistics 23 is wellsuited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. Spss questionnairesurvey data entry part 1 youtube. There are several ways to enter data into spss, from entering it manually to importing it from another file. If you have already averaged your replicates in another program, you can choose to enter and plot the mean and sd or sem and n. Getting started with spss openlearn open university. Once all of the variables are defined, enter the data manually assuming that the data is not already in an.
The objective of this deck is to provide you with a howto. Before running analysis using spss a user need learn how to code and enter data in spss system. Spss variable labels and value labels are two of the great features of its ability to create a code book right in the data set. Equally, if a row contains more than one persons data, you have also made a mistake. Factor analysis window, click scores and select save as variables, regression, display factor score coefficient matrix. Therefore, when entering data into spss statistics you must put one persons data on one row only. Stepbystep instructions on how to perform a twoway anova in spss statistics using a relevant example.
However, you will be using these two columns in a different way. Spss factor can add factor scores to your data but this is often a bad idea for 2 reasons. But what if i dont have a clue which or even how many factors are represented by my data. Spss does not include confirmatory factor analysis but those who are interested could take a look at amos. Entering data as part of your companys research, a colleague designed and deployed a survey. How do i enter data into spss for a paired samples ttest. Exploratory factor analysis rijksuniversiteit groningen. It has a friendly interface that resembles an excel spreadsheet and by entering the data directly into spss, you dont need to worry about converting the data from some other format into spss. For example
|
<commit_before>// Import the utility functionality.
import jobs.generation.*;
def project = GithubProject
def branch = GithubBranchName
def projectName = Utilities.getFolderName(project)
def projectFolder = projectName + '/' + Utilities.getFolderName(branch)
def static getOSGroup(def os) {
def osGroupMap = ['Ubuntu14.04':'Linux',
'RHEL7.2': 'Linux',
'Ubuntu16.04': 'Linux',
'Debian8.4':'Linux',
'Fedora24':'Linux',
'OSX':'OSX',
'Windows_NT':'Windows_NT',
'FreeBSD':'FreeBSD',
'CentOS7.1': 'Linux',
'OpenSUSE13.2': 'Linux',
'OpenSUSE42.1': 'Linux',
'LinuxARMEmulator': 'Linux']
def osGroup = osGroupMap.get(os, null)
assert osGroup != null : "Could not find os group for ${os}"
return osGroupMap[os]
}
// Setup perflab tests runs
[true, false].each { isPR ->
['Windows_NT'].each { os ->
['x64', 'x86'].each { arch ->
[true, false].each { isSmoketest ->
def architecture = arch
def jobName = isSmoketest ? "perf_perflab_${os}_${arch}_smoketest" : "perf_perflab_${os}_${arch}"
if (arch == 'x86jit32')
{
architecture = 'x86'
testEnv = '-testEnv %WORKSPACE%\\tests\\x86\\compatjit_x86_testenv.cmd'
}
else if (arch == 'x86')
{
testEnv = '-testEnv %WORKSPACE%\\tests\\x86\\ryujit_x86_testenv.cmd'
}
def newJob = job(Utilities.getFullJobName(project, jobName, isPR)) {
// Set the label.
label('windows_clr_perf')
wrappers {
credentialsBinding {
string('BV_UPLOAD_SAS_TOKEN', 'CoreCLR Perf BenchView Sas')
}
}
if (isPR)
{
parameters
{
stringParam('BenchviewCommitName', '\${ghprbPullTitle}', 'The name that you will be used to build the full title of a run in Benchview. The final name will be of the form <branch> private BenchviewCommitName')
}
}
if (isSmoketest)
{
parameters
{
stringParam('XUNIT_PERFORMANCE_MAX_ITERATION', '2', 'Sets the number of iterations to two. We want to do this so that we can run as fast as possible as this is just for smoke testing')
stringParam('XUNIT_PERFORMANCE_MAX_ITERATION_INNER_SPECIFIED', '2', 'Sets the number of iterations to two. We want to do this so that we can run as fast as possible as this is just for smoke testing')
}
}
else
{
parameters
{
stringParam('XUNIT_PERFORMANCE_MAX_ITERATION', '21', 'Sets the number of iterations to twenty one. We are doing this to limit the amount of data that we upload as 20 iterations is enought to get a good sample')
stringParam('XUNIT_PERFORMANCE_MAX_ITERATION_INNER_SPECIFIED', '21', 'Sets the number of iterations to twenty one. We are doing this to limit the amount of data that we upload as 20 iterations is enought to get a good sample')
}
}
def configuration = 'Release'
def runType = isPR ? 'private' : 'rolling'
def benchViewName = isPR ? 'coreclr private %BenchviewCommitName%' : 'coreclr rolling %GIT_BRANCH_WITHOUT_ORIGIN% %GIT_COMMIT%'
def uploadString = isSmoketest ? '' : '-uploadToBenchview'
steps {
// Batch
batchFile("powershell wget https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe -OutFile \"%WORKSPACE%\\nuget.exe\"")
batchFile("if exist \"%WORKSPACE%\\Microsoft.BenchView.JSONFormat\" rmdir /s /q \"%WORKSPACE%\\Microsoft.BenchView.JSONFormat\"")
batchFile("\"%WORKSPACE%\\nuget.exe\" install Microsoft.BenchView.JSONFormat -Source http://benchviewtestfeed.azurewebsites.net/nuget -OutputDirectory \"%WORKSPACE%\" -Prerelease -ExcludeVersion")
//Do this here to remove the origin but at the front of the branch name
|
Collection,
meta_keys: Optional[KeysCollection] = None,
meta_key_postfix: str = "meta_dict",
strict_check: bool = True,
) -> None:
"""
Args:
keys: keys of the corresponding items to be transformed.
See also: :py:class:`monai.transforms.compose.MapTransform`
meta_keys: explicitly indicate the key of the corresponding meta data dictionary.
for example, for data with key `image`, the metadata by default is in `image_meta_dict`.
the meta data is a dictionary object which contains: filename, original_shape, etc.
it can be a sequence of string, map to the `keys`.
if None, will try to construct meta_keys by `key_{meta_key_postfix}`.
meta_key_postfix: if meta_keys is None and `key_{postfix}` was used to store the metadata in `LoadImaged`.
So need the key to extract metadata for channel dim information, default is `meta_dict`.
For example, for data with key `image`, metadata by default is in `image_meta_dict`.
strict_check: whether to raise an error when the meta information is insufficient.
"""
super().__init__(keys)
self.adjuster = EnsureChannelFirst(strict_check=strict_check)
self.meta_keys = ensure_tuple_rep(meta_keys, len(self.keys))
self.meta_key_postfix = ensure_tuple_rep(meta_key_postfix, len(self.keys))
def __call__(self, data) -> Dict[Hashable, NdarrayOrTensor]:
d = dict(data)
for key, meta_key, meta_key_postfix in zip(self.keys, self.meta_keys, self.meta_key_postfix):
d[key] = self.adjuster(d[key], d[meta_key or f"{key}_{meta_key_postfix}"])
return d
class RepeatChanneld(MapTransform):
"""
Dictionary-based wrapper of :py:class:`monai.transforms.RepeatChannel`.
"""
backend = RepeatChannel.backend
def __init__(self, keys: KeysCollection, repeats: int, allow_missing_keys: bool = False) -> None:
"""
Args:
keys: keys of the corresponding items to be transformed.
See also: :py:class:`monai.transforms.compose.MapTransform`
repeats: the number of repetitions for each element.
allow_missing_keys: don't raise exception if key is missing.
"""
super().__init__(keys, allow_missing_keys)
self.repeater = RepeatChannel(repeats)
def __call__(self, data: Mapping[Hashable, NdarrayOrTensor]) -> Dict[Hashable, NdarrayOrTensor]:
d = dict(data)
for key in self.key_iterator(d):
d[key] = self.repeater(d[key])
return d
class RemoveRepeatedChanneld(MapTransform):
"""
Dictionary-based wrapper of :py:class:`monai.transforms.RemoveRepeatedChannel`.
"""
backend = RemoveRepeatedChannel.backend
def __init__(self, keys: KeysCollection, repeats: int, allow_missing_keys: bool = False) -> None:
"""
Args:
keys: keys of the corresponding items to be transformed.
See also: :py:class:`monai.transforms.compose.MapTransform`
repeats: the number of repetitions for each element.
allow_missing_keys: don't raise exception if key is missing.
"""
super().__init__(keys, allow_missing_keys)
self.repeater = RemoveRepeatedChannel(repeats)
def __call__(self, data: Mapping[Hashable, NdarrayOrTensor]) -> Dict[Hashable, NdarrayOrTensor]:
d = dict(data)
for key in self.key_iterator(d):
d[key] = self.repeater(d[key])
return d
class SplitChanneld(MapTransform):
"""
Dictionary-based wrapper of :py:class:`monai.transforms.SplitChannel`.
All the input specified by `keys` should be split into same count of data.
"""
backend = SplitChannel.backend
def __init__(
self,
keys: KeysCollection,
output_postfixes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
channel_dim: int = 0,
allow_missing_keys: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""
Args:
keys: keys of the corresponding items to be transformed.
See also: :py:class:`monai.transforms.compose.MapTransform`
output_postfixes: the postfixes to construct keys to store split data.
for example: if the key of input data is `pred` and split 2 classes, the output
data keys will be: pred_(output_postfixes[0]), pred_(output_postfixes[1])
if None, using the index number: `pred_0`, `pred_1`, ... `pred_N`.
channel_dim: which dimension of input
|
from pre-training different models, so we use the BERT2BERT setting with different sized BERT models instead.
\paragraph{Depth should be prioritized over width.}
We design four pairs of B2B models with different total parameter budgets: 20M, 50M, 85M, and 100M. Each pair contains (a) a model that prioritizes depth and (b) a model that prioritizes width. We make sure that (a) and (b) have similar encoder depth to decoder depth ratios (except group 3). The results on KP20k are presented in Table \ref{tab:depth-vs-width}. It is clear that model (a) performs significantly better for all the groups despite having slightly fewer parameters.
\input{tables/bert2bert_ablations.tex}
\paragraph{A deep encoder with a shallow decoder is preferred.} Next, we study the effect of layer allocation strategies. We fix a budget of 12 layers and experiment with five encoder-decoder combinations. Table \ref{tab:b2b_ablations} presents the results on KP20k and KPTimes. For both datasets, we find that the performance increases sharply and then plateaus as the depth of the encoder increases. With the same budget, \textbf{a deep encoder followed by a shallow decoder is strongly preferred over a shallow encoder followed by a deep decoder}.
We hypothesize that comprehending the input article is important and challenging while generating a short string comprising several phrases based on the encoded article does not largely rely on the knowledge of PLMs.
To verify, we conduct two further ablation studies by randomly initializing either the encoder ("R2B") or the decoder ("B2R"). The results are shown in Table \ref{tab:b2b_ablations}. For both datasets, we observe that randomly initializing the encoder greatly harms the performance, while randomly initializing the decoder does not significantly impact the performance (the absent keyphrase generation is even beneficial in some cases).
In conclusion, with a limited parameter budget, we recommend using \textbf{more layers} and \textbf{a deep-encoder and shallow-decoder} architecture.
\section{Analysis}
In this section, we perform further analyses to investigate (1) different formulations for present keyphrase identification and (2) SciBART compared to KeyBART \citep{kulkarni-etal-2022-learning}.
\subsection{Extraction vs. Generation: which is better for finding present keyphrases?}
Prior works have shown that PLMs with a generative formulation may improve the performance of information extraction tasks \citep{hsu-etal-2022-degree}. In Table \ref{tab:main-kpe-results}, we compare three formulations for identifying present keyphrases: (1) sequence labeling via token-wise classification, (2) sequence labeling with CRF, and (3) sequence generation\footnote{Results for all models are listed in the appendix.}.
\input{tables/keyphrase_extraction_main_results.tex}
For SciBERT and NewsBERT, we find that adding a CRF layer consistently improves the performance. Further comparing the results with (3), we find that the sequence labeling objective can guide the generation of more accurate (reflected by high F1@M) but fewer (reflected by low F1@5) keyphrases. Thus, for a given encoder-only PLM, the sequence labeling objective should be preferred if F1@M is important and generating absent keyphrases is not a concern. If generating absent keyphrases in a certain order is important, the sequence generation formulation should be preferred. However, if a strong in-domain seq2seq PLM is present, then the sequence generation should always be used (Table \ref{tab:scikp-all-results-pkp} and \ref{tab:other-all-results-pkp} in the appendix).
\subsection{Does task-specific pre-training waive the need for in-domain pre-training?}
KeyBART \citep{kulkarni-etal-2022-learning} is a recent approach of continued pre-training of BART using the OAGKX dataset \citep{cano-bojar-2020-two} on the keyphrase generation task with the keyphrases corrupted from the input text. On the other hand, SciBART only performs task-agnostic in-domain pre-training. To understand the effectiveness of these two training schemes, we fine-tune SciBART on keyphrase generation using OAGKX without corrupting the input text and evaluate the resulting model's zero-shot and transfer performance on KP20k. We use batch size 256, learning rate 3e-5, and 250k steps in total, which is approximately 2.8 epochs, comparable to \citet{kulkarni-etal-2022-learning}
|
Canada ranked as the best country to live in. The Canadian charter of rights and freedom.
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, usually referred as the Charter in Canada has enjoyed a lot of popularity. In opinions polls conducted in 1999 and 1987, a whopping 82% of Canadians termed it good while the Charter remains highly popular among Canadians even today (Saunders, 2012). However, despite its popularity, the Charter has received numerous published criticism from standing in the way of political change or at least for encouraging continued abuse of power by the political class, and for increasing the judicial power. According to the Charter, courts in Canada have new and greater powers to exclude more evidences in trial and enforce remedies that are more creative. With such increased powers, some people feel that the charter has given a lot of powers to courts and the political class, something that could contribute abuse of power by these intuitions. The criticism has come from numerous sources including political scientists, other scholars and stakeholders. In this section, some of the criticism directed towards the Charter are discussed.
The Charter has been termed by some critics as limiting democracy. One of these critics is Professor Mandel Michael, a left-wing critic of the Charter. Mandel writes that in comparison to politicians, those in the ‘corridors of justice’ such as the Judges do not have to make their decisions or views or opinions easily understandable to the average citizen nor do they have so much sensitive to the will of the voters (Perry, 2010). To him, being highly sensitive or seeking approval from the average citizen is limiting democracy. Mandel further asserts that the document has led to the Americanization of Canadian politics at the expense of certain values that are perceived as highly important to Canadians (Perry, 2010). According to Mandel, the Charter facilitates the serving of individual and corporate rights over the social and group rights. This is evident especially in the courts of law which according to the Labor Movement, have been reluctant to utilize the Charter to support various form of union activities for instance the right to strike despite the strike being a social and group right. According to the Labor Movement, the reluctance in supporting such activities by labor and trade unions is solely because of the fact that the charter is supportive of individual and corporate rights over the social and group rights (Perry, 2010). Additionally, according to Mandel, if the Charter was supportive of the Canadian values and democracy, certain basic rights such as the right to free education and health care ought to be included in the charter but they are not (Perry, 2010). Due to this, the Charter has been termed as limiting democracy and also facilitating the Americanization of Canadian politics.
The charter has further been criticized of limiting provincial powers. According to Knopff and Morton (2005), the federal government has been using the charter to limit provincial powers especially by allying with various interest groups and rights claimants (Knopff and Morton, 2005). The two, Knopff and Morton, in their book titled The Charter Revolution & the Court Party published in 2000, suspect and accuse the federal government for sponsoring litigious groups to undermine provincial powers. They court instances such as the government use of the Court Challenge Program to support claims on the minority right language. Additionally, in cases such as where the government has been sued for allegedly violating rights such as women`s rights and gay rights, Knopff and Morton asserts that the Crown Counsel has intentionally lost some of the cases (Knopff and Morton, 2005). The criticism by Knopff and Morton is backed by Rand Perry, a political scientist (Perry, 2010). According to Perry, despite the fact that judges have widened their scope of review, judges still uphold most of the laws challenged on the basis of the Charter. However, Rand notes that though there is some sort of suspicion on a possible alliance between litigious groups and the government, there is no clear record or evidence to back the allegations because the litigious groups have won and lost cases as well ((Knopff and Morton, 2005). Therefore, though there may be no proper record of the allegations of the funding and allying, this kind of collaboration of the government by litigious groups can be described as limiting or subduing powers of certain institutions and the rights of various groups and as a result, the charter can be said to be encouraging continued abuse of power by the government.
In addition to this, the Charter has been criticized for undermining legislative supremacy and by so doing, the undermining of democracy. As per the charter, courts and judges have a lot of powers and have been entrusted to make certain policies such as human rights. By giving such powers to judges, the Charter can be seen as trusting judges more than legislators. This contradicts the very definitions of democracy where the legislature is expected to make policies.
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Profiles and the Bioenergetic Health Index of a Single Developing C. elegans
For the examination of the metabolic profiles of a single C. elegans at key growth and aging stages, aqueous solutions containing specific metabolic inhibitors (DCCD, FCCP, and sodium azide) to block bioenergetic pathways were sequentially introduced through the inlet of the microfluidic module to monitor changes in mitochondrial function. Figure 6 show representative results of the metabolic profiles of a single developing C. elegans at ages of 2.5, 4, 7, and 9 days obtained by sequentially adding metabolic inhibitors to block bioenergetic pathways. The metabolic profiles show the following fundamental parameters: basal OCR, ATP-linked OCR, maximal OCR, reserve respiratory capacity, OCR due to proton leak, and non-mitochondrial OCR. At the onset of measurements, the basal OCR was measured through three repeats, where each repeat included the three-step operation of O-stage (60 s)/S-stage (30 s)/M-stage (180 s). At the end of the third repeat, DCCD, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, was introduced to treat a single C. elegans to inhibit the activity of ATP synthase, thus blocking the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The decrease in basal OCR that is coupled to ATP turnover is denoted as ATP-linked OCR. Note that oligomycin and DCCD are typical ATP synthase inhibitors used for cellular metabolic analysis [34]. However, the bulky compound oligomycin was found to be ineffective at inhibiting ATP synthase, likely due to the limited penetration of the C. elegans collagenous cuticle. Instead, DCCD has been proven to be more effective in inhibiting ATP synthase in C. elegans at all ages [5]. The inhibition of ATP synthase provides a measure of the amount of oxygen consumption coupled directly to ATP production. The remaining rate of mitochondrial respiration represents the proton leak that results in oxygen consumption without ATP production (OCR due to proton leak). After the inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase, FCCP, the proton ionophore, was introduced into the microfluidic device to treat a single C. elegans. Immediately upon exposure to FCCP, the OCR increased as the mitochondrial inner membrane became permeable to protons and reached the maximal OCR. The reserve respiratory capacity, which is calculated by subtracting the maximal OCR from the basal OCR, represents the mitochondrial reserve energy available to increase energy production in the face of chronic and acute stress [34]. Finally, upon treatment with sodium azide, which blocks mitochondrial respiration, only the non-mitochondrial OCR can be measured. Figure 7a shows the variations in ATP-linked OCR, proton leak, reserve respiratory capacity, and non-mitochondrial OCR in pmol/min/worm as a function of age from the postembryonic development through adulthood to aged adult stages. Figure 7b shows the BHI as a function of age, which was calculated from the fundamental parameters in Figure 7a using the following formula [35]: Figure 7a shows the variations in ATP-linked OCR, proton leak, reserve respiratory capacity, and non-mitochondrial OCR in pmol/min/worm as a function of age from the postembryonic development through adulthood to aged adult stages. Figure 7b shows the BHI as a function of age, which was calculated from the fundamental parameters in Figure 7a using the following formula [35]: The BHI, a single value that can represent bioenergetic health, is sensitive to the mitochondrial functionality of a single developing C. elegans during the growth and aging stages. Equation (3) captures positive aspects of bioenergetic function (reserve capacity and ATP-linked OCR) relative to potentially deleterious aspects (non-mitochondrial OCR and proton leak). As shown in Figure 7b, the changes in BHI were correlated to C. elegans development stage, with the highest BHI = 27.5 in 4-day-old adults, and BHI = 7 and 4.2 at the ages of 1.5 and 13 days, respectively. As expected, the variation in the BHI was consistent with that of basal OCR, with the highest values found in 4-day-old adults ( Figure 5c). However, the high basal OCR could not exactly reflect the status of mitochondrial functionality; for example, the treatment of normal cardiomyocytes with 4-hydroxynonenal (oxidative stress) to damage the inner mitochondrial membrane, i.e., the loss of the mitochondrial functionality, has been previously reported to significantly increase the basal OCR due to the increase in ATP-linked OCR and proton leak [36]. Instead, the BHI can faithfully reflect both positive and deleterious parameters. The high BHI indicates that the developing C. elegans As expected, the variation in the BHI was consistent with that of basal
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