id string | category string | difficulty int64 | answer_type string | question string | answer string | evidence list | tags list | status string | created dict | notes string | review dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cgq-0001 | lifespan_epidemiology | 1 | numeric | In the 2015 life table constructed from 299,555 dogs insured in Japan between April 2010 and March 2011, what was the overall life expectancy of dogs? | 13.7 years. | [
{
"key": "MED:25896026",
"pmid": "25896026",
"doi": "10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.018",
"title": "A current life table and causes of death for insured dogs in Japan.",
"year": 2015,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The life expectancies and causes of death were evaluated in 299,555 dogs ... | [
"life_table",
"life_expectancy",
"insurance",
"Japan"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0002 | lifespan_epidemiology | 1 | list | In the 2018 owner-survey study of mortality in 5,663 deceased UK Kennel Club-registered dogs, which breeds had the longest and the shortest median longevity, and what were the values? | Longest: West Highland Terrier (12.71 years); shortest: Dobermann Pinscher (7.67 years). Overall median age at death was 10.33 years. | [
{
"key": "MED:30349728",
"pmid": "30349728",
"pmcid": "PMC6191922",
"doi": "10.1186/s40575-018-0066-8",
"title": "Longevity and mortality in Kennel Club registered dog breeds in the UK in 2014.",
"year": 2018,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Overall median age at death was 10.33 ye... | [
"median_lifespan",
"breed",
"owner_survey",
"Kennel_Club",
"UK"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0003 | lifespan_epidemiology | 1 | numeric | In the 2022 VetCompass life-table study of UK companion dogs, based on 30,563 dogs that died between January 2016 and July 2020, what was the estimated life expectancy at age 0 for all dogs? | 11.23 years (95% CI 11.19-11.27). | [
{
"key": "MED:35484374",
"pmid": "35484374",
"pmcid": "PMC9050668",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6",
"title": "Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Among 30,563 dogs that di... | [
"life_table",
"life_expectancy",
"VetCompass",
"UK"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0004 | lifespan_epidemiology | 1 | numeric | In the 2023 study that generated life expectancy tables for dogs and cats from Banfield Pet Hospital clinical records in the USA (survey years 2013-2019), what was the life expectancy at birth for all dogs? | 12.69 years (95% CI 12.68-12.70). | [
{
"key": "MED:36896289",
"pmid": "36896289",
"pmcid": "PMC9989186",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102",
"title": "Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "LE at birth (LEbirth) was 12.69 years (95% CI: 12.... | [
"life_table",
"life_expectancy",
"Banfield",
"USA"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0005 | lifespan_epidemiology | 1 | numeric | In the analysis of 137,469 dogs that died in Switzerland between 2016 and 2020 (Amicus national database), what was the mean life expectancy of brachycephalic dogs, and how much shorter was it than that of mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs? | 9.8 years; 2.1 years less than mesocephalic dogs and 1.7 years less than dolichocephalic dogs. | [
{
"key": "MED:37021744",
"pmid": "37021744",
"doi": "10.17236/sat00390",
"title": "[Life expectancy of mesocephalic, dolichocephalic and brachycephalic dog breeds in Switzerland].",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The mean life expectancy of brachycephalic dogs was 9,8 ye... | [
"brachycephalic",
"cephalic_index",
"life_expectancy",
"Switzerland"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Decimal commas in the source (9,8; 2,1; 1,7) correspond to 9.8, 2.1 and 1.7 years. | null |
cgq-0006 | lifespan_epidemiology | 2 | boolean | According to the 2024 review that examined dog aging and mortality studies spanning about 40 years (1981 to 2023) to assess how average dog lifespan is reported, has the median lifespan of domesticated dogs recently decreased, as claimed in the popular press? | No. The review concluded that median lifespan has not recently decreased but rather has increased steadily over that time frame. | [
{
"key": "MED:38866045",
"pmid": "38866045",
"pmcid": "PMC12093939",
"doi": "10.2460/javma.24.01.0068",
"title": "How can we achieve more accurate reporting of average dog lifespan?",
"year": 2024,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "However, in examining several different kinds of dog... | [
"lifespan_reporting",
"secular_trend",
"review"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0007 | lifespan_epidemiology | 2 | numeric | In the 2013 analysis of 5,095 confirmed deaths among 102,609 owned dogs attending first-opinion veterinary practices in central and southeast England, by how many years did the longevity of crossbred dogs exceed that of purebred dogs in multivariable modelling, and what was the direction of the association between body... | Crossbred dogs outlived purebreds by 1.2 years (95% CI 0.9-1.4; P<0.001); increasing bodyweight was negatively correlated with longevity. | [
{
"key": "MED:24206631",
"pmid": "24206631",
"doi": "10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020",
"title": "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England.",
"year": 2013,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The results of multivariable modelling indicated that longevity in crossbred dogs exceeded pureb... | [
"crossbred",
"purebred",
"bodyweight",
"VetCompass",
"England"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0008 | lifespan_epidemiology | 2 | short_text | In the 2013 analysis that fitted mortality hazard models to death data from 74 dog breeds to decompose the size-lifespan trade-off, which mortality component was identified as the driving force behind the shorter lifespan of large dogs, and was body size clearly correlated with the onset of senescence? | A strong positive relationship between body size and aging rate (large dogs die young mainly because they age quickly); no clear correlation between body size and onset of senescence was found, and baseline hazard was only slightly higher in large dogs. | [
{
"key": "MED:23535614",
"pmid": "23535614",
"doi": "10.1086/669665",
"title": "The size-life span trade-off decomposed: why large dogs die young.",
"year": 2013,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We did not find a clear correlation between body size and the onset of senescence. The base... | [
"body_size",
"aging_rate",
"mortality_hazard",
"senescence"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0009 | lifespan_epidemiology | 2 | categorical | In the 2015 life table of dogs insured in Japan, life expectancy was reported for five body-weight groups (<5 kg, 5-10 kg, 10-20 kg, 20-40 kg and >=40 kg). Which group had the highest life expectancy, and what was its value? | The 5-10 kg group, at 14.2 years; the <5 kg group (13.8 years) was the exception to the decline of life expectancy with increasing body weight. | [
{
"key": "MED:25896026",
"pmid": "25896026",
"doi": "10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.018",
"title": "A current life table and causes of death for insured dogs in Japan.",
"year": 2015,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The life expectancy was 13.8 years in the <5 kg body weight group, 14.2 y... | [
"life_table",
"body_weight",
"insurance",
"Japan"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0010 | lifespan_epidemiology | 2 | numeric | In the 2020 study of 20,970 privately owned dogs seen at three independent primary care veterinary clinics in the United States, by how much shorter were the median survival times of breeds in the "Mountain" ancestral group compared with other purebred dog groups, and did the difference persist after correcting for bod... | 3.5-4.6 years shorter; yes, the difference remained significant even when correcting for body size. | [
{
"key": "MED:32835231",
"pmid": "32835231",
"pmcid": "PMC7386164",
"doi": "10.1186/s40575-020-00086-8",
"title": "Lifespan of companion dogs seen in three independent primary care veterinary clinics in the United States.",
"year": 2020,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We also foun... | [
"median_survival",
"ancestral_group",
"primary_care",
"USA"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0011 | lifespan_epidemiology | 2 | short_text | In the 2023 Banfield study that generated life expectancy tables for dogs and cats from clinical records of more than 1,000 US hospitals, which life-table method was used, and how were survivors defined for each survey year? | Sullivan's method; survivors were animals with no death date recorded in that survey year who were confirmed living by a veterinary visit in a subsequent year. | [
{
"key": "MED:36896289",
"pmid": "36896289",
"pmcid": "PMC9989186",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102",
"title": "Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Using Sullivan's method, LE tables were generated ... | [
"life_table",
"methods",
"Banfield",
"USA"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0012 | lifespan_epidemiology | 3 | list | Both the 2022 VetCompass life-table study of UK companion dogs and the 2024 study of life expectancy at birth using Portugal's national registry (278,116 dogs) identified the breed with the lowest life expectancy at birth. Which breed was it in each study, and what were the two estimates as reported in each study's abs... | French Bulldog in both studies: 4.53 years (95% CI 4.14-5.01) in the UK and 6.27 years in Portugal. | [
{
"key": "MED:35484374",
"pmid": "35484374",
"pmcid": "PMC9050668",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6",
"title": "Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Jack Russell Terrier (12.... | [
"French_Bulldog",
"breed",
"life_expectancy",
"UK",
"Portugal",
"synthesis"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | The Portuguese full text (Table 2 section) reports 6.29 years for the French Bulldog and 11.7 years for the Yorkshire Terrier, which differs slightly from the abstract values; the gold answer follows the abstract. | {
"issue": "The Portuguese paper's full text reports 6.29 years for the French Bulldog (Results text and Table 2) while its abstract, which the evidence quote and gold answer follow, says 6.27; the question should pin the answer to the abstracts so a full-text-informed answer of 6.29 is not wrongly graded against it.... |
cgq-0013 | lifespan_epidemiology | 3 | numeric | In the 2024 UK study of 584,734 dogs (284,734 deceased) that estimated Kaplan-Meier median survival separately for purebred and crossbred dogs, what were the two median survival estimates, and which group lived longer? | Purebreds 12.7 years versus crossbreds 12.0 years; purebreds lived longer (crossbred hazard ratio 1.1, p<0.001). | [
{
"key": "MED:38302530",
"pmid": "38302530",
"pmcid": "PMC10834484",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w",
"title": "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Median survival for pure breeds was 12.7 years (12.... | [
"median_survival",
"purebred",
"crossbred",
"Kaplan-Meier",
"UK"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Notable because it runs counter to the usual crossbred longevity advantage reported in other datasets (e.g. the 2013 England VetCompass analysis). | null |
cgq-0014 | lifespan_epidemiology | 3 | short_text | In the 2025 life-table study of companion dogs from six veterinary hospitals in Seoul, South Korea, life expectancy at age 1 was higher than at age 0. What were the two life expectancy values, and what pattern of mortality explains the difference? | 9.390 years at age 0 versus 10.123 years at age 1; the probability of dying between ages 0 and 1 was 0.161, whereas from age 1 to age 10 the probability of dying at each age was below 0.1. | [
{
"key": "MED:40370825",
"pmid": "40370825",
"pmcid": "PMC12075304",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2025.1532422",
"title": "Life expectancy and survival analysis for companion dogs and cats in Seoul, South Korea.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "In the life tables created fo... | [
"life_table",
"life_expectancy",
"first_year_mortality",
"South_Korea"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0015 | body_size_genetics | 1 | numeric | In the 2008 SNP-based association mapping of breed stereotypes using DNA from 148 dog breeds, how many significant loci were identified for longevity, and how was longevity described in relation to breed selection and breed size? | 4 significant loci; longevity was described as a breed characteristic not under direct selection but inversely correlated with breed size. | [
{
"key": "MED:18505865",
"pmid": "18505865",
"pmcid": "PMC2429857",
"doi": "10.1534/genetics.108.087866",
"title": "Single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based association mapping of dog stereotypes.",
"year": 2008,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Four significant loci were identified for... | [
"association mapping",
"breed stereotypes",
"longevity loci",
"breed size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0017 | body_size_genetics | 1 | numeric | In the 2020 study of body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs, which estimated life expectancies for pure and mixed breed dogs from the Veterinary Medical Database and other published sources, how much longer on average did mixed breed dogs live than size-matched purebred dogs? | About 1.2 years longer. | [
{
"key": "MED:32607099",
"pmid": "32607099",
"pmcid": "PMC7326369",
"doi": "10.1007/s10592-019-01240-x",
"title": "Body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs.",
"year": 2020,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "When comparing mixed versus purebred dogs, however, mixed breed d... | [
"mixed breed",
"purebred",
"life expectancy",
"inbreeding"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0018 | body_size_genetics | 1 | list | In the genome-wide association study of long-lived Cane Corso dogs, SNPs in which four genes were concluded to be associated with longevity? | TDRP, MC2R, FBXO25 and FBXL21. | [
{
"key": "MED:35590325",
"pmid": "35590325",
"pmcid": "PMC9118790",
"doi": "10.1186/s12917-022-03290-9",
"title": "Four novel genes associated with longevity found in Cane corso purebred dogs.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We conclude that genes TDRP, MC2R, FBXO25... | [
"GWAS",
"Cane Corso",
"longevity genes",
"within-breed"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0019 | body_size_genetics | 2 | numeric | In the 2007 analysis of 77 American Kennel Club breeds (data on more than 700 dogs) relating breed height and weight to life span, what were the correlation coefficients of height and of weight with longevity, and which variable was the significant predictor of life span in the regression? | Height r = -0.603 and weight r = -0.679 (both negative, p<0.05); weight was the significant predictor of life span (p<0.001). | [
{
"key": "MED:16919689",
"pmid": "16919689",
"doi": "10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.06.005",
"title": "Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog.",
"year": 2007,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "A negative correlation was observed between heig... | [
"body weight",
"height",
"correlation",
"breed lifespan"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0020 | body_size_genetics | 2 | list | In the 2009 genetic mapping of fixed breed phenotypes across 147 dog breeds, which three disease conditions were associated with a specific IGF1 haplotype, demonstrating the approach's power to map loci regulating polygenic disease incidence? | Hip dysplasia, patella luxation, and pancreatitis. | [
{
"key": "MED:19321632",
"pmid": "19321632",
"pmcid": "PMC3139361",
"doi": "10.1093/jhered/esp011",
"title": "Genetic mapping of fixed phenotypes: disease frequency as a breed characteristic.",
"year": 2009,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The power of this approach to identify loc... | [
"IGF1",
"haplotype",
"disease frequency",
"breed stereotypes"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0021 | body_size_genetics | 2 | short_text | In the 2020 scan for genes associated with cancer mortality and longevity in pedigree dog breeds (phenotypic data from more than 72,000 dogs combined with a large genotypic dataset), within which gene was the single variant marginally associated with body-weight-corrected longevity residuals located, and what kind of p... | PRDX1, which encodes a peroxiredoxin (described as belonging to an emerging class of pro-longevity associated genes). | [
{
"key": "MED:32661568",
"pmid": "32661568",
"pmcid": "PMC7496057",
"doi": "10.1007/s00335-020-09845-1",
"title": "A scan for genes associated with cancer mortality and longevity in pedigree dog breeds.",
"year": 2020,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "One putative genetic variant wa... | [
"GWAS",
"longevity genes",
"PRDX1",
"pedigree breeds"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0022 | body_size_genetics | 2 | short_text | In the 2023 analysis of how body size and genetic diversity (heterozygosity) shape lifespan across 118 purebred dog breeds (more than 40,000 dogs with owner-reported lifespan and cause of death), what bias did the authors identify in available breed-specific lifespan estimates, and how did they remove it? | A right-censoring bias: early-dying dogs from birth cohorts that had not completely died off are sampled disproportionately, especially in rapidly growing breeds. They removed it by including only completed birth cohorts. | [
{
"key": "MED:36066765",
"pmid": "36066765",
"pmcid": "PMC9886701",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-022-00653-w",
"title": "How size and genetic diversity shape lifespan across breeds of purebred dogs.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We hypothesized that this might be due to... | [
"genetic diversity",
"heterozygosity",
"right-censoring",
"breed lifespan",
"methods"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0023 | body_size_genetics | 2 | numeric | In the Golden Retriever GWAS that implicated a 5'UTR variant of ERBB4 in lifespan, when all 304 dogs were analyzed together, what were the survival times of dogs homozygous for haplotype 3 versus dogs homozygous for haplotype 1? | 11.6 years for haplotype 3 homozygotes (shortest) versus 13.5 years for haplotype 1 homozygotes (longest), p = 0.0008. | [
{
"key": "MED:37855863",
"pmid": "37855863",
"pmcid": "PMC11009206",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-023-00968-2",
"title": "A variant in the 5'UTR of ERBB4 is associated with lifespan in Golden Retrievers.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "When all GR dogs were analyzed toget... | [
"ERBB4",
"Golden Retriever",
"within-breed GWAS",
"haplotype",
"survival"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0024 | body_size_genetics | 2 | short_text | In the study connecting serum IGF-1, body size, and age in the domestic dog (animals from a few months to 204 months of age and 5 to 160 lb, analyzed in four sex/neuter groups), how did serum IGF-1 relate to age and to body weight? | IGF-1 decreased with age in all groups, with significant male-female differences; overall, IGF-1 increased with increasing weight, although the IGF-1-weight relationship differed by spay/neuter status. | [
{
"key": "MED:20865338",
"pmid": "20865338",
"pmcid": "PMC3168604",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-010-9182-4",
"title": "Connecting serum IGF-1, body size, and age in the domestic dog.",
"year": 2011,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "IGF-1 loss over time, as a function of age, decreases in... | [
"IGF-1",
"serum",
"body weight",
"age",
"growth signalling"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0025 | body_size_genetics | 3 | categorical | In the 2020 scan for genes associated with cancer mortality and longevity in pedigree dog breeds, after cancer mortality was corrected for body weight, what was the direction of the correlation between breed life span and the cancer mortality residuals, and what did the authors say this implies? | A significant positive correlation: after correcting for body weight, long-lived breeds die more frequently from cancer than short-lived breeds. | [
{
"key": "MED:32661568",
"pmid": "32661568",
"pmcid": "PMC7496057",
"doi": "10.1007/s00335-020-09845-1",
"title": "A scan for genes associated with cancer mortality and longevity in pedigree dog breeds.",
"year": 2020,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We identified a significant pos... | [
"cancer mortality",
"body weight",
"breed lifespan",
"residuals"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Counter-intuitive finding: once body weight is removed, longer-lived breeds show higher cancer mortality, presumably because they survive to ages at which cancer dominates. | null |
cgq-0026 | body_size_genetics | 3 | short_text | In the 2020 study of body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs (genome-wide SNP-based inbreeding for over 100 breeds plus pedigree data for over 9000 golden retrievers), how did the across-breed relationship between inbreeding and life expectancy differ from the within-breed relationship, and how did the aut... | Across breeds, inbreeding was not associated with life expectancy once size was controlled; within golden retrievers, individual pedigree inbreeding negatively impacted lifespan. Interpretation: recent (within-breed) inbreeding is more likely to affect fitness than historic (among-breed) inbreeding. | [
{
"key": "MED:32607099",
"pmid": "32607099",
"pmcid": "PMC7326369",
"doi": "10.1007/s10592-019-01240-x",
"title": "Body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs.",
"year": 2020,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "When controlling for size, variation in inbreeding was not associ... | [
"inbreeding",
"golden retriever",
"life expectancy",
"within-breed vs across-breed"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0027 | body_size_genetics | 3 | numeric | In the genome-wide association study of longevity in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (long-lived dogs defined as older than 13 years), how many dogs in each group and how many variants were used in the association analysis after initial data clean-up? | 41 dogs (24 long-lived and 17 reference) and 92,679 variants. | [
{
"key": "MED:39823074",
"pmid": "39823074",
"pmcid": "PMC11737349",
"doi": "10.1016/j.vas.2024.100420",
"title": "Identification of genes associated with longevity in dogs: 9 candidate genes described in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote":... | [
"GWAS",
"Cavalier King Charles Spaniel",
"sample size",
"quality control",
"within-breed"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0028 | interventions | 1 | list | How is the design of the Test of Rapamycin in Aging Dogs (TRIAD) clinical trial characterised, and from what population are its healthy middle-aged dogs recruited? | A parallel-group, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial; dogs are recruited from Dog Aging Project participants. | [
{
"key": "MED:39951177",
"pmid": "39951177",
"pmcid": "PMC12181551",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-024-01484-7",
"title": "Test of Rapamycin in Aging Dogs (TRIAD): study design and rationale for a prospective, parallel-group, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of rapamycin... | [
"TRIAD",
"rapamycin",
"trial design",
"Dog Aging Project"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0029 | interventions | 1 | list | In the 2017 randomized controlled trial of short-term rapamycin in 24 middle-aged companion dogs, which three echocardiographic measures suggested improvement in age-related heart function in the rapamycin-treated dogs? | E/A ratio, fractional shortening, and ejection fraction (covering both diastolic and systolic measures). | [
{
"key": "MED:28374166",
"pmid": "28374166",
"pmcid": "PMC5411365",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-017-9972-z",
"title": "A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs.",
"year": 2017,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "E... | [
"rapamycin",
"RCT",
"echocardiography",
"cardiac function"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0030 | interventions | 1 | numeric | In the 2023 masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of low-dose rapamycin in 17 healthy client-owned dogs, what rapamycin dose was used, how often was it given, and for how long? | 0.025 mg/kg, administered three times per week for 6 months. | [
{
"key": "MED:37275618",
"pmid": "37275618",
"pmcid": "PMC10233048",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2023.1168711",
"title": "A masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating safety and the effect on cardiac function of low-dose rapamycin in 17 healthy client-owned dogs.",
"year": 20... | [
"rapamycin",
"RCT",
"dose",
"trial design"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0031 | interventions | 1 | numeric | In the lifetime diet restriction study of 48 Labrador retrievers, in which one dog of each pair was fed 25% less than its pair-mate from 8 weeks of age, by how much was median lifespan extended in the diet-restricted dogs? | Median lifespan was 1.8 years longer in the diet-restricted dogs, with delayed onset of late-life diseases, especially osteoarthritis. | [
{
"key": "MED:18062831",
"pmid": "18062831",
"doi": "10.1017/s0007114507871686",
"title": "Diet restriction and ageing in the dog: major observations over two decades.",
"year": 2008,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Labrador retrievers (n 48) were paired at age 6 weeks by sex and weigh... | [
"diet restriction",
"caloric restriction",
"Labrador retriever",
"lifespan"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0032 | interventions | 1 | numeric | In the placebo-controlled L-deprenyl (selegiline) survival study in beagles, how many dogs were enrolled, into how many pairs were they allotted, and what oral dose and treatment duration were used? | 82 beagles allotted to 41 pairs; 1 mg/kg L-deprenyl (or placebo) orally once daily for 2 years and 10 weeks. | [
{
"key": "MED:9307048",
"pmid": "9307048",
"doi": "10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00611-5",
"title": "Treatment with L-deprenyl prolongs life in elderly dogs.",
"year": 1997,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Eighty two beagle dogs ranging in age from 2.8 to 16.4 years and in weight from 6.3 to 1... | [
"L-deprenyl",
"selegiline",
"lifespan",
"beagle",
"dose"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0033 | interventions | 2 | short_text | In the 2002 paired-feeding study of 25% diet restriction in 48 Labrador Retrievers, how were median life span and maximum life span defined? | Median life span was the age when 50% of the dogs were deceased; maximum life span was the age when 90% of the dogs were deceased. | [
{
"key": "MED:11991408",
"pmid": "11991408",
"doi": "10.2460/javma.2002.220.1315",
"title": "Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs.",
"year": 2002,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Age at onset of chronic disease and median (age when 50% of the dogs we... | [
"diet restriction",
"Labrador retriever",
"lifespan",
"endpoints",
"definitions"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0034 | interventions | 2 | numeric | In the 2023 placebo-controlled trial of low-dose rapamycin in 17 healthy client-owned dogs, in what percentage of the bi-weekly owner surveys were perceived positive changes in behavior or health reported for rapamycin-treated dogs, compared with placebo-treated dogs? | 26.8% of surveys for rapamycin-treated dogs versus 8.1% for placebo-treated dogs. | [
{
"key": "MED:37275618",
"pmid": "37275618",
"pmcid": "PMC10233048",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2023.1168711",
"title": "A masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating safety and the effect on cardiac function of low-dose rapamycin in 17 healthy client-owned dogs.",
"year": 20... | [
"rapamycin",
"RCT",
"owner-reported outcomes"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | The abstract reports p = 0.04 for this comparison; the p-value is outside the cited span. | null |
cgq-0035 | interventions | 2 | numeric | In the 90-day prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of diets containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) plus a Brain Protection Blend (BPB) in 87 client-owned dogs with signs of cognitive dysfunction syndrome, which diet significantly improved all 6 categories of CDS signs, and in how many categories d... | The 6.5% MCT oil + BPB diet improved all 6 categories; the control diet improved in only 4 of 6 categories. | [
{
"key": "MED:30619873",
"pmid": "30619873",
"pmcid": "PMC6299068",
"doi": "10.3389/fnut.2018.00127",
"title": "Efficacy of a Therapeutic Diet on Dogs With Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS): A Prospective Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Study.",
"year": 2018,
"loca... | [
"medium-chain triglycerides",
"nutrition",
"cognitive dysfunction syndrome",
"RCT"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | The abstract's inline HTML italics tags are preserved verbatim in the quote because the validator matches the raw abstract text. | null |
cgq-0036 | interventions | 2 | numeric | In the case report of an eight-year-old castrated male Labrador retriever that developed severe asymptomatic hypertriglyceridemia during six months of low-dose rapamycin, how long after rapamycin was discontinued did the lipemia and hypertriglyceridemia resolve, and what lipid-targeted treatment was required? | They completely resolved within 15 days of stopping rapamycin, with no targeted lipemic intervention. | [
{
"key": "MED:38094495",
"pmid": "38094495",
"pmcid": "PMC10716302",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2023.1285498",
"title": "Case report: Severe asymptomatic hypertriglyceridemia associated with long-term low-dose rapamycin administration in a healthy middle-aged Labrador retriever.",
"year": 2023,
... | [
"rapamycin",
"adverse events",
"hypertriglyceridemia",
"case report"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0037 | interventions | 2 | categorical | In the longitudinal study in which 48 aged beagles (9-12 years) were assigned to control or antioxidant-fortified food crossed with a control or enriched environment, which group largely accounted for the treatment effects on size discrimination learning and reversal learning after 1 year? | The combined treatment group (antioxidant-fortified food plus behavioral enrichment) largely accounted for the improvements. | [
{
"key": "MED:15130670",
"pmid": "15130670",
"doi": "10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.007",
"title": "Long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment reduces age-dependent impairment in discrimination and reversal learning in beagle dogs.",
"year": 2004,
"location": "abst... | [
"antioxidants",
"behavioral enrichment",
"cognition",
"beagle",
"diet"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0038 | interventions | 2 | boolean | In the longitudinal study of lifetime 25% calorie restriction in 48 Labrador retrievers, did the authors conclude that there were differences between diet-restricted and control-fed dogs in the prevalence or severity of radiographic and histopathologic elbow osteoarthritis, and did the 1.8-year extension in median life... | No. No differences in prevalence or severity of radiographic or histopathologic elbow OA were found between feeding groups, and the longer-lived restricted dogs showed no additional incremental worsening of elbow disease. | [
{
"key": "MED:19236677",
"pmid": "19236677",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00487.x",
"title": "A longitudinal study of the influence of lifetime food restriction on development of osteoarthritis in the canine elbow.",
"year": 2009,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "No differences in p... | [
"diet restriction",
"osteoarthritis",
"elbow",
"Labrador retriever",
"healthspan"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "A flat 'No' is contradicted by the same abstract's Results ('Radiographic OA severity was greater for CF dogs at 6 years only, P<.05'); the quote is the authors' overall conclusion, so the question should ask what the study concluded and should also ask for the 'no additional incremental worsening' clause... |
cgq-0039 | interventions | 3 | numeric | How many dogs in total (and per arm) will be enrolled and randomized in the TRIAD rapamycin trial, and what minimum difference in mean lifespan between treatment groups is the trial powered (at more than 80%) to detect? | 580 dogs (290 rapamycin-treated, 290 placebo-treated); more than 80% power to detect a 6% or greater difference in mean lifespan. | [
{
"key": "PMC:PMC12520851",
"pmcid": "PMC12520851",
"title": "Rapamycin as a potential intervention to promote longevity and extend healthspan in companion dogs",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "A total of 580 dogs (n = 290 rapamycin-treated, n = 290 placebo-treated) will be ... | [
"TRIAD",
"rapamycin",
"sample size",
"statistical power",
"lifespan endpoint"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0040 | interventions | 3 | short_text | In the L-deprenyl beagle survival study, what proportions of dogs aged 10-15 years at the start of treatment survived to the end of the study in the L-deprenyl and placebo groups, and what did a later meta-analysis conclude when it reanalysed this dog study accounting for age at enrollment and sex? | 12 of 15 (80%) L-deprenyl dogs versus 7 of 18 (39%) placebo dogs (P=0.017); after adjusting for age at enrollment and sex, the survival effect was no longer significant, though power was limited by small sample size. | [
{
"key": "MED:9307048",
"pmid": "9307048",
"doi": "10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00611-5",
"title": "Treatment with L-deprenyl prolongs life in elderly dogs.",
"year": 1997,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "To assess whether L-deprenyl treatment begun in later life might enhance canine longevit... | [
"L-deprenyl",
"selegiline",
"lifespan",
"beagle",
"reanalysis",
"meta-analysis"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Synthesis across the original 1997 survival study and its 2025 reanalysis. | null |
cgq-0041 | interventions | 3 | numeric | In the Test of Rapamycin in Aging Dogs (TRIAD) trial, what oral rapamycin dose and dosing frequency are used, for how long is treatment given, and how long is the post-treatment monitoring period? | 0.15 mg/kg orally once weekly for 12 months, followed by a 24-month post-treatment monitoring period. | [
{
"key": "PMC:PMC12520851",
"pmcid": "PMC12520851",
"title": "Rapamycin as a potential intervention to promote longevity and extend healthspan in companion dogs",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Participants are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg PO) o... | [
"TRIAD",
"rapamycin",
"dose",
"trial design"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Grounded in a 2025 review's description of the TRIAD protocol (full text); the TRIAD design paper itself has abstract-only coverage in the corpus. | null |
cgq-0042 | interventions | 3 | numeric | In the study that treated 17 retired police dogs with allogeneic canine mesenchymal stem cells, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or rapamycin, what oral doses of NMN and rapamycin were given and how often, and what happened to the inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α? | 2.5 g/dog NMN and 3 mg/dog rapamycin, each given every 2 days by mouth; the treatments significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels. | [
{
"key": "MED:38426629",
"pmid": "38426629",
"pmcid": "PMC11113267",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.14127",
"title": "Transcriptomic and intervention evidence reveals domestic dogs as a promising model for anti-inflammatory investigation.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "The o... | [
"NAD+ precursors",
"NMN",
"rapamycin",
"mesenchymal stem cells",
"inflammation",
"working dogs"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | The number of dogs (17) is stated in the full text; rapamycin was given as a fixed 3 mg per-dog dose rather than mg/kg. | null |
cgq-0043 | biomarkers_clocks | 1 | list | In the 2017 study that developed an epigenetic aging clock for dogs and wolves from blood DNA methylation, how many domesticated dogs and how many wild gray wolves were assessed, and which sequencing method was used? | 46 domesticated dogs and 62 wild gray wolves, profiled with Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS). | [
{
"key": "MED:28373601",
"pmid": "28373601",
"pmcid": "PMC5391218",
"doi": "10.18632/aging.101211",
"title": "An epigenetic aging clock for dogs and wolves.",
"year": 2017,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing, we assessed blood DNA-meth... | [
"epigenetic clock",
"wolves",
"RRBS",
"sample size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0044 | biomarkers_clocks | 1 | list | In the 2020 study that used conserved remodeling of the DNA methylome to translate dog-to-human aging, how many Labrador retrievers were profiled and what age range did they span? | 104 Labrador retrievers spanning a 16-year age range (profiled by oligo-capture sequencing). | [
{
"key": "MED:32619550",
"pmid": "32619550",
"pmcid": "PMC7484147",
"doi": "10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006",
"title": "Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome.",
"year": 2020,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Using oligo-capture sequen... | [
"dog-human age mapping",
"Labrador retriever",
"methylome",
"sample size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0045 | biomarkers_clocks | 1 | numeric | In the 2022 study that built DNA methylation clocks for dogs and humans using the mammalian methylation array, to how many domestic dog breeds were the canine epigenetic clocks shown to apply? | 93 domestic dog breeds. | [
{
"key": "MED:35580182",
"pmid": "35580182",
"pmcid": "PMC9173771",
"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2120887119",
"title": "DNA methylation clocks for dogs and humans.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Here, we describe reliable and highly accurate epigenetic clocks shown to appl... | [
"epigenetic clock",
"DNA methylation",
"breeds",
"mammalian methylation array"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0046 | biomarkers_clocks | 1 | numeric | In the study reporting that peripheral blood mononuclear cell telomere length predicts average life span across 15 dog breeds, approximately how much faster do dogs lose telomeric DNA than humans? | About 10-fold faster than humans, similar to the ratio of average life spans between the species. | [
{
"key": "MED:23260664",
"pmid": "23260664",
"doi": "10.1016/j.celrep.2012.11.021",
"title": "Telomere length correlates with life span of dog breeds.",
"year": 2012,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Using this model, we find that peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length... | [
"telomere length",
"breed lifespan",
"PBMC",
"dog-human comparison"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0047 | biomarkers_clocks | 1 | numeric | In the study that built a canine biological age clock from routine clinical blood markers using longitudinal data from 829 dogs, what hazard ratio for mortality was associated with each 1-year positive deviation of biological from chronological age (AgeDev)? | Hazard ratio of 1.75 per 1 year of AgeDev. | [
{
"key": "MED:39349737",
"pmid": "39349737",
"pmcid": "PMC11872834",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-024-01352-4",
"title": "A biological age based on common clinical markers predicts health trajectory and mortality risk in dogs.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Positive devi... | [
"biological age",
"clinical chemistry",
"hazard ratio",
"AgeDev",
"mortality"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0048 | biomarkers_clocks | 2 | list | In the 2017 epigenetic aging clock study of dogs and wolves, how many CpGs were used in the dog-specific, the wolf-specific, and the combined canid age estimators, respectively? | 41 CpGs for dogs, 67 CpGs for wolves, and 115 CpGs for the combined dog-and-wolf estimator. | [
{
"key": "MED:28373601",
"pmid": "28373601",
"pmcid": "PMC5391218",
"doi": "10.18632/aging.101211",
"title": "An epigenetic aging clock for dogs and wolves.",
"year": 2017,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "By regressing chronological dog age on the resulting CpGs, we defined highly ... | [
"epigenetic clock",
"CpG count",
"wolves"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0049 | biomarkers_clocks | 2 | list | In the 2022 study of DNA methylation clocks for dogs and humans, what two quantities were the canine epigenetic clocks constructed to estimate, and what correlation coefficient (R) was reported for the two human-dog dual-species clocks? | Age and average time to death; the dual-species human-dog clocks reached R = 0.97. | [
{
"key": "MED:35580182",
"pmid": "35580182",
"pmcid": "PMC9173771",
"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2120887119",
"title": "DNA methylation clocks for dogs and humans.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Canine epigenetic clocks were constructed to estimate age and also average tim... | [
"epigenetic clock",
"dual-species clock",
"time to death",
"dog-human translation"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0050 | biomarkers_clocks | 2 | list | In the 2024 study that built age predictors from DNA methylation and ATAC-seq chromatin accessibility in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 71 companion dogs, what R-squared values were reported for the ATAC clock, the DNAm clock, and the combined clock? | ATAC clock R² = 26%, DNAm clock R² = 33%, combined clock R² = 29%. | [
{
"key": "MED:38263575",
"pmid": "38263575",
"pmcid": "PMC11019125",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.14079",
"title": "DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility predict age in the domestic dog.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "We found that chromatin accessibility can accurat... | [
"ATAC-seq",
"chromatin accessibility",
"DNA methylation",
"clock accuracy",
"PBMC"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0051 | biomarkers_clocks | 2 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project Precision Cohort analysis showing that dogs and humans share plasma metabolite biomarkers of mortality, how many deaths occurred among the 937 dogs during follow-up, and how many metabolites were significantly associated with all-cause mortality at FDR < 5%? | 104 deaths among 937 dogs (average 2.6 years of follow-up); 23 metabolites significant at FDR < 5%. | [
{
"key": "MED:41429575",
"pmid": "41429575",
"pmcid": "PMC13017351",
"doi": "10.1093/gerona/glaf279",
"title": "Dogs and humans share biomarkers of mortality.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "The mortality analysis in the Precision Cohort involved 104 deaths among 93... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"metabolomics",
"mortality",
"Precision Cohort"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0052 | biomarkers_clocks | 2 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project Precision Cohort study of protein catabolites as blood-based biomarkers of aging, how many dogs contributed first-year plasma metabolome data, and for how many of the 133 measured metabolites was the effect of age statistically significant? | 784 dogs; age significantly affected 48 of 133 plasma metabolites. | [
{
"key": "MED:41121965",
"pmid": "41121965",
"pmcid": "PMC12611326",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.70226",
"title": "Protein Catabolites as Blood-Based Biomarkers of Aging Physiology: Findings From the Dog Aging Project.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Here we analyzed metab... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"metabolomics",
"Precision Cohort",
"sample size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0053 | biomarkers_clocks | 2 | numeric | In the pilot study applying a buccal-swab DNA methylation clock to purebred pugs, how did mean delta age (epigenetic age minus chronological age) change over 6 months in dogs fed the minimally processed, human-grade food (MPHGF) diet? | Delta age decreased from 2.75 to 1.80 years over 6 months (p = 0.02). | [
{
"key": "MED:42564270",
"pmid": "42564270",
"pmcid": "PMC13442920",
"doi": "10.1002/vro2.70047",
"title": "Minimally processed, human-grade diet alters canine epigenetic ageing: Results from a pilot study.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Dogs fed with MPHGF diet ex... | [
"epigenetic clock",
"buccal swab",
"diet intervention",
"delta age",
"pug"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0054 | biomarkers_clocks | 3 | list | In the 2024 DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility clock study of 71 dogs, which metadata feature was selected in all 71 leave-one-out models of both the ATAC and DNAm clocks (but not the combined clock), and which cell-type proportion was selected in 70 of 71 ATAC clock models? | Breed weight category (selected in all 71 ATAC and all 71 DNAm models); CD62L-negative double-negative (DN) T cell proportions (70 of 71 ATAC models). | [
{
"key": "MED:38263575",
"pmid": "38263575",
"pmcid": "PMC11019125",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.14079",
"title": "DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility predict age in the domestic dog.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Breed weight category was selected as a feature a... | [
"ATAC-seq",
"elastic net",
"feature selection",
"breed weight",
"T cells"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "The '(CD4-/CD8-)' gloss on DN T cells is not in the quoted sentence (it comes from the paper's Results section elsewhere), so the answer states a fact the quote does not carry; trimmed to keep the answer quote-grounded.",
"changed": [
"answer"
]
} |
cgq-0055 | biomarkers_clocks | 3 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project study identifying post-translationally modified amino acids (ptmAAs) as plasma biomarkers of age, what proportion of the effect of age on ptmAA abundance could be explained by accounting for serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)? | Between 40% and 67% of the age effect on plasma ptmAA abundance. | [
{
"key": "MED:41121965",
"pmid": "41121965",
"pmcid": "PMC12611326",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.70226",
"title": "Protein Catabolites as Blood-Based Biomarkers of Aging Physiology: Findings From the Dog Aging Project.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Therefore, for the ptm... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"ptmAA",
"kidney function",
"mediation",
"metabolomics"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0056 | biomarkers_clocks | 3 | numeric | In the canine biological age clock built from routine clinical blood markers (829-dog longitudinal dataset), how many clinical parameters make up the aggregated score, and what area under the ROC curve (AUC) was reported for its accuracy? | Ten clinical parameters; AUC = 0.637 (moderate accuracy despite the strong mortality hazard ratio of 1.75). | [
{
"key": "MED:39349737",
"pmid": "39349737",
"pmcid": "PMC11872834",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-024-01352-4",
"title": "A biological age based on common clinical markers predicts health trajectory and mortality risk in dogs.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "In conclusion... | [
"biological age",
"clinical chemistry",
"AUC",
"composite score"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "Two numeric facts (parameter count and AUC) are labelled 'list' whereas comparable two-number questions in the set (e.g. cgq-0057, cgq-0059) use 'numeric'.",
"changed": [
"answer_type"
]
} |
cgq-0057 | cognition | 1 | numeric | In the 2010 cross-sectional survey of community-based older companion dogs (mean age 11.67 years) that applied a provisional diagnosis based on 27 significant behavioural items, what was the estimated prevalence of canine cognitive dysfunction, and what percentage of dogs had actually been diagnosed with CCD by a veter... | Estimated prevalence 14.2%, versus only 1.9% diagnosed by a veterinarian. | [
{
"key": "MED:20005753",
"pmid": "20005753",
"doi": "10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.11.007",
"title": "Under diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction: a cross-sectional survey of older companion dogs.",
"year": 2010,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Using a provisional diagnosis based on 27 signi... | [
"CCD",
"prevalence",
"under-diagnosis",
"survey"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0058 | cognition | 1 | numeric | In the 2022 study that quantified cognitive impairment in an aging pet dog population using cognitive testing, the CADES and CCDR questionnaires, and plasma neurofilament light chain, how many dogs and how many breeds were recruited, and what was the age range? | 39 dogs from 15 breeds, aged 9.3 to 15.3 years. | [
{
"key": "MED:35431246",
"pmid": "35431246",
"pmcid": "PMC9177825",
"doi": "10.3233/jad-215562",
"title": "Use of Cognitive Testing, Questionnaires, and Plasma Biomarkers to Quantify Cognitive Impairment in an Aging Pet Dog Population.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote":... | [
"cognitive testing",
"pNfL",
"sample size",
"pet dogs"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0059 | cognition | 1 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project cross-sectional study of physical activity and cognitive dysfunction in companion dogs aged 6-18 years, how many dogs were included in the sample and how many of them had scores over the clinical threshold for CCD? | 11,574 companion dogs, of whom 287 had scores over the clinical CCD threshold. | [
{
"key": "MED:36129565",
"pmid": "36129565",
"pmcid": "PMC9886770",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-022-00655-8",
"title": "Associations between physical activity and cognitive dysfunction in older companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"qu... | [
"CCD",
"Dog Aging Project",
"physical activity",
"sample size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0060 | cognition | 1 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project study that applied a minimally modified canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale to a nationwide cohort of 15,019 companion dogs, by what percentage did the odds of CCD increase with each additional year of age when controlling for all other characteristics? | The odds of CCD increased 52% with each additional year of age. | [
{
"key": "MED:36008509",
"pmid": "36008509",
"pmcid": "PMC9411588",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-15837-9",
"title": "Evaluation of cognitive function in the Dog Aging Project: associations with baseline canine characteristics.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "When cont... | [
"CCD",
"Dog Aging Project",
"age",
"odds ratio"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0061 | cognition | 2 | list | As described in the 2025 study evaluating blood-based diagnostic biomarkers for canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome in 77 dogs, how many questions does the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating Scale (CCDR) contain, across how many domains, on what response scale, and into which categories does it classify dogs? | 13 questions across four domains, each scored on a 1-5 scale; dogs are categorised as normal, at-risk, or CDS. | [
{
"key": "MED:40646873",
"pmid": "40646873",
"pmcid": "PMC12249050",
"doi": "10.3390/ani15131974",
"title": "Evaluation of Blood-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "The CCDR consists of 13 questions ... | [
"CCDR",
"rating scale",
"instrument",
"CDS"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0062 | cognition | 2 | categorical | In the 2001 cohort study of dogs aged 11 to 14 years (29 sexually intact males, 63 spayed females and 47 castrated males) whose owners were interviewed twice, 12 to 18 months apart, about impairment in four behavioural categories, which group was significantly less likely to progress from mild impairment (one category)... | Sexually intact male dogs were significantly less likely than neutered dogs to progress from mild to severe impairment. | [
{
"key": "MED:11439769",
"pmid": "11439769",
"doi": "10.2460/javma.2001.219.51",
"title": "Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs.",
"year": 2001,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Sexually intact male dogs were significantly less like... | [
"gonadectomy",
"cognitive impairment",
"sex hormones",
"cohort"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0063 | cognition | 2 | numeric | In the 2010 cross-sectional survey on under-diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction in older companion dogs, how many items did the owner questionnaire contain, how many behavioural domains did it cover, and how many of the eligible responses were used for the analysis? | An 84-item questionnaire covering six behavioural domains; a randomly selected half (n=497) of the 957 eligible responses was analysed. | [
{
"key": "MED:20005753",
"pmid": "20005753",
"doi": "10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.11.007",
"title": "Under diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction: a cross-sectional survey of older companion dogs.",
"year": 2010,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "An 84-item questionnaire was used to obtain inf... | [
"CCD",
"questionnaire",
"study design",
"survey"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0064 | cognition | 2 | numeric | In the 2025 systematic review of enriched diets and nutraceuticals for enhancing cognitive function in aged dogs and cats, how many clinical trials were reviewed, how were they split between canine and feline trials, and what publication period did they span? | 30 studies (27 canine and 2 feline trials), published between 2002 and 2023. | [
{
"key": "MED:39827310",
"pmid": "39827310",
"pmcid": "PMC12181554",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-025-01521-z",
"title": "Enhancing cognitive functions in aged dogs and cats: a systematic review of enriched diets and nutraceuticals.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "A total... | [
"systematic review",
"diet",
"nutraceuticals",
"CDS"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | The abstract counts (27 + 2) do not sum to 30; the answer reports the figures exactly as stated in the source. | null |
cgq-0065 | cognition | 2 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project cross-sectional analysis of cognitive function in 15,019 companion dogs, how many times higher were the odds of canine cognitive dysfunction in dogs reported as not active compared with very active dogs of the same age, health status, breed type and sterilization status? | 6.47 times higher. | [
{
"key": "MED:36008509",
"pmid": "36008509",
"pmcid": "PMC9411588",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-15837-9",
"title": "Evaluation of cognitive function in the Dog Aging Project: associations with baseline canine characteristics.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Among dog... | [
"CCD",
"Dog Aging Project",
"physical activity",
"odds ratio"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0066 | cognition | 2 | short_text | In the longitudinal beagle study of long-term antioxidant-fortified food and behavioral enrichment, 48 aged dogs (9-12 years) were assigned to four cognitively equivalent groups of 12; after one year, what pattern did the improvements in size discrimination and reversal learning largely reflect, and what did the author... | Improvements largely reflected the combined treatment group (fortified food plus enriched environment); the authors concluded antioxidant effectiveness depends on behavioral and environmental experience. | [
{
"key": "MED:15130670",
"pmid": "15130670",
"doi": "10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.007",
"title": "Long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment reduces age-dependent impairment in discrimination and reversal learning in beagle dogs.",
"year": 2004,
"location": "abst... | [
"antioxidant diet",
"behavioral enrichment",
"beagle",
"discrimination learning",
"reversal learning"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0067 | cognition | 3 | numeric | In the 1996 study of 20 canines (11 purebred beagles and 9 mongrels) tested on a battery of six cognitive tasks, which task showed the strongest association between beta-amyloid deposition and performance deficits after controlling for age-related increases in beta-amyloid, what was its correlation coefficient, and wer... | Discrimination learning, r = .80 (reversal learning r = .65, spatial learning r = .54); no neurofibrillary tangles were detected. | [
{
"key": "MED:8661247",
"pmid": "8661247",
"doi": "10.1006/nlme.1996.0039",
"title": "Beta-amyloid accumulation correlates with cognitive dysfunction in the aged canine.",
"year": 1996,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Controlling for age-related increases in beta-amyloid, we observed t... | [
"beta-amyloid",
"brain aging",
"translational model",
"discrimination learning",
"neurofibrillary tangles"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0068 | cognition | 3 | categorical | In the 2025 comparison of 21 aged dogs from the placebo arm of a randomized controlled trial with 17 aged dogs from an observational longitudinal study, which owner-completed cognitive questionnaire showed a strong, significant improvement in the placebo cohort after 6 months, and which questionnaire did the authors co... | CADES improved significantly in the placebo cohort (g = 0.76, p = 0.021) while CCDR showed no change; the authors concluded CCDR is more robust against caregiver placebo effect than CADES. | [
{
"key": "MED:40789816",
"pmid": "40789816",
"pmcid": "PMC12638605",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-025-01822-3",
"title": "Quantifying placebo and trial participation effects on cognitive outcome measures in aging dogs.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "A strong (g = 0.76), ... | [
"placebo effect",
"CCDR",
"CADES",
"clinical trials",
"outcome measures"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0069 | cognition | 3 | categorical | In the 2025 study of 77 dogs that measured plasma Aβ40, Aβ42 and GFAP and serum NfL alongside the CCDR, CADES and CCAS questionnaires, which biomarker was significantly elevated with cognitive dysfunction stage across all three questionnaires, and what ROC areas under the curve did it achieve against each questionnaire... | Serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) only; AUCs of 0.763 (CCDR), 0.722 (CADES) and 0.777 (CCAS). Aβ40, Aβ42 and GFAP were not significantly associated with CDS stage. | [
{
"key": "MED:40646873",
"pmid": "40646873",
"pmcid": "PMC12249050",
"doi": "10.3390/ani15131974",
"title": "Evaluation of Blood-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "While Aβ40, Aβ42, and GFAP were no... | [
"biomarkers",
"NfL",
"amyloid",
"GFAP",
"ROC",
"CDS"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Quote copied from the abstract as stored in the corpus, including the <i>p</i> markup. | null |
cgq-0070 | frailty_hrql | 1 | list | In the 2024 cross-sectional and longitudinal HRQoL study of senior and geriatric dogs, how many questions does the Canine Owner-Reported Quality of Life Questionnaire (CORQ) contain and which four domains does it cover? | 17 questions across four domains: vitality, companionship, pain, and mobility. | [
{
"key": "MED:39231144",
"pmid": "39231144",
"pmcid": "PMC11373860",
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0301181",
"title": "Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in senior and geriatric dogs.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Th... | [
"HRQL",
"CORQ",
"questionnaire",
"domains",
"senior dogs"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0071 | frailty_hrql | 1 | numeric | In the 2024 study that developed a clinically applicable frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs, what hazard ratio for all-cause short-term (6-month) mortality did the phenotype show in the prospective cohort of 198 dogs, independent of age, sex, or weight? | Hazard ratio 4.71 (95% CI 2.66–8.8). | [
{
"key": "MED:39391218",
"pmid": "39391218",
"pmcid": "PMC11465091",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2024.1335463",
"title": "Establishing a clinically applicable frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The developed frailty phenotype ... | [
"frailty phenotype",
"screening tool",
"mortality",
"hazard ratio"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0072 | frailty_hrql | 1 | numeric | In the 2025 CaniAge cohort analysis of 566 companion dogs aged six years and older, what was the prevalence of frailty according to the binarised frailty index (EARS-FI ≥ 0.49) versus the frailty phenotype? | 6.36% by the binarised Frailty Index (EARS-FI ≥ 0.49) versus 8.48% by the Frailty Phenotype, with limited overlap between the two classifications. | [
{
"key": "MED:41444736",
"pmid": "41444736",
"pmcid": "PMC12738648",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-28382-y",
"title": "Comparison of the frailty phenotype and frailty index for identifying vulnerable companion dogs.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Prevalence of frailty... | [
"frailty index",
"frailty phenotype",
"CaniAge",
"prevalence",
"EARS-FI"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0073 | frailty_hrql | 1 | numeric | In the Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study, how many items made up the clinical frailty index EARS-FI, how many dogs were scored, and what was the age-adjusted hazard ratio for mortality per 0.01-unit increase in the index? | 34 items; 93 dogs with extreme longevity; age-adjusted hazard ratio 1.05 per 0.01-unit increase in FI (95% CI 1.02–1.08). | [
{
"key": "MED:39765555",
"pmid": "39765555",
"pmcid": "PMC11672423",
"doi": "10.3390/ani14243651",
"title": "Frailty and Mortality Risk Among Dogs with Extreme Longevity: Development and Predictive Validity of a Clinical Frailty Index in the Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study.",
"year": ... | [
"frailty index",
"EARS-FI",
"Rottweiler",
"mortality",
"deficit accumulation"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0074 | frailty_hrql | 2 | list | In the 2023 narrative review that proposed a phenotypic frailty instrument for companion dogs informed by Dog Aging Project data, which six domains does the proposed instrument cover? | Physical condition, physical activity, mobility, strength, cognitive task performance, and social behavior. | [
{
"key": "MED:37441560",
"pmid": "37441560",
"pmcid": "PMC10333704",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2023.1139308",
"title": "A review of frailty instruments in human medicine and proposal of a frailty instrument for dogs.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The authors elaborate... | [
"frailty phenotype",
"instrument",
"domains",
"Dog Aging Project",
"review"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0075 | frailty_hrql | 2 | numeric | In the 2024 frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs, how many impaired domains defined a dog as overall frail in the prospective population 2 after ROC-based adjustment, and what sensitivity and specificity did overall frailty achieve for predicting 6-month mortality in that population? | Three or more impaired domains (instead of the earlier cutoff of two); sensitivity 73% and specificity 70%. | [
{
"key": "MED:39391218",
"pmid": "39391218",
"pmcid": "PMC11465091",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2024.1335463",
"title": "Establishing a clinically applicable frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "The cutoff for overall frailty w... | [
"frailty phenotype",
"screening tool",
"cut-off",
"sensitivity",
"specificity"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "The parenthetical 'raised from two in phase 1' attributes the earlier two-domain cutoff to phase 1, which is true in the full text but not stated in the cited quote (which only says 'instead of two').",
"changed": [
"answer"
]
} |
cgq-0076 | frailty_hrql | 2 | numeric | In the CaniAge cohort comparison of the frailty phenotype and the EARS-FI frailty index in dogs aged six years and older, what proportion of phenotypically frail dogs were also classified as frail by the index, and what was the resulting Cohen's kappa between the two classifications? | 35.41% of phenotypically frail dogs were also frail by the index (while 96.33% of phenotypically robust dogs were robust by the index); Cohen's kappa was 0.36. | [
{
"key": "MED:41444736",
"pmid": "41444736",
"pmcid": "PMC12738648",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-28382-y",
"title": "Comparison of the frailty phenotype and frailty index for identifying vulnerable companion dogs.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Among dogs classified... | [
"frailty index",
"frailty phenotype",
"CaniAge",
"agreement",
"Cohen's kappa"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0077 | frailty_hrql | 2 | numeric | In the longitudinal HRQoL study of senior and geriatric dogs using the CORQ, what overall CORQ cut-off best separated dogs at high versus low risk of all-cause mortality, and how much higher was the mortality hazard for dogs scoring below it? | An overall CORQ cut-off of 5.35; dogs with low overall CORQ scores had a hazard ratio 15.44 times higher than those with high scores (95% CI 2.31–102.99). | [
{
"key": "MED:39231144",
"pmid": "39231144",
"pmcid": "PMC11373860",
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0301181",
"title": "Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in senior and geriatric dogs.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "An... | [
"HRQL",
"CORQ",
"mortality",
"cut-off",
"hazard ratio"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0078 | frailty_hrql | 2 | short_text | In the multi-center cross-sectional study evaluating the Canine Frailty Index (CFI) and the VetMetrica HRQL instrument in 451 adult companion dogs, was body size associated with CFI or total HRQL score, and what size-related exception was observed? | No. Body size (small < 11.3 kg or large > 22.7 kg) was not associated with CFI or total HRQL score, but older, larger dogs showed faster age-related decline in HRQL scores for owner-reported activity and comfort. | [
{
"key": "MED:36781597",
"pmid": "36781597",
"pmcid": "PMC10651603",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-023-00744-2",
"title": "Evaluating instruments for assessing healthspan: a multi-center cross-sectional study on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and frailty in the companion dog.",
"year": 2023,... | [
"healthspan",
"Canine Frailty Index",
"VetMetrica",
"HRQL",
"body size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0079 | frailty_hrql | 2 | short_text | In the study that used physical activity monitors to record the activity of 27 senior dogs, the authors' main finding was that activity patterns were associated with fractional lifespan and which specific cognitive variable? | Working memory. | [
{
"key": "MED:36788306",
"pmid": "36788306",
"pmcid": "PMC9929073",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29181-z",
"title": "Activity patterns are associated with fractional lifespan, memory, and gait speed in aged dogs.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We used physical activi... | [
"activity monitor",
"senior dogs",
"fractional lifespan",
"working memory",
"mobility"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "Asking for 'which two variables' is misleading because the same abstract (and the paper's title) also reports an association with on/off-leash gait speed; the quote only pins down fractional lifespan and working memory.",
"changed": [
"answer",
"answer_type",
"question"
]
} |
cgq-0080 | frailty_hrql | 3 | numeric | How was the estimated frailty limit defined in the EARS-FI study of Rottweilers with extreme longevity, what value was obtained, and how does it compare with the FI limit reported for the clinical frailty index of Banzato and colleagues in 401 dogs? | Defined as the 99th percentile of FI values; the EARS-FI limit was 0.68, higher than the 0.59 limit estimated for the Banzato index. | [
{
"key": "MED:39765555",
"pmid": "39765555",
"pmcid": "PMC11672423",
"doi": "10.3390/ani14243651",
"title": "Frailty and Mortality Risk Among Dogs with Extreme Longevity: Development and Predictive Validity of a Clinical Frailty Index in the Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study.",
"year": ... | [
"frailty index",
"frailty limit",
"EARS-FI",
"deficit accumulation",
"Rottweiler"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Both facts are stated in the EARS-FI paper; the 0.59 figure is its summary of the Banzato et al. 2019 index. | null |
cgq-0081 | frailty_hrql | 3 | list | In the 2024 study that developed a clinically applicable frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs (evaluated in a prospective cohort of 198 dogs), which five domains were operationalized, and what replaced the walking-speed measure used in the human frailty phenotype? | Nutritional status, exhaustion, muscle weakness (weakness), social activity level (activity level), and mobility (representing slow walking speed); walking speed was replaced with an owner questionnaire regarding mobility. | [
{
"key": "MED:39391218",
"pmid": "39391218",
"pmcid": "PMC11465091",
"doi": "10.3389/fvets.2024.1335463",
"title": "Establishing a clinically applicable frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "The five domains were identified... | [
"frailty phenotype",
"domains",
"walking speed",
"mobility",
"owner questionnaire"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "The stem's framing 'developed at a veterinary teaching hospital' is not stated anywhere in the paper (it names NCSU and enrolment across hospital services plus a general practice), so the unsupported detail should be dropped from the question.",
"changed": [
"question"
]
} |
cgq-0082 | frailty_hrql | 3 | short_text | The 2025 CaniAge study binarised the EARS-FI frailty index at 0.49 to classify dogs as frail. On what finding from the original Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study was this cut-off based? | In the original EARS-FI study, dogs with an index of 0.49 or above (the highest FI tertile) had a twofold higher risk of mortality than dogs in the lowest tertile (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.17–3.40). | [
{
"key": "MED:41444736",
"pmid": "41444736",
"pmcid": "PMC12738648",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-28382-y",
"title": "Comparison of the frailty phenotype and frailty index for identifying vulnerable companion dogs.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "The cut-off value was... | [
"frailty index",
"EARS-FI",
"cut-off",
"mortality",
"CaniAge",
"Rottweiler"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Cross-paper synthesis: the CaniAge cut-off is justified by the tertile analysis in the EARS-FI development paper. | null |
cgq-0083 | dap_methods | 1 | list | According to the design paper describing the Dog Aging Project as an open-data, community-science longitudinal study of ageing in companion dogs, which categories of data does the project plan to collect? | Survey data, environmental information, electronic veterinary medical records, genome-wide sequence information, clinicopathology, and molecular phenotypes derived from blood cells, plasma and faecal samples. | [
{
"key": "MED:35110758",
"pmid": "35110758",
"doi": "10.1038/s41586-021-04282-9",
"title": "An open science study of ageing in companion dogs.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "To take advantage of this opportunity, the Dog Aging Project will collect extensive survey data... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"study design",
"open science",
"data types"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0084 | dap_methods | 1 | list | In the Dog Aging Project precision cohort, one thousand dog-owner pairs were recruited into cohort strata. On which four variables were those strata based? | Life stage, sex, size, and geography. | [
{
"key": "MED:40038157",
"pmid": "40038157",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-025-01571-3",
"title": "Rationale and design of the Dog Aging Project precision cohort: a multi-omic resource for longitudinal research in geroscience.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "One thousand dog-o... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"precision cohort",
"sampling design",
"stratification"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0085 | dap_methods | 1 | numeric | In the cross-sectional analysis of 40,367 initial Dog Aging Project survey responses (2020-2022) on owner dietary choices, what percentage of owners fed a commercially prepared extruded dry diet (kibble) as their dog's primary diet component? | 82%. | [
{
"key": "MED:39142333",
"pmid": "39142333",
"doi": "10.2460/javma.24.05.0358",
"title": "Dog and owner demographics impact dietary choices in Dog Aging Project cohort.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Most owners (82%) fed a commercially prepared extruded dry diet (kibb... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"diet",
"kibble",
"HLES",
"demographics"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0086 | dap_methods | 1 | short_text | The Test of Rapamycin in Aging Dogs (TRIAD) recruits dogs from Dog Aging Project participants. What is its trial design, and in which dogs does it test rapamycin? | A parallel-group, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial testing whether rapamycin prolongs lifespan and improves healthspan metrics in healthy, middle-aged dogs. | [
{
"key": "MED:39951177",
"pmid": "39951177",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-024-01484-7",
"title": "Test of Rapamycin in Aging Dogs (TRIAD): study design and rationale for a prospective, parallel-group, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of rapamycin in healthy middle-aged dogs... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"TRIAD",
"rapamycin",
"trial design"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0087 | dap_methods | 2 | list | In the Dog Aging Project analysis of owner-reported supplement use from enrollment surveys collected 2020-2022, what proportion of the 40,367 dogs received supplements, and which two supplement types were most common among supplemented dogs? | 52% (20,993 of 40,367) received supplements; the most common were omega-3 fatty acids (57%) and joint supplements (56%). | [
{
"key": "MED:41237493",
"pmid": "41237493",
"doi": "10.2460/ajvr.25.06.0217",
"title": "Supplement use is common in Dog Aging Project participants, especially among dogs with orthopedic conditions, and varies by life stage.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Half of the d... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"supplements",
"omega-3",
"joint supplements",
"HLES"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0088 | dap_methods | 2 | short_text | In the Dog Aging Project comparison of owner-reported breed ancestry with genetic breed results for 5,673 dogs, what percentage of owners identified their dog's breed as matching the genetic report, and what was the most common explanation among owners who reported disagreement? | 80% matched; among those disagreeing, most had dogs of a breed not included in the genetic reference panel. | [
{
"key": "MED:40830175",
"pmid": "40830175",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-15095-5",
"title": "Comparing owner reported and genetic breed identification reveals high concordance in a large cohort from the Dog Aging Project.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We find that 80% ... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"owner-reported data",
"breed",
"genetic ancestry",
"data quality"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | {
"issue": "Labelled numeric but the answer pairs a percentage with a categorical explanation (breed not in reference panel), so short_text describes it better.",
"changed": [
"answer_type"
]
} |
cgq-0089 | dap_methods | 2 | categorical | In the Dog Aging Project study comparing owner-reported diagnoses from the Health and Life Experience Survey with veterinary electronic medical records across 20 disease categories, which category had the lowest agreement and which had the highest, with their agreement percentages? | Lowest: dental/oral at 44%. Highest: endocrine, immune, and "other" categories at 99%. | [
{
"key": "MED:41779687",
"pmid": "41779687",
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0342427",
"title": "Accuracy of owner-reported diagnoses for dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project as compared to veterinary electronic medical records.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Agreement ... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"owner-reported data",
"veterinary medical records",
"HLES",
"agreement"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0090 | dap_methods | 2 | numeric | In the retrospective analysis of Dog Aging Project End of Life Survey responses from 2020 through 2024, what proportion of owners reported pain and/or suffering as a reason for euthanasia, and what was the odds ratio associating recent veterinary consultation with reporting pain or suffering? | 87% (7,764 of 8,955 owners); recent veterinary consultation OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.50-2.05). | [
{
"key": "MED:42526497",
"pmid": "42526497",
"doi": "10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0193",
"title": "Poor quality of life and recent veterinary consultation are associated with increased owner-perceived pain and/or suffering prior to euthanasia in dogs.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "abstract",
"quote... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"End of Life Survey",
"euthanasia",
"pain",
"veterinary consultation"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0091 | dap_methods | 2 | short_text | In the validation of the Dog Aging Project End of Life Survey (EOLS), inter-rater reliability was assessed for three themes. Which theme had the highest reliability, and what were the kappa values for all three? | Cause of death was highest (κ = 0.73); perimortem quality of life κ = 0.49; reason for euthanasia κ = 0.3. | [
{
"key": "MED:37179051",
"pmid": "37179051",
"doi": "10.2460/javma.23.02.0078",
"title": "Development and validation of a novel instrument to capture companion dog mortality data: the Dog Aging Project End of Life Survey.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "The EOLS had fai... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"End of Life Survey",
"instrument validation",
"reliability",
"kappa"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0092 | dap_methods | 2 | numeric | The Dog Aging Project precision cohort recruited one thousand dog-owner pairs for multi-omic profiling. From how many dogs did the project actually collect and process blood, urine, fecal, and hair samples in collaboration with primary care veterinarians? | 976 dogs. | [
{
"key": "MED:40038157",
"pmid": "40038157",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-025-01571-3",
"title": "Rationale and design of the Dog Aging Project precision cohort: a multi-omic resource for longitudinal research in geroscience.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "In collaboration w... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"precision cohort",
"biospecimens",
"cohort size"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | Second evidence item corroborates the 976 figure from the first-year metabolome analysis of the same cohort. | null |
cgq-0093 | dap_methods | 3 | numeric | In the Dog Aging Project analysis of owner-reported supplement use, how did the proportion of dogs receiving supplements change across owner-perceived overall health, from dogs rated in excellent health to those rated in very poor health? | It rose from 45% among dogs in excellent health to 68% among dogs in very poor health. | [
{
"key": "MED:41237493",
"pmid": "41237493",
"doi": "10.2460/ajvr.25.06.0217",
"title": "Supplement use is common in Dog Aging Project participants, especially among dogs with orthopedic conditions, and varies by life stage.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Dogs reported... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"supplements",
"health status",
"owner-reported data"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0094 | dap_methods | 3 | short_text | In the Dog Aging Project study comparing owner-reported HLES diagnoses with veterinary electronic medical records, how was the sample of 350 dogs composed with respect to the five target disease categories, and why were 50 dogs added above the 300-dog target from the power analysis? | 250 dogs with at least one target-disease-category diagnosis plus 100 dogs with none; the extra 50 allowed for an anticipated 16% dropout due to incomplete records. | [
{
"key": "MED:41779687",
"pmid": "41779687",
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0342427",
"title": "Accuracy of owner-reported diagnoses for dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project as compared to veterinary electronic medical records.",
"year": 2026,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Our analys... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"owner-reported data",
"veterinary medical records",
"sampling design",
"power analysis"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0095 | dap_methods | 3 | categorical | In the second pilot validating the Dog Aging Project chronic diagnosis inventory (CDI) for documenting canine multimorbidity, which indexed condition was the only one whose inter-rater agreement was worse than chance, and what was its kappa? | Periodontal disease (κ = −0.24). | [
{
"key": "MED:40164106",
"pmid": "40164106",
"doi": "10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0038",
"title": "Development and validation of a chronic diagnosis inventory that enables reliable documentation of canine multimorbidity in the Dog Aging Project.",
"year": 2025,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Pe... | [
"Dog Aging Project",
"chronic diagnosis inventory",
"multimorbidity",
"inter-rater reliability",
"veterinary medical records"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0096 | translational_model | 1 | short_text | According to the 2022 Annual Review 'Dog Models of Aging', what is the most notable limitation of laboratory models that studying aging in dogs could overcome? | The ability to assess how aging-associated pathways influence aging in real-world environments similar to those experienced by humans. | [
{
"key": "MED:34699257",
"pmid": "34699257",
"pmcid": "PMC8962603",
"doi": "10.1146/annurev-animal-051021-080937",
"title": "Dog Models of Aging.",
"year": 2022,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We conclude that studying aging in dogs could overcome many limitations of laboratory mo... | [
"shared environment",
"laboratory models",
"review"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0097 | translational_model | 1 | short_text | How does the 2023 GeroScience review on translational opportunities from veterinary biobanks define biobanking? | The systematic collection, processing, storage, and distribution of biological material and associated data. | [
{
"key": "MED:36890420",
"pmid": "36890420",
"pmcid": "PMC10400517",
"doi": "10.1007/s11357-023-00763-z",
"title": "Banking on a new understanding: translational opportunities from veterinary biobanks.",
"year": 2023,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Biobanking, the systematic colle... | [
"biobanking",
"definition"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0098 | translational_model | 1 | numeric | In the 2009 perspective 'Comparative biology of aging' (Journals of Gerontology A), by roughly how much are dogs of different sizes said to differ in health span? | By more than 50%. | [
{
"key": "MED:19223603",
"pmid": "19223603",
"pmcid": "PMC2655036",
"doi": "10.1093/gerona/gln060",
"title": "Comparative biology of aging.",
"year": 2009,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "Comparisons among dogs of different sizes, which differ by more than 50% in health span might ... | [
"comparative aging",
"body size",
"healthspan"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0099 | translational_model | 1 | list | In the 2018 large-scale comparison of age-specific morbidity and mortality in humans and companion dogs (Aging Cell), which four chronic conditions common in human populations were found to be associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs? | Obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes. | [
{
"key": "MED:29457329",
"pmid": "29457329",
"pmcid": "PMC5946068",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.12737",
"title": "The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality.",
"year": 2018,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human p... | [
"comorbidity",
"disease spectrum",
"human-dog comparison"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0100 | translational_model | 2 | numeric | According to the 2024 commentary on interdisciplinary collaboration between human and veterinary medicine (Veterinary Sciences), approximately what percentage of novel drugs fail to pass human clinical trials, and what fraction of those failures is attributed to unanticipated human toxicity? | Approximately 89% fail; about half of those failures are due to unanticipated human toxicity. | [
{
"key": "MED:39591292",
"pmid": "39591292",
"pmcid": "PMC11598837",
"doi": "10.3390/vetsci11110518",
"title": "Overcoming Challenges in Interdisciplinary Collaboration Between Human and Veterinary Medicine.",
"year": 2024,
"location": "fulltext",
"quote": "Approximately 89% of novel... | [
"drug development",
"translation failure",
"laboratory models"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
cgq-0101 | translational_model | 2 | list | In the 2018 comparison of human and canine patterns of age-specific morbidity and mortality, which three categories of cause of death were reported to show similar age trajectories in the two species? | Neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death. | [
{
"key": "MED:29457329",
"pmid": "29457329",
"pmcid": "PMC5946068",
"doi": "10.1111/acel.12737",
"title": "The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality.",
"year": 2018,
"location": "abstract",
"quote": "We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disea... | [
"mortality",
"cause of death",
"human-dog comparison"
] | reviewed | {
"by": "claude-fable-5-1",
"date": "2026-09-29T00:00:00"
} | null | null |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Canine Geroscience Questions
A question set for evaluating LLMs and agents on canine aging research. Every question has a concise gold answer and at least one piece of evidence: a record key in the Canine Aging Corpus plus a verbatim quote that a validator checks against that record's abstract or full text. No quote, no question.
Questions (v0.1, status: reviewed) |
133 across 10 categories, 12 to 15 per category |
| Categories | lifespan_epidemiology, body_size_genetics, interventions, biomarkers_clocks, cognition, frailty_hrql, dap_methods, translational_model, immunity_microbiome, disease_mortality |
| Difficulty | 1 = stated in an abstract; 2 = needs a results section or two facts; 3 = synthesis or a non-obvious detail |
| Answer types | numeric, short_text, list, categorical, boolean |
| Evidence | 97 distinct corpus records; at most three questions per record |
| Retrieval baseline | BM25 over the corpus: recall@1 = 0.918, recall@5 = 0.985 |
Record shape
{"id": "cgq-0001", "category": "lifespan_epidemiology", "difficulty": 1, "answer_type": "numeric",
"question": "In the 2015 life table constructed from 299,555 dogs insured in Japan ..., what was the overall life expectancy of dogs?",
"answer": "13.7 years.",
"evidence": [{"key": "MED:25896026", "pmid": "25896026", "doi": "...", "title": "...", "year": 2015,
"location": "abstract", "quote": "... The overall life expectancy of dogs was 13.7 years."}],
"tags": ["life_table", "life_expectancy", "insurance", "Japan"], "status": "reviewed",
"created": {"by": "claude-fable-5-1", "date": "2026-09-29"}}
schema.json is the JSON Schema. Items changed by the review carry a review field with the
issue and the keys that changed; items whose source has an internal inconsistency say so in
notes.
How it was made
One drafting model agent per category worked from the corpus with the cgq helpers
(BM25 find, show, quote) under fixed authoring rules (facts a careful reader could
verify; answers must follow from the quotes; questions stand alone; cover many sources).
Every draft had to pass cgq validate, which normalises whitespace, Unicode and inline
markup and then requires each quote to be a contiguous span of the record's text.
A second, independent model pass reviewed every v0 question against its quotes with a
pass / fix / drop rubric: 124 pass, 9 fix, 1 drop (a near-duplicate), giving v0.1.
No domain expert has reviewed the set; reviewed means machine-verified grounding
plus one independent model review.
Known limitations
- Most questions are grounded at abstract level because only the open-access subset of the corpus has full text; some primary papers (the 2017 and 2023 rapamycin trials, the TRIAD design paper) are abstract-only.
- Two same-paper pairs leak each other's answer if shown together (cgq-0038 and cgq-0031; cgq-0131 and cgq-0121).
- Answers that mix a number with a category are labelled
numericwhereshort_textwould also fit.
Using it
Score exact or normalised match on answer for numeric and categorical items, and use the
quotes as the rubric for free-text grading. cgq evaluate in the
repository reports retrieval recall@k for
any index over the corpus.
Licence
Questions and answers: CC BY 4.0. Quotes remain under the licence of their source article and are limited to short spans for evaluation purposes.
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