vhada/Random_Combined · Datasets at Hugging Face

image stringlengths 37 84	question stringlengths 9 255	answer stringlengths 1 1.79k
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic16998.jpg	what organ system is imaged?	musculoskeletal
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3810319_fig2_239716.jpg	Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner	Evolution of gliotic scar after ischemic stroke. (a) CT without contrast 17 months after ischemic stroke, showing a gliotic scar. (b) MRI FLAIR sequence 17 months after ischemic stroke, showing gliotic scar within the previously infarcted region. (c) CT without contrast two years after ischemic stroke, showing a dense, cystic area in the right frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, corresponding to the region of the prior infarct. (d) MRI T1 sequence after gadolinium contrast two years after ischemic stroke, showing contrast-enhancing, necrotic mass in the previously infarcted region.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4006568_fig2_285080.jpg	Describe the image concisely.	Chest computed tomography reveals extravasation of contrast medium in the right middle lobe (arrow) and compression of the middle lobe bronchus by a pulmonary hematoma (arrowhead). RML: right middle lobe; RLL: right lower lobe.
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic26843.jpg	what organ system is visualized?	heart and great vessels
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3058185_Fig1_90301.jpg	Present a compact description of the photo’s key features.	Plain radiographs (a, b) showing the healing of fractures 1 year after the first floating elbow injury
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4428242_Fig3_385383.jpg	Present a compact description of the photo’s key features.	Axial magnetic resonance images of the hand. (a) T1-weighted (repetition time (TR), 561ms; echo time (TE), 20ms) and (b) T2-weighted (TR, 3500ms; TE, 90ms) images of the right hand showing a well-circumscribed mass occupying the thenar muscles.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3055888_pone-0017660-g007_89759.jpg	Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail	In vitro FGF inhibition studies in chick lung explants.Representative examples of stage b2 lung explant culture (A–B; D–E; G–H) and ISH for spry2 (C, F, I). D0: 0 h, D2: 48 h of incubation. A–B, DMSO treated explants. D–E and G–H, SU5402 treated explants with 20 and 40 µM, respectively. All images at the same magnification: 5×.
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3821616_f8-ijms-14-20299_241907.jpg	Present a compact description of the photo’s key features.	Transmission electron microscopy observations of chloroplasts in diploid (2×) and tetraploid (4×) Robinia pseudoacacia after one day and 10 days of salt treatment. (A) 0 day, 2×; (B) 10 days, 2×; (C) 0 day, 4×; (D) 10 days, 4×. Gr, granum; thylakoid (Th); P, plastoglobule; SG, starch grain.
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_26829.jpg	Provide a brief description of the given image.	2nd case. CT - sagittal plan of a large retroperitoneal hematoma - 17.76 cm.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3625578_fig2_198336.jpg	Write a terse but informative summary of the picture.	15-year-old thalassemic diabetic female patient. (a) Axial T2WI revealed decreased signal intensity of the liver. (b) Axial T2*GRE images revealed more drop in the signal intensity of the liver.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4105325_fig03_307561.jpg	Describe the following image in detail	Behavioral and neural modulatory effects on reward prediction errors (N = 63). a) The reappraisal strategy did not change the beta weights of temporal difference (TD) errors on the next bet. b) TD errors activate the striatum and other reward-related brain regions in both Attend and Regulate conditions (P < 0.05 corrected for family-wise error). ***P < 0.001; n.s.: not significant. Error bars represent standard error.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3474810_pone-0047384-g005_160991.jpg	Examine the image closely and share its details	Observation of GFP-dsRNA and A2M-dsRNA treated clots in the presence of V. harveyi.SEM was used at an accelerating voltage at 20 kV and a magnification of 2,000× (A, B) or 20,000× (A′, B′) were applied. Blood clots were formed by the hanging drop technique in the presence of V. harveyi from the hemolymph of (A, A′) GFP-dsRNA or (B, B′) A2M-dsRNA knockdown shrimp. Arrowheads demonstrate the fibrinolysis zones where the bacteria have escaped from the clot. Scale bars correspond to 10 µm in the upper sub-figures and 1 µm in the lower sub-figures. Images shown are representative of at least 3 such fields of view per sample.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2794843_F3_52985.jpg	Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image.	Time course of receptor internalization as visualized by confocal microscopy. Translocation of cell surface receptors into intracellular vesicles was measured for carbachol (1 mM), NDMC (10 μM) and AC-260584 (10 μM). Images are from a representative experiment repeated 2-3 times with similar results.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3812090_pntd-0002283-g002_239849.jpg	Examine the image closely and share its details	Common yaws, bejel, and pinta lesions in 2013.Papillomatous primary yaws lesion (A); disseminated papilloma of secondary yaws (B); labial mucosal plaques of primary bejel (C); disfiguring infiltration of the nose, glabella, and forehead in a patient with secondary bejel (D); squamous plaque of primary pinta (E); late achromic pinta (F). Sources of photographs: O. Mitjà, Papua New Guinea (A, B); A. Abdolrasouli, Iran (C, D); F. Gómez, Mexico (E, F). The individuals photographed for this publication were informed of the purpose of the photograph and they agreed to have their photograph taken and potentially published.
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_69282.jpg	Present a compact description of the photo’s key features.	Partial rupture of the patella tendon in Case 2 demonstrated by the lateral radiographs of the knee showing anterior displacement of the static cement spacer blocks. Note that the block was not keyed in.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2809415_fig2_55300.jpg	Present a compact description of the photo’s key features.	SEM photomicrographs of S. epidermidis adhered to acrylic (a) and silicone (b) surfaces. Strains: A—IE214; B—IE186; C—9142; D—9142-M10; E—1457; F—1457-M10; G—IE75; H—LE7. The arrow shows bacterial cells adhered along a depression on silicone's surface. Magnification ×3000, bar = 10 μm.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4100391_fig4_306507.jpg	Share a concise interpretation of the image provided.	Follow-up nephrostogram demonstrating resolution of stricture after chemotherapy.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3818318_pone-0076415-g005_241209.jpg	Create a compact narrative representing the image presented	Spatial distribution of categorized pixels and ambiguous pixels.Black colored regions represent ambiguous pixels that were categorized with the probability less than 95% (upper) and 80% (bottom) threshold level, respectively. In this figure, we can overview the spatial precision of each transformation method.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4382935_Fig5_374294.jpg	Write a terse but informative summary of the picture.	FCFM imaging of the different stages of carcinogenesis of the hamster cheek pouch after staining with acriflavine or methylene blue. A and B: mild dysplasia, C and D: severe dysplasia, E and F: carcinoma.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3983067_ppat-1004070-g003_280212.jpg	Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation	21-in rescues desmosome structures during CVB3 infection.HL-1 cells were transfected and infected as indicated. “Sham” and “CVB3” are plain HL-1 cells infected with PBS or CVB3 at 10 MOI for 24 h, respectively. “CL-in-CVB3” and “21-in-CVB3” are HL-1 cells transfected with CL-in or 21-in and then infected with CVB3 at 10 MOI for 24 h. Desmosomes were analyzed by EM and indicated with black arrow. For each sample, 100 cells were analyzed and the numbers of desmosomes observed were indicated. Magnification: 37000×. Bar: 0.5 µm.
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4339192_pone.0117358.g002_361806.jpg	Narrate the contents of the image with precision	In vitro Phase Inversion Imaging.Representative grayscale ultrasound images of the phase-inversion process of the DOX-loaded PLGA gel over time in vitro. The outer circle of the dashed yellow line indicates the boundary of the well formed by the agarose phantom. The inner circle of the red dashed line indicates the PLGA gel material, and the arrow points to an unintentional small drop of PLGA gel material in the well.
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3750466_F4_226383.jpg	Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation	This figure shows an example of an aortic angiosarcoma of the distal aortic arch in a 71-year-old male patient who was treated for congestive heart failure. The MDCT and MRI images (A-D) nicely illustrate the typical pedunculated appearance of the lesion in a location that is atypical for atheromatous thrombi. The first pass perfusion sequence (F) suggests vascularisation of the lesion as compared to the unenhanced control acquisition (E, circle).
splits/sfolder_3/PMC1459147_F1_5471.jpg	Characterize the image using a well-detailed description	Distribution of WFDC2 in the respiratory tract and salivary glands. Immunohistochemistry for WFDC2 was performed as described in materials and methods. Sections show staining in nasal antral mucosa (A, B), nasal polyps (C), airway sub-mucosal glands (D, E), epithelial cells of the airways (F) and negative staining in peripheral lung (G). Staining was also found in parotid (H), submandibular (I) and sub-lingual (J) glands and minor glands from the tongue (K) and tonsil (L). The original magnification of the images was ×100 (A, B, C, D), ×200 (E, F, H, I, J) and ×400 (G, K, L).
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2868835_F2_63966.jpg	Provide a detailed description of the given image	Cerebral microvessel changes 10 days after reperfusion. A, Cerebral microvessel perfusion obtained by FITC-dextran was compared with normal cerebral microvessels in homologous contralateral areas. B, No leakage of FITC-dextran and slight dilation of microvessels occurred in benign hyperemia. C, The area showing hyperemia on DCE pMRI demonstrates FITC-dextran extravasations as well as significant vasodilatation in group 3. Bar = 100 μm.
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2993652_F2_79847.jpg	Characterize the image using a well-detailed description	CellDetect® (A, C, E)and H&E (B, D, F) staining of neoplastic cervical epithelium. CellDetect® stained neoplastic cells red/magenta, at every grade. (A) CellDetect® staining of low-intermediate grade CIN. Note that the red staining neoplasia was conspicuously laminar, a feature facilitating grading even at low magnification. (B) H&E-stained section adjacent to A. (C) CellDetect® staining of high grade CIN. (D) H&E-stained section adjacent to C. (E) CellDetect® staining of high grade CIN seen at higher magnification than C, to illustrate details of cell morphology. (F) H&E-stained section adjacent to E.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3592849_pone-0057179-g004_190806.jpg	Examine the image closely and share its details	Phase-contrast images of ELC colonies.PBMC from a DS1-treated dog were isolated 4 days post DS-1 cell infusion, and cultured in vitro. Two adherent cells appeared 4 days after the start of culture as shown in Panel A. Panel B shows the expansion of the 2-cell colony to a small ELC colony 10 days later. Panel C shows an image of the center of the colony 15 days after Panel B. Panel D shows a higher magnification of Panel C. Original objective: 10X for Panel A, 4X for Panels B and C, and 20X for Panel D.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4202289_RRU031F1_329168.jpg	Describe the following image in detail	A patient with esophageal cancer who received radiotherapy after exploratory thoracotomy, (a) CT image when started the RT, the arrow head showed an extracapsular LN invading the esophagus, (b) CT image (mediastinal window) of the esophageal perforation (the arrow head indicates the actual communication of an air-filled esophagus with an adjacent mediastinal or paramediastinal air–fluid collection), (c) the perforation on lung window, (d) the leakage of iodine on iodine examination, (e) CT image after the placement of a self-expandable metallic stent (the arrow head indicates the stent), and (f) an X-ray after the placement of a stent (the arrow head indicates the stent).
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2759594_F0004_47681.jpg	Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image	Nonunion following primary valgus osteotomy and osteosynthesis. (a) and (b): Pre-operative antero posterior and Lateral views showing intracapsular fracture neck femur. (c): Postoperative X-ray antero posterior view showing the screws' length is short. This fracture did not unite and the screws cut through the superolateral aspect of the femoral head. (d) X-ray antero posterior view showing un-united femoral neck fracture with healed osteotomy (after 1 year of the index procedure the implants were removed. Patient could walk unaided with painless limp and refused further surgery)
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_61066.jpg	Render a clear and concise summary of the photo.	Panoramic radiograph at relapse. Bone absorption observed at left side lower canine, the first premolar equivalent to department gingiva.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3494130_f2-etm-04-06-0987_165139.jpg	Characterize the image using a well-detailed description	Effect of tesaglitazar on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice of the control, diabetic and tesaglitazar treatment groups. (a) Hepatic steatosis and degree of inflammation were visualized by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Oil-red O staining and F4/80 immunohistochemistry. Original magnification, x200. (b) The number of F4/80-positive cells was quantified. (c) Hepatic lipid profile. TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride. Data represent the means ± SE (n=6). ###P<0.001, ##P<0.01, diabetic group vs. control group; **P<0.01, diabetic group vs. tesaglitazar group.
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2841823_fig06_59748.jpg	Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation	th2 Expression at embryonic stages. WISH to detect th1 (A,D,F) and th2 (B,C,E,E′,G,G′) expression in embryos at 24 (A–C) and 48 (D–G′) hpf. Lateral (A,B,D,E; dorsal up) and dorsal (C,F,G) views of the head are presented, anterior to the left. E′ and G′ are high magnifications of the boxed areas in E and G, respectively. The developing th2-expressing nuclei in the preoptic area (arrow), paraventricular organ (arrowhead), and caudal hypothalamus (asterisk) are indicated in E′ and G′. For abbreviations see list. Scale bars = 100 μm in A (applies to A,B); 100 μm in C; 100 μm in D (applies to D–G); 100 μm in E′,G′.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3995547_F1_282919.jpg	Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image.	Representative micrographs showing semi-quantitative scores of the fluorescence signals in the microscopic field. A. + small amount of bacteria (red), magnification 400x. B. ++ moderate amount of bacteria (red), magnification 400x. C. +++ large amount of bacteria (red), magnification 400×.
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3112229_pone-0020828-g004_98651.jpg	Describe the image concisely.	Immunohistochemistry for ACE2.(A) ACE2 stained RV, (B) control RV, (C) ACE2 stained kidney, (D) control kidney. 400× magnification.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4578959_pone.0138452.g001_425809.jpg	Offer a thorough analysis of the image	Cell death-related OI signal before and after treatment.Fusion of color-coded fluorescence and anatomic white-light image of one animal before (A) and after (B) a one-week regorafenib monotherapy. Note the significant increase in cell death-related signal under therapy, predominantly in the center of the tumor. High signal intensity is also observed in the kidneys and the urinary bladder due to renal probe elimination. OI signal intensity (SI) is displayed in arbitrary units (a.u.).
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwyddo18086u02yo1wf9.jpg	Is there text?	Yes
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3871752_fig4720_254005.jpg	Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image.	A) Plain radiograph showing a radiolucent shadow of foreign body over penile shaft. B) A ball pen seen protruding out of urethrotomy incision. C) Endoscopic image showing wooden stick in unhealthy urethra.
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4107474_F2_307936.jpg	Offer a thorough analysis of the image	Macroscopic and microscopic findings. a. The macroscopic findings of renal cystic tumor (arrows). b. low power loupe images of 3 parts (①; cystic cavity, ②; renal cortex, ③; renal medulla). c. H&E stain. Marked lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and storiform fibrosis. d. Storiform fibrosis with Azan staining e. Immunohistochemical result. A significant amount of IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltrates in renal medulla. f. Collecting duct was compressed longitudinary in renal cortex (arows). g. Collecting duct was dilated in renal in renal medulla (arrows). h. Collecting duct became narrowed and obstructed in renal medulla (arrows).
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3304982_F1_130103.jpg	Write a terse but informative summary of the picture.	Left panel: Comparison of location-matched longitudinal MPR images obtained from the “SPACE STL”, “SPACE SWL+SG”, and “SPACE SWL” scans, respectively, in a 45-year-old male volunteer. Right panel: Comparison in the depiction of carotid atherosclerotic plaques between regular SPACE (a.1-2, b.1-2) and SG-SPACE (a.3-4, b.3-4) imaging in two patients.
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3712574_F3_217990.jpg	Examine the image closely and share its details	Actin cytoskeleton dynamics are impaired in p73β-expressing cellsHeLa cells were transfected with expression vector encoding for p73α or p73β, and compared with control cells transfected with the corresponding empty vector. The mobile actin fraction in p73α-, or p73β-expressing HeLa cells was measured by FRAP analysis of cells co-transfected with actin-GFP to visualize the actin cytoskeleton. Values represent the % fluorescence recovery over time of actin-GFP after bleaching. Arrows indicate the photobleached area (A). For every FRAP experiment 3-7 cells per condition were used. Average of three independent experiments is presented in the figure (B).
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4092867_cells-03-00500-f002_305250.jpg	Render a clear and concise summary of the photo.	Immunohistochemical analysis of TRPM8 in malignant pancreatic tumors. (A,B) Adenocarcinoma. (C,D) Adenosquamous carcinoma. (E,F) Solid pseudo-papillary neoplasm (G,H) Acinar cell carcinoma. (I,J) Neuroendocrine tumor. (A,C,E,G,I) H and E, original magnification ×200. (B,D,F,H,J) Immunohistochemistry using anti-TRPM8 antibodies, original magnification ×400.
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4614538_f8_435168.jpg	Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation	Mitochondrial fragmentation induced by NLRP3 inflammasome activation.(a) Confocal images of shScr or shDrp1 BMDMs left untreated or treated with LPS (0.25 μg/ml, 3 h), followed with nigericin (5 μM, 1 h) stimulation. Immunofluorescence assays were performed using anti-Tom20 antibody (red) and anti-NLRP3 antibody (green). (b) ShScr or ShDrp1 BMDMs were primed with LPS in the presence of YVAD (20 μM), followed by ATP (2 mM, 45 min) or nigericin (5 μM, 45 min) treatment. Cells were stained with anti-Tom20 antibody (red) and analyzed by confocal microscopy as in (a). (a,b) Blue signal represents nuclear fluorescence. Scale bars, 10 μm.
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_0012.jpg	Do follicular carcinomas demonstrate capsular invasion that may be minimal, as in this case, or widespread, with extension into local structures of the neck by contrast?	yes
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4310207_F4_353779.jpg	Examine the image closely and share its details	Histopathology in livers during acute MNV infection. Haematoxylin & eosin-stained liver sections from mock (a, d) or infected mice (108 RNA copies by oral gavage) at day 5 p.i. [MNV-O7 (b, e) and MNV-1 (c, f)]; infected WT (a–c) and Stat1−/− (d–f) mice are shown. Original magnification, ×20 bar, 300 μm.
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3813732_pone-0077824-g003_240230.jpg	Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image.	Representative images of histological alterations in the joint as indicated by H&E staining.One synovium site from every section is shown at 200× magnification.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3485302_pone-0048557-g004_162982.jpg	Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner	Lack of Kv1.2 and Kv2.2 colocalization at the AIS of cultured hippocampal neurons. A–B and C–D: Pairs of representative confocal microscopy photomicrographs of hippocampal neurons cultured for 18 days, double immunostained for Kv1.2 (red) and Kv 2.2 (green), and counterstained with DAPI (A–D). Note that Kv1.2-expressing AISs (arrows) lack Kv2.2 immunostaining (Kv2.2) and vice versa (E). Histogram shows the proportion of neurons expressing Kv1.2, Kv2.2, neither or both at the same AIS at 18 DIV (the data represent the mean ± SE from three independent experiments). Scale bar = 25 µm.
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3420623_fig1_150229.jpg	Provide a brief description of the given image.	(a)–(c) show brain PET scan of the patient showing bilateral, predominantly left-sided, parietotemporal hypometabolism in different orientations.
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_24650.jpg	Write a terse but informative summary of the picture.	Chest CT scan with contrast showing a large mass involving the whole left lung with extension to the pulmonary trunk, with mediastinal shift to the right side.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3715264_f6-sensors-13-06957_218613.jpg	Narrate the contents of the image with precision	X-ray CT data of murine kidneys with Visipaque™ contrast enhancement. The renal cortex is noted along the outer rim of the kidneys due to its higher uptake than the adjacent medulla. Also, minor and major calyxes and the renal pelvis at the core can be seen due to the higher concentration of contrast agent in those collection ducts. In the 3D rendering at right, the renal cortex and medulla can be seen in yellow and green while the renal pelvis appears red due to its maximum concentration of Visipaque™.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3503540_f1-etm-04-03-0363_167521.jpg	Narrate the contents of the image with precision	Immunohistochemical staining of CXCL12 in (A) normal pancreas, (B) cancerous tissue, (C) paracancerous tissue and (D) lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining of CXCR4 in (E) normal pancreas, (F) cancerous tissue, (G) paracancerous tissue, (H) lymph node, (I) blood vessels of cancerous tissue, (J) peripancreatic neural tissue and (K) an ‘island’ of cancerous tissue. Magnification, ×100.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4428864_pone.0127049.g007_385609.jpg	Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation	Imaging PPN with comparison between MRI modalities and immunolabeled histology.Coronal SWI, T1, and T2 MRI were matched to corresponding histological slices stained with AChE from M3 and M4. The corresponding warped atlas was overlaid on both the SWI and the histology. Matched coronal SWI slices are shown for all other animals for comparison. Histograms for all coronal MRI slices were not altered, but stretched to encompass the entire spectrum (0–255).
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2929622_fig1_72291.jpg	Share a concise interpretation of the image provided.	Thoracic computed tomography (a hypodense mass lesion at the left pulmonary lobe).
splits/subfolder_4/PMC1635984_F2_7672.jpg	Explain the various aspects of the image before you	Immunostainings of cell clusters in the three-dimensional intestinal epithelial cell differentiation model. The nuclei in undifferentiated T84 epithelial cell clusters were more intensively labeled with c-myc antibody (Fig. 2A) than nuclei in TGFβ-treated cell clusters (Fig. 2B). The staining intensity with cytokeratin 19 was lower in undifferentiated T84 epithelial cell clusters (Fig. 2C) than in TGFβ-treated cell clusters, especially seen in the apical part of the epithelial cells in the lumen of organized cell cultures (Fig. 2D). Scale bar = 20 μm.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3163210_F4_106711.jpg	Explain the various aspects of the image before you	Immunohistochemical localization of mesothelin in normal hen ovaries and hen ovaries containing tumor. Staining was not observed in normal ovaries (A-C) in either the stromal or follicular (F) compartments or in ovarian tumors that did not express mesothelin (D-F). Mesothelin staining was observed in the ovarian surface epithelium (SE) and clusters of cells in the ovarian stroma (ST) of tumors that express mesothelin (G-I). Examples of different ovarian tumor histology are shown (D and F, advanced mucinous tumor; E, advanced endometrioid tumor; G and H, advanced serous and endometrioid mixed tumor respectively; I, advanced serous tumor). The original magnification was 40×.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4045943_pone-0099263-g003_294745.jpg	Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner	Surface sialylation is conserved among oral fusobacteria.Fusobacterial clinical isolates were grown in SDM to mid-log phase before fluorescently labeling surface sialic acids. Each set of images is shown with the phase contrast image on the left and the corresponding epifluorescence image on the right. The pictured species are: A) F. nucleatum ssp. animalis, B) F. nucleatum ssp. animalis pretreated with neuraminidase, C) F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii, D) F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii pretreated with neuraminidase, E) F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum, F) F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum pretreated with neuraminidase, G) F. periodonticum, and H) F. periodonticum pretreated with neuraminidase. Images were captured at 1000x total magnification.
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3858366_pone-0083347-g003_250822.jpg	Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image	Mitochondrial localization of Zn2+ induced ROS production.Cultures were co-loaded with MitoTracker Green and MitoTracker Red CM-H2XRos (MTR-CMH2) and confocal images (1000x) obtained prior to Zn2+ treatment (t = 0 min), at the end of the 5 min 300 μM Zn2+/pyrithione exposure (t = 5 min), and 5 min after washout (t = 10 min). Note the marked increase in MTR-CMH2 fluorescence that co-localizes with MitoTracker Green, strongly suggestive of a mitochondrial site of ROS production.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3637603_F3_201445.jpg	Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail	Subcellular localization of ZmNAS-GFP fusion proteins in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. The coding regions of ZmNAS genes were C-terminal fused with GFP and were transiently expressed in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. The GFP signal is shown in green and chlorophyll autofluorescence (Chl) is indicated in red. The images were obtained by a confocal microscope, and the cytoplasm localization of GFP is used as a control. The scale bar represents 10 μm.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3628863_f2-etm-05-04-1211_199053.jpg	Explain the various aspects of the image before you	Skin lesion histopathological and immunopathogenetic analysis of patient with plasmacytosis. (A) Dense mature plasmocyte inflammatory cell infiltration primarily in the deep dermal layer with few lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells; (a) HE magnification, ×100; (b) HE magnification, ×400); (B) Infiltrating plasmocytes were CD79a positive (SP method; magnification, ×400); (C) Infiltrating plasmocytes were CD138 positive (SP method; magnification, ×400). HE, hematoxylin and eosin; SP, streptavidin-peroxidase.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4523658_fig4_411480.jpg	Provide a detailed description of the given image	Expression patterns of SHH pathway members in the normal human fetal cerebellum. Immunohistochemistry for (a) Shh, (b) Patched, (c) Smoothened, (d) Gli1, (e) Gli2, and (f) Gli3 in the cerebellum including EGL (external granular layer), ML (molecular layer), and IGL (internal granular layer) (examples are depicted from a 18th week of gestation fetus; original magnification: 200x).
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1760.jpg	What does this image show?	nice photo one kidney opened the other from capsular surface many cysts
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3812018_pone-0078019-g003_239833.jpg	Examine the image closely and share its details	Resveratrol induces redistribution of PI [3], [4], [5]P3 reporter GFP-AKT-PH in mpkCCDc14 cells.Cultured mpkCCDc14 cells were transfected with GFP-AKT-PH and examined by live-cell epifluorescence microscopy. Addition of resveratrol (upper panels) caused a rapid redistribution of PI [3], [4], [5]P3 from the plasma membrane whereas control-treated cells showed little change (lower panels). Representative data are shown from four independent trials and representative of identical observations.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4579808_f2-ol-0-0-3513_426094.jpg	Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image	Expression of doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) and known neuroendocrine markers. Rectal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) sections (case 13) were stained with (A) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and (B) anti-DCLK1, (C) anti-synaptophysin, (D) anti-chromogranin A and (E) anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)56 antibodies. Note the similar levels of strong DCLK1 and synaptophysin expression. The staining score was 5 for each specimen. The score for chromogranin A and CD56 was 3. (F) In a biopsy sample of a rectal polypoid lesion, DCLK1-positive NET cells are clearly observed in periglandular spaces. Original magnification, ×10.
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4380102_fig8_373534.jpg	Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner	Alizarin staining for the synthesis of bone mineral at 7, 14, and 21 days. The calcium minerals are stained in red. The mineral concentration was measured by osteogenesis assay and the results are shown in (d). The mineral concentration at day 21 is 10-fold higher than day 7, which demonstrated cells released from microbeads synthesized bone mineral successfully [53].
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3469248_fig2_159819.jpg	Summarize the visual content of the image.	Microscopic appearance of Merkel cell carcinoma. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of a MCC section. (a) Nodular growth pattern. (b) Infiltrative growth pattern. (c) Lymphovascular invasion. (d) Skeletal muscle invasion.
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3678496_fig1_210270.jpg	Render a clear and concise summary of the photo.	Preoperative pelvis AP X-ray.
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3420722_fig2_150309.jpg	Provide a brief description of the given image.	CT-scan (a) and MRI (b) showing a swelling of the right false cord (arrows) with involvement of the paraglottic space and without a sign of significant lymphadenopathy.
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic40499.jpg	in what plane was this image taken?	axial
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3487740_F3_163436.jpg	Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown.	On MRI this expansive lesion with low signal in T1 WI and high signal in T2 WI conditioned left root compression and enhanced after gadolinium injection. These features suggest the diagnosis of a malignant lesion, most probably a metastasis. Arrow indicating the lesion.
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4337613_fig4s1_361239.jpg	Offer a thorough analysis of the image	The expression profile of βII spectrin and ankyrin G in axons at different developmental stages.Neurons at DIV 4 (A), DIV 8 (B), and DIV 12 (C) were immunostained for βII spectrin and ankyrin G. Reconstructed neuron images based on βII spectrin fluorescence, ankyrin G fluorescence, and the fluorescence intensity profiles of both βII spectrin and ankyrin G along axons are shown.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04581.014
splits/sfolder_3/PMC2374773_F8_22077.jpg	Characterize the image using a well-detailed description	Activation of microglia in L4 spinal cord segment following nerve injury. (A) Epifluorescence imgage of L4 spinal cord segment following nerve injury. Left half side in the image represents the nerve injured side. Laminae of dorsal and ventral horns are indicated by the numbers. Note the difference of microglia between two sides. (a-f) Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation of microglia from the same laminae as shown by panel A. (a-c) Microglial cells from lamina II, IV and IX of nerve injured side, respectively. (d-f) Microglial cells from lamina II, IV and IX of the intact side, respectively. Bar = 400 μm in A, 20 μm in a – f.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4156204_f2-ol-08-04-1687_318235.jpg	Provide a brief description of the given image.	Expression of CK, CDX2 and MUC for I-type ampullary signet ring cell carcinoma. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of I-type carcinomas. (B) Strong immunopositivity for CK20. (C) Positive expression of CDX2. (D) Immunopositivity for MUC2 (magnification, ×200). I, intestinal; CK, cytokeratin; MUC, mucin; CDX2, caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2.
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4319851_pone.0118072.g002_355994.jpg	Narrate the contents of the image with precision	Changes in functional connectivity in resting state networks.Regions showing significant changes in functional connectivity in the (A) right executive control network (RECN), (B) left executive control network (LECN), and (C) ventral default mode network (vDMN) (p < 0.05 TFCE-cluster corrected for multiple comparison). HC–healthy control, BT–patients with brain tumor. Resting state networks are shown in yellow. Center of the cursor locates maximum significance.
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4465927_pone.0128963.g001_396281.jpg	Render a clear and concise summary of the photo.	TEM images of CS nanoparticles (0.1% w/v CS).Blank CS-TPP nanoparticles (a), blank CS-DS nanoparticles (b), blank CS-PGA nanoparticles (c), CS-TPP-siRNA nanoparticles (d), CS-DS-siRNA nanoparticles (e), and CS-PGA-siRNA nanoparticles (f) at different magnifications (60 kx, 105 kx, 87 kx).
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3485901_fig4_163179.jpg	Narrate the contents of the image with precision	(a) Picture of the position of a patient in the operating room for the lateral thoracotomy approach, with the ipsilateral arm raised. (b) Intraoperative picture showing bone erosion by the infection. (c) During the surgical procedure the site is repeatedly washed with 0.9% physiological solution so as to clear as much as possible the surgical field. (d) Final intraoperative picture. It shows the placement of the mesh and the plaque.

ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic16998.jpg

what organ system is imaged?

musculoskeletal

splits/subfolder_5/PMC3810319_fig2_239716.jpg

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Evolution of gliotic scar after ischemic stroke. (a) CT without contrast 17 months after ischemic stroke, showing a gliotic scar. (b) MRI FLAIR sequence 17 months after ischemic stroke, showing gliotic scar within the previously infarcted region. (c) CT without contrast two years after ischemic stroke, showing a dense, cystic area in the right frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, corresponding to the region of the prior infarct. (d) MRI T1 sequence after gadolinium contrast two years after ischemic stroke, showing contrast-enhancing, necrotic mass in the previously infarcted region.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC4006568_fig2_285080.jpg

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Chest computed tomography reveals extravasation of contrast medium in the right middle lobe (arrow) and compression of the middle lobe bronchus by a pulmonary hematoma (arrowhead). RML: right middle lobe; RLL: right lower lobe.

ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic26843.jpg

what organ system is visualized?

heart and great vessels

splits/subfolder_3/PMC3058185_Fig1_90301.jpg

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Plain radiographs (a, b) showing the healing of fractures 1 year after the first floating elbow injury

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4428242_Fig3_385383.jpg

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Axial magnetic resonance images of the hand. (a) T1-weighted (repetition time (TR), 561ms; echo time (TE), 20ms) and (b) T2-weighted (TR, 3500ms; TE, 90ms) images of the right hand showing a well-circumscribed mass occupying the thenar muscles.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC3055888_pone-0017660-g007_89759.jpg

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In vitro FGF inhibition studies in chick lung explants.Representative examples of stage b2 lung explant culture (A–B; D–E; G–H) and ISH for spry2 (C, F, I). D0: 0 h, D2: 48 h of incubation. A–B, DMSO treated explants. D–E and G–H, SU5402 treated explants with 20 and 40 µM, respectively. All images at the same magnification: 5×.

splits/sfolder_1/PMC3821616_f8-ijms-14-20299_241907.jpg

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Transmission electron microscopy observations of chloroplasts in diploid (2×) and tetraploid (4×) Robinia pseudoacacia after one day and 10 days of salt treatment. (A) 0 day, 2×; (B) 10 days, 2×; (C) 0 day, 4×; (D) 10 days, 4×. Gr, granum; thylakoid (Th); P, plastoglobule; SG, starch grain.

roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_26829.jpg

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2nd case. CT - sagittal plan of a large retroperitoneal hematoma - 17.76 cm.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC3625578_fig2_198336.jpg

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15-year-old thalassemic diabetic female patient. (a) Axial T2WI revealed decreased signal intensity of the liver. (b) Axial T2*GRE images revealed more drop in the signal intensity of the liver.

splits/subfolder_2/PMC4105325_fig03_307561.jpg

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Behavioral and neural modulatory effects on reward prediction errors (N = 63). a) The reappraisal strategy did not change the beta weights of temporal difference (TD) errors on the next bet. b) TD errors activate the striatum and other reward-related brain regions in both Attend and Regulate conditions (P < 0.05 corrected for family-wise error). ***P < 0.001; n.s.: not significant. Error bars represent standard error.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC3474810_pone-0047384-g005_160991.jpg

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Observation of GFP-dsRNA and A2M-dsRNA treated clots in the presence of V. harveyi.SEM was used at an accelerating voltage at 20 kV and a magnification of 2,000× (A, B) or 20,000× (A′, B′) were applied. Blood clots were formed by the hanging drop technique in the presence of V. harveyi from the hemolymph of (A, A′) GFP-dsRNA or (B, B′) A2M-dsRNA knockdown shrimp. Arrowheads demonstrate the fibrinolysis zones where the bacteria have escaped from the clot. Scale bars correspond to 10 µm in the upper sub-figures and 1 µm in the lower sub-figures. Images shown are representative of at least 3 such fields of view per sample.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC2794843_F3_52985.jpg

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Time course of receptor internalization as visualized by confocal microscopy. Translocation of cell surface receptors into intracellular vesicles was measured for carbachol (1 mM), NDMC (10 μM) and AC-260584 (10 μM). Images are from a representative experiment repeated 2-3 times with similar results.

splits/subfolder_2/PMC3812090_pntd-0002283-g002_239849.jpg

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Common yaws, bejel, and pinta lesions in 2013.Papillomatous primary yaws lesion (A); disseminated papilloma of secondary yaws (B); labial mucosal plaques of primary bejel (C); disfiguring infiltration of the nose, glabella, and forehead in a patient with secondary bejel (D); squamous plaque of primary pinta (E); late achromic pinta (F). Sources of photographs: O. Mitjà, Papua New Guinea (A, B); A. Abdolrasouli, Iran (C, D); F. Gómez, Mexico (E, F). The individuals photographed for this publication were informed of the purpose of the photograph and they agreed to have their photograph taken and potentially published.

roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_69282.jpg

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Partial rupture of the patella tendon in Case 2 demonstrated by the lateral radiographs of the knee showing anterior displacement of the static cement spacer blocks. Note that the block was not keyed in.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC2809415_fig2_55300.jpg

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SEM photomicrographs of S. epidermidis adhered to acrylic (a) and silicone (b) surfaces. Strains: A—IE214; B—IE186; C—9142; D—9142-M10; E—1457; F—1457-M10; G—IE75; H—LE7. The arrow shows bacterial cells adhered along a depression on silicone's surface. Magnification ×3000, bar = 10 μm.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC4100391_fig4_306507.jpg

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Follow-up nephrostogram demonstrating resolution of stricture after chemotherapy.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC3818318_pone-0076415-g005_241209.jpg

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Spatial distribution of categorized pixels and ambiguous pixels.Black colored regions represent ambiguous pixels that were categorized with the probability less than 95% (upper) and 80% (bottom) threshold level, respectively. In this figure, we can overview the spatial precision of each transformation method.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4382935_Fig5_374294.jpg

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FCFM imaging of the different stages of carcinogenesis of the hamster cheek pouch after staining with acriflavine or methylene blue. A and B: mild dysplasia, C and D: severe dysplasia, E and F: carcinoma.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC3983067_ppat-1004070-g003_280212.jpg

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21-in rescues desmosome structures during CVB3 infection.HL-1 cells were transfected and infected as indicated. “Sham” and “CVB3” are plain HL-1 cells infected with PBS or CVB3 at 10 MOI for 24 h, respectively. “CL-in-CVB3” and “21-in-CVB3” are HL-1 cells transfected with CL-in or 21-in and then infected with CVB3 at 10 MOI for 24 h. Desmosomes were analyzed by EM and indicated with black arrow. For each sample, 100 cells were analyzed and the numbers of desmosomes observed were indicated. Magnification: 37000×. Bar: 0.5 µm.

splits/sfolder_1/PMC4339192_pone.0117358.g002_361806.jpg

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In vitro Phase Inversion Imaging.Representative grayscale ultrasound images of the phase-inversion process of the DOX-loaded PLGA gel over time in vitro. The outer circle of the dashed yellow line indicates the boundary of the well formed by the agarose phantom. The inner circle of the red dashed line indicates the PLGA gel material, and the arrow points to an unintentional small drop of PLGA gel material in the well.

splits/sfolder_2/PMC3750466_F4_226383.jpg

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This figure shows an example of an aortic angiosarcoma of the distal aortic arch in a 71-year-old male patient who was treated for congestive heart failure. The MDCT and MRI images (A-D) nicely illustrate the typical pedunculated appearance of the lesion in a location that is atypical for atheromatous thrombi. The first pass perfusion sequence (F) suggests vascularisation of the lesion as compared to the unenhanced control acquisition (E, circle).

splits/sfolder_3/PMC1459147_F1_5471.jpg

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Distribution of WFDC2 in the respiratory tract and salivary glands. Immunohistochemistry for WFDC2 was performed as described in materials and methods. Sections show staining in nasal antral mucosa (A, B), nasal polyps (C), airway sub-mucosal glands (D, E), epithelial cells of the airways (F) and negative staining in peripheral lung (G). Staining was also found in parotid (H), submandibular (I) and sub-lingual (J) glands and minor glands from the tongue (K) and tonsil (L). The original magnification of the images was ×100 (A, B, C, D), ×200 (E, F, H, I, J) and ×400 (G, K, L).

splits/subfolder_3/PMC2868835_F2_63966.jpg

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Cerebral microvessel changes 10 days after reperfusion. A, Cerebral microvessel perfusion obtained by FITC-dextran was compared with normal cerebral microvessels in homologous contralateral areas. B, No leakage of FITC-dextran and slight dilation of microvessels occurred in benign hyperemia. C, The area showing hyperemia on DCE pMRI demonstrates FITC-dextran extravasations as well as significant vasodilatation in group 3. Bar = 100 μm.

splits/sfolder_1/PMC2993652_F2_79847.jpg

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CellDetect® (A, C, E)and H&E (B, D, F) staining of neoplastic cervical epithelium. CellDetect® stained neoplastic cells red/magenta, at every grade. (A) CellDetect® staining of low-intermediate grade CIN. Note that the red staining neoplasia was conspicuously laminar, a feature facilitating grading even at low magnification. (B) H&E-stained section adjacent to A. (C) CellDetect® staining of high grade CIN. (D) H&E-stained section adjacent to C. (E) CellDetect® staining of high grade CIN seen at higher magnification than C, to illustrate details of cell morphology. (F) H&E-stained section adjacent to E.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC3592849_pone-0057179-g004_190806.jpg

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Phase-contrast images of ELC colonies.PBMC from a DS1-treated dog were isolated 4 days post DS-1 cell infusion, and cultured in vitro. Two adherent cells appeared 4 days after the start of culture as shown in Panel A. Panel B shows the expansion of the 2-cell colony to a small ELC colony 10 days later. Panel C shows an image of the center of the colony 15 days after Panel B. Panel D shows a higher magnification of Panel C. Original objective: 10X for Panel A, 4X for Panels B and C, and 20X for Panel D.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4202289_RRU031F1_329168.jpg

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A patient with esophageal cancer who received radiotherapy after exploratory thoracotomy, (a) CT image when started the RT, the arrow head showed an extracapsular LN invading the esophagus, (b) CT image (mediastinal window) of the esophageal perforation (the arrow head indicates the actual communication of an air-filled esophagus with an adjacent mediastinal or paramediastinal air–fluid collection), (c) the perforation on lung window, (d) the leakage of iodine on iodine examination, (e) CT image after the placement of a self-expandable metallic stent (the arrow head indicates the stent), and (f) an X-ray after the placement of a stent (the arrow head indicates the stent).

splits/subfolder_3/PMC2759594_F0004_47681.jpg

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Nonunion following primary valgus osteotomy and osteosynthesis. (a) and (b): Pre-operative antero posterior and Lateral views showing intracapsular fracture neck femur. (c): Postoperative X-ray antero posterior view showing the screws' length is short. This fracture did not unite and the screws cut through the superolateral aspect of the femoral head. (d) X-ray antero posterior view showing un-united femoral neck fracture with healed osteotomy (after 1 year of the index procedure the implants were removed. Patient could walk unaided with painless limp and refused further surgery)

roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_61066.jpg

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Panoramic radiograph at relapse. Bone absorption observed at left side lower canine, the first premolar equivalent to department gingiva.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC3494130_f2-etm-04-06-0987_165139.jpg

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Effect of tesaglitazar on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice of the control, diabetic and tesaglitazar treatment groups. (a) Hepatic steatosis and degree of inflammation were visualized by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Oil-red O staining and F4/80 immunohistochemistry. Original magnification, x200. (b) The number of F4/80-positive cells was quantified. (c) Hepatic lipid profile. TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride. Data represent the means ± SE (n=6). ###P<0.001, ##P<0.01, diabetic group vs. control group; **P<0.01, diabetic group vs. tesaglitazar group.

splits/sfolder_1/PMC2841823_fig06_59748.jpg

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th2 Expression at embryonic stages. WISH to detect th1 (A,D,F) and th2 (B,C,E,E′,G,G′) expression in embryos at 24 (A–C) and 48 (D–G′) hpf. Lateral (A,B,D,E; dorsal up) and dorsal (C,F,G) views of the head are presented, anterior to the left. E′ and G′ are high magnifications of the boxed areas in E and G, respectively. The developing th2-expressing nuclei in the preoptic area (arrow), paraventricular organ (arrowhead), and caudal hypothalamus (asterisk) are indicated in E′ and G′. For abbreviations see list. Scale bars = 100 μm in A (applies to A,B); 100 μm in C; 100 μm in D (applies to D–G); 100 μm in E′,G′.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC3995547_F1_282919.jpg

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Representative micrographs showing semi-quantitative scores of the fluorescence signals in the microscopic field. A. + small amount of bacteria (red), magnification 400x. B. ++ moderate amount of bacteria (red), magnification 400x. C. +++ large amount of bacteria (red), magnification 400×.

splits/subfolder_5/PMC3112229_pone-0020828-g004_98651.jpg

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Immunohistochemistry for ACE2.(A) ACE2 stained RV, (B) control RV, (C) ACE2 stained kidney, (D) control kidney. 400× magnification.

splits/subfolder_4/PMC4578959_pone.0138452.g001_425809.jpg

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Cell death-related OI signal before and after treatment.Fusion of color-coded fluorescence and anatomic white-light image of one animal before (A) and after (B) a one-week regorafenib monotherapy. Note the significant increase in cell death-related signal under therapy, predominantly in the center of the tumor. High signal intensity is also observed in the kidneys and the urinary bladder due to renal probe elimination. OI signal intensity (SI) is displayed in arbitrary units (a.u.).

ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwyddo18086u02yo1wf9.jpg

Is there text?

Yes

splits/sfolder_2/PMC3871752_fig4720_254005.jpg

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A) Plain radiograph showing a radiolucent shadow of foreign body over penile shaft. B) A ball pen seen protruding out of urethrotomy incision. C) Endoscopic image showing wooden stick in unhealthy urethra.

splits/subfolder_5/PMC4107474_F2_307936.jpg

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Macroscopic and microscopic findings. a. The macroscopic findings of renal cystic tumor (arrows). b. low power loupe images of 3 parts (①; cystic cavity, ②; renal cortex, ③; renal medulla). c. H&E stain. Marked lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and storiform fibrosis. d. Storiform fibrosis with Azan staining e. Immunohistochemical result. A significant amount of IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltrates in renal medulla. f. Collecting duct was compressed longitudinary in renal cortex (arows). g. Collecting duct was dilated in renal in renal medulla (arrows). h. Collecting duct became narrowed and obstructed in renal medulla (arrows).

splits/subfolder_2/PMC3304982_F1_130103.jpg

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Left panel: Comparison of location-matched longitudinal MPR images obtained from the “SPACE STL”, “SPACE SWL+SG”, and “SPACE SWL” scans, respectively, in a 45-year-old male volunteer. Right panel: Comparison in the depiction of carotid atherosclerotic plaques between regular SPACE (a.1-2, b.1-2) and SG-SPACE (a.3-4, b.3-4) imaging in two patients.

splits/sfolder_1/PMC3712574_F3_217990.jpg

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Actin cytoskeleton dynamics are impaired in p73β-expressing cellsHeLa cells were transfected with expression vector encoding for p73α or p73β, and compared with control cells transfected with the corresponding empty vector. The mobile actin fraction in p73α-, or p73β-expressing HeLa cells was measured by FRAP analysis of cells co-transfected with actin-GFP to visualize the actin cytoskeleton. Values represent the % fluorescence recovery over time of actin-GFP after bleaching. Arrows indicate the photobleached area (A). For every FRAP experiment 3-7 cells per condition were used. Average of three independent experiments is presented in the figure (B).

splits/subfolder_2/PMC4092867_cells-03-00500-f002_305250.jpg

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Immunohistochemical analysis of TRPM8 in malignant pancreatic tumors. (A,B) Adenocarcinoma. (C,D) Adenosquamous carcinoma. (E,F) Solid pseudo-papillary neoplasm (G,H) Acinar cell carcinoma. (I,J) Neuroendocrine tumor. (A,C,E,G,I) H and E, original magnification ×200. (B,D,F,H,J) Immunohistochemistry using anti-TRPM8 antibodies, original magnification ×400.

splits/sfolder_3/PMC4614538_f8_435168.jpg

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Mitochondrial fragmentation induced by NLRP3 inflammasome activation.(a) Confocal images of shScr or shDrp1 BMDMs left untreated or treated with LPS (0.25 μg/ml, 3 h), followed with nigericin (5 μM, 1 h) stimulation. Immunofluorescence assays were performed using anti-Tom20 antibody (red) and anti-NLRP3 antibody (green). (b) ShScr or ShDrp1 BMDMs were primed with LPS in the presence of YVAD (20 μM), followed by ATP (2 mM, 45 min) or nigericin (5 μM, 45 min) treatment. Cells were stained with anti-Tom20 antibody (red) and analyzed by confocal microscopy as in (a). (a,b) Blue signal represents nuclear fluorescence. Scale bars, 10 μm.

data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_0012.jpg

Do follicular carcinomas demonstrate capsular invasion that may be minimal, as in this case, or widespread, with extension into local structures of the neck by contrast?

yes

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4310207_F4_353779.jpg

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Histopathology in livers during acute MNV infection. Haematoxylin & eosin-stained liver sections from mock (a, d) or infected mice (108 RNA copies by oral gavage) at day 5 p.i. [MNV-O7 (b, e) and MNV-1 (c, f)]; infected WT (a–c) and Stat1−/− (d–f) mice are shown. Original magnification, ×20 bar, 300 μm.

splits/sfolder_2/PMC3813732_pone-0077824-g003_240230.jpg

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Representative images of histological alterations in the joint as indicated by H&E staining.One synovium site from every section is shown at 200× magnification.

splits/subfolder_2/PMC3485302_pone-0048557-g004_162982.jpg

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Lack of Kv1.2 and Kv2.2 colocalization at the AIS of cultured hippocampal neurons. A–B and C–D: Pairs of representative confocal microscopy photomicrographs of hippocampal neurons cultured for 18 days, double immunostained for Kv1.2 (red) and Kv 2.2 (green), and counterstained with DAPI (A–D). Note that Kv1.2-expressing AISs (arrows) lack Kv2.2 immunostaining (Kv2.2) and vice versa (E). Histogram shows the proportion of neurons expressing Kv1.2, Kv2.2, neither or both at the same AIS at 18 DIV (the data represent the mean ± SE from three independent experiments). Scale bar = 25 µm.

splits/sfolder_2/PMC3420623_fig1_150229.jpg

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(a)–(c) show brain PET scan of the patient showing bilateral, predominantly left-sided, parietotemporal hypometabolism in different orientations.

roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_24650.jpg

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Chest CT scan with contrast showing a large mass involving the whole left lung with extension to the pulmonary trunk, with mediastinal shift to the right side.

splits/subfolder_2/PMC3715264_f6-sensors-13-06957_218613.jpg

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X-ray CT data of murine kidneys with Visipaque™ contrast enhancement. The renal cortex is noted along the outer rim of the kidneys due to its higher uptake than the adjacent medulla. Also, minor and major calyxes and the renal pelvis at the core can be seen due to the higher concentration of contrast agent in those collection ducts. In the 3D rendering at right, the renal cortex and medulla can be seen in yellow and green while the renal pelvis appears red due to its maximum concentration of Visipaque™.

splits/subfolder_2/PMC3503540_f1-etm-04-03-0363_167521.jpg

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Immunohistochemical staining of CXCL12 in (A) normal pancreas, (B) cancerous tissue, (C) paracancerous tissue and (D) lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining of CXCR4 in (E) normal pancreas, (F) cancerous tissue, (G) paracancerous tissue, (H) lymph node, (I) blood vessels of cancerous tissue, (J) peripancreatic neural tissue and (K) an ‘island’ of cancerous tissue. Magnification, ×100.

splits/subfolder_2/PMC4428864_pone.0127049.g007_385609.jpg

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Imaging PPN with comparison between MRI modalities and immunolabeled histology.Coronal SWI, T1, and T2 MRI were matched to corresponding histological slices stained with AChE from M3 and M4. The corresponding warped atlas was overlaid on both the SWI and the histology. Matched coronal SWI slices are shown for all other animals for comparison. Histograms for all coronal MRI slices were not altered, but stretched to encompass the entire spectrum (0–255).

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Thoracic computed tomography (a hypodense mass lesion at the left pulmonary lobe).

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Immunostainings of cell clusters in the three-dimensional intestinal epithelial cell differentiation model. The nuclei in undifferentiated T84 epithelial cell clusters were more intensively labeled with c-myc antibody (Fig. 2A) than nuclei in TGFβ-treated cell clusters (Fig. 2B). The staining intensity with cytokeratin 19 was lower in undifferentiated T84 epithelial cell clusters (Fig. 2C) than in TGFβ-treated cell clusters, especially seen in the apical part of the epithelial cells in the lumen of organized cell cultures (Fig. 2D). Scale bar = 20 μm.

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Immunohistochemical localization of mesothelin in normal hen ovaries and hen ovaries containing tumor. Staining was not observed in normal ovaries (A-C) in either the stromal or follicular (F) compartments or in ovarian tumors that did not express mesothelin (D-F). Mesothelin staining was observed in the ovarian surface epithelium (SE) and clusters of cells in the ovarian stroma (ST) of tumors that express mesothelin (G-I). Examples of different ovarian tumor histology are shown (D and F, advanced mucinous tumor; E, advanced endometrioid tumor; G and H, advanced serous and endometrioid mixed tumor respectively; I, advanced serous tumor). The original magnification was 40×.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4045943_pone-0099263-g003_294745.jpg

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Surface sialylation is conserved among oral fusobacteria.Fusobacterial clinical isolates were grown in SDM to mid-log phase before fluorescently labeling surface sialic acids. Each set of images is shown with the phase contrast image on the left and the corresponding epifluorescence image on the right. The pictured species are: A) F. nucleatum ssp. animalis, B) F. nucleatum ssp. animalis pretreated with neuraminidase, C) F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii, D) F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii pretreated with neuraminidase, E) F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum, F) F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum pretreated with neuraminidase, G) F. periodonticum, and H) F. periodonticum pretreated with neuraminidase. Images were captured at 1000x total magnification.

splits/subfolder_5/PMC3858366_pone-0083347-g003_250822.jpg

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Mitochondrial localization of Zn2+ induced ROS production.Cultures were co-loaded with MitoTracker Green and MitoTracker Red CM-H2XRos (MTR-CMH2) and confocal images (1000x) obtained prior to Zn2+ treatment (t = 0 min), at the end of the 5 min 300 μM Zn2+/pyrithione exposure (t = 5 min), and 5 min after washout (t = 10 min). Note the marked increase in MTR-CMH2 fluorescence that co-localizes with MitoTracker Green, strongly suggestive of a mitochondrial site of ROS production.

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Subcellular localization of ZmNAS-GFP fusion proteins in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. The coding regions of ZmNAS genes were C-terminal fused with GFP and were transiently expressed in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. The GFP signal is shown in green and chlorophyll autofluorescence (Chl) is indicated in red. The images were obtained by a confocal microscope, and the cytoplasm localization of GFP is used as a control. The scale bar represents 10 μm.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC3628863_f2-etm-05-04-1211_199053.jpg

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Skin lesion histopathological and immunopathogenetic analysis of patient with plasmacytosis. (A) Dense mature plasmocyte inflammatory cell infiltration primarily in the deep dermal layer with few lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells; (a) HE magnification, ×100; (b) HE magnification, ×400); (B) Infiltrating plasmocytes were CD79a positive (SP method; magnification, ×400); (C) Infiltrating plasmocytes were CD138 positive (SP method; magnification, ×400). HE, hematoxylin and eosin; SP, streptavidin-peroxidase.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4523658_fig4_411480.jpg

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Expression patterns of SHH pathway members in the normal human fetal cerebellum. Immunohistochemistry for (a) Shh, (b) Patched, (c) Smoothened, (d) Gli1, (e) Gli2, and (f) Gli3 in the cerebellum including EGL (external granular layer), ML (molecular layer), and IGL (internal granular layer) (examples are depicted from a 18th week of gestation fetus; original magnification: 200x).

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nice photo one kidney opened the other from capsular surface many cysts

splits/subfolder_4/PMC3812018_pone-0078019-g003_239833.jpg

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Resveratrol induces redistribution of PI [3], [4], [5]P3 reporter GFP-AKT-PH in mpkCCDc14 cells.Cultured mpkCCDc14 cells were transfected with GFP-AKT-PH and examined by live-cell epifluorescence microscopy. Addition of resveratrol (upper panels) caused a rapid redistribution of PI [3], [4], [5]P3 from the plasma membrane whereas control-treated cells showed little change (lower panels). Representative data are shown from four independent trials and representative of identical observations.

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Expression of doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) and known neuroendocrine markers. Rectal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) sections (case 13) were stained with (A) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and (B) anti-DCLK1, (C) anti-synaptophysin, (D) anti-chromogranin A and (E) anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)56 antibodies. Note the similar levels of strong DCLK1 and synaptophysin expression. The staining score was 5 for each specimen. The score for chromogranin A and CD56 was 3. (F) In a biopsy sample of a rectal polypoid lesion, DCLK1-positive NET cells are clearly observed in periglandular spaces. Original magnification, ×10.

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Alizarin staining for the synthesis of bone mineral at 7, 14, and 21 days. The calcium minerals are stained in red. The mineral concentration was measured by osteogenesis assay and the results are shown in (d). The mineral concentration at day 21 is 10-fold higher than day 7, which demonstrated cells released from microbeads synthesized bone mineral successfully [53].

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Microscopic appearance of Merkel cell carcinoma. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of a MCC section. (a) Nodular growth pattern. (b) Infiltrative growth pattern. (c) Lymphovascular invasion. (d) Skeletal muscle invasion.

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Preoperative pelvis AP X-ray.

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CT-scan (a) and MRI (b) showing a swelling of the right false cord (arrows) with involvement of the paraglottic space and without a sign of significant lymphadenopathy.

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axial

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On MRI this expansive lesion with low signal in T1 WI and high signal in T2 WI conditioned left root compression and enhanced after gadolinium injection. These features suggest the diagnosis of a malignant lesion, most probably a metastasis. Arrow indicating the lesion.

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The expression profile of βII spectrin and ankyrin G in axons at different developmental stages.Neurons at DIV 4 (A), DIV 8 (B), and DIV 12 (C) were immunostained for βII spectrin and ankyrin G. Reconstructed neuron images based on βII spectrin fluorescence, ankyrin G fluorescence, and the fluorescence intensity profiles of both βII spectrin and ankyrin G along axons are shown.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04581.014

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Activation of microglia in L4 spinal cord segment following nerve injury. (A) Epifluorescence imgage of L4 spinal cord segment following nerve injury. Left half side in the image represents the nerve injured side. Laminae of dorsal and ventral horns are indicated by the numbers. Note the difference of microglia between two sides. (a-f) Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation of microglia from the same laminae as shown by panel A. (a-c) Microglial cells from lamina II, IV and IX of nerve injured side, respectively. (d-f) Microglial cells from lamina II, IV and IX of the intact side, respectively. Bar = 400 μm in A, 20 μm in a – f.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4156204_f2-ol-08-04-1687_318235.jpg

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Expression of CK, CDX2 and MUC for I-type ampullary signet ring cell carcinoma. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of I-type carcinomas. (B) Strong immunopositivity for CK20. (C) Positive expression of CDX2. (D) Immunopositivity for MUC2 (magnification, ×200). I, intestinal; CK, cytokeratin; MUC, mucin; CDX2, caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2.

splits/subfolder_3/PMC4319851_pone.0118072.g002_355994.jpg

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Changes in functional connectivity in resting state networks.Regions showing significant changes in functional connectivity in the (A) right executive control network (RECN), (B) left executive control network (LECN), and (C) ventral default mode network (vDMN) (p < 0.05 TFCE-cluster corrected for multiple comparison). HC–healthy control, BT–patients with brain tumor. Resting state networks are shown in yellow. Center of the cursor locates maximum significance.

splits/sfolder_2/PMC4465927_pone.0128963.g001_396281.jpg

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TEM images of CS nanoparticles (0.1% w/v CS).Blank CS-TPP nanoparticles (a), blank CS-DS nanoparticles (b), blank CS-PGA nanoparticles (c), CS-TPP-siRNA nanoparticles (d), CS-DS-siRNA nanoparticles (e), and CS-PGA-siRNA nanoparticles (f) at different magnifications (60 kx, 105 kx, 87 kx).

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(a) Picture of the position of a patient in the operating room for the lateral thoracotomy approach, with the ipsilateral arm raised. (b) Intraoperative picture showing bone erosion by the infection. (c) During the surgical procedure the site is repeatedly washed with 0.9% physiological solution so as to clear as much as possible the surgical field. (d) Final intraoperative picture. It shows the placement of the mesh and the plaque.